Datasets:

namespace-Pt

/

natural-questions-nci

like 1

what's the story of the snow queen

The Snow Queen

the snow queen

`` The Snow Queen '' ( Danish : Snedronningen ) is an original fairy tale written by Danish author Hans Christian Andersen . The tale was first published 21 December 1844 in New Fairy Tales . First Volume . Second Collection . 1845 . ( Danish : Nye Eventyr . Første Bind . Anden Samling. 1845 . ) The story centres on the struggle between good and evil as experienced by Gerda and her friend , Kai .

The story is one of Andersen 's longest and most highly acclaimed stories . It is regularly included in selected tales and collections of his work and is frequently reprinted in illustrated storybook editions for children . Contents ( hide ) 1 Narrative division 2 Story 3 Characters 4 Jenny Lind 5 Media adaptations 5.1 Film and television 5.2 Video games 5.3 Operas 5.4 Stage plays and musicals 5.5 Dance productions 6 Inspired works 7 References 8 External links Narrative division ( edit ) `` The Snow Queen '' is a tale told in seven ' stories ' ( Danish : Historier ) : About the Mirror and Its Pieces A Little Boy and a Little Girl The Flower Garden of the Woman Who Knew Magic The Prince and the Princess The Little Robber Girl The Lapp Woman and the Finn Woman What Happened at the Snow Queen 's Palace and What Happened Afterwards Story ( edit ) Vilhelm Pedersen illustration . The devil , in the form of an evil troll , has made a magic mirror that distorts the appearance of everything that it reflects . The magic mirror fails to reflect the good and beautiful aspects of people and things , and magnifies their bad and ugly aspects . The devil , who is headmaster at a troll school , takes the mirror and his pupils throughout the world , delighting in using it to distort everyone and everything ; the mirror makes the loveliest landscapes look like `` boiled spinach . '' They attempt to carry the mirror into heaven in order to make fools of the angels and of God , but the higher they lift it , the more the mirror shakes with laughter , and it slips from their grasp and falls back to earth , shattering into billions of pieces , some no larger than a grain of sand . These splinters are blown by the wind all over the Earth and get into people 's hearts and eyes , freezing their hearts like blocks of ice and making their eyes like the troll - mirror itself , seeing only the bad and ugly in people and things . There was only one way to get it out . Vilhelm Pedersen illustration Years later , a little boy Kai and a little girl Gerda live next door to each other in the garrets of buildings with adjoining roofs in a large city . One could get from one 's home to the other 's just by stepping over the gutters of each building . The two families grow vegetables and roses in window boxes placed on the gutters . Gerda and Kai have a window - box garden to play in , and they become devoted to each other as playmates , and as close as if they were siblings . Kai 's grandmother tells the children about the Snow Queen , who is ruler over the `` snow bees '' -- snowflakes that look like bees . As bees have a queen , so do the snow bees , and she is seen where the snowflakes cluster the most . Looking out of his frosted window one winter , Kai sees the Snow Queen , who beckons him to come with her . Kai draws back in fear from the window . By the following spring , Gerda has learned a song that she sings to Kai : Roses flower in the vale ; there we hear Child Jesus ' tale ! Because roses adorn the window box garden , the sight of roses always reminds Gerda of her love for Kai . On a pleasant summer day , splinters of the troll - mirror get into Kai 's heart and eyes while he and Gerda are looking at a picture book in their window - box garden . Kai becomes cruel and aggressive . He destroys their window - box garden , he makes fun of his grandmother , and he no longer cares about Gerda , since all of them now appear bad and ugly to him . The only beautiful and perfect things to him now are the tiny snowflakes that he sees through a magnifying glass . The following winter , Kai goes out with his sled to play in the snowy market square and -- as was the custom -- hitches it to a curious white sleigh carriage , driven by the Snow Queen , who appears as a woman in a white fur - coat . Outside the city she reveals herself to Kai and kisses him twice : once to numb him from the cold , and a second time to make him forget about Gerda and his family ; a third kiss would kill him . She takes Kai in her sleigh to her palace . The people of the city conclude that Kai died in the nearby river . Gerda , heartbroken , goes out to look for him and questions everyone and everything about Kai 's whereabouts . She offers her new red shoes to the river in exchange for Kai ; by not taking the gift at first , the river lets her know that Kai did not drown . Gerda next visits an old sorceress with a beautiful garden of eternal summer . The sorceress wants Gerda to stay with her forever , so she causes Gerda to forget all about Kai , and causes all the roses in her garden to sink beneath the earth , since she knows that the sight of them will remind Gerda of her friend . However , a while later , whilst playing in the garden , Gerda sees a rose on the sorceress 's hat , then remembers Kai and begins to cry . Gerda 's warm tears raise one bush above the ground , and it tells her that it could see all the dead while it was under the earth , and Kai is not among them . Gerda flees and meets a crow , who tells her that Kai is in the princess 's palace . Gerda goes to the palace and meets the princess and the prince , who is not Kai , but looks like him . Gerda tells them her story , and they provide her with warm clothes and a beautiful coach . While traveling in the coach Gerda is captured by robbers and brought to their castle , where she befriends a little robber girl , whose pet doves tell her that they saw Kai when he was carried away by the Snow Queen in the direction of Lapland . The captive reindeer Bae tells her that he knows how to get to Lapland since it is his home . Vilhelm Pedersen illustration The robber girl frees Gerda and the reindeer to travel north to the Snow Queen 's palace . They make two stops : first at the Lapp woman 's home and then at the Finn woman 's home . The Finn woman tells the reindeer that the secret of Gerda 's unique power to save Kai is in her sweet and innocent child 's heart : `` I can give her no greater power than she has already , '' said the woman ; `` do n't you see how strong that is ? How men and animals are obliged to serve her , and how well she has got through the world , barefooted as she is . She can not receive any power from me greater than she now has , which consists in her own purity and innocence of heart . If she can not herself obtain access to the Snow Queen , and remove the glass fragments from little Kai , we can do nothing to help her ... '' Vilhelm Pedersen illustration When Gerda reaches the Snow Queen 's palace , she is halted by the snowflakes guarding it . She prays the Lord 's Prayer , which causes her breath to take the shape of angels , who resist the snowflakes and allow Gerda to enter the palace . Gerda finds Kai alone and almost immobile on a frozen lake , which the Snow Queen calls the `` Mirror of Reason '' , on which her throne sits . Kai is engaged in the task that the Snow Queen gave him : he must use pieces of ice like a Chinese puzzle to form characters and words . If he is able to form the word the Snow Queen told him to spell she will release him from her power and give him a pair of skates . Gerda runs up to Kai and kisses him , and he is saved by the power of her love : Gerda weeps warm tears on him , melting his heart and burning away the troll - mirror splinter in it . As a result , Kai bursts into tears ( which dislodge the splinter from his eye ) and becomes cheerful and healthy again with sparkling eyes and rosy cheeks , and also recognizes Gerda . He and Gerda dance around on the lake of ice so joyously that the splinters of ice Kai had been playing with are caught up into the dance . When they tire of dancing they fall down to spell `` eternity , '' the very word Kai was trying to spell . Even if the Snow Queen were to return ( although it is never said from where ) , she would be obligated to free Kai . Kai and Gerda then leave the Snow Queen 's domain with the help of the reindeer , the Finn woman , and the Lapp woman . They meet the robber girl , and from there they walk back to their home , `` the big city . '' Kai and Gerda find that everything at home is the same and that it is they who have changed ; they are now grown up , and are also delighted to see that it is summertime . At the end , the grandmother reads a passage from the Bible : `` Assuredly , I say to you , unless you are converted and become as little children , you will by no means enter the Kingdom of Heaven '' ( Matthew 18 : 3 ) . Characters ( edit ) Gerda ( English : / ˈɡɜːrdə / ) , the protagonist of this tale , who succeeds in finding her friend Kai and saving him from the Snow Queen . Kai ( English : / kaɪ / ; Kaj ) , a little boy who lives in a large city , in the garret of a building across the street from the home of Gerda , his playmate , whom he loves dearly . He falls victim to the splinters of the troll - mirror and the blandishments of the Snow Queen . The Snow Queen ( Snedronningen ) , queen of the snowflakes or `` snow bees '' , who travels throughout the world with the snow . Her palace and gardens are in the lands of permafrost , specifically Spitsbergen . She takes Kai back to this palace after he has fallen victim to the splinters of the troll - mirror . She promises to free Kai if he can spell `` eternity '' with the pieces of ice in her palace . The Troll ( Trolden ) or the Devil ( Djævlen ) , who makes an evil mirror that distorts reality and later shatters to infect people with its splinters that distort sight and freeze hearts . Some English translations of `` The Snow Queen '' translate this character as the `` sprite '' or the `` hobgoblin '' . The Grandmother ( Bedstemoderen ) , Kai 's grandmother , who tells him and Gerda the legend of the Snow Queen . Some of Grandmother 's actions are essential points of the story . The Old Lady who Knew Magic ( den gamle Kone der kunne Trolddom ) , who maintains a cottage on the river , with a garden that is permanently in summer . She seeks to keep Gerda with her , but Gerda 's thought of roses ( the flower most favored by herself and Kai ) awakens her from the old woman 's enchantment . The Crow ( Kragen ) , who thinks that the new prince of his land is Kai . The Tame Crow ( den tamme Krage ) , who is the mate of the field crow and has the run of the princess 's palace . She lets Gerda into the royal bedchamber in her search for Kai . The Princess ( Prinsessen ) , who desires a prince - consort as intelligent as she , and who finds Gerda in her palace . She helps Gerda in her search for Kai by giving her warm , rich clothing , servants , and a golden coach . The Prince ( Prinsen ) , formerly a poor young man , who comes to the palace and passes the test set by the princess to become prince . The Old Robber Woman ( den gamle Røverkælling ) , the only woman among the robbers who capture Gerda as she travels through their region in a golden coach . The Little Robber Girl ( den lille Røverpige ) , daughter of the robber hag . She takes Gerda as a playmate , whereupon her captive doves and reindeer Bae tell Gerda that Kai is with the Snow Queen . The Robber Girl then helps Gerda continue her journey to find Kai . Bae ( English : / beɪ / ; Bæ ) , the reindeer who carries Gerda to the Snow Queen 's palace . The Lappish Woman ( Lappekonen ) , who provides shelter to Gerda and Bae , and writes a message on a dried cod fish to the Finnish Woman further on the way to the Snow Queen 's gardens . The Finnish Woman ( Finnekonen ) , who lives just two miles away from the Snow Queen 's gardens and palace . She knows the secret of Gerda 's power to save Kai . Jenny Lind ( edit ) Andersen met Swedish opera singer Jenny Lind in 1840 , and fell in love with her , but she was not interested in him romantically ( although the two became friends ) . According to Carole Rosen , Andersen was inspired to model the icy - hearted Snow Queen on Lind after she rejected him as a suitor . Media adaptations ( edit ) Film and television ( edit ) Snezhnaya koroleva ( 1957 ) , a Soviet animated film by film studio Soyuzmultfilm and directed by Lev Atamanov , later dubbed by Universal Studios with the voices of Sandra Dee as Gerda , Tommy Kirk as Kay and introduced by Art Linkletter . In the 1990s , the film was redubbed again , this time featuring the voices of Kathleen Turner , Mickey Rooney , Kirsten Dunst and Laura San Giacomo . The Snow Queen ( 1967 ) , a live - action adaptation from the Soviet Union , directed by Gennadi Kazansky . The Snow Queen ( 1976 ) , a live - action / animated production released through BBC Enterprises ( before restructured as BBC Worldwide ) , produced by Ian Keill and directed by Andrew Gosling . A 1985 episode of Faerie Tale Theatre starring Melissa Gilbert as Gerda and Lee Remick as the Snow Queen . Tayna snezhnoy korolevy ( The Secret of the Snow Queen ) ( 1986 ) , another live - action adaptation from the Soviet Union , featuring Alisa Freindlich as the Snow Queen . Lumikuningatar ( 1986 ) , a Finnish live - action adaptation . The Snow Queen ( 1992 ) , an American animated short , narrated by Sigourney Weaver . The Snow Queen ( 1995 ) , a British animated adaptation , directed by Martin Gates and featuring the voices of Helen Mirren ( as the title character ) , David Jason , Hugh Laurie , Rik Mayall , and Imelda Staunton . This adaptation deviates significantly from the original fairy tale . A sequel , titled The Snow Queen 's Revenge , was released the following year . Snedronningen ( 2000 ) , a Danish live - action adaptation , directed by Jacob Jørgensen and Kristof Kuncewicz . Snow Queen ( 2002 ) , a television movie by Hallmark , directed by David Wu and starring Bridget Fonda , Jeremy Guilbaut , Chelsea Hobbs , Robert Wisden , and Wanda Cannon . The Snow Queen ( 2005 ) , a BBC television adaptation utilising state of the art effects , merging live - action and computer - generated art . Featuring songs by Paul K. Joyce and starring Juliet Stevenson and the voice of Patrick Stewart , the film was adapted from an 2003 operatic concert held at the Barbican Arts Centre . Snow Queen ( 2005 Animated Short Film ) on the Danish Anthology series The Fairytaler . The Snow Queen ( 雪 の 女王 ) ( 2005 -- 2006 ) , a Japanese anime series , produced by NHK and animated by TMS Entertainment . Marko Raat 's Lumekuninganna ( et ) ( 2010 ) takes story to contemporary time and motivates character inspired by Kai with love towards older dying woman . Koscherfilm has been working on its own adaptation of The Snow Queen based on the children 's book Gerda and Kai - The Snow Queen Book . Richard Koscher announced the script still looks for the right studio and it was released on Christmas 2012 . Russian studio Wizart Animation , production studio Bazelevs Company , and film company Inlay Film have produced a CG - animated feature film adaptation , titled The Snow Queen , which was released theatrically in Russia on 31 December 2012 , internationally on 3 January 2013 , and was released in U.S. theaters on 11 October 2013 and U.S. DVD on 26 November 2013 . Two sequels were also released : The Snow Queen 2 : The Snow King , and The Snow Queen 3 : Fire and Ice . In 2015 Saturn Animation Studio , Canada , has produced an interactive adaptation of The Snow Queen for all mobile devices . In 2017 British children 's television channel Cbeebies , aired an adaptation of the story as their Christmas pantomime The Snow Queen . It was a scaled down version of the original story but contained all the major characters and written as a musical . As of December 2017 it is viewable on BBC iPlayer . Video Games ( edit ) A text adventure , The Snow Queen , was released by Mosaic Publishing for the ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64 home computers in 1985 . Operas ( edit ) An opera The Snow Queen was written in 1913 by Slovenian composer Lucijan Marija Škerjanc , but it was lost and never performed . The children 's opera История Кая и Герды ( The Story of Kai and Gerda ) was written in 1980 by Russian composer Sergei Petrovich Banevich , ( libretto by Tatiana Kalinina ) . It premiered at the Mariinsky Theatre ( then Kirov Theatre ) on 24 December 1980 . The opera La Regina delle Nevi was written in 2010 by Italian composer Pierangelo Valtinoni ( Libretto by Paolo Madron ) and premiered at the Komische Oper Berlin on October 24 , 2010 . The opera has since been translated into English , German , Spanish and Swedish and has been performed in numerous countries . A family opera `` Snödrottningen '' in one act with prologue and 13 scenes is composed during 2013 - 2016 by Swedish composer Benjamin Staern ( Libretto by Anelia Kadieva Jonsson ) to be premiered at the Malmö Opera on December 17 , 2016 . Stage plays and musicals ( edit ) The story has been adapted into numerous stage plays and musicals , notably including : In 1969 Josef Weinberger produced `` The Snow Queen '' , a Musical Play in Two Acts . Based on the story by Hans Andersen , Book and Lyrics by Winifred Palmer , Musical Score adapted by King Palmer from the Music of Edward Grieg . The author altered Hans Andersens ' hero ' Kay ' to ' Karl ' . A rock musical adaptation entitled `` The Snow Queen : A New Musical '' . was produced by San Jose Repertory Theatre in December 2013 , with music by Haddon Kime , book by Rick Lombardo and Kirsten Brandt , and lyrics by Kime , Brandt , and Lombardo . This adaptation received positive reviews . after also being produced at the 2014 New York Musical Theatre Festival . A new adaptation written by Preston Lane that uses Appalachian culture to tell the story premiered at Triad Stage in 2013 . Another adaptation of `` The Snow Queen '' made its world premiere at the Hippodrome State Theatre in Gainesville , FL in November 2015 . This adaptation was written and directed by Charlie Mitchell , with original songs by Mitchell and Brian Mercer . Dance productions ( edit ) The first full - length ballet production of The Snow Queen was choreographed and produced by Aerin Holt and California Contemporary Ballet in December 1998 with an original score by Randall Michael Tobin . The ballet ran for 16 consecutive Decembers from 1998 to 2013 . In December 2017 The Snow Queen Ballet returns for three performances in celebration of the 20th anniversary of California Contemporary Ballet . An Off - Broadway dance theater adaptation of The Snow Queen was choreographed and produced by Angela Jones and Noel MacDuffie in 1999 with an original score by John LaSala . The soundtrack was released as an album on TownHall Records in 2000 . On 11 October 2007 , the English National Ballet premiered a three - act version of The Snow Queen , choreographed by Michael Corder with a score drawn from the music of Sergei Prokofiev 's The Stone Flower , arranged by Julian Philips . On 23 November 2012 , the Finnish National Ballet premiered a two - act version of The Snow Queen , choreographed by Kenneth Greve , music by Tuomas Kantelinen . On 22 March 2016 , the Grand Theatre , Poznań premiered a two - act version of The Snow Queen , directed by Anna Niedźwiedź , music by Gabriel Kaczmarek . Inspired works ( edit ) The Snow Queen by Evgeny Shvarts ( 1937 ) : A play by the famous Soviet author loosely based on Andersen 's tale , with the introduction of new characters such as the Councillor of Commerce , dealing with ice and therefore close ally of the Snow Queen . The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe ( 1950 ) : It is possible that the White Witch from C.S. Lewis 's novel may be based on the Snow Queen , as she turned Narnia into a snow - covered land , is also depicted as wearing a white fur coat and first appears riding in a sleigh , and kidnapped a boy . ' The Snow Queen by Joan D. Vinge ( 1980 ) : A science fiction novel loosely based on Andersen 's tale . The Snow Queen by Mercedes Lackey ( 2008 ) : book four of the Five Hundred Kingdoms series , set in a fantasy world where fairy tales happen over and over in a never - ending cycle . The Snow Queen is a harsh persona adopted by a benevolent sorceress also known as the Ice Fairy to ensure that the kingdoms under her care get their happy endings . Andersen 's tale is featured as a subplot within the novel , which tells an original story . In the comic book Fables , the Snow Queen and Kai appear as minor characters . `` The Cryomancer 's Daughter ( Murder Ballad No. 3 ) '' by Caitlín R. Kiernan is a retelling of The Snow Queen . `` The Player '' ( 1992 ) : Directed by Robert Altman , written by Michael Tolkin . Several traits of Greta Scachi 's character , June Gudmundsdotir , seem to be references to The Snow Queen story . `` The Snow Queen 's Shadow '' , by Jim C. Hines ( 2011 ) , part of his Princess Series . Snow White is transformed into the Snow Queen when a spell goes wrong and her magic mirror shatters . Breadcrumbs by Anne Ursu is a children 's book set in modern times that is heavily inspired by the plot of `` The Snow Queen . '' French artist Stéphane Blanquet illustrated a version of the Snow Queen published in France in 2010 by Gallimard Jeunesse ( ISBN 9782070641154 ) Frozen , an animated film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released in 2013 , is inspired by The Snow Queen . A film adaptation of the original tale had been in development since the late 1930s when Walt Disney took an interest in Hans Christian Andersen 's fairy tales . The protagonists of Kai and Gerda were rewritten as Queen Elsa of Arendelle and her younger sister Princess Anna , respectively . Elsa also took some elements of the original fairy tale 's Snow Queen , such as having the ability to produce ice from her bare hands , but while the character from the original fairy tale was neutral and , to some degree , villainous , Elsa is depicted as a main character . Characters created for Frozen subsequently appeared in the television series Once Upon a Time , which airs on the ABC network . A related character original to that series named Ingrid ( played by Elizabeth Mitchell ) is referred to as `` the Snow Queen '' and is depicted as Elsa and Anna 's aunt as well as being a more faithful adaptation of the Queen 's original depiction . Her storyline involved the use of a cursed mirror ( similar to the troll mirror in the Andersen story ) . In the show , the name of Elsa and Anna 's mother is Gerda , which is the name of the main female heroine from the original fairy tale . Ophelia and the Marvelous Boy by Karen Foxleen is a children 's book set in modern times featuring the Snow Queen and other elements from the fairy tale . The webcomic Demon 's Mirror is a retelling of The Snow Queen . Sailor Moon S : The Movie ( 1994 ) The second movie of the popular anime series Sailor Moon has the Sailor Senshi dealing with a powerful Snow Princess who intends to freeze the entire Earth and make it her possession . The final season of the series Sailor Stars , also heavily borrows from the story for its opening arc ; Queen Nehelenia breaks a mirror and the shards of it fall to the earth . One of the fragments get into Mamoru 's eye making him cold and distant . When Nehelenia takes him to a palace in the arctic , Sailor Moon must travel there to rescue him . The Snow Queen ( 雪 の 女王 ) ( 2005 -- 2006 ) , a Japanese anime series , produced by NHK and animated by TMS Entertainment . Marko Raat 's Lumekuninganna ( 2010 ) moves the story to contemporary times and gives the character inspired by Kai the motivation of love towards an older , dying woman . A 2000 episode of Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child , featuring Eartha Kitt as the voice of the Snow Queen in an Inuit setting . The Ever After High animated movie , Epic Winter ( 2016 ) uses elements of the story . The Huntsman : Winter 's War ( 2016 ) , a prequel and sequel to Snow White and the Huntsman , is based on characters from the German fairy tale `` Snow White '' compiled by the Brothers Grimm as well as `` The Snow Queen '' by Hans Christian Andersen . In December , 2011 , Blue Tea Games and Big Fish Games released Rise of the Snow Queen , the 3rd instalment of their Dark Parables media franchise . The storyline features elements from the Brothers Grimm 's `` Snow White '' and Hans Christian Andersen 's `` The Snow Queen '' . The video game Revelations : Persona and its PSP remake made by Atlus , one of the paths the main story can take features the protagonist 's school transform into an ice castle . It is ruled by the Snow Queen 's mask , who takes over the mind of the protagonist 's homeroom teacher . To progress through to story , the player must collect mirror shards to repair a mirror to use against the will of the mask . The song Schneekönigin ( Snow Queen ) , by the German folk metal group Subway to Sally , tells of the Snow Queen coming to get the narrator , presumably Kai , to bring him back to her land of ice and silence . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Hans Christian Andersen : The Snow Queen '' . sdu.dk . Jump up ^ Andersen , Hans Christian ( 1983 ) . `` The Snow Queen '' . The Complete Fairy Tales and Stories . trans . Erik Christian Haugaard . United States : Anchor Books . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ cf . Sixth Story : The Lapland Woman and the Finland Woman '' Jump up ^ Rosen , Carole ( 2004 ) . `` Lind , Jenny ( 1820 -- 1887 ) '' . In Matthew , H.C.G. ; Harrison , Brian . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0198614111 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . ( W ) hen ( Lind ) rejected him as a suitor she became the Snow Queen , whose heart was made of ice . Jump up ^ Snezhnaya koroleva on IMDb Jump up ^ `` The Snow Queen '' on IMDb Jump up ^ Snezhnaya koroleva on IMDb Jump up ^ `` The Snow Queen : BBC Version '' . amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ The Snow Queen in the British Film Institute 's `` Explore film ... '' database Jump up ^ `` The Snow Queen '' on IMDb Jump up ^ Tayna snezhnoy korolevy on IMDb Jump up ^ Lumikuningatar on IMDb Jump up ^ The Snow Queen on IMDb Jump up ^ The Snow Queen on IMDb Jump up ^ The Snow Queen 's Revenge on IMDb Jump up ^ Snedronningen on IMDb Jump up ^ Snow Queen on IMDb Jump up ^ The Snow Queen on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Arts - The Times '' . timesonline.co.uk . Jump up ^ The Snow Queen - The Movie ( TXU - 001 - 650 - 698 - WGA 1382055 ) Jump up ^ The Snow Queen - based on H.C. Andersen . YouTube . 23 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Snow Queen - The Movie ( TXU - 001 - 650 - 698 - WGA 1382055 ) '' . thesnowqueenmovie.com . Jump up ^ `` Gerda and Kai - The Snow Queen Book by Richard Koscher '' . Gerda and Kai - The Snow Queen Book . Jump up ^ Richard Koscher ist in vielen Medien zu Hause > Kleine Zeitung Jump up ^ `` Snow Queen '' . Wizart Animation . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Snow Queen Release Info in IMDb Jump up ^ `` Pierangelo Valtinoni - Die Schneekönigin '' . Boosey & Hawkes : The Classical Music Specialists . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Snow Queen '' . The Guide to Musical Theatre . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Snow Queen : A New Musical '' . Steele Spring Stage Rights . 2015 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` San Jose Repertory Theatre '' . Sjrep.com. 2013 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Anita Gates ( 2014 - 07 - 21 ) . `` A Fairy - Tale That Rocks ' - The Snow Queen , ' Based on a Hans Christian Andersen Story '' . New York City : The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The New York Musical Theatre Festival : : The Snow Queen '' . Nymf.org. 2013 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Triad Stage . `` Snow Queen - Triad Stage '' . triadstage.org . Jump up ^ `` The Snow Queen Ballet '' . Jump up ^ `` The Snow Queen '' . TownHall Records . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Snow Queen , The Coliseum , London '' . The Independent . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Snow Queen '' . opera.fi . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) helsinkitimes.fi ( 23 October 2014 ) . Retrieved on 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Snow Queen '' . opera.poznan.pl . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No sex in Narnia ? How Hans Christian Andersen 's `` Snow Queen '' problematizes C.S. Lewis 's The Chronicles of Narnia `` . thefreelibrary.com . Jump up ^ `` La Reine des Neiges '' . gallimard-jeunesse.fr . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` The Snow Queen '' on IMDb Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iY6BOGNHfJk External links ( edit ) Denmark portal Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Snow Queen Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Snow Queen . The Snow Queen at the Hans Christian Andersen website The Snow Queen interactive storybook SurLaLune 's Annotated The Snow Queen Free audiobook from LibriVox SnowQueenBallet.com The Snow Queen : A New Musical The Snow Queen public domain audiobook at LibriVox Hans Christian Andersen Bibliography Collections Fairy Tales Told for Children ( 1835 -- 1837 ) Fairy Tales Told for Children ( 1838 ) New Fairy Tales ( 1843 / 1844 ) Stories `` The Angel '' `` The Elf Mound '' `` The Emperor 's New Clothes '' `` The Fir - Tree '' `` The Flying Trunk '' `` The Galoshes of Fortune '' `` The Garden of Paradise '' `` The Goblin and the Grocer '' `` Golden Treasure '' `` The Ice - Maiden '' `` The Little Match Girl '' `` The Little Mermaid '' `` The Most Incredible Thing '' `` The Nightingale '' `` Ole Lukøje '' `` The Princess and the Pea '' `` The Red Shoes '' `` The Shadow '' `` The Shepherdess and the Chimney Sweep '' `` The Snow Queen '' `` The Snowman '' `` The Steadfast Tin Soldier '' `` The Story of a Mother '' `` The Sweethearts ; or , The Top and the Ball '' `` The Swineherd '' `` The Tallow Candle '' `` The Teapot '' `` Thumbelina '' `` The Tinderbox '' `` The Ugly Duckling '' `` The Wild Swans '' Novels The Improvisatore ( 1835 ) The Two Baronesses ( 1848 ) Films Hans Christian Andersen ( 1952 ) The Daydreamer ( 1966 ) Hans Christian Andersen : My Life as a Fairytale ( 2001 miniseries ) Young Andersen ( 2005 serial ) Related Hans Christian Andersen Museum Pleated Christmas hearts International Children 's Book Day Hans Christian Andersen Award Hans Christian Andersen Literature Award Category Hans Christian Andersen 's `` The Snow Queen '' ( 1845 ) Films The Snow Queen ( 1957 ) The Snow Queen ( 1986 ) The Snow Queen ( 1995 ) The Snow Queen 's Revenge ( 1996 ) Snow Queen ( 2002 ) The Snow Queen ( 2005 ) The Snow Queen ( 2005 anime ) The Snow Queen ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) The Snow Queen 2 : The Snow King ( 2015 ) The Snow Queen 3 : Fire and Ice ( 2016 ) Literature The Snow Queen ( 1980 ) The Wizard of London ( 2005 ) The Snow Queen ( 2008 ) Ophelia and the Marvelous Boy ( 2014 ) Other The Snow Queen ( opera ) The Snow Queen ( video game ) The Snow Queen ( TV series ) Once Upon a Time ( Season 4 There 's No Place Like Home ) The Fairytaler ( The Snow Queen Parts 1 and 2 ) Disney 's Frozen Films Frozen soundtrack accolades Frozen Fever ( short ) Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( short ) Frozen 2 Characters Anna Elsa Kristoff Olaf Hans Theatre Frozen ( musical ) Music `` Frozen Heart '' `` Do You Want to Build a Snowman ? '' `` For the First Time in Forever '' `` Love Is an Open Door '' `` Let It Go '' `` Reindeer ( s ) Are Better Than People '' `` In Summer '' `` Fixer Upper '' `` Making Today a Perfect Day '' Attractions Frozen Ever After For the First Time in Forever : A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration Frozen -- Live at the Hyperion Video games Frozen : Olaf 's Quest Frozen Free Fall Related `` The Snow Queen '' The Story of Frozen : Making a Disney Animated Classic Once Upon a Time `` There 's No Place Like Home '' season 4 The Art of Frozen Category BNF : cb13612644k ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Snow_Queen&oldid=817856855 '' Categories : 1845 short stories Danish fairy tales Short stories by Hans Christian Andersen Fictional characters with ice or cold abilities Fictional queens Literary villains Fictional princesses Fictional princes Fictional Finnish people Fictional witches Fictional characters who use magic Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Witchcraft in fairy tales Fictional characters introduced in 1845 Female characters in fairy tales Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Danish - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Aragonés Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 23 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Snow%20Queen

who played the dad in the addams family

The Addams Family

the addams family

The Addams Family is a fictional household created by American cartoonist Charles Addams . The Addams Family characters have traditionally included Gomez and Morticia Addams , their children Wednesday and Pugsley , close family members Uncle Fester and Grandmama , their butler Lurch , the disembodied hand Thing , and Gomez 's Cousin Itt .

The Addamses are a satirical inversion of the ideal twentieth - century American family : an eccentric wealthy aristocratic clan who delight in the macabre and are seemingly unaware , or do not care , that other people find them bizarre or frightening . They originally appeared as an unrelated group of 150 single - panel cartoons , about half of which were originally published in The New Yorker between their debut in 1938 and Charles Addams ' death in 1988 . They have since been adapted to other media . In 1964 , a live - action television series , starring John Astin and Carolyn Jones , premiered on ABC and subsequently inspired a 1977 television film and cameos from the cast in other shows . Influenced by its growing cult following , an unrelated animated series aired in 1973 . The franchise was revived in the 1990s with a feature film series consisting of The Addams Family ( 1991 ) and Addams Family Values ( 1993 ) . Both were critically acclaimed and received nominations for Academy Awards , BAFTA Awards , and Hugo Awards . For her role as Morticia , Anjelica Huston was twice nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress , and Raúl Juliá ( as Gomez ) , Christina Ricci ( Wednesday ) , Christopher Lloyd ( Fester ) , and Joan Cusack ( Fester 's wife , Debbie Jellinsky , in the sequel ) received multiple Saturn Award and American Comedy Award nominations for their portrayals . The films inspired a second animated series ( 1992 -- 1993 ) set in the same fictional universe but with Astin reprising his role as the voice of Gomez . It was nominated for four Daytime Emmy Awards , including one for Astin . Following Juliá 's death , the series was rebooted with a 1998 television film starring Tim Curry and Daryl Hannah , and a spin - off live - action television series ( 1998 -- 1999 ) . A decade later , a live musical adaptation featuring Nathan Lane and Bebe Neuwirth opened on Broadway and was nominated for two Tony Awards and eight Drama Desk Awards . The franchise has become a staple of popular culture and has also spawned a video game series , academic books , and soundtracks based around its Grammy - nominated theme song . The family has had a profound influence on American comics , cinema and television , and has been seen as an inspiration for the goth subculture and its fashion . According to The Telegraph , the Addamses `` are one of the most iconic families in American history , up there with the Kennedys '' . Similarly , Time has compared `` the relevance and the cultural reach of the '' family with those of the Kennedys and Roosevelts , `` so much a part of the American landscape that it 's difficult to discuss the country 's history ( ... ) without mentioning them '' . For TV Guide , which listed the characters in the top ten of The 60 Greatest TV Families of All Time , the Addamses `` provid ( ed ) the design for cartoonish clans to come , like the Flintstones and the Simpsons '' . Owing to their popularity , the first feature - length adaption has been identified as a `` cult film '' , while Addams Family Values was listed one of The 50 Best family films by The Guardian and nominated for the American Film Institute 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs at the turn of the century . Ricci 's portrayal of Wednesday in the film series was ranked one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters by Empire , and AOL named Morticia one of The 100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters in 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise and background 1.1 The New Yorker cartoons 2 Adaptations 2.1 Television 2.1. 1 The Addams Family ( 1964 -- 1966 ) 2.1. 2 The New Scooby - Doo Movies ( 1972 ) 2.1. 3 The Addams Family Fun - House ( 1973 ) 2.1. 4 The Addams Family ( 1973 -- 1975 ) 2.1. 5 Halloween with the New Addams Family ( 1977 ) 2.1. 6 The Addams Family : The Animated Series ( 1992 -- 1993 ) 2.1. 7 The New Addams Family ( 1998 -- 1999 ) 2.2 Feature films 2.2. 1 The Addams Family ( 1991 ) 2.2. 2 Addams Family Values ( 1993 ) 2.2. 3 Addams Family Reunion ( 1998 ) 2.2. 4 Canceled film 2.2. 5 Reboot 2.3 Homages and adaptations 2.4 Video games 2.5 Pinball 2.6 Books 2.6. 1 The Addams Family 2.6. 2 The Addams Family Strikes Back 2.6. 3 The Addams Family : An Evilution 2.7 Advertising 2.8 Soundtrack 2.9 Musical 2.9. 1 The Addams Family ( 2010 ) 2.9. 2 The Addams Family ( 2017 ) 3 Cast and characters 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Premise and background ( edit ) The New Yorker cartoons ( edit ) Addams Family cosplayers Addams ' original cartoons were one - panel gags . The characters were undeveloped and unnamed until the television series production . Gomez and Pugsley are enthusiastic . Morticia is even in disposition , muted , witty , sometimes deadly . Grandma Frump is foolishly good - natured . Wednesday is her mother 's daughter . A closely knit family , the real head being Morticia -- although each of the others is a definite character -- except for Grandma , who is easily led . Many of the troubles they have as a family are due to Grandma 's fumbling , weak character . The house is a wreck , of course , but this is a house - proud family just the same and every trap door is in good repair . Money is no problem . -- Charles Addams The family appears to be a single surviving branch of the Addams clan . Many other `` Addams families '' exist all over the world . According to the film version , the family credo is , Sic gorgiamus allos subjectatos nunc ( pseudo-Latin : `` We gladly feast on those who would subdue us '' ) . Charles Addams was first inspired by his hometown of Westfield , New Jersey , an area full of ornate Victorian mansions and archaic graveyards . In the original comics series they live in a gothic house on Cemetery Ridge . According to the television series , they live in a gloomy mansion adjacent to a cemetery and a swamp . In The Addams Family musical ( first shown in Chicago in 2009 ) , the house is located in Central Park . Although most of the humor derives from the fact that they share macabre interests , the Addamses are not evil . They are a close - knit extended family . Morticia is an exemplary mother , and she and Gomez remain passionate towards each other . Created by the television series writers , she calls him `` bubbeleh '' , to which he responds by kissing her arms , behavior Morticia can also provoke by speaking a few words in French ( the meaning is not important ; any French will do ) . The parents are supportive of their children . The family is friendly and hospitable to visitors , in some cases willing to donate large sums of money to causes ( television series and films ) , despite the visitors ' horror at the Addamses ' peculiar lifestyle . Charles Addams began as a cartoonist in The New Yorker with a sketch of a window washer that ran on February 6 , 1932 . His cartoons ran regularly in the magazine from 1938 , when he drew the first instance of what came to be called The Addams Family , until his death in 1988 . In 1946 , Addams met science - fiction writer Ray Bradbury after having drawn an illustration for Bradbury 's short story `` Homecoming '' in Mademoiselle magazine , the first in a series of tales chronicling a family of Illinois monsters , the Elliotts . Bradbury and Addams became friends and planned to collaborate on a book of the Elliott Family 's complete history , with Bradbury writing and Addams providing the illustrations ; but it never materialized . Bradbury 's Elliott Family stories were anthologized in From the Dust Returned ( 2001 ) , with a connecting narrative , an explanation of his work with Addams , and Addams 's 1946 Mademoiselle illustration used for the book 's cover jacket . Although Addams 's own characters were well established by the time of their initial encounter , in a 2001 interview , Bradbury states that Addams `` went his way and created the Addams Family and I went my own way and created my family in this book . '' Adaptations ( edit ) Television ( edit ) The Addams Family ( 1964 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Addams Family ( 1964 TV series ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1964 , the ABC TV network created The Addams Family television series based on Addams 's cartoon characters . The series was shot in black - and - white and aired for two seasons in 64 half - hour episodes ( September 18 , 1964 -- September 2 , 1966 ) . During the original television run of The Addams Family television series , The New Yorker editor William Shawn refused to publish any Addams Family cartoons , though he continued to publish other Charles Addams cartoons . Shawn regarded his magazine as targeting a more refined readership and did not want it associated with characters who could be seen on television by just anybody . After Shawn 's 1987 retirement , the characters were welcomed back to The New Yorker . The New Scooby - Doo movies ( 1972 ) ( edit ) The Addams Family 's first animated appearance was on the third episode of Hanna - Barbera 's The New Scooby - Doo Movies , `` Scooby - Doo Meets the Addams Family '' ( a.k.a. `` Wednesday is Missing '' ) , which first aired on CBS Saturday morning , September 23 , 1972 . Four of the original cast ( John Astin , Carolyn Jones , Jackie Coogan , and Ted Cassidy ) returned for the special , which involved the Addamses in a mystery with the Scooby - Doo gang . The Addams Family characters were drawn to the specifications of the original Charles Addams cartoons . After the episode aired , fans wanted more animated adventures featuring the Addamses , and Hanna - Barbera obliged . The Addams Family Fun - house ( 1973 ) ( edit ) In late 1972 , ABC produced a pilot for a live - action musical variety show titled The Addams Family Fun - House . The cast included Jack Riley and Liz Torres as Gomez and Morticia ( the pair also co-wrote the special ) , Stubby Kaye as Uncle Fester , Pat McCormick as Lurch and Butch Patrick ( who had played Eddie Munster in The Munsters ) as Pugsley . Felix Silla reprised his role of Cousin Itt , connecting it to the original TV series . The pilot aired in 1973 , but was not picked up for a series . The Addams Family ( 1973 -- 1975 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Addams Family ( 1973 animated series ) The first animated series ran on Saturday mornings from 1973 to 1975 on NBC . In a departure from the original series , this series took the Addamses on the road in a Victorian - style RV . This series also marked the point where the relations between characters were changed so that Fester was now Gomez 's brother , and Grandmama was now Morticia 's mother ( though the old relations would be revisited in the 1977 television movie , to retain continuity with the original sitcom ) . Although Coogan and Cassidy reprised their roles , Astin and Jones did not , their parts being recast with Hanna - Barbera voice talents Lennie Weinrib as Gomez and Janet Waldo as Morticia , while a ten - year - old Jodie Foster provided the voice of Pugsley . Again , the characters were drawn to the specifications of the original Charles Addams cartoons . One season was produced , and the second season consisted of reruns . A complementary comic book series was produced in connection with the show , but it lasted only three issues . The show 's theme music was completely different and had no lyrics and no finger snaps , although it retained a bit of the four - note score from the live - action show . Halloween with the New Addams Family ( 1977 ) ( edit ) Main article : Halloween with the New Addams Family A television reunion movie , Halloween with the New Addams Family , aired on NBC on Sunday , October 30 , 1977 . It features most of the original cast , except Blossom Rock , who had played Grandmama . She was still alive but was very ill at the time ; she was replaced by Jane Rose . Veteran character actors Parley Baer and Vito Scotti , who both had recurring roles in the original series , also appeared in the movie . The movie has a slightly different version of the theme song ; the finger snaps are used but not the lyrics . Gomez and Morticia have had two more children , Wednesday , Jr. and Pugsley , Jr. , who strongly resemble their older siblings . Gomez 's brother , Pancho , is staying with the family while Gomez attends a lodge meeting in Tombstone , Arizona . Gomez is jealous of his brother , who once courted Morticia . Halloween is nigh , and Pancho tells the children the legend of the Great Pumpkin - like character of Cousin Shy , who distributes gifts and carves pumpkins for good children on Halloween night . Wednesday ( now called `` Wednesday , Sr . '' ) is home from music academy , where she is studying the piccolo ( breaking glass with it ) . Pugsley ( now `` Pugsley , Sr . '' ) is home from Nairobi medical school , where he is training to be a witch doctor . The family 's home has been bugged by a gang of crooks who intend to steal the family fortune . Lafferty , the boss , sends a gang member named Mikey into the house to investigate . Mikey panics and flees after treading on the tail of Kitty Kat the lion . The crooks employ a fake Gomez and Morticia to help in their plans , along with two strong - arm goons , Hercules and Atlas . Gomez returns home for the Halloween party and trimming of the scarecrow . Lafferty poses as Quincy Addams ( from Boston ) to gain entrance to the house during the party . He has his men tie up Gomez and Morticia , and his doubles take their places , confusing Pancho , who is still in love with Morticia , and Ophelia , who is still in love with Gomez . Gomez and Morticia escape ( thanks to the `` Old Piccolo Game '' ) , and rejoin the party , only to have Lafferty use various methods to try to get rid of them . Lurch scares off the thugs and terrifies Lafferty 's other assistant . Fester , trying to be nice , puts Lafferty on the rack . Lafferty tries to escape through the secret passage and steps on Kitty Kat 's tail . When the police arrive , the crooks gladly surrender . The Addamses are then free to celebrate Halloween happily , ending the night by singing together in welcome for Cousin Shy . The Addams Family : the animated series ( 1992 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Addams Family ( 1992 animated series ) The remake series ran on Saturday mornings from 1992 to 1993 on ABC after producers realized the success of the 1991 Addams Family movie . This series returned to the familiar format of the original series , with the Addams Family facing their sitcom situations at home . John Astin returned to the role of Gomez , and celebrities Rip Taylor and Carol Channing took over the roles of Fester and Grandmama , respectively . Veteran voice actors Jim Cummings , Debi Derryberry , Jeannie Elias and Pat Fraley did the voices of Lurch , Wednesday , Pugsley and Cousin Itt , respectively . New artistic models of the characters were used for this series , though still having a passing resemblance to the original cartoons . Two seasons were produced , with the third year containing reruns . Oddly in this series , Wednesday maintained her macabre , brooding attitude from the Addams Family movies , but her facial expressions and body language conveyed the happy - go - lucky , fun attitude of her portrayal in the original television show . The original Vic Mizzy theme song , although slightly different , was used for the opening . The New Addams Family ( 1998 -- 1999 ) ( edit ) Main article : The New Addams Family The New Addams Family was filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , and ran for 65 episodes ( one more than the original TV series ) during the 1998 -- 1999 season on the then - newly launched Fox Family Channel . Many storylines from the original series were reworked for this new series , incorporating more modern elements and jokes . John Astin returned to the franchise in some episodes of this series , albeit as `` Grandpapa '' Addams ( Gomez 's grandfather , a character introduced in Addams Family Reunion ) . Pubert 's absence in the new series ( and possibly Addams Family Reunion ) was explained in an early episode when Wednesday mentioned that `` There were three of us , but Pugsley ate the little one . '' The cast included Glenn Taranto as Gomez Addams , Ellie Harvie as Morticia , Michael Roberds as Fester , Brody Smith as Pugsley , Nicole Fugere ( the only cast member from Addams Family Reunion to return ) as Wednesday , John DeSantis as Lurch , Betty Phillips as Grandmama and Steven Fox as Thing . Feature films ( edit ) Crew / Detail Films The Addams Family ( 1991 ) Addams Family Values ( 1993 ) Addams Family Reunion ( 1998 ) Director Barry Sonnenfeld Dave Payne Producer Scott Rudin Mike Elliott Writer ( s ) Caroline Thompson Larry Wilson Paul Rudnick Rob Kerchner Scott Sandin Based on The Addams Family by Charles Addams Composer Marc Shaiman Marc Shaiman Ralph Sall Amotz Plessner Cinematography Owen Roizman Donald Peterman Christian Sebaldt Editor ( s ) Dede Allen Arthur Schmidt Jim Miller J.J. Jackson Production company Orion Pictures N / A Saban Entertainment Distributor Paramount Pictures Warner Home Video Runtime 99 minutes 94 minutes 91 minutes Release date November 22 , 1991 November 19 , 1993 September 22 , 1998 The Addams Family ( 1991 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Addams Family ( film ) In the 1990s , Orion Pictures ( which by then had inherited the rights to the series ) developed a film version , The Addams Family ( released on November 22 , 1991 ) . Due to the studio 's financial troubles at the time , Orion sold the US rights to the film to Paramount Pictures . Addams Family Values ( 1993 ) ( edit ) Main article : Addams Family Values Upon the last film 's success , a sequel followed : Addams Family Values ( released on November 19 , 1993 , with worldwide distribution by Paramount ) . Loosened content restrictions allowed the films to use far more grotesque humor that strove to keep the original spirit of the Addams cartoons ( in fact , several gags were lifted straight from the single - panel cartoons ) . The two movies used the same cast , except for Grandmama , played by Judith Malina and Carol Kane in the first and second films , respectively . A script for a third film was prepared in 1994 , but was abandoned after the sudden death of actor Raúl Juliá . Addams Family Reunion ( 1998 ) ( edit ) Main article : Addams Family Reunion Another film , Addams Family Reunion , was released direct - to - video on September 22 , 1998 , this time by Warner Bros. through its video division . It has no relation to the Paramount movies , being in fact a full - length pilot for a second live - action television version , The New Addams Family , produced and shot in Canada . The third movie 's Gomez , played by Tim Curry , follows the style of Raúl Juliá , while the new sitcom 's Gomez , played by Glenn Taranto , is played in the style of John Astin , who had played the character in the 1960s . The only actors in this Warner Bros. / Saban Entertainment production to have played in the previous Paramount films were Carel Struycken as Lurch and Christopher Hart as Thing . Canceled film ( edit ) In 2010 , it was announced that Illumination Entertainment , in partnership with Universal Pictures , had acquired the underlying rights to the Addams Family drawings . The film was planned to be a stop - motion animated film based on Charles Addams 's original drawings . Tim Burton was set to co-write and co-produce the film , with a possibility to direct . In July 2013 , it was reported that the film was cancelled . Reboot ( edit ) On October 31 , 2013 , it was announced in Variety that Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer will be reviving The Addams Family as an animated film with Pamela Pettler to write the screenplay and Andrew Mittman and Kevin Miserocchi to executive produce the film and were in final negotiations with BermanBraun 's Gail Berman and Lloyd Braun to produce . By October 2017 , Conrad Vernon had been hired to direct the film , which he will also produce along with Berman and Alex Schwartz , based on a screenplay written by Pettler , with revisions by Matt Lieberman . Homages and adaptations ( edit ) An animated television homage was produced by Hanna - Barbera Productions . Mr. & Mrs. J. Evil Scientist , a family of fictional characters inspired by The Addams Family appeared on the Snagglepuss and Snooper and Blabber animated television series beginning in 1959 and starred in their own comic book . Comedian Melissa Hunter wrote the Webseries Adult Wednesday Addams , which is a comedy adaption of the franchise . Hunter was forced to remove the series due to legal action . In an episode of Horrible Histories a song titled `` The Borgia Family '' was created in reference to the Addams Family Theme . Video games ( edit ) Main article : The Addams Family ( video game series ) Six video games released from 1989 to 1999 were based on The Addams Family . Fester 's Quest ( 1989 ) was a top - down adventure game that featured Uncle Fester . In 1992 , two versions of The Addams Family were released by Ocean Software based on the 1991 movie : an 8 - bit version for the Nintendo Entertainment System , Game Boy , Sega Master System , Sega Game Gear , ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64 , and a 16 - bit version released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , Amiga , Atari ST and Sega Mega Drive / Genesis . ICOM Simulations published The Addams Family video game for the TurboGrafx - CD in 1991 . The games ' sequel , The Addams Family : Pugsley 's Scavenger Hunt ( 1993 ) , also by Ocean Software , was based on the ABC animated series and was released for NES , SNES , and Game Boy ( although the latter two were just 8 - bit remakes of the first SNES game , swapping Pugsley 's and Gomez 's roles ) . Addams Family Values ( 1994 ) by Ocean was based on the movie 's sequel and returned to the style of gameplay seen in Fester 's Quest . A Game Boy Color game was released in the 1990s for promotion of The New Addams Family . The game was titled The New Addams Family Series . In this game , the Addams mansion had been bought by a fictional company called `` Funnyday '' that wanted to tear down the house and surrounding grounds to make room for an amusement park . An arcade shocker , The New Addams Family Electric Shock Machine ( also known as Electrifying ) was released by Eurocom and Nova Productions in 1999 . Pinball ( edit ) Further information : The Addams Family ( pinball ) A pinball game by Midway ( under the Bally label ) was released in 1992 shortly after the movie . It is the best - selling pinball game of all time . Books ( edit ) The Addams Family ( edit ) This first novelisation of the television series , written by Jack Sharkey , was released near the end of the show 's second season . The book details the family 's arrival in their new home and explains how it got its bizarre décor . The arrival and origins of Thing are explained . Each chapter reads as a self - contained story , like episodes of the television show . The novel concludes with the Addams family discovering that their lives will be the basis for a new television series . It was published in paperback by Pyramid Books in 1965 . The Addams Family Strikes back ( edit ) The Addams Family Strikes Back by W.F. Miksch tells how Gomez plans to rehabilitate the image of Benedict Arnold by running for the local school board . The tone and characterizations in this book resemble the TV characters much more closely than in the first novel . Cousin Itt appears as a minor character in this story , but as a tiny , three - legged creature rather than the hairy , derby - hatted character seen on television and in the movies . The novel was published in paperback form by Pyramid Books in 1965 . The Addams Family : an Evilution ( edit ) Further information : The Addams Family : An Evilution The Addams Family : An Evilution is a book about the `` evilution '' of The Addams Family characters , with more than 200 published and previously unpublished cartoons , and includes text by Charles Addams and H. Kevin Miserocchi , Director of the Tee and Charles Addams Foundation . Advertising ( edit ) In 1994 , the actors cast as the Addamses in the first two films ( sans the recently deceased Raúl Juliá ) were in several Japanese television spots for the Honda Odyssey . The Addamses are seen speaking Japanese -- most prominently Gomez ( for whom a voice actor was used to impersonate Juliá while footage from Addams Family Values was seen ) and Morticia . In 2007 and 2008 , the Addams Family appeared as M&M 's in an advertising campaign for M&M 's Dark Chocolate . Soundtrack ( edit ) A CD compilation of the music from The Addams Family TV Series was released in 1991 featuring the theme song from The Addams Family and each of the characters theme music as well as incidental music from the TV series . Musical ( edit ) The Addams Family ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Addams Family ( musical ) In May 2007 , it was announced that a musical inspired by The Addams Family drawings by Charles Addams was being developed for the Broadway stage . Broadway veterans Marshall Brickman and Rick Elice wrote the book , and Andrew Lippa wrote the score . Julian Crouch and Phelim McDermott ( Improbable theatre founders ) directed and designed the production , with choreography by Sergio Trujillo . A workshop and private industry presentation was held August 4 -- 8 , 2008 . Featured in the cast were Bebe Neuwirth as Morticia , Krysta Rodriguez as Wednesday , and Nathan Lane as Gomez . In addition , Kevin Chamberlin played Uncle Fester and Zachary James played Lurch . The musical opened in previews at the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre on Broadway on March 8 , 2010 , with an official opening on April 8 , after an out - of - town tryout in Chicago at the Ford Center for the Performing Arts from November 13 , 2009 to January 10 , 2010 . The cast includes Lane as Gomez , Neuwirth as Morticia , Terrence Mann as Mal Beineke , Carolee Carmello as Alice Beineke , Chamberlin as Uncle Fester , Jackie Hoffman as Grandma , Zachary James as Lurch , Krysta Rodriguez as Wednesday , and Wesley Taylor as Wednesday 's love interest , Lucas Beineke . The Addams Family ( 2017 ) ( edit ) On September 5 , 2016 it was announced that the Addams Family musical would premiere in the UK , on a major UK and Ireland tour produced by James Yeoburn and Stuart Matthew Price for United Theatrical , and Katy Lipson for Aria Entertainment , with Music & Lyrics as co-producer . The production is to be directed by Matthew White and is reported to open at Edinburgh Festival Theatre on April 20 , 2017 starring Samantha Womack , Les Dennis and Carrie Hope Fletcher . Cast and characters ( edit ) Show Gomez Addams Morticia Addams Pugsley Addams Wednesday Addams Uncle Fester Grandmama Lurch Thing Cousin Itt The Addams Family ( 1964 -- 66 ) John Astin Carolyn Jones Ken Weatherwax Lisa Loring Jackie Coogan Blossom Rock Ted Cassidy Ted Cassidy / Jack Voglin Felix Silla The New Scooby - Doo Movies ( 1972 ) John Astin Carolyn Jones Jackie Coogan Ted Cassidy The Addams Family Fun - House ( 1972 ) Jack Riley Liz Torres Butch Patrick Noelle Von Sonn Stubby Kaye Pat McCormick Felix Silla The Addams Family ( 1973 -- 74 ) Lennie Weinrib Janet Waldo Jodie Foster Cindy Henderson Jackie Coogan Janet Waldo Ted Cassidy John Stephenson Halloween with the New Addams Family ( 1977 ) John Astin Carolyn Jones Ken Weatherwax Lisa Loring Jackie Coogan Jane Rose Ted Cassidy Ted Cassidy Felix Silla The Addams Family : The Animated Series ( 1992 -- 1993 ) John Astin Nancy Linari Jeannie Elias Debi Derryberry Rip Taylor Carol Channing Jim Cummings Pat Fraley The Addams Family ( 1991 ) Raúl Juliá Anjelica Huston Jimmy Workman Christina Ricci Christopher Lloyd Judith Malina Carel Struycken Christopher Hart John Franklin Addams Family Values ( 1993 ) Raúl Juliá Anjelica Huston Jimmy Workman Christina Ricci Christopher Lloyd Carol Kane Carel Struycken Christopher Hart John Franklin Addams Family Reunion ( 1998 ) Tim Curry Daryl Hannah Jerry Messing Nicole Fugere Patrick Thomas Alice Ghostley Carel Struycken Christopher Hart Phil Fondacaro The New Addams Family ( 1998 -- 99 ) Glenn Taranto Ellie Harvie Brody Smith Nicole Fugere Michael Roberds Betty Phillips John DeSantis Steven Fox David Mylrea / Paul Dobson The Addams Family ( musical ) ( 2010 ) Nathan Lane Bebe Neuwirth Adam Riegler Krysta Rodriguez Kevin Chamberlin Jackie Hoffman Zachary James Fred Inkley Fred Inkley Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ There are canonical differences between the various incarnations of the family . In the two feature films , both animated series , and the 1998 television film , Fester Addams is Gomez 's brother and Grandmama is Morticia 's mother . In his notes for the original cartoons , Charles Addams refers to the latter as Grandma Frump , rendering her Wednesday 's and Pugsley 's maternal grandmother . In the first live action television series , however , Fester is Morticia 's maternal uncle ( via her mother , Hester Frump ) and Grandmama Addams is Gomez 's mother . In Addams Family Values , Gomez and Morticia welcome a third child , Pubert Addams . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kelly , Stephen ( December 3 , 2016 ) . `` The Addams Family : Volume One '' . Pop Matters . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . The Addams Family ( ... ) left an indelible mark on pop culture ( ... ) was an obvious influence on future pop culture icons ( ... ) gained a loyal cult following , and ( ... ) influenced the work of future ghoulmeisters like Tim Burton . Jump up ^ Mankoff , Bob ( March 11 , 2010 ) . `` Charles Addams '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . I think ( Charles Addams ' ) influence is , like the man , largish . ( ... ) In cartooning , you can see the direct influence of his work in someone like Gahan Wilson , and ( ... ) his influence extends beyond the horror genre , to humor Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( January 5 , 2010 ) . `` That Old Black Magic , So Hard to Recapture '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Addams 's ( ... ) influence is reflected not only in the work of generations of cartoonists but also in movies like `` A Nightmare on Elm Street , '' and those by Wes Craven , and television shows like `` The Simpsons . '' Jump up ^ Copeland , Libby ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Goth at 40 : The Enduring Appeal of Bleakness and Black Lipstick '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` Inspired by Alexander Wang 's Walk on the Dark Side , Fashion 's Favorite Goths '' . Vogue . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chilton , Martin ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` The Addams Family v The Munsters '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cosgrove , Ben ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` ' Addams Family ' Hopefuls : Photos From Auditions for a Classic TV Show '' . Time . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` The 60 Greatest TV Families of All Time '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Rosa ( November 16 , 2014 ) . `` I based Morticia Addams on Jerry Hall , says Anjelica Huston '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Docter , Pete ; Peterson , Bob ( October 11 , 2010 ) . `` The 50 Best Family Films '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs Nominees Jump up ^ Staff ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' . Empire . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Potts , Kim ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` 100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters '' . AOL TV . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miserocchi , H. Kevin ; Charles Addams ( March 31 , 2010 ) . The Addams Family : An Evilution . Pomegranate Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7649 - 5388 - 0 . Jump up ^ Potter Kass , Christy ( October 13 , 2010 ) . `` Westfield Native Charles Addams Still Very Much a Part of his Hometown ; Addams Family Online Drawing Contest Ends October 20th '' . TheAlternativePress.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` ' The Addams Family ' at Oriental Theatre : In need of more ' Family ' time '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Austro - Bavarian / Yiddish : Lit . `` little boy '' ^ Jump up to : Maslin , Janet ( October 26 , 2006 ) , `` In Search of the Dark Muse of a Master of the Macabre '' , The New York Times , p . E9 , retrieved 2006 - 10 - 26 Jump up ^ Grant , Gavin J. ( 2000 ) . `` Ray Bradbury Interview Part 1 '' . IndieBound . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ MemorableTV.com . `` The Addams Family Fun - House '' . MemorableTV.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming ( March 18 , 2010 ) . `` Tim Burton 's Next 3D Animated Film ? Da Da Da Da , Snap Snap : ' The Addams Family ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( August 19 , 2010 ) . `` Tim Burton Reunites With ' Ed Wood ' Scribes For ' Addams Family ' And ' Big Eyes ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Illumination Chief Chris Meledandri Lines Up Originals for Universal '' . Variety . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . At the same time , Illumination has scrapped a number of planned movie ideas . `` Waldo '' and a Tim Burton - helmed , stop - motion `` The Addams Family '' are dead . The company abandoned a Woody Woodpecker pic , and could n't crack `` Clifford the Big Red Dog . '' Jump up ^ Dave McNary . `` ' Addams Family ' Reborn As Animated Movie at MGM ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sausage Party ' Director Tackling ' The Addams Family ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Adult Wednesday Addams ' Is Simply Incredible '' . Bloody Disgusting ! . Jump up ^ Porges , Seth ( August 5 , 2008 ) . `` Top 8 Most Innovative Pinball Machines of All Time '' . Popular Mechanics . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Pollack , Andrew ( October 17 , 1994 ) . `` Honda Set to Play Catch - Up in Mini-Van Market '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ paulafromtwoson ( March 25 , 2007 ) . `` Japanese Car Commercials '' . Addamses : The Addams Family Archive . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ TV Series Finale ( April 30 , 2007 ) . `` The Addams Family : A Spooky Yet Sweet Return '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ( May 21 , 2007 ) . `` Go , Go , Go Gomez ! Addams Family Musical , by Lippa , Brickman and Elice , In Development '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` Zaks Is New Patriarch of Addams Family ; Previews Will Now Begin March 8 '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ; Gans , Andrew ( August 4 , 2008 ) . `` Lane , Neuwirth , Chamberlin , McCarthy and Arden Featured in Addams Family Reading '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Addams Family Sings Together in NYC Workshop of New Musical , With Lane and Neuwirth '' , playbill.com , January 2009 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` Addams Family Musical to Star Lane , Neuwirth , Carmello , Hoffman , Chamberlin and More '' , playbill.com , May 11 , 2009 Jump up ^ http://www.whatsonstage.com/edinburgh-theatre/news/the-addams-family-musical-uk-tour_41694.html Jump up ^ Miserocchi , Kevin , ( 2010 ) The Addams Family : An Evilution , p. 2 ( online sample pages ) External links ( edit ) The Addams Foundation website The Addams Family ( 1937 ) at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2012 . The Addams Family UK ( musical website ) The Addams Family on TVLand.com.com The Addams Family on Tribe.net Interview with Lisa Loring ( Wednesday ) and Ken Weatherwax ( Pugsley ) on the podcast The Future and You ( behind the scenes on the television comedy The Addams Family ) The Addams Family font The New Addams Family at TV.com The New Addams Family on IMDb The Addams Family Musical at the Internet Broadway Database ( hide ) The Addams Family Characters Gomez Addams Morticia Addams Pugsley Addams Wednesday Addams Uncle Fester Grandmama Lurch Thing Cousin Itt Television The Addams Family ( episodes ) 1973 animated series Halloween with the New Addams Family ( 1977 TV film ) 1992 animated series The New Addams Family Films The Addams Family ( 1991 ) Addams Family Values ( 1993 ) Addams Family Reunion ( 1998 ) Theatre The Addams Family ( musical ) Games Fester 's Quest ( 1989 ) The Addams Family pinball ( 1991 ) The Addams Family handheld ( 1991 ) The Addams Family The Addams Family : Pugsley 's Scavenger Hunt ( 1993 ) Addams Family Values ( 1994 ) Music `` The Addams Family Theme '' `` When You 're an Addams '' `` Addams Groove '' The Addams Family soundtrack Addams Family Values : Music from the Motion Picture Addams Family Values : The Original Orchestral Score Books The Addams Family : An Evilution Creator Charles Addams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Addams_Family&oldid=805279737 '' Categories : The Addams Family American comic strips Black comedy Fictional families Gag cartoon comics Gag - a-day comics 1938 comics debuts 1988 comics endings Comics adapted into television series Fictional octets Comics adapted into animated series Comics adapted into plays American comics adapted into films Comics adapted into video games Fictional characters introduced in 1938 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with IBDb links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Dansk Deutsch Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2017 , at 08 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Addams%20Family

what kind of wood were tennis rackets made of

Racket ( sports equipment )

racket ( sports equipment )

A racket or racquet is a sports implement consisting of a handled frame with an open hoop across which a network of strings or catgut is stretched tightly . It is used for striking a ball or shuttlecock in games such as squash , tennis , racquetball , and badminton . Collectively , these games are known as racket sports . This predecessor to the modern game of squash , rackets , is played with 30 ⁄ - inch - long ( 77 cm ) wooden rackets . While squash equipment has evolved in the intervening century , rackets equipment has changed little .

The frame of rackets for all sports was traditionally made of laminated wood and the strings of animal intestine known as catgut . The traditional racket size was limited by the strength and weight of the wooden frame which had to be strong enough to hold the strings and stiff enough to hit the ball or shuttle . Manufacturers started adding non-wood laminates to wood rackets to improve stiffness . Non-wood rackets were made first of steel , then of aluminium , and then carbon fiber composites . Wood is still used for real tennis , rackets , and xare . Most rackets are now made of composite materials including carbon fiber or fiberglass , metals such as titanium alloys , or ceramics . Catgut has partially been replaced by synthetic materials including nylon , polyamide , and other polymers . Rackets are restrung when necessary , which may be after every match for a professional . Despite the name , `` catgut '' has never been made from any part of a cat . Contents ( hide ) 1 Spelling 2 Etymology 3 Badminton 4 Rackets 5 Racquetball 6 Real tennis 7 Squash 8 Table tennis 9 Tennis 10 References 11 External links Spelling ( edit ) Racket is the standard spelling of the word . Racquet is an alternative spelling used more commonly in certain sports ( squash , racquetball , badminton ) and less commonly in others ( tennis ) . While some writers , especially those outside North America , prefer the French - influenced racquet , racket is the predominant spelling by a large margin . Similarly , while some believe that racket came about as a misspelling of racquet , racket is in fact the older spelling : it has been in use since the 16th century , with racquet only showing up later in the 19th century as a variant of racket . Etymology ( edit ) The origin of the term `` racket '' is unclear . According to a popular belief first published by Malcolm Whitman in 1932 , the expression comes from the Arabic term rahat al - yad , meaning `` palm of hand '' . Modern research however , holds this thesis in a highly questionable light . Instead , the term is more likely to be derived from the Flemish word `` raketsen '' which is itself derived from Middle French `` rachasser '' , meaning `` to strike ( the ball ) back '' . Badminton ( edit ) Badminton rackets Badminton rackets are light , with top quality rackets weighing between about 70 and 95 grams ( with guts ) . Modern rackets are composed of carbon fiber composite ( graphite reinforced plastic ) , which may be augmented by a variety of materials . Carbon fiber has an excellent strength to weight ratio , is stiff , and gives excellent kinetic energy transfer . Before the adoption of carbon fibre composite , rackets were made of wood to their excessive weight and cost . There is a wide variety of racket designs , although the racket size and shape are limited by the Laws . Different rackets have playing characteristics that appeal to different players . The traditional oval head shape is still available , but an isometric head shape is increasingly common in new rackets . Various companies have emerged but Yonex of Japan and Li - Ning of China are the dominant players in the market . The majority of top tournaments are sponsored by these companies . Every year a new technology is introduced by these companies but predominantly , all rackets are made of carbon graphite composite . They have another quality like reflex which differ from 6to8 in low quality an 8 to 12or13 in good quality. For good quality of guts or stings as people say li - ning and yonex bg5 , 65 are best guts for a good racket . Rackets ( edit ) This predecessor to the modern game of squash , rackets , is played with 30 ⁄ - inch ( 770 mm ) wooden rackets . While squash equipment has evolved in the intervening century , rackets equipment has changed little . Racquetball ( edit ) According to the current racquetball rules there are no limitations on the weight of a racquetball racket . The racket , including bumper guard and all solid parts of the handle , may not exceed 22 inches in length . The racket frame may be any material judged safe . The racket frame must include a cord that must be securely attached to the player 's wrist . The string of the racket must be gut , monofilament , nylon , graphite , plastic , metal , or a combination thereof , and must not mark or deface the ball . Using an illegal racket will result in forfeiture of the game in progress or , if discovered between games , forfeiture of the preceding game . Racquetball rackets , unlike many other types , generally have little or no neck , the grip connecting directly to the head . They also tend to have head shapes that are notably wider at the top , with some older rackets looking almost triangular or teardrop shaped . Real tennis ( edit ) Real tennis rackets and balls In real tennis , 27 - inch ( 686 - mm ) long rackets are made of wood and very tight strings to cope with the game 's heavy balls . The racket heads are bent slightly to make striking balls close to the floor or in corners easier . Squash ( edit ) Standard squash rackets are governed by the rules of the game . Traditionally they were made of laminated timber ( typically Ash ) , with a small strung area using natural gut strings . After a rule change in the mid-1980s , they are now almost always made of composite materials such as carbon fiber or metals ( graphite , Kevlar , titanium , and / or boron ) with synthetic strings . Modern rackets are 70 cm long , with a maximum strung area of 500 square centimetres ( approximately 75 square inches ) and a mass between 90 and 200 grams ( 4 -- 7 ounces ) . Table tennis ( edit ) Table Tennis racket with 3 different sizes of the celluloid ball Main article : Table tennis racket Table tennis uses a table tennis racket made from laminated wood covered with rubber on one or two sides depending on the grip of the player . Unlike a conventional racket , it does not contain strings strung across an open frame . This is called either a paddle , racket , or a bat , with usage differing by region . In the USA the term `` paddle '' is common , in Europe the term is `` bat '' , and the official ITTF term is `` racket . '' Table Tennis racket specs are defined at the ITTF handbook section 2.04 and currently include the following . 2.04. 01 The racket may be of any size , shape or weight but the blade shall be flat and rigid . 2.04. 02 At least 85 % of the blade by thickness shall be of natural wood ; an adhesive layer within the blade may be reinforced with fibrous material such as carbon fibre , glass fibre or compressed paper , but shall not be thicker than 7.5 % of the total thickness or 0.35 mm , whichever is the smaller . 2.04. 03 A side of the blade used for striking the ball shall be covered with either ordinary pimpled rubber , with pimples outwards having a total thickness including adhesive of not more than 2.0 mm , or sandwich rubber , with pimples inwards or outwards , having a total thickness including adhesive of not more than 4.0 mm . 2.04. 03.01 Ordinary pimpled rubber is a single layer of non-cellular rubber , natural or synthetic , with pimples evenly distributed over its surface at a density of not less than 10 per cm and not more than 30 per cm . 2.04. 03.02 Sandwich rubber is a single layer of cellular rubber covered with a single outer layer of ordinary pimpled rubber , the thickness of the pimpled rubber not being more than 2.0 mm . 2.04. 04 The covering material shall extend up to but not beyond the limits of the blade , except that the part nearest the handle and gripped by the fingers may be left uncovered or covered with any material . 2.04. 05 The blade , any layer within the blade and any layer of covering material or adhesive on a side used for striking the ball shall be continuous and of even thickness . 2.04. 06 The surface of the covering material on a side of the blade , or of a side of the blade if it is left uncovered , shall be matt , bright red on one side and black on the other . 2.04. 07 The racket covering shall be used without any physical , chemical or other treatment . 2.04. 07.01 Slight deviations from continuity of surface or uniformity of colour due to accidental damage or wear may be allowed provided that they do not significantly change the characteristics of the surface . 2.04. 08 Before the start of a match and whenever he or she changes his or her racket during a match a player shall show his or her opponent and the umpire the racket he or she is about to use and shall allow them to examine it . Tennis ( edit ) See also : Strings ( tennis ) A modern tennis racket , with carbon fiber - reinforced polymer frame . Currently - popular lawn tennis rackets vary primarily in length , weight , balance point , stiffness , beam thickness , string pattern , string density , and head size . They also conform to some unofficial standards that differ from racquets now considered obsolete . For instance , all racquets for serious play made today are made from graphite composite , not wood , steel , fiberglass , aluminum , or other materials . This comes despite the fact that those other materials are legal for play . Very inexpensive discount racquets , which have poor performance characteristics , such as excessive flexibility and inadequate weight , may still be made from aluminum . No racquets of recent times use single - throated beams . Prince tried to reintroduce the single throat design in the 1990s but the only professional who used one was Mirjana Lučić . Braided graphite racquets have found very serious use , mainly in the past , but molded racquets have been the norm for a long time . They are less expensive to manufacture and offer higher stiffness . Dunlop also had a nylon - based `` hot melt '' process , now obsolete , that produced the midsize 200G racquet , once used to great effect by Steffi Graf and John McEnroe , as well as briefly used by Martina Navratilova . For length , 21 to 26 inches ( 53 to 66 cm ) is normally the junior racquet range , while 27 inches ( 69 cm ) is for stronger more physically - mature players . Some are also available at lengths of 27.5 to 29 inches ( 70 to 74 cm ) . The Gamma Big Bubba was produced with a 32 inches ( 81 cm ) length but it is no longer legal in that length . Gamma responded by changing the length of the grip portion of the racquet , to continue sales . The length restriction was based on the concern that such long racquets would make the serve too dominant , but that concern has never been objectively supported with testing . Moreover , some players , such as John Isner , are much taller and have longer arms than average professionals ( and especially low stature ones ) , giving them a much larger advantage in terms of height for the service than is possible with several inches of racquet length . This makes the length restriction more questionable . Finally , the professionals who nearly always choose to use the longest racquets typically choose them because they use two - handed groundstrokes for both forehand and backhand , using the extra length to improve their reach . An example is Marion Bartoli . As this type of player is not dominant in the sport , or even close to being average in terms of per capita representation , the length restriction seems even more unnecessary . Despite Prince 's attempt to market longer length `` longbody '' racquets in the 1990s , standard length remains the overwhelming choice of players , further negating the argument in favor of the length restriction . When most players who choose to use a longer racquet than 27 inches ( 69 cm ) choose one , they typically only use a 27.5 inches ( 70 cm ) model , rather than one approaching 30 inches ( 76 cm ) . Longer rackets were introduced by Dunlop Weights of a racket also vary between 7 ounces ( 200 g ) unstrung and 12.6 ounces ( 360 g ) strung . Until the 1980s , racquets weighted at `` medium '' were produced . `` Heavy '' racquets were produced during the height of the wood era ( e.g. the 1960s ) , very sparingly . The `` medium '' weight is heavier than any of the racquets produced since it was discontinued by companies . Many professionals added weight to their racquets to improve stability . Many continue to do so . Pete Sampras added lead tape to make his racquet have a 14 ounces ( 400 g ) weight and Venus Williams is known for using a frame modified to be quite heavy , in terms of the recent times average . By contrast , Andy Roddick surprised many when he said he used a stock Pro Drive series model , series of racquet which was light when compared with the racquets used by most top professionals . In both recreational and professional tennis , the trend has been away from heavy racquets and toward lighter racquets , despite the drawbacks from light racquets , such as increased twisting . Lawn tennis rackets originally flared outward at the bottom of the handle to prevent slippage . The rounded bottom was called a bark bottom after its inventor Matthew Barker . But by 1947 , this style became superfluous . More mass gives racquets `` plow through '' , momentum that continues once the player has managed to get the racquet into motion and which is more resistant to stoppage from the ball 's momentum . This can give the perception that the racquet produces shots with more power , although this is complicated by the typically slower stroke production . Higher mass typically involves a slower swing but more energy to execute the swing . More mass also provides more cushioning against ball impact shock , a source of injuries such as tennis elbow . However , high racquet mass can cause fatigue in the shoulder area . Typically , it is safer for the body to have higher mass . More mass , additionally , provides more stability . It makes the racquet more resistant to twisting forces and pushback . The drawbacks are that heavier racquets have lower maneuverability ( reducing reaction time ) and require more energy to move . As a racquet gets heavier , the player finds it increasingly difficult to do fast reaction shots such as quick volleys and returns of serve . However , the additional mass can help with return of serve , in particular , by making the racquet much more resistant to twist from a high - powered service . Light racquets have the additional drawback of making it easier for beginning players to use inappropriate wrist - dominant strokes , which often leads to injury . This is because poor stroke mechanics can be much easier to produce with a lightweight racquet , such as in using one 's wrist to mostly swing the racquet . An extremely typical mistake beginning players make is to choke up heavily on the racquet ( to try to compensate for twist from a light racquet , as well as too high racquet angle upon impact ) and use the wrist too much . The only professional well - known player to have had success with a strongly choked - up grip is Zina Garrison . Head size plays a very key role in a racket 's performance characteristics . A larger head size very generally means more power and a larger `` sweet spot '' . This is an area in the string bed that is partially more forgiving on off - center hits and which produces more ball - reflective power from string deformation , known as the trampoline effect . However , large head sizes can increase twisting , which makes off - center hits more difficult to control and can reduce a player 's overall power production due to the playing compensating for the extra inherent power , typically with stiffer strings to reduce the increased string deformation of large heads . A smaller head size generally offers more control for many shots , particularly the service and groundstrokes aimed near the lines , but can lead to more shanks ( wild misses , from hitting the frame or missing the sweet spot ) . This drawback is most common for professional players using single - handed topspin backhands , as well as for recreational and aged players at net . Shanking due to small racquet head size is typically exacerbated by racquet weight , which slows the reaction time , as well as , to a lesser degree , the racquet 's balance point . In professional tennis , currently - used racket head sizes vary between 95 -- 115 square inches ( 610 -- 740 cm ) , with most players adopting one from 98 -- 108 square inches ( 630 -- 700 cm ) . Racquets with smaller and larger head sizes , 85 and 120 -- 137 square inches ( 550 and 770 -- 880 cm ) , are still produced but are not used by professionals currently . A very small number of professionals , such as Monica Seles , used 125 square inches ( 810 cm ) racquets during some point in their careers . Racquets with smaller heads than 85 square inches ( 550 cm ) have not been in production since the 1980s and racquets with larger head sizes than 137 square inches ( 880 cm ) are not currently legal for the sport , even though only elderly players typically choose to use racquets beyond 115 square inches ( 740 cm ) and it is nearly unheard - of for a serious player who is not elderly to choose a racquet over 125 square inches ( 810 cm ) . The WEED company , founded by Tad Weed , specializes in producing very large racquets , primarily for the elderly market . Rackets that are moderately higher in power production , moderately lower in weight , moderately larger in size , and which typically possess a slightly head - heavy balance are often called `` tweener rackets . '' Racquets that have the smallest heads in current use , the highest weights in current use , and headlight or even balance are referred to as `` players ' racquets '' . Oversize racquets , typically 110 square inches ( 710 cm ) in size , were once pejoratively referred to as `` granny sticks '' but resistance to them being seen as illegitimate racquets for younger players decreased dramatically with the successful use of these racquets by a small number professionals such as Andrei Agassi and Pam Shriver . Originally , even midsize frames ( 85 square inches ( 550 cm ) ) were considered jumbo , and some top players , such as Martina Navratilova and Rod Laver said they should be banned for making the sport too easy . Later , these same professionals , including John McEnroe , signed a letter supporting a switch back to wood frames , or a limitation to the original standard size of approximately 65 square inches ( 420 cm ) . Perhaps the last professional to use a standard - size racquet in professional tennis was Aaron Krickstein , known for the strongly - contested match against Connors at the 1991 US Open . He used a Wilson Ultra-II standard - size graphite racquet also used in the 1980s by the hard - hitting teen Andrea Jaeger . The first oversize , the fiberglass Bentley Fortissimo from Germany , was praised by racquet designers but was considered too large to be taken seriously by the small number of players who were exposed to it . One of the ways a tennis racket can be held . The head - light balance point is rarer in professional tennis than it once was , as the sport has converted to larger - headed racquets , stiffer racquets , stiffer strings , more western grips and accompanying stroke production , and more topspin . The head - light balance point is most optimal for the serve and volley style with a continental grip . Serve and volley is no longer a viable option for nearly all professionals as the mode of playing for most points in a match . Head - heavy racquets became popular , mainly with recreational players , primarily with the introduction of the Wilson ProFile widebody racquet . The head - light balance makes volleys and serves easier to produce , while groundstrokes are less stable . The head - heavy balance makes groundstrokes more stable , which typically increases the player 's comfort for swinging harder to add power , but makes serves and volleys more cumbersome . A head - heavy balance also puts more stress on the elbow and shoulder . Vibration dampeners ( also sometimes known as `` gummies '' ) may be interlaced in the proximal part of the string array , to reduce the percussive sound of the ball hitting the strings and / or to reduce perceived vibration . They do not , however , reduce impact shock significantly , so they are of no safety value . Some professionals , such as Andrei Agassi , used rubber bands instead of specialized dampeners . Dampeners come in two main types . The first uses the two central main strings to hold it in place . The second is sometimes called a `` worm '' and it is woven between many of the main strings . Dampeners are nearly always placed very near the bottom of the racquet string bed . As racquets have become lighter , stiffer , and larger - headed , the professional game has moved , basically completely , from softer and more flexible string materials to stiff materials . This is , in large part , to tone down the additional power potential of the `` modern '' racquets . However , it also is related to the tendency for different string materials to move out of place when subjected to heavy topspin strokes . Polyester is the string of choice today because of that resistance , despite its increased stiffness ( harsher feel and more aggravating for the joints ) and reduced tension - holding ability ( versus a string like natural gut , which excels at that ) . The top professionals of the 1970s and earlier , despite having access to stiffer materials such as nylon , nearly always chose to use the very flexible natural gut instead . String bed stiffness can be increased by using stiffer materials , such as kevlar and polyester , by increasing the density of the string pattern , and by stringing with a higher tension . Racquet makers and players have experimented with very dense string patterns and very `` open '' patterns , beginning with the Snauwaert Hi Ten , which had a pattern with as few as 12 mains and 13 crosses . Doubles great Mark Woodforde used one of them . More recently , Grigor Dimitrov is known for having played with a very open - patterned racquet during part of his career . String choice , both in thickness and material , string tension , string pattern , and string pattern density can have a very large effect on how a racquet performs . Throughout most of lawn tennis ' history , most rackets were made of laminated wood , with heads of around 65 square inches ( 420 cm ) . A small number of them were made of metal , such as a 1920s racquet by Dayton . Some , rarely , also had metal strings . In the late 1960s , Wilson popularized the T - 2000 steel racket with wire wound around the frame to make string loops , after having purchased the design from René Lacoste , who produced the racquet first in a more limited run . It was popularized by the top American player Jimmy Connors and was also , prior to Connors using it , by Billie Jean King in her early career . Many players said it lacked control but had more power , when compared with wood frames of the period . Connors used the rarer `` firm '' model that had additional throat welds to increase its stiffness . In 1968 Spalding launched an aluminum racket , called The Smasher . Aluminum , though lighter and more flexible than steel , was sometimes less accurate than wood . The biggest complaint , however , was that metal racquets caused strong cases of tennis elbow , especially the kind that had holes for the strings directly in the frame , rather than using an external wire wrapper , as in the T - 2000 . Because of that drawback in particular , most of the top players still preferred to use wooden frames . By 1975 , aluminum construction improvements allowed for the introduction of the first American `` oversized '' racket , which was manufactured by Weed . Prince popularized the oversize racket , which had a head size of approximately 110 square inches ( 710 cm ) . Howard Head was able to obtain a broad patent for Prince , despite the prior art of the Bentley Fortissimo ( the first oversize , made in Germany of fiberglass ) and the Weed . The patent was rejected by Germany but approved in the USA . The popularity of the Prince aluminum oversize had the side effect of popularizing rackets having other non-standard head sizes such as mid-size 85 -- 90 square inches ( 550 -- 580 cm ) and mid-plus sizes 95 -- 98 square inches ( 610 -- 630 cm ) . Fairly quickly , midsize frames began to become the most - used frames in the pro tours . Martina Navratilova popularized the midsize graphite racquet , with her wins using the Yonex R - 7 , the first midsize graphite racquet made by Yonex . Nearly at the same time , however , she said the `` jumbo '' racquets ( midsize included ) should be removed from the sport for making it easier . She said she would use them only because other players could , as they were tournament - legal . Fewer players chose to use oversize racquets , and some switched to midplus frames after their earliest career for more control . Fiberglass frames also had a brief period of limited popularity , making fewer inroads among top players than aluminum . Also , the earliest composites , such as the Head Competition series , used by Arthur Ashe , were made without graphite . These were more flexible than a typical early graphite composite but stiffer than wood , fiberglass , and aluminum . In the early 1980s , `` graphite '' ( carbon fibre ) composites were introduced , and other materials were added to the composite , including ceramics , glass fibre , boron , and titanium . Some of the earliest models typically had 20 % or more fiberglass , to make them more flexible . Stiff racquets were typically not preferred by most players because of their familiarity with the comfortable softness of wood . These early models tended to be very flexible and not very powerful , although they were a power upgrade over wood and metal racquets . Wilson created the Jack Kramer Pro Staff , the graphite version of the extremely popular wood racquet of the same name , which was the origin of the extremely influential Wilson Pro Staff 85 . Chris Evert 's first graphite racquet was this Jack Kramer version , which had 20 % fiberglass . It was not a market success and she , along with everyone else , quickly replaced it with the stiffer Pro Staff 85 , which had 20 % kevlar . It used the same mold and had the same braided graphite , but offered a very noticeable improvement in power . The very popular Prince original graphite , an oversize in its most popular form , was also quite influential and used by many pros , especially as juniors . Jennifer Capriati and Monica Seles , for instance , used the Prince graphite to contest their influential Wimbledon match in 1991 that has often been hailed as the beginning of the power baselining game in the WTA , although that claim is somewhat hyperbolic and is , in large part , due to the mistaken impression that the players were hitting much harder when , in fact , the racquets were more powerful . However , the very large head size , when compared with the midsize and , especially , the old `` standard '' size , made it easier to produce power . The racquet also had an open string pattern . The Prince `` original '' graphite name is rather a misnomer , as it went through some significant design adjustments over its lifetime . For instance , the truly original model had a reverse teardrop head shape , something no subsequent versions had . Stiffer composite rackets , when compared with the first and second generations of graphite composites , are the contemporary standard . The last wooden racquet appearing at Wimbledon appeared in 1987 , long after they were abandoned by practically all professionals . Borg tried to stage a comeback with his standard wood racquet , after his premature retirement , but it quickly ended in failure , as the standard wood was no match when placed against a stiff midplus graphite . It is also commonly argued that Chris Evert would have been able to beat Martina Navratilova during the latter 's most dominant period if she had switched from her wood racquet years sooner . Additionally , the last influential wooden racquet , the Prince Woodie , had layers of graphite to increase its stiffness and was an oversize . It was used by Tommy Haas , Gabriela Sabatini , and quite a few others . It offered very little power but did offer much more surface area than a standard - size wooden frame . Sabatini found it helpful , as compared with smaller racquets , due to her production of heavy topspin . The only woman to beat Martina Navratilova in 1984 , Kathleen Horvath , used the Prince Woodie , one of only six losses Navratilova suffered in a three - year stretch involving 260 matches . A United States tennis racket from the 1970s A denser pattern is often considered to deliver more control , at the expense of spin potential . A more open pattern is often believed to offer greater potential for power and spin . However , how much power is produced by a player can be strongly influenced by how a player adapts to the characteristics of the racquet . Some players may hit harder with a dense string pattern , producing faster shots because of the added control from the dense pattern . Rackets , including those of much of the wood era , are marked with a recommended string tension range . The basic rule is that a lower tension creates more power ( from the trampoline effect ) and a higher string tension creates more control ( less string deformation which results in a more predictable the power and angle of the departure from the string bed . ) Some professionals used small - headed racquets with flexible - material strings ( natural gut ) strung at very high tension . Examples include Pete Sampras and Björn Borg . Some used large - headed racquets with very inflexible - material strings ( kevlar ) . Andrei Agassi is an example . Many professionals during the standard wood era strung at relatively low tension and used natural gut string ; both decisions were to increase the trampoline effect for more power . By contrast , almost every professional player today uses the much stiffer polyester string in their much stiffer racquets which also have larger heads and which tend to be lighter . Madeline Hauptman sold a line of racquets , called the MAD RAQ , which featured a Star of David pattern ( a six - pointed figure consisting of two interlaced equilateral triangles ) , as it used three strings instead of two for stringing the racquet . This pattern is used in snowshoes . This stringing pattern was said to feature less string notching , improving string lifespan . It was even claimed that many pro shops refused to carry the racquet because less string breakage would reduce string and stringing service sales . It has also been claimed that the racquet is more difficult to string than a two string racquet . However , the Wilson T - 2000 - type requires a great deal more time for stringing than a typical racquet and racquets of that series were very popular . Whatever the cause of the failure of the MAD RAQ in the marketplace , it was the only time a snowshoe pattern was used in tennis . Hauptman switched her racquet line to a two string diamond pattern ( PowerAngle ) . This pattern had already been used in much earlier racquets but had not had much popularity . It is said to be easier to string than the MAD RAQ but does not have the benefit of reduced string notching , at least not to the same degree . The claim is that this diagonal pattern offers more comfort than a traditional square pattern . The stiffest graphite racquet that has been sold is the Prince More Game MP , which is rated at 80 RA on the industry - standard Babolat measuring equipment . The Prince More series used two pieces ( a top side and bottom side of the racquet , or a left side and a right side ) and no grommet strip . Interestingly , Prince had briefly used a design without a grommet strip in an early version of its `` original '' graphite oversize . The most famous user of a More series racquet was Martina Navratilova , who returned to play doubles in her 40s , using a Prince More Control DB ( a midplus ) for her initial wins in the mixed doubles at Wimbledon and the Australian Open with Leander Paes . She had used the stiffer More Game MP prior . Navratilova later switched to a design by Warren Bosworth ( the founder of Bosworth Tennis ) which had a customized asymmetric grip and an unusual geometric head shape . Stiffer racquets typically offer more power and control at the expense of increased ball shock , which can lead to injury or tennis elbow aggravation . Typically , power and control are at odds . However , in the case of stiff racquets , less energy is dissipated by the racquet deforming , transmitting it back to the ball . Control is improved because there is less deformation . However , a player 's overall power level may decrease due to the need to moderate ball striking effort to reduce discomfort and even injury . Although known as a hard hitter in her younger years , in her 40s she was known more as a precision player who used finesse ( and especially tactics ) more than power . In fact , the last doubles partner she won a major with in mixed , Bob Bryan , remarked on how slow her serve was , despite how effective she was on the court . Navratilova also used string that was much softer than what anyone else on tour used ( thick uncoated natural gut ) , to help compensate for the stiffness of her racquet . The vastly higher injury rate in tennis ( when compared with the wood era ) is , in part , due to the increase in stiffness , both of the racquet and of the strings . Real tennis uses wooden racquets and cork - filled balls . It is a very different sport from today 's lawn tennis . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Racket vs. racquet '' . Grammarist . Retrieved 5 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Racket '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 5 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Racket '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Retrieved 26 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Whitman , Malcolm D. ( 1932 ) . Tennis : Origins and Mysteries ( Dover ed . ) . Mineola , N.Y. : Dover Publications . ISBN 0486433579 . Jump up ^ Gillmeister , Heiner ( 1998 ) . Tennis : A Cultural History . Washington Square , N.Y. : New York University Press . p. 5 . ISBN 081473121X . Jump up ^ Gillmeister , Heiner ( 1998 ) . Tennis : A Cultural History . Washington Square , N.Y. : New York University Press . p. 123 . ISBN 081473121X . Jump up ^ USAR OFFICIAL RULES OF RACQUETBALL ^ Jump up to : `` Grays of Cambridge : History '' Archived 2011 - 07 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . - makers of rackets and founded in 1855 by Henry John Gray , the Champion Racquets Player of England . `` In those days , the rackets were made from one piece English ash , with a suede leather grip and natural gut ... The 1980s witnessed a period of re-structuring and consolidation . The Cambridge racquets factory was forced to close in face of the move to graphite rackets , and production was moved to the Far east . '' Jump up ^ `` ITTF Handbook '' . www.ittf.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ An evolutionary history of tennis racquets Jump up ^ `` Tennis Now gear review : Tweener rackets '' . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McCutchen , Wilmot ( 15 August 2002 ) . `` Racquet Research '' . Racquet Research . Wilmot H. McCutchen . Archived from the original on 29 December 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ http://www.tenniscompanion.org/an-in-depth-look-at-tennis-racquet-vibration-dampeners/ Jump up ^ `` Unusual Vintage Tennis Racquets 3 '' . Australian Tennis History . tennishistory.com.au. 27 February 2012 . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Behold : The Dayton Steel Racket '' . Old Magazine Articles. 2008 . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BBC : The quest for the tennis sweet spot '' . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/rules_and_equipment/4227178.stm Jump up ^ Garber , Greg ( 27 May 2013 ) . `` The day Martina Navratilova lost '' . ESPN Tennis . ESPN . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) Look up racket in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Badminton portal Tennis racket design by Howard Head ; ( 1974 ) Smithsonian Institution Libraries The History of Tennis Racquets -- Evolution of the Modern Racquet Gelberg , J. Nadine , `` The Big Technological Tennis Upset '' , Invention & Technology magazine , 1997 hide Tennis ITF History Glossary Match types Statistics Players Umpires Women 's tennis Basics General Scoring system point Strategy grips serve and volley Equipment ball racket strings Official Technology electronic line judge hawk - eye cyclops Courts Carpet Clay Grass Hard Shots Backhand Backspin Drop shot Flat Forehand Groundstroke Half volley Lob Passing shot Serve ace Smash Topspin Volley Grand Slams Events Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Stats Records Singles finals Professional tours Men ATP World Tour ATP Challenger Tour ITF Men 's Circuit Women WTA Tour WTA 125K series ITF Women 's Circuit Team tennis tournaments Active Davis Cup Fed Cup Hopman Cup Laver Cup Odisha Tennis Premier League World TeamTennis Defunct Wightman Cup World Team Cup Champions Tennis League International Premier Tennis League Multi-sport events Intercontinental Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade Commonwealth Island Mediterranean Continental All - Africa Asian Pacific Pan American Outline Portal WikiCommons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racket_(sports_equipment)&oldid=845670578 '' Categories : Racquet sports Sports equipment Tennis equipment Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Kiswahili Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Português Română Rumantsch Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 10 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racket%20%28sports%20equipment%29

when does the next episode of the haves and the have nots come on

No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 108 `` Afraid of Flames '' January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 2.30 In the Season 6 premiere , Hanna is in mourning after the deadly shooting of her grandson ; Candace rejects Benny 's pleas to help her ; and Veronica and Melissa find themselves in a dangerous situation . 109 `` Searching For A Mother 's Love '' January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 2.34 Benny and Mitch risk their lives to save victims of a horrific auto accident ; and Justin professes his love and lust for Jeffery . 110 `` Undercover Vice '' January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 2.25 David learns of Jeffrey 's whereabouts ; Hanna and Benny confront Candace . 111 `` The Lion '' January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) 2.20 Hanna reveals a deep , dark secret ; David calls upon Katheryn for help with Jeffrey . 112 5 `` Errand Boy '' February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 2.17 Justin continues his pursuit of Jeffery ; Candace and Benny fight to keep their strong sibling relationship . 113 6 `` Hanna 's Tea '' February 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) 2.24 Veronica returns home after her stay in the hospital ; Candace and Jeffrey 's murder of Quincy catches up with them and are faced with some serious consequences ; Katheryn shows her new home to Hanna , where she meets a new man . 114 7 `` Every Six Months '' February 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) 2.24 Candace gets released from jail while David fights to get Jeffrey out . 115 8 `` Wicked '' February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 2.02 Sarah and George make progress in prosecuting the Cryers ; Veronica hatches up a scheme against David . 116 9 `` An Eye For An Eye '' March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 2.03 David confronts Hanna about Benny and Jeffery ; Charles is determined to see Candace ; Veronica learns that Melissa has been drinking while pregnant ; Hanna learns of Benny 's recent encounter with Veronica ; Katheryn confronts Jim about Jennifer Sallison ; Wyatt learns about Jeffery being in jail . 117 10 `` A Lover 's Passions '' March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 2.08 Candace works on a new plan to recoup her money from the Cryers ; Veronica is preoccupied by an all - consuming desire for revenge ; Hanna gets ready for her date with Derrick . 118 11 `` Veronica 's House '' May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) 1.55 Veronica finds out that David moved Erica into her dream home and also lets David know that she is the only queen in the world to reclaim her kingdom ; Candace reverts to her old ways by drugging Oscar 's drink in order to get her money back ; Veronica and Justin have another confrontation ; Hanna goes out on her date with Derrick ; Melissa seduces Benny again ; and Wyatt has a major relapse that spirals out of control . 119 12 `` In His Eyes '' May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) 1.74 After Veronica catches Benny with Melissa in her house the two get into a fight , forcing Veronica to throw Melissa out , leaving her with no place to go . This prompts Benny to let Melissa stay with him ; Hanna encounters singer Stephanie Mills on her date ; Wyatt is forced to make a life - threatening decision ; Candace enacts her new money scheme like a boss ; Jim and Katheryn come to a revelation about their bad parenting skills ; Justin tries to make Jeffery jealous ; and Candace panics when Oscar wo n't wake up after finding him totally unconscious . 120 13 `` The Right Cocktail '' May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 1.72 After Candace revives Oscar , she reminds him of her getting her money back ; Veronica makes Jeffery an unexpected offer ; Wyatt 's situation lands him in hot water ; Candace decided to drop Gia after learning her money deposit is processing ; Hanna gives Melissa advice regarding her and the baby ; Veronica schemes to get back at Benny ; and Hanna returns to work . 121 14 `` The Rabbit and the Water Moccasin '' May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) 1.79 Wyatt learns the advantage and disadvantage of drug use . 122 15 `` The Third Quarter '' May 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 29 ) 1.90 Benny wants to return the money to the Malones but discovers it 's not that simple . 123 16 `` No Honor In This Game '' June 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 05 ) 1.81 Katheryn learns that Wyatt 's anger for her comes from deep childhood scars . 124 17 `` The Broken Washer '' June 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 12 ) 1.80 Veronica and Candace scheme up a plan to hurt David . 125 18 `` Sugar Mamma '' June 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 1.92 Officer Justin shows Jeffery just how serious he is about being with him . 126 19 `` Team of Rivals '' June 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 1.95 David is pushed to a point by Veronica that he did n't know he had . 127 20 `` Smitten '' July 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 03 ) 1.65 Charles learns that Landon may have ulterior motives . 128 21 `` Moles '' July 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 10 ) 1.95 Benny 's arrest forces Candace to return to her old tricks to make some quick cash to leave town . 129 22 `` Til Death Do Us Part '' July 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 17 ) 2.21 Candace and Jim are up to their old tricks ; people are caught in the crossfire of Veronica 's wicked plots and intimidations . 130 23 `` The Road to Hell '' August 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 14 ) 1.92 After being pushed to the limit Veronica finally gets her revenge . 131 24 `` The Black Dress '' August 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 21 ) 1.90 David learns Erica 's fate while being rushed to the hospital ; the truth about Mitch 's uncle comes out , and the Malones now have a new target . 132 25 `` A Father 's Regret '' August 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 28 ) 2.06 An explosion in this small town sets more on fire than just a car . 133 26 `` The Damned Defibrillator '' September 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 04 ) 1.84 While David remains in the hospital , Veronica gets a surprising shock of her own . 134 27 `` Laugh Not To Cry '' September 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 11 ) 2.11 Veronica convinces RK to do some of her dirty work . 135 28 `` Stronger Together '' October 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 02 ) 1.65 Candace 's plans begins to unravel as Benny learns of what she did to Hanna . 136 29 `` The Black Man ... '' October 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 09 ) 1.78 Jim tries to save Wyatt from jail , and Jeffrey deals with an unexpected guest . 137 30 `` Three 's a Crowd '' October 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 16 ) 1.72 Candace comes face - to - face with Katheryn Cryer . 138 31 `` The Chosen '' October 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 23 ) 1.73 Charles , the future president of the United States is back and chooses Candace . 139 32 `` The Committee '' October 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 30 ) TBD Jeffery 's scare with David brings him closer to Nurse Madison as the FBI gets one step closer to Veronica 's wicked trail . 140 33 `` Exhausted '' November 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 06 ) TBD Jim thinks that he 's holding of all of the cards , but there is a ticking time bomb coming his way .

November 6 , 2018

List of the Haves and the Have Nots episodes

list of the haves and the have nots episodes

The Haves and the Have Nots is an American primetime television soap opera created , executive produced , written and directed by Tyler Perry . The premise of the series is loosely based on Perry 's 2011 play The Haves and the Have Nots . The series follows three families and their lifestyles as they intersect with one another in Savannah , Georgia : the rich and powerful Cryer and Harrington families ( dubbed `` The Haves '' ) and the poor and destitute Young family ( dubbed `` The Have Nots '' ) . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2016 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2018 ) 3 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 16 May 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 28 ) September 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) 20 January 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 07 ) July 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 29 ) 25 January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) 23 January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) September 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) 5 23 January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 6 33 January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) November 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 06 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) `` The Big Surprise '' May 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 28 ) 1.77 The Cryer family has prepared a surprise 50th birthday celebration for Jim , but as he arrives , he is stunned when he sees that his latest mistress , Candace , has become friendly with his daughter Amanda and is partaking in the festivities . `` Playing in the Deep End '' May 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 28 ) 1.81 Jim has repeatedly requested that Candace leave the family 's home , but she continues to disobey him by staying with Amanda . `` Beautifully Dysfunctional '' June 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 04 ) 1.47 Candace commits some mischievous acts that put Jim 's career in jeopardy . `` Entering the Race '' June 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 11 ) 1.31 After Jim announces that he plans to run for Governor , Candace holds the affair against Jim and threatens to reveal the news to the media . Hanna is shocked when she discovers an eviction notice on her door . 5 5 `` A Woman 's Pride '' June 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 18 ) 1.32 After her eviction , Hanna goes to Benny with questions regarding possibly adjusting the mortgage on her home . 6 6 `` Angry Sex '' June 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 25 ) 1.82 Jim falls into Candace 's vindictive trap once again and David is irked by the fact that Jim is unable to control himself . 7 7 `` A True Friend '' July 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 02 ) 1.54 Amanda has Wyatt and Jeffrey assist her with the move into her new apartment while Hanna is set up on a blind date by Benny . 8 8 `` The Criminal '' July 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 09 ) 1.56 Benny prepares for his date by asking to borrow a car , but is arrested and charged with drug possession after falling trap to someone 's malicious intent . Amanda seduces her law professor to raise her grade . 9 9 `` The Set Up '' July 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 16 ) 1.61 Katheryn ends up bonding with Hanna over their issues . 10 10 `` Number Nine '' July 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 23 ) 1.80 Katheryn shames Candace directly after Jim reveals his affair . 11 11 `` Not My Daughter '' July 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 30 ) 1.87 Katheryn tells everyone that she is leaving for vacation , but that turns out to be false . 12 12 `` In Recovery '' August 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 06 ) 2.02 Jim and Candace end up in a verbal and physical altercation . 13 13 `` What Are You Doing Here ? '' August 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 13 ) 2.14 Information is discovered by a detective that links Benny and Tony . Veronica continues to work toward answers for Benny 's case . 14 14 `` My Name Is Veronica '' August 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) 2.05 Katheryn gets nervous when her secret almost goes public . 15 15 `` The Truth Will Set You Free '' August 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 27 ) 2.32 After her secret is revealed , Katheryn tells everyone what she really knows about Jim 's secret activities . Jeffrey finally discloses his love for Wyatt . 16 16 `` No More Hiding '' September 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) 2.61 Jeffery comes out to his parents ; Hanna discloses information to Benny about Tony being his father ; Amanda learns about her inheritance ; and Wyatt relapses and has a life - changing accident . Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) The fifth episode in Season 2 of The Haves and the Have Nots , `` Why Did n't You Tell Me ? '' was not only a series high episode in ratings , but the most watched television program in all of cable for the night . The episode brought in 3.4 million viewers . Among all OWN programming since the network 's January 2011 debut , only a March 2012 Oprah 's Next Chapter interview with Bobbi Kristina has drawn more viewers ( 3.5 million ) than the February - 4 - 2014 episode of The Haves and the Have Nots . On Tuesday , March 11 , 2014 , however , a season 2 episode of The Haves and the Have Nots -- following a hiatus within the season -- set a record for all of OWN programming , scoring the highest ratings in the station 's history . The record - breaking episode brought in 3.6 million viewers . Additionally , the episode came in at number 1 among all of cable television and number 4 among all shows on television for its airing night . Season 2 episodes No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 17 `` The Black Sedan '' January 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 07 ) 2.77 Amanda is having second thoughts about asking for her inheritance . Inside , Katheryn and Jim are arguing about Wyatt 's accident Hanna is trying to find out any information about Benny . 18 `` Wyatt 's Nightmare '' January 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) 2.55 Wyatt kills a little girl after a hit - and - run , and Benny ends up on life support . Jim is unsure of what to do next once his campaign begins to fall apart . Amanda has an emotional breakdown . 19 `` Family Issues '' January 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) 2.84 Hanna disagrees with Tony 's suggestion to take Benny off life support . Celine and Katheryn have a confrontation about the former 's shabby treatment of Hanna . 20 `` Unanswered Calls '' January 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 28 ) 2.78 Jeffrey comes to the conclusion that Wyatt is the one who 's at fault for Benny 's condition and Lizzie 's death . 21 5 `` Why Did n't You Tell Me ? '' February 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 04 ) 3.50 Candace talks with Jim to have Benny relocated to a private hospital . 22 6 `` Protecting Wyatt '' February 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 11 ) 3.01 Jim does everything in his power to keep Wyatt from going to jail . Tony confronts Hanna and serves her with court papers . 23 7 `` Amanda 's Revenge '' February 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 18 ) 3.21 Amanda breaks into her professor 's home while his family is asleep . Candace is chosen by Hanna to represent her in court . 24 8 `` Maggie 's Plan '' February 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 25 ) 2.88 As Jim gets ready to announce his campaign for Governor , Wyatt 's behavior and warnings from Candace becomes too much to handle . 25 9 `` March for Justice '' March 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 04 ) 3.04 The judge makes a decision and sides with Tony . Hanna begs Tony on her knees to keep Benny on life support . 26 10 `` Starting the Race '' March 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 11 ) 3.59 Candace tries once again to blackmail Jim and David during their campaign event . Wyatt finally gets arrested . 27 11 `` You 'll Be Sorry '' May 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 27 ) 3.11 Wyatt is arrested . Candace is kidnapped by the Malones . Benny shows signs of brain activity . 28 12 `` The Confession '' June 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 03 ) 2.62 Jim conspires to save his son . Amanda gets a gun . Benny improves . 29 13 `` Donald '' June 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 10 ) 2.42 Jim proclaims his son 's innocence . Quincy pays Hanna a surprise visit in search of Candace . 30 14 `` The Awakening '' June 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 17 ) 2.81 Benny wakes up from his coma . 31 15 `` The Vulnerable '' June 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 24 ) 2.92 Benny prepares for his release from the hospital . Hanna plans to testify against Wyatt . Maggie tries to seduce David . 32 16 `` The Sarandon Hotel '' July 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 01 ) 3.47 After escaping her kidnappers , Candace asks Warlock for help . Jeffrey is seduced by Melissa . 33 17 `` Again and Again '' July 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 08 ) 3.32 David is compromised . Jim is plotting . Candace is panicking . 34 18 `` Something 's Wrong With Amanda '' July 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 15 ) 3.26 Amanda leaves the Cryer estate with Quincy . Candace hides out at Jeffrey 's apartment . Katheryn and Celine get into another confrontation . Benny has conversation with Tony and later tries to restore peace between Hanna and Candace . 35 19 `` Norman Hewens '' July 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 22 ) 2.86 A news report claiming that another person is responsible for the hit - and - run saves Wyatt from jail . Katheryn berates Jim about his evil deeds . Hanna attempts to apologize to Jim for her hand in the tragedy , but he wo n't have it and orders her off his property ; however , Katheryn has a tearful and beautiful reunion with her best friend , and offers Hanna her job back and to begin after Benny is settled in . Katheryn then tells Jim off about his attitude towards Hanna and orders him to keep Celine under control or else . 36 20 `` Checkmate '' July 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 29 ) 3.49 Jim is confronted by Carlos , his illegitimate son with Celine . Katheryn 's celebratory dinner party goes awry when Quincy , Candace 's ex , shows up as Amanda 's date . David and Veronica continue to battle over the fact that Jeffrey is gay . Candace seeks her revenge on Jim . Maggie makes another attempt to sleep with David . Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 37 `` The Power Dance '' January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) 3.22 Hanna hosts a party for Benny upon his homecoming from the hospital . Jim is being held hostage by Warlock under Candace 's orders . 38 `` The War Room '' January 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 13 ) 2.91 Hanna seeks information about Quincy 's mother so she can get one step closer to finding her grandson . Maggie continues her pursuit of David . 39 `` A Southern Brawl '' January 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 20 ) 2.60 Veronica and Maggie have an outraged fight after Veronica catches David in Maggie 's hotel room . Wyatt gives Celine a taste of reality and he finds out a about his brother Carlos . 40 `` Amanda 's Room '' January 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 27 ) 2.98 Jim gives up and finally gives in to Candace 's demands . 41 5 `` The Press Conference '' February 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 03 ) 2.89 Everyone prepares for Jim 's announcement for Governor but he is nowhere to be found other than still being held against his will by Candace . Katheryn gets some devastating news . 42 6 `` A Tragic Day '' February 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) 3.42 Everyone else is assembled at the Cryer mansion during a family tragedy . 43 7 `` April 7 , 1979 '' February 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) 3.22 Katheryn tells the story of how she first met Jim . 44 8 `` In Crisis '' February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 3.28 Emotions and rage get the best of Jim and Wyatt . Katheryn and David try to tell Veronica how wrong she is about Jeffery . 45 9 `` A Talk with Jim '' March 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 03 ) 2.90 Benny is convinced that Candace has changed her ways . Hanna comforts Katheryn . 46 10 `` Oscar '' March 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 10 ) 3.02 Hanna comforts Jim after Amanda 's death . Candace meets a new guy . 47 11 `` Unglued '' March 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) 3.02 David is angry at Veronica for telling Quincy to beat up Jeffrey and Veronica spirals out of control , especially since she thinks that Maggie is trying to steal David away form her . 48 12 `` Enough is Enough '' March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 3.50 Benny searches for Quincy after he shows up at Hanna 's home . 49 13 `` Two Funerals '' June 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 30 ) 3.29 Veronica starts a fire that destroys her mansion and almost claims David 's life . 50 14 `` In Memoriam '' July 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 07 ) 2.79 The Cryer family prepares for Amanda 's funeral . Wyatt 's confession to D.A. Sallison sparks controversy . 51 15 `` Nine Lives '' July 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 14 ) 3.17 Hanna finds out that Jim and Katheryn were holding Candace hostage . 52 16 `` The Cougar '' July 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 21 ) 2.85 Hanna covers for Benny after she discovers him in bed with Veronica . 53 17 `` Candace Young , Esq . '' July 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 28 ) 3.01 Candace shows Benny where she works . 54 18 `` Benny Does Battle '' August 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 04 ) 3.17 Quincy is hurt from the accident involving Benny . 55 19 `` Quincy Jr . '' August 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 11 ) 3.12 Hanna is reunited with Q . 56 20 `` A Home For Q '' August 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 18 ) 3.06 Candace learns that Hanna is seeking custody of Q ; and the Cryers and Harringtons try to convince the D.A. that Wyatt 's taped confession is a misunderstanding . 57 21 `` Candace 's Closing '' August 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 25 ) 3.19 Candace buys property with the money she extorted from Jim ; and Jim is interviewed on TV . 58 22 `` Dianna Winchill '' September 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 01 ) 3.23 While Jim is being interviewed by Dianna Winchill , a surprise guest arrives . Veronica tells Jim that she had planned Wyatt 's attack in prison , leading Jim to attack her and later put a hit on her , Professor Cannon , and Prison Guard Terrell by calling three hitmen and ordering a `` bloodbath . '' 59 23 `` Vetted '' September 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 08 ) 3.28 Hanna grows suspicious of Benny 's involvement with Veronica and how he acquired his new house ; Quincy drives a car through Hanna 's home in spite of revenge ; Candace decides to let her guard down with Oscar . 60 24 `` Sheep 's Clothing '' September 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 15 ) 3.13 Hanna becomes devastated when she learns that Quincy set her house on fire ; Maggie tries to talk David into running for Governor ; Jeffrey gives Wyatt the necessary ammunition to take his parents down . 61 25 `` When The Chickens Come Home '' September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) 3.71 Hanna and Benny force Candace to tell the truth about everything . Oscar reveals his true colors to Candace . Season 4 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 62 `` The Waters Run Deep '' January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) 3.11 Candace and Jeffrey disagree on what to do with Quincy 's body when interrupted by a knock on the door . The Cryer and Harrington clan face repercussions . Note : Actress Eva Tamargo who portrays Celine Gonzales leaves the main cast this season , although she is still featured in the opening sequence in the season 4 premiere . 63 `` Paid In Full '' January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) 2.73 Katheryn has had a lot of time for reflection while cooling her heels behind bars with Veronica . Candace and Jeffery get a visit from the police because of a nosy neighbor . 64 `` The Right Medicine '' January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 2.94 Hanna discovers about her grandson 's medical troubles . Katheryn is taken aback by the photo of Veronica in the arms of another man . Quincy wakes up and begs for Candace 's help . 65 `` An Evil Soul '' January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) 3.02 Katheryn is unshaken by the DA 's attempt to push . Candace 's lies catch up with her when she receives a visit form Warlock . 66 5 `` Immunity '' February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 2.90 Benny agrees to help Candace hide evidence in Quincy 's murder . 67 6 `` Making Millions '' February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) 2.81 Quincy Jr. passes out on Hanna after getting really sick and is rushed to the hospital and placed in ICU . Candace finally learns that Wyatt hit Benny and goes up to Benny to talk to him about suing the Cryers . 68 7 `` A Front Row Seat '' February 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) 2.95 Maggie 's lie to David could cause her to lose him forever ; Katheryn gets out of jail but she ca n't find anyone to help Jim or Veronica ; Candace enlists Erica 's help to plot for revenge . 69 8 `` Unexpected Visitors '' February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 3.07 Candace interrogates the social worker ; Hanna is steaking out at Cryer 's mansion waiting for their return ; Katheryn goes to visit David but little does she know that Wyatt is one step closer to getting his inheritance . 70 9 `` I Choose My Son '' March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) 2.80 Quita and Daylon break into Candace 's house but are caught by Pearl , who calls her son Justin and his police squad to arrest them ; Justin continues to harass Jeffery ; Upon Wyatt 's confession on hitting her son , Hanna confronts Katheryn . 71 10 `` Beg For What You Need '' March 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) 2.64 Candace puts a plan into action to save herself and Benny from War 's rage . Katheryn pleads with Hanna to not end their friendship . Veronica handles the hired assassin hiding in her house in an unexpected manner . 72 11 `` 48 Hours '' March 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) 2.85 Warlock has pushed up Candace 's due date , so she goes to the bank to mortgage the houses and Benny 's tow yard . 73 12 `` My Friend Maggie '' June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) 2.85 Maggie visit 's Veronica 's home and gets the surprise of her life . 74 13 `` Criminology 101 '' June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 2.63 Veronica treats David with much malice . 75 14 `` Giving Candy To A Baby '' July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 2.70 After talking with Pearl , Hanna hopes to gain custody of Quincy Jr . 76 15 `` The Apple Tree '' July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 2.64 Katheryn tries to process difficult news about one of her closest family members . 77 16 `` The Heart of A Man '' July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 2.70 Veronica and Jeffery go to visit Katheryn but Veronica pushes Jeffery to his limit . 78 17 `` An Accident '' July 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) 3.05 Jeffrey begins to implode so he calls Candace and Justin for help . 79 18 `` A Tragic Assumption '' August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 3.02 Jennifer arrives at Katheryn 's house to tell her that Wyatt is alive . 80 19 `` I Am Wolf '' August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 2.89 Jim teams up with a former enemy in his scheme against Candace . 81 20 `` Back In Business '' August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 2.93 Mitch breaks up the fight between David and Benny ; David gets some shocking information about Mitch . 82 21 `` The Fugitive '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 2.95 The police are on the look out for Hanna so they question Candace and Benny . 83 22 `` The Silk Handkerchief '' August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 2.95 Benny learns the truth of how Candace financed his property . Candace finally tells him the truth about War and how she got the money , and what Mitch did but he does n't believe her . 84 23 `` Promises Kept '' September 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) 3.24 Katheryn explodes when she is pushed to the limit . Candace searches for Oscar . Benny finds out the truth about War by Mitch , who also reveals to Benny who he really is . Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 85 `` A Cup of Tea '' January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) 2.99 Veronica tries to escape the Cryer mansion after the murder of D.A. Jennifer Sallison . Jeffery is still trying to get a hold of Candace , who is out on the search for Oscar . Benny is still upset because of how Candace mortgaged his house and the tow yard . 86 `` Waiting for Candace '' January 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 10 ) 2.16 Veronica and Katheryn have a fight . Benny holds hope that Candace will come through with the money . 87 `` It 's Ok to Love '' January 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) 2.68 Veronica is still trying to escape Katheryn 's house . Erica calls Candace to give her an update on things with David . 88 `` A Mother 's Wisdom '' January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) 2.36 Veronica wants to meet with Candace and Jeffery . Jim returns home to help Katheryn clean up a mess she has created . 89 5 `` Brilliant Lawyers Lurking '' January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) 2.70 Veronica helps Candace and Jeffery out of a precarious predicament . 90 6 `` A Hurricane Offshore '' February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 2.75 Veronica pays Erica a visit . Candace encounters Oscar again . Quita finds Wyatt 's place and tells him that she 's going to take his money . 91 7 `` Pieces of The Puzzle '' February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 2.58 Veronica lets Jim know that if anything happens to her she has dirt on him . Hanna questions Benny and Candace about what they did to Quincy . 92 8 `` Praying for Light '' February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 2.76 Veronica planted a camera in those flowers she delivered to Erica . Hanna does all she can to keep the peace in her family . 93 9 `` We All Need Forgiveness '' February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 2.33 Veronica tells Justin to stay away from Jeffery . Candace makes Charles her latest Mark . 94 10 `` Forget The Bubble '' March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) 2.41 Veronica is pushing Jeffery 's buttons . Erica is caught sleeping with David by War . 95 11 `` In Pursuit of Prey '' March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 3.20 Veronica tries to seduce Benny . Warlock looks for Candace and Erica reveals her true colors . Mitch returns from jail . Katheryn leaves Jim . Wyatt checks himself into rehab of his own volition . 96 12 `` The Fallout From War '' June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 2.68 In the aftermath of the shootout it is revealed that Quincy Jr is dead . Veronica goes in a rage after Melissa attempts suicide in her bed . 97 13 `` My Grandson 's War '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 2.44 Veronica and Katheryn came face - to - face . Katheryn was able to be the friend that Hanna needed in comfort ; Mama Rose inflict a bit of fear into Jim . 98 14 `` Mad Day '' July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) 2.33 Veronica intervened and proved her skills by representing Benny . Jim taunts Veronica . Hanna found herself at Katheryn 's new rental home . 99 15 `` A Woman Under the Stairs '' July 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 18 ) 2.43 Veronica threatens to reveal Officer Justin 's secret and accuses him of sexually harassing Jeffrey . David and Jim find their sons . Charles reveals to Candace who he really is . 100 16 `` Railroad '' July 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) 2.43 Veronica visits Melissa at the hospital . Katheryn helps Hanna deal with Benny 's situation . Wyatt gets released from the hospital . Charles beats Candace at her own game . 101 17 `` Elevator Seven '' August 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 01 ) 2.30 Veronica confronts Erica and David on the elevator about their relationship . Landon tries to warn Charles about Candace . Jeffrey meets up with Landon . 102 18 `` A Broken Mirror '' August 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) 2.33 Veronica catches Officer Justin in Jeffrey 's hotel room , and records Officer Justin . Jim is trying to find Warlock before Mamma Rose does . 103 19 `` Haunted By The Surname '' August 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 15 ) 2.40 Veronica is confronted by Officer Justin . Candace starts to see Erica for who she truly is . Candace gets some devastating news about her son , Quincy Jr . 104 20 `` The Enemy Called Trust '' August 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) 2.52 Veronica tells Landon to stay away her son . Jim is shocked to see that his house is on fire . Candace ask Mitch for a favor . Warlock gets caught in a deadly trap . 105 21 `` Kate '' August 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 29 ) 2.64 Veronica makes Melissa clean her blood out of her bed . Jim and Katheryn implode with emotion and Jim begs her for retribution . 106 22 `` For The Team '' September 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 2.61 Veronica gives Jeffrey and Officer Justin an ultimatum . Candace and Benny are at odds with each other . David tells Jeffrey to stay away from Veronica . 107 23 `` The Veronica Show '' September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 2.58 The Young family are all at odds with each other during a visit to the funeral home . Veronica does something that puts Officer Justin at rage . Candace struggles with sorrow and the death of Quincy Jr . Jim confronts Candace at The Artesian Hotel . Season 6 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 108 `` Afraid of Flames '' January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 2.30 In the Season 6 premiere , Hanna is in mourning after the deadly shooting of her grandson ; Candace rejects Benny 's pleas to help her ; and Veronica and Melissa find themselves in a dangerous situation . 109 `` Searching For A Mother 's Love '' January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 2.34 Benny and Mitch risk their lives to save victims of a horrific auto accident ; and Justin professes his love and lust for Jeffery . 110 `` Undercover Vice '' January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 2.25 David learns of Jeffrey 's whereabouts ; Hanna and Benny confront Candace . 111 `` The Lion '' January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) 2.20 Hanna reveals a deep , dark secret ; David calls upon Katheryn for help with Jeffrey . 112 5 `` Errand Boy '' February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 2.17 Justin continues his pursuit of Jeffery ; Candace and Benny fight to keep their strong sibling relationship . 113 6 `` Hanna 's Tea '' February 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) 2.24 Veronica returns home after her stay in the hospital ; Candace and Jeffrey 's murder of Quincy catches up with them and are faced with some serious consequences ; Katheryn shows her new home to Hanna , where she meets a new man . 114 7 `` Every Six Months '' February 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) 2.24 Candace gets released from jail while David fights to get Jeffrey out . 115 8 `` Wicked '' February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 2.02 Sarah and George make progress in prosecuting the Cryers ; Veronica hatches up a scheme against David . 116 9 `` An Eye For An Eye '' March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 2.03 David confronts Hanna about Benny and Jeffery ; Charles is determined to see Candace ; Veronica learns that Melissa has been drinking while pregnant ; Hanna learns of Benny 's recent encounter with Veronica ; Katheryn confronts Jim about Jennifer Sallison ; Wyatt learns about Jeffery being in jail . 117 10 `` A Lover 's Passions '' March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 2.08 Candace works on a new plan to recoup her money from the Cryers ; Veronica is preoccupied by an all - consuming desire for revenge ; Hanna gets ready for her date with Derrick . 118 11 `` Veronica 's House '' May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) 1.55 Veronica finds out that David moved Erica into her dream home and also lets David know that she is the only queen in the world to reclaim her kingdom ; Candace reverts to her old ways by drugging Oscar 's drink in order to get her money back ; Veronica and Justin have another confrontation ; Hanna goes out on her date with Derrick ; Melissa seduces Benny again ; and Wyatt has a major relapse that spirals out of control . 119 12 `` In His Eyes '' May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) 1.74 After Veronica catches Benny with Melissa in her house the two get into a fight , forcing Veronica to throw Melissa out , leaving her with no place to go . This prompts Benny to let Melissa stay with him ; Hanna encounters singer Stephanie Mills on her date ; Wyatt is forced to make a life - threatening decision ; Candace enacts her new money scheme like a boss ; Jim and Katheryn come to a revelation about their bad parenting skills ; Justin tries to make Jeffery jealous ; and Candace panics when Oscar wo n't wake up after finding him totally unconscious . 120 13 `` The Right Cocktail '' May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 1.72 After Candace revives Oscar , she reminds him of her getting her money back ; Veronica makes Jeffery an unexpected offer ; Wyatt 's situation lands him in hot water ; Candace decided to drop Gia after learning her money deposit is processing ; Hanna gives Melissa advice regarding her and the baby ; Veronica schemes to get back at Benny ; and Hanna returns to work . 121 14 `` The Rabbit and the Water Moccasin '' May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) 1.79 Wyatt learns the advantage and disadvantage of drug use . 122 15 `` The Third Quarter '' May 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 29 ) 1.90 Benny wants to return the money to the Malones but discovers it 's not that simple . 123 16 `` No Honor In This Game '' June 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 05 ) 1.81 Katheryn learns that Wyatt 's anger for her comes from deep childhood scars . 124 17 `` The Broken Washer '' June 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 12 ) 1.80 Veronica and Candace scheme up a plan to hurt David . 125 18 `` Sugar Mamma '' June 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 1.92 Officer Justin shows Jeffery just how serious he is about being with him . 126 19 `` Team of Rivals '' June 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 1.95 David is pushed to a point by Veronica that he did n't know he had . 127 20 `` Smitten '' July 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 03 ) 1.65 Charles learns that Landon may have ulterior motives . 128 21 `` Moles '' July 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 10 ) 1.95 Benny 's arrest forces Candace to return to her old tricks to make some quick cash to leave town . 129 22 `` Til Death Do Us Part '' July 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 17 ) 2.21 Candace and Jim are up to their old tricks ; people are caught in the crossfire of Veronica 's wicked plots and intimidations . 130 23 `` The Road to Hell '' August 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 14 ) 1.92 After being pushed to the limit Veronica finally gets her revenge . 131 24 `` The Black Dress '' August 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 21 ) 1.90 David learns Erica 's fate while being rushed to the hospital ; the truth about Mitch 's uncle comes out , and the Malones now have a new target . 132 25 `` A Father 's Regret '' August 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 28 ) 2.06 An explosion in this small town sets more on fire than just a car . 133 26 `` The Damned Defibrillator '' September 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 04 ) 1.84 While David remains in the hospital , Veronica gets a surprising shock of her own . 134 27 `` Laugh Not To Cry '' September 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 11 ) 2.11 Veronica convinces RK to do some of her dirty work . 135 28 `` Stronger Together '' October 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 02 ) 1.65 Candace 's plans begins to unravel as Benny learns of what she did to Hanna . 136 29 `` The Black Man ... '' October 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 09 ) 1.78 Jim tries to save Wyatt from jail , and Jeffrey deals with an unexpected guest . 137 30 `` Three 's a Crowd '' October 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 16 ) 1.72 Candace comes face - to - face with Katheryn Cryer . 138 31 `` The Chosen '' October 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 23 ) 1.73 Charles , the future president of the United States is back and chooses Candace . 139 32 `` The Committee '' October 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 30 ) TBD Jeffery 's scare with David brings him closer to Nurse Madison as the FBI gets one step closer to Veronica 's wicked trail . 140 33 `` Exhausted '' November 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 06 ) TBD Jim thinks that he 's holding of all of the cards , but there is a ticking time bomb coming his way . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mary McNamara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Tyler Perry and Oprah Winfrey do n't have it in ' Have - Nots ' -- Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Casting Call Tyler Perry 's `` The Haves And the Have Nots '' `` . Project Casting . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2013 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Philiana Ng ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` OWN Sets Premieres for Tyler Perry 's Scripted Series , Greenlights Two Shows '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 5 , 2013 ) . `` OWN Announces New Original Programming for 2013 and Closes Out 2012 With Double - Digit Ratings Gains '' . Zap2It . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2013 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger . `` OWN Orders Four Additional Episodes Of Tyler Perry 's THE HAVES AND THE HAVE NOTS '' . We Love Soaps . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - have and have nots , the on own '' . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Real Husbands of Hollywood ' , ' Counting Cars ' , ' Backyard Oil ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Wins Night + ' Storage Wars ' , ' American Restoration ' , ' Counting Cars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Wins Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Storage Wars ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' Haves & the Have Nots ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Wins Night + ' Counting Cars ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Storage Wars ' , ' Twisted ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Catfish ' & ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Win Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Perception ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night + ' The Game ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Catfish ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' , ' Catfish ' & ' Deadliest Catch ' Win Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Catfish ' Wins Night + ' The Game ' , ' Suits ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Catfish ' Wins Night + ' The Game ' , ' Suits ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Counting Cars ' Wins Night + ' The Game ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Catfish ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Shark Week ' Wins Night , ' The Game ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Suits ' , ' Catfish ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & ' Amish Mafia ' Win Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Game ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' Covert Affairs ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Catfish ' , ' The Game ' , & ' Amish Mafia ' Tie for Top Spot + ' The Legend of Shelby the Swamp Man ' , ' Suits ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Tie for Top Spot + ' The Game ' , ' Amish Mafia ' , ' The Legend of Shelby the Swamp Man ' , ' Suits ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Wins Night , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Suits ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Catfish ' , ' Face Off ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rick Kissell @ ratesrick . `` OWN 's ' Haves and the Have Nots ' Surges to Series Highs '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2014 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tyler Perry 's ' Haves and the Have Nots ' Finale Is OWN 's Most - Watched Program Ever '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rick Kissell @ ratesrick ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Haves and Have Nots ' Sets OWN Ratings Record With Its Finale '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night , ' Moonshiners ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night + ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Moonshiners ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Justified ' , ' Klondike ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night + ' Moonshiners ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom II ' Leads Night + ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves & the Have Nots ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Leads Night + ' Teen Mom II ' , ' Amish Mafia ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2014 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Wins Night , ' Teen Mom 2 ' , ' Justified ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Little Couple ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night + ' The Game ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Bad Girls Club ' , ' True Tori ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2014 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Leads Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' The Little Couple ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' Deadliest Catch ' Win Night , ' Fargo ' , ' Royal Pains ' , ' Chasing Life ' , ' Faking It ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2014 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Leads Night + ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' The Haves & the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Tyrant ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : World Cup Coverage Wins Night + ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : World Cup Wins Night , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Finding Carter ' , ' Perception ' , ' Tyrant ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' & ' Pretty Little Liars ' Top Night + ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . Tv by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & ' Pretty Little Liars ' Win Night ; ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' , ' Tyrant ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2014 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' and ' Deadliest Catch ' Lead Night + ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Counting Cars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' The Real World ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Tops Night + ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' The Curse of Oak Island ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' & ' Fixer Upper ' Win Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' Tops Night + ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Sons of Liberty ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night , ' Moonshiners ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2015 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Tops Night + ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' 19 Kids and Counting ' Wins Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Tops Night + ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2015 . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Konolojy , Amanda ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : College Basketball & ' Being Mary Jane ' Win NIght , ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' Top Night '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' & ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' Win Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Tops Night + ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' If Loving You is Wrong ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Tops Night + ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : Shark Week Wins Night , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Chrisley Knows Best ' , ' Proof ' & More -- Page 428275 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' WWE Tough Enough ' & More -- Page 431285 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Wins Night , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Total Divas ' & More -- Page 434626 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Wins Night , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Ink Master ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More -- Page 439163 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' & ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Win Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Scream : The TV Series ' & More -- Page 443112 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Tops Night + ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Ink Master ' & More -- Page 446955 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaDale . `` '' Haves And Have Nots '' Recap : ' A Home For Q ' `` . Canyon News . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( August 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' & ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Win Night , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Total Divas ' & More -- Page 450198 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Tops Night + ' Ink Master ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More -- Page 453325 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baron , Steve ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night , ' Ink Master ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Total Divas ' , ' Below Deck ' , ' Tyrant ' & More -- Page 456690 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night , US Open Coverage , ' Ink Master ' , ' Counting Cars ' & More -- Page 460485 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : Series Premiere of ' The Bastard Executioner ' & ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Tie For First , ' Ink Master ' & More -- Page 467511 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Tops Night + ' If Loving You is Wrong ' , ' Ink Master ' & More -- Page 470596 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Shannara ' has a so - so premiere for MTV -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' returns on top , ' Shadowhunters ' had solid debut -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' falls , ' Haves and the Have Nots ' holds strong -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The Curse of Oak Island ' stays on top , ' Shadowhunters ' rises -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' premiere soars -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' leads again -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' falls , ' Pretty Little Liars ' rises -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' stays steady -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' falls -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' rises slightly -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' and ' Fixer Upper ' stay steady -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalfe , Mitch ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.28. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.5. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.12. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.19. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.26. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Salem , Mitch ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.2. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.9. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED CHARTS : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.16. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.23. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.30. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.6. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Curse of Oak Island ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Taboo ' premieres well , ' Curse of Oak Island ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' reigns supreme '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Articles ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' series finale scores high -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Animal Kingdom ' ticks up , ' WWE Smackdown ' holds steady -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex. `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The Haves and The Have Nots ' holds steady , ' Shooter ' returns down -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.30. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.13. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.20. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.27. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2018 . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.13. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.1. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.8. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.15. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.22. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.29. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.5. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.12. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.19. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.26. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 5 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.3. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.10. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.17. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 15 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.14. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 22 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.21. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 29 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.28. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 6 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.4. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 12 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.11. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 3 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 10 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 17 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 24 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Haves_and_the_Have_Nots_episodes&oldid=866281632 '' Categories : 2013 American television seasons 2014 American television seasons 2015 American television seasons 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Lists of American drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 Use American English from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 12 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20The%20Haves%20and%20the%20Have%20Nots%20episodes

what were the main causes of the french revolution

Cultural : The Enlightenment philosophy desacralized the authority of the monarchy and the Catholic Church , and promoted a new society based on reason instead of traditions . Social : The emergence of an influential bourgeoisie which was formally part of the Third Estate ( commoners ) but had evolved into a caste with its own agenda and aspired to political equality with the clergy ( First Estate ) and the aristocracy ( Second Estate ) . Financial : France 's debt , aggravated by French involvement in the American Revolution , led Louis XVI to implement new taxations and to reduce privileges . Political : Louis XVI faced virulent opposition from provincial parlements which were the spearheads of the privileged classes ' resistance to royal reforms . Economic : The deregulation of the grain market , advocated by liberal economists , resulted in an increase in bread prices . In periods of bad harvests , it would lead to food scarcity which would prompt the masses to revolt .

Causes of the French Revolution

causes of the french revolution

The causes of the French Revolution can be attributed to several intertwining factors :

Cultural : The Enlightenment philosophy desacralized the authority of the monarchy and the Catholic Church , and promoted a new society based on reason instead of traditions . Social : The emergence of an influential bourgeoisie which was formally part of the Third Estate ( commoners ) but had evolved into a caste with its own agenda and aspired to political equality with the clergy ( First Estate ) and the aristocracy ( Second Estate ) . Financial : France 's debt , aggravated by French involvement in the American Revolution , led Louis XVI to implement new taxations and to reduce privileges . Political : Louis XVI faced virulent opposition from provincial parlements which were the spearheads of the privileged classes ' resistance to royal reforms . Economic : The deregulation of the grain market , advocated by liberal economists , resulted in an increase in bread prices . In periods of bad harvests , it would lead to food scarcity which would prompt the masses to revolt . All these factors created a revolutionary atmosphere and a tricky situation for Louis XVI . In order to resolve the crisis , the king summoned the Estates - General in May 1789 and , as it came to an impasse , the representatives of the Third Estates formed a National Assembly , against the wishes of the king , signaling the outbreak of the French Revolution . Contents ( hide ) 1 The revolutionary situation 2 Social inequality 3 Enlightenment ideas 4 Material strengths 4.1 Debt 4.2 Taxation 4.3 Failure of reforms 5 Deregulation and hunger 5.1 Before the revolution 5.2 Deregulation of the grain industry 5.3 Results of the revolution 6 Transparency 7 Notes 8 Further reading The revolutionary situation ( edit ) The essence of the revolutionary situation which existed in France in the 1780s was the bankruptcy of the king , and hence the state . This economic crisis was due to the rapidly increasing costs of government and to the overwhelming costs incurred by fighting two major wars : the Seven Years ' War and the American Revolutionary War . These costs could not be met from the usual sources of state revenue . Since the 1770s , several attempts by different ministers to introduce financial stability had failed . The taxation system was burdensome upon the middle class and the more prosperous peasants , given that the nobles were largely able to exempt themselves from it . As a result , there was `` an insistent demand '' for reform of these abuses of privilege , for an equitable means of taxation and for improved government processes . David Thomson argued that the bourgeoisie and peasantry had `` something to lose , not merely something to gain '' in their demands for a fairer society and this fear too was a major factor in the revolutionary situation . Social inequality ( edit ) The Third Estate ( commoners ) carrying the First ( clergy ) and Second Estate ( nobility ) on his back . The population of France in the 1780s was about 26 million , of whom 21 million lived in agriculture . Few of these owned enough land to support a family and most were forced to take on extra work as poorly paid labourers on larger farms . There were regional differences but , by and large , French peasants were generally better off than those in countries like Russia or Poland . Even so , hunger was a daily problem which became critical in years of poor harvest and the condition of most French peasants was poor . The fundamental issue of poverty was aggravated by social inequality as all peasants were liable to pay taxes , from which the nobility could claim immunity , and feudal dues payable to a local seigneur or lord . Similarly , the destination of tithes which the peasants were obliged to pay to their local churches was a cause of grievance as it was known that the majority of parish priests were poor and the contribution was being paid to an aristocratic , and usually absentee , abbot . The clergy numbered about 100,000 and yet they owned 10 % of the land . The Catholic Church maintained a rigid hierarchy as abbots and bishops were all members of the nobility and canons were all members of wealthy bourgeois families . As an institution , it was both rich and powerful . As with the nobility , it paid no taxes and merely contributed a grant to the state every five years , the amount of which was self - determined . The upper echelons of the clergy had considerable influence over government policy . Dislike of the nobility was especially intense . Successive French kings and their ministers had tried with limited success to suppress the power of the nobles but , in the last quarter of the 18th century , `` the aristocracy were beginning once again to tighten their hold on the machinery of government '' . Enlightenment ideas ( edit ) A growing number of the French citizenry had absorbed the ideas of `` equality '' and `` freedom of the individual '' as presented by Voltaire , Jean - Jacques Rousseau , Denis Diderot and other philosophers and social theorists of the Age of Enlightenment . The American Revolution demonstrated that it was plausible for Enlightenment ideas about how a government should be organized to actually be put into practice . Some American diplomats , like Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson , had lived in Paris , where they consorted freely with members of the French intellectual class . Furthermore , contact between American revolutionaries and the French troops who served in North America helped spread revolutionary ideas to the French people . Material strengths ( edit ) France in 1787 , although it faced some difficulties , was one of the most economically capable nations of Europe . The French population exceeded 28 million ; of Europe 's 178 to 188 millions , only Imperial Russia had a greater population ( 37 to 41 million ) . France was also among the most urbanized countries of Europe , the population of Paris was second only to that of London ( approximately 500,000 vs. 800,000 ) , and six of Europe 's 35 larger cities were French . Other measures confirm France 's inherent strength . France had 5.3 million of Europe 's approximately 30 million male peasants . Its area under cultivation , productivity per unit area , level of industrialization , and gross national product ( about 14 % of the continental European product , excluding Russia , and 6 % to 10 % above the level elsewhere in Europe ) all placed France near the very top of the scale . In short , while it may have lagged slightly behind the Low Countries , and possibly Switzerland , in per capita wealth , the sheer size of the French economy made it the premier economic power of continental Europe . Debt ( edit ) Historian John Shovlin states , `` It is a truism that the French Revolution was touched off by the near bankruptcy of the state . '' It was the burden of the national debt that led this to the long - running financial crisis of the French government . Before the revolution , the French debt had risen from 8 billion to 12 billion livres . Extravagant expenditures on luxuries by Louis XVI , whose rule began in 1774 , were compounded by debts that were run up during the reign of his even - more - profligate predecessor , Louis XV ( who reigned from 1715 to 1774 ) . Heavy expenditures to conduct losing the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 1763 ) , and France 's backing of the Americans in their War of Independence , ran the tab up an even further 1.3 billion livres Louis XV and his ministers were deeply unhappy about Britain 's victory in the Seven Years ' War and , in the years following the Treaty of Paris , they began drawing up a long - term plan that would involve constructing a larger navy and building an anti-British coalition of allies . In theory , this would eventually lead to a war of revenge and see France regain its colonies from Britain . In practice , it resulted in a mountain of debts . On the advice of , what many believed was , his mistress , the Marquise de Pompadour , the king supported the policy of fiscal justice designed by d'Arnouville . In order to finance the budget deficit , which amounted to 100 million livres in 1745 , Machault d'Arnouville created a tax of 5 % on all revenues ( the vingtième ) , a measure that affected the privileged classes as well as the rest of the population . Still , expenditures outpaced revenues . Ultimately , Louis XV failed to overcome these fiscal problems , mainly because he was incapable of harmonizing the conflicting parties at court and arriving at coherent economic policies . Worse , Louis seemed to be aware of the anti-monarchist forces that were threatening his family 's rule , yet he failed to do anything to stop them . Louis XV 's death in 1774 saw the French monarchy at its nadir , politically , morally , and financially . Under the new king , Louis XVI , radical financial reforms by his ministers , Turgot and Malesherbes , angered the nobles and were blocked by the parlements who insisted that the king did not have the legal right to levy new taxes . So , in 1776 , Turgot was dismissed and Malesherbes resigned . They were replaced by Jacques Necker , who supported the American Revolution and proceeded with a policy of taking large international loans instead of raising taxes . Jacques Necker France sent Rochambeau , Lafayette and de Grasse , along with large land and naval forces , to help the Americans . French aid proved decisive in forcing the main British army to surrender at the Battle of Yorktown in 1781 . The Americans gained their independence , and the war ministry rebuilt the French army . However , the British sank the main French fleet in 1782 , and France gained little , except for the colonies of Tobago and Senegal , from the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) that concluded the war . The war cost 1,066 million French livres , a huge sum , that was financed by new loans at high interest rates , but no new taxes were imposed . Necker concealed the crisis from the public by explaining only that ordinary revenues exceeded ordinary expenses , and by not mentioning the loans at all . When Necker 's tax policy failed miserably , Louis dismissed him , and replaced him , in 1783 , with Charles Alexandre de Calonne , who increased public spending in an attempt to `` buy '' the country 's way out of debt . This policy also failed ; therefore , Louis convened the Assembly of Notables in 1787 to discuss a revolutionary new fiscal reform proposed by Calonne . When the nobles were told the extent of the debt , they were shocked ; however , the shock did not motivate them to rally behind the plan -- but to reject it . This negative turn of events signaled to Louis that he had lost the ability to rule as an absolute monarch , and he fell into depression . Britain , too , was heavily indebted as a result of these conflicts ; but Britain had far more advanced fiscal institutions in place to deal with it . France was a wealthier country than Britain , and its national debt was no greater than the British one . In each country , servicing the debt accounted for about one - half the government 's annual expenditure ; where they differed was in the effective rates of interest . In France , the debt was financed at almost twice the interest rate as the debt across the Channel . This demanded a much higher level of taxation and less flexibility in raising money to deal with unforeseen emergencies . ( See also Eden Agreement . ) Edmund Burke , no friend of the revolution , wrote in 1790 : `` the public , whether represented by a monarch or by a senate , can pledge nothing but the public estate ; and it can have no public estate except in what it derives from a just and proportioned imposition upon the citizens at large . '' Because the nobles successfully defended their privileges , the king of France lacked the means to impose a `` just and proportioned '' tax . The desire to do so led directly to the decision in 1788 to call the Estates - General into session . The financial strain of servicing old debt and the excesses of the current royal court caused dissatisfaction with the monarchy , contributed to national unrest , and culminated in the French Revolution of 1789 . Taxation ( edit ) Louis XVI , his ministers , and the widespread French nobility had become immensely unpopular . This was a consequence of the fact that peasants and , to a lesser extent , the poor and those aspiring to be bourgeoisie , were burdened with ruinously high taxes levied to support a wealthy monarchy , along with aristocrats and their sumptuous , often gluttonous lifestyles . France raised most of its tax revenue internally , with a notable deficit regarding external customs tariffs . Taxes on commerce consisted of internal tariffs among the regions of France . This set up an arbitrary tax - barrier ( sometimes , as in Paris , in physical form ) at every regional boundary , and these barriers prevented France from developing as a unified market . Collections of taxes , such as the extremely unpopular salt tax , the gabelle , were contracted to private collectors ( `` tax farmers '' ) , who , like all farmers , preoccupied themselves with making their holdings grow . So , they collected , quite legitimately , far more than required , remitted the tax to the State , and pocketed the remainder . These unwieldy systems led to arbitrary and unequal collection of France 's consumption taxes . ( See also Wall of the Farmers - General , Jean Chouan , Octroi , Claude Nicolas Ledoux , and the Indian salt tax . ) Hôtel de la gabelle ( House of the Salt Tax ) in Bernay , Eure , Upper Normandy , built in 1750 by Bréant and Ange - Jacques Gabriel . Peasants and nobles alike were required to pay one - tenth of their income or produce to the church ( the tithe ) . Peasants paid a land tax to the state ( the taille ) , a 5 % property tax ( the vingtième ) . All paid a tax on the number of people in the family ( capitation ) , depending on the status of the taxpayer ( from poor to prince ) . Further royal and seigneurial obligations might be paid in several ways : in labor ( the corvée ) , in kind , or , rarely , in coin . Peasants were also obligated to their landlords for : rent in cash ( the cens ) , a payment related to their amount of annual production ( the champart ) , and taxes on the use of the nobles ' mills , wine - presses , and bakeries ( the banalités ) . In good times , the taxes were burdensome ; in harsh times , they were devastating . After a less - than - fulsome harvest , people would starve to death during the winter . Tax collection was farmed out ( privatized ) to `` fermiers '' , through a system of public bidding . Public officials bought their positions from the king , sometimes on an annual basis , sometimes in perpetuity . Often an additional tax , called `` paulette '' was paid by the holders of an office to upgrade their position to one that could be passed along as an inheritance . Naturally , holders of these offices tried to reimburse themselves by milking taxpayers as hard as possible . For instance , in a civil lawsuit , judges required that both parties pay for the costs of the trial ( called the épices , the spices ) ; this , effectively , put justice out of the reach of all but the wealthy . The system also exempted the nobles and the clergy from taxes ( with the exception of a modest quit - rent , an ad valorem tax on land ) . The tax burden , therefore , devolved to the peasants , wage - earners , and the professional and business classes , also known as the third estate . Further , people from less - privileged walks of life were blocked from acquiring even petty positions of power in the regime . This caused further resentment . Failure of reforms ( edit ) During the reigns of Louis XV ( 1715 -- 1774 ) and Louis XVI ( 1774 -- 1792 ) , several ministers , most notably Turgot and Necker , proposed revisions to the French tax system so as to include the nobles as taxpayers , but these proposals were not adopted because of resistance from the parlements ( provincial courts of appeal ) . Members of these courts bought their positions from the king , as well as the right to transfer their positions hereditarily through payment of an annual fee , the paulette . Membership in such courts , or appointment to other public positions , often led to elevation to the nobility ( the so - called Nobles of the Robe , as distinguished from the nobility of ancestral military origin , the Nobles of the Sword . ) While these two categories of nobles were often at odds , they both sought to retain their privileges . The need to raise taxes placed the king at odds with the nobles and the upper bourgeoisie , he appointed as his finance ministers , `` rising men '' ( to use François Mignet 's insightful term ) , usually of non-noble origin . These commoners , Turgot , Chrétien de Malesherbes , and Jacques Necker lobbied for reforms in taxation and other moves toward moderation , such as Necker 's attempts to reduce the lavishness of the king 's court . Each one failed . Instead , the `` Parkinson 's law '' of bureaucratic overextended waste prevailed , to the detriment of the gentry and other non-seigneurial classes . In contrast , Charles Alexandre de Calonne , appointed finance minister in 1783 , restored lavish spending reminiscent of the age of Louis XIV . By the time Calonne brought together the Assembly of Notables on 22 February 1787 to address the financial situation , France had reached a state of virtual bankruptcy ; no one would lend the king money sufficient to meet the expenses of the royal court and the government . According to Mignet , the loans amounted to 1.64 billion livres , and the annual deficit was 140 millions . Calonne was succeeded by his chief critic , Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne , archbishop of Sens , but the fundamental situation was unchanged : the government had no credit . To address this , the Assembly of Notables sanctioned `` the establishment of provincial assemblies , regulation of the corn trade , abolition of corvées , and a new stamp tax '' , but the assembly dispersed on 25 May 1787 without actually installing a longer - term program with prospects for success . Deregulation and hunger ( edit ) Main article : Deregulation Le Traité de la Police by Nicolas de La Mare ( 1707 ) : under the Ancien Régime , the police regulated price , quality and supply of bread . Before the Revolution ( edit ) In Ancien Régime France , bread was the main source of food for poor peasants and the king was required to ensure the food supply of his subjects , the king was affectionately nicknamed le premier boulanger du royaume ( `` prime baker of the kingdom '' ) . During this period , the role of the royal police was far more involved than simply upholding the law . Police held responsibility over many systems in society , even street sweeping , it also exercised a strict control over food supply . In order to maintain social order , the grain market was submitted to harsh rules to ensure the quality of the bread and its availability at all time and for the entire population . Grain merchants were viewed with suspicion , they were called `` the most cruel enemies of the people '' because they were suspected to mix flour with other products ( such as chalk or crushed bones ) or to hoard grains to raise artificially the prices of this vital commodity . The Ancien Régime favoured a `` moral economy '' where cupidity was moderated by strict regulations . The police controlled the purity of the flour and made sure that no one would hide grains to drive up prices . Food scarcity was common in the 18th century , but the grain police would forbid exportations from regions facing bad harvests and would import grain from regions enjoying overproduction . It could also force a merchant to dump the price of his flour ( he was later compensated for his loss in times of abundance ) . Deregulation of the grain industry ( edit ) Turgot 's portrait . During the Age of Enlightenment , the physiocrat school of economy emerged . The physiocrats , or économistes as they called themselves , had a great impact on Turgot , Louis XVI 's Controller - General of Finances . Their opinion on what government economic policy should be was summarized in the term Vincent de Gournay laid claim to : `` laissez faire , laissez passer '' , meaning leave it alone and let it pass , also known as the `` invisible hand '' notion . Turgot passionately defended Gournay 's belief in `` laissez - faire '' economic principles in his writing `` Éloge de Gournay '' . Accordingly , Turgot abolished police regulations and established free trade in grain on 13 September 1774 . Results of the Revolution ( edit ) During the period before the spring harvest of 1775 , the cereal reserves were exhausted while new crops had not yet arrived . In spring 1775 , famine arose in this new context : before Turgot 's edict , every region faced its own shortages , so that some would have suffered a genuine famine while others would have been totally spared and supplied through stable prices ; a royal intervention would have been requested , and without a doubt obtained , to assure the supply of the regions most affected . With liberalization , owners of grain started to speculate by storing grain . They also tend to buy en masse in areas of good harvests to sell in areas of bad harvests where profits could be greater , causing significant price increases and shortages all over and affecting more people more quickly . Changes to grain and bread supply had serious implications , and was met with disorder . This conflict was known as the Flour War of 1775 . Reports from those that controlled the flow of grain stated there were problems with the grain harvest which caused shortages and less grain availability . The price of grain also increased , and became hard for some to afford . News of a grain shortage was met with skepticism and frustration rose from higher prices . Those in opposition of the reform rioted , and seized grain that came in on shipments . They offered what they felt was the `` just price '' for it . This demonstrated a way in which the people took some power back into their own hands . This practice was known as `` taxation populaire '' , or popular taxation . While there were documented efforts to deal with the grain shortage problems , such as increasing shipments from foreign countries , beliefs that the famine was intentionally orchestrated by Louis XVI , through the `` Pacte de Famine '' , emerged . Turgot repressed the riots and restored controls over the grain market . The idea of free trade of grain was discredited and the economic experiment distanced the masses from the government in Versailles . The Flour War can be seen as a prelude to the French Revolution . The fear of famine became an ever - present dread for the lower strata of the Third Estate , and rumors of the `` Pacte de Famine '' to starve the poor were still rampant and readily believed . Mere rumors of food shortage led to the Réveillon riots in April 1789 . Rumors of a plot aiming to destroy wheat crops in order to starve the population provoked the Great Fear in the summer of 1789 . The hunger and despair of the Parisian women was also the original impetus for the Women 's March on Versailles in October 1789 , they wanted not just one meal but the assurance that bread would once again be plentiful and cheap . The two years prior to the revolution ( 1788 -- 89 ) saw meager harvests and harsh winters , possibly because of a strong El Niño cycle caused by the 1783 Laki eruption in Iceland . The Little Ice Age also affected farmers ' choices of crops to plant ; in other parts of Europe , peasant farmers had adopted the potato as its staple crop . The potato had been introduced to France during the 16th century and despite resistance had largely supplanted the turnip and rutabaga in France . Despite encouragement from individuals like Antoine Parmentier and Louis XVI , grain was still a much more popular staple crop in France . This was partially because potatoes were seen as more difficult to transport and store than grain . Transparency ( edit ) H.F. Helmolt argued that the issue was not so much the debt per se , but the way the debt was refracted through the lens of Enlightenment principles and the increasing power of third - estate creditors , that is , commoners who held the government 's paper . Properly speaking , the people ought to have been accustomed to the fact that the French government did not fulfill its financial obligations , for since the time of Henry IV , that is , within two centuries , it had failed to meet its obligations fifty - six times . In earlier days such catastrophes had not been announced and publicly discussed . Now all France , which for two generations had been worked upon by the party of rationalism , shared the outcry against the financial situation . The struggle with the parlements and nobles to enact reformist measures displayed the extent of the disintegration of the Ancien Régime . In short order , Protestants regained their rights , and Louis XVI was pressured to produce an annual disclosure of the state of his finances . He also pledged to reconvene the Estates - General within five years . Despite the pretense that France operated under an absolute monarchy , it became clear that the royal government could not successfully implement the changes it desired without the consent of the nobility . The financial crisis had become a political crisis as well , and the French Revolution loomed just beyond the horizon . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peter McPhee ( 2015 ) . The French Revolution . Melbourne U. p. 34 . Jump up ^ David Thomson , Europe Since Napoleon ( 1957 ) pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Thomson , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Thomson , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Hibbert , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Hibbert , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Hibbert , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Vincenzo Ferrone , The Enlightenment : History of an Idea ( Princeton UP , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ R.R. Palmer , The age of the Democratic Revolution : a political history of Europe and America , 1760 -- 1800 ( 2nd ed. 2014 ) pp. 177 -- 213 ^ Jump up to : Bairoch 1989 , p. 941 Jump up ^ Bairoch 1989 , p. 943 Jump up ^ Bernard Lepetit , The Pre-industrial Urban System : France 1740 -- 1840 ( Cambridge UP , 1994 ) . ^ Jump up to : Bairoch 1989 , p. 945 Jump up ^ Bairoch 1989 , p. 946 Jump up ^ Bairoch 1989 , p. 949 Jump up ^ Bairoch 1989 , pp. 959 -- 963 Jump up ^ Ralph W. Greenlaw , ed. , The economic origins of the French revolution : poverty or prosperity ? ( Heath , 1958 ) . Jump up ^ John Shovlin ( 2007 ) . The Political Economy of Virtue : Luxury , Patriotism , and the Origins of the French Revolution . Cornell UP . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Eugene Nelson White , `` The French Revolution and the politics of government finance , 1770 -- 1815 . '' Journal of Economic History 55 # 2 ( 1995 ) : 227 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Stacy Schiff ( 2006 ) . A Great Improvisation : Franklin , France , and the Birth of America . Macmillan . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Kenneth N. Jassie , `` We Do n't Have a King : Popular Protest and the Image of the Illegitimate King in the Reign of Louis XV '' . Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750 -- 1850 : Proceedings 1994 23 : 211 -- 19 . ISSN 0093 - 2574 Jump up ^ The Great Nation : France from Louis XV to Napoleon , ( 1715 -- 99 ) , a scholarly bibliography by Colin Jones ( 2002 ) pp. 124 , 132 -- 33 , 147 Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull , The French Navy , and American Independence : A Study of Arms and Diplomacy , 1774 -- 1787 ( 1975 ) ISBN 0 - 691 - 06920 - 4 Jump up ^ On finance see William Doyle , Oxford History of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) pp. 67 -- 74 Jump up ^ John Hardman , Louis XVI , Yale university Press , New Haven and London , 1993 p. 126 Jump up ^ The French Revolution . Discoverfrance.net . Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Peter Mathias and Patrick O'Brien , `` Taxation in Britain and France , 1715 -- 1810 . A comparison of the social and economic incidence of taxes collected for the central governments . '' Journal of European Economic History 5 # 3 ( 1976 ) : 601 + . Jump up ^ Jeff Horn , The Path Not Taken : French Industrialization in the Age of Revolution , 1750 - 1830 MIT 2006 ISBN 978 - 026208352 - 2 Jump up ^ The taille was meant to pay for the war effort ; nobility was exempted as they considered their physical participation in the war as a `` blood tax '' . Jump up ^ Louis XV introduced a fixed remuneration scheme for tax collectors in 1769 . Jump up ^ The épices were no bribes , as they did not go to the judge directly , but to a common fund , and served to pay for the costs incurred by the judges , who had to remunerate their auxiliaries - see Albert N. Hamscher , The Parlement of Paris after the Fronde 1653 -- 1673 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Robert D. Harris , Necker : reform statesman of the Ancien Régime ( U of California Press , 1979 ) . Jump up ^ Gilbert Faccarello , `` Galiani , Necker and Turgot . A debate on economic reform and policy in 18th Century France . '' History of Economic Thought 1.3 ( 1994 ) : 519 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Eugene Nelson White , `` Was there a solution to the Ancien Régime 's Financial Dilemma ? . '' Journal of Economic History 49.03 ( 1989 ) : 545 -- 68 . Jump up ^ `` Labyrinthe , Numéros 20 à 22 '' , 2005 , p. 58 Jump up ^ ( Andress , David . French Society in Revolution , 1789 -- 1799 . France : Manchester University Press , 1999 , pp. 16 -- 18 ) Jump up ^ Steven Kaplan , Jean - Philippe de Tonnac , `` La France et son pain : Histoire d'une passion '' ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Nicolas Bourguinat , `` L'État et les violences frumentaires en France sous la Restauration et la Monarchie de Juillet '' , Ruralia , ^ Jump up to : Andress 17 Jump up ^ Bourguinat , Nicolas . `` L'État et les violences frumentaires en France sous la Restauration et la Monarchie de Juillet '' . Ruralia . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Doyle , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Soboul , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Richard H. Grove ( 1998 ) . `` Global Impact of the 1789 -- 93 El Niño '' . Nature . 393 : 318 -- 19 . doi : 10.1038 / 30636 . Jump up ^ Wood , C.A. , 1992 . `` The climatic effects of the 1783 Laki eruption '' in C.R. Harrington ( Ed . ) , The Year Without a Summer ? Canadian Museum of Nature , Ottawa , pp. 58 -- 77 Jump up ^ `` Histoires de légumes '' by M. Pitrat and C. Foury , Institut National de la recherche agronomoique , 2003 , p. 167 Jump up ^ William L. Langer , `` American Foods and Europe 's Population Growth 1750 -- 1850 '' Journal of Social History 8 # 2 ( 1975 ) pp. 51 -- 66 . in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : H.F. Helmolt , History of the World , Volume VII , Dodd Mead 1902 , pp. 120 -- 21 . Further reading ( edit ) Main article : Historiography of the French Revolution § Further reading Andress , David , ed . The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution ( Oxford University Press , 2015 ) . excerpt Bairoch ( 1989 ) . `` L'economie francaise dans le contexte european a la fin du XVLLLe siecle '' . Revue Economique. 40 ( 6 ) : 939 -- 64 . mirror Campbell , Peter , and Peter McPhee . `` Rethinking the origins of the French Revolution . '' in Peter McPhee , ed. , A Companion to the French Revolution ( 2013 ) pp. 1 -- 23 . Campbell , Peter R. , ed . The Origins of the French Revolution ( 2005 ) . Censer , Jack R. `` Historians Revisit the Terror -- Again . '' Journal of Social History ( 2014 ) 48 # 2 pp 383 -- 403 Doyle , William . Origins of the French Revolution ( 2001 ) . Hibbert , Christopher ( 1980 ) . The French Revolution . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0140049459 . Kaiser , Thomas and Dale Van Kley . From Deficit to Deluge : The Origins of the French Revolution ( 2010 ) Maza , Sarah . `` Politics , culture , and the origins of the French Revolution . '' Journal of Modern History 61.4 ( 1989 ) : 704 - 723 . in JSTOR McPhee , Peter . Liberty or Death : The French Revolution ( 2016 ) Thomson , David ( 1957 ) . Europe Since Napoleon . London : Longmans . French Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Expédition de Sardaigne ( 21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Jacques - Louis David Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Causes_of_the_French_Revolution&oldid=805026860 '' Categories : French Revolution Ferme générale Causes of revolutions Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Ido עברית Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Português Српски / srpski Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 16 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes%20of%20the%20French%20Revolution

what was the name of the lion that hercules killed

The Nemean lion ( / nɪˈmiːən / ; Greek : Νεμέος λέων Neméos léōn ; Latin : Leo Nemeaeus ) was a vicious monster in Greek mythology that lived at Nemea . It was eventually killed by Heracles . It could not be killed with mortals ' weapons because its golden fur was impervious to attack . Its claws were sharper than mortals ' swords and could cut through any armor .

The Nemean lion

Nemean lion

nemean lion

The Nemean lion ( / nɪˈmiːən / ; Greek : Νεμέος λέων Neméos léōn ; Latin : Leo Nemeaeus ) was a vicious monster in Greek mythology that lived at Nemea . It was eventually killed by Heracles . It could not be killed with mortals ' weapons because its golden fur was impervious to attack . Its claws were sharper than mortals ' swords and could cut through any armor .

Today , lions are not part of the Greek fauna . The Asiatic lion subspecies formerly ranged in southeastern Europe . According to Herodotus , lion populations were extant in Ancient Greece , until around 100 BC when they became extinct . The lion is usually considered to have been the offspring of Typhon ( or Orthrus ) and Echidna ; it is also said to have fallen from the moon as the offspring of Zeus and Selene , or alternatively born of the Chimera . The Nemean lion was sent to Nemea in the Peloponnesus to terrorize the city . Contents ( hide ) 1 First labour of Heracles 2 In art 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links First labour of Heracles ( edit ) Hercules ' fight with the Nemean lion , Pieter Paul Rubens . The first of Heracles ' twelve labours , set by King Eurystheus ( his cousin ) was to slay the Nemean lion . According to one version of the myth , the Nemean lion took women as hostages to its lair in a cave near Nemea , luring warriors from nearby towns to save the damsel in distress . After entering the cave , the warrior would see a woman ( usually feigning injury ) and rush to her side . Once he was close , the woman would turn into a lion and kill the warrior , devouring his remains and giving the bones to Hades . Heracles wandered the area until he came to the town of Cleonae . There he met a boy who said that if Heracles slew the Nemean lion and returned alive within 30 days , the town would sacrifice a lion to Zeus ; but if he did not return within 30 days or he died , the boy would sacrifice himself to Zeus . Another version claims that he met Molorchos , a shepherd who had lost his son to the lion , saying that if he came back within 30 days , a ram would be sacrificed to Zeus . If he did not return within 30 days , it would be sacrificed to the dead Heracles as a mourning offering . While searching for the lion , Heracles fetched some arrows to use against it , not knowing that its golden fur was impenetrable ; when he found the lion and shot at it with his bow , he discovered the fur 's protective property when the arrow bounced harmlessly off the creature 's thigh . After some time , Heracles made the lion return to his cave . The cave had two entrances , one of which Heracles blocked ; he then entered the other . In those dark and close quarters , Heracles stunned the beast with his club and , using his immense strength , strangled it to death . During the fight the lion bit off one of his fingers . Others say that he shot arrows at it , eventually shooting it in the unarmoured mouth . After slaying the lion , he tried to skin it with a knife from his belt , but failed . He then tried sharpening the knife with a stone and even tried with the stone itself . Finally , Athena , noticing the hero 's plight , told Heracles to use one of the lion 's own claws to skin the pelt . When he returned on the thirtieth day carrying the carcass of the lion on his shoulders , King Eurystheus was amazed and terrified . Eurystheus forbade him ever again to enter the city ; in the future he was to display the fruits of his labours outside the city gates . Eurystheus warned him that the tasks set for him would become increasingly difficult . He then sent Heracles off to complete his next quest , which was to destroy the Lernaean hydra . The Nemean lion 's coat was impervious to the elements and all but the most powerful weapons . Others say that Heracles ' armour was , in fact , the hide of the lion of Cithaeron . According to some authors , Heracles was helped in this labour by an Earth - born serpent , which followed him to Thebes and settled down in Aulis . It was later identified as the water snake which devoured the sparrows and was turned into stone in the prophecy about the Trojan War . In art ( edit ) Oinochoe , 520 - 500 BC , from Vulci Gandhara , India , 1st century Herakles fighting the Nemean lion , Mathura art , India . Roman - era relief , 2nd century Renaissance plaque by Galeazzo Mondella Painting by Francisco de Zurbarán ( 1634 ) Marble by J.M. Félix Magdalena ( b . 1941 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wagner , Richard Anton ( ed . ) , Mythographi Graeci , Vol . I : `` Index nominum et rerum memorabilium '' . Jump up ^ Schaller , George B. ( 1972 ) . The Serengeti lion : A study of predator -- prey relations . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0226736393 . ^ Jump up to : Apollodorus , Library 2.5. 1 Jump up ^ Hesiod , Theogony 327 Jump up ^ Daniel Ogden , Drakon : Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds Jump up ^ http://www2.nau.edu/~d-ctel/hum/hum362/slideshows/Kushan_Mathura/images/img0073.jpg References ( edit ) Smith , William ; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology , London ( 1873 ) . `` Heracles or Hercules '' External links ( edit ) Media related to Nemean Lion at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) The Twelve Labours of Heracles Nemean lion Lernaean Hydra Ceryneian Hind Erymanthian Boar Augean Stables Stymphalian birds Cretan Bull Mares of Diomedes Girdle of Hippolyte Cattle of Geryon Apples of the Hesperides Cerberus Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nemean_lion&oldid=842913550 '' Categories : Labours of Hercules Monsters in Greek mythology Mythological felines Offspring of Zeus Fictional lions Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2016 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 14 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemean%20lion

boz scaggs look what you've done to me urban cowboy

Look What You 've Done to Me

look what you've done to me

`` Look What You 've Done to Me '' is a 1980 song recorded by Boz Scaggs , composed by Scaggs and David Foster for the movie Urban Cowboy . It reached # 14 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in November , # 13 on the Cash Box Top 100 , and went to # 3 on the Adult Contemporary chart . The song reached # 30 in Canada .

The song , reflecting on a broken romance ( as depicted in Urban Cowboy ) , features the Eagles on background vocals and instrumentation by Don Felder on guitar and members of Toto and David Foster on keyboards . Two versions of the song were released . The more widely available version of the song ( as released on Scaggs greatest hits compilations ) places more emphasis on the Eagles ' background vocals , plus additional background vocal stylings by Scaggs towards the end of the song . The version as heard in the Urban Cowboy film ( as well as its soundtrack ) replaces the Eagles ' vocals with a female chorus . According to comments made by both Scaggs and Foster on the television special ( and subsequent DVD ) Hit Man : David Foster and Friends , the song was written and recorded in one night after the studio called asking the duo to write a song for the scene , informing them the scene was to be filmed the following day , and the track needed to be on a courier plane the following morning . David Foster provided a bit more of the backstory on The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills , Season 3 , Episode 3 , titled `` Do n't Sing For Your Supper , '' as his then - wife Yolanda was a cast member . Foster said that Scaggs was n't happy with any of the music he played that evening until the night was almost over . When Foster played the intro chords that became the trademark beginning of the song , Scaggs said , `` That 's it . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly singles charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Personnel 3 References 4 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles 30 Canadian Adult Contemporary 41 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 14 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks U.S. Cash Box Top 100 13 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 102 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 83 Personnel ( edit ) Original version musicians Jeff Porcaro † - drums David Foster - acoustic piano , electric piano David Paich - synthesizer Mike Porcaro † - bass Steve Lukather - guitar Don Felder - guitar Glenn Frey † - background vocals Don Henley - background vocals Timothy B. Schmit - background vocals References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 216 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 Year End '' . Bullfrogspond.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics This 1980s rock song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Look_What_You%27ve_Done_to_Me&oldid=830829171 '' Categories : 1980 singles Boz Scaggs songs Songs written by David Foster Songs written by Boz Scaggs Songs written for films 1980 songs 1980s rock song stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 05 : 04 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look%20What%20You%2527ve%20Done%20to%20Me

what were the major eighteenth century wars in europe

1700 Lithuanian Civil War 1700 -- 1721 Great Northern War 1701 -- 1713 War of the Spanish Succession 1703 -- 1711 Rákóczi 's War of Independence 1707 -- 1708 Bulavin Rebellion 1712 Toggenburg War 1714 -- 1718 Ottoman - Venetian War 1715 -- 1716 Jacobite rising of 1715 1716 -- 1718 Austro - Turkish War 1718 -- 1720 War of the Quadruple Alliance 1722 -- 1723 Russo - Persian War 1727 -- 1729 Anglo - Spanish War 1733 -- 1738 War of the Polish Succession 1735 -- 1739 Russo - Turkish War 1737 -- 1739 Austro - Turkish War 1740 -- 1748 War of the Austrian Succession 1740 -- 1763 Silesian Wars 1741 -- 1743 Russo - Swedish War 1745 -- 1746 Jacobite rising of 1745 1756 -- 1763 Seven Years ' War 1757 Georgian - Ottoman Battle 1763 -- 1864 Russo - Circassian War 1768 -- 1772 War of the Bar Confederation 1768 -- 1774 Russo -- Turkish War 1770 Georgian -- Ottoman Battle 1770 Orlov Revolt 1774 -- 1775 Pugachev 's Rebellion 1775 -- 1783 American Revolutionary War 1778 -- 1779 War of the Bavarian Succession 1784 Kettle War 1784 -- 1785 Revolt of Horea , Cloșca and Crișan 1785 Battle of the Sunja 1787 Dutch Patriot Revolt 1787 -- 1792 Russo - Turkish War 1788 -- 1791 Austro - Turkish War 1788 -- 1790 Russo - Swedish War 1790 Saxon Peasants ' Revolt 1792 Polish -- Russian War of 1792 1792 -- 1802 French Revolutionary Wars 1794 Kościuszko Uprising 1795 Battle of Krtsanisi 1798 Irish Rebellion of 1798 1798 Peasants ' War

List of conflicts in Europe

list of conflicts in europe

This is a list of conflicts in Europe ordered chronologically , including wars between European states , civil wars within European states , wars between a European state and a non-European state that took place within Europe , and global conflicts in which Europe was a theatre of war .

There are various definitions of Europe and in particular there is significant dispute about the eastern and southeastern boundaries , specifically about how to define the countries of the former Soviet Union . This list is based on a wide definition that includes much of the interface between Europe and Western Asia . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Contents ( hide ) 1 BCE 1.1 Pre-500 BCE 1.2 500 -- 200 BCE 1.3 200 BCE onwards 2 1st -- 10th century CE 3 11th century 4 12th century 5 13th century 6 14th century 7 15th century 8 16th century 9 17th century 10 18th century 11 19th century 12 20th century 13 21st century 13.1 Ongoing conflicts 14 See also 15 References BCE ( edit ) Pre-500 BCE ( edit ) c. 5000 BCE Talheim Death Pit c. 1104 -- 900 BCE Dorian invasion c. 753 -- 351 BCE Roman -- Etruscan Wars c. 753 -- 494 BCE Roman -- Sabine wars 743 -- 724 BCE First Messenian War 710 -- 650 BCE Lelantine War circa 700 -- 601 BCE Alban war with Rome 685 -- 668 BCE Second Messenian War 669 -- 668 BCE Sparta -- Argos War 600 -- 265 BCE Greek -- Punic Wars 595 -- 585 BCE First Sacred War 560 BCE Second Arcadian War 540 BCE Battle of Alalia 538 -- 522 BCE Polycrates wars 500 -- 200 BCE ( edit ) 509 -- 396 BCE Early Italian campaigns 500 -- 499 BCE Persian invasion of Naxos 492 -- 490 BCE First Persian invasion of Greece 482 -- 479 BCE Second Persian invasion of Greece 480 -- 307 BCE Sicilian Wars 460 -- 445 BCE First Peloponnesian War 449 -- 448 BCE Second Sacred War 440 -- 439 BCE Samian War 431 -- 404 BCE Second Peloponnesian War 395 -- 387 BCE Corinthian War 390 -- 387 BCE Celtic invasion of Italia 335 BCE Alexander 's Balkan campaign 323 -- 322 BCE Lamian War 280 -- 275 BCE Pyrrhic War 267 -- 261 BCE Chremonidean War 264 -- 241 BCE First Punic War 229 -- 228 BCE First Illyrian War 220 -- 219 BCE Second Illyrian War 218 -- 201 BCE Second Punic War 214 -- 205 BCE First Macedonian War 200 BCE onwards ( edit ) 200 -- 197 BCE Second Macedonian War 191 -- 189 BCE Aetolian War 171 -- 168 BCE Third Macedonian War 135 -- 132 BCE First Servile War 113 -- 101 BCE Cimbrian War 113 BCE -- CE 439 Germanic Wars 104 -- 100 BCE Second Servile War 91 -- 88 BCE Social War 88 -- 87 BCE Sulla 's first civil war 85 BCE Colchis uprising against Pontus 83 -- 72 BCE Sertorian War 82 -- 81 BCE Sulla 's second civil war 78 BCE Marcus Aemilius Lepidus 73 -- 71 BCE Third Servile War 73 -- 63 BCE Roman Expansion in Syria & Judea 65 -- 63 BCE Pompey 's campaign in Iberia and Albania 63 -- 62 BCE Second Catilinarian conspiracy 55 -- 54 BCE Caesar 's invasions of Britain 58 -- 51 BCE Gallic Wars 49 -- 45 BCE Caesar 's Civil War 44 -- 36 BCE Sicilian revolt 43 BCE Battle of Mutina 43 -- 42 BCE Liberators ' civil war 41 -- 40 BCE Perusine War 32 -- 30 BCE Final War of the Roman Republic 1st -- 10th century CE ( edit ) Battle of the Milvian Bridge , 312 Battle of the Hellespont , 324 35 -- 41 Iberian - Parthian war 49 -- 96 Roman conquest of Britain 51 Armenian -- Iberian war 69 Year of the Four Emperors 69 -- 70 Revolt of the Batavi 193 Year of the Five Emperors 208 -- 210 Roman invasion of Caledoni 238 Year of the Six Emperors 271 -- 278 Colchis -- Roman War 284 -- 285 Roman civil war 306 -- 324 Civil wars of the Tetrarchy 350 -- 351 Roman civil war 360 -- 361 Roman civil war 367 -- 368 Great Conspiracy 376 -- 382 Gothic War 387 -- 388 Roman civil war 394 Roman civil war of 394 AD 482 -- 484 Iberian - Persian War 526 -- 532 Iberian War 535 -- 554 Gothic War 541 -- 562 Lazic War 582 -- 602 Maurice 's Balkan campaigns c. 600 -- 793 Frisian -- Frankish wars 650 -- 799 Arab -- Khazar wars 680 -- 1355 Byzantine -- Bulgarian wars 711 -- 718 Umayyad conquest of Hispania 715 -- 718 Frankish Civil War ( 715 -- 718 ) 722 -- 1492 Reconquista 735 -- 737 Georgian - Umayyad Caliphate War 772 -- 804 Saxon Wars c. 800 / 862 -- 973 Hungarian invasions of Europe 830s Paphlagonian expedition of the Rus ' 839 -- 1330 Bulgarian -- Serbian Wars 854 -- 1000 Croatian -- Bulgarian wars 860 Rus ' -- Byzantine War 865 -- 878 Invasion of the Great Heathen Army 907 Rus ' -- Byzantine War 914 Arab - Georgian War 939 Battle of Andernach 941 Rus ' -- Byzantine War 955 Battle of Recknitz 970 -- 971 Sviatoslav 's invasion of Bulgaria 982 Battle of Stilo 983 Great Slav Rising 11th century ( edit ) Battle of Hastings ( 1066 ) Battle of Gvozd Mountain , 1097 1002 -- 1018 German -- Polish War 1014 -- 1208 Byzantine -- Georgian wars 1015 -- 1016 Pisan -- Genoese expeditions to Sardinia 1015 -- 1016 Cnut 's invasion of England 1018 Battle of Vlaardingen 1024 Battle of Listven 1024 Rus ' -- Byzantine War 1043 Rus ' -- Byzantine War 1044 Battle of Ménfő 1048 -- 1064 Invasion of Denmark 1050 -- 1185 Byzantine -- Norman wars 1057 Battle of Petroe 1060 Battle of the Theben Pass 1066 Norwegian invasion of England 1066 -- 1088 Norman conquest of England 1067 -- 1194 Norman invasion of Wales 1067 Battle on the Nemiga River 1068 Battle of the Alta River 1073 -- 1075 Saxon Rebellion 1075 Revolt of the Earls 1077 -- 1088 Great Saxon Revolt 1078 Battle of Kalavrye 1088 Rebellion of 1088 1093 Battle of Schmilau 1093 Battle of the Stugna River 1097 Battle of Gvozd Mountain 1099 -- 1204 Georgian -- Seljuk wars 12th century ( edit ) Monument of Didgori Battle , Georgia 1109 Battle of Głogów 1115 Battle of Welfesholz 1121 Battle of Didgori 1126 Battle of Chlumec 1130 -- 1240 Civil war era in Norway 1135 -- 54 The Anarchy 1142 -- 1445 Swedish -- Novgorodian Wars 1144 -- 1162 Baussenque Wars 1159 -- 1345 Wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines 1164 Battle of Verchen 1169 -- 1175 Norman invasion of Ireland 1173 -- 1174 Revolt of 1173 -- 74 1185 -- 1204 Uprising of Asen and Peter 1198 Battle of Gisors 1198 -- 1290 Livonian Crusade 13th century ( edit ) The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa , 1212 1201 Battle of Stellau 1202 Siege of Zadar 1202 -- 1214 Anglo -- French War 1205 Battle of Zawichost 1208 -- 1227 Conquest of Estonia 1209 -- 1229 Albigensian Crusade 1211 Welsh uprising of 1211 1215 -- 1217 First Barons ' War 1216 -- 1222 War of Succession of Champagne 1220 -- 1264 Age of the Sturlungs 1223 -- 1241 Mongol invasion of Europe 1223 -- 1480 Tatar raids in Russia 1224 Siege of La Rochelle 1227 Battle of Bornhöved 1231 -- 1233 Friso - Drentic War 1234 -- 1238 Georgian - Molgol War 1239 -- 1245 Teltow War 1242 Saintonge War 1256 -- 1258 War of the Euboeote Succession 1256 -- 1381 Venetian -- Genoese Wars 1256 -- 1422 Friso - Hollandic Wars 1260 Battle of Kressenbrunn 1262 -- 1266 Scottish -- Norwegian War 1264 -- 1267 Second Barons ' War 1265 Battle of Isaszeg 1275 -- 1276 The war against Valdemar Birgersson 1276 -- 1278 6000 - mark war 1276 War of Navarra 1277 -- 1280 Uprising of Ivaylo 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld 1282 -- 1302 War of the Sicilian Vespers 1283 -- 1289 War of the Limburg Succession 1288 -- 1295 War of the Outlaws 1296 -- 1357 Wars of Scottish Independence 1297 -- 1305 Franco - Flemish War 1298 Battle of Göllheim 14th century ( edit ) Battle of Sluys , 1340 , from a manuscript Battle of Nájera , 1367 1302 Battle of the Golden Spurs 1304 -- 1310 The Swedish brother 's feud 1307 Battle of Lucka 1311 -- 1312 Rebellion of mayor Albert 1312 Battle of Rozgony 1321 -- 1322 Despenser War 1321 -- 1328 Byzantine civil war of 1321 -- 28 1322 Battle of Bliska 1323 -- 1328 Peasant revolt in Flanders 1324 War of Saint - Sardos 1326 -- 1332 Polish -- Teutonic War 1333 -- 1338 Burke Civil War 1337 -- 1453 Hundred Years ' War 1340 -- 1392 Galicia -- Volhynia Wars 1340 -- 1396 Bulgarian -- Ottoman wars 1341 -- 1347 Byzantine civil war of 1341 -- 47 1342 -- 1350 Zealot 's Rebellion 1343 -- 1345 St. George 's Night Uprising 1347 -- 1352 Neapolitan campaigns of Louis the Great 1350 -- 1498 Wars of the Vetkopers and Schieringers 1350 -- 1490 Hook and Cod wars 1356 -- 1358 Jacquerie 1356 -- 1375 War of the Two Peters 1362 Battle of Helsingborg 1362 -- 1457 War of the Bands 1366 -- 1369 Castilian Civil War 1366 -- 1526 Ottoman -- Hungarian Wars 1369 -- 1370 First Fernandine War 1371 -- 1913 Serbian -- Ottoman wars 1371 Battle of Baesweiler 1371 -- 1379 War of the Guelderian Succession 1371 -- 1381 War of Chioggia 1372 -- 1373 Second Fernandine War 1373 -- 1379 Byzantine civil war of 1373 -- 79 1375 Gugler War 1375 -- 1378 War of the Eight Saints 1381 Peasants ' Revolt 1381 -- 1382 Third Fernandine War 1381 -- 1384 Lithuanian Civil War ( 1381 -- 84 ) 1382 Harelle and Maillotins Revolt 1381 -- 1404 Second Georgian -- Mongol War 1389 Battle of Kosovo 1389 -- 1392 Lithuanian Civil War ( 1389 -- 92 ) 1395 Battle of Nicopolis 15th century ( edit ) Battle of Formigny , 1450 1400 -- 1415 Glyndŵr Rising 1401 -- 1429 Appenzell Wars 1407 -- 1468 Georgian - Turkoman War 1409 -- 1411 Polish -- Lithuanian -- Teutonic War 1410 -- 1435 War of Slesvig 1414 Hunger War 1419 -- 1434 Hussite Wars 1422 Gollub War 1422 Battle of Arbedo 1425 -- 1454 Wars in Lombardy 1431 -- 1435 Polish -- Teutonic War 1434 -- 1436 Engelbrekt rebellion 1437 Budai Nagy Antal revolt 1438 -- 1556 Russo - Kazan Wars 1440 -- 1446 Old Zürich War 1441 Battle of Samobor 1443 -- 1444 Long campaign 1445 First Battle of Olmedo 1447 -- 1448 Albanian -- Venetian War 1449 -- 1450 First Margrave War 1449 Battle of Castione 1449 -- 1453 Revolt of Ghent 1450 Jack Cade 's Rebellion 1451 -- 1455 Navarrese Civil War 1453 -- 1454 Morea revolt 1454 -- 1466 Thirteen Years ' War 1455 -- 1485 Wars of the Roses 1462 -- 1485 Rebellion of the Remences 1462 -- 1472 Catalan Civil War 1463 -- 1479 Ottoman -- Venetian War 1465 Battle of Montlhéry 1465 -- 1468 Wars of Liège 1466 -- 1469 Irmandiño Wars 1467 Second Battle of Olmedo 1467 -- 1479 War of the Priests 1468 Waldshut War 1468 -- 1478 Bohemian War 1470 -- 1471 Dano - Swedish War 1470 -- 1474 Anglo - Hanseatic War 1475 -- 1479 War of the Castilian Succession 1477 -- 1488 Austrian -- Hungarian War ( 1477 -- 88 ) 1478 Carinthian Peasant Revolt 1478 Battle of Giornico 1479 Battle of Guinegate 1482 -- 1484 War of Ferrara 1484 Battle of Lochmaben Fair 1485 -- 1488 Mad War 1487 Battle of Crevola 1487 War of Rovereto 1488 Battle of Sauchieburn 1492 -- 1583 Muscovite -- Lithuanian Wars 1493 Battle of Krbava Field 1493 -- 1593 Hundred Years ' Croatian -- Ottoman War 1494 -- 1498 Italian War of 1494 -- 98 1495 -- 1497 Russo - Swedish War 1497 Cornish Rebellion of 1497 1497 Battle of Rotebro 1499 Swabian War 1499 -- 1504 Italian War of 1499 -- 1504 16th century ( edit ) Battle of Marignano , 1515 Siege of Narva , 1558 Siege of Szigetvar , 1566 St. Bartholomew 's Day massacre , 1572 Battle of Sisak , 1593 c. 1500 -- 1854 Lekianoba 1502 -- 1543 Guelders Wars 1503 -- 1505 War of the Succession of Landshut 1508 -- 1516 War of the League of Cambrai 1509 -- 1510 Polish -- Moldavian War 1514 Poor Conrad 's Rebellion 1514 Dózsa rebellion 1514 -- 1517 Saxon feud 1515 Slovene Peasant Revolt 1515 -- 1523 Frisian peasant rebellion 1519 -- 1521 Polish -- Teutonic War 1520 -- 1521 Revolt of the Comuneros 1521 -- 1523 Revolt of the Brotherhoods 1521 -- 1523 Swedish War of Liberation 1521 -- 1718 Ottoman -- Habsburg wars 1522 -- 1523 Knights ' Revolt 1522 -- 1559 Habsburg - Valois Wars 1524 -- 1525 German Peasants ' War 1526 Revolt of Espadán 1529 First War of Kappel 1531 Second War of Kappel 1534 Silken Thomas Rebellion 1534 -- 1535 Münster Rebellion 1534 -- 1536 Count 's Feud 1536 -- 1537 Pilgrimage of Grace 1540 Salt War 1542 -- 1543 Dacke War 1543 -- 1550 Rough Wooing 1546 -- 1547 Schmalkaldic War 1549 Kett 's Rebellion 1549 Prayer Book Rebellion 1550 Battle of Sauðafell 1552 -- 1555 Second Margrave War 1554 Wyatt 's rebellion 1554 -- 1557 Russo - Swedish War 1558 -- 1583 Livonian War 1560 Siege of Leith 1562 -- 1598 French Wars of Religion 1563 -- 1570 Northern Seven Years ' War 1565 Great Siege of Malta 1566 Siege of Szigetvár 1568 -- 1570 Morisco Revolt 1568 -- 1648 Eighty Years ' War 1569 -- 1570 Rising of the North 1569 -- 1573 First Desmond Rebellion 1573 Croatian -- Slovene Peasant Revolt 1578 Georgian - Ottoman War 1579 -- 1583 Second Desmond Rebellion 1580 -- 1583 War of the Portuguese Succession 1583 -- 1588 Cologne War 1585 -- 1604 Anglo - Spanish War 1588 -- 1654 Dutch -- Portuguese War 1587 -- 1588 War of the Polish Succession 1590 -- 1595 Russo - Swedish War 1593 Battle of Sisak 1593 -- 1606 Long Turkish War 1593 -- 1617 Moldavian Magnate Wars 1594 -- 1603 Nine Years ' War ( Ireland ) 1595 -- 1621 Moldavian Magnate Wars 1596 -- 1597 Cudgel War 1598 -- 1599 War against Sigismund 17th century ( edit ) Siege of Breda , 1624 Action at La Hogue , 1692 1600 -- 1629 Polish -- Swedish War 1602 Savoyard escalade of Geneva 1605 -- 1618 Polish -- Muscovite War 1606 -- 1607 Bolotnikov Rebellion 1606 -- 1608 Zebrzydowski Rebellion 1610 -- 1617 Ingrian War 1611 -- 1613 Kalmar War 1615 -- 1618 Uskok War 1618 -- 1648 Thirty Years ' War 1618 -- 1639 Bündner Wirren 1620 -- 1621 Polish -- Ottoman War 1625 Zhmaylo Uprising 1627 -- 1629 Anglo - French War 1628 -- 1631 War of the Mantuan Succession 1630 Fedorovych Uprising 1632 -- 1634 Smolensk War 1637 Pavlyuk Uprising 1638 Ostryanyn Uprising 1639 -- 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1640 -- 1668 Portuguese Restoration War 1648 -- 1657 Khmelnytsky Uprising 1651 Kostka - Napierski Uprising 1651 -- 1986 Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years ' War 1652 -- 1674 Anglo - Dutch Wars 1653 Swiss peasant war of 1653 1654 First Bremian War 1654 -- 1667 Russo -- Polish War 1655 -- 1660 Second Northern War 1656 War of Villmergen 1663 -- 1664 Austro - Turkish War 1666 Second Bremian War 1666 -- 1671 Polish -- Cossack -- Tatar War 1667 -- 1668 War of Devolution 1670 -- 1671 Razin 's Rebellion 1672 First Kuruc Uprising 1672 -- 1678 Franco - Dutch War 1672 -- 1673 Second Genoese -- Savoyard War 1675 -- 1679 Scanian War 1676 -- 1681 Russo - Turkish War 1679 Covenanter Rebellion 1683 -- 1684 War of the Reunions 1683 -- 1699 Great Turkish War 1685 Monmouth Rebellion 1688 -- 1697 Nine Years ' War 1689 -- 1692 First Jacobite Rising 18th century ( edit ) Battle of Denain , 1712 Battle of Fontenoy , 1745 Great Siege of Gibraltar , 1779 -- 83 1700 Lithuanian Civil War 1700 -- 1721 Great Northern War 1701 -- 1713 War of the Spanish Succession 1703 -- 1711 Rákóczi 's War of Independence 1707 -- 1708 Bulavin Rebellion 1712 Toggenburg War 1714 -- 1718 Ottoman - Venetian War 1715 -- 1716 Jacobite rising of 1715 1716 -- 1718 Austro - Turkish War 1718 -- 1720 War of the Quadruple Alliance 1722 -- 1723 Russo - Persian War 1727 -- 1729 Anglo - Spanish War 1733 -- 1738 War of the Polish Succession 1735 -- 1739 Russo - Turkish War 1737 -- 1739 Austro - Turkish War 1740 -- 1748 War of the Austrian Succession 1740 -- 1763 Silesian Wars 1741 -- 1743 Russo - Swedish War 1745 -- 1746 Jacobite rising of 1745 1756 -- 1763 Seven Years ' War 1757 Georgian - Ottoman Battle 1763 -- 1864 Russo - Circassian War 1768 -- 1772 War of the Bar Confederation 1768 -- 1774 Russo -- Turkish War 1770 Georgian -- Ottoman Battle 1770 Orlov Revolt 1774 -- 1775 Pugachev 's Rebellion 1775 -- 1783 American Revolutionary War 1778 -- 1779 War of the Bavarian Succession 1784 Kettle War 1784 -- 1785 Revolt of Horea , Cloșca and Crișan 1785 Battle of the Sunja 1787 Dutch Patriot Revolt 1787 -- 1792 Russo - Turkish War 1788 -- 1791 Austro - Turkish War 1788 -- 1790 Russo - Swedish War 1790 Saxon Peasants ' Revolt 1792 Polish -- Russian War of 1792 1792 -- 1802 French Revolutionary Wars 1794 Kościuszko Uprising 1795 Battle of Krtsanisi 1798 Irish Rebellion of 1798 1798 Peasants ' War 19th century ( edit ) Battle of Marengo , 1800 Napoléon at the Battle of Austerlitz ( 1805 ) , by François Pascal Simon , Baron Gérard Battle of Akhalzic ( 1828 ) , by January Suchodolski Napoleon III at the Battle of Solferino ( 1859 ) , by Jean - Louis - Ernest Meissonier The Sea Battle of Lissa by Carl Frederik Sørensen , 1868 1803 Irish Rebellion of 1803 1803 Souliote War 1803 -- 1815 Napoleonic Wars 1804 -- 1813 First Serbian Uprising 1804 -- 1813 Russo - Persian War 1806 -- 1812 Russo - Turkish War 1808 -- 1809 Finnish War 1809 Polish -- Austrian War 1815 -- 1817 Second Serbian Uprising 1817 -- 1864 Russian conquest of the Caucasus 1821 -- 1832 Greek War of Independence 1821 Wallachian uprising 1823 French invasion of Spain 1826 -- 1828 Russo - Persian War 1827 War of the Malcontents 1828 -- 1829 Russo - Turkish War 1828 -- 1834 Liberal Wars 1830 Ten Days ' Campaign ( following the Belgian Revolution ) 1830 -- 1831 November Uprising 1831 Canut revolts 1831 -- 1832 Bosnian Uprising 1831 -- 1836 Tithe War 1832 War in the Vendée and Chouannerie of 1832 1832 June Rebellion 1833 -- 1839 First Carlist War 1833 -- 1839 Albanian Revolts of 1833 -- 39 1843 -- 1844 Albanian Revolt of 1843 -- 44 1846 Galician slaughter 1846 -- 1849 Second Carlist War 1847 Albanian Revolt of 1847 1847 Sonderbund War 1848 -- 1849 Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence 1848 -- 1851 First Schleswig War 1848 -- 1849 First Italian War of Independence 1853 -- 1856 Crimean War 1854 Epirus Revolt of 1854 1858 Mahtra War 1859 Second Italian War of Independence 1861 -- 62 Montenegrin -- Ottoman War ( 1861 -- 62 ) 1863 -- 1864 January Uprising 1864 Second Schleswig War 1866 Austro - Prussian War 1866 -- 1869 Cretan Revolt 1866 Third Italian War of Independence 1867 Fenian Rising 1870 -- 1871 Franco - Prussian War 1872 -- 1876 Third Carlist War 1873 -- 1874 Cantonal Revolution 1875 -- 77 Herzegovina Uprising ( 1875 -- 77 ) 1876 -- 78 Serbian -- Ottoman War ( 1876 -- 78 ) 1876 -- 78 Montenegrin -- Ottoman War ( 1876 -- 78 ) 1877 -- 1878 Russo - Turkish War 1878 Epirus Revolt of 1878 1885 Serbo - Bulgarian War 1897 Greco - Turkish War 20th century ( edit ) Explosion of the Hawthorn Ridge mine , 1 July 1916 , marked the beginning of the Battle of the Somme . Republican International Brigadiers at the Battle of Belchite , 1937 German Stuka dive bombers in the Eastern Front ( World War II ) 1941 -- 45 A Soviet IS - 2 tank in Leipzig during the 1953 East Germany Uprising Icelandic patrol ship ICGV Odinn and British frigate HMS Scylla clash during the Second Cod War A `` Sniper at work '' sign in Crossmaglen , a symbol of the IRA sniper campaign in South Armagh during the last stages of the Northern Ireland Troubles UNPROFOR troops on their way up `` Sniper Alley '' in Sarajevo during the Bosnian War A Russian helicopter downed by Chechen militants , during the First Chechen War The Russian Army 's Vostok Battalion in South Ossetia 1903 Ilinden -- Preobrazhenie Uprising 1904 -- 1908 Macedonian Struggle 1904 -- 1905 Russo - Japanese War 1905 Łódź insurrection 1905 Revolution of 1905 1906 -- 1908 Theriso revolt 1907 1907 Romanian Peasants ' Revolt 1910 Albanian Revolt of 1910 1910 5 October 1910 revolution 1910 Portuguese Monarchist Civil War 1911 Albanian Revolt of 1911 1911 -- 1912 Italo - Turkish War 1912 -- 1913 Balkan Wars 1912 -- 1913 First Balkan War 1913 Second Balkan War 1913 Tikveš Uprising 1913 Ohrid -- Debar Uprising 1914 Peasant Revolt in Albania 1914 -- 1918 World War I 1916 Noemvriana 1917 Toplica Uprising 1918 Judenburg mutiny 1918 Cattaro Mutiny 1918 Aster Revolution 1918 Radomir Rebellion 1918 Finnish Civil War 1916 Easter Rising 1917 Russian Revolution 1917 February Revolution 1917 July Days 1917 Polubotkivtsi uprising 1917 Kornilov affair 1917 October Revolution 1917 Junker mutiny 1917 Kerensky -- Krasnov uprising 1917 -- 1921 Russian Civil War 1917 -- 1918 Soviet - Turkish War ( 1917 -- 1918 ) 1917 -- 1921 Ukrainian War of Independence 1917 -- 1921 Ukrainian -- Soviet War 1918 -- 1919 Polish -- Ukrainian War 1918 -- 1924 Left - wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks 1918 Left SR uprising 1921 Kronstadt rebellion 1918 -- 1922 Heimosodat 1918 -- 1920 Estonian War of Independence 1918 Viena expedition 1918 Aunus expedition 1918 -- 1920 Petsamo expeditions 1918 -- 1920 National revolt of Ingrian Finns 1921 -- 1922 East Karelian Uprising 1918 -- 1925 Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 1918 -- 1920 North Russia Intervention 1918 -- 1922 Siberian Intervention 1918 Georgian -- Armenian War 1918 -- 1920 Georgian -- Ossetian conflict ( 1918 -- 20 ) 1918 -- 1919 Georgian - Russian conflict over Sochi 1918 -- 1920 Armenian -- Azerbaijani War 1918 -- 1920 Latvian War of Independence 1918 -- 1920 Lithuanian Wars of Independence 1918 -- 1919 Lithuanian -- Soviet War 1919 Lithuanian War of Independence ( War against the Bermontians ) 1920 Polish -- Lithuanian War 1919 -- 1921 Polish -- Soviet War 1921 Georgian -- Russian War 1924 Georgian Uprising against Soviet Union 1919 -- 1920 Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) 1918 -- 1919 Hungarian -- Romanian War 1919 Sejny Uprising 1919 Khotin Uprising 1918 Georgian -- Turkish War 1918 -- 1919 Austro - Slovene conflict in Carinthia 1918 -- 1958 Polish -- Czechoslovak border conflicts 1919 Polish - Czech war for Teschen Silesia 1918 -- 1919 German Revolution 1918 -- 1919 Greater Poland Uprising 1919 -- 1923 Turkish War of Independence 1919 -- 1922 Greco - Turkish War 1918 -- 1921 Franco - Turkish War 1920 Turkish -- Armenian War 1919 -- 1923 Loyalist and separatist revolts 1919 Christmas Uprising 1919 -- 1920 Italo - Yugoslav War 1919 -- 1920 Czechoslovakia -- Hungary War 1919 -- 1921 Silesian Uprisings 1919 First Silesian Uprising 1920 Second Silesian Uprising 1921 Third Silesian Uprising 1919 -- 1922 Irish War of Independence 1920 Husino rebellion 1920 Vlora War 1920 Kapp Putsch 1920 Ruhr Uprising 1920 Slutsk Defence Action 1920 -- 1924 Biennio Rosso 1921 Uprising in West Hungary 1921 February Uprising 1922 -- 1923 Irish Civil War 1923 Corfu incident 1923 September Uprising 1923 Klaipėda Revolt 1923 Leonardopoulos -- Gargalidis coup d'état attempt 1924 1924 Estonian coup d'état attempt 1924 August Uprising 1925 Incident at Petrich 1932 Mäntsälä rebellion 1933 Casas Viejas incident 1933 Anarchist uprising in Spain ( 1933 ) 1934 Asturian miners ' strike of 1934 1934 Austrian Civil War 1935 1935 Greek coup d'état attempt 1936 -- 1939 Spanish Civil War 1938 1938 Greek coup d'état attempt 1939 Hungarian Invasion of the Carpatho - Ukraine 1939 -- 1965 Spanish Maquis 1939 -- 1945 World War II 1939 Nazi German invasion of Poland 1939 Soviet invasion of Poland 1939 -- 1940 Winter War ( Soviet invasion of Finland ) 1940 Soviet invasion of the Baltic States 1940 -- 1941 Greco - Italian War 1941 -- 1945 Soviet -- German War 1941 -- 1944 Continuation War 1942 -- 1956 Ukrainian Insurgent Army 1944 Slovak National Uprising 1944 Warsaw Uprising 1944 -- 1956 Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 1945 -- 1949 Greek Civil War 1947 -- 1962 Romanian anti-communist resistance movement 1953 Uprising in East Germany 1956 Uprising in Poznań 1956 Hungarian Revolution 1956 -- 1962 Operation Harvest 1958 Opération Corse 1958 First Cod War 1959 -- 2011 Basque conflict 1967 Greek coup d'état 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 1968 -- 1998 The Troubles 1970 -- 1984 Unrest in Italy 1972 Bugojno group 1972 -- 1973 Second Cod War 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus 1974 Carnation Revolution 1975 -- 1976 Third Cod War 1975 Portuguese coup d'état attempt 1976 -- present Corsican Insurgency 1981 Spanish coup d'état attempt 1988 -- 1994 Nagorno - Karabakh War 1989 Romanian Revolution 1990 -- 1991 Soviet attacks on Lithuanian border posts 1991 January Events 1991 The Barricades 1991 Ten - Day War ( Slovenia ) 1991 -- 1992 Georgian war against Russo - Ossetian alliance 1991 -- 1993 Georgian Civil War 1991 -- 1995 Croatian War of Independence 1992 Transnistria War 1992 East Prigorodny Conflict 1992 -- 1993 First Georgian war against Russo - Abkhazian alliance 1992 -- 1995 Bosnian War 1993 Cherbourg incident 1993 Russian constitutional crisis 1994 -- 1996 First Chechen War 1995 -- 1996 Imia / Kardak military crisis 1997 -- 1998 Cyprus Missile Crisis 1997 Albanian civil war of 1997 1998 -- 1999 Kosovo War 1998 -- present Dissident Irish Republican campaign 1998 Second Georgian war against Russian - Abkhazian alliance 1999 War of Dagestan 1999 -- 2009 Second Chechen War 1999 -- 2001 Insurgency in the Preševo Valley 21st century ( edit ) 2001 Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia 2002 Perejil Island crisis 2004 -- 2013 Unrest in Kosovo 2004 unrest in Kosovo 2008 unrest in Kosovo 2011 -- 2013 North Kosovo crisis 2004 Georgia , Adjara crisis 2006 Georgia , Kodori crisis 2007 -- 2015 Civil war in Ingushetia 2008 Russia -- Georgia war 2009 -- 2017 Insurgency in the North Caucasus 2013 -- 2014 Euromaidan and pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine 2014 Crimean crisis 2014 -- present War in Donbass 2015 Kumanovo clashes Ongoing conflicts ( edit ) Ongoing conflicts in Europe Conflict Part of Date started Duration Dissident Irish Republican campaign 10 / 04 / 1998 20 years , 1 month , 2 weeks and 6 days War in Donbass Cold War II Euromaidan Pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Russian military intervention in Ukraine 06 / 04 / 2014 4 years , 1 month , 3 weeks and 3 days Corsican Insurgency - ... 04 / 05 / 1976 42 years , 3 weeks and 5 days See also ( edit ) Outline of war § History of war -- a complete global listing List of conflicts in North America List of conflicts in Central America List of conflicts in South America List of conflicts in Africa List of conflicts in Asia List of conflicts in the Near East List of conflicts in the Middle East List of wars involving Rome List of wars involving England and France List of wars in Great Britain and in Ireland References ( edit ) Lists of wars involving European countries Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Battle of Goychay Battle of Aghsu Battle of Kyurdamir Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Category Portal World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Gorky Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 -- 1991 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Soviet prisoners of war in Finland Bibliography Category Portal Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Apartheid Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations USSR -- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia -- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Category Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Post -- Cold War European conflicts Eastern Europe Transnistria War ( 1992 ) Russian constitutional crisis ( 1993 ) Moldova civil unrest ( 2009 ) Ukrainian revolution ( 2013 - 14 ) Russian military intervention in Ukraine ( 2014 -- ) Annexation of Crimea ( 2014 ) War in Donbas ( 2014 - ) Western Europe Basque conflict ( 1959 -- 2011 ) The Troubles ( 1968 -- 1998 ) Dissident Irish Republican Campaign ( 1998 -- present ) France - ISIL conflict ( 2014 -- present ) Yugoslav Wars Ten - Day War ( 1991 ) Croatian War of Independence ( 1991 -- 95 ) Bosnian War ( 1992 -- 95 ) Croat -- Bosniak War ( 1992 -- 94 ) Southeastern Europe ( after Yugoslav Wars ) Albanian Rebellion ( 1997 ) Kosovo War ( 1998 -- 99 ) Albania -- Yugoslav border incident ( April 1999 ) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia ( 2001 ) 2004 unrest in Kosovo Macedonian inter-ethnic violence ( 2012 ) North Caucasus East Prigorodny Conflict ( 1992 ) Chechen -- Russian conflict ( 1785 -- 2017 ) First Chechen War ( 1994 -- 96 ) War of Dagestan ( 1999 ) Second Chechen War ( 1999 -- 2009 ) War in Ingushetia ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Insurgency in the North Caucasus ( 2009 -- 2017 ) South Caucasus South Ossetia War ( 1991 -- 92 ) Georgian Civil War ( 1991 -- 93 ) Abkhaz -- Georgian conflict ( 1989 -- present ) Wars in Abkhazia 1992 -- 93 1998 Pankisi Gorge crisis ( 2002 -- 04 ) Russia -- Georgia War ( 2008 ) Nagorno - Karabakh conflict ( 1988 -- present ) Nagorno - Karabakh War ( 1988 -- 94 ) 2016 clashes Abkhazian Revolution ( 2014 ) Related topics Colour revolutions War on Terror Asian conflicts African conflicts Conflicts in the Americas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_conflicts_in_Europe&oldid=843624590 '' Categories : Lists of wars by region History of Europe Lists of events in Europe Military history of Europe Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from September 2012 All articles lacking sources Incomplete lists from August 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Slovenčina Српски / srpski Svenska Тоҷикӣ Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 10 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20conflicts%20in%20Europe

where is the blarney stone located in the castle

The Blarney Stone ( Irish : Cloch na Blarnan ) is a block of Carboniferous limestone built into the battlements of Blarney Castle , Blarney , about 8 kilometres ( 5 mi ) from Cork , Ireland . According to legend , kissing the stone endows the kisser with the gift of the gab ( great eloquence or skill at flattery ) . The stone was set into a tower of the castle in 1446 . The castle is a popular tourist site in Ireland , attracting visitors from all over the world to kiss the stone and tour the castle and its gardens .

the battlements of Blarney Castle , Blarney

Blarney stone

blarney stone

The Blarney Stone ( Irish : Cloch na Blarnan ) is a block of Carboniferous limestone built into the battlements of Blarney Castle , Blarney , about 8 kilometres ( 5 mi ) from Cork , Ireland . According to legend , kissing the stone endows the kisser with the gift of the gab ( great eloquence or skill at flattery ) . The stone was set into a tower of the castle in 1446 . The castle is a popular tourist site in Ireland , attracting visitors from all over the world to kiss the stone and tour the castle and its gardens .

The word blarney has come to mean `` clever , flattering , or coaxing talk '' . Irish politician John O'Connor Power defined it this way : `` Blarney is something more than mere flattery . It is flattery sweetened by humour and flavoured by wit . Those who mix with Irish folk have many examples of it in their everyday experience . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Ritual 3 Legend 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Origins ( edit ) A number of stories attempt to explain the origin of the stone and surrounding legend . An early story involves the goddess Clíodhna . Cormac Laidir McCarthy , the builder of Blarney Castle , being involved in a lawsuit in the 15th century , appealed to Clíodhna for her assistance . She told McCarthy to kiss the first stone he found in the morning on his way to court , and he did so , with the result that he pleaded his case with great eloquence and won . Thus the Blarney Stone is said to impart `` the ability to deceive without offending '' . MacCarthy then incorporated it into the parapet of the castle . View of the Blarney Stone from the ground The proprietors of Blarney Castle list several other explanations of the origins of the stone on their website . Many of these suppose that the stone had previously been in Ireland , was taken to Scotland and then returned to Ireland in 1314 . The stories listed include one suggesting that the stone was presented to Cormac McCarthy by Robert the Bruce in 1314 in recognition of his support in the Battle of Bannockburn . This legend holds that this was a piece of the Stone of Scone and was installed at McCarthy 's castle of Blarney . Although colourful , this folk legend does not account for the fact that it supposes that the stone was removed from Scotland 18 years before Bannockburn , and modern analysis suggests that the stone is not related to the Stone of Scone . Ritual ( edit ) Person kissing the Blarney Stone The ritual of kissing the Blarney Stone , according to the castle 's proprietors , has been performed by `` millions of people '' , including `` world statesmen , literary giants ( and ) legends of the silver screen '' . The kiss , however , is not casually achieved . To touch the stone with one 's lips , the participant must ascend to the castle 's peak , then lean over backwards on the parapet 's edge . This is traditionally achieved with the help of an assistant . Although the parapet is now fitted with wrought - iron guide rails and protective crossbars , the ritual can still trigger attacks of acrophobia , an extreme or irrational fear of heights . Kissing the stone in 1897 , before the safeguards were installed . Before the safeguards were installed , the kiss was performed with real risk to life and limb , as participants were grasped by the ankles and dangled bodily from the height . In the Sherlock Holmes radio dramatisation `` The Adventure of the Blarney Stone '' ( first broadcast on 18 March 1946 ) , a man attempting to kiss the Blarney Stone falls to his death . Holmes ' investigation reveals this as a murder , the man 's boots having been surreptitiously greased before the attempt . William Henry Hurlbert wrote in 1888 that the legend of the stone seemed to be less than a hundred years old at that time , suggesting the tradition began late in the 18th century . The legend of the Blarney Stone was described in A classical dictionary of the vulgar tongue by Francis Grose , printed 1785 . Legend ( edit ) It is claimed that the synonymy of `` blarney '' with `` empty flattery '' or `` beguiling talk '' derives from one of two sources . One story involves the goddess Clíodhna and Cormac Laidir MacCarthy ( see `` Origins '' above ) . Another legend suggests that Queen Elizabeth I requested Cormac Teige McCarthy , the Lord of Blarney , be deprived of his traditional land rights . Cormac travelled to see the queen , but was certain he would not persuade her to change her mind as he was n't an effective speaker . He met an old woman on the way who told him that anyone who kissed a particular stone in Blarney Castle would be given the gift of eloquent speech . Cormac went on to persuade the queen that he should not be deprived of his land . ' Tis there 's the stone that whoever kisses He never misses to grow eloquent ; ' Tis he may clamber to a lady 's chamber , Or become a member of Parliament . `` A noble spouter he 'll sure turn out , or An out and outer to be let alone ; Do n't try to hinder him , or to bewilder him , For he is a pilgrim from the Blarney stone . '' Francis Sylvester Mahony Echoing the supposed power of the stone , an Irish bard of the early 19th century , Francis Sylvester Mahony , added a number of ( humorous ) lines to Richard Alfred Millikin 's `` The Groves of Blarney '' ( right ) . According to tradition at Texas Tech University , a stone fragment on display since 1939 outside the old Electrical Engineering Building is a missing piece of the Blarney Stone . How this was determined is unknown . See also ( edit ) Answering Stone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mystery of Blarney Stone 's heritage finally solved '' . The Guardian . 16 March 2014 . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . Jump up ^ ' Irish Wit and Humour ' , John O'Connor Power , Time , 1890 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ James MacKillop , A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology . Oxford . pp. 43 -- 44 , 91 Jump up ^ Patricia Monaghan , The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore . New York : Facts On File . 2004 . pp. 48 , 91 Jump up ^ Irish Pedigrees : MacCarthy , Lords of Muskry # 119 Jump up ^ Richard Marsh , Elan Penn , Frank McCourt , The Legends & Lands of Ireland . Penn Publishing . pp. 107 -- 110 ^ Jump up to : `` The Blarney Stone '' . Blarney Castle website . Archived from the original on 30 August 2010 . Retrieved 11 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Castleden , Rodney ( 2006 ) . Castles of the celtic lands : the historic castles of Ireland , Scotland and Wales . Barnes & Noble . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 7937 - 6 . Jump up ^ Varner , Gary R. ( 2004 ) . Menhirs , dolmen , and circles of stone : the folklore and magic of sacred stone . Algora Publishing . p. 61 . ISBN 0 - 87586 - 349 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dunton , Larkin ( 1896 ) . The World and Its People . Silver , Burdett . p. 84 . Jump up ^ Hurlbert , William Henry ( 1888 ) . Ireland Under Coercion : The Diary of an American ( 2nd ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin . p. 232 . Jump up ^ Grose , Francis `` A classical dictionary of the vulgar tongue '' S. Hooper , London , 1785 . Retrieved 23 December 2010 Jump up ^ `` Irish Blessings - Legend of the Blarney Stone '' . Jump up ^ `` Fun stories '' . Blarney Castle website . Archived from the original on 21 July 2008 . Retrieved 11 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Martin , Cindy ( March -- April 1987 ) . `` The Blarney Stone ... at Texas Tech ? '' ( pdf ) . Texas Techsan . Lubbock , Texas : Texas Tech Alumni Association . p. 25 . , also cited in `` Blarney Stone '' . Texas Tech University . Retrieved 10 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Ritz , Jennifer . `` This is Texas Tech '' ( PDF ) . Texas Techsan Magazine . Texas Tech Alumni Association : 7 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2014 - 07 - 25 . Further reading ( edit ) Samuel , Mark ; Hamlyn , Kate ( 2007 ) . Blarney Castle : Its History , Development and Purpose . Cork University . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85918 - 411 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Official Website ( Blarney Castle ) Photos and Description Coordinates : 51 ° 55 ′ 45 '' N 8 ° 34 ′ 14 '' W  /  51.929091 ° N 8.570564 ° W  / 51.929091 ; - 8.570564 Mac Cárthaigh General Eóganachta Eóganacht Chaisil King of Munster King of Desmond Lord of Kerslawny Lord of Coshmaing Lord of Molahiffe Earl of Clancarty Viscount Muskerry Count of Toulouse Senchas Fagbála Caisil Caithréim Chellacháin Chaisil Mac Carthaigh 's Book Book of Lismore Blarney Stone Early progenitors Óengus mac Nad Froích Feidlimid mac Óengusa Faílbe Flann mac Áedo Duib Colgú mac Faílbe Flaind Nad Froích mac Colgú Cellachán Caisil Donnchad mac Cellacháin Mac Cárthaigh Mór Cárthach mac Saorbhreathach Muireadach mac Carthaig Tadg Mac Carthaig Cormac Mac Carthaig Donnchad Mac Carthaig Dermod Mór na Cill Baghain MacCarthy Donal Mór na Corra MacCarthy Cormac Fionn MacCarthy Donal Roe MacCarthy Mór Donogh Carrthain MacCarthy Tadhg na Mainistreach Mac Carthaigh Mór Domhnall an Dana MacCarthy Tadgh Liath MacCarthy Domhnall an Druiminin MacCarthy Domhnall MacCarthy Charles MacCarthy Liam Trant MacCarthy Mac Cárthaigh Riabhach Donal Gott MacCarthy Fínghin Mac Carthaigh Finghin MacCarthy Reagh Donal MacCarthy Reagh Thaddeus McCarthy Florence MacCarthy Owen MacCarthy Reagh Cormac na Haoine MacCarthy Reagh Donal of the Pipes MacCarthy Teige - an - Duna MacCarthy Nicholas Tuite MacCarthy Mac Cárthaigh Múscraí Dermod Mór MacCarthy Donough I MacCarty Charles MacCarty Justin MacCarthy Donough II MacCarty Robert MacCarty Places Cashel Desmond Carbery Muskerry Duhallow Macroom Mangerton Mountain Bansha Rock of Cashel Blarney Castle Kinsmen McAuliffe O'Callaghan O'Sullivan McGillycuddy of the Reeks Superstition Main topics Amulet Evil eye Luck Omen Talismans Religion Myth and ritual Efficacy of prayer Lists List of superstitions List of lucky symbols List of unlucky symbols Sailors ' superstitions Theatrical superstitions Africa Buda Gris - gris Sampy Sleeping child Americas Ascalapha odorata Carranca Curupira Djucu Fortune cookie I'noGo tied White lighter myth Witch window Asia Superstition in India list Superstition in Pakistan Japanese superstitions Bhoot ( ghost ) Chhaupadi Churel Ghosts in Bengali culture Jackal 's horn Muhurta Navaratna Nazar battu Pichal Peri Puppy pregnancy syndrome Akabeko Kanai Anzen Maneki - neko Okiagari - koboshi Omamori Fan death Agimat Albularyo Barang Kulam Lihi Pagtatawas Pasma Usog Kuman Thong Palad khik Takrut Nang Kwak Curse of 39 Jin Chan Numbers in Chinese culture Russian traditions and superstitions Superstitions of Malaysian Chinese Europe Barbary macaques in Gibraltar Blarney Stone Cimaruta Cornicello Goodman 's Croft In bocca al lupo Kitchen witch Nazar Painted pebbles Rabbit rabbit rabbit Ravens of the Tower of London Spilling water for luck Troll cross Tycho Brahe days Witch post Wolfssegen General 11 : 11 4 ( Four - leaf clover , Tetraphobia ) 7 ( Seventh son of a seventh son ) 8 9 13 ( Friday the 13th , The Thirteen Club , Thirteenth floor , Triskaidekaphobia ) 108 111 666 ( Number of the Beast ) Ace of spades Auspicious wedding date Baseball superstition Bayern - luck Beginner 's luck Black cat Bread and butter Break a leg Chain letter Cooties Cramp - ring Curse Davy Jones ' Locker End - of - the - day betting effect Fear of frogs Fear of ghosts First - foot Flying Dutchman Four Eleven Forty Four Gambler 's conceit Good luck charm Groundhog Day Himmelsbrief Human sacrifice Jinx Klabautermann Knocking on wood Law of contagion Literomancy Lock of hair Maternal impression Miasma theory Mooncalf Need - fire Nelson Night air Oscar love curse Penny Powder of sympathy Rabbit 's foot Rainmaking The Scottish Play Ship sponsor Shoes on a table Sign of the horns Something old Spilling salt Susto Three on a match Threshold Toi toi toi Wishing well Witch ball Witching hour Related Apotropaic magic Astrology and science Coincidence Debunker Divination Folk religion Fortune - telling Magic and religion Magical thinking Numerology Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena Post hoc ergo propter hoc Taboo Traditional medicine Urban legend Young Earth creationism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blarney_Stone&oldid=799063435 '' Categories : Stones Clíodhna Irish folklore Limestone MacCarthy dynasty Superstitions of Ireland Tourist attractions in County Cork Hidden categories : EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles containing Irish - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Nederlands Polski Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 12 : 06 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blarney%20Stone

what's the meaning of the name julie

Julie is a popular Latin first name which originally comes from the Latin Julia which could mean youthful , soft - haired , beautiful or vivacious . It is the feminine form of Julius , and can be a pet form of Julia , or Juliette .

Julie ( given name )

julie ( given name )

Julie is a popular Latin first name which originally comes from the Latin Julia which could mean youthful , soft - haired , beautiful or vivacious . It is the feminine form of Julius , and can be a pet form of Julia , or Juliette .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Popularity 2 History 3 People 4 Alternative spellings and translations 4.1 Rare spelling 5 References 6 See also Popularity ( edit ) Julie has perpetually been one of the most popular female names used in the United States . According to the United States ' Social Security Administration , Julie was consistently in the top one - hundred registered female names in the forty years between 1951 and 1991 ; peaking at # 10 in 1971 . Additionally , a variation of the name Julie , Julia has been in the top one - hundred since 1980 . Julie has also been a popular given name in some European countries . In the most recently available statistics , the name was the fourth most popular female name in Belgium in 2005 and ninth most popular in Denmark in the first half of 2005 . In France , the name was only mildly popular in the beginning of the 20th century and its usage nearly disappeared between 1940 and 1970 . It then suddenly soared to previously unknown heights , reaching its peak in 1987 when 9,908 Julies were born . It was the 17th most popular name in 2006 . Julie may be given to males as well , though mostly as a second or third given name . In 2006 , 204 Frenchmen had Julie among their given names . History ( edit ) The first appearance of Julie in a popular non-French literary work occurred with Swedish playwright August Strindberg 's tragedy Miss Julie in 1888 . As it became one of the most widely performed plays in the English - speaking world , the choice of Julie as a name expanded along with it . People ( edit ) Mononyms : Julie ( Julie Berthelsen ) , a Greenland pop singer and songwriter Julie ( Kenji Sawada ) , a Japanese pop singer , composer and actor Given name : Julie Adams ( born 1926 ) , an American actress Julie Andrews ( born 1935 ) , an English actress , singer , director and author Julie Archoska ( 1905 -- 1972 ) , an American football player Julie Benz ( born 1972 ) , an American TV actress Saint Julie Billiart ( 1751 -- 1816 ) , a French nun Julie Bishop ( born 1956 ) , a deputy leader of the Liberal Party of Australia Julie Bowen ( born 1970 ) , an American TV actress Julie Burchill ( born 1959 ) , an English writer and columnist Julie Chen ( born 1970 ) , an American television news anchor and producer Julie Christie ( born 1941 ) , a British actress Julie Chu ( born 1982 ) , American ice hockey player Julie Clarke ( born 1971 ) , a Playboy Playmate of the Month for March 1991 Julie Coin ( born 1982 ) , a French tennis player Julie Czerneda ( born 1955 ) , a Canadian author Julie Dawn Cole ( born 1955 ) , English television , film and stage actress Julie Delpy ( born 1969 ) , a French - American actress , director , screenwriter and singer - songwriter Julie Dickson , a Canadian public servant Julie Ditty ( born 1979 ) , an American tennis player Julie Nixon Eisenhower ( born 1948 ) , a daughter of ex-President Richard Nixon Julie Feeney , an Irish singer and composer Julie Foudy ( born 1971 ) , an American soccer player Julie Fowlis , a Scottish singer and composer Julie Goodyear ( born 1942 ) , an English TV actress Julie Halard - Decugis ( born 1970 ) , a Coin 's French compatriot and former tennis player Julie Harris ( 1925 -- 2013 ) , an American actress Julie Kavner ( born 1950 ) , an American actress best known as the voice of Marge Simpson Julie London ( 1926 -- 2000 ) , an American singer and actress Julie McNiven ( born 1980 ) , American actress Julie Mond , American actress Julie Newmar ( born 1933 ) , an American actress , dancer and singer Julie Payette ( born 1963 ) , a Canadian astronaut and engineer Julie Powell ( born 1973 ) , an American author Julie Pullin ( born 1975 ) , a British tennis player Julie Seitter , a voice talent for the `` Julie '' automated telephone reservation system used by Amtrak Julie Taymor ( born 1952 ) , an American director of theatre , opera and film Julie Vega ( 1968 -- 1985 ) , a Filipina child actress Julie Walters ( born 1950 ) , an English actress and novelist Julie White ( born 1967 ) , a British businesswoman Alternative spellings and translations ( edit ) Julia ( Latin ) , ( English ) , ( German ) , ( Interlingua ) , ( Polish ) , ( Bulgarian ) , ( Spanish ) Julie ( Czech , ( Danish ) , ( English ) , ( French ) , ( Norwegian ) Juliino ( Esperanto ) Giulia ( Italian ) Júlia ( Portuguese ) Júlia ( Catalan ) Júlia ( Hungarian ) July ( English ) Juli ( English ) Iulia or Ioulia ( Ιουλία ) ( Greek ) Julia Jorna , Jillie , Jennifer , Julia ( Swedish ) Juulia ( Finnish ) Yulia , Yulya , Yuliya ( Russian / Ukrainian ) Yula , Yuliya ( Assyrian ) Iulia , Iuliana ( Romanian ) Yulie ( Hebrew , Spanish ) Juri ( Japanese ) Rare spelling ( edit ) Jully , the given name of Canadian singer Jully Black Juleigh , the given name of a formalist poet Juleigh Howard - Hobson Jewellee References ( edit ) Jump up ^ United States Social Security Administration 's statistics on babynames Search terms : Julie and Julia . Retrieved 25 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Statistics Belgium . Voornamen van jongens en meisjes -- België , Vlaanderen , Wallonië en Brussel . Retrieved April 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Statistics Denmark . ( January 13 , 2006 ) . Fornavne for børn født i 1 . halvår 2005 . Retrieved April 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ females males Archived 2007 - 03 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . See also ( edit ) Julia ( given name ) Yulia Special : AllPages / Julie This page or section lists people that share the same given name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julie_(given_name)&oldid=814894890 '' Categories : Given names English feminine given names French feminine given names Given names of Greek language origin Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Esperanto Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Simple English Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 15 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie%20%28given%20name%29

when did the events of dunkirk take place

Battle of Dunkirk Part of the Battle of France in the Second World War British soldiers on the beaches under heavy strafing by German aircraft Date 26 May -- 4 June 1940 Location Dunkirk , France Result German tactical victory Success of Operation Dynamo Allies evacuate approx. 85 % of stranded troops Territorial changes Allied forces withdraw to Britain Belligerents United Kingdom British India France Morocco Poland Belgium Canada Netherlands Germany Commanders and leaders Lord Gort Maxime Weygand Georges Blanchard René Prioux J.M. Abrial Gerd von Rundstedt Ewald von Kleist ( Panzergruppe von Kleist ) Strength approx . 400,000 338,226 evacuated approx . 800,000 Casualties and losses ( Estimated ) 61,774 total killed and wounded British ~ 3,500 killed during the evacuation 63,879 vehicles including tanks and motorcycles 2,472 field guns 6 destroyers 23 destroyers damaged 89 transport ships 177 aircraft destroyed or damaged in total 127 belonged to RAF Fighter Command . French 35,000 captured 3 destroyers ( Estimated ) 20,000 killed and wounded 100 tanks 240 aircraft in theatre 156 aircraft on Dunkirk front Civilian casualties : 1,000 civilians killed during air raids

Battle of Dunkirk

battle of dunkirk

German tactical victory

Success of Operation Dynamo Allies evacuate approx. 85 % of stranded troops Territorial changes Allied forces withdraw to Britain Belligerents United Kingdom British India France Morocco Poland Belgium Canada Netherlands Germany Commanders and leaders Lord Gort Maxime Weygand Georges Blanchard René Prioux J.M. Abrial Gerd von Rundstedt Ewald von Kleist ( Panzergruppe von Kleist ) Strength approx . 400,000 338,226 evacuated approx . 800,000 Casualties and losses ( Estimated ) 61,774 total killed and wounded British ~ 3,500 killed during the evacuation 63,879 vehicles including tanks and motorcycles 2,472 field guns 6 destroyers 23 destroyers damaged 89 transport ships 177 aircraft destroyed or damaged in total 127 belonged to RAF Fighter Command . French 35,000 captured 3 destroyers ( Estimated ) 20,000 killed and wounded 100 tanks 240 aircraft in theatre 156 aircraft on Dunkirk front Civilian casualties : 1,000 civilians killed during air raids Western Front of World War II prelude 1939 Phoney War Saar The Heligoland Bight 1940 Luxembourg The Netherlands The Hague Rotterdam Zeeland German bombing of Rotterdam Belgium Fort Eben - Emael Hannut Gembloux La Lys France Sedan Montcornet Arras Lille Boulogne Calais Abbeville Paula Dunkirk Dunkirk evacuation Italian Invasion of France Saumur Britain Kanalkampf Adlertag The Hardest Day Battle of Britain Day Sea Lion 1942 -- 1943 Cerberus and Donnerkeil St Nazaire Raid Dieppe Raid 1944 -- 1945 Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Arnhem Hürtgen Forest Aachen Queen Scheldt Bulge Nordwind Bodenplatte Colmar Pocket Atlantic Pockets Invasion of Germany Strategic campaigns The Blitz Defence of the Reich Raids on the Atlantic Wall Battle of Atlantic Battle of France Battle of France Royal Marine Ardennes Sedan Montcornet Saumur Maginot Line Weygand Plan Montcornet Arras Boulogne Calais Dunkirk Wormhoudt Dynamo Abbeville Lille Paula Alps Fall Rot Cycle Ariel Fall Braun Battle of the Netherlands Maastricht The Hague Rotterdam Zeeland The Grebbeberg Afsluitdijk Rotterdam Blitz Battle of Belgium Fort Eben - Emael KW Line Dyle Plan Hannut Gembloux Canal Lys Invasion of Luxembourg Schuster Line The Battle of Dunkirk was a military operation that took place in Dunkirk ( Dunkerque ) , France , during the Second World War . The battle was fought between the Allies and Nazi Germany . As part of the Battle of France on the Western Front , the Battle of Dunkirk was the defence and evacuation to Britain of British and other Allied forces in Europe from 26 May to 4 June 1940 . After the Phoney War , the Battle of France began in earnest on 10 May 1940 . To the east , the German Army Group B invaded the Netherlands and advanced westward . In response , the Supreme Allied Commander -- French General Maurice Gamelin -- initiated `` Plan D '' and entered Belgium to engage the Germans in the Netherlands . The plan relied heavily on the Maginot Line fortifications along the German -- French border , but German forces had already crossed through most of the Netherlands before the French forces arrived . Gamelin instead committed the forces under his command , three mechanised armies , the French First and Seventh Armies and the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) , to the River Dyle . On 14 May , German Army Group A burst through the Ardennes and advanced rapidly to the west toward Sedan , then turned northward to the English Channel , using Generalfeldmarschall Erich von Manstein 's plan Sichelschnitt under the German strategy Fall Gelb , effectively flanking the Allied forces . A series of Allied counter-attacks -- including the Battle of Arras -- failed to sever the German spearhead , which reached the coast on 20 May , separating the BEF near Armentières , the French First Army , and the Belgian Army further to the north from the majority of French troops south of the German penetration . After reaching the Channel , the German forces swung north along the coast , threatening to capture the ports and trap the British and French before they could evacuate to Britain . In one of the most debated decisions of the war , the Germans halted their advance on Dunkirk . Contrary to popular belief , what became known as the `` Halt Order '' did not originate with Adolf Hitler . Generalobersten ( Colonel - Generals ) Gerd von Rundstedt and Günther von Kluge suggested that the German forces around the Dunkirk pocket should cease their advance on the port and consolidate to avoid an Allied breakout . Hitler sanctioned the order on 24 May with the support of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( OKW ) . The army was to halt for three days , which gave the Allies sufficient time to organise the Dunkirk evacuation and build a defensive line . Despite the Allies ' gloomy estimates of the situation , with some in Britain even discussing a conditional surrender to Germany , in the end more than 330,000 Allied troops were rescued . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prelude 2 Halt order 3 Battle 3.1 `` Fight back to the west '' 3.2 Battle of Wytschaete 3.3 Action at Poperinge 3.4 Belgian surrender 3.5 Defence of the perimeter 3.6 Retreat to Dunkirk 4 Evacuation 5 Aftermath 6 `` Dunkirk Spirit '' 7 Dunkirk Medal 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Citations 9.3 Bibliography 10 External links Prelude ( edit ) On 10 May 1940 , Winston Churchill became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . By 26 May , the BEF and the French 1st Army were bottled up in a corridor to the sea , about 60 mi ( 97 km ) deep and 15 -- 25 mi ( 24 -- 40 km ) wide . Most of the British forces were still around Lille , over 40 mi ( 64 km ) from Dunkirk , with the French further south . Two massive German armies flanked them . General Fedor von Bock 's Army Group B was to the east , and General Gerd von Rundstedt 's Army Group A to the west . Both officers were later promoted to field marshal . Halt order ( edit ) See also : Battle of Arras ( 1940 ) Quotes on the halt order During the following days ... it became known that Hitler 's decision was mainly influenced by Goering . To the dictator the rapid movement of the Army , whose risks and prospects of success he did not understand because of his lack of military schooling , became almost sinister . He was constantly oppressed by a feeling of anxiety that a reversal loomed ... -- Halder , in a letter of July 1957 . Major L.F. Ellis wrote : The day 's entry concludes with the remark : `` The task of Army Group A can be considered to have been completed in the main '' -- a view which further explains Rundstedt 's reluctance to employ his armoured divisions in the final clearing - up stage of this first phase of the campaign . Halder wrote in his diary on 30 May : `` Brauchitsch is angry ... The pocket would have been closed at the coast if only our armour had not been held back . The bad weather has grounded the Luftwaffe and we must now stand and watch countless thousands of the enemy get away to England right under our noses . '' On 24 May , Hitler visited General von Rundstedt 's headquarters at Charleville . The terrain around Dunkirk was thought unsuitable for armour . Von Rundstedt advised him the infantry should attack the British forces at Arras , where the British had proved capable of significant action , while Kleist 's armour held the line west and south of Dunkirk to pounce on the Allied forces retreating before Army Group B. Hitler , who was familiar with Flanders ' marshes from the First World War , agreed . This order allowed the Germans to consolidate their gains and prepare for a southward advance against the remaining French forces . Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring asked for the chance to destroy the forces in Dunkirk . The Allied forces ' destruction was thus initially assigned to the air force while the German infantry organised in Army Group B. Von Rundstedt later called this `` one of the great turning points of the war . '' The true reason for the decision to halt the German armour on 24 May is still debated . One theory is that Von Rundstedt and Hitler agreed to conserve the armour for Fall Rot , an operation to the south . It is possible that the Luftwaffe 's closer ties than the army 's to the Nazi Party contributed to Hitler 's approval of Göring 's request . Another theory -- which few historians have given credence -- is that Hitler was still trying to establish diplomatic peace with Britain before Operation Barbarossa ( the invasion of the Soviet Union ) . Although von Rundstedt after the war stated his suspicions that Hitler wanted `` to help the British '' , based on alleged praise of the British Empire during a visit to his headquarters , little evidence that Hitler wanted to let the Allies escape exists apart from a self - exculpatory statement by Hitler himself in 1945 . The historian Brian Bond wrote : Few historians now accept the view that Hitler 's behaviour was influenced by the desire to let the British off lightly in ( the ) hope that they would then accept a compromise peace . True , in his political testament dated 26 February 1945 Hitler lamented that Churchill was `` quite unable to appreciate the sporting spirit '' in which he had refrained from annihilating ( the ) British Expeditionary Force , at Dunkirk , but this hardly squares with the contemporary record . Directive No. 13 , issued by the Supreme Headquarters on 24 May called specifically for the annihilation of the French , English and Belgian forces in the pocket , while the Luftwaffe was ordered to prevent the escape of the English forces across the channel . Whatever the reasons for Hitler 's decision , the Germans confidently believed the Allied troops were doomed . American journalist William Shirer reported on 25 May , `` German military circles here tonight put it flatly . They said the fate of the great Allied army bottled up in Flanders is sealed . '' BEF commander Lord Gort agreed , writing to Anthony Eden , `` I must not conceal from you that a great part of the BEF and its equipment will inevitably be lost in the best of circumstances '' . Hitler did not rescind the Halt Order until the evening of 26 May . The three days thus gained gave a vital breathing space to the Royal Navy to arrange the evacuation of the British and Allied troops . About 338,000 men were rescued in about 11 days . Of these some 215,000 were British and 123,000 were French , of whom 102,250 escaped in British ships . Battle ( edit ) `` Fight back to the west '' ( edit ) Map of the battle On 26 May , Anthony Eden told General Lord Gort , Commander - in - Chief ( C - in - C ) of the BEF , that he might need to `` fight back to the west '' , and ordered him to prepare plans for the evacuation , but without telling the French or the Belgians . Gort had foreseen the order and preliminary plans were already in hand . The first such plan , for a defence along the Lys Canal , could not be carried out because of German advances on 26 May , with the 2nd and 50th Divisions pinned down , and the 1st , 5th and 48th Divisions under heavy attack . The 2nd Division took heavy casualties trying to keep a corridor open , being reduced to brigade strength , but they succeeded ; the 1st , 3rd , 4th and 42nd Divisions escaped along the corridor that day , as did about one - third of the French First Army . As the Allies fell back , they disabled their artillery and vehicles and destroyed their stores . On 27 May , the British fought back to the Dunkirk perimeter line . The Le Paradis massacre took place that day , when the 3rd SS Division Totenkopf machine - gunned 97 British and French prisoners near the La Bassée Canal . The British prisoners were from the 2nd Battalion , Royal Norfolk Regiment , part of the 4th Brigade of the 2nd Division . The SS men lined them up against the wall of a barn and shot them all ; only two survived . Meanwhile , the Luftwaffe dropped bombs and leaflets on the Allied armies . The leaflets showed a map of the situation . They read , in English and French : `` British soldiers ! Look at the map : it gives your true situation ! Your troops are entirely surrounded -- stop fighting ! Put down your arms ! '' To the land and air - minded Germans , the sea seemed an impassable barrier , so they believed the Allies were surrounded ; but the British saw the sea as a route to safety . Besides the Luftwaffe 's bombs , German heavy artillery ( which had just come within range ) also fired high - explosive shells into Dunkirk . By this time , over 1,000 civilians in the town had been killed . This bombardment continued until the evacuation was over . Battle of Wytschaete ( edit ) Gort had sent Lieutenant General Ronald Adam , commanding III Corps , ahead to build the defensive perimeter around Dunkirk . Lieutenant General Alan Brooke , commanding II Corps , was to conduct a holding action with the 3rd , 4th , 5th , and 50th Divisions along the Ypres - Comines canal as far as Yser , while the rest of the BEF fell back . The battle of Wytschaete , over the border in Belgium , was the toughest action Brooke faced in this role . On 26 May , the Germans made a reconnaissance in force against the British position . At mid-day on 27 May , they launched a full - scale attack with three divisions south of Ypres . A confused battle followed , where visibility was low because of forested or urban terrain , and communications were poor because the British at that time used no radios below battalion level and the telephone wires had been cut . The Germans used infiltration tactics to get among the British , who were beaten back . The heaviest fighting was in the 5th Division 's sector . Still on 27 May , Brooke ordered the 3rd Division commander , Major - General Bernard Montgomery , to extend his division 's line to the left , thereby freeing the 10th and 11th Brigades , both of the 4th Division , to join the 5th Division at Messines Ridge . The 10th Brigade arrived first , to find the enemy had advanced so far they were closing on the British field artillery . Between them , the 10th and 11th Brigades cleared the ridge of Germans , and by 28 May they were securely dug in east of Wytschaete . That day , Brooke ordered a counterattack . This was to be spearheaded by two battalions , the 3rd Grenadier Guards and 2nd North Staffordshire Regiment , both of Major - General Harold Alexander 's 1st Division . The North Staffords advanced as far as the Kortekeer River , while the Grenadiers reached the canal itself , but could not hold it . The counterattack disrupted the Germans , holding them back a little longer while the BEF retreated . Action at Poperinge ( edit ) The route back from Brooke 's position to Dunkirk passed through the town of Poperinge ( known to most British sources as `` Poperinghe '' ) , where there was a bottleneck at a bridge over the Yser canal . Most of the main roads in the area converged on that bridge . On 27 May , the Luftwaffe bombed the resulting traffic jam thoroughly for two hours , destroying or immobilising about 80 percent of the vehicles . Another Luftwaffe raid , on the night of 28 -- 29 May , was illuminated by flares as well as the light from burning vehicles . The British 44th Division in particular had to abandon many guns and lorries , losing almost all of them between Poperinge and the Mont . The German 6 . Panzerdivision could probably have destroyed the 44th Division at Poperinge on 29 May , thereby cutting off the 3rd and 50th Divisions as well . The historian and author Julian Thompson calls it `` astonishing '' that they did not , but they were distracted , investing the nearby town of Cassel . Belgian surrender ( edit ) Gort had ordered Lieutenant General Adam , commanding III Corps , and French General Fagalde to prepare a perimeter defence of Dunkirk . The perimeter was semicircular , with French troops manning the western sector and British troops the eastern . It ran along the Belgian coastline from Nieuport in the east via Furnes , Bulskamp and Bergues to Gravelines in the west . The line was made as strong as possible under the circumstances , but on 28 May the Belgian army , who were largely outnumbered by the attacking Germans , and still under the direct command of King Leopold , who had refused to abandon his troops and the Belgian refugees inside the little enclave of what remained of unoccupied Belgium , surrendered . This left a 20 mi ( 32 km ) gap in Gort 's eastern flank between the British and the sea . The British were surprised by the Belgian capitulation , despite King Leopold warning them in advance . As a constitutional monarch , Leopold 's decision to surrender without consulting the Belgian government led to his condemnation by the Belgian and French Prime Ministers , Hubert Pierlot and Paul Reynaud . King George VI sent Gort a telegram that read : `` All your countrymen have been following with pride and admiration the courageous resistance of the British Expeditionary Force during the continuing fighting of the last fortnight . Faced by circumstances outside their control in a position of extreme difficulty , they are displaying a gallantry which has never been surpassed in the annals of the British Army . The hearts of everyone of us at home are with you and your magnificent troops in this hour of peril . '' Gort sent the battle - worn 3rd , 4th and 50th Divisions into the line to fill the space the Belgians had held . Defence of the perimeter ( edit ) British prisoners of war with a Panzer I German tank While they were still moving into position , they ran headlong into the German 256th Division , who were trying to outflank Gort . Armoured cars of the 12th Lancers stopped the Germans at Nieuport itself . A confused battle raged all along the perimeter throughout 28 May . Command and control on the British side disintegrated , and the perimeter was driven slowly inwards toward Dunkirk . Meanwhile , Erwin Rommel had surrounded five divisions of the French First Army near Lille . Although completely cut off and heavily outnumbered , the French fought on for four days under General Molinié in the Siege of Lille ( 1940 ) , thereby keeping seven German divisions from the assault on Dunkirk and saving an estimated 100,000 Allied troops . In recognition of the garrison 's stubborn defence , German general Kurt Waeger granted them the honours of war , saluting the French troops as they marched past in parade formation with rifles shouldered . The defence of the Dunkirk perimeter held throughout 29 -- 30 May , with the Allies falling back by degrees . On 31 May , the Germans nearly broke through at Nieuport . The situation grew so desperate that two British battalion commanders manned a Bren gun , with one colonel firing and the other loading . A few hours later , the 2nd Battalion , Coldstream Guards of the 3rd Division , rushed to reinforce the line near Furnes , where the British troops had been routed . The Guards restored order by shooting some of the fleeing troops and turning others around at bayonet point . The British troops returned to the line and the German assault was beaten back . In the afternoon , the Germans breached the perimeter near the canal at Bulskamp but the boggy ground on the far side of the canal and sporadic fire from the Durham Light Infantry , halted them . As night fell , the Germans massed for another attack at Nieuport . Eighteen RAF bombers found the Germans while they were still assembling and scattered them with an accurate bombing run . Retreat to Dunkirk ( edit ) Also on 31 May , General Von Kuechler assumed command of all the German forces at Dunkirk . His plan was simple : launch an all - out attack across the whole front at 11 : 00 on 1 June . Strangely , Von Kuechler ignored a radio intercept telling him the British were abandoning the eastern end of the line to fall back to Dunkirk itself . The morning of 1 June was clear -- good flying weather , in contrast to the bad weather that had hindered air operations on 30 and 31 May ( there were only two and a half good flying days in the whole operation . ) Although Churchill had promised the French that the British would cover their escape , on the ground it was the French who held the line whilst the last remaining British soldiers were evacuated . Enduring concentrated German artillery fire and Luftwaffe strafing and bombs , the French stood their ground . On 2 June ( the day the last of the British units embarked onto the ships ) , the French began to fall back slowly , and by 3 June the Germans were about two miles ( 3 km ) from Dunkirk . The night of 3 June was the last night of evacuations . At 10 : 20 on 4 June , the Germans hoisted the swastika over the docks from which so many British and French troops had escaped . The desperate resistance of Allied forces , especially the French 12th Motorised Infantry Division from the Fort des Dunes , had bought time for the evacuation of the bulk of the troops . The Wehrmacht captured some 35,000 soldiers , almost all of them French . These men had protected the evacuation until the last moment and were unable to embark . The same fate was reserved for the survivors of the French 12th Motorised Infantry Division ( composed in particular of the French 150th Infantry Regiment ) ; they were taken prisoner on the morning of 4 June on the beach of Malo - les - Bains . The flag of this regiment was burnt so as not to fall into enemy hands . Evacuation ( edit ) Main article : Dunkirk evacuation The War Office made the decision to evacuate British forces on 25 May . In the nine days from 27 May -- 4 June , 338,226 men escaped , including 139,997 French , Polish , and Belgian troops , together with a small number of Dutch soldiers , aboard 861 vessels ( of which 243 were sunk during the operation ) . B.H. Liddell Hart wrote that Fighter Command lost 106 aircraft over Dunkirk and the Luftwaffe lost about 135 , some of which were shot down by the French Navy and the Royal Navy . MacDonald wrote in 1986 that the British losses were 177 aircraft and German losses 240 . The docks at Dunkirk were too badly damaged to be used , but the East and West Moles ( sea walls protecting the harbour entrance ) were intact . Captain William Tennant -- in charge of the evacuation -- decided to use the beaches and the East Mole to land the ships . This highly successful idea hugely increased the number of troops that could be embarked each day and on 31 May , over 68,000 men were embarked . The last of the British Army left on 3 June , and at 10 : 50 , Tennant signalled Ramsay to say `` Operation completed . Returning to Dover '' . Churchill insisted on coming back for the French and the Royal Navy returned on 4 June , to rescue as many as possible of the French rearguard . Over 26,000 French soldiers were evacuated on that last day , but between 30,000 and 40,000 more were left behind and forced to surrender to the Germans . Aftermath ( edit ) Troops evacuated from Dunkirk , Dover , 31 May 1940 Battle of Dunkirk memorial Following the events at Dunkirk , the German forces regrouped before commencing an operation called Fall Rot ( `` Case Red '' ) , a renewed assault southward , starting on 5 June . Although two fresh British divisions had begun moving to France in an attempt to form a Second BEF , the decision was taken on 14 June to withdraw all the remaining British troops ; an evacuation called Operation Ariel . By 25 June , almost 192,000 Allied personnel , 144,000 of them British , had been evacuated through various French ports . Although the French Army fought on , German troops entered Paris on 14 June . The French government was forced to negotiate an armistice at Compiègne on 22 June . The loss of materiel on the beaches was huge . The British Army left enough equipment behind to fit out about eight to ten divisions . Discarded in France were , among other things , huge supplies of ammunition , 880 field guns , 310 guns of large calibre , some 500 anti-aircraft guns , about 850 anti-tank guns , 11,000 machine guns , nearly 700 tanks , 20,000 motorcycles and 45,000 motor cars and lorries . Army equipment available at home was only just sufficient to equip two divisions . The British Army needed months to re-supply properly and some planned introductions of new equipment were halted while industrial resources concentrated on making good the losses . Officers told troops falling back from Dunkirk to burn or otherwise disable their trucks ( so as not to let them benefit the advancing German forces ) . The shortage of army vehicles after Dunkirk was so severe that the Royal Army Service Corps ( RASC ) was reduced to retrieving and refurbishing obsolete buses and coaches from British scrapyards to press them into use as troop transports . Some of these antique workhorses were still in use as late as the North African campaign of 1942 . On 2 June , the Dean of St Paul 's , Walter Matthews , was the first to call the evacuation the `` Miracle of Dunkirk '' . It was remembered that the Archbishop of Canterbury had announced that the Day of National Prayer might well be a turning point , and it was obvious to many that God had answered the nation 's collective prayer with the ' miracle of Dunkirk ' . The evidence of God 's intervention was clear for those who wished to see it ; papers had written of calm seas and the high mist which interfered with the accuracy of German bombers . A marble memorial to the battle stands at Dunkirk . The French inscription is translated as : `` To the glorious memory of the pilots , mariners , and soldiers of the French and Allied armies who sacrificed themselves in the Battle of Dunkirk , May -- June 1940 . '' The missing dead of the BEF are commemorated on the Dunkirk Memorial . `` Dunkirk spirit '' ( edit ) Further information : Little ships of Dunkirk British troops embarking from Dunkirk 's beaches British press later exploited the successful evacuation of Dunkirk in 1940 , and particularly the role of the `` Dunkirk little ships '' , very effectively . Many of them were private vessels such as fishing boats and pleasure cruisers , but commercial vessels such as ferries also contributed to the force , including a number from as far away as the Isle of Man and Glasgow . These smaller vessels -- guided by naval craft across the Channel from the Thames Estuary and from Dover -- assisted in the official evacuation . Being able to move closer into the beachfront shallows than larger craft , the `` little ships '' acted as shuttles to and from the larger ships , lifting troops who were queuing in the water , many waiting shoulder - deep in water for hours . The term `` Dunkirk Spirit '' refers to the solidarity of the British people in times of adversity . Dunkirk medal ( edit ) Main article : Dunkirk Medal A commemorative medal was established in 1960 by the French National Association of Veterans of the Fortified Sector of Flanders and Dunkirk on behalf of the town of Dunkirk . The medal was initially awarded only to the French defenders of Dunkirk but in 1970 the qualification was expanded to include British forces who served in the Dunkirk sector and their rescue forces , including the civilians who volunteered to man the `` little ships '' . The design of the bronze medal included the arms of the town of Dunkirk on one side , and `` Dunkerque 1940 '' on the reverse side . See also ( edit ) British Army portal Military history of France portal Military of Germany portal World War II portal 1940 Dunkirk Veterans ' Association British Army during the Second World War Dunkirk ( 1958 film ) Dunkirk ( 2017 film ) Marcus Ervine - Andrews -- who won the Victoria Cross in the battle Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Major General Harold Alexander , commanding I Corps , was one of the last to leave . Just before midnight on 2 June , Ramsay received the signal : `` BEF evacuated '' . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Taylor and Mayer p. 59 . Jump up ^ `` HyperWar : The War in France and Flanders 1939 -- 1940 ( Chapter XII ) '' . Archived from the original on 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Holton 2010 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Hooton 2010 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Murray 2002 ( 1985 ed . ) p. 42 . Jump up ^ Frank 's 2008 , ok . 33 - 39 . Jump up ^ Murray 2002 ( 1985 ed. strategy for defeat ) p. 42 . Jump up ^ Frank 's 2008 , p. 160 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 1986 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Frieser 2005 , pp. 291 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1959 , p. 879 . Jump up ^ Butler 2009 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1959 , p. 883 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor and Mayer 1974 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1959 , p. 877 . ^ Jump up to : Atkin 1990 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Bond 1990 , pp. 104 -- 05 . Jump up ^ Lord 1983 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Liddell Hart 1970 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 1986 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Sebag - Montefiore 2006 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Lord 1982 , pp. 74 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1959 , p. 882 . Jump up ^ Thompson 2009 , pp. 174 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Thompson 2009 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Thompson 2009 , pp. 182 -- 183 . Jump up ^ Thompson 2009 , pp. 183 -- 184 . Jump up ^ Thompson 2009 , pp. 186 -- 192 , 215 . Jump up ^ Thompson 2009 , p. 219 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Professor Duncan . `` Day of National Prayer . '' Archived 19 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine . BBC . Retrieved : 30 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Sebag - Montefiore 2006 , p. 303 . ^ Jump up to : Liddell Hart 1970 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Fermer , Douglas ( 2013 ) . Three German Invasions of France : The Summer Campaigns of 1870 , 1914 , and 1940 . Barnsley : Pen & Sword Military . p. 208 . ISBN 9781781593547 . Jump up ^ Lord 1982 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Lord 1982 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Lord 1982 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1986 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 1986 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Lord 1982 , p. 246 . ^ Jump up to : Liddell Hart 1970 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Page 180 - Dunkirk , 1940 : a history , Robert Carse , Prentice - Hall , 1970 - Biography & Autobiography - 214 pages Archived 1 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Shirer 1959 , p. 884 . Jump up ^ Lord 1982 , pp. 267 -- 269 . Jump up ^ Butler 2009 , pp. 296 -- 305 . Jump up ^ Postan 1952 , Chapter IV . Jump up ^ Anderson , Professor Duncan . `` Miracle ' at Dunkirk / '' Archived 31 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , writing BBC . Retrieved : 30 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Lucy . `` The men who defined the ' Dunkirk spirit ' . '' Archived 24 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine . BBC , 14 May 2010 . Retrieved : 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Medals : campaigns , descriptions and eligibility '' . www.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Atkin , Ronald . Pillar of Fire : Dunkirk 1940 . Edinburgh : Birlinn Limited , 1990 . ISBN 1 - 84158 - 078 - 3 . Bond , Brian . Britain , France and Belgium 1939 -- 1940 . London : Brasseys , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037700 - 9 . Butler , J.R.M. , ed . The War in France and Flanders 1939 -- 1940 : Official Campaign History . Uckfield , UK : Naval & Military Press Ltd. , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84574 - 056 - 6 . Franks , Norman L.R. Royal Air Force Fighter Command Losses of the Second World War , Volume 1 . Operational Losses : Aircraft and crews , 1939 -- 1941 . London : Midland Publishing Limited , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85780 - 287 - 3 Parameter error in ( ( isbn ) ) : Invalid ISBN . Franks , Norman . The Air Battle of Dunkirk ( 2008 ( 1983 ) , William Kimber , London ) ISBN 0 - 7183 - 0349 - 0 * Frieser , Karl - Heinz . The Blitzkrieg Legend : The 1940 Campaign in the West . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 294 - 2 Holmes , Richard , ed . `` France : Fall of '' . The Oxford Companion to Military History . New York : Oxford University Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 866209 - 2 . Hooton , E.R. Luftwaffe at War ; Blitzkrieg in the West . London : Chevron / Ian Allen , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85780 - 272 - 6 . Hooton , E.R. ( 2010 ) , The Luftwaffe : A Study in Air Power , 1933 -- 1945 , London : Classic Publications , ISBN 978 - 1 - 906537 - 18 - 0 Keegan , John . The Second World War . New York : Viking Penguin , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 82359 - 7 . Kershaw , Ian . Fateful Choices : Ten Decisions That Changed the World , 1940 -- 1941 . London : Penguin Books , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 101418 - 0 . Kilzer , Louis . Hitler 's Traitor : Martin Bormann and the Defeat of the Reich . New York : Presidio Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 89141 - 710 - 9 . Liddell Hart , B.H. History of the Second World War . New York : G.P. Putnam , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80912 - 5 . Lord , Walter . The Miracle of Dunkirk . New York : The Viking Press , 1982 / London : Allen Lane , 1983 . Citations from the Wordsworth Military Library reprint of 1998 . ISBN 1 - 85326 - 685 - X . MacDonald , John . Great Battles of World War II . Toronto , Canada : Strathearn Books Limited , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 86288 - 116 - 1 . McEwan , Ian . Atonement . London : Jonathan Cape , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 224 - 06252 - 2 . McGlashan , Kenneth B. with Owen P. Zupp . Down to Earth : A Fighter Pilot Recounts His Experiences of Dunkirk , the Battle of Britain , Dieppe , D - Day and Beyond . London : Grub Street Publishing , 2007 . ISBN 1 - 904943 - 84 - 5 . Murray , Willamson . Strategy for Defeat : The Luftwaffe 1935 -- 1945 . Princeton , New Jersey : University Press of the Pacific , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 89875 - 797 - 5 . Murray , Williamson and Allan R. Millett . A War to Be Won : Fighting the Second World War . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00163 - X . Postan Michael M. History of the Second World War : British War Production , London : HMSO , 1952 . Salmaggi , Cesare and Alfredo Pallavisini. 2194 Days of War : An Illustrated Chronology of the Second World War . New York : Gallery Books , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8317 - 8885 - 2 . Sebag_Montefiore , Hugh . Dunkirk : Fight to the Last Man . London : Penguin Books , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 141 - 02437 - 0 . Shirer , William L. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1959 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 70001 - 4 . Smith , Peter C ( 2011 ) . The Junkers Ju 87 Stuka : A Complete History . London : Crecy Publishing Limited . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85979 - 156 - 4 . Taylor , A.J.P. and S.L. Mayer , eds . A History Of World War Two . London : Octopus Books , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 7064 - 0399 - 1 . Thomas , Nick . RAF Top Gun : Teddy Donaldson CB , DSO , AFC and Bar , Battle of Britain Ace and World Air Speed Record Holder . London : Pen and Sword , 2008 . ISBN 1 - 84415 - 685 - 0 . Thompson , Major General Julian . Dunkirk : Retreat to Victory . London : Pan Books , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 43796 - 7 . Weinberg , Gerhard L. A World at Arms . New York : Cambridge University Press , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44317 - 2 . Wilmot , Chester . The Struggle for Europe . Old Saybrook , Connecticut : Konecky & Konecky , 1952 . ISBN 1 - 56852 - 525 - 7 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Operation Dynamo . War Museum of Dunkirk Dunkirk , Operation Dynamo -- A post-blog of the Battle of Britain 1940 Battle of Dunkirk short documentary with footage , from British Pathé Maps of the battle from the BBC Dunkirk 1940 ( museum ) Coordinates : 51 ° 02 ′ 03 '' N 2 ° 22 ′ 37 '' E  /  51.0343 ° N 2.37682 ° E  / 51.0343 ; 2.37682 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dunkirk&oldid=843604543 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1940 1940 in France Battle of France History of Nord ( French department ) History of Dunkirk Battles of World War II involving Canada Military history of Canada during World War II Land battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom May 1940 events June 1940 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from February 2016 Use dmy dates from May 2012 Pages with ISBN errors Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 粵語 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 06 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Dunkirk

when did chuck e cheese stop using tokens

Chuck E. Cheese 's

chuck e. cheese's

Chuck E. Cheese 's is a chain of American family entertainment centers and restaurants . The chain is the primary brand of CEC Entertainment , Inc. and is headquartered in Irving , Texas . The establishment serves pizza and other menu items , complemented by arcade games , amusement rides , and animatronic displays as a focus of entertainment for the entire family . The brand derives its name from its main animatronic character Chuck E. Cheese , a comedic mouse who sings and interacts with guests .

Chuck E. Cheese 's Pizza Time Theatre in San Jose , California , was the first location to open on May 17 , 1977 . The concept was authored by Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell , credited with bringing video games such as Pong to the mainstream . The Pizza Time Theatre was the first family restaurant to integrate food , animated entertainment , and an indoor arcade . Following a filing for bankruptcy , the chain was acquired by competitor Showbiz Pizza Place in 1984 , forming Showbiz Pizza Time , Inc . In 1990 , the company began unifying the two brands with the goal of renaming every location to Chuck E. Cheese 's Pizza . They redesigned the logo in 1994 , dropping Pizza from each store 's name . In 1998 , Showbiz Pizza Time , Inc. became CEC Entertainment , Inc . As of 2017 , 523 Chuck E. Cheese stores are open . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chain history 1.1 Foundation 1.2 ShowBiz Pizza Place 1.3 Mergers and restructuring 1.4 International expansion 1.5 Buyout and modern redesign 2 Menu items 3 Entertainment 3.1 Arcade and currency 3.2 Animatronic figures 3.3 Costumed shows 4 References 5 External links Chain History ( edit ) Foundation ( edit ) Chuck E. Cheese 's Pizza Time Theatre was founded by Atari founder Nolan Bushnell , who was seeking to expand the purview of video game arcades beyond more adult locations like pool halls to a kid and family friendly venue . Bushnell 's experience in the amusement park industry , as well as his fondness of The Walt Disney Company , was influential in the conceptualization of the Pizza Time Theatre concept . The first location opened in San Jose , California in 1977 , and was labeled as the first family restaurant to integrate food , cheap animated entertainment , and an indoor arcade . In 1978 , Bushnell purchased the Pizza Time Theatre concept from Atari 's then - corporate parent , Warner Communications . Gene Landrum then resigned from Atari and was made President and Chief Operating Officer of Chuck E. Cheese 's Pizza Time Theatre . Bushnell has said of his decision to open a pizza restaurant , `` It was my pet project ... I chose pizza because of the wait time and the build schedule : very few components and not too many ways to screw it up . '' After finding out from employees working on the animatronics that the costume he bought was a rodent rather than the coyote he thought he was buying , Bushnell says he suggested changing the name of the establishment from the planned `` Coyote Pizza '' to `` Rick Rat 's Pizza '' . Marketing people disliked that and proposed `` Chuck E. Cheese '' instead , which is what was used . To expand beyond California and the west coast , Nolan began to franchise , resulting in a co-development agreement between himself and Robert Brock of Topeka Inn Management in 1979 . The agreement handed Brock exclusive franchising rights for opening Pizza Time Theatres in sixteen states across the Southern and Midwestern United States , while also forming a company subdivision , `` Pizza Show Biz '' , to develop the Pizza Time Theatres . Showbiz Pizza Place ( edit ) Main article : ShowBiz Pizza Place In November 1979 , Brock met Aaron Fechter of Creative Engineering , Inc . Concerned that Fechter 's animatronics would be too strong a competition for Bushnell 's work , Brock requested that Bushnell release him from the co-development agreement , citing misrepresentation . In December 1979 , Brock and Fechter formed `` Showbiz Pizza Place Inc '' , severing Brock 's business relationship with Bushnell . ShowBiz Pizza Place was conceptually identical to Pizza Time Theatre in all aspects except for animation , which would be provided by Creative Engineering . Showbiz Pizza Place opened its first location on March 3 , 1980 , in Kansas City , Missouri . Upon the opening of ShowBiz Pizza Place , Bushnell sued Brock and Topeka Inn Management over breach of contract . Brock immediately issued a counter-suit against Bushnell , citing misrepresentation . The court case began in March 1980 , eventually settling out of court with Showbiz agreeing to pay Pizza Time Theatre a portion of its profits over the following decade . During this period , Topeka Inn Management also changed its name to Brock Hotel Corporation and moved its headquarters to Irving , Texas . Both restaurants experienced increased success as the video game industry became more robust , and , to maintain competition , both franchises continually modified and diversified their animatronic shows . Mergers and restructuring ( edit ) An older Chuck E. Cheese 's facility under the now defunct title of `` Chuck E Cheese 's Pizza '' . In 1981 , Pizza Time Theatre went public ; however , the evolving video game industry and the video game crash of 1983 resulted in significant losses for Pizza Time Theatre , which lost $15 million in 1983 , and by 1984 , Bushnell 's debts were insurmountable , resulting in the filing of Chapter 11 bankruptcy for Pizza Time Theatre Inc . Showbiz then bought the foundering company , recreating itself as Showbiz Pizza Time Inc . After the merger , both restaurant chains continued operating under their respective titles , while major financial restructuring had begun . During this period , Creative Engineering began to sever ties with ShowBiz Pizza Time ( officially splitting in September 1990 ) , resulting in the unification of the two brands . By 1992 , all restaurants assumed the name of Chuck E. Cheese 's Pizza . The name was then shortened to Chuck E. Cheese 's by March of 1995 after a redesigned concept . In 1998 , Showbiz Pizza Time renamed itself CEC Entertainment , Inc. to reflect the remaining chain brand . International expansion ( edit ) In the early 1980s , the restaurant franchise debuted in Australia under the name Charlie Cheese 's Pizza Playhouse . The name change had to do with the common meaning of the word `` chuck '' , which in Australia is a reference to the phrase `` to throw up '' . Pizza Time Theater also opened at least one restaurant in Hong Kong , which closed shortly thereafter as a result of the initial company 's 1984 bankruptcy . Further locations were opened under the unified Chuck E. Cheese 's brand in Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico , Panama , Peru , Saudi Arabia , Trinidad and Tobago , and United Arab Emirates . The company was supposed to open a branch in the Philippines at Glorietta but it was scrapped due to the discrepancies in the mall 's design which standards of CEC locations must be followed . The location of the first branch is still being proposed . Buyout and modern redesign ( edit ) In February 2014 , Apollo Global Management acquired CEC Entertainment , Inc. for $54 per share , or about $950 million . In August 2017 , the company began to pilot a new design concept at seven remodeled locations ( three in Kansas City , three in San Antonio , one in Selma , TX ) , branded as Chuck E. Cheese Pizzeria & Games . These locations feature more upscale decor with a `` muted '' interior color scheme , an open kitchen , the `` Play Pass '' card system to replace arcade tokens , and the animatronic stage show replaced by a dance floor area . These changes , along with expansions to food offerings , are intended to help the chain provide an experience that can appeal better to adult visitors , and encourage family dining as opposed to primarily parties . Menu items ( edit ) While its primary focus is pizza , Chuck E. Cheese 's also offers cold - cut sandwiches , chicken wings , salad bars and desserts . Some stores are also used as `` test '' locations which feature new Chuck E. Cheese foods . Certain Chuck E. Cheese locations also offer beer and wine . Starting on November 13 , 2012 , new gluten - free menu items are available at more than 500 locations in the U.S. and Canada . This currently includes a choice of a personal - size cheese pizza and new items such as chocolate or vanilla sheet cakes and cotton candy . Entertainment ( edit ) Arcade and currency ( edit ) From the time of the company 's inception to today , one of the main draws for the stores has been the arcade . The arcade games primarily consist of either redemption games or video arcade games . The brass tokens issued by the company for use in their arcades exist in numerous varieties , and are collected by exonumia enthusiasts . The company once tested a card access method for use with their arcade and skill games in one location . The test location would no longer use tokens , and instead use a refillable card to access credits , which replace tokens , and points , which replace tickets . However , this was later scrapped . It was tested under different names , including `` Chuck E. 's Super Discount Card '' and `` Chuck E. Token Card '' . This method is currently being tested in some markets again . Instead of electronic tickets like the former cards , Patrons still carry paper tickets and the card just take the place of the metal tokens . CECE , or CEC Entertainment , has called the new system `` Play Pass '' . Animatronic figures ( edit ) Chuck E. Cheese animatronic in 2014 Along with the arcade , the other main draw for the centers since the beginning was its animatronic show , until the mid-1990s . More recently , less attention has been placed on animatronics . However , there are now several different styles of animatronic shows in use within the company , depending on when the location opened , whether it was renovated , and other factors . When the first location opened in 1977 , the animatronic characters were featured in framed portraits hanging on the walls of the main dining area , but they are no longer in use today . The show featured Crusty The Cat ( the first character to face retirement as he was soon replaced with Mr. Munch in 1978 ) , Pasqually the singing chef , Jasper T. Jowls , the Warblettes , and the main focus of the show , Chuck E. Cheese . Later , restaurants also added `` Cabaret '' shows in separate rooms of each restaurant . They also frequently changed out the sole female character , currently named Helen Henny , in the main show . They achieved this by applying a cosmetic change to the existing robot , as well as a change of stage backdrop , to match the performer . The in - house control system which consisted of a 6502 - based controller in a card cage with various driver boards was called `` Cyberamics '' . Beginning in 1998 , the company 's show installed into new stores , referred to as `` Studio C '' , consists of a single animated Chuck E. Cheese character created by Garner Holt alongside large television monitors , lighting effects , and interactive elements . The other characters appear as puppets on the TV screens . The control system dubbed `` Cyberstar '' was re-designed from the ground up and produced by Dave Philipsen . In some markets , the company has also tried a new store concept that omits the animated show entirely . This is the Circle of Lights stage which either consists of a live Chuck E. Cheese costume character or an animatronic in a futuristic light stage with large television monitors . In 2017 , the Chuck E. Cheese announced that animatronic shows would be removed in favor of a modernized dance floor . The move is being piloted in a handful of locations prior to being implemented company - wide . The members that performed in the animatronic shows were : Chuck E. Cheese -- vocals Helen Henny -- vocals Mr. Munch -- vocals , keyboards Jasper T. Jowls -- vocals , guitar Pasqually E. Pieplate -- vocals , percussion Costumed shows ( edit ) A Chuck E. Cheese walkaround character performing for guests in 2011 . There are two types of costumed shows used by Chuck E. Cheese 's : the LIVE ! show and the Road show . The LIVE ! show is performed at the front of the stage in the showroom , whenever a child is celebrating a birthday . The live show is a way of pumping up the crowd before a customized rendition of `` Happy Birthday '' is sung to the child that is celebrating the birthday ( `` I say Happy , you say Birthday ... '' ) . A costumed Chuck E. Cheese dances with the guests and sings , while being accompanied by the cast members . The Road show is a performance by a costumed Chuck E. Cheese character , and is performed outside the normal showroom . Children are gathered via the public announcement system or by Chuck E. Cheese himself . Chuck E. Cheese wants the kids to dance in order to win free tickets . The free tickets are thrown at the end of the performance for all the kids that participated . Chuck E. comes out every hour on the half hour ( 12 : 30 , 1 : 30 , etc . ) . The songs Chuck E. and the kids dance to are usually well - known classic songs such as `` If You 're Happy and You Know It '' and `` Head , Shoulders , Knees , and Toes '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` CEC Entertainment , Inc . Reports Financial Results for the 2017 First Quarter '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire. 2017 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Investor Relations '' ( PHP ) . Chuck E. Cheese 's Official Site . CEC Entertainment , Inc . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Packer , Linda ( October 1979 ) . `` Catering To Kids '' ( PDF ) . Food Service Marketing . pp. 46 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment '' ( PHP ) . Chuck E. Cheese 's Official Site . CEC Entertainment , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ 1977 Pizza Time Theatre Grand Opening Ad - Original Winchester Location Jump up ^ `` Chuck E. Cheese 's ' founder ' speaks to mom in campaign from Dallas ' Richards Group - Dallas Morning News '' . The Dallas Morning News . 2012 - 08 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck E. Cheese fined for violating child - labor laws - Mercury News '' . San Jose Mercury News . 2011 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck E. Cheese 's ® Kicks off ' 40 Years of Fun ' Celebration '' . PR Newswire. 2017 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Company History '' . Chuck E. Cheese 's Official Site . CEC Entertainment , Inc . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 04 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Prewitt , Milford ( 1990 - 09 - 10 ) . `` ShowBiz Parent Merges Concepts Into One Big Pie '' ( PDF ) . Nation 's Restaurant News . pp. 12 -- 3 . Jump up ^ `` www.showbizpizza.com/info/articles/joint/joint_cuarticle.pdf '' ( PDF ) . ShowbizPizza.com. 1990 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Kent , Steve L. The Ultimate History of Video Games : From Pong to Pokémon and Beyond : The Story behind the Craze That Touched Our Lives and Changed the World . Roseville , CA : Prima Pub. , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Pizza Time 's Vaudeville Theatre '' ( PDF ) . Western Foodservice . March 1979 . ^ Jump up to : Kinkead , Gwen ( July 1982 ) . `` High Profits from a Weird Pizza Combination '' ( PDF ) . Fortune . pp. 62 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Atari Inc : Business is Fun ; Marty Goldberg , Curt Vendel ; Syzygy Press , 2012 ; Pgs. 325 - 334 Jump up ^ Ponder , Erica . `` Building a Strong Business Network with Dr. Gene Landrum '' . Houston Style Magazine . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexis C. Madrigal ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Chuck E. Cheese 's , Silicon Valley Startup : The Origins of the Best Pizza Chain Ever '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How I Built This / Atari & Chuck E. Cheese 's : Nolan Bushnell '' . Jump up ^ `` Rock - afire Explosion Brochure '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Creative Engineering , Inc. 1980 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/813920/0000813920-95-000002.txt '' . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . 2009 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : VegaNova . `` Chuck E. Cheese 's Collectables '' . www.showbizpizza.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck E. Cheese 's Locations Near You '' . Chuck E. Cheese 's . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What happened to PH opening of Chuck E. Cheese ? '' . ABS - CBN News . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chuck E. Cheese Owner Agrees to $950 M Buyout ; ABC News ; January 16 , 2014 Jump up ^ Apollo Global Management Announces Completion of Its Acquisition of CEC Entertainment , Inc. ; BusinessWire - Press release ; February 14 , 2014 Jump up ^ Channick , Robert . `` Chuck E. Cheese 's breaking up the ( animatronic ) band '' . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Whitten , Sarah ( 2017 - 08 - 09 ) . `` Chuck E. Cheese 's is getting a major redesign '' . CNBC . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Nutritional Information '' ( PDF ) . Chuck E. Cheese 's Official Site . CEC Entertainment , Inc . January 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , Al & Esgate , Patricia ( 2002 ) . `` Location - Based Entertainment and Experiential Branding '' . The Entertainment Marketing Revolution ( PDF ) ( Illustrated ed . ) . FT Press . p. 272 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 029350 - 4 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` New Gluten - Free Offerings - Chuck E. Cheese 's '' . Chuck E. Cheese 's . Jump up ^ `` Games & Rides '' ( PHP ) . Chuck E. Cheese 's Official Site . CEC Entertainment , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck E. Cheese Tokens '' . Forrest 's Token Page . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ S. , Travis . `` CEC Token Cards '' ( CSS ) . Showbiz Pizza.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ S. , Travis . `` Super Discount Card Poster 9Irving , TX 2006 ) '' ( JPG ) . Showbiz Pizza.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ S. , Travis . `` Pizza Time Theatre : Stage Shows '' ( CSS ) . Showbiz Pizza.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Pizza Time Theatre Program '' ( PDF ) . ATARI , Inc. 1977 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Pizza Time Theatre Balcony Show Photograph # 1 '' . 1981 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Pizza Time Theatre Balcony Show Photograph # 2 '' . 1980s . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck E. 's New Look '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Garner Holt Productions . 1998 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Jennings ( 17 August 2017 ) . `` Chuck E. Cheese 's Animatronic Band Is Starting to Break Up and Fans Are Heartbroken '' . GizModo . GizModo . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Our Promise to Parents '' . Chuck E. Cheese 's . Jump up ^ `` Birthday Parties '' ( PHP ) . Chuck E. Cheese 's Official Site . CEC Entertainment , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chuck E. Cheeses . Official website Dallas - Fort Worth portal Companies portal Food portal Pizza chains ( list ) International Boston Pizza California Pizza Kitchen Chuck E. Cheese 's Domino 's Pizza Little Caesars Papa John 's Pizza Pizza Hut Pizza Inn PizzaExpress Rossopomodoro Sbarro Shakey 's Pizza Sarpino 's Pizzeria Telepizza The Pizza Company Uno Pizzeria & Grill Vapiano Yellow Cab Pizza Co . Regional Asia Origus ( CN ) Aoki 's Pizza ( JP ) Greenwich Pizza ( PH ) Mr. Pizza ( KR ) Smokin ' Joe 's ( IN ) Pizza Corner ( IN ) Pizza - La ( JP ) Europe Ask Restaurant ( UK ) EasyPizza ( UK ) Kotipizza ( FI ) Peppes Pizza ( NO ) Prezzo Restaurant ( UK ) Speed Rabbit Pizza ( FR ) Spizzico ( IT ) Tops Pizza ( UK ) Zizzi ( UK ) North America Anthony 's Pizza ( AAFES ) Benedetti 's Pizza ( MX ) Blaze Pizza ( US ) CiCi 's Pizza ( US ) Donatos Pizza ( US ) Fox 's Pizza Den ( US ) Gatti 's Pizza ( US ) Giordano 's ( US ) Godfather 's Pizza ( US ) Greco Pizza Restaurant ( CA ) Happy 's Pizza ( US ) Home Run Inn ( US ) Hot Lips Pizza ( US ) Hungry Howie 's Pizza ( US ) Hunt Brothers Pizza ( US ) Imo 's Pizza ( US ) Jerry 's Subs & Pizza ( US ) Jet 's Pizza ( US ) Ledo Pizza ( US ) Lou Malnati 's ( US ) Marco 's Pizza ( US ) Mazzio 's ( US ) Mellow Mushroom ( US ) MOD Pizza ( US ) ( UK ) Mountain Mike 's Pizza ( US ) Noble Roman 's ( US ) Panago ( CA ) Papa Gino 's ( US ) Papa Murphy 's ( US ) Peter Piper Pizza ( US ) ( MX ) Pie Five ( US ) Pizza 73 ( CA ) Pizza Delight ( CA ) Pizza Factory ( US ) Pizza Haven ( US ) Pizza Nova ( CA ) Pizza Patrón ( US ) Pizza Pizza ( CA ) Pizza Ranch ( US ) Rosati 's ( US ) Round Table Pizza ( US ) South America Jeno 's Pizza ( CO ) Mario 's ( TT ) Mister Pizza ( BR ) Oceania Eagle Boys ( AU ) Hell Pizza ( NZ ) Pizza Capers ( AU ) Pizza Haven ( AU ) Master franchisees Domino 's Pizza Enterprises ( AU , BE , FR , MC , NL , NZ ) Domino 's Pizza Group ( CH , DE , IE , UK ) Jubilant FoodWorks ( Domino 's - BD , IN , LK , NP ) List articles List of Canadian pizza chains List of pizza chains of the United States List of pizza franchises Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuck_E._Cheese%27s&oldid=808938315 '' Categories : Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Entertainment companies established in 1977 Companies based in Irving , Texas Pizza chains of Canada Pizza chains of the United States Pizza franchises Video arcades Fictional mice and rats Restaurant chains in the United States Companies that have filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy Theme restaurants Animatronic attractions Companies based in San Jose , California 1977 establishments in California 1980s fads and trends Fast - food franchises Restaurants established in 1977 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 Italiano Português Русский Simple English Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 04 : 03 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck%20E.%20Cheese%2527s

is deal or no deal coming back on tv

On 19 August 2016 , it was announced that Deal or No Deal had been axed by Channel 4 . A `` Deal or No Deal Tour '' series was announced where the show would travel to landmarks throughout the United Kingdom , and act as the game show 's final farewell . The gameshow officially concluded on 23 December 2016 after a run of over 11 years .

Deal or No Deal ( UK game show )

deal or no deal ( uk game show )

Deal or No Deal was a British Endemol game show which was hosted by Noel Edmonds , based on the format which originated in the Netherlands that ran since Halloween 2005 . The show featured a single contestant trying to beat the Banker as they open 22 identical sealed red boxes assigned to potential contestants in an order of their choosing . The boxes contain randomly assigned sums of money inside ranging from 1p to £ 250,000 . The day 's contestant is selected at the beginning , bringing their box to the chair . As the boxes are opened over a number of rounds , the Banker makes offers of real money to gain possession of their box . The gameplay is coordinated by Edmonds , who communicates with the unseen banker by telephone . Contestants can either ' deal ' to take the money , or play to the end , settling on the amount in their box . In 2014 a ' box 23 ' was added into gameplay that players could purchase at the end of their game if they wished to do so . It added a new dimension to the game as contestants now had the opportunity of winning of nothing , half , money back , + 10,000 and doubling up on their prize winnings making the new maximum possible prize , £ 500,000 and was a last attempt to improve the shows ratings . This was unsuccessful however and the ' box 23 ' was scrapped after the studio shows and was not part of the concluding tour shows gameplay .

The objective is for the contestant to obtain the highest amount of money they believe they can , whilst the Banker is trying to minimise the amount they have to pay out . As the game progresses and more possible final values are eliminated , both the Banker and the contestant have more information to offer deals or accept deals . The contestant faces the risk of not accepting a deal leading to smaller deals later or of the final amount being lower than previous deals offered . The Banker faces the converse , the offers made may ultimately end up being greater than the contestant would have won should the whole game be played out . First broadcast on Channel 4 on 31 October 2005 , Deal or No Deal aired six days a week for the entire year for its first eight seasons . Previously there was a break in the production of new episodes during July and August each summer . Occasionally there are special episodes with a particular theme , usually based on national holidays , introducing special features and prizes . The show celebrated its 10th anniversary on 18 September 2015 when Noel Edmonds played the game ( hosted by Sarah Millican ) and won £ 26,000 for his chosen charity , Children 's Hospice South West . It was seen by 930,000 viewers at 8pm . On 19 August 2016 , it was announced that Deal or No Deal had been axed by Channel 4 . A `` Deal or No Deal Tour '' series was announced where the show would travel to landmarks throughout the United Kingdom , and act as the game show 's final farewell . The gameshow officially concluded on 23 December 2016 after a run of over 11 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Game board 1.2 2014 changes 1.2. 1 Box 23 1.2. 2 Offer Button 2 Top prize winners 3 Production 3.1 Participants 3.2 The Banker 3.3 Episodes 3.3. 1 Transmissions 3.3. 2 Special episodes and Double Trouble episodes 3.3. 3 Celebrity Deal or No Deal 3.4 Phone - in competition 4 Reception 4.1 Reviews 4.2 Awards 4.3 Sponsorship 4.4 Product placement 4.5 Merchandising 4.5. 1 Books 4.5. 2 Games 5 Gambling issues 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Contestants can win prize money ranging from between 1p and £ 250,000 , and potentially £ 500,000 ( after changes made in 2014 ) . The game is played using twenty - two sealed red boxes , each with an identifying number from 1 to 22 displayed on the front . Inside each box is a sum of money . All the boxes are sealed by an independent adjudicator ; the value inside each box is not known to anyone except the adjudicator . At the start of each game one of the 22 contestants , each standing behind one of the red boxes , is selected to be the contestant for that episode . The contestants themselves do not know who is to take the seat until it is revealed at the beginning of the show . Usually , contestants will appear on around 15 -- 25 shows before they are selected to play . The contestant then takes their box and walks to the centre of the set , taking their place at the `` pound table '' , in what Edmonds refers to as the `` crazy chair '' . After a brief chat with the contestant ( and any family or friends who may be in the audience ) , Edmonds asks to confirm that the player selected their box at random . After this confirmation , the game begins . The contestant 's box contains their ( potential ) prize . One at a time , the contestant chooses one of the 21 boxes remaining ( other than their own ) to be opened , eliminating the value inside it from the list of possible amounts in the contestant 's box ( displayed on a large screen opposite them ) . It is in the contestant 's interest to uncover smaller amounts of money , in the hope that their prize is a larger amount or that they can get a higher offer from the Banker . Boxes are opened by the remaining 21 contestants ; these contestants are also regularly spoken to by Edmonds and the contestant , and offer support and advice . These contestants return for the following episodes , along with a new contestant replacing the previous episode 's contestant , so that all contestants eventually play the game . This provides continuity between shows . There are six rounds : in the opening round five boxes are opened , then three in each subsequent round . After the required number of boxes have been opened in a round , the Banker offers to buy the contestant 's box . The amount is dependent on the remaining box values : if several larger amounts are gone , the offer is likely to be low , as the probability is higher that the contestant 's box contains a small amount of money . Occasionally , the first offer ( or on very rare occasions a later offer ) has been replaced by an offer to the contestant to swap their box for one of the remaining unopened boxes . The first offer can also be used by the Banker to offer non-monetary items such as a dozen roses , or in the case of Jimmy Carr 's game , a holiday bribe ( as Carr was playing for charity , he could walk away from the game , earning nothing for charity but a holiday for himself ) . These offers rarely impact the game in a serious manner . The Banker is never seen , relaying his offers to Edmonds via telephone ( although sometimes Edmonds allows the contestant to talk to the Banker on the telephone ) . Edmonds tells the contestant the offer and asks the eponymous question . The contestant responds either `` deal '' or `` no deal '' . Responding with `` deal '' means the contestant agrees to sell the box for the amount of money offered , relinquishing the prize in their box . The game is now over , though play continues to show the hypothetical outcome had the contestant not dealt . Saying `` no deal '' means the contestant keeps their box , and proceeds to the next round , again hoping to reveal small amounts in the remaining boxes . After six rounds , only two boxes remain . If the contestant rejects the final offer , they take the prize contained in their box . The Banker might offer the opportunity for the contestant to swap their box with the other remaining unopened box and take the prize contained in it instead . A swap is always offered if the £ 250,000 is still in play ; however , it can also be offered in any situation ( including , on rare occasions , earlier in the game ) . On one occasion to one contestant the Banker offered a second swap . Dealing early in the game can sometimes warrant the Banker to ask for the money back in exchange for the contents of one of the remaining two boxes . The `` Banker 's Gamble '' is usually only ever offered under the circumstances in which the Banker has originally offered a significant sum of money and the player 's last two monetary sums are an extremely low blue ( e.g. 1p or 10p ) and an extremely high red ( e.g. £ 100,000 or the jackpot of £ 250,000 ) . If the contestant agrees to the Banker 's Gamble , they are returned to `` live play '' and their box ( or if they have swapped , the swapped box ) is opened . They then win the amount in the corresponding box . The Banker 's Gamble is rarely offered , as it usually means that the player will either have a much larger sum of money than they dealt at , or they will leave with a substantially lower sum of money , in which case the Banker is said to have `` won '' . The most notable example of the Banker 's Gamble being used to the player 's benefit was with the contestant , Alice Mundy . Alice had already dealt earlier in the game at £ 17,500 , but was left with the 1p ( the Banker 's dream finish ) and the £ 250,000 ( the player 's dream finish ) at the end . As a result , the Banker offered her the chance to return her winnings in the hope that she would leave with 1p . Alice accepted the hand back , declined to swap her box and as a result , she became the second £ 250,000 jackpot winner , as her own box contained the top prize : had she swapped , she would have left with 1p . Sometimes there are extra twists to the game , such as making offers between rounds , offering other gambles such as `` double or nothing '' , where after the contestant has dealt , they have to open extra boxes and risk winning nothing or doubling their winnings . The Banker has also allowed the contestant to go ahead one box at a time ( giving them more freedom to pull out of the game when they wish ) . The Banker has been known to try other tricks such as offering prize money to other people , for example , a friend of a contestant who won only a small amount in their own game . Such twists happen rarely , but happened more regularly during the themed weeks . Game board ( edit ) The on - screen graphics , which imply that the big amounts are critical . There are 22 cash prizes contained in the boxes on the programme . These cash prizes range from 1p to £ 250,000 . The highest five valued boxes are referred to as the `` Power Five '' , whilst the lowest five valued boxes are referred to as the `` Banker 's Power Five '' . 1p 10p 50p £ 1 £ 5 £ 10 £ 50 £ 100 £ 250 £ 500 £ 750 £ 1,000 £ 3,000 £ 5,000 £ 10,000 £ 15,000 £ 20,000 £ 35,000 £ 50,000 £ 75,000 £ 100,000 £ 250,000 For the 500th show and Christmas specials , £ 500,000 was made the top prize . In order to make room for this , the £ 15,000 was removed . 1p 10p 50p £ 1 £ 5 £ 10 £ 50 £ 100 £ 250 £ 500 £ 750 £ 1,000 £ 3,000 £ 5,000 £ 10,000 £ 20,000 £ 35,000 £ 50,000 £ 75,000 £ 100,000 £ 250,000 £ 500,000 For the show 's 2nd anniversary , all the available money on the game board was doubled . 2p 20p £ 1 £ 2 £ 10 £ 20 £ 100 £ 200 £ 500 £ 1,000 £ 1,500 £ 2,000 £ 6,000 £ 10,000 £ 20,000 £ 30,000 £ 40,000 £ 70,000 £ 100,000 £ 150,000 £ 200,000 £ 500,000 2014 changes ( edit ) Box 23 ( edit ) On 1 January 2014 , a new feature , `` Box 23 '' , was introduced . At the end of a game the contestant is asked if they would like to buy Box 23 for the amount already won on the show . The box contains one of five cards : Double + £ 10,000 Money Back Half Nothing If purchased , the result can double the contestant 's winnings ( raising the highest possible win to £ 500,000 ) , add £ 10,000 to their winnings , return the winnings , halve the winnings , or expunge the winnings but the minimum of halving drops to the discontinued halfpenny . This change effectively makes it possible for a contestant to leave with nothing at all : previously , a player would usually leave with a minimum of one penny . During special theme shows , the contents of Box 23 are modified , swapping out the `` + £ 10,000 '' prize for `` + £ 20,000 '' and the `` Half '' prize for `` Quarter '' . Offer Button ( edit ) Starting 29 September 2014 , a new gameplay element , the `` Offer Button '' was added . The button , situated on the contestant 's desk , may only be used one time during the contestant 's game . When it is pressed , the Banker must make an offer at that point , regardless of how many boxes have been opened at that stage . The Offer Button becomes available after the opening five boxes are selected . To be able to make use of it during their game , the contestant must correctly guess , within a margin of 10 % , the banker 's opening offer . The Banker 's offer is written and sealed in a capsule and sent to the studio before the contestant guesses the amount . On special themed shows , the contestant additionally wins a holiday if the offer within the band is correct but sometimes if the offer within the band is incorrect on the second attempt the Banker gets to look inside their box . Top prize winners ( edit ) Nine contestants have won the £ 250,000 top prize . When a contestant wins £ 250,000 , confetti is released in the studio . All winners of the top £ 250,000 prize ( as well as certain non-top prize winners ) are allowed to keep their box . No . Date Contestant Winnings Notes 7 January 2007 Laura Pearce £ 250,000 First winner . 12 March 2009 Alice Mundy £ 250,000 Second winner . Originally dealt at £ 17,500 , but accepted the Banker 's Gamble ( winning either 1p or £ 250,000 in her box ) . 13 May 2011 Suzanne Mulholland £ 250,000 Third winner . First contestant to have the `` dream finish '' ( having both the £ 100,000 and the £ 250,000 boxes in play as the final two boxes without having dealt ) . The first and only contestant to win by swapping her box . Also won a holiday . 22 September 2011 Tegen Roberts £ 250,000 Fourth winner . First winner to open the 1p as the first box . 5 5 August 2012 Nong Skett £ 250,000 Fifth winner . Also appeared on the 2,000 th episode and 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Deal or No Deal . 6 12 August 2013 Paddy Roberts £ 250,000 First male winner . Youngest Winner . 7 12 February 2014 Roop Singh £ 250,000 Also won a holiday . First winner to be offered Box 23 . Would have won double to win £ 500,000 if he had purchased Box 23 . 8 15 October 2015 Ann Crawford £ 250,000 Oldest winner . Would have lost everything if she had purchased Box 23 . 9 23 December 2016 Vikki Heenan £ 250,000 The ninth top - prize winner was made known before the episode was aired , on the official website . Production ( edit ) Deal or No Deal was produced by Endemol and supported by BBC Studios and Post Production , a commercial subsidiary of the BBC . The original studio set for the show was converted from an old paintworks factory and its associated warehouses in Bristol . Channel 4 initially commissioned a run of 66 episodes , with filming beginning in October 2005 . The first episode was broadcast on 31 October that year . Channel 4 then commissioned a second filming period at the end of 2005 . By May 2006 , episodes were being filmed Monday to Friday at a rate of 15 episodes a week . Three episodes were recorded in a day in two sessions , one edition in the afternoon using one audience , and then two episodes filmed in the evening using a different audience . The studio operated from 9am to 10pm . Having initially begun filming episodes just a few weeks in advance , each new period of filming then began several months in advance , and at a rate of 15 episodes a week being filmed , the delay between filming and broadcast varies ; it can be months between the filming date and broadcast date for a particular episode . For a two - week period starting on 10 October 2011 , live episodes of the show were broadcast in place of the routine pre-recorded episodes . In October 2013 , production moved to the Bottle Yard Studios , Bristol , which has been custom built to house the show . Filming for series 10 began on 28 October 2013 at the new location . Participants ( edit ) The game show participants comprise the host Noel Edmonds , the unseen character of the Banker , the main contestant playing that day 's game , the other 21 contestants , and a studio audience . Audience members are commonly asked for opinions on whether the contestant should `` Deal or No Deal '' . The contestants who appear on Deal or No Deal come from all backgrounds and age groups . The oldest contestant to have played the game was Joe , who was 97 years old when he played in 2009 . Contestants who appeared and later went on to fame include 2009 X Factor runner - up Olly Murs ( now a successful singer - songwriter and TV presenter ) , and Shahid Khan , known as Naughty Boy . The Observer interviewed Edmonds in relation to the show on 29 January 2006 , quoting Edmonds as saying that his scenes with the Banker bring out his `` inner actor '' . He revealed his passion for the show and his admiration for the individual community spirit within it , as well as his ( later fulfilled ) ambition that it would eventually hold a Saturday evening prime time slot . The Banker ( edit ) The Banker is the name given to the show 's quasi-fictional antagonist . Notionally , the money on the game board is the Banker 's own . As such , his role is to make cash offers to buy the contestant 's chosen box rather than allowing them to continue and risk them winning much more . The Banker is played by `` Himself '' , as stated in the end credits . He talks to Edmonds via the Bakelite telephone on the contestant 's desk , and also regularly talks to the player . As Broadcast magazine noted in March 2006 , the UK version of the show was the first to exploit the potential for the Banker to be an active character . Despite not being seen or heard on screen , this personification led to a high degree of public and media interest . The Guardian newspaper called the Banker `` a cult character in the making and no mistake '' and included him in their hotlist . Television programmes such as Harry Hill 's TV Burp , GMTV , Richard & Judy and Dead Ringers all made jokes about and regularly speculated as to the Banker 's real identity . Some sources have speculated that the Banker is really former Coronation Street actor and host of The Mole , Glenn Hugill , who works as part of the show 's production team . Edmonds denied these claims in Heat magazine in July 2006 . However , in 2015 , these claims were later proven to be accurate by Richard Osman and Stephen Mulhern , who confirmed that Hugill is the Banker . As the show progressed , the Banker 's fictitious back story has been built up through the character 's conversations with Edmonds and the daily contestants . Edmonds describes the Banker as an older man , who is overweight and has little hair . In various episodes the Banker has been said to speak fluent French and Russian . The Banker has made several references to his six ex-wives , mother , two boxer dogs and also to his estranged son , to whom he never speaks on account of his being a charity worker . On 16 November 2006 , Edmonds turned on Exeter 's Christmas lights and claimed that the Banker used to study `` Financial affairs and Politics '' at Exeter University , suggesting that students could find his identity by looking at the records . This `` fact '' was mentioned during an episode of University Challenge on 17 September 2007 when presenter Jeremy Paxman introduced Exeter University and named the Banker as one of the institution 's famous alumni . In the October / November 2008 edition of the Sky Digital Magazine , an interview with the Banker was published . It was revealed that the Banker has an MSc in financial analysis and fund management , a BSc in pure mathematics , statistics and mathematical sciences and a Masters in behavioural and biological psychology . He also stated that he was a registered dentist . The Banker has also made infrequent and obscure visual appearances , which usually serve to exaggerate his reputation as only caring about his money . On 25 December 2006 , at the end of the show , a brief shot from behind of a man in a suit and hat was switching off his television after watching the contestants sing Christmas carols . Other short comical appearances followed , and on 20 October 2011 , he said he was going to appear in person to make his offer . However , when he came out it looked like he was hiding under a cloak , until Helen , a woman from the audience unveiled him to see a man called Alex . The Banker then revealed it was just a fake , and that Helen and Alex knew each other . On several occasions the Banker 's voice can be heard . He has been heard laughing manically , blowing kisses and imitating Basil Brush . Contestants have described his voice as sounding like `` a dirty phone call '' , old and sexy , rather like well spoken deep voiced fellow contestant Lance and `` the Scream man '' . Edmonds has often imitated the Banker 's voice in a deep Churchillian tone . Short utterances or other audio from the Banker 's end of the phone call can occasionally be heard by the viewer . On 22 September 2010 , the Banker 's voice was heard properly for the first time . In a twist to how the boxes are usually chosen , the contestant offered the Banker the opportunity of choosing his next three boxes . The Banker accepted the offer and rather than talking to Edmonds over the phone , his deep , gravelly voice was heard making his choices through the studio speakers . The Banker 's personality is one of the most essential components of the show , and on many occasions has generated good or bad offers , gifts and surprises . Such surprises have included early box swaps , chances to double offers , offer increases , offer decreases and additional gifts . On some shows , the Banker has offered items such as a copy of the rules , two weeks of therapy , the book `` How to Win Friends and Influence People '' , a loofa , `` a train ticket back to wherever you came from '' or even included the contestant 's lucky number into the offer . On 15 April 2006 , the Banker doubled contestants Gabrielle 's and Savvas ' winnings , after they both revealed they would be donating the money to charity . The Banker has also played mind games with contestants by only offering box swaps , substantially low offers , decreasing offers and threats to other contestants . On some occasions , the Banker has given poems and gifts to the chosen player . These gifts have included a bottle of bubble bath , a mini replica of a `` Deal or No Deal '' box , a bunch of roses , a `` Deal or No Deal '' mug and champagne . On only one occasion ( in February 2014 ) , the Banker made an offer that was higher than any of the boxes remaining in the game . In the earlier rounds of the game the Banker agreed to inflate the contestant 's offers by £ 1,000 per offer if they could perform a `` keepy uppy '' ( keeping a football off the ground by repeatedly kicking it in the air ) for 10 seconds . The contestant succeeded . At the last two boxes , the amounts in play were £ 10 and £ 500 . One of the waiting contestants remarked , `` This is going to be an interesting offer '' . Noel himself observed that , `` The Banker has n't thought this one through '' . True to his word the Banker offered £ 1,200 . It was academic though as the contestant had already left the game . Episodes ( edit ) Episodes of Deal or No Deal were pre-recorded . The show was broadcast mid afternoon ( usually 4pm ) six days a week throughout the year ( with a month long break in July / August that was ultimately dropped in 2012 ) . Sunday editions ceased broadcast on 17 October 2014 . While Deal or No Deal had a standard theme for most of the year , it also broadcast several special episodes usually themed to particular events or national public holidays such as Christmas and Easter . These were stopped before the filming of the 2015 episodes due to Channel 4 Racing misinforming the show of when they would broadcast , resulting in the programme not knowing when their episodes would actually air . Consequently , `` Double Trouble '' specials substituted the regular specials , in which two people play the game . These games were not in sequence with the regular show . Season 9 began on 12 August 2013 , with the show 's first ever male £ 250,000 winner , Paddy Roberts . The show was put on hiatus for a two - month period in July 2015 ( returning in September ) , and for six months in April 2016 . It returned to screens in October 2016 to conclude its studio based run , which ended on 11 December 2016 . The special `` Deal or No Deal On Tour '' episodes aired from 12 to 23 December 2016 , officially bringing Deal or No Deal to an end . Transmissions ( edit ) Episodes have been broadcast as follows : Season Start date End date Episodes ( excl . Celebrity ) Notes and records 31 October 2005 22 July 2006 234 28 August 2006 13 July 2007 278 500th show 13 August 2007 25 July 2008 299 25 August 2008 24 July 2009 287 1,000 th show 5 24 August 2009 25 July 2010 288 6 23 August 2010 29 July 2011 294 7 15 August 2011 12 August 2012 313 8 13 August 2012 11 August 2013 308 2,000 th show 9 12 August 2013 8 August 2014 282 10 10 August 2014 8 July 2015 223 11 21 September 2015 6 April 2016 127 12 / 13 17 October 2016 23 December 2016 56 Deal or No Deal On Tour No Box 23 or Offer Button provided in the tour episodes . Special episodes and double Trouble episodes ( edit ) Many seasonal episodes of Deal or No Deal have aired , with themes including Halloween week , Guy Fawkes Night , Christmas , Valentine 's Day / Love week , Easter and the Banker 's birthday week and Summer specials . Many special episodes have themed games that can be played at the 5 - box stage , where the contestant may be able to win a holiday . Games may also allow the contestant to receive an offer after every box opened or allow the Banker to look inside the contestant 's box . From Love Week 2015 , Deal or No Deal began broadcasting `` Double Trouble '' episodes . Celebrity Deal or No Deal ( edit ) On 8 April 2012 , Deal or No Deal started broadcasting celebrity editions of the show . These episodes saw famous faces including ( in order of appearance ) Jimmy Carr , Olly Murs ( who appeared on the show previously ) , Sarah Millican , Louis Walsh , Peter Andre , Katie Price , McFly , Joan Collins , Jonathan Ross , JLS , Gok Wan and Alan Carr all playing for charity . On 4 July 2014 , Channel 4 aired a celebrity edition featuring James Corden , who was the first celebrity to play with 23 boxes . The highest win so far has been £ 70,000 by Louis Walsh , and the lowest 10p by Gok Wan . Phone - in competition ( edit ) When Deal Or No Deal began , viewers were invited to phone in ( at a premium rate ) , use the Channel 4 website or enter by post ( free of charge ) to enter the competition , in which an audience member selects one of three boxes ( coloured blue and separate from the boxes used in the main game ) , and a selected entrant wins the amount of money displayed in that box . The amounts on offer in the competition varied from day to day , but typically comprised two amounts in the low thousands of pounds and a top prize of £ 10,000 or more . On rare occasions , a match play competition had been run in which the winning entrant received the same amount as the studio contestant instead of a prize being selected from the blue viewers ' boxes ; this allowed one viewer to win £ 70,000 . Entry was open from the beginning of the second part of the show ( when the winning box was chosen ) , to noon the next day , with the winner revealed at the beginning of the show seven days later . Previously , the competition was only open for the duration of the show , with the box containing the prize being opened at the end of the show , and the winner 's name announced thereafter . This was changed from the third Season in August 2007 , following the premium - rate services operator ICSTIS imposing a £ 30,000 fine on iTouch , the company responsible for running the competition . It ruled that the competition was misleading since the impression was given that entrants stood a chance of winning any of the three amounts contained in the blue viewers ' boxes , whereas in fact since the programme is pre-recorded , by the time of broadcast only one prize amount is possible . The altered format of the competition only opened the competition after the prize amount had been chosen . Channel 4 had announced that , following a spate of revelations of improper conduct regarding premium - rate phone services across British television programmes ( notably on `` Richard & Judy '' ) , it was scrapping all premium - rate phone competitions , with the single exception of Deal or No Deal , with profits from the viewer 's competition going to charity . As of 1 October 2007 , the viewer 's competition had ended . In 2014 , the viewer 's competition returned in an altered form . A suite of prizes were on offer ( usually for a week at a time ) and viewers were invited to phone in ( on a premium rate number ) , text ( on a premium rate number ) or enter for free on their website . The entrant was required to answer a question using the usual multiple choice format . This ended in early 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) In a review by columnist A.A. Gill , Deal or No Deal was described as `` like putting heroin in your TV remote '' . Guardian television reviewer Charlie Brooker criticised the in - show implication that there are strategies that can be employed and pointed out that the game premise revolves around plain guessing while calling it `` a gameshow based on the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics '' . Awards ( edit ) Deal or No Deal was consistently been the most watched programme in its slot for all UK channels for both daytime and primetime . It was named `` Daytime Programme of the Year '' at the Royal Television Society Awards on 14 March 2006 , and `` Best Daytime Programme '' in the TV Quick Awards on 5 September 2006 . The UK version also won the Rose d'Or award for `` Best Game Show '' at the 2006 Lucerne Television Festival . Edmonds was also nominated in the `` Best Entertainment Performance '' category at the 2006 BAFTA Television Awards . The show was voted `` Best Daytime Programme '' at the 2006 National Television Awards . Edmonds was also nominated for `` Best Entertainment Presenter '' at the same awards . As of 2 February 2015 , the show has given away more than £ 40,000,000 prize money . Sponsorship ( edit ) The programme had been numerous sponsors during its run , including Müller , King.com , BT , Jackpotjoy.com , More Than.com , Anadin , The Famous Grouse , Kellogg 's All - Bran and HSL . Product placement ( edit ) In August 2012 , the show had undertaken product placement by incorporating the PG Tips logo into its episodes . The logo was added digitally in post-production and appears on the contestants ' coffee mugs . Merchandising ( edit ) Books ( edit ) A book called Can You Beat the Banker ? ( ISBN 0 - 09 - 191422 - 1 ) was released on 25 May 2006 , which has descriptions of games from early episodes and the reader having to guess what the Banker 's offers will be , and whether to `` Deal '' or `` No Deal '' . Drumond Park have also released electronic and board games . The Official Behind the Scenes Guide ( ISBN 0 - 09 - 192006 - X ) was published on 26 October 2006 , written by Noel and Charlotte Edmonds , Jane Phillimore , Richard Hague and Glenn Hugill . It features interviews with Edmonds , the Banker , and contestants , and has statistics for all contestants ' games from season 1 . Games ( edit ) A DVD TV game was released on 13 November 2006 . Filmed in the Deal or No Deal studio , it features Edmonds and 21 contestants from Season 1 playing themselves , who open the boxes and give the contestant advice . The game 's three modes are Single Contestant ( played like the show ) , Contestant Vs Contestant ( two contestants play rounds in turn ) , and Contestant Vs Banker ( one contestant is the contestant , the other is the Banker , and gives offers to the contestant ) . A card game has also been released . The 22 sums of money are shuffled , and placed on top of the 22 box numbers . The gameplay is similar to the Contestant Vs Banker mode on the DVD with one contestant being the contestant and another the Banker . Contestants then swap roles , and the one who takes more money is declared the winner . The card game is often sold in a special box - set alongside the DVD game . Deal or No Deal video games for the PC and Nintendo DS have also been released , as has a second DVD game on 19 November 2007 , subtitled `` Family Challenge '' , and featuring Season 2 contestants . Additionally , a Wii game and a second DS game , both titled , `` Deal or No Deal : The Banker is back ! '' were released on 28 November 2008 ; a Deal or No Deal chocolate game is also available ; an online version is available on the website WeDigTV.com ; and there is also a Facebook application called `` Deal Or No Deal LIVE ! '' , in which a user can play with other people competing to get the highest amount out of the box . The contestant can build up through levels . There is also a chat function whilst playing . A quiz - based Deal or No Deal game also appears on a number of pub quiz machines . A quiz app titled Deal or No Deal - Noel 's Quiz was released on 12 March 2015 . Available on iOS and Android , the app allows users to play the Banker in a multiple - choice quiz based on the TV show 's gameplay . When asked about the app , Edmonds said `` I 've lost count of the number of Deal or No Deal fans who have stopped me in the street to ask how they can get to play the game . With this app they can take the Walk of Wealth wherever and whenever they like and I ca n't wait for them to Spank the Banker on it . '' Gambling issues ( edit ) In March 2012 , with the series approaching its 2,000 th episode and the format now broadcast in over 50 countries , senior Channel 4 executives were to meet with the Gambling Commission , who were preparing to issue new guidance in April 2012 on the implications of the Gambling Act 2005 for broadcasters and according to The Guardian , had concerns with the show . The newspaper claimed the show could be breaking the law as it did not involve any element of skill , with such non-skill games played for profit requiring a gambling licence . However , as in the Sun bingo case , there is no element of gambling as the contestant does not wager any stake money as participation is effectively free . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ These episodes ( Nos. 47 -- 56 ) are titled as Deal or No Deal On Tour . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Martin , Liam ( 19 September 2015 ) . `` UK TV ratings : England kick off Rugby World Cup with 7.56 million viewers '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Noel Edmonds ' Deal Or No Deal axed after 11 years '' . The Guardian . 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Behind the scenes of ' Deal Or No Deal ' - Part 1 '' . Digital Spy. 16 May 2006 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` DOND DICTIONARY '' . Archived from the original on 14 March 2009 . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Deal or No Deal '' . 27 -- 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 5 November 2014 . On the 27 Oct show Edmonds states that these Box 23 options always apply in special theme weeks . Missing or empty series = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 10th Anniversary for Noel Edmonds and Deal or No Deal on Channel 4 '' . channel4.com . Channel 4 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Deal or No Deal '' . 27 -- 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 5 November 2014 . On the 27 Oct show Edmonds states that contestants that correct guess the opening offer ( + / - 10 % ) additionally win a holiday . Missing or empty series = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Wightman , Catriona ( 10 April 2014 ) . `` Deal or No Deal : 19 facts you never knew about the show '' . DigitalSpy . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Deal or no Deal '' . 13 May 2011 . Channel 4 . Described as the `` dream finish '' by Edmonds on episode broadcast 13 May 2011 as well as numerous other episodes Missing or empty series = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Deal or No Deal : Ann '' . Deal or No Deal . 15 October 2015 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Red Lady went to Kelvingrove and took home the maximum of £ 250,000 '' . Deal or No Deal . 23 December 2016 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Deal or No Deal crowns its ninth quarter - millionaire '' . Deal or No Deal . 29 November 2016 . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4349798.stm Jump up ^ `` Free audience tickets for Series 10 ! '' . Deal or No Deal - Official Blog. 2013 - 10 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Music producer scores a big ' deal ' on TV show '' . Watford Observer . Newsquest. 10 May 2007 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Cooke , Rachel ( 29 January 2006 ) . `` Saturday Night Fever '' . London : The Observer . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Corrie star outed as No Deal banker '' . The Manchester Evening News . 5 April 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Heat ( July 2006 ) . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Deal or No Deal ' Banker ' revealed to be show producer Glenn Hugill by Pointless star Richard Osman '' . Alison Maloney for the Mirror. 23 February 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Feel or no feel '' ( PDF ) . Exeposé. 20 November 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 April 2007 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-37130769 ^ Jump up to : `` Deal or No Deal ( UK ) '' . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` You are all invited to Deal or No Deal 's Big Christmas Dinner '' . 11 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 14 December 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Banker 's Birthday week on Deal or No Deal '' . 30 April 2012 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Deal or No Deal : Ideal Summer '' . 22 July 2014 . Archived from the original on 9 August 2014 . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Daniel ( 10 April 2012 ) . `` ' Deal or No Deal ' fans raise £ 6,000 for charity after Jimmy Carr loses '' . DigitalSpy . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Better luck this time ! Olly Murs appears on Deal Or No Deal again after winning just £ 10 on his first attempt five years ago '' . Daily Mail . 23 April 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Holly ( 30 April 2012 ) . `` So close ! Sarah Millican nearly wins £ 100,000 for charity on Celebrity Deal Or No Deal ... but ends up pocketing £ 20,000 '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Llewellyn , Angharad ( 21 May 2012 ) . `` The Price was right for Katie '' . The Sun . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Alex ( 21 December 2012 ) . `` Joan Collins takes on ' Deal or No Deal ' in New Year special - video '' . DigitalSpy . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Alex ( 21 March 2013 ) . `` Jonathan Ross takes on the ' Deal or No Deal ' banker : Watch video '' . DigitalSpy . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Alex ( 10 May 2013 ) . `` JLS tackle the banker on ' Deal Or No Deal ' : Watch preview clip '' . DigitalSpy . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Earp , Catherine ( 4 July 2014 ) . `` James Corden wins £ 32,000 on Deal or No Deal charity special '' . DigitalSpy . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` £ 30,000 fine for No Deal phone - in '' . BBC News . 9 August 2007 . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Brooker , Charlie ( 28 January 2006 ) . `` New Deal '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Television Society Awards '' . London : The Guardian . 15 March 2006 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who lands three TV awards '' . BBC News . 5 September 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` FRAPA Format Awards 2003 -- 2013 '' . FRAPA . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The British Academy Television Awards : nominations in full '' . London : The Guardian . 27 March 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` National TV Awards 2006 winners '' . BBC News . 31 October 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Edmonds makes TV award shortlist '' . BBC News . 16 October 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Channel 4 signs new sponsorship deal for Deal or No Deal '' . Channel 4 Press . 21 November 2012 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Degun , Gurjit . `` Kellogg 's sponsors Deal or No Deal '' . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PG tips teams up with Deal or No Deal '' . Channel 4 . 2012 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Deal or No Deal - Noel 's Quiz launches across Android and iOS devices - Channel 4 - Info - Press Jump up ^ Rigby , Sam ( 12 March 2015 ) . `` Deal or No Deal launches official Noel 's Quiz app '' . DigitalSpy . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 13 March 2012 ) . `` Deal or No Deal : Channel 4 to face commission over gambling concerns '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) Deal or No Deal at Channel4.com Deal or No Deal UK -- Official UK Endemol Site Deal or No Deal -- Official International Endemol Site ( hide ) Deal or No Deal Afghanistan Albania Arab World Argentina Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Belgium Flanders Belize Brazil Bulgaria Canada English French Chile China Costa Rica Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hong Kong Hungary India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Japan Lebanon Lithuania Malaysia Chinese English Malta Mexico Netherlands original direct New Zealand Nigeria Norway Panama Persian Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa English Afrikaans South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States English Spanish Vietnam Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deal_or_No_Deal_(UK_game_show)&oldid=818092762 '' Categories : 2005 British television programme debuts 2016 British television programme endings 2000s British television series 2010s British television series Channel 4 game shows British television series based on non-British television series Deal or No Deal English - language television programs Television series by Endemol Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Pages with citations lacking titles Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use dmy dates from September 2017 Use British English from February 2013 Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 14 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deal%20or%20No%20Deal%20%28UK%20game%20show%29

how many seasons of chicago fire have there been

Chicago Fire Genre Action Drama Created by Derek Haas Michael Brandt Starring Jesse Spencer Taylor Kinney Monica Raymund Lauren German Charlie Barnett David Eigenberg Teri Reeves Eamonn Walker Yuri Sardarov Christian Stolte Joe Minoso Kara Killmer Dora Madison Steven R. McQueen Miranda Rae Mayo Composer ( s ) Atli Örvarsson Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 120 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Dick Wolf Matt Olmstead Danielle Gelber Michael Brandt Derek Haas Joe Chappelle Arthur W. Forney Peter Jankowski Todd Arnow Andrea Newman Michael Gilvary Producer ( s ) John L. Roman Todd Arnow Tim Deluca Hilly Hicks Jr . Carla Corwin Michael Gilvary Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Wolf Films Universal Television Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network NBC Original release October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Chicago P.D. Chicago Med External links Website www.nbc.com/chicago-fire

Chicago Fire ( TV series )

chicago fire ( tv series )

Chicago Fire is an American action - drama television series created by Michael Brandt and Derek Haas with Dick Wolf as executive producer . It is the first installment of Dick Wolf 's Chicago franchise . The series premiered on NBC on October 10 , 2012 . The show follows the firefighters and paramedics working at Firehouse 51 of the Chicago Fire Department , home of Truck 81 , Squad 3 , and Ambulance 61 , as they risk their lives to save and protect the citizens of their city .

On May 10 , 2017 , NBC renewed the series for a sixth season , which premiered on September 28 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 3 Episodes 3.1 Crossovers 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Filming 5 Reception 5.1 Spin - offs 6 Broadcast and streaming 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The show explores the lives , both professional and personal , of the firefighters and paramedics of the Chicago Fire Department at the quarters of Engine Co. 51 ; Truck Co. 81 ; Rescue Squad Co. 3 ; and Ambulance 61 . Following the death of veteran Firefighter Andrew Darden , loyalties fracture and divide as Lieutenant Matthew Casey , officer - in - charge of Truck Co. 81 , and Lieutenant Kelly Severide , officer - in - charge of Squad Co. 3 , both blame one another for the death of their long - time friend and colleague . Severide is consumed with more guilt when he learns Darden 's wife also blames him for the tragedy . Despite their differences , the firehouse comes together after the near death of Truck Co. 81 Firefighter Christopher Herrmann . New to the station is Firefighter Candidate Peter Mills , the Candidate assigned to Truck Co. 81 , who is following in the footsteps of his late father and trying to find his place , over the objections of his mother . Alongside the firefighters are Paramedics Gabriela Dawson and Leslie Shay , the only women in the firehouse . Under the leadership of 25th Battalion Chief Wallace Boden , the firehouse faces life or death decisions every day , but look to each other like family , making sure to look out for each other , no matter what happens . Chicago Fire 's tagline is `` This Family Burns Deep '' . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Chicago Fire characters Main Cast ( edit ) Jesse Spencer as Captain Matthew Casey , Truck Company 81 . Casey is the Captain in charge of Truck 81 . A skilled handyman and carpenter , he freelances as a construction contractor when off - duty . Despite his reticence and aloof demeanor , he is fiercely protective of the firefighters under him and commands their loyalty and respect . He is also a former elected Alderman . Married to Gabby Dawson . Matt was promoted to captain in the episode `` An Even Bigger Surprise '' . Taylor Kinney as Lieutenant Kelly Severide , Rescue Squad 3 . Severide is the Lieutenant at Firehouse 51 in charge of Squad 3 . In contrast to Casey , he is charismatic and portrayed to be something of a `` ladies ' man '' . He and Casey have been friends since their days at the CFD Academy but their friendship is strained after a mutual colleague dies on the job . His father is Captain Benny Severide , a long - time friend of Chief Boden and Henry Mills , father of Candidate Peter Mills . Monica Raymund as Paramedic in Charge / Firefighter Candidate Gabriela `` Gabby '' Dawson , Ambulance 61 / Truck 81 . Dawson is one of the few women in 51 and is usually treated as a sister by the men . She was the Paramedic in Charge ( PIC ) of Ambulance 61 but transferred to truck 81 after completing the fire academy and passing the physical exams . However , she later transferred back to Ambulance 61 as it was a better fit for her . She is married to Matt Casey . ( she also has a brother Detective Antonio Dawson featured in the spin - offs Chicago P.D. and the canceled Chicago Justice ) . Lauren German as Paramedic Leslie Elizabeth Shay , Ambulance 61 : An experienced paramedic , Shay was the designated ambulance driver and well - liked by the mostly male crew of 51 . She and Kelly Severide share an apartment as roommates and are best friends . Popular with her co-workers , she was openly gay , often cracking self - deprecating jokes about it . She was killed in the season 3 premiere , continuing from the season 2 finale cliffhanger , in which a serial arsonist intentionally set a trap for the first responders . ( Season 1 -- 2 ; guest , Season 3 ) Charlie Barnett as Firefighter Candidate / Firefighter / Paramedic in Charge ( PIC ) Peter Mills , Truck 81 , Squad 3 , Ambulance 61 , ( Season 1 -- 3 ) Mills began as a candidate on Truck 81 . After proving his capabilities as a firefighter , he earned a spot on Squad 3 . However , he was transferred to Ambulance 61 when he lost his firefighter certification after an illness . Mills recovered and finally got his spot back on the squad -- just as his mom and sister decided to take over his dad 's restaurant in North Carolina . Despite saving a life on his first call back with the team , Mills realized it was time to choose his real family over his work one and left Chicago to work with his family in North Carolina . David Eigenberg as Senior Firefighter Christopher Herrmann , Truck 81 : He , Otis and Dawson jointly invest in a small pub called Molly 's which one of their victims had been trying to sell . Molly 's has also featured on Chicago P.D. and Chicago Med as a favorite hideout of cops and medical personnel . Teri Reeves as Doctor Hallie Thomas ( Season 1 ) . She was Lieutenant Casey 's ex-fiancée . They broke up due to differing views and her hectic schedule and his irregular hours prevented them from spending much time together , although they remained friends . She was murdered in a fire as part of a cover - up after she discovers that one of her colleagues at her clinic was selling medication to drug dealers . Eamonn Walker as Chief Wallace Boden , Battalion 25 . He oversees the firefighters and paramedics of Truck 81 , Squad 3 and Ambulance 61 at Firehouse 51 . A long - time veteran of the CFD he is extremely protective of the men and women who serve under him , even putting his career on the line several times . Yuri Sardarov as Firefighter Brian `` Otis '' Zvonecek , Truck 81 ( Season 2 -- present ; recurring Season 1 ) . Prior to Mills ' assignment in the pilot , Otis was the latest Candidate to be assigned to 81 . He became the driver after Joe Cruz transferred to Squad 3 . Christian Stolte as Firefighter Randall `` Mouch '' McHolland , Truck 81 ( Season 2 -- present ; recurring Season 1 ) . Another of 81 's more senior firefighters , Mouch is the de facto `` legal advisor '' of 51 and is their union representative . His wife is Chicago PD Sergeant Trudy Platt ( Amy Morton ) , who also appears in Chicago P.D. . Joe Minoso as Firefighter / Chauffeur Joe Cruz , Squad 3 ( Season 2 -- present ; recurring Season 1 ) . Cruz was formerly the designated chauffeur for Truck 81 . A native of the gangster - infested neighborhoods of Humboldt Park he spends the first two seasons constantly trying to bail his wayward younger brother out of trouble . In the season 3 finale , he transferred to Squad 3 . Kara Killmer as Paramedic Sylvie Brett , Ambulance 61 ( Season 3 -- present ) : Sylvie is a Paramedic that joined Ambulance No. 61 following Leslie Shay 's death . Brett was promoted to Paramedic in Charge ( PIC ) after Dawson transferred to Engine . She is a small - town girl from Indiana and is a `` runaway bride '' who goes `` up I - 65 to Chicago '' to escape her ex-fiancé Harrison after their engagement fell apart . Initially , she has difficulty adjusting to city life due to her naiveté , as shown by the fact that she leaves cash out on the table with the windows open and rented an apartment in a neighborhood known for crime because the rent was cheap . She was in a relationship with Joe Cruz and shares an apartment with Gabby Dawson , prior to Gabby 's marriage to Casey . Dora Madison as Paramedic In Charge Jessica `` Chili '' Chilton ( Season 4 Main episodes 1 -- 14 ; Season 3 recurring ) : She was brought in as the new Paramedic in Charge ( PIC ) after Mills ' departure . Her arrival was initially met with some frostiness from the rest of the crew as they were still getting over Mills ' sudden departure . She was previously with a firehouse in the West Side and is experienced in dealing with victims of major trauma . Steven R. McQueen as Firefighter Candidate / Paramedic Jimmy Borrelli ( Seasons 4 -- 5 ; Season 4 episodes 1 -- 6 recurring ) . He was introduced in the Season 4 premiere and is the newest Candidate assigned to Truck 81 Miranda Rae Mayo as Firefighter Stella Kidd : Truck 81 ( Season 5 -- present ; Season 4 recurring ) . She is Jimmy 's Replacement on Truck 81 . She had a prior relationship with Kelly Severide . Recurring Cast ( edit ) Randy Flagler as Firefighter Harold Capp : a member of Squad 3 . Anthony Ferraris as Firefighter Tony : a member of Squad 3 . DuShon Monique Brown as Connie : Chief Boden 's secretary . Mo Gallini as Firefighter Jose Vargas : a member of Squad 3 , Vargas recently transferred from Truck 81 in the episode `` Professional Courtesy '' . A sixteen - year veteran , he is forced to retire after he is injured in a warehouse fire and considers suicide by jumping from his apartment building rooftop , but Severide and Casey talk him out of it . Shiri Appleby as Clarice Carthage : Clarice is introduced as the pregnant ex-girlfriend of Leslie Shay . In season 1 , episode 13 , Shay and Clarice reconcile their relationship and Clarice moves back in with Shay , only for Clarice to break up with Shay for a second time at the end of season 1 , episode 16 . Kathleen Quinlan as Nancy Casey : Matthew and Christie Casey 's mother who is incarcerated for murdering their verbally abusive father and her husband Gregory in 1997 , fifteen years prior to the beginning of the series . She had grown estranged from her children while in prison ; it was mentioned that Christie still could not forgive her and would testify against her at each parole hearing , thereby postponing Nancy 's release , while Casey visited on rare occasions . Casey is successful in getting Nancy released on parole after convincing Christie to let go of the past . Nancy stays with her son as part of her parole but things become tense between mother and son when Casey voices his discomfort over her going out with `` a penpal '' just hours after being released . She moves in with her former cellmate , but not before telling her children to mend their relationship . Sarah Shahi as Renee Royce : Renee becomes attracted to Kelly after he saves her in a traffic accident , and they begin dating . In the season 1 finale , she announced that she is pregnant with Kelly Severide 's child . In season 2 , it is revealed that the baby is not Severide 's . Treat Williams as Benjamin `` Benny '' Severide : Kelly 's father and fire captain who served with Chief Wallace Boden and Peter Mills ' father Henry . He is a skilled fire investigator currently with the CFD 's Office of Fire Investigation Division ( OFI ) . In season 2 , Gail McLeod plots a way to overthrow Chief Boden and recruits Benny to see if he will command 51 . He accepts but then he backs out because of his longstanding friendship with Wallace . He and Chief Boden had fallen out after the death of Henry Mills in the line of duty to the point where they even argued in front of Boden 's men at the firehouse but both have been able to set aside their differences when needed . He had a love - hate relationship with his son as he had left Kelly and his mother when the latter was ten years old and had Katie , Kelly 's half - sister , with another woman . He lived in Kenosha , Wisconsin with his new wife Beth and two sons but abandoned them and moved to Chicago without Kelly 's knowledge . In season 2 , he was revealed to be responsible for the disappearance of Vince Keeler , the mobster behind Katie 's kidnapping , and confesses to Detective Voight . Voight , being a father himself , lets Benny off and Benny returns to Kenosha on his advice . Robyn Coffin as Cindy Herrmann : Wife of Christopher Herrmann , and mother of their five children ( 4 boys and 1 girl ) . At the beginning of the series , she and Christopher have just lost their home to foreclosure and together with their children move in with her parents . After watching Christopher get in over his head with various side jobs in order to get them back into a house of their own , the last of which being a rather unsavory limo service , she tells him that it is n't worth it if it means that much trouble . She then suggests they look into renting a home , and tells him about a complex where one of her co-workers lives where she heard there is a vacancy . `` We 'll make it our dream home . '' She tells him . In the episode `` Under the Knife '' Herrmann announces that Cindy is pregnant with their fifth child . In `` Ambition '' she has a medical episode as a result of the pregnancy and passes out and is rushed to the hospital . In `` Hell of a Ride '' she has a baby boy via an emergency C - Section . As she is Catholic and does not use birth control because of religious restrictions , Herrmann surprises her on their twentieth anniversary by getting a vasectomy . William Smillie as Kevin Hadley : a former member of Squad 3 , he was transferred out of Squad 3 to another house because of an inappropriate prank on Peter Mills . In season 2 he targets Firehouse 51 and personally targets Severide for revenge with arson attacks and burns himself when pouring gas on himself and standing on top of an accelerant , leaving him badly scarred and in constant pain . He is currently in prison . Edwin Hodge as Rick Newhouse of Squad 3 : he transfers from the fictional Squad 6 based in South Side in the season 2 episode `` One More Shot '' to fill the empty spot left behind after Clarke 's promotion and subsequent transfer . His experience and charismatic personality quickly wins over Severide and the rest of the men , although Herrmann initially antagonized him as he had yet to come to terms with the recent suicide of Candidate Rebecca Jones . When off duty , he moonlights as a skiptracer and has been seen entertaining his coworkers with stories of his `` clientele '' . Mills looks up to him as an older brother figure . He hails from the crime - ridden Chicago area of Roseland and , despite getting out , still goes back to visit family . He is a single father with an elementary school - age daughter Naomi . In season 3 , he leaves Chicago to visit family in Miami and Scott Rice takes over his spot on Squad 3 on a temporary basis . Whether or not Newhouse will return remains ambiguous . Pouch the dog : Peter is given a dog by a child from a family who could not take care of it . Hermann , Chief Boden , and Mouch decide against it . Eventually , the three agree after Hermann suggests the three should rethink the dog . She is given a name and adopted by the team . Pouch 's name was decided by Hermann , who suggests she should be named after Mouch , which is half man , half couch , to Pouch : half pooch , half couch . Mouch was initially against them adopting Pouch because of a bad experience he had with the dog at his former firehouse but comes to enjoy Pouch 's company . The two are often seen on the couch together . Jeff Hephner as Lieutenant Jeff Clarke : After his firehouse is closed , he is transferred to Firehouse 51 , Squad 3 . Initially , he was not liked by the rest of the crew as he was extremely private and preferred to read newspapers at the squad 's table rather than socialize with them in the lounge . His arrival at 51 coincided with McLeod 's efforts to find reasons to close Firehouse 51 down and he was falsely accused of being McLeod 's mole . When the rest of the firehouse realizes that he had actually turned McLeod down , they befriend him and helped him through his marital problems . He was also revealed to be a former Marine and Iraq veteran . His wife Lisa had cheated on him while he was on his final tour and were estranged when the character is first introduced . They reconnect after she asks for his forgiveness and he and the crew were nearly killed by a burning propane tanker on a call . Lisa 's ex-lover Hayes turned out to be a loanshark who continuously harasses them to the point where Clarke was prepared to kill the man with his military - issue sniper rifle . When Hayes is found dead , Clarke becomes the prime suspect and tries to protect Lisa upon finding out that she had been involved . He transferred out of 51 after being promoted to lieutenant and is now the commander of Truck 25 . Clarke hurt himself on the job and returns to Med School and is a resident at Chicago Med Michelle Forbes as Gail McLeod : a financial consultant hired by the state to help trim the budget of the CFD which includes closing some firehouses . She had Lieutenant Spellman , a transfer from a closed firehouse , `` report '' to her on the activities of the crew at 51 but Spellman was coerced into transferring out when the entire crew , led by Lieutenants Casey and Severide , staged a plan to run him out upon discovering that he was the mole . Mouch rallies the union to fight back when he discovers the reason why McLeod was so keen on closing down firehouses . The community and fellow firefighters rally behind 51 , drawing the attention of State Senator Wheeler , who orders his assistant Isabella , then - girlfriend of Peter Mills , to reverse the closure of 51 . John Hoogenakker as Lieutenant Spellman : He is assigned to Firehouse 51 , along with Clarke , after city budget cuts force downsizing in the department . He is later revealed to be the snitch to Gail McLeod and is `` transferred '' out of 51 . Mills realizes that he was McLeod 's `` spy '' and Spellman is transferred out after some of the men repeatedly taped pink transfer forms in his locker and the entire crew , Lieutenants Casey and Severide and Chief Boden included , hand him pink transfer forms . Christine Evangelista as Allison Rafferty , Paramedic in Charge , Ambulance 61 : After Dawson starts training at the Academy to become a firefighter , transfer paramedic Allison Rafferty is introduced as Leslie Shay 's new partner . At first Rafferty seems distant toward Shay and when Shay later confronts her , she tells her that her previous partner at 24 was a lesbian and used to make phone calls to her girlfriend that made Rafferty uncomfortable . In her second episode appearance , it is revealed she was a resident doctor at Chicago Med but dropped out when her fiancé developed Hodgkin 's lymphoma ; he died six months later . She is suspended for treating a patient that refused treatment , and Dawson regains her spot on Ambulance 61 . She briefly returns to 61 to fill in for Dawson who takes the day off to run the race in `` A Dark Day '' and works with Shay during the recovery effort . Alexandra Metz as Elise Mills : Peter Mills ' sister . She helps run the family restaurant with her mom and is torn between being protective of Peter and encouraging him to follow his passion for public service . Brittany Curran as Katie Nolan : Kelly Severide 's half - sister , and Benny Severide 's daughter . Kelly and Katie did n't know each other until they meet in the restaurant where Katie works as a chef . Katie was kidnapped after `` the blackout '' by Vince Keeler and is badly injured . Katie later moves to Colorado . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Chicago Fire episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen Ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewers ( million ) 24 October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) 51 7.78 22 September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 31 9.70 23 September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 47 9.65 23 October 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 31 10.47 5 22 October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 26 9.92 6 TBA September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) TBA TBA TBA Crossovers ( edit ) Main articles : Law & Order ( franchise ) § Crossovers , and Chicago ( franchise ) § Crossovers See also : Chicago P.D. ( TV series ) § Crossovers , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit § Crossovers , and Chicago Med § Crossovers `` A Dark Day '' is part one of a crossover with Chicago P.D. where an explosion occurs at Chicago Med , leading the fire and police departments to track down the culprits . It features Hank Voight , Antonio Dawson , Erin Lindsay , Jay Halstead , Kim Burgess and Kevin Atwater , while `` 8 : 30 PM '' features Matthew Casey , Kelly Severide , Wallace Boden , Leslie Shay , Peter Mills and Joe Cruz . `` Nobody Touches Anything '' is part one of a crossover with Law & Order : Special Victims Unit and Chicago P.D. centered on a pedophile ring . It features Hank Voight and Erin Lindsay from P.D. and Amanda Rollins from SVU . However , no characters from Fire appear in either `` Chicago Crossover '' or `` They 'll Have to Go Through Me '' . `` Three Bells '' is part one of a crossover with Chicago P.D. about the pursuit of the arsonist who killed Leslie Shay . It features Kim Burgess , Sean Roman and Antonio Dawson , while `` A Little Devil Complex '' features Gabriela Dawson , Peter Mills and Wallace Boden . `` We Called Her Jellybean '' is part one of a crossover with Chicago P.D. and Law & Order : Special Victims Unit about a case of rape and murder in Chicago that resembles an unsolved case in New York . It features Olivia Benson and Melinda Warner from SVU and Hank Voight and Antonio Dawson from P.D. , while `` The Number of Rats '' features Matthew Casey and Wallace Boden . However , no characters from Fire appear in `` Daydream Believer '' . `` The Beating Heart '' is part one of a crossover with Chicago Med and Chicago P.D. where Christopher Herrmann is treated for a stab wound while a woman pulled out of a fire is discovered to have been given unnecessary chemotherapy along with other patients . It features Will Halstead , April Sexton , Ethan Choi , and Connor Rhodes from Med as well as Adam Ruzek , Kim Burgess and Trudy Platt from P.D. , while `` Malignant '' features Kelly Severide , Gabriela Dawson , Sylvie Brett , Christopher Herrmann , Jessica Chilton , Joe Cruz and Mouch . However , no characters from Fire appear in `` Now I 'm God '' . `` Some Make It , Some Do n't '' is part one of a crossover with Chicago P.D. about Kelly Severide being brought to the 21st District after his car caused a deadly crash and the team investigates a group of carjackers who are the key to Severide 's innocence . It features Maggie Lockwood from Med as well as Hank Voight , Trudy Platt , and Erin Lindsay from P.D. , while `` Do n't Bury This Case '' features Matthew Casey , Kelly Severide , and Mouch . `` Deathtrap '' is part one of a crossover with Chicago P.D. and Chicago Justice where Firehouse 51 responds to a warehouse fire that puts the lives of many in danger , and leaves Alvin Olinsky 's daughter dead . It features Will Halstead , Natalie Manning , April Sexton , Daniel Charles , Ethan Choi , Maggie Lockwood , and Sharon Goodwin from Med , Hank Voight , Erin Lindsay , Kim Burgess , and Alvin Olinsky from P.D. , and Mark Jefferies from Justice , while `` Emotional Proximity '' features Wallace Boden , Kelly Severide , and Sylvie Brett , while `` Fake '' only features Kelly Severide . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The series pilot , co-written by creators Michael Brandt and Derek Haas , was filmed in Chicago and , according to an NBC representative , the series will continue to be filmed there . Producer John L. Roman was involved from the beginning having worked with the Chicago Fire Department and Deputy District Chief Steve `` Chik '' Chikerotis on Backdraft . Mayor of Chicago Rahm Emanuel made an appearance in the series ' pilot episode . Emanuel stated : `` It 's easier being mayor than playing mayor . I told them I 'd do it under one condition : the TV show is making an investment to the Firefighters ' Widows and Orphans Fund . '' The title `` Chicago Fire '' has sparked some confusion in the show 's first season in regards to it being shared with a local major professional soccer team ; the Chicago Fire Soccer Club . Actor Taylor Kinney has said `` If you ( say ) ' We 're working on `` Chicago Fire , '' ' they ask you if you 're a soccer player `` . However show producer Dick Wolf does n't mind and has seen that fans of the team might watch . The Chicago Fire team themselves have accepted the shared name with the show and have shown the series premiere on October 2 , 2012 at Toyota Park after a game with the Philadelphia Union . The network placed an order for the series in May 2012 . After receiving an additional script order in October , Chicago Fire was picked up for a full season on November 8 , 2012 . On January 29 , 2013 , Chicago Fire had its episode total increased from 22 to 23 . One week later , on February 6 , 2013 , Chicago Fire received one more episode , giving it a total of 24 episodes for season one . The pilot episode had an early release at NBC.com , before the series ' premiere on television . On November 9 , 2015 , NBC renewed the series for a fifth season . The season premiered on October 11 , 2016 . Filming ( edit ) The building used in the show as the firehouse is a working Chicago Fire Department firehouse , and is the headquarters of Engine 18 , located at 1360 South Blue Island Avenue at Maxwell Street , between 13th & Racine . Housed here is ALS Engine 18 , 2 -- 2 -- 1 ( Deputy District Chief -- 1st District ) , 2 -- 1 -- 21 ( 1st District Chief ) , 6 -- 4 -- 16 ( High - Rise Response Unit ) , and ALS Ambulance 65 . The station house used in Chicago PD is just a few blocks away at 949 West Maxwell Street at Morgan Street . Chicago artist and retired firefighter Lee J. Kowalski 's oil paintings of fire scenes can be spotted in several episodes . Molly 's , a small bar owned by Herrmann , Otis and Dawson , is filmed at Lotties in Bucktown . Filming no longer takes place on location to avoid disrupting business . Instead , the interior and exterior surroundings were recreated at Cinespace Chicago Film Studios . In November 2012 , WGN - TV reported a plane crash at 29th and Martin Luther King Drive on their morning newscast and showed live footage for a few minutes before realizing it was merely a set piece pre-staged for Chicago Fire and not an actual emergency situation . Reception ( edit ) The first season currently holds a score of 49 out of 100 on Metacritic , indicating mixed to average reviews . Season Timeslot ( ET ) No. of episodes Premiered Ended TV season Rank Viewers ( million ) Date Premiere viewers ( million ) Date Finale viewers ( million ) Wednesday 10 : 00 p.m. 24 October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 6.61 May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) 6.13 2012 -- 13 51 7.78 Tuesday 10 : 00 p.m. 22 September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) 8.90 May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 7.12 2013 -- 14 31 9.70 23 September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) 9.14 May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 6.66 2014 -- 15 47 9.65 23 October 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) 7.37 May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 7.91 2015 -- 16 31 10.47 5 22 October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 7.52 May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 6.30 2016 -- 17 26 9.92 6 Thursday 10 : 00 p.m. September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 7.19 2017 -- 18 Spin - offs ( edit ) Main articles : Chicago ( franchise ) , Chicago P.D. ( TV series ) , Chicago Med , and Chicago Justice On March 27 , 2013 , NBC announced plans for a proposed spin - off of Chicago Fire , the police procedural drama Chicago P.D. that would involve the Chicago Police Department , the spin - off series being created and produced by Dick Wolf , with Derek Haas , Michael Brandt , and Matt Olmstead serving as executive producers . It premiered on January 8 , 2014 . The show follows an Intelligence Unit of the police and is filmed entirely in Chicago . The main cast includes Jason Beghe , Jon Seda , Sophia Bush , Jesse Lee Soffer , Patrick Flueger , Elias Koteas , Marina Squerciati , LaRoyce Hawkins and Archie Kao . In February 2015 , NBC announced plans to make another spinoff , the medical drama Chicago Med . A special backdoor pilot episode of the show aired during Chicago Fire 's third season . On May 1 , 2015 , Chicago Med was officially ordered to a series , starring Oliver Platt , S. Epatha Merkerson , Nick Gehlfuss , Yaya DaCosta , Torrey DeVitto , Rachel DiPillo , Marlyne Barrett , Colin Donnell and Brian Tee . Chicago Fire was the first show of what would become the Chicago franchise . NBC would greenlight a police procedural spin - off series , under the title Chicago P.D. , which premiered on January 8 , 2014 . On May 1 , 2015 , NBC ordered another spin - off of Chicago Fire , a medical drama called Chicago Med , which premiered on November 17 , 2015 . Additionally , the police procedural led to a 2017 legal series entitled Chicago Justice . Broadcast and streaming ( edit ) Chicago Fire is broadcast by NBC in the United States . The latest five episodes of Chicago Fire are available on Hulu with a subscription . Season 4 is available on NBC.com and the NBC app with a cable subscription . All episodes are available from electronic sell - through platforms such as iTunes , Amazon Instant Video , and Vudu . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards and nominations for Chicago Fire Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result 2013 ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Chicago Fire Won Imagen Foundation Awards Best Actress / Television Monica Raymund Won Best Primetime Television Program Chicago Fire Nominated Best Actor / Television Joe Minoso Nominated Online Film & Television Association Best Sound in a Series Jeffery Kaplan , Todd Morrissey , Peter Reale , Alex Riordan Nominated Prism Awards Best Drama Episode -- `` Professional Courtesey '' Chicago Fire Won Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Action Chicago Fire Nominated Choice TV Actor : Action Jesse Spencer Nominated Choice TV Actress : Action Monica Raymund Nominated 2014 Imagen Foundation Awards Best Supporting Actor / Television Joe Minoso Nominated Best Supporting Actress / Television Monica Raymund Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Network TV Drama Chicago Fire Nominated 2015 Imagen Foundation Awards Best Supporting Actor / Television Joe Minoso Nominated Best Supporting Actress / Television Monica Raymund Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Network TV Drama Chicago Fire Nominated Favorite Dramatic TV Actor Taylor Kinney Nominated Favorite TV Character We Miss Most Lauren German Nominated Prism Awards Drama Series Multi-Episode Storyline -- Mental Health Chicago Fire Won 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic TV Actor Taylor Kinney Won Prism Awards Drama Series Multi-Episode Storyline -- Substance Use Chicago Fire Nominated Imagen Foundation Awards Best Supporting Actor / Television Joe Minoso Nominated Best Supporting Actress / Television Monica Raymund Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Network TV Drama Chicago Fire Nominated Favorite Dramatic TV Actor Taylor Kinney Nominated Imagen Foundation Awards Best Primetime Television Program -- Drama Chicago Fire Pending Best Supporting Actor -- Television Joe Minoso Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Fire , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Chicago Med ' Renewed , No Decision On ' Justice ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Announces Fall Premiere Dates for New 2017 - 18 Season '' . The Futon Critic . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Fire '' . m.facebook.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Chicago Fire Scoop : Fairly Legal 's Sarah Shahi Joins Cast as Love Interest For ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` ' Chicago Fire ' Books ' Everwood 's ' Treat Williams '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` NBC 's Hit ' Chicago Fire ' Adds Four - Legged Series Regular '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Curt ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` Jeff Hephner fired up for Chicago , again '' . RedEye . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rackl , Lori ( August 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Boss ' actors move on to ' Chicago Fire ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings -- Deadline.com ^ Jump up to : Deadline Team , The ( May 23 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2013 -- 14 Series Rankings '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2014 -- 15 Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 - 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crossover Alert ! Law and Order : SVU , Chicago Fire and Chicago PD Plan Mega Event '' . E ! Online . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chicago Fire ' - ' Chicago P.D. ' crossover first look : Shay 's killer targets Dawson '' . ew.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kate Stanhope ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Scoop : Another Chicago Fire - SVU - Chicago PD Crossover Coming This Year '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead ' Alum Cast on ' Chicago Fire ' Crossover '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CHICAGO FIRE on NBC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Curt ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` NBC picks up new series ' Chicago Fire ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the man who saved ' Chicago Fire ' -- and many lives over long career '' . Chicago Entertainment -- Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Luiz ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' Chicago Fire ' trailer includes Rahm Emanuel cameo , Kerry Wood releasing children 's book , John Mayer spotted at Jake Melnick 's '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-10-08/sports/chi-chicago-fire-soccer-tv-show-20121008_1_chicago-fire-upcoming-nbc-firefighter-drama-taylor-kinney Jump up ^ http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-10-02/entertainment/chi-chicago-fire-tv-show-soccer-team-20121002_1_chicago-fire-fire-players-taylor-kinneyM Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` NBC Renews ' Law & Order : SV , Picks Up ' Chicago Fire ' , Inks New Deal With Dick Wolf '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` ' Chicago Fire ' Gets Order For Five Scripts '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Chicago Fire ' Gets Full - Season Order at NBC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' Chicago Fire 's Order Upped By One Episode '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Chicago Fire 's Order Upped Again To 24 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chicago Fire -- Pilot -- Video -- NBC.com Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Chicago P.D. ' Renewed For 2016 -- 17 at NBC '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chicago Fire , ' ' Chicago PD ' Renewed at NBC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Lauren ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` NBC Sets Fall Premiere Dates for 2016 -- 17 Season '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Bucktown Bar Shines on `` Chicago Fire '' `` . NBC Chicago . April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chicago Fire ' warms up to Bucktown bar '' . lottiespub.com. April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chicago Fire ' to no longer film inside Lottie 's Pub '' . Chicago Tribune . September 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holtz , Michael ( Nov 30 , 2012 ) . `` Staged plane crash makes the morning news '' . Chicago Tribune . Chicago : Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' Arrow ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2012 . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' MasterChef ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' How To Live With Your Parents ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dominic Patten . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Forever ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing with the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjusted up , ' Chicago Fire ' holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Chicago Fire ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Flash ' and ABC comedies adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' finale and ' Bull ' adjust up , ' The Middle ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Superstore , ' ' Good Place , ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` NBC Eyes ' Chicago Fire ' Spinoff Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` Chicago Fire Spreading ? NBC Considering Police - Centric Spinoff Series '' . TV Line . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ chicago - med - chicago - fire - spinoff - episode - details - airdate - 1201366402 Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` NBC Picks Up Dramas ' Blindspot ' , ' Chicago Med ' & ' Heartbreaker ' To Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ironside ' & ' Welcome to the Family ' Canceled by NBC ; ' Community ' to Premiere January 2 , ' Chicago P.D. ' January 8 - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Fire '' . Hulu . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Chicago Fire Episodes & Get Recaps - NBC.com '' . NBC . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Download the NBC App for Phones , Tablets and Connected Devices ! '' . NBC . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Fire , Season 1 on iTunes '' . iTunes . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Chicago Fire Season 1 Episode -- Amazon Video '' . www.amazon.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` VUDU -- Watch Movies '' . www.vudu.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations Announced for the 31st Annual Imagen Awards '' . Imagen.org . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations Announced for the 32nd Annual Imagen Awards '' . Imagen.org . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Chicago Fire ( TV series ) Official website Chicago Fire on IMDb Chicago Fire at TV.com NBC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Ninja Warrior ( since 2011 ) America 's Got Talent ( since 2006 ) Better Late Than Never ( since 2016 ) The Blacklist ( since 2013 ) Blindspot ( since 2015 ) The Brave ( since 2017 ) Chicago Fire ( since 2012 ) Chicago Med ( since 2015 ) Chicago P.D. ( since 2014 ) Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) First Dates ( since 2017 ) The Good Place ( since 2016 ) Great News ( since 2017 ) Hollywood Game Night ( since 2013 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( since 1999 ) Law & Order True Crime ( since 2017 ) Little Big Shots ( since 2016 ) Marlon ( since 2017 ) Midnight , Texas ( since 2017 ) Running Wild with Bear Grylls ( since 2014 ) Shades of Blue ( since 2016 ) Spartan : Ultimate Team Challenge ( since 2016 ) Superstore ( since 2015 ) Taken ( since 2017 ) This Is Us ( since 2016 ) Timeless ( since 2016 ) Trial & Error ( since 2017 ) The Voice ( since 2011 ) The Wall ( since 2016 ) Weekend Update Summer Edition ( since 2017 ) Will & Grace ( 1998 -- 2006 ; since 2017 ) World of Dance ( since 2017 ) Daytime Days of Our Lives ( since 1965 ) Megyn Kelly Today ( since 2017 ) Late night 1st Look ( since 2008 ) Last Call with Carson Daly ( since 2002 ) Late Night with Seth Meyers ( since 2014 ) Open House ( since 2008 ) Open House NYC ( since 2012 ) Saturday Night Live ( since 1975 ) The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ( since 2014 ) News Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) Early Today ( since 1999 ) Meet the Press ( since 1947 ) NBC Nightly News ( since 1970 ) Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly ( since 2017 ) Today ( since 1952 ) Sports NBC Golf NASCAR on NBC NFL on NBC Football Night in America NBC Sunday Night Football Thursday Night Football NHL on NBC Notre Dame Football on NBC Olympics on NBC Premier Boxing Champions Tennis on NBC Thoroughbred Racing on NBC Saturday morning The Voyager with Josh Garcia Upcoming A.P. Bio ( 2018 ) The Awesome Show ( TBA ) Champions ( TBA ) Ellen 's Game of Games ( 2017 ) Genius Junior ( TBA ) Good Girls ( 2018 ) Making It ( TBA ) The Reaper ( TBA ) Reverie ( 2018 ) Rise ( 2018 ) Chicago franchise Chicago Fire Characters Matthew Casey Kelly Severide Episodes Season 1 5 6 Chicago P.D. Characters Kim Burgess Antonio Dawson Erin Lindsay Hank Voight Episodes Season 1 5 Chicago Med Characters Episodes Season 1 Other Chicago Justice See also Law & Order franchise Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Crossovers `` Comic Perversion '' `` Chicago Crossover '' Law & Order franchise Series Law & Order ( 1990 -- 2010 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( 1999 -- present ) Law & Order : Criminal Intent ( 2001 -- 2011 ) Law & Order : Trial by Jury ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Law & Order : LA ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Law & Order True Crime ( 2017 -- present ) Adaptations Paris enquêtes criminelles ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Law & Order : UK ( 2009 -- 2014 ) Video games Law & Order : Dead on the Money Law & Order : Double or Nothing Law & Order : Justice Is Served Law & Order : Criminal Intent Law & Order : Legacies Related series Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1993 -- 1999 ) New York Undercover ( 1994 -- 1998 ) Arrest & Trial ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Deadline ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Crime & Punishment ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Conviction ( 2006 ) In Plain Sight ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Chicago franchise Chicago Fire ( 2012 -- present ) Chicago P.D. ( 2014 -- present ) Chicago Med ( 2015 -- present ) Chicago Justice ( 2017 ) Films Exiled : A Law & Order Movie ( 1998 ) Homicide : The Movie ( 2000 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Fire_(TV_series)&oldid=815560781 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2012 American television series debuts American drama television series English - language television programs NBC network shows Television series by Universal Television Television shows set in Chicago Television series about firefighting American medical television series Chicago ( franchise ) Television series by Wolf Films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 16 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago%20Fire%20%28TV%20series%29

what do you mean by wireless communication technologies

Wireless communication , or sometimes simply wireless , is the transfer of information or power between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor . The most common wireless technologies use radio waves . With radio waves distances can be short , such as a few meters for Bluetooth or as far as millions of kilometers for deep - space radio communications . It encompasses various types of fixed , mobile , and portable applications , including two - way radios , cellular telephones , personal digital assistants ( PDAs ) , and wireless networking . Other examples of applications of radio wireless technology include GPS units , garage door openers , wireless computer mice , keyboards and headsets , headphones , radio receivers , satellite television , broadcast television and cordless telephones . Somewhat less common methods of achieving wireless communications include the use of other electromagnetic wireless technologies , such as light , magnetic , or electric fields or the use of sound .

Wireless

wireless

Wireless communication , or sometimes simply wireless , is the transfer of information or power between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor . The most common wireless technologies use radio waves . With radio waves distances can be short , such as a few meters for Bluetooth or as far as millions of kilometers for deep - space radio communications . It encompasses various types of fixed , mobile , and portable applications , including two - way radios , cellular telephones , personal digital assistants ( PDAs ) , and wireless networking . Other examples of applications of radio wireless technology include GPS units , garage door openers , wireless computer mice , keyboards and headsets , headphones , radio receivers , satellite television , broadcast television and cordless telephones . Somewhat less common methods of achieving wireless communications include the use of other electromagnetic wireless technologies , such as light , magnetic , or electric fields or the use of sound .

The term wireless has been used twice in communications history , with slightly different meaning . It was initially used from about 1890 for the first radio transmitting and receiving technology , as in wireless telegraphy , until the new word radio replaced it around 1920 . The term was revived in the 1980s and 1990s mainly to distinguish digital devices that communicate without wires , such as the examples listed in the previous paragraph , from those that require wires or cables . This became its primary usage in the 2000s , due to the advent of technologies such as mobile broadband , Wi - Fi and Bluetooth . Wireless operations permit services , such as long - range communications , that are impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires . The term is commonly used in the telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems ( e.g. radio transmitters and receivers , remote controls , etc . ) which use some form of energy ( e.g. radio waves , acoustic energy , ) to transfer information without the use of wires . Information is transferred in this manner over both short and long distances . Contents 1 History 1.1 Photophone 1.2 Electricity based wireless 1.2. 1 Early wireless 1.2. 2 Radio waves 2 Modes 2.1 Radio 2.2 Free - space optical 2.3 Sonic 2.4 Electromagnetic induction 3 Services 4 Electromagnetic spectrum 5 Applications 5.1 Mobile telephones 5.2 Data communications 5.2. 1 Peripheries 5.3 Energy transfer 5.4 Medical technologies 6 Categories of implementations , devices and standards 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) See also : History of telecommunication Photophone ( edit ) Main article : Photophone Bell and Tainter 's photophone , of 1880 . The world 's first wireless telephone conversation occurred in 1880 , when Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter invented and patented the photophone , a telephone that conducted audio conversations wirelessly over modulated light beams ( which are narrow projections of electromagnetic waves ) . In that distant era , when utilities did not yet exist to provide electricity and lasers had not even been imagined in science fiction , there were no practical applications for their invention , which was highly limited by the availability of both sunlight and good weather . Similar to free - space optical communication , the photophone also required a clear line of sight between its transmitter and its receiver . It would be several decades before the photophone 's principles found their first practical applications in military communications and later in fiber - optic communications . Electricity based wireless ( edit ) Early wireless ( edit ) Main article : Wireless telegraphy A number of wireless electrical signaling schemes including sending electric currents through water and the ground using electrostatic and electromagnetic induction were investigated for telegraphy in the late 19th century before practical radio systems became available . These included a patented induction system by Thomas Edison allowing a telegraph on a running train to connect with telegraph wires running parallel to the tracks , a William Preece induction telegraph system for sending messages across bodies of water , and several operational and proposed telegraphy and voice earth conduction systems . The Edison system was used by stranded trains during the Great Blizzard of 1888 and earth conductive systems found limited use between trenches during World War I but these systems were never successful economically . Radio waves ( edit ) Main article : History of radio Marconi transmitting the first radio signal across the Atlantic . In 1894 , Guglielmo Marconi began developing a wireless telegraph system using radio waves , which had been known about since proof of their existence in 1888 by Heinrich Hertz , but discounted as communication format since they seemed , at the time , to be a short range phenomenon . Marconi soon developed a system that was transmitting signals way beyond distances anyone could have predicted ( due in part to the signals bouncing off the then unknown ionosphere ) . Guglielmo Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun were awarded the 1909 Nobel Prize for Physics for their contribution to this form of wireless telegraphy . Modes ( edit ) Wireless communications can be via : Radio ( edit ) Main articles : Radio and Microwave transmission Radio and microwave communication carry information by modulating properties of electromagnetic waves transmitted through space . Free - space optical ( edit ) Main article : Free - space optical communication An 8 - beam free space optics laser link , rated for 1 Gbit / s at a distance of approximately 2 km . The receptor is the large disc in the middle , the transmitters the smaller ones . To the top and right corner a monocular for assisting the alignment of the two heads . Free - space optical communication ( FSO ) is an optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space to transmit wirelessly data for telecommunications or computer networking . `` Free space '' means the light beams travel through the open air or outer space . This contrasts with other communication technologies that use light beams traveling through transmission lines such as optical fiber or dielectric `` light pipes '' . The technology is useful where physical connections are impractical due to high costs or other considerations . For example , free space optical links are used in cities between office buildings which are not wired for networking , where the cost of running cable through the building and under the street would be prohibitive . Another widely used example is consumer IR devices such as remote controls and IrDA ( Infrared Data Association ) networking , which is used as an alternative to WiFi networking to allow laptops , PDAs , printers , and digital cameras to exchange data . Sonic ( edit ) Sonic , especially ultrasonic short range communication involves the transmission and reception of sound . Electromagnetic induction ( edit ) Electromagnetic induction has short range communication and power . This has been used in biomedical situations such as pacemakers , as well as for short - range Rfid tags . Services ( edit ) Common examples of wireless equipment include : Infrared and ultrasonic remote control devices Professional LMR ( Land Mobile Radio ) and SMR ( Specialized Mobile Radio ) typically used by business , industrial and Public Safety entities . Consumer Two - way radio including FRS Family Radio Service , GMRS ( General Mobile Radio Service ) and Citizens band ( `` CB '' ) radios . The Amateur Radio Service ( Ham radio ) . Consumer and professional Marine VHF radios . Airband and radio navigation equipment used by aviators and air traffic control Cellular telephones and pagers : provide connectivity for portable and mobile applications , both personal and business . Global Positioning System ( GPS ) : allows drivers of cars and trucks , captains of boats and ships , and pilots of aircraft to ascertain their location anywhere on earth . Cordless computer peripherals : the cordless mouse is a common example ; wireless headphones , keyboards , and printers can also be linked to a computer via wireless using technology such as Wireless USB or Bluetooth Cordless telephone sets : these are limited - range devices , not to be confused with cell phones . Satellite television : Is broadcast from satellites in geostationary orbit . Typical services use direct broadcast satellite to provide multiple television channels to viewers . Electromagnetic spectrum ( edit ) See also : Spectrum management Light , colors , AM and FM radio , and electronic devices make use of the electromagnetic spectrum . The frequencies of the radio spectrum that are available for use for communication are treated as a public resource and are regulated by national organizations such as the Federal Communications Commission in the USA , or Ofcom in the United Kingdom , or `` international as ITU - R '' , or European as ETSI . This determines which frequency ranges can be used for what purpose and by whom . In the absence of such control or alternative arrangements such as a privatized electromagnetic spectrum , chaos might result if , for example , airlines did not have specific frequencies to work under and an amateur radio operator were interfering with the pilot 's ability to land an aircraft . Wireless communication spans the spectrum from 9 kHz to 300 GHz . Applications ( edit ) Mobile telephones ( edit ) One of the best - known examples of wireless technology is the mobile phone , also known as a cellular phone , with more than 6.6 billion mobile cellular subscriptions worldwide as of the end of 2010 . These wireless phones use radio waves from signal - transmission towers to enable their users to make phone calls from many locations worldwide . They can be used within range of the mobile telephone site used to house the equipment required to transmit and receive the radio signals from these instruments . Data communications ( edit ) `` Wireless Internet '' redirects here . For all wireless Internet access , see Wireless broadband . For mobile wireless Internet , see Mobile broadband . Wireless data communications allows wireless networking between desktop computers , laptops , tablet computers , cell phones and other related devices . The various available technologies differ in local availability , coverage range and performance , and in some circumstances users employ multiple connection types and switch between them using connection manager software or a mobile VPN to handle the multiple connections as a secure , single virtual network . Supporting technologies include : Wi - Fi is a wireless local area network that enables portable computing devices to connect easily with other devices , peripheries , and the Internet . Standardized as IEEE 802.11 a , b , g , n , ac , ax , Wi - Fi has link speeds similar to older standards of wired Ethernet . Wi - Fi has become the de facto standard for access in private homes , within offices , and at public hotspots . Some businesses charge customers a monthly fee for service , while others have begun offering it free in an effort to increase the sales of their goods . Cellular data service offers coverage within a range of 10 - 15 miles from the nearest cell site . Speeds have increased as technologies have evolved , from earlier technologies such as GSM , CDMA and GPRS , through 3G , to 4G networks such as W - CDMA , EDGE or CDMA2000 . As of 2018 , the proposed next generation is 5G . Low - power wide - area networks ( LPWAN ) bridge the gap between Wi - Fi and Cellular for low bitrate Internet of things ( IoT ) applications . Mobile - satellite communications may be used where other wireless connections are unavailable , such as in largely rural areas or remote locations . Satellite communications are especially important for transportation , aviation , maritime and military use . Wireless sensor networks are responsible for sensing noise , interference , and activity in data collection networks . This allows us to detect relevant quantities , monitor and collect data , formulate clear user displays , and to perform decision - making functions Wireless data communications are used to span a distance beyond the capabilities of typical cabling in point - to - point communication and point - to - multipoint communication , to provide a backup communications link in case of normal network failure , to link portable or temporary workstations , to overcome situations where normal cabling is difficult or financially impractical , or to remotely connect mobile users or networks . Peripheries ( edit ) Periphery devices in computing can also be connected wirelessly as part of a Wi - Fi network or directly by optical infer - red , Bluetooth or Wireless USB . Originally these units used bulky , highly local transceivers to mediate between a computer and a keyboard and mouse ; however , more recent generations have used small , higher - quality devices . A battery powers computer interface devices such as a keyboard or mouse and send signals to a receiver through a USB port by the way of an optical or radio frequency ( RF ) receiver . A RF design makes it possible to expand the range of efficient use , usually up to 10 feet but distance , physical obstacles , competing signals , and even human bodies can all degrade the signal quality . Concerns about the security of wireless keyboards arose at the end of 2007 , when it was revealed that Microsoft 's implementation of encryption in some of its 27 MHz models was highly insecure . Energy transfer ( edit ) Main article : Wireless energy transfer Wireless energy transfer is a process whereby electrical energy is transmitted from a power source to an electrical load ( Computer Load ) that does not have a built - in power source , without the use of interconnecting wires . There are two different fundamental methods for wireless energy transfer . They can be transferred using either far - field methods that involve beaming power / lasers , radio or microwave transmissions or near - field using induction . Both methods utilize electromagnetism and magnetic fields . Wireless energy transfer may be combined with wireless information transmission in what is known as Wireless Powered Communication . Medical technologies ( edit ) New wireless technologies , such as mobile body area networks ( MBAN ) , have the capability to monitor blood pressure , heart rate , oxygen level and body temperature . The MBAN works by sending low powered wireless signals to receivers that feed into nursing stations or monitoring sites . This technology helps with the intentional and unintentional risk of infection or disconnection that arise from wired connections . Categories of implementations , devices and standards ( edit ) Cellular networks : 0G , 1G , 2G , 3G , Beyond 3G ( 4G ) , Future wireless Cordless telephony : DECT ( Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications ) Land Mobile Radio or Professional Mobile Radio : TETRA , P25 , OpenSky , EDACS , DMR , dPMR List of emerging technologies Radio station in accordance with ITU RR ( article 1.61 ) Radiocommunication service in accordance with ITU RR ( article 1.19 ) Radio communication system Short - range point - to - point communication : Wireless microphones , Remote controls , IrDA , RFID ( Radio Frequency Identification ) , TransferJet , Wireless USB , DSRC ( Dedicated Short Range Communications ) , EnOcean , Near Field Communication Wireless sensor networks : ZigBee , EnOcean ; Personal area networks , Bluetooth , TransferJet , Ultra-wideband ( UWB from WiMedia Alliance ) . Wireless networks : Wireless LAN ( WLAN ) , ( IEEE 802.11 branded as Wi - Fi and HiperLAN ) , Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks ( WMAN ) and ( LMDS , WiMAX , and HiperMAN ) See also ( edit ) Comparison of wireless data standards Digital radio Hotspot ( Wi - Fi ) Li - Fi List of emerging technologies MiFi Mobile ( disambiguation ) Personal area network Radio antenna Radio resource management ( RRM ) Terrestrial television Timeline of radio Tuner ( radio ) Wireless access point Wireless security Wireless Wide Area Network ( True wireless ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ATIS Telecom Glossary 2007 '' . atis.org . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Photo - and Graphophone '' . http://www.fi.edu . External link in journal = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Alexander Graham Bell 's Photophone -- Ahead of its Time '' . http://inventors.about.com . External link in journal = ( help ) Jump up ^ Icons of Invention : The Makers of the Modern World from Gutenberg to Gates . ABC - CLIO. 2009 . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34743 - 6 . Jump up ^ Tech Target -- Definition of Wireless -- Posted by Margaret Rouse ( April 2 control and traffic control systems Jump up ^ `` Wireless headphones '' . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Tsai , Allen . `` AT&T Releases Navigator GPS Service with Speech Recognition '' . Telecom Industry News . Retrieved 2 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Robust demand for mobile phone service will continue ; UN agency predicts UN News Centre February 15 , 2010 , Jump up ^ Vilorio , Dennis . `` You 're a what ? Tower Climber '' ( PDF ) . Occupational Outlook Quarterly . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` High Speed Internet on the Road '' . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2011 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Bradley . Wireless Internet Service : An Introduction Jump up ^ What is Connection Manager ? Microsoft Technet , March 28 , 2003 Jump up ^ Unwired Revolution Jump up ^ http://www.gd-itronix.com/index.cfm?page=Products:MobilityXE Jump up ^ About.com Jump up ^ `` Wi - Fi '' Jump up ^ O'Brien , J. & Marakas , G.M. ( 2008 ) Management Information Systems ( pp. 239 ) . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill Irwin Jump up ^ Lachu Aravamudhan , Stefano Faccin , Risto Mononen , Basavaraj Patil , Yousuf Saifullah , Sarvesh Sharma , Srinivas Sreemanthula . `` Getting to Know Wireless Networks and Technology '' , InformIT Jump up ^ `` What really is a Third Generation ( 3G ) Mobile Technology '' , ITU Jump up ^ Geier , Jim . Wireless Network Industry Report 2007 , Wireless - Nets , Ltd. , 2008 Jump up ^ Ilcev , Stojce Dimov , Global Mobile Satellite Communications for Maritime , Land and Aeronautical Applications , Springer , 2006 Jump up ^ F.L. Lewis . `` Wireless Sensor Networks . '' Smart Environments : Technologies , Protocols , and Applications , ed . D.J. Cook and S.K. Das , John Wiley , New York , 2004 . Automation and robotics research institute . 26 Oct. 2013 Jump up ^ Paventi , Jared . `` How does a Wireless Keyboard Work . '' Ehow . Web . 26 Oct. 2013 . Jump up ^ Moser , Max ; Schrödel , Philipp ( 2007 - 12 - 05 ) . `` 27Mhz Wireless Keyboard Analysis Report aka `` We know what you typed last summer '' '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 6 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , George . `` Future Proof . How Wireless Energy Transfer Will Kill the Power Cable . '' MaximumPC. 14 Sept. 2010 . Web . 26 Oct. 2013 . Jump up ^ Suzhi Bi , Yong Zeng , and Rui Zhang ( May 2016 ) `` Wireless powered communication networks : an overview '' Jump up ^ Linebaugh , Kate . `` Medical Devices in Hospitals go wireless . '' Online. wsj . The Wall Street Journal . 23 May 2010 . Web . 27 Oct. 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Geier , Jim ( 2001 ) . Wireless LANs . Sams . ISBN 0 - 672 - 32058 - 4 . Goldsmith , Andrea ( 2005 ) . Wireless Communications . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83716 - 2 . Larsson , Erik ; Stoica , Petre ( 2003 ) . Space - Time Block Coding For Wireless Communications . Cambridge University Press . Molisch , Andreas ( 2005 ) . Wireless Communications . Wiley - IEEE Press . ISBN 0 - 470 - 84888 - X . Pahlavan , Kaveh ; Levesque , Allen H ( 1995 ) . Wireless Information Networks . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 10607 - 0 . Pahlavan , Kaveh ; Krishnamurthy , Prashant ( 2002 ) . Principles of Wireless Networks -- a Unified Approach . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 093003 - 2 . Rappaport , Theodore ( 2002 ) . Wireless Communications : Principles and Practice . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 042232 - 0 . Rhoton , John ( 2001 ) . The Wireless Internet Explained . Digital Press . ISBN 1 - 55558 - 257 - 5 . Tse , David ; Viswanath , Pramod ( 2005 ) . Fundamentals of Wireless Communication . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 84527 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Look up wireless in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Nets , Webs and the Information Infrastructure at Wikibooks Wireless at Curlie Bibliography - History of wireless and radio broadcasting Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Fiber - optic communication Optical fiber Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web List Portal Commons WikiProject NDL : 00567927 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wireless&oldid=859441208 '' Categories : Wireless Wireless networking History of radio Television terminology Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Articles needing cleanup from December 2015 All pages needing cleanup Wikipedia list cleanup from December 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latviešu Македонски Malagasy मराठी მარგალური Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ 日本 語 Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 吴语 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2018 , at 02 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless

when was the last time the giants were 1-7

History of the New York Jets

history of the new york jets

The history of the New York Jets American football team began in 1959 with the founding of the Titans of New York , an original member of the American Football League ( AFL ) ; they began actual play the following year . The team had little success in its early years . After playing three seasons at the Polo Grounds , the team changed its name to the New York Jets , and moved into newly built Shea Stadium in 1964 . In January 1965 , the Jets signed University of Alabama quarterback Joe Namath to a then - record contract . The team showed gradual improvement in the late 1960s , posting its first winning record in 1967 and winning its only American Football League championship in 1968 . By winning the title , New York earned the right to play in Super Bowl III against the champions of the National Football League ( NFL ) , the Baltimore Colts . The Jets defeated the Colts in the game ; in the aftermath of the upset , the AFL was deemed a worthy partner to the NFL as the two leagues merged .

Following the merger , the Jets fell into mediocrity ; Namath was dogged by injuries through much of his later career . In 1981 , New York qualified for the playoffs for the first time in the post-Namath era . They reached the AFC Championship Game in 1982 ; they were defeated on a rain - soaked Orange Bowl field by the Miami Dolphins . Beginning with the 1984 season , the team played in New Jersey 's Giants Stadium . The team started the 1986 season with a 10 -- 1 record , but the injury - plagued Jets lost their last five regular season games and relinquished a ten - point fourth quarter lead to lose in double overtime to the Cleveland Browns in the playoffs . In the following eleven seasons , New York had limited success , reaching the playoffs only once and enduring a string of disastrous seasons , including a 1 -- 15 record in 1996 . The following year , the Jets hired two - time Super Bowl winning coach Bill Parcells . The new coach guided the team to its most successful season since the merger in 1998 ; the Jets finished 12 -- 4 and reached the AFC Championship Game , in which they fell to the Denver Broncos . The team made five playoff appearances in the 2000s , their most of any decade . In 2009 and 2010 , the Jets achieved back - to - back appearances in the AFC Championship Game , losing to the Indianapolis Colts and Pittsburgh Steelers . In 2010 , the team began to play in MetLife Stadium , constructed near the now - demolished Giants Stadium . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins and the Polo Grounds era ( 1959 -- 1964 ) 1.1 Organization and first season 1.2 Bankruptcy and recovery 2 `` Broadway Joe '' era ( 1965 -- 1976 ) 2.1 Road to Super Bowl III 2.2 Super Bowl III 2.3 Decline and Namath 's departure 3 Rebuilding and modest success ( 1977 -- 1989 ) 3.1 Final years at Shea 3.2 Early Meadowlands years 4 Search for success ( 1990 -- 1996 ) 5 Return to respectability ( 1997 -- present ) 5.1 Bill Parcells era 5.2 Herman Edwards takes over 5.3 Eric Mangini : initial success , eventual firing 5.4 Rex Ryan era ; Todd Bowles takes over 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Origins and the Polo Grounds era ( 1959 -- 1964 ) ( edit ) Organization and first season ( edit ) In 1959 , young oilmen Lamar Hunt and Bud Adams sought a National Football League franchise . They found that NFL expansion required a unanimous vote of existing team owners , so there was little likelihood of convincing the NFL to expand . The two men attempted to acquire the Chicago Cardinals , intending to move the franchise to Dallas , where there was no NFL team . Cardinals co-owner Walter Wolfner , who owned the team with his wife , Violet Bidwill Wolfner , was unwilling to sell majority control . During the discussions , Walter Wolfner mentioned the names of other wealthy bidders seeking to acquire the Cardinals . On the flight home , Hunt and Adams decided to recruit the other bidders as owners of teams in a new professional football league . New York City attorney William Shea was attempting to create the Continental League , a rival league to Major League Baseball . Hunt met with him , and Shea suggested Harry Wismer , a minority shareholder in both the Washington Redskins and Detroit Lions , as a potential New York franchise owner for the new football league . Wismer was willing ; he was feuding at the time with the Redskins ' principal owner , George Preston Marshall , and realized he would never own the Washington franchise . Wismer , while wealthy , was not nearly as rich as the other potential team owners . Game program cover for the Titans , 1960 , depicting Coach Sammy Baugh . He posted a . 500 record with the Titans , for thirty - five years the franchise 's best . On August 14 , 1959 , the league held an organizational meeting and announced its plans ; eight days later it announced its name : the American Football League ( AFL ) , the fourth league to take that name . On November 24 , 1959 , the AFL held its first draft ; the `` Titans of New York '' , as the franchise awarded to Wismer was dubbed , selected Notre Dame quarterback George Izo as their first pick . The league announced a policy , formulated by Wismer , that it would negotiate with a network for a single television contract to cover all the teams , the first league to do so . On December 7 , the Titans hired Steve Sebo as general manager . Sebo had just been fired as coach at the University of Pennsylvania , despite taking the Quakers to the Ivy League championship . On December 17 , the Titans announced at a press conference that `` one of the biggest names in the history of football '' would be soon be named as their head coach . Although Wismer was prone to hyperbole , in this case he told the truth : New York had persuaded a former NFL great , quarterback and punter Sammy Baugh , to be its coach . Since his retirement as a player , Baugh had coached at tiny Hardin -- Simmons University , where he built a strong football program that sent a team to the 1958 Sun Bowl . Before appearing at the press conference , Baugh demanded his entire salary of $20,000 for 1960 , in cash . The Titans accommodated him . Wismer sought a place for his team to play , but was only able to secure the decrepit Polo Grounds , which had been without a major tenant since the departure of the New York Giants baseball team in 1957 . The stadium stood on the northern tip of Manhattan , across the Harlem River from Yankee Stadium , where the New York Giants NFL team played . Baugh invited some 100 players to the Titans ' first training camp , which opened at the University of New Hampshire on July 9 , 1960 . As NFL teams cut players from their training camps , many were invited to the Titans ' or other AFL training camps as the teams sought to fill their 35 - man rosters . The franchise 's first preseason game took place on August 6 , 1960 , against the Los Angeles Chargers at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . The Titans kicked off to begin the game , and Chargers running back Paul Lowe returned the kick 105 yards for a touchdown . New York lost , 27 -- 7 . On September 11 , 1960 , the opening regular season game was played in a heavy downpour , the remains of Hurricane Diana . Water poured off Coogan 's Bluff , situated above the Polo Grounds , swamping the field , which had poor drainage . The Titans ' offense was less affected by the mud than that of the visiting Buffalo Bills . The Titans won the game 27 -- 3 before a crowd of 9,607 ( 5,727 paid attendance ) . The following week New York played another home game , against the Boston Patriots . On the first of many occasions when the team would lose a game after taking a big lead , the Titans were ahead 24 -- 7 in the second half . With the lead reduced to 24 -- 21 , the Titans punted from deep in their own territory with seconds left . The punter , Rick Sapienza , fumbled the snap , and the Patriots recovered in the end zone for the victory . The following week , with the Titans playing at the Denver Broncos , New York blocked a punt on the final play to win the game . In their fourth game , New York had a two - point lead when it fumbled with fifteen seconds left against the Dallas Texans . This set off a scramble for the ball , which the Titans recovered as time ran out . Viewers in New York were spared the harrowing ending ; in a prelude to the Heidi Game eight years later , the local ABC station had switched to a Walt Disney Davey Crockett special at 6 : 30 p.m. Many viewers called to complain . Five weeks into the season , guard Howard Glenn broke his neck during a loss to the Houston Oilers , and died a few hours later , becoming the first player in professional football to die from injuries sustained on the field . New York suffered other injuries as the season progressed , and Wismer lacked the money to replace the injured players . Several players had to play both offense and defense . Wismer had arranged for the Titans to play three home games before their cross-river rivals , the Giants , started their season . This meant the Titans had to play their final three games on the road , and Wismer claimed to have lost $150,000 on the trip . The Titans finished their first season 7 -- 7 ; according to attendance figures released by the team , the Titans drew an average of 16,375 fans per game . This claim was mocked by the New York press , which reported that the fans had disguised themselves as empty seats . The New York Times estimated that the team had lost $450,000 for the season ; in his autobiography , Wismer set the figure at $1.2 million . Bankruptcy and recovery ( edit ) The move to then - modern Shea Stadium , as the Flushing stadium was named , with its promise of ample restrooms and dining , from the decrepit Polo Grounds was a selling point for Titans ( and later Jets ) tickets . This is reproduced from the 1962 Titans ticket order form . New York City had proposed to build a new stadium for its franchise in baseball 's stillborn Continental League . When that league dissolved and the city was awarded a franchise , dubbed the New York Mets , in the National League , plans for a stadium continued . Wismer had hoped the Titans could play in the new stadium , to be built at Flushing Meadows in Queens , beginning with the 1961 season , but funding difficulties and legal problems delayed construction . Wismer signed a memorandum of understanding in late 1961 , although he was unhappy about the terms , which gave the Mets exclusive use of the stadium until they completed their season , and gave the Titans no revenue from parking . According to team doctor James Nicholas , `` The lease that Harry signed cost the team quite a lot . It led to ( later team owner ) Leon Hess going to the Meadowlands . '' Shea Stadium , as it came to be known , did not open until 1964 . New York hoped to improve its fortunes through the AFL draft , but most Titans draftees signed with the NFL . The Titans won only one preseason game , before a crowd of 73,916 against the Patriots in Philadelphia -- free tickets had been given to anyone who bought $10 in groceries at an Acme Market . The New York Times columnist Howard Tuckner described the crowd as `` presumably well - fed . '' The 1961 season , which ended at 7 -- 7 , was marked by financial difficulties , as the paychecks of many players bounced ; team members learned to hurry to the bank as soon as they received their pay . At the end of the season , Wismer announced that Clyde `` Bulldog '' Turner would be the Titans ' head coach in 1962 . Baugh had a contract for 1962 and would have to be paid unless he quit . Although Wismer did not fire Baugh , he also did not tell him where the team 's 1962 training camp would be . Baugh showed up anyway , and spent several days acting as kicking coach before Wismer came to the conclusion that Baugh would not quit . The team owner finally agreed to pay the coach his 1962 salary in monthly installments , although Baugh later stated that he was never paid . Baugh 's 14 -- 14 record stood as the best mark by any Titans / Jets coach until bettered by Bill Parcells in 1997 -- 1999 . In the offseason , Wismer hoped to bring a star to the Polo Grounds by drafting Heisman Trophy winner Ernie Davis of Syracuse , but Davis was drafted by the Redskins instead , traded to the Browns , and died of leukemia before ever playing a professional game . Mets Manager Casey Stengel entrusts the Jets faithful to Jets Head Coach Weeb Ewbank in this cartoon by Bill Gallo for a Jets ad in their own program , 1963 . Turner had never been a head coach before ; he faced a team convinced that Baugh had been treated shabbily by Wismer and had difficulty uniting the players . After the Titans split their first two games against Oakland and the Chargers ( who had moved to San Diego ) , the team came home to no paychecks . The players refused to practice , though they worked out on their own on Friday . They then flew to Buffalo and defeated the winless Bills . Public attention in New York was focused on the established local teams , as well as the abysmal record of the fledgling Mets , who nevertheless attracted a cult following . The Titans received little publicity and attracted only 4,719 fans to the home opener against Denver . They were required to wait until the end of the Mets ' season before they were allowed to use the Polo Grounds . The Broncos defeated the Titans , 32 -- 10 , and Titans quarterback Dean Look suffered a career - ending injury . New York 's financial and football woes continued through October 1962 , and at the beginning of November , Wismer informed AFL commissioner Joe Foss that he lacked the money to continue operations . The league assumed the cost of running the team for the rest of 1962 ; Wismer remained in nominal charge . The Titans had little success on the field ( the highlight was a 46 -- 45 victory at favored Denver on Thanksgiving ) , and finished the season insolvent with a 5 -- 9 record . Wismer agreed to sell the team , but attempted to prevent the sale with a bankruptcy filing . He contended that the move into Shea Stadium would lead to sufficient revenue to make the team profitable . A bankruptcy referee granted the league the authority to sell the team to a five - man syndicate composed of David A. `` Sonny '' Werblin , Townsend B. Martin , Leon Hess , Donald C. Lillis , and Philip H. Iselin . The sale of the team was approved by a court on March 15 and completed on March 28 , 1963 . The sale price was $1 million . On April 15 , 1963 , the team named Wilbur `` Weeb '' Ewbank as their head coach and general manager . Ewbank had won back - to - back NFL championships in 1958 and 1959 with the Baltimore Colts , and was one of the most respected coaches in the game . The Colts had fired Ewbank in favor of Don Shula , an untested 33 - year - old . Werblin also announced a new name for his team , the Jets , which had been selected from among 500 candidates submitted by `` friends , enemies , and advertising agencies '' . The name was chosen over Dodgers , Borros , and Gothams . The team 's colors were changed to green and white . In a press release , the team stated the reason for the selections : The site of the new stadium between New York 's two major airports , symbols of this speedy , modern age , influenced the selection of the new name `` Jets '' . It reflects the spirit of these times and the eagerness of all concerned -- players , coach , and owners -- to give New York another worthy team . The new team 's colors of green and white were chosen for much the same reasons , plus the fact that down through the ages green has always signified hope , freshness and high spirits . Boston mascot Pat Patriot is bombed by the Jets as he remonstrates with Houston Oiler quarterback George Blanda for his failure to beat the Buffalo Bills , by Phil Bissell for the November 6 , 1964 Chargers / Patriots game program . The new owners faced a chaotic situation . The team had few players under contract , and had made little effort to sign any of their draft picks , most of which had signed with the NFL . The league attempted to strengthen the Jets and the woeful Oakland Raiders by allowing them to select players from the other six teams , and by giving them the first opportunity to sign players cut from NFL rosters . Ewbank , who had discovered Colts great Johnny Unitas at an open tryout , held tryouts for the Jets . Only seven of the participants were invited to training camp , and one , Marshall Starks , made the team as a second - teamer . In mid-July , it was announced that the Jets could not move into Shea Stadium until 1964 . Despite the offseason problems , New York contended for its first division title in a weak AFL East during the 1963 season . By early December , the Jets had compiled a record of 5 -- 5 -- 1 , and faced a game in Buffalo with the Bills only a half game ahead . The Jets lost the game , 45 -- 14 , as well as their other two remaining games , and finished 5 -- 8 -- 1 . Although the Jets drew just over 100,000 fans to the Polo Grounds in seven home games , they quickly sold 17,500 season tickets for the first season in Shea Stadium . Running back Matt Snell was drafted by both New York teams , and the Jets were able to sign him . On September 12 , 1964 , New York played its home opener at Shea Stadium , defeating Denver 30 -- 6 before a crowd of 52,663 , which broke the AFL regular season attendance record by almost 20,000 . On November 8 , 1964 , both the Jets and Giants played home games ; both teams sold out their games and the Jets drew 61,929 fans . The Jets posted a home record of 5 -- 1 -- 1 in 1964 , but lost all seven road games to finish 5 -- 8 -- 1 again . As the season concluded , the obvious standout draft choice for both leagues was Alabama quarterback Joe Namath . The Houston Oilers , in last place in the AFL East , had the number - one pick for the AFL . Both the Oilers and Jets realized that the Jets had a far better chance of signing Namath in competition with the NFL team which drafted him ( as it turned out , the St. Louis Cardinals , formerly the Chicago Cardinals ) , and the Jets were able to acquire the number - one pick . Neither the Jets nor the Cardinals could sign Namath until Alabama played its final game of the season , the Orange Bowl , on January 1 , 1965 . Both the Jets and Cardinals negotiated with Namath 's attorney , and when the price got too high for the Cardinals , the Giants secretly acquired Namath 's NFL rights . Longtime Jets coach Walt Michaels admitted many years later that the Jets had signed Namath days before the game . On January 2 , 1965 , the Jets held a press conference to announce Namath 's signing . `` Broadway Joe '' era ( 1965 -- 1976 ) ( edit ) Road to Super Bowl III ( edit ) Namath in 1965 . Namath did not start the January 1965 Orange Bowl , as he was nursing an injured knee . He came off the bench in the second quarter with Alabama down by two touchdowns , and led his team to within a foot of victory , falling short in a run on the game 's final play . Despite the loss , he was voted the game 's Most Valuable Player . The following day , Namath officially signed with New York for an unprecedented contract worth $427,000 over three years . The total included bonuses yet to be earned as well as a convertible given to Namath as a signing bonus . The Jets had been aware that Namath had knee problems , but when team doctor Nicholas examined Namath in the restroom at a party held to celebrate his signing , he told the quarterback that had he known Namath 's knees were that bad , he would have advised Werblin not to sign him . The Jets scheduled Namath for surgery amid considerable public interest ; the media asked to photograph the operation , but were refused permission . The Jets hedged their bets by signing three other quarterbacks for a total of $400,000 , including Notre Dame quarterback and Heisman Trophy winner John Huarte . There was an intense media spotlight on Namath , who became known for a playboy lifestyle ; he was dubbed `` Broadway Joe '' . Game program , cover ( by Leroy Nieman ) of the game against the Miami Dolphins , October 1 , 1967 . Ewbank maintained through training camp that second - year Mike Taliaferro was the number - one quarterback and disappointed a sellout crowd at Houston 's Rice Stadium by keeping Namath on the bench at the Jets ' season opener . Ewbank felt that Namath might not be ready for several more weeks , but Werblin intervened . Namath saw his first regular season action in the AFL the next week against the Kansas City Chiefs ( the former Dallas Texans ) , and he was starting quarterback the following week against the Buffalo Bills . Namath 's performance was inconsistent as he gained pro experience , but he was named AFL Rookie of the Year . The Jets finished the season 5 -- 8 -- 1 again . Beginning in 1966 , the Jets began to improve on the field behind Namath , who led them to a 6 -- 6 -- 2 record . That season , the NFL and AFL announced a merger , which would be effective in 1970 . A championship game ( it came to be known as the Super Bowl ) , played between the two league champions , would follow each season until the merger took place . In 1967 , Namath threw a then - record 4,007 yards as the Jets posted their first winning record , 8 -- 5 -- 1 . The Jets led the division until running back Emerson Boozer was injured against the Chiefs on November 6 , which meant opposing teams were able to concentrate on the passing threat from Namath . In 1968 , Werblin 's co-owners gave him an ultimatum -- either buy them out or be bought out . He chose the latter option , reportedly profiting $1.4 million for his 1963 investment of $250,000 . Prior to Werblin 's departure , the Jets had considered firing Ewbank . They attempted to secure Green Bay Packers coach Vince Lombardi , but Lombardi decided to remain in Green Bay one more season . The season started with the usual three road games due to the team 's status as secondary tenant to the Mets at Shea Stadium . The Jets rose to the top of the AFL East ; they had lost only two games by mid-November and built a three - game lead over second - place Houston . New York 's next game was at Oakland . In what became known as the Heidi Game , the Jets took a 32 -- 29 lead with 68 seconds left , only to have Oakland score two touchdowns to win the game . However , the touchdowns went unseen by much of the national TV audience , as NBC had switched at 7 : 00 p.m. to a TV movie of Heidi . Nevertheless , the Jets won their remaining games to finish 11 -- 3 . In the playoffs , the Jets defeated the Raiders for the AFL Championship at Shea Stadium , 27 -- 23 , a game in which Namath threw three touchdowns , including the game winner to Don Maynard in the fourth quarter . Super Bowl III ( edit ) Main article : Super Bowl III In the Super Bowl at the Miami Orange Bowl on January 12 , 1969 , the Jets faced the Baltimore Colts , who had dominated the NFL with a 13 -- 1 record . In their 14 regular season games , the Colts permitted only 144 points . Their sole loss had been to the Cleveland Browns , who they then defeated 34 -- 0 in the 1968 NFL Championship Game . Bookie Jimmy `` The Greek '' Snyder proclaimed the Colts as 17 - point favorites over the Jets . Sports Illustrated 's top football writer , Tex Maule , predicted a 43 -- 0 Colts victory . The first two Super Bowls had been dominated by the NFL champion Green Bay Packers ; most journalists expected the Colts to easily defeat the Jets . The Jets playing the Colts in Super Bowl III . From his arrival in Miami , Namath was outspoken about the Jets ' chances in the Super Bowl . He alleged that there were five AFL quarterbacks better than Colts quarterback Earl Morrall , who would be only the third - best on the Jets . He was equally outspoken in a verbal confrontation with Colts kicker Lou Michaels in a Miami restaurant . Three days before the game , while accepting an award from the Miami Touchdown Club , Namath made the statement for which he would be remembered : `` And we 're going to win Sunday , I 'll guarantee you . '' The game was a defensive struggle . At halftime , the Jets led 7 -- 0 on a Matt Snell touchdown run ; New York 's defense frustrated Baltimore , and the Colts were scoreless despite repeated opportunities . Jim Turner added two field goals to make the score 13 -- 0 , and Colts coach Don Shula inserted Hall of Fame quarterback Johnny Unitas in Morrall 's place . Unitas initially failed to move the Colts ' offense , and Turner gave the Jets a 16 -- 0 lead with his third field goal . Unitas managed to lead the Colts to a touchdown with less than four minutes left . A second drive ( after a successful onside kick ) fell short , and the Jets were able to run out the clock for a 16 -- 7 victory , one of the greatest upsets in football history . Houston Post columnist Jack Gallagher traced the Jets ' progress from their early days to the Super Bowl : I remember when the 1962 Titans drew 36,161 -- not the average attendance , mind you , but for the season ... I remember when a squirt of a Texan named Hayseed Stephens , instead of Broadway Joe Namath quarterbacked New York 's AFL entry ... As the thoughts keep rolling back I find it difficult to reconcile the Jets with the champions of pro football . But I do recall ( former AFL Commissioner Joe ) Foss once saying , `` When sports historians chart the progress of this league they 'll find that no organization in sport went so far so fast . '' Clearly , the franchise that went the farthest the fastest was the New York Jets . Decline and Namath 's departure ( edit ) The only Jets media guide to proclaim the team `` World Champions '' Before the 1969 season , the Jets suffered offseason problems . Namath , faced with NFL claims that his Bachelors III bar was a hangout for gangsters , was told by the NFL to sell the bar . Instead , he briefly retired , feeling he had been badly treated . Six weeks following his announcement , Namath sold the bar and rejoined the team . A number of Super Bowl veterans were cut by the team , or had bitter contract disputes with Ewbank in his capacity as general manager . According to receiver Don Maynard , `` When you get rid of veteran ballplayers and replace them with rookies , the level goes down . '' The Jets ' success in signing Namath and the rise of the team in the standings adversely affected their crosstown rivals , the Giants , who had played in five NFL championship games in six years to 1963 , but who thereafter declined in the standings . Giants owner Wellington Mara stated , `` I think the Jets coming in when they did contributed to our bad years , because we tried to do everything for the short term rather than the long haul -- we 'd trade a draft choice for a player , figuring he 'd give us one or two good years . We did n't want to accept how the public might react if we had a bad year or two or three . '' In 1968 , the Giants traded for star Minnesota Vikings quarterback Fran Tarkenton in the vain hopes he would lead them to renewed success and rival Namath in the public eye . In August 1969 , the Jets faced the Giants in a preseason game at the Yale Bowl . While the Jets ' Super Bowl win legitimized the AFL as a comparable league to the NFL in the eyes of many , others doubted the AFL 's standard of play , and the Jets were underdogs going into the game . Giants coach Allie Sherman approached the game as if it were a regular season contest , and the Jets sent the three remaining original Titans out for the coin toss . The Jets defeated the Giants 37 -- 14 , and Sherman was fired a few weeks later . The Jets ' fellow tenants , the Mets , won a championship themselves ; the baseball team 's accomplishments forced the Jets to play their first five games on the road . The Jets recovered from a slow start to win their second consecutive Eastern Division championship , but fell to Kansas City in the divisional round of the playoffs , 13 -- 6 . The first NFL game for the Jets , as the leagues finalized their merger in 1970 , was also the first - ever Monday Night Football game , a 31 -- 21 loss to the Cleveland Browns . Three weeks later , they played the Colts for the first time since the Super Bowl . The Jets lost both the game and Namath , who fractured his wrist and was lost for the season as the Jets fell to a record of 4 -- 10 , the worst mark yet of the Namath era . They did not have a winning record again until 1981 . After six years with the team , wide receiver George Sauer , a major contributor offensively , retired on April 16 , 1971 . Namath was injured again in a 1971 preseason game in Tampa , and missed much of the season . He returned on November 28 against the San Francisco 49ers and threw three touchdown passes ; the Jets lost by three points . The Jets finished the season at 6 -- 8 . In 1972 , Namath had one of the best days of his career against the Baltimore Colts : he completed 15 of 28 passes for 496 yards and six touchdowns . Despite Namath 's performance , John Madden 's Oakland Raiders eliminated the Jets from contention in their second - to - last regular season game . New York finished the season with a record of 7 -- 7 . Commemorative medal with the Jets ' 1973 schedule . Because of the Mets ' successful season , two home games were moved later in the season , and the scheduled home game against the Steelers had to be played in Pittsburgh . Before the 1973 season , the aging Ewbank announced that he would retire as coach after the season and as general manager after 1974 . The Mets unexpectedly qualified for the World Series , consigning the Jets to another long stay away from Shea . The Jets did not play a home game until the end of October . The team finished with a record of 4 -- 10 , though their final game against the Bills attracted considerable media attention . The attention was not for Ewbank 's last game , but for Bills running back O.J. Simpson 's attempt to become the first NFL player to rush for 2,000 yards in a season . Simpson gained 200 yards , finishing with 2,003 for the season . Shortly after the 1973 season , the team hired Ewbank 's son - in - law , former Cardinals coach Charley Winner , as head coach . The new coach showed an initial inability to get his team to emulate his last name : the team started the season by losing seven of their first eight games . Namath , who had a reasonably healthy season behind a poor offensive line , predicted the Jets would win their final six games . The first NFL regular - season overtime victory , over the Giants at the Yale Bowl , and the usual large number of home games towards the end of the season helped New York in its comeback , and a Namath prediction again came true . Al Ward replaced Ewbank as general manager in 1975 . The Jets won four of their five preseason games , though sportswriter Gerald Eskenazi , in his history of the Jets , notes that the wins were secured by playing first - string players while the other teams were trying out rookies and backups . When the regular season started , the Jets lost seven of their first nine games , and Winner was fired . Offensive coordinator Ken Shipp became interim head coach , and the Jets finished with a record of 3 -- 11 . Running back John Riggins , who became the first 1,000 - yard rusher in franchise history during the season and made the Pro Bowl , departed for the Washington Redskins as he felt the Jets ' Namath - led offense passed the ball too often . New York hired North Carolina State coach Lou Holtz . With New York enduring the second of three consecutive 3 -- 11 seasons ( two wins came over the 2 -- 12 Bills and a third over the 0 -- 14 expansion Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) , Holtz -- who went on to great success at Notre Dame -- resigned with one game left in the season to become head coach at the University of Arkansas . Following their disastrous 1976 season , the Jets hired longtime assistant Walt Michaels as their new head coach . In the offseason , the team made the difficult decision to part ways with Joe Namath , who had become ineffective on the field . Although Namath 's throwing abilities were unimpaired , his knees were so bad as to render him almost immobile ; Paul Zimmerman of the New York Post dubbed him the `` million dollar statue '' . The team attempted to trade him but was unsuccessful . On May 12 , 1977 , Namath was cut from the roster . He signed with the Los Angeles Rams , but retired at season 's end . Rebuilding and modest success ( 1977 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) Final years at Shea ( edit ) Feeling that having to play road games until the Mets were done with Shea Stadium put the Jets at a disadvantage , the team announced in 1977 that they would play two home games a year in September at the Giants ' new home at the Meadowlands Sports Complex in New Jersey , Giants Stadium . Litigation began between New York City and the Jets over the issue , and in the lawsuit 's settlement , the city agreed to allow the Jets to play two September home games a season at Shea beginning in 1978 for the remaining six years in the Jets ' lease . In 1977 , the Jets were to play one September game at Giants Stadium and an October 2 game at Shea . Despite the favorable settlement , the Jets won only three of fourteen games . Rookies on the team , selected in the 1977 NFL Draft , included seven players who started for them in the late 1970s and early 1980s , such as tackle Marvin Powell , wide receiver Wesley Walker , and defensive lineman Joe Klecko . Klecko became part of a defensive line known as the New York Sack Exchange . Wesley Walker ( left ) and Al Toon ( right ) were the Jets ' primary wide receivers in the 1980s and rank among the best to play the position in franchise history . In Michaels ' second season , the Jets adopted new uniforms in a darker green and with a streamlined logo . When quarterback Richard Todd was injured , his backup Matt Robinson proved to be a deep - throwing threat who led New York to eight wins in the first fourteen of the newly expanded sixteen - game season , and into playoff contention . However , the team lost its final two contests and did not qualify for the playoffs . Michaels was named AFC Coach of the Year for keeping his young team in playoff contention so long . There was much media discussion as to whether Todd or Robinson should be the starting quarterback in 1979 . Todd emerged as the starter , as Robinson was injured while arm wrestling during the preseason . The injury -- and his attempts to conceal it from Michaels -- ended his career with the Jets . Todd led the Jets to another 8 -- 8 record . Jimmy the Greek predicted the Jets would go to the Super Bowl in 1980 , but they ended that season with a 4 -- 12 record . The Jets playing the Bills in the 1981 AFC Wild Card game . There was fan pressure on the Jets to fire Michaels after 1980 ; it increased when the Jets lost their first three games of the 1981 season . Even so , Michaels described his team as being of `` a championship , playoff caliber '' . The Jets compiled a record of 10 -- 2 -- 1 in their remaining games -- losing twice to the Seattle Seahawks -- to finish the season with their first winning record and playoff appearance since 1969 . Their Week 16 victory over the Packers boosted the Jets into the playoffs and also gave the Giants their first playoff berth since 1963 with a victory over the Dallas Cowboys the prior day . The Jets fell behind the Bills 24 -- 0 in the wild card game and lost 31 -- 27 , as their potential game - winning drive was stopped when the Bills intercepted a Todd pass near Buffalo 's goal line . One of the Jets ' bright spots was their defensive line . Mark Gastineau and Klecko anchored the Sack Exchange and combined for more than 40 quarterback sacks . In the strike - shortened 1982 season , the Jets finished 6 -- 3 and upset the Cincinnati Bengals in the first round of the playoffs , as running back Freeman McNeil became the second player to rush for 200 yards in a postseason game . New York then defeated the top seeded Los Angeles Raiders 17 -- 14 , based on the strong performances of McNeil and Wesley Walker in a game that saw numerous turnovers on both sides . The Jets next traveled to face the Miami Dolphins in the AFC Championship Game . The game was preceded by a series of storms that turned the Orange Bowl into a mud pit . The Dolphins stated that they did not own a tarpaulin , and that stadium maintenance was Dade County 's responsibility , so the field lay exposed to the elements . The muddy field slowed the Jets ' offense . In what was dubbed the `` Mud Bowl '' , neither team managed much offense ( both teams gained less than 200 yards ) . At the end of his best season , Todd threw five interceptions , the last being a screen pass deflected and returned by linebacker A.J. Duhe for a costly 4th - quarter touchdown as New York fell to Miami 14 -- 0 . On February 9 , 1983 , Michaels announced his resignation , and the following day the Jets elevated offensive coordinator Joe Walton to the head coaching position . Pitt quarterback Dan Marino ( # 13 , with ball ) . New York passed him up in the 1983 Draft , and he would be a Jets nemesis for fifteen years . In Walton 's first months as head coach , the team made a decision which would long be discussed and criticized . In the first round of the 1983 NFL Draft , New York selected quarterback Ken O'Brien . In drafting O'Brien , the Jets passed up University of Pittsburgh quarterback Dan Marino , who went on to have a stellar career with the Dolphins , and would many times be a thorn in the Jets ' side . The 1983 season started with high expectations , but the Jets dropped to 7 -- 9 . The Jets ' lease at Shea Stadium was due to expire after 1983 ; Jets majority owner Leon Hess and New York Mayor Ed Koch attempted to negotiate a new lease for the team . The Jets wanted the city to redevelop the stadium to expand its capacity to 67,000 and to alleviate its rundown state . Hess felt that Koch was uninterested in the Jets ( he had attended one Jets game in his six years as mayor , and had left early ) . Negotiations soon reached an impasse , and in October 1983 , the team announced it would move to Giants Stadium beginning in the 1984 season . Early Meadowlands years ( edit ) A Jets night game at Giants Stadium , their home from 1984 until 2010 Hess acquired full ownership of the Jets on February 9 , 1984 , when Helen Dillion sold her 25 % interest to him . Before the season , New York traded quarterback Richard Todd to the New Orleans Saints . New York began its season with veteran Pat Ryan as starting quarterback ; O'Brien was spending most weekdays waiting to testify about an altercation at the Studio 54 nightclub , at which Jets players had been present and , by some accounts , involved . The Jets had a second consecutive mediocre season , finishing 7 -- 9 after starting the season 6 -- 2 . In 1985 , the Jets made the playoffs , accruing an 11 -- 5 record , and hosted their first playoff game in four years . They were defeated in the first round by the eventual AFC champion New England Patriots after turning the ball over four times . Looking to improve on their 1985 performance , the Jets started the 1986 season 10 -- 1 , including nine straight wins . In week three against Miami , the Jets won 51 -- 45 in overtime as Ken O'Brien and Dan Marino combined to pass for 884 yards , then an NFL record . Wracked by injuries , the Jets lost their final five regular season games , but still made the playoffs . In the wild card playoff game against the Kansas City Chiefs , the Jets replaced O'Brien with Pat Ryan , and won 35 -- 15 . This victory sent the Jets to the divisional round in an away game against the Cleveland Browns . The Jets built a 20 -- 10 lead and appeared to have stopped a late Cleveland drive -- until Mark Gastineau was called for a roughing the passer penalty , a late hit on Browns quarterback Bernie Kosar that gave the Browns another opportunity . Cleveland went on to tie the game , and in the second overtime , defeated the Jets , 23 -- 20 . The Browns went on to lose to the Denver Broncos ( beaten by the Jets earlier in the season ) in the AFC Championship Game ; the Broncos in turn lost to the Giants in Super Bowl XXI . Many Jets were convinced that given the opportunity to play the Giants , the Jets would have won . According to Eskenazi , the Giants `` were the toast of New York , back in a championship game for the first time since the 1960s , while the Jets contemplated the late hit and what might have been '' . In 1987 , the Jets won their first two games . NFL players then staged a strike ; a team composed mostly of replacement players lost two of the next three games . The locker room was divided after the strike due to the decision of a few players , led by Gastineau , to cross the picket line . The Jets remained in contention in a mediocre AFC East through much of the season , but dropped all four games in December to finish 6 -- 9 , in last place . In 1988 , the Sack Exchange era ended as Joe Klecko failed his offseason physical and was waived , linebacker Lance Mehl announced his retirement during training camp , and Mark Gastineau retired midseason , citing personal reasons . In spite of these departures , the Jets finished with an 8 -- 7 -- 1 record . They secured a winning record by ending the season with a victory over the Giants , which cost their in - state rivals a playoff berth . The team performed badly in 1989 , finishing 4 -- 12 . On December 18 , 1989 , the Jets hired executive Dick Steinberg from the New England Patriots to take over as general manager . Three days after New York 's final game of the season , a 37 -- 0 loss to the Bills at Giants Stadium , Steinberg fired Walton and began to search for the team 's 10th coach . The disastrous 1989 campaign cost Walton the chance to be the first Jets coach to complete his career with a winning record , a statistic he later admitted he cared about deeply . Search for success ( 1990 -- 1996 ) ( edit ) Dick Steinberg initially sought to hire Michigan State coach George Perles as Jets head coach , but the university refused to release him from his contract . Steinberg then hired Cincinnati Bengals offensive coordinator Bruce Coslet . Coslet 's offensive schemes , described as `` state - of - the - art '' by Sports Illustrated , had helped the Bengals to Super Bowl XXIII , following the 1988 season . The Jets ' poor record in 1989 had given them the second pick in the draft ; the team selected star Penn State running back Blair Thomas , who was expected to have a strong career with the Jets . Instead Thomas played on the team for four injury - plagued , unproductive years and was cut before the 1994 season began . Coslet 's first season proved only slightly better than Joe Walton 's last ; the Jets finished 6 -- 10 . In the 1991 NFL Draft , the Jets lost another opportunity to draft a star quarterback , as a draft - day deal that would have allowed them to select Brett Favre fell through . The Jets had more success in the 1991 season : they built a 7 -- 8 record with one game remaining , and needed a win against Miami to clinch a playoff berth . New York kicker Raul Allegre ( recently signed to replace aging kicker Pat Leahy , who had been kicking for the Jets since the days of Joe Namath ) made one field goal to force overtime , and another to win in the extra period . The victory gave the Jets their first playoff berth since 1986 . In the wild card game , a Ken O'Brien pass into the end zone in the final seconds of the game was intercepted , and the Jets lost to Houston , 17 -- 10 . After a strong performance by rookie quarterback Browning Nagle in the team 's 5 -- 0 1992 preseason , Coslet promoted him to the starting lineup . Despite throwing for a total of 366 yards against the Atlanta Falcons in the opener , then the second - highest yardage total for a quarterback making his NFL debut , the team lost 20 -- 17 ; the Jets lost their first four games . Wide receiver Al Toon retired on November 27 , 1992 , having suffered the ninth concussion of his career earlier in the season . Two days later , defensive end Dennis Byrd collided with teammate Scott Mersereau when Chiefs quarterback Dave Krieg stepped forward in the pocket as the two players were about to sandwich him . Mersereau managed to walk away and continue his career with New York , but Byrd suffered a fracture to his C - 5 vertebra that left him partially paralyzed . Inspired by Byrd 's persistent high spirits , New York traveled to Buffalo the following week and defeated the AFC champion Bills . The Jets finished the season 4 -- 12 . Prior to the 1993 season , the Jets obtained Bengals quarterback Boomer Esiason , who had worked with Coslet in Cincinnati . Steinberg signed veteran safety Ronnie Lott to shore up the defense . O'Brien's career with the Jets ended with an offseason trade to the Green Bay Packers , and running back Freeman McNeil retired after twelve seasons . The Jets suffered another December collapse : they lost four of their last five to finish 8 -- 8 . The Jets would have made the playoffs by winning their last game , but were shut out at the Astrodome by the Oilers . Following the season , Steinberg fired Coslet and replaced him with defensive coordinator Pete Carroll . Carroll 's first season , 1994 , started well . Going into a November home game against Miami , the Jets were 6 -- 5 ; a victory over the Dolphins would tie them for the AFC East lead . The Jets built leads of 17 -- 0 and 24 -- 6 , but Dan Marino and the Dolphins cut the lead to 24 -- 21 and got the ball for a final - minute drive . Marino completed a pass into Jets territory with just over 30 seconds remaining . With the clock running , the Dolphins acted like Marino would spike the ball to stop the clock . However , Marino faked the spike and tossed the ball to Mark Ingram in the end zone for the winning touchdown . The loss started yet another December collapse ; the Jets would not win again for the rest of the season . Prior to the season finale , the Jets announced that Steinberg was ill with stomach cancer ; he died the following September . The team fired Carroll after the season and replaced him with former Philadelphia Eagles coach Rich Kotite . Hess also named Kotite as general manager as well . Controversy began before the 1995 season when the Jets drafted Kyle Brady over Warren Sapp . At the press conference announcing Kotite 's hiring , Hess told the media , `` I 'm 80 years old , I want results now . '' However , the first game of the Kotite era proved to be a harbinger -- a 52 - 14 loss to the Dolphins . A month later , they lost to the Oakland Raiders 47 - 10 in the Jets ' sole national television appearance of the season . The Jets defeated the Seattle Seahawks on the Sunday following Thanksgiving after an inspirational speech by Hess , but again had trouble in December , losing all four games in the month to finish 3 -- 13 . In 1996 , the Jets brought in veteran quarterback Neil O'Donnell , who had just led Pittsburgh to Super Bowl XXX , to lead the offense . The Jets , for the first time since the leagues merged , were in possession of the first pick overall in the NFL Draft , which they used to select wide receiver Keyshawn Johnson . O'Donnell proved injury - prone , and the Jets suffered the worst season in franchise history . They lost their first eight games , beat the Arizona Cardinals in Tempe , then proceeded to lose their remaining seven games . Two days before the season finale , on December 20 , 1996 , Kotite announced his resignation effective at season 's end . After the last game , a 31 -- 28 home loss to the Dolphins , Kotite was hit with a full cup of beer as he left the field ; another fan ( fewer than 22,000 attended the game ; almost 56,000 ticketholders stayed home ) held up a sign , `` The End of an Error '' . Return to respectability ( 1997 -- present ) ( edit ) Bill Parcells era ( edit ) Hess and team president Gutman agreed on a top candidate as new coach -- Patriots coach Bill Parcells , who had won two Super Bowls with the Giants and was in the process of taking the Patriots there as well . Parcells believed that he could void his contract and seek a position elsewhere ; New England owner Robert Kraft believed the Patriots would be entitled to compensation . NFL commissioner Paul Tagliabue ruled in the Patriots ' favor , and New England demanded the Jets give them the first pick overall in the upcoming draft . The Jets responded by hiring Parcells disciple Bill Belichick as head coach ; Parcells was to serve as a `` consultant '' in 1997 and head coach beginning in 1998 . The Patriots were unimpressed by what they saw as a subterfuge , and Tagliabue mediated the matter . He set Parcells free from the Patriots ; the Jets gave the Patriots four draft picks , including their first round pick in 1999 . The Jets put an end to Belichick 's six - day reign ( he remained as assistant head coach and as defensive coordinator ) and hired Parcells as head coach . The Parcells era started with a 41 -- 3 victory over Seattle . The Jets were 9 -- 6 in their first fifteen games and went into the season finale against the Detroit Lions needing a win to make the playoffs . Parcells , who never had full confidence in O'Donnell , benched him in favor of Ray Lucas after O'Donnell threw an early interception . Lucas was ineffective as well , as the Jets lost 13 -- 10 . The eight - game improvement in the standings , together with Parcells ' reputation as a winner , caused high expectations for 1998 . The team announced that it would adopt a modified version of the Jets ' 1963 -- 1977 logo beginning in the 1998 season . Parcells signed Patriots running back Curtis Martin as a restricted free agent , giving up 1st - and 3rd - round picks . Parcells also signed Baltimore Ravens quarterback Vinny Testaverde as a free agent , which paved the way for O'Donnell's release from the team . After an 0 -- 2 start , New York won six of the next seven games . The Jets lost only once the rest of the way , and clinched their first NFL division crown against the Bills on December 19 , 1998 . They set a franchise record for the number of victories in a season with a win over the Patriots in the season finale . The team finished 12 -- 4 and were second seed in the playoffs with a first round bye . The Jets faced the Jacksonville Jaguars in their divisional playoff game , their first home playoff game since the 1986 season . New York defeated the Jaguars 34 -- 24 and met the top - seeded Broncos in the AFC Championship Game . Though the Jets possessed a 10 -- 0 lead in the 3rd quarter , the Broncos , led by John Elway in his final home game , came back and defeated the Jets , 23 -- 10 . Laveranues Coles , Jets wide receiver . Drafted by Parcells in 2000 , he had three stints with the Jets . The Jets had high hopes for 1999 , but suffered a blow in the season opener when Testaverde ruptured his Achilles tendon and was lost for the season . New York suffered other injuries and fell to a 2 -- 6 record before recovering to finish 8 -- 8 . Two days after the end of the season , Parcells announced his resignation as coach ; he remained with the team for a year as chief of football operations . Belichick was slated to become head coach in Parcells ' place , but one day later , he announced his own resignation . Robert Kraft had gotten word to Belichick through intermediaries that he could have complete control of football operations and a $2 million salary if he got out of his contract with the Jets . After a lawsuit to void Belichick 's contract failed and Tagliabue refused to release him , the Jets and Patriots agreed on draft choice compensation for the Jets . As a result of Leon Hess ' death in May 1999 , the team was put up for auction in January 2000 . In a bidding war between Charles F. Dolan and Woody Johnson , Johnson emerged victorious , and he purchased the team for $635 million . Johnson expressed interest in having Parcells return to his coaching role ; the team elevated linebackers coach Al Groh to the head coaching position when Parcells refused . In April 2000 , New York traded wide receiver Keyshawn Johnson , a major offensive threat on the 1998 team , to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers for two 1st - round draft picks . Johnson wanted a renegotiated contract and was threatening to hold out . Having acquired New England 's pick in the Belichick compensation , and with their own pick , the Jets had four 1st - round picks . They selected quarterback Chad Pennington as well as defensive linemen John Abraham and Shaun Ellis , and tight end Anthony Becht , all of whom would be key players on the Jets playoff teams of the 2000s . For the first time , the Jets won their first four games , including a victory over Johnson and the Buccaneers . They reached 6 -- 1 following the `` Monday Night Miracle '' , the largest comeback in the history of Monday Night Football : the Jets overcame a 30 -- 7 4th - quarter deficit to defeat the Dolphins , 40 -- 37 in overtime . The Jets went 3 -- 6 after that , finishing at 9 -- 7 , out of the playoffs . After spending less than a year with the team , Groh resigned to accept a coaching job at his alma mater , the University of Virginia . Parcells resigned from his front - office position and was replaced with Chiefs executive Terry Bradway on Parcells ' recommendation . Herman Edwards takes over ( edit ) On January 18 , 2001 , the Jets announced Herman Edwards as the new coach . Edwards , a former defensive back who had worked his way up through the NFL coaching system , had never served as head coach at any level . He was the first African - American Jets head coach . Edwards lost his first game , two days before the September 11 attacks . In the wake of 9 / 11 , the NFL had to decide whether to play its games the following weekend . Testaverde and the Jets spoke out against playing on the weekend after 9 / 11 , and the Jets were prepared to forfeit the game rather than fly . The NFL decided to move that week 's games to the end of the regular season . The Jets needed to win that game , in Oakland against the Raiders , to reach the playoffs , and John Hall kicked a last - minute 53 - yard field goal for a 24 -- 22 victory and a playoff berth . Edwards was the first coach to lead the Jets to the playoffs in his first year with the team . In the playoffs , the Jets again played at Oakland . New York could not stop the Raiders ' passing game , and Oakland won , 38 -- 24 . The Jets began the 2002 season 1 -- 4 , but then put together a six - game winning streak . On the final day of the season , the Jets beat the Packers following a New England victory over Miami . This gave the Jets a 9 -- 7 record , their second post-merger division title , and a playoff berth . Chad Pennington had an outstanding day against the Packers and finished the season the top - rated passer in the league . The Jets began the playoffs against the Indianapolis Colts at home , and defeated them 41 -- 0 . The Jets then played the Raiders , who again defeated them in Oakland , 30 -- 10 . The Jets lost a number of key players to free agency in the offseason . Four signed with the Washington Redskins , including kicker Hall , wide receiver Laveranues Coles , kick returner Chad Morton , and offensive lineman Randy Thomas . During a preseason game against the Giants , Pennington sustained a serious wrist injury , and required surgery . The aging Testaverde stepped in as starter , but led the Jets to only a 2 -- 6 record , including losses to the Redskins and the Dallas Cowboys . The Jets split their remaining games and finished 6 -- 10 . Chad Pennington talks with teammates during a 2006 game against the Houston Texans . In spite of the team 's poor 2003 record , Johnson retained Edwards as head coach and extended his contract through 2007 . With a healthy Pennington at quarterback , the Jets began their season at 5 -- 0 for the first time and then lost two of their next three games . During the team 's second meeting with the Bills , Pennington suffered a tear in his rotator cuff that caused him to miss three starts . Pennington returned in a 29 -- 7 rout of the Houston Texans . The team struggled toward the end of the regular season , winning only one of its final four games . Despite a final - game loss to the St. Louis Rams , the Jets reached the playoffs . The team traveled to San Diego to play the Chargers in the wild card round and upset them 23 -- 20 on a Doug Brien field goal in overtime . The win sent the Jets to the divisional round against the 15 -- 1 Pittsburgh Steelers . The Jets again took their opponent to overtime , as Brien missed a field goal with two minutes remaining and the score tied . He missed a second field goal in overtime . Pittsburgh kicker Jeff Reed proved more accurate , and the Steelers beat the Jets , 20 -- 17 . In Week 3 of the 2005 season , both Pennington and backup quarterback Jay Fiedler were injured against the Jaguars . With both quarterbacks out for the season , third - string quarterback Brooks Bollinger started ; the 41 - year - old Testaverde was brought out of retirement to serve as his backup . Bollinger played badly in a loss in week four , and Testaverde became the starter . Testaverde had little success , and Bollinger did not fare better when he was re-inserted . Running back Curtis Martin chose to have arthroscopic surgery on his knee with four games left in the season . The Jets finished 4 -- 12 . Eric Mangini : initial success , eventual firing ( edit ) On January 6 , 2006 , Herman Edwards announced his resignation as head coach to take the same position with Kansas City . The Jets received a 4th - round draft pick as compensation for Edwards , who was still under contract with the team . On January 17 , New York announced the hiring of former Patriots defensive coordinator Eric Mangini . Three weeks later , General Manager Terry Bradway stepped down in favor of his assistant , Mike Tannenbaum . Although Pennington took back his starting position , the Jets only managed to split their first eight games . They began the second half with a victory over New England in Foxboro , and lost only two games the rest of the way to finish 10 -- 6 and secure a playoff berth . In the wild card round , the Jets visited Foxboro again , but this time fell to the Patriots , 37 -- 16 . For his success in leading the Jets to the playoffs , Mangini received the nickname `` Mangenius '' and had a cameo appearance on The Sopranos . Brett Favre in a 2008 preseason game against the Washington Redskins After Mangini 's successful rookie season , New York had high hopes of further improvement . Following the team 's opening loss against New England , the Jets accused the Patriots of videotaping their signals . NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell fined the Patriots and Bill Belichick , and stripped New England of its 1st - round pick in the 2008 NFL Draft . Struggling to a 1 -- 7 start , the Jets benched Pennington in favor of backup Kellen Clemens . The Jets won only three games the rest of the way and finished with a record of 4 -- 12 . The Jets were again overshadowed by the Giants , who won their third Super Bowl by defeating the previously unbeaten Patriots . Following the 2007 season , Green Bay Packers quarterback Brett Favre had retired . He wished to return several months later , but found that the Packers had given Aaron Rodgers the starting spot . The subsequent trade talks and rumors were a major story leading up to the 2008 season , and the Jets unexpectedly won the bidding war to trade for Favre . With Favre 's acquisition , the Jets released Pennington , who signed with the Dolphins . Despite a good start to the season , the Jets began to falter in December after Favre tore his rotator cuff -- he threw five interceptions in a three - game span . The season came down to a final game against the Dolphins , led by Pennington , at Giants Stadium . The Dolphins won to take the division title and eliminate the 9 -- 7 Jets from playoff contention . On December 29 , 2008 , Mangini was fired after three seasons as head coach , with an overall record of 23 - 25 . Favre again briefly retired from football on February 11 , 2009 . Rex Ryan era ; Todd Bowles takes over ( edit ) MetLife Stadium under construction ( on left ) alongside Giants Stadium , July 2009 Following Mangini 's departure , New York hoped to lure former Pittsburgh Steelers head coach Bill Cowher out of retirement , suggesting that Cowher might be given control of football operations in addition to serving as coach . However , Cowher decided to remain retired for the season . On January 20 , 2009 , the Jets offered the position to Baltimore Ravens defensive coordinator Rex Ryan , who accepted . Tannenbaum engineered a draft - day trade with Cleveland , which enabled New York to move up and select highly regarded USC quarterback Mark Sanchez . New York won its first three games of 2009 , including their first home victory over the Patriots since 2000 , but lost six of its next seven games . The Jets recovered to 7 -- 6 , but then lost to the Atlanta Falcons on December 20 , a defeat that caused Ryan to state that the Jets `` were obviously out of the playoffs '' . The next week , the Jets played the 14 -- 0 Indianapolis Colts . The Colts removed many of their starting players from the game early in the second half with a 15 -- 10 lead ; the Jets came back for the victory . The victory put the Jets ' fate in their own hands , and they defeated the Bengals ( who had also clinched a playoff spot and played few starters ) in the last game ever at Giants Stadium to secure a playoff berth . MetLife Stadium , home of the Jets , 2010 -- present The following week , the team played the Bengals in the playoffs , this time at Paul Brown Stadium , and secured a 24 -- 14 victory over Cincinnati . That victory meant that the Jets would travel to San Diego to play the Chargers , who had won eleven straight games , in the divisional round . Strong performances by Sanchez , running back Shonn Greene , and the Jets defense helped the Jets to a 17 -- 14 win over the Chargers . New York played the top - seeded Colts in the AFC Championship Game and secured an early 17 -- 6 lead . They had little luck in the second half as the Colts went to the Super Bowl with a 30 -- 17 victory . The Jets had hoped to move into what was termed the West Side Stadium , to be built in Manhattan , after their 25 - year lease at Giants Stadium expired . In 2005 , it became clear that New York authorities would not permit the stadium to be built . After the West Side failure , the Jets and Giants entered into a joint venture to build a new $1.6 billion facility alongside Giants Stadium , which was torn down after the new venue was completed . The Jets ' new home , MetLife Stadium , opened to the public in April 2010 . The stadium took 34 months to construct , and can seat 82,500 . The Jets hosted the Giants in the first game of the preseason on August 16 , 2010 . The Jets ' first regular season home game at the new stadium was on September 13 , 2010 and was shown nationwide on Monday Night Football . New York lost to the Ravens 10 -- 9 , but built a 9 -- 2 record , tied for the division lead with the Patriots ( whom the Jets had beaten once ) going into a Monday night game at New England . Expectations of a Jets victory were high , but the Jets were defeated , 45 -- 3 . New York recovered to qualify for the AFC playoffs as the sixth and final seed . In the wild card round , the Jets defeated Indianapolis , 17 -- 16 . This victory sent the Jets to a rematch with New England . The Jets upset the Patriots , 28 -- 21 , setting up an AFC Championship Game at Pittsburgh . The Jets fell behind 24 -- 0 , and mounted a second - half comeback before losing to the Steelers , 24 -- 19 . In 2011 , Ryan promised a Super Bowl appearance . The Jets played the Giants in the next - to - last week of the regular season with both teams still alive for playoff berths . The Jets lost to the Giants , and the following week to the Dolphins , finishing 8 -- 8 and missing the playoffs , while the Giants used their victory over their in - stadium rivals to launch a winning streak which culminated in the Super Bowl XLVI championship , again defeating the Patriots . Sanchez did not perform as well in 2011 as he had the previous two years . In March 2012 , Colts quarterback Peyton Manning signed with Denver , making Broncos quarterback Tim Tebow expendable . Tebow had won considerable public attention in 2011 by leading the Broncos on an unexpected playoff run . On March 21 , 2012 , the Jets acquired Tebow from the Broncos in a trade involving lower - round draft picks . Despite a season - long quarterback controversy and a poor 2012 for Sanchez , Tebow was little - used . Third - string quarterback Greg McElroy started late in the year but was ineffective , as the Jets fell to 6 - 10 , their first losing season under Ryan . On December 31 , 2012 , the Jets fired Tannenbaum , but announced that Ryan would remain as head coach . The Jets announced the hiring of Seahawks Vice President of Football Operations John Idzik as general manager on January 18 , 2013 . On April 29 , soon after the team took West Virginia quarterback Geno Smith in the 2013 NFL Draft , Tebow was released by the Jets . The quarterback controversy between Smith and Sanchez was settled when Sanchez was injured in the 2013 preseason ; he subsequently had surgery that ended his year . The Jets were inconsistent behind Smith , and finished 8 -- 8 , though knocking the Dolphins out of the playoff picture with a final - week victory . Ryan 's contract was due to expire after 2014 , but the head coach was given a multi-year extension on January 16 of that year . Sanchez was released on March 21 , 2014 , allowing the Jets to sign controversial former Falcons and Eagles quarterback Michael Vick . In 2014 , the Jets went 4 -- 12 , last in passing until a final - game victory at the Dolphins . Both Idzik and Ryan were fired on December 29 , 2014 , the day after the season ended . On January 13 , 2015 , the Jets announced the hiring of Mike Maccagnan , scouting director of the Houston Texans , as general manager . The following day , the Jets announced they had hired Arizona Cardinals defensive coordinator Todd Bowles as head coach . Smith was injured in a locker room brawl in training camp , and journeyman Ryan Fitzpatrick took over . After a slow start , the Jets got hot late in the season and had their playoff fate in their own hands going into a final week game at the Bills , coached by Ryan . The Jets lost , and a victory by the Steelers over the Browns put the Jets out of the playoffs , though they finished 10 -- 6 . The year 2016 began with high hopes , but a locker room altercation in Week 3 , ineffective play by Fitzpatrick and the two other quarterbacks who started during the season , and key injuries led to a 5 -- 11 record . There were rumors Bowles and Maccagnan would be fired ; the Jets quickly announced their retention after a final - game victory versus the Bills . In 2017 , the Jets were expected to be among the worst in the league , but did a little better than that , finishing 5 -- 11 , for the most part with Josh McCown at quarterback . Sportswriter Eskenazi , in his history of the Jets , wrote : The Jets are in that pantheon ( of teams that have won championships ) . And they are housed there despite having only one title , one defining image . Because they have never repeated , there is the constant of failed expectations . Unfair , perhaps ... But this is the nature of sports . The Jets achieved such fame , such notoriety , became such a product and symbol of their times , that they also became a frozen icon . They can have life breathed back into them only by another great success . In the meantime , they and their fans have had to live with their moment in the sun . See also ( edit ) American football portal Sports portal List of New York Jets seasons References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ryczek , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Sahadi , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Sahadi , pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Ryczek , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Ryczek , pp. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Ryczek , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Sahadi , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Ryczek , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Ryczek , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Ryczek , pp. 37 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Ryczek , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Sahadi , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Sahadi , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Ryczek , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Ryczek , pp. 89 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Ryczek , pp. 113 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Ryczek , pp. 117 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Ryczek , pp. 121 -- 122 . Jump up ^ Ryczek , pp. 125 -- 126 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Jerome ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` One tragedy in AFL just a footnote '' . The Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( July 17 , 2006 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Doctor Inextricably Linked With the Quarterback He Kept Mobile '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ryczek , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Sahadi , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Ryczek , p. 132 . ^ Jump up to : Ryczek , pp. 158 -- 159 . Jump up ^ Ryczek , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Ryczek , pp. 170 -- 171 . ^ Jump up to : Eskenazi , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Ryczek , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Ryczek , pp. 203 -- 204 . Jump up ^ Ryczek , pp. 207 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Ryczek , pp. 234 -- 238 . Jump up ^ Sahadi , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Ryczek , pp. 241 -- 243 . Jump up ^ Sahadi , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Ryczek , pp. 260 -- 267 . Jump up ^ `` Sale of N.Y. Titans Approved by Court '' . The New York Times . March 16 , 1963 . Retrieved September 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Year in Review -- 1963 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ryczek , pp. 269 -- 270 . ^ Jump up to : Lipsyte , Robert ( April 16 , 1963 ) . `` Titans Get a New Coach - General Manager ( Ewbank ) and a New Name ( Jets ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wallace , William N. ( November 18 , 1998 ) . `` Weeb Ewbank , 91 , Hall of Fame Coach of Jets , Is Dead '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New York team in American Football League gets new coach and general manager and a new name '' ( Press release ) . Ted Teglin & Associates , Inc . April 16 , 1963 . Jump up ^ Ryczek , pp. 270 -- 271 . Jump up ^ Ryczek , pp. 272 -- 273 . ^ Jump up to : Ryczek , pp. 273 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Sahadi , pp. 99 -- 100 . ^ Jump up to : Eskenazi , pp. 48 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : Hanks , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Sahadi , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Sahadi , pp. 128 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : `` History : The AFL '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . 2009 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sahadi , pp. 144 -- 146 . Jump up ^ Sahadi , pp. 148 -- 149 . Jump up ^ Sahadi , pp. 147 -- 148 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , p. 62 . ^ Jump up to : Hanks , pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Hanks , p. 81 . ^ Jump up to : Hanks , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Hanks , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , pp. 86 -- 87 , Namath 's statement has been reported with slight variations . Jump up ^ Sahadi , pp. 217 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Sahadi , pp. 221 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Jack . `` Jack Gallagher '' . The Houston Post , January 15 , 1969 , section 4 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year in Review -- 1969 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , pp. 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Pervin , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Pervin , p. 64 . ^ Jump up to : Eskenazi , pp. 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Hanks , p. 174 . Jump up ^ `` Year in Review -- 1970 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year in Review -- 1971 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year in Review -- 1972 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , pp. 108 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , pp. 113 -- 114 . Jump up ^ `` Year in Review -- 1974 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seppy , Tom ( June 11 , 1976 ) . `` ' Best Backfield ' says Allen after signing John Riggins '' . The Free Lance Star . Associated Press . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , pp. 133 -- 134 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year in Review -- 1977 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , p. 136 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year in Review -- 1978 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , Gerald ; McGowen , Deane ( May 27 , 1977 ) . `` Court Accord Keeps Football Jets at Shea Stadium '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . ( fee for article ) Jump up ^ Eskenazi , pp. 159 -- 163 . ^ Jump up to : Eskenazi , pp. 171 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , pp. 173 -- 174 . ^ Jump up to : Eskenazi , pp. 176 -- 177 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 New York Giants '' . Database Football . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved March 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year in Review -- 1981 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lange , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ `` Year in Review -- 1982 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , pp. 182 -- 183 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , p. 185 . Jump up ^ `` Jets Playoff History '' . New York Daily News . January 10 , 1999 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year in Review -- 1983 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , pp. 218 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , pp. 210 -- 212 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year in Review -- 1984 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , p. 231 . Jump up ^ `` Year in Review -- 1985 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year in Review -- 1986 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Swift , E.M. ( January 12 , 1987 ) . `` Reprieve for the Browns '' . Sports Illustrated . CNN . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , pp. 237 -- 238 . ^ Jump up to : Eskenazi , p. 238 . Jump up ^ `` Year in Review -- 1987 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , pp. 240 -- 241 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year in Review -- 1988 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , p. 233 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year in Review -- 1989 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , pp. 247 -- 248 . Jump up ^ `` Year in Review -- 1990 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ King , Peter ( September 17 , 1990 ) . `` The Week That Was '' . Sports Illustrated . CNN . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , pp. 250 -- 252 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , p. 256 . Jump up ^ `` Year in Review -- 1991 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , p. 257 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year in Review -- 1992 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kim , Albert ( December 7 , 1992 ) . `` Toon Out '' . Sports Illustrated . CNN . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , Gerald ( May 11 , 1993 ) . `` Memories Linger For Jets ' Mersereau '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Timothy W. ( November 30 , 1992 ) . `` Byrd Is Partly Paralyzed as Jets Fall to Chiefs '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Coffey , Wayne ( October 8 , 1995 ) . `` Thanks to Football , Ex-Jet Dennis Byrd is ... Back in the Game '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cannizzaro , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Smith , Timothy W. ( July 19 , 1993 ) . `` The Jets Add 3 Propellers : Esiason , Lott and Marshall '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Year in Review -- 1993 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cannizzaro , pp. 12 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year in Review -- 1994 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cannizzaro , pp. 19 -- 21 . Jump up ^ `` Year in Review -- 1995 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , pp. 280 -- 281 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , p. 285 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , pp. 289 -- 290 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year in Review -- 1996 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cannizzaro , pp. 41 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , pp. 302 -- 303 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , pp. 304 -- 306 . Jump up ^ `` Year in Review -- 1997 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , pp. 314 -- 315 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year in Review -- 1998 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Far cry from ' 86 Jets '' . Sports Illustrated . CNN . Associated Press . January 5 , 1999 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cannizzaro , pp. 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Golen , Jimmy ( September 12 , 1999 ) . `` Jets ' Testaverde Injured , Will Miss Season '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Year in Review -- 1999 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Eskenazi , Gerald ( January 4 , 2000 ) . `` Parcells Resigns as Jets ' Coach ; Belichick Assumes the Top Role '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cannizzaro , pp. 96 -- 97 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year in Review -- 2000 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( January 12 , 2000 ) . `` Man in the News ; Philanthropist and Fan '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cimini , Rich ( January 19 , 2000 ) . `` Woody Sings A New Tuna : Shakeup looms if Bill not coach '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Groh officially tabbed to take over Jets '' . Sports Illustrated . CNN . Associated Press . January 24 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Parcells to stay retired '' . Sports Illustrated . CNN . Associated Press . January 17 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cimini , Rich ( April 11 , 2010 ) . `` New York Jets drafted big in 2000 when they picked Shaun Ellis , Chad Pennington and two others '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cannizzaro , p. 103 . Jump up ^ `` Jets Name Bradway GM '' . CBS News . Associated Press . 2001 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cimini , Rich ( January 12 , 2001 ) . `` Jets Name Bradway Chief '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cannizzaro , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Cimini , Rich ( January 18 , 2001 ) . `` Jets to hire Edwards : Team 's 1st black head coach '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cannizzaro , pp. 142 -- 144 . Jump up ^ `` Deal reached '' . Sports Illustrated . CNN . Associated Press . October 3 , 2001 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cannizzaro , p. 151 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year in Review -- 2002 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cannizzaro , p. 152 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year in Review -- 2003 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jets to replace GM Bradway with Tannenbaum '' . ESPN . Associated Press . February 7 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year in Review -- 2004 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year in Review -- 2005 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bensch , Bob ( January 5 , 2005 ) . `` Jets Beat Chargers in OT in NFL Playoffs ; Rams Defeat Seahawks '' . Bloomberg . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Clayton , John ( January 17 , 2005 ) . `` Brien had two chances to win game '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schwab , Frank ( November 18 , 2005 ) . `` Injuries have kept Jets from matching last year 's success '' . Colorado Springs Gazette . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Pasquarelli , Len ( September 27 , 2005 ) . `` Blast from past : Jets turn to Testaverde at QB '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pasquarelli , Len ( October 5 , 2005 ) . `` Bollinger 's one - week trial over , Jets turn to Testaverde '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Edwards appears bound for K.C '' . USA Today . Associated Press . January 6 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved March 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jets hire Mangini as head coach '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 18 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Year in Review -- 2006 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year in Review -- 2007 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Greg ( November 6 , 2010 ) . `` New Mangini Embraces Old One '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Costello , Brian ( December 29 , 2008 ) . `` Jets Fire Mangini '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2010 . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Waszak Jr. , Dennis ( August 29 , 2007 ) . `` NFL 2007 : Mangini 's second year as Jets coach comes with high expectations '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Belichick draws $500,000 fine , but avoids suspension '' . ESPN . Associated Press ; Clayton , John . September 14 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Litsky , Frank ( October 30 , 2007 ) . `` Clemens Will Start Sunday for Jets '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants 17 vs. New England Patriots 14 '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lange , Randy ( August 7 , 2008 ) . `` Do QB - lieve It ? Brett Favre Is A Jet '' . New York Jets . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dolphins sign ex-Jet Chad Pennington '' . USA Today . Associated Press . August 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL looking at possible violation '' . ESPN . Associated Press . September 10 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Les ( December 29 , 2008 ) . `` Pennington Sends His Old Team Packing '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mangini fired after 3 seasons with Jets '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 30 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre to retire from Jets '' . Sports Illustrated . CNN . February 11 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cowher Says He Wo n't Coach in 2009 Season '' . The New York Times . January 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan to become Jets coach '' . ESPN . Associated Press ; Mortensen , Chris ; Nichols , Rachel . January 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Heyman , Brian ( April 25 , 2009 ) . `` Working With Mangini , Jets Get Their Man '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jets hold down Brady , finally beat Pats at home '' . ESPN . Associated Press . September 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Year in Review -- 2009 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Dave ( December 20 , 2009 ) . `` NY Jets drop ' embarrassing ' 10 -- 7 loss to Atlanta Falcons as playoff hopes take big hit '' . The Star - Ledger . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kravitz , Bob ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` On football : Shame on the Colts for tossing away perfect record '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marot , Michael ( December 27 , 2009 ) . `` Colts Lose : Jets Top Indy , End Record Streak '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2010 . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kuriloff , Aaron ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` Jets Win Final game at Giants Stadium , NFL 's Most - Used Venue '' . Bloomberg . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cimini , Rich ( January 9 , 2010 ) . `` AFC wild - card game : Jets rookies Mark Sanchez , Shonn Greene star in 24 -- 14 win over Bengals '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sanchez , Greene lead Jets to shocker over Chargers '' . The Washington Times . News World Media Development . Associated Press . January 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marot , Michael ( January 24 , 2010 ) . `` Colts Super Bowl - Bound , Beat Jets For AFC Championship '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bagli , Charles V. ; Cooper Michael ( June 7 , 2005 ) . `` Olympic Bid Hurt as New York Fails in West Side Stadium Quest '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved October 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McCullough , Andy ( April 10 , 2010 ) . `` New Meadowlands Stadium gets mostly positive reviews in lacrosse tournament debut '' . The Star - Ledger . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Meadowlands Stadium getting ready for soft opening '' . National Football League . Associated Press . April 2010 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DeLessio , Joe ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` Jets and Giants to Play in Preseason Meadowlands Stadium Opener '' . New York Magazine . New York Media Holdings . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Greg ( September 13 , 2010 ) . `` In Ugly Debut , Reality Sets in for Jets '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2011 . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Greg ( December 7 , 2010 ) . `` Big Game Turns Out to Be No Contest '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2011 . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Greg ( January 16 , 2011 ) . `` Last Word Goes to Jets '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2011 . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Jets at Pittsburgh '' . Yahoo ! Sports . January 23 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2011 . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Desperate Jets make one last push in Miami '' . Fox News . December 30 , 2011 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Walker , James ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` Rapid Reaction : Dolphins 19 , Jets 17 '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baumbach , Jim ( February 6 , 2011 ) . `` Tynes : Sorry , Jets , We 're ' Kings ' of NY '' . Newsday . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jets , Broncos complete trade for QB Tim Tebow '' . AP via CNS News . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shpigel , Ben ( March 21 , 2012 ) . `` After hours of uncertainty , Jets complete trade for Tebow '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kuriloff , Aaron ( December 29 , 2012 ) . `` Hopes were high when the NY Jets beat Buffalo Bills in Week 1 , but it was just the dawn of a new error '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Waszak , Dennis Jr . ( December 31 , 2012 ) . `` Jets fire GM Tannenbaum ; Ryan stays '' . AP via Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jets name John Idzik general manager '' ( Press release ) . New York Jets . January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kimberley A. Martin ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` Jets cut Tim Tebow after one unproductive season '' . Newsday.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shpigel , Ben ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` Surgery ends season for Sanchez '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( December 29 , 2013 ) . `` Woody Johnson : Rex Ryan will coach Jets next season '' . nfl.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walder , Seth ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Rex Ryan agrees to multi-year contract extension with NY Jets , but there 's little security in deal '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Busfield , Steve ( March 22 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Vick joins Jets as Mark Sanchez leaves New York '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wise , Steven ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` Embattled Ryan , NY Jets rally past Dolphins 37 - 24 '' . AP via Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Johnson official statement on Idzik and Ryan '' ( Press release ) . New York Jets . December 29 , 2014 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lange , Randy ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Jets name Mike Maccagnan new general manager '' . New York Jets . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lange , Randy ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Jets name Todd Bowles head coach '' . New York Jets . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rhoden , William H. ( January 3 , 2016 ) . `` Jets ' high hopes end in same place : Out of the playoffs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cimini , Rich ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` Jets hit rock bottom ( again ) , raising many questions about future '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cimini , Rich ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` Jets ca n't finish , but they 've started to build a foundation '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , pp. 59 -- 60 . Bibliography ( edit ) Cannizzaro , Mark ( 2007 ) . Tales from the New York Jets Sideline ( Revised ed . ) . Champaign , Illinois : Sports Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59670 - 244 - 8 . Eskenazi , Gerald ( 1998 ) . Gang Green : An Irreverent Look Behind the Scenes at Thirty - Eight ( Well , Thirty - Seven ) Seasons of New York Jets Football Futility . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 84115 - 1 . Hanks , Stephen ( 1989 ) . The Game that Changed Pro Football . New York : Carol Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55972 - 012 - 0 . Lange , Randy ( 2005 ) . Stadium Stories : New York Jets . Guilford , Connecticut : The Globe Pequot Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 3783 - 3 . Pervin , Lawrence A. ( 2009 ) . Football 's New York Giants : A History . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4268 - 3 . Ryczek , William J. ( 2009 ) . Crash of the Titans : The Early Years of the New York Jets and the AFL ( revised ed . ) . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4126 - 6 . Sahadi , Lou ( 1969 ) . The Long Pass : The Inside Story of the New York Jets from the Terrible Titans to Broadway Joe Namath and the Championship of 1968 . New York : The World Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58567 - 933 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Official website History of the New York Jets ( from official site ) New York Jets Founded in 1960 Formerly the New York Titans ( 1960 -- 62 ) Based in East Rutherford , New Jersey Headquartered in Florham Park , New Jersey Franchise Franchise History Seasons Players Coaches Logos and uniforms First - round draft picks Quarterbacks Flight Crew Stadiums Polo Grounds Shea Stadium Giants Stadium MetLife Stadium Culture Fireman Ed Alex Anthony Flash Gordon The Wonder Years West Side Stadium Generation Jets The King of Queens Lore Heidi Game The Guarantee Announcerless Game New York Sack Exchange Clock Play The Monday Night Miracle Spygate Butt fumble Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Giants Key personnel Owner : Woody Johnson Chairman / CEO : Christopher Johnson President Neil Glat General Manager : Mike Maccagnan Head Coach : Todd Bowles Division championships ( 4 ) 1968 1969 1998 2002 League championships ( 1 ) 1968 ( III ) does not include 1968 AFL championship Retired numbers 12 13 28 73 90 Ewbank Media Broadcasters WEPN WEPN - FM WCBS - TV SportsNet New York Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 Championship seasons in bold Book : New York Jets History of the National Football League American Football Conference AFC East Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets AFC North Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers AFC South Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans AFC West Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders National Football Conference NFC East Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins NFC North Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings NFC South Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers NFC West Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Defunct teams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_Jets&oldid=821419399 '' Categories : New York Jets National Football League history by team Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 10 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20New%20York%20Jets

who sang your gonna miss me when im gone

`` You 're Gonna Miss Me When I 'm Gone '' is a song co-written and recorded by American country music duo Brooks & Dunn . It was released in June 1995 as the fourth single from their third album Waitin ' on Sundown . The song reached the top of the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart . This is the third single to feature Kix Brooks on lead vocals instead of Ronnie Dunn , and the only single of such that was one of Brooks & Dunn 's twenty Billboard Number One hits . The song was written by the duo along with Don Cook .

Brooks & Dunn

You 're Gonna Miss Me When I 'm Gone

you're gonna miss me when i'm gone

`` You 're Gonna Miss Me When I 'm Gone '' is a song co-written and recorded by American country music duo Brooks & Dunn . It was released in June 1995 as the fourth single from their third album Waitin ' on Sundown . The song reached the top of the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart . This is the third single to feature Kix Brooks on lead vocals instead of Ronnie Dunn , and the only single of such that was one of Brooks & Dunn 's twenty Billboard Number One hits . The song was written by the duo along with Don Cook .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Critical reception 3 Music video 4 Chart positions 4.1 Year - end charts 5 References 6 External links Content ( edit ) The male narrator explains to his significant other that she has constantly been mistreating him ; and although he still shows great affection for her , he ultimately comes to the realization that their relationship is in serious jeopardy because of her actions and therefore contemplates ending the relationship for good . Beforehand , the narrator presents his soon - to - be former lover an opportunity to give him a farewell kiss , informing her that she will regret the mistakes that she had made and will miss him after he leaves her . Critical reception ( edit ) Billboard 's Eric Boehler praised the craftsmanship and production of the song , simply calling it `` another welcome Brooks & Dunn outing . '' Deborah Evans Price , also of Billboard , reviewed the song favorably , calling it a welcome change of pace from their `` typically terrific barn - burning honky - tonkers and affecting tear - in - the - beer ballads . '' She goes on to call it `` excellent song craftsmanship with great production . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video for this song was directed by Michael Oblowitz . The video reached number one for one week on CMT Top 12 Countdown in 1995 . Chart positions ( edit ) `` You 're Gonna Miss Me When I 'm Gone '' debuted at number 72 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of June 10 , 1995 . Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 21 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 13 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boehlert , Eric . `` The modern age . '' Billboard 13 May 1995 : JuniorQuest Magazines , ProQuest . Web . Retrieved 28 Sep. 2010 . Jump up ^ Billboard , June 24 , 1995 Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 2746 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . September 4 , 1995 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brooks & Dunn Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1995 '' . RPM . December 18 , 1995 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1995 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1995 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' by Lorrie Morgan Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number - one single August 19 - August 26 , 1995 Succeeded by `` Not on Your Love '' by Jeff Carson Preceded by `` Only One Moon '' by Prairie Oyster RPM Country Tracks number - one single September 4 , 1995 Succeeded by `` She Ai n't Your Ordinary Girl '' by Alabama ( hide ) Brooks & Dunn singles Brand New Man `` Brand New Man '' `` My Next Broken Heart '' `` Neon Moon '' `` Boot Scootin ' Boogie '' `` Lost and Found '' Hard Workin ' Man `` Hard Workin ' Man '' `` We 'll Burn That Bridge '' `` She Used to Be Mine '' `` Rock My World ( Little Country Girl ) '' `` That Ai n't No Way to Go '' Waitin ' on Sundown `` She 's Not the Cheatin ' Kind '' `` I 'll Never Forgive My Heart '' `` Little Miss Honky Tonk '' `` You 're Gonna Miss Me When I 'm Gone '' `` Whiskey Under the Bridge '' Borderline `` My Maria '' `` I Am That Man '' `` Mama Do n't Get Dressed Up for Nothing '' `` A Man This Lonely '' `` Why Would I Say Goodbye '' The Greatest Hits Collection `` Honky Tonk Truth '' `` He 's Got You '' If You See Her `` If You See Him / If You See Her '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` How Long Gone '' `` Husbands and Wives '' `` I Ca n't Get Over You '' `` South of Santa Fe '' Tight Rope `` Missing You '' `` Beer Thirty '' `` You 'll Always Be Loved by Me '' Steers & Stripes `` Ai n't Nothing ' bout You '' `` Only in America '' `` The Long Goodbye '' `` My Heart Is Lost to You '' `` Every River '' Red Dirt Road `` Red Dirt Road '' `` You Ca n't Take the Honky Tonk Out of the Girl '' `` That 's What She Gets for Loving Me '' The Greatest Hits Collection II `` That 's What It 's All About '' `` It 's Getting Better All the Time '' Hillbilly Deluxe `` Play Something Country '' `` Believe '' `` Building Bridges '' ( with Sheryl Crow and Vince Gill ) `` Hillbilly Deluxe '' Cowboy Town `` Proud of the House We Built '' `` God Must Be Busy '' `` Put a Girl in It '' `` Cowgirls Do n't Cry '' ( with Reba McEntire ) # 1s ... and Then Some `` Indian Summer '' `` Honky Tonk Stomp '' ( with Billy Gibbons ) See also Discography This 1990s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27re_Gonna_Miss_Me_When_I%27m_Gone&oldid=797758719 '' Categories : 1995 singles Brooks & Dunn songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs written by Kix Brooks Songs written by Don Cook Songs written by Ronnie Dunn Song recordings produced by Scott Hendricks Song recordings produced by Don Cook Arista Nashville singles 1994 songs 1990s country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 00 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%2527re%20Gonna%20Miss%20Me%20When%20I%2527m%20Gone

mid fielder who joined arsenal from southampton in 2011

Ogenyi Onazi

ogenyi onazi

Ogenyi Eddy Onazi ( born 25 December 1992 ) is a Nigerian footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Turkish club Trabzonspor and the Nigeria national football team .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Club career 1.1 Early years in Nigeria 1.2 Lazio 1.3 Trabzonspor 2 International career 3 Honours 4 References 5 External links Club career ( edit ) Early years in Nigeria ( edit ) Onazi began playing football in the streets of Jos in 1998 . His football skills and abilities drew a lot of attention to him and afforded him the opportunity to play in some academies in the city . His footballing abilities came to prominence when he moved to the city of Lagos to play for My People . Lazio ( edit ) Onazi joined Lazio in 2011 , alongside his teammate , Sani Emmanuel . The pair trialled in England , Greece and Italy following appearances at the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup , in which Nigeria reached the final on home soil , losing to Switzerland . Onazi was first promoted to the Lazio first team during the 2011 -- 12 season after appearing at youth level . He made his Serie A debut as a substitute in the penultimate match of the season , replacing Senad Lulić in the 90th minute . Lazio recorded a 2 -- 0 victory over Atalanta at the Stadio Atleti Azzurri d'Italia in Bergamo . In the following 2012 -- 2013 season , Onazi was granted more playing time Under coach Vladimir Petković featuring in a defensive midfielder role alongside Cristian Ledesma . Notably , he started in a UEFA Europa League match against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane , which ended in a 0 -- 0 draw . On 7 March 2013 , he scored his first goal for Lazio against Stuttgart in the last sixteen of the Europa League . He scored his first Serie A goal in a 3 -- 1 win over Inter Milan on 8 May 2013 . On 13 April 2014 , he scored his second Serie A goal for Lazio in a 4 -- 2 defeat to Napoli . On 22 September 2014 , Onazi signed a two - year contract extension with Lazio until 2018 . Lazio had previously received transfer enquiries in the summer transfer window by three Premier League clubs Everton , Southampton and Sunderland with interest from German , French , Spanish and Russian clubs also being reported . On 31 May 2015 , his 88th - minute goal for the final score of 3 -- 2 in Lazio 's win over Napoli helped secure the last Champions League place for the club . Trabzonspor ( edit ) On 2 August 2016 he was transferred to Trabzonspor for € 3.5 million . International career ( edit ) As a 16 - year - old , Onazi represented his country at the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup , where Nigeria finished runners - up . However , he was overlooked for selection at the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup two years later , despite participating in the training camps in Portugal and Panama . He made his debut for the senior Nigeria national team in an African Cup of Nations qualification match against Liberia . His first goal came in his second international match , a 3 -- 1 friendly win over Venezuela in Florida . Onazi was called up to Nigeria 's 23 - man squad for the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations . He came on as a substitute in Nigeria 's first match of the tournament against Burkina Faso , whom they would eventually face again in the final , before going to on to play every minute of all Nigeria 's games in the knockout phase , including the final . He was selected for Nigeria 's squad at the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup . but missed out of the tournament as he suffered a slight knee knock a few weeks before the competition . Onazi was named in Nigeria 's final squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil and started in all four games as Nigeria were eliminated by France in the round of 16 . Honours ( edit ) Lazio Coppa Italia : 2012 -- 13 Nigeria Africa Cup of Nations : 2013 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ogenyi Onazi -- FIFA competition record ^ Jump up to : Audu , Samm ( 11 October 2012 ) . `` Eaglet Onazi soars to fly with the Super Eagles '' . African Football . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Okeleji , Oluwashina ( 22 September 2014 ) . `` Nigeria 's Ogenyi Onazi signs new improved Lazio deal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Enyadike , Emeka ( 4 June 2014 ) . `` World Cup 2014 : Nigeria profile -- Ogenyi Onazi '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lazio midfielder attracts Swansea City interest '' . Gazetta World . 20 January 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Audu , Samm ( 6 May 2012 ) . `` Onazi Ogenyi finally debuts for Lazio '' . African Football . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Chris ( 20 September 2012 ) . `` Tottenham 0 - 0 Lazio '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Europa League : Lazio stroll to Stuttgart win in Germany '' . Sky Sports . 7 March 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` first Lazio goal Onazi delighted '' . The Nation. 9 March 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Alaka , Babajide ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` Nigerians Abroad : Ogenyi Onazi scores a rocket against Inter as Moses comes on as a sub in Chelsea draw '' . Goal . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Higuain hero for Napoli '' . SkySports. 13 April 2014 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lazio Ogenyi Onazi winner vs Napoli ensures Champions League '' . ESPNFC. 31 May 2015 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RELAZIONE FINANZIARIA SEMESTRALE CONSOLIDATA AL 31 DICEMBRE 2016 '' ( PDF ) ( in Italian ) . S.S. Lazio. 30 March 2017 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/serie-a/ufficiale-lazio-il-centrocampista-onazi-passa-al-trabzonspor-860789 Jump up ^ Oluwashina Okeleji ( 10 January 2013 ) . `` Nations Cup 2013 : Nigeria pick six locally - based players '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria to take new - look squad to Confederations Cup '' . BBC Sport. 9 June 2013 . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ogenyi Onazi . Ogenyi Onazi at Soccerway Trabzonspor -- current squad 1 Onur 2 Kamil 3 Mas 4 Ďurica 5 Okay 7 Bongonda 8 Sosa 9 Volkan 10 Olcay 11 Castillo 13 Arda 14 N'Doye 15 Uğur 16 Batuhan 17 Burak 18 Hubočan 19 Abdülkadir 20 Onazi 21 Bero 23 Esteban 25 Mustafa 28 Rodallega 33 Kucka 47 Pereira 96 Uğurcan 97 Yusuf 98 Abdurrahim Head Coach : Yanal Nigeria squads Nigeria squad -- 2013 Africa Cup of Nations winners ( 3rd title ) 1 Enyeama 2 Yobo ( c ) 3 Echiéjilé 4 Obiora 5 Ambrose 6 Egwuekwe 7 Musa 8 Ideye 9 Emenike 10 Mikel 11 Moses 12 Gabriel 13 Ogude 14 Oboabona 15 Uche 16 Ejide 17 Onazi 18 Uzoenyi 19 Mba 20 Nosa 21 Oshaniwa 22 Omeruo 23 Agbim Coach : Keshi Nigeria squad -- 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup 1 Enyeama ( c ) 2 Oboabona 3 Elderson 4 Ogu 5 Ambrose 6 Egwuekwe 7 Musa 8 Ideye 9 Akpala 10 Mikel 11 Muhammed 12 Kwambe 13 Ogude 14 Ujah 15 Babatunde 16 Ejide 17 Onazi 18 Eze 19 Mba 20 Oduamadi 21 Benjamin 22 Omeruo 23 Agbim Coach : Keshi Nigeria squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Enyeama 2 Yobo ( c ) 3 Uzoenyi 4 Gabriel 5 Ambrose 6 Egwuekwe 7 Musa 8 Odemwingie 9 Emenike 10 Mikel 11 Moses 12 Odunlami 13 Oshaniwa 14 Oboabona 15 Azeez 16 Ejide 17 Onazi 18 Babatunde 19 Nwofor 20 Uchebo 21 Agbim 22 Omeruo 23 Ameobi Coach : Keshi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ogenyi_Onazi&oldid=804876779 '' Categories : Living people 1992 births Nigerian footballers S.S. Lazio players Trabzonspor footballers Serie A players Süper Lig players Association football midfielders Nigerian people Nigeria international footballers Nigerian expatriates in Italy Expatriate footballers in Italy Nigerian expatriates in Turkey Expatriate footballers in Turkey 2013 Africa Cup of Nations players 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup players 2014 FIFA World Cup players Africa Cup of Nations - winning players People from Jos Hidden categories : FIFA player ID same as Wikidata CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) BLP articles lacking sources from November 2013 All BLP articles lacking sources Use dmy dates from April 2013 Articles using Template : Medal with Runner - up Articles using Template : Medal with Winner Soccerway template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hausa Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 17 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogenyi%20Onazi

did a woman run for president in 2008

The first woman considered for a major party presidential candidacy by an incumbent president was Oveta Hobby , by Dwight D. Eisenhower . Eisenhower encouraged Hobby to run in 1960 , but she declined . In 1964 , Margaret Chase Smith announced her candidacy for the Republican Party nomination , becoming the first female candidate for a major party 's nomination . She qualified for the ballot in six state primaries , and came in second in the Illinois primary , receiving 25 % of the vote . She became the first woman to have her name placed in nomination for the presidency at a major political party 's convention . In 1968 , Charlene Mitchell became the first African American woman to run for president , and the first to receive valid votes in a general election . She qualified for the ballot in two states , winning 1,075 votes . In 1972 , Shirley Chisholm became the first black candidate for a major party 's presidential nomination , and the first woman to run for the Democratic Party 's nomination . Tonie Nathan , the Libertarian Party 's vice-presidential candidate in 1972 , became the first woman to receive an electoral vote , via faithless elector Roger MacBride . In the 1988 presidential election , Lenora Fulani and her running mate Joyce Dattner became the first women to achieve ballot access in all fifty states . Fulani was also the first African American to do so . In the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries , Hillary Clinton became the first woman to win a presidential primary , and the first to be listed as a presidential candidate in every primary and caucus nationwide . Despite losing the nomination in a close race against Barack Obama , Clinton won more votes in 2008 than any primary candidate in American history .

List of female United States presidential and vice-presidential candidates

list of female united states presidential and vice - presidential candidates

The following is a list of female U.S. presidential and vice-presidential nominees and invitees . Nominees are candidates nominated or otherwise selected by political parties for particular offices . Listed as nominees or nomination candidates are those women who achieved ballot access in at least one state ( or , before the institution of government - printed ballots , had ballots circulated by their parties ) . They each may have won the nomination of one of the US political parties ( either one of the two major parties or one of the third parties ) , or made the ballot as an Independent , and in either case must have votes in the election to qualify for this list . Exception is made for those few candidates whose parties lost ballot status for additional runs .

Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Presidential candidates 2.1 General election candidates by popular vote 2.2 Candidates who received electoral votes 2.3 Primary election candidates 2.4 All candidates 2.4. 1 Party nominees 2.4. 2 Not nominated by party 3 Vice-Presidential candidates 3.1 By popular vote 3.2 Candidates who received electoral votes 3.3 All candidates 3.3. 1 Party nominees 3.3. 2 Not nominated by party 4 See also 5 References 6 Notes 7 External links History ( edit ) In 1872 , Victoria Woodhull ran for president . While many historians and authors agree that Woodhull was the first woman to run for president , some have questioned the legality of her run . They disagree with classifying it as a true candidacy because she was younger than the constitutionally mandated age of 35 , but election coverage by contemporary newspapers does not suggest age was a significant issue . The presidential inauguration was in March 1873 , and Woodhull 's 35th birthday was sixth months later in September . In 1884 , Belva Lockwood followed with a run for president . Her running mate was Marietta Stow , who became the first woman to run for vice president . The first woman considered for a major party presidential candidacy by an incumbent president was Oveta Hobby , by Dwight D. Eisenhower . Eisenhower encouraged Hobby to run in 1960 , but she declined . In 1964 , Margaret Chase Smith announced her candidacy for the Republican Party nomination , becoming the first female candidate for a major party 's nomination . She qualified for the ballot in six state primaries , and came in second in the Illinois primary , receiving 25 % of the vote . She became the first woman to have her name placed in nomination for the presidency at a major political party 's convention . In 1968 , Charlene Mitchell became the first African American woman to run for president , and the first to receive valid votes in a general election . She qualified for the ballot in two states , winning 1,075 votes . In 1972 , Shirley Chisholm became the first black candidate for a major party 's presidential nomination , and the first woman to run for the Democratic Party 's nomination . Tonie Nathan , the Libertarian Party 's vice-presidential candidate in 1972 , became the first woman to receive an electoral vote , via faithless elector Roger MacBride . In the 1988 presidential election , Lenora Fulani and her running mate Joyce Dattner became the first women to achieve ballot access in all fifty states . Fulani was also the first African American to do so . In the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries , Hillary Clinton became the first woman to win a presidential primary , and the first to be listed as a presidential candidate in every primary and caucus nationwide . Despite losing the nomination in a close race against Barack Obama , Clinton won more votes in 2008 than any primary candidate in American history . In 2016 , Hillary Clinton became the first woman nominated for president by a major party after winning a majority of delegates in the Democratic Party primaries , and was formally nominated at the Democratic National Convention on July 26 , 2016 . As a major party nominee , Clinton became the first woman to participate in a presidential debate , and later the first to carry a state in a general election . Clinton lost the election but became the first woman to win the popular vote . Two women have won the vice-presidential nominations of major parties , Geraldine Ferraro for the Democratic Party in the 1984 , and Sarah Palin for the Republican Party in the 2008 . The Green Party has run a female candidate three times , Cynthia McKinney in 2008 and Jill Stein in 2012 and 2016 . Stein received more general election votes than any prior female candidate in 2012 . Presidential candidates ( edit ) General election candidates by popular vote ( edit ) This list , sorted by the number of votes , includes female candidates who have run for President of the United States in a general election that received over 40,000 votes . Major - party nominee No . Year Picture Name Party Votes Winner 2016 Hillary Clinton Democratic Party 65,853,516 Donald Trump 2016 Jill Stein Green Party 1,457,044 Donald Trump 2012 Jill Stein Green Party 468,907 Barack Obama 1988 Lenora Fulani New Alliance Party 217,219 George H.W. Bush 5 2008 Cynthia McKinney Green Party 161,797 Barack Obama 6 1972 Linda Jenness Socialist Workers Party 83,380 Richard Nixon 7 1992 Lenora Fulani New Alliance Party 73,714 Bill Clinton 8 1984 Sonia Johnson Citizens Party 72,200 Ronald Reagan 9 2012 Roseanne Barr Peace and Freedom Party 67,326 Barack Obama 10 1976 Margaret Wright People 's Party 49,024 Jimmy Carter 11 1940 Gracie Allen Surprise Party 42,000 Franklin D. Roosevelt Candidates who received electoral votes ( edit ) Year Name Party Running mate Electoral votes Total electoral votes 2016 Clinton , Hillary Hillary Clinton Democratic Party Kaine , Tim Tim Kaine 7002227000000000000 ♠ 227 7002538000000000000 ♠ 538 2016 Spotted Eagle , Faith Faith Spotted Eagle Not applicable Not applicable 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7002538000000000000 ♠ 538 Primary election candidates ( edit ) This list , sorted by the number of votes they received , includes female candidates for a party nomination for President of the United States who ran in at least one primary or caucus and received over 5,000 votes . No . Year Picture Name Party Nomination Votes Contests won Party nominee 2008 Hillary Clinton Democratic Party 17,857,501 23 Barack Obama 2016 Hillary Clinton Democratic Party 16,914,722 34 1972 Shirley Chisholm Democratic Party 430,703 George McGovern 1964 Margaret Chase Smith Republican Party 227,007 0 Barry Goldwater 5 Carol Moseley Braun Democratic Party 103,189 0 John Kerry 6 Elvena Lloyd - Duffie Democratic Party 91,929 0 Bill Clinton 7 2012 Michele Bachmann Republican Party 41,170 0 Mitt Romney 8 2016 Carly Fiorina Republican Party 40,666 0 Donald Trump 9 Dr. Heather Anne Harder Democratic Party 29,156 0 Lyndon B. Johnson 10 1972 Patsy Mink Democratic Party 8,286 0 George McGovern 11 1964 Fay T. Carpenter Swain Democratic Party 7,140 0 Lyndon B. Johnson All candidates ( edit ) Party nominees ( edit ) Year Name Party Running mate Votes Ballot access 1872 Victoria Woodhull Equal Rights Party Frederick Douglass 0 states 1884 Belva Ann Lockwood National Equal Rights Party Marietta Stow 4,149 6 states 1888 Belva Ann Lockwood National Equal Rights Party First : Alfred Love Second : Charles Stuart Wells 1940 Gracie Allen Surprise Party N.A. 42,000 1952 Ellen Linea W. Jensen Washington Peace Party Mary Kennery American Party Agnes Waters American Woman 's Party 1968 Charlene Mitchell Communist Party Michael Zagarell 1,075 2 states 1972 Linda Jenness Socialist Workers Party Andrew Pulley 83,380 25 states Evelyn Reed Socialist Workers Party Andrew Pulley 13,878 1976 Margaret Wright People 's Party Benjamin Spock 49,024 1980 Ellen McCormack Right to Life Party Carroll Driscoll 32,327 Maureen Smith Peace and Freedom Party Elizabeth Cervantes Barron 18,116 Deirdre Griswold Workers World Party Gavrielle Holmes . 13,300 1984 Sonia Johnson Citizens Party Richard Walton 72,200 19 states Gavrielle Holmes Workers World Party Gloria La Riva 2,656 2 states 1988 Lenora Fulani New Alliance Party Joyce Dattner 217,219 50 states Willa Kenoyer Socialist Party , Liberty Union Party Ron Ehrenreich 3,928 1992 Lenora Fulani New Alliance Party Maria Elizabeth Muñoz 73,714 Helen Halyard Socialist Equality Party Fred Mazelis 3,050 Isabell Masters Looking Back Party Walter Masters 327 Gloria La Riva Workers World Party Larry Holmes 181 Monica Moorehead Workers World Party Gloria La Riva 29,083 Marsha Feinland Peace and Freedom Party Kate McClatchy 25,332 Mary Cal Hollis Socialist Party , Liberty Union Party Eric Chester 4,766 Diane Beall Templin The American Party Gary Van Horn 1,847 Isabell Masters Looking Back Party Shirley Jean Masters 752 2000 Monica Moorehead Workers World Party Gloria La Riva 4,795 Cathy Gordon Brown Independent Sabrina R. Allen 1,606 Diane Beall Templin The American Party Albert B. `` Al '' Moore ( lost ballot status ) 2008 Cynthia McKinney Green Party Rosa Clemente 161,797 32 states Gloria La Riva Party for Socialism and Liberation Eugene Puryear 7,427 Diane Beall Templin The American Party Linda Patterson ( lost ballot status ) 2012 Jill Stein Green Party Cheri Honkala 468,907 36 states Roseanne Barr Peace and Freedom Party Cindy Sheehan 67,326 Peta Lindsay Party for Socialism and Liberation Yari Osorio 9,388 2016 Hillary Clinton Democratic Party Tim Kaine 65,853,516 50 states Jill Stein Green Party Ajamu Baraka 1,457,044 47 states Gloria La Riva Peace and Freedom Party Dennis Banks 43,742 8 states Alyson Kennedy Socialist Workers Party Osborne Hart 10,348 7 states Monica Moorehead Workers World Party Lamont Lilly 3,722 Lynn S. Kahn Independent Kathleen Monahan 5,610 Khadijah Jacob - Fambro Revolutionary Party Milton Fambro 748 Year Name Party Running mate Votes Ballot access Not nominated by Party ( edit ) Candidates who failed to receive their parties ' nomination ( or who are currently campaigning for their party 's nomination ) . Year Name Party Details Nomination winner 1884 Abigail Scott Duniway Equal Rights Party Rejected nomination . Belva Ann Lockwood 1920 Laura Clay Democratic Party James M. Cox Cora Wilson Stewart 1924 Cora Wilson Stewart Democratic Party 1 vote on 1st and 15th ballots John W. Davis 1940 Anna Milburn National Greenback Party Declined nomination John Zahnd 1964 Margaret Chase Smith Republican Party Received 227,007 votes in Republican Primary and won 27 delegates at the 1964 Republican Convention Barry Goldwater Fay T. Carpenter Swain Democratic Party 7,140 votes in Indiana primary Lyndon B. Johnson 1972 Shirley Chisholm Democratic Party 152 votes at National convention George McGovern Patsy Takamoto Mink Bella Savitzky Abzug 1976 Barbara Jordan Democratic Party 1 vote at National convention Jimmy Carter Ellen McCormack 22 votes at National convention 1980 Koryne Kaneski Horbal Democratic Party 5 votes at National convention Jimmy Carter Alice Tripp 2 votes at National convention 1984 Martha Kirkland Democratic Party 1 vote at National convention Walter Mondale Mary Ruwart Libertarian Party 77 votes at Convention ( 1st ballot ) ; 99 votes at Convention ( 2nd ballot ) ( 3rd place overall ) David Bergland Tonie Nathan 53 votes at Convention ( 1st ballot ) ( 4th place ) 1988 Patricia Schroeder Democratic Party Michael Dukakis 1992 Tennie Rogers Republican Party 754 votes in Texas primary George H.W. Bush Georgiana Doerschuck 58 votes in New Hampshire primary Caroline Killeen Democratic Party 96 votes in New Hampshire primary Bill Clinton Elvena E. Lloyd - Duffie Democratic Party 13,025 votes in Arkansas primary ; 10,876 votes ( 6th place ) in Texas primary ; 40,758 in Oklahoma primary ( 3rd place ) ; 11,620 votes ( 3rd place ) in Louisiana primary ; 15,650 votes ( 2nd place ) in Illinois primary Bill Clinton Dr. Heather Anne Harder 28,772 votes ( 3rd place ) in Texas primary ; 376 votes in New Hampshire primary and two write - in votes as a Republican ; 6 votes in Illinois primary Caroline Killeen 118 votes in New Hampshire primary Susan Gail Ducey Republican Party 539 votes in ( 9th place ) at Arizona primary ; 152 votes ( 12th place ) at New Hampshire primary ; 1,092 votes ( 8th place ) at Texas primary Bob Dole Isabell Masters 1052 votes ( 7th place ) at Oklahoma primary Mary `` France '' LeTulle 650 votes ( 9th place ) at Texas primary ; 290 votes in Nevada primary Georgiana Doerschuck 140 votes in New Hampshire primary Tennie Rogers 35 votes at Mississippi primary ; 12 votes inNew Hampshire primary 2000 Dr. Heather Anne Harder Democratic Party 1,358 votes in AZ primary ; 192 votes ( 8th place ) in New Hampshire primary , 1 Republican write - in vote Al Gore Elizabeth Dole Republican Party 231 write - in votes in NH primary George W. Bush Dorian Yeager 98 votes ( 10th place ) in New Hampshire primary Angel Joy Chavis Rocker 6 votes in Alabama straw poll Lorna Salzman Green Party 40 votes at National convention ( 5th place ) David Cobb JoAnne Bier Beeman 14 votes at National convention Carol A. Miller 10 votes at National convention Sheila Bilyeu 2 votes at National convention Florence Walker Democratic Party 246 votes ( 6th place ) in Washington , D.C. primary John Kerry Katherine Bateman 68 votes ( 14th place ) in New Hampshire primary Jeanne Chebib 43 votes ( 12th place ) in the Washington , D.C. primary Caroline Killeen 31 votes ( 19th place ) in New Hampshire primary Mildred T. Glover 11 votes ( 22nd place ) in New Hampshire primary ; 4,039 votes ( 8th place ) in Maryland primary Carol Moseley Braun Withdrew in January 2004 ; 103,189 votes Millie Howard Republican Party 239 votes ( 13th place ) in New Hampshire primary George W. Bush 2008 Hillary Clinton Democratic Party Second place in the Democratic Party primaries , winning 1,726 1⁄2 Delegate votes and more primaries than any other woman in history . Barack Obama Caroline Killeen 11 votes in New Hampshire primary Mary Ruwart Libertarian Party 152 votes at National Convention ( 2nd place ; reached 1st place on 5th ballot before being defeated on 6th ballot ) Bob Barr Christine Smith 6 votes at National Convention ( 8th place ) Kat Swift Green Party 38 votes at National Convention ( 3rd place ) Cynthia McKinney Elaine Brown Withdrew in December 2007 ; 9 pledged delegates ( 6th place ) Nan Garrett Withdrew in February 2007 Susan Gail Ducey Republican Party 2 votes ( 3 - way tie for 8th place ) in Tulsa , Oklahoma straw poll John McCain 2012 Roseanne Barr Green Party 72 votes at National Convention ( 2nd place ) Jill Stein Michele Bachmann Republican Party Withdrew in January 2012 . Mitt Romney 2016 Carly Fiorina Republican Party Withdrew in February 2016 with 1 pledged delegate in Iowa ( 10th place with 40,666 votes ) Donald Trump Year Name Party Details Nomination winner Vice-presidential candidates ( edit ) By popular vote ( edit ) This list includes female candidates who have run or are currently running for Vice President of the United States and received over 100,000 votes . Note that the vote for Vice President is not separate in the United States and is tied together with whoever their running mate is . Indicates major - party nominee No . Year Picture Name Party Running Mate Votes Winner 2008 Sarah Palin Republican Party John McCain 59,948,323 Joe Biden 1984 Geraldine Ferraro Democratic Party Walter Mondale 37,577,352 George H.W. Bush 2000 Winona LaDuke Green Party Ralph Nader 2,883,105 Dick Cheney Winona LaDuke Green Party Ralph Nader 596,780 Al Gore 5 Jo Jorgensen Libertarian Party Harry Browne 485,798 Al Gore 6 2012 Cheri Honkala Green Party Jill Stein 469,628 Joe Biden 7 2000 Ezola Foster Reform Party Pat Buchanan 449,225 Dick Cheney 8 1992 Nancy Lord Libertarian Party Andre Marrou 290,087 Al Gore 9 1980 LaDonna Harris Citizens Party Barry Commoner 233,052 George H.W. Bush 10 1988 Joyce Dattner New Alliance Party Lenora Fulani 217,219 Dan Quayle 11 2008 Rosa Clemente Green Party Cynthia McKinney 161,797 Joe Biden 12 1952 Charlotta Bass Progressive Party Vincent Hallinan 140,023 Richard Nixon 13 Pat LaMarche Green Party David Cobb 119,859 Dick Cheney Candidates who received electoral votes ( edit ) Year Name Party Running mate Electoral votes Total electoral votes 2008 Palin , Sarah Sarah Palin Republican Party McCain , John John McCain 7002173000000000000 ♠ 173 7002538000000000000 ♠ 538 1984 Ferraro , Geraldine Geraldine Ferraro Democratic Party Mondale , Walter Walter Mondale 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7002538000000000000 ♠ 538 2016 Warren , Elizabeth Elizabeth Warren Not applicable Not applicable 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7002538000000000000 ♠ 538 1972 Nathan , Tonie Tonie Nathan Libertarian Party Hospers , John John Hospers 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7002538000000000000 ♠ 538 2016 Cantwell , Maria Maria Cantwell Not applicable Not applicable 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7002538000000000000 ♠ 538 2016 Collins , Susan Susan Collins Not applicable Not applicable 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7002538000000000000 ♠ 538 2016 Fiorina , Carly Carly Fiorina Not applicable Not applicable 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7002538000000000000 ♠ 538 2016 LaDuke , Winona Winona LaDuke Not applicable Not applicable 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7002538000000000000 ♠ 538 All candidates ( edit ) Party nominees ( edit ) Year Name Party Running mate Votes 1884 Marietta Stow National Equal Rights Party Belva Ann Lockwood 4,149 1924 Marie Brehm Prohibition Party Herman P. Faris 56,289 1932 Florence Garvin National Party John Zahnd 1,645 1936 Florence Garvin Greenback Party John Zahnd 1948 Grace Carlson Socialist Workers Party Farrell Dobbs 13,614 1952 Charlotta Bass Progressive Party Vincent Hallinan 140,023 Myra Tanner Weiss Socialist Workers Party Farrell Dobbs 10,312 Vivien Kellems Constitution Party * Douglas MacArthur 943 * 1956 Georgia Cozzini Socialist Labor Party Eric Hass 44,300 Myra Tanner Weiss Socialist Workers Party Farrell Dobbs 7,797 Ann Marie Yezo American Third Party Henry B. Krajewski 1,829 1960 Myra Tanner Weiss Socialist Workers Party Farrell Dobbs 60,166 Georgia Cozzini Socialist Labor Party Eric Hass 47,521 1968 Peggy Terry Peace and Freedom Party Eldridge Cleaver 1972 Genevieve Gundersen Socialist Labor Party Louis Fisher 53,814 Tonie Nathan Libertarian Party John Hospers 3,674 1976 Willie Mae Reid Socialist Workers Party Peter Camejo 90,986 Constance Blomen Socialist Labor Party Jules Levin 9,616 1980 La Donna Harris Citizens Party Barry Commoner 233,052 Wretha Hanson Citizens Party Barry Commoner 8,564 Angela Davis Communist Party Gus Hall 43,871 Eileen Shearer American Independent Party John Rarick 41,268 Matilde Zimmermann Socialist Workers Party Andrew Pulley 40,105 Elizabeth Cervantes Barron Peace and Freedom Party Maureen Smith 18,106 Gavrielle Holmes Workers World Party Deirdre Griswold 13,213 Naomi Cohen Workers World Party Deirdre Griswold 3,790 Diane Drufenbrock Socialist Party David McReynolds 6,898 1984 Geraldine Ferraro Democratic Party Walter Mondale 37,577,352 Maureen Kennedy Salaman Populist Party Bob Richards 66,168 Nancy Ross New Alliance Party Dennis L. Serrette 46,852 Angela Davis Communist Party Gus Hall 36,386 Andrea Gonzales Socialist Workers Party Melvin T. Mason 24,672 Matilde Zimmermann Socialist Workers Party Melvin T. Mason Gloria La Riva Workers World Party Larry Holmes / Gavrielle Holmes 15,329 Helen Halyard Socialist Equality Party Edward Winn 10,801 Jean T. Brust Socialist Equality Party Edward Winn Emma Wong Mar Peace and Freedom Party Sonia Johnson 1988 Joyce Dattner New Alliance Party Lenora Fulani 217,219 Susan Gardner Consumer Party Eugene McCarthy 30,905 Joan Andrews Right to Life Party William A. Marra 20,504 Helen Halyard Socialist Equality Party Edward Winn 18,693 Kathleen Mickells Socialist Workers Party James `` Mac '' Warren 15,604 Vikki Murdock Peace and Freedom Party Herbert G. Lewin 10,370 Gloria La Riva Workers World Party Larry Holmes 7,846 Debra Freeman National Economic Recovery Party Lyndon LaRouche 1992 Nancy Lord Libertarian Party Andre Marrou 290,087 Maria Elizabeth Muñoz New Alliance Party Lenora Fulani 73,714 Asiba Tupahache Peace and Freedom Party Ronald Daniels 27,961 Barbara Garson Socialist Party J. Quinn Brisben 3,057 Willie Mae Reid Socialist Workers Party James `` Mac '' Warren Estelle DeBates Socialist Workers Party James `` Mac '' Warren Doris Feimer The American Party Robert J. Smith 292 Joann Roland Third Party Eugene Arthur Hem Winona LaDuke Green Party Ralph Nader 596,780 Muriel Tillinghast Green Party Ralph Nader 75,956 Anne Goeke Green Party Ralph Nader 12,135 Jo Jorgensen Libertarian Party Harry Browne 485,798 Kate McClatchy Peace and Freedom Party Marsha Feinland 25,332 Rosemary Giumarra Independent Charles E. Collins 8,952 Laura Garza Socialist Workers Party James Harris 8,476 Rachel Bubar Kelly Prohibition Party Earl Dodge 1,298 Connie Chandler Independent Party of Utah A. Peter Crane 1,101 Shirley Jean Masters Looking Back Party Isabell Masters 752 Anne Northrop AIDS Cure Party Steve Michael 408 2000 Winona LaDuke Green Party Ralph Nader 2,883,105 Ezola B. Foster Reform Party Pat Buchanan 449,225 Margaret Trowe Socialist Workers Party James Harris 7,378 Mary Cal Hollis Socialist Party David McReynolds 5,602 Gloria La Riva Workers World Party Monica Moorehead 4,795 Sabrina R. Allen Independent Cathy Gordon Brown 1,606 Pat LaMarche Green Party David Cobb 119,859 Janice Jordan Peace and Freedom Party Leonard Peltier 27,607 Mary Alice Herbert Socialist Party Walt Brown 10,837 Margaret Trowe Socialist Workers Party James Harris 7,102 Arrin Hawkins Socialist Workers Party Róger Calero 3,689 Karen Sanchirico Independent Ralph Nader 6,168 Jennifer A. Ryan Christian Freedom Party Thomas J. Harens 2,387 Teresa Gutierrez Workers World Party John Parker 1,646 Marilyn Chambers Personal Choice Party Charles Jay 946 Irene M. Deasy Independent Stanford Andress 804 2008 Sarah Palin Republican Party John McCain 59,948,323 Rosa Clemente Green Party Cynthia McKinney 161,797 Alyson Kennedy Socialist Workers Party Róger Calero 7,197 Andrea Marie Psoras Vote Here Party Jeffrey H. Boss 604 Patricia Rubacky New American Independent Party Frank McEnulty 2012 Cheri Honkala Green Party Jill Stein 469,628 Cindy Sheehan Peace and Freedom Party Roseanne Barr 67,326 Maura DeLuca Socialist Workers Party James Harris 4,117 Virginia Abernethy American Third Position Party Merlin Miller 2,701 Phyllis Scherrer Socialist Equality Party Jerry White 1,279 2016 Mindy Finn Independent Evan McMullin 449,640 Angela Nicole Walker Socialist Party USA Mimi Soltysik 2,540 Hannah Walsh United States Pacifist Party Bradford Lyttle 334 Kathleen Monahan Independent Lynn S. Kahn 5,610 Year Name Party Running mate Votes Not nominated by party ( edit ) Year Name Party Details Nomination winner 1848 Lucretia Mott Liberty Party 4 of 84 votes Charles C. Foote 1884 Clemence S. Lozier Equal Rights Party Declined nomination . Marietta Stow 1924 Lena Springs Democratic Party several to 50 votes in National convention Charles W. Bryan 1928 Nellie Tayloe Ross Democratic Party 31 votes in National convention Joseph T. Robinson 1952 India Edwards Democratic Party John Sparkman Sarah T. Hughes 1972 Shirley Chisholm Democratic Party 20 votes in National convention Thomas Eagleton Frances Farenthold 405 votes in National convention Martha Griffiths 1 vote in National convention Patricia Harris 1 vote in National convention Eleanor McGovern 1 vote in National convention Martha Mitchell 1 vote in National convention Maggie Kuhn People 's Party declined nomination Benjamin Spock 1976 Anne Armstrong Republican Party subject of draft campaign ; 6 votes in National convention Bob Dole Barbara Jordan Democratic Party 17 votes in National convention Walter Mondale Nancy Palm Republican Party 1 vote in National convention Bob Dole 1984 Shirley Chisholm Democratic Party 3 votes in National convention Geraldine Ferraro Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Republican Party 1 vote in primary George H.W. Bush 1992 Susan K.Y. Shargal Democratic Party 1,097 votes ( 2nd place ) in New Hampshire primary Al Gore Mary Ruwart Libertarian Party 129 votes at Convention ( 1st ballot ) ; 64 votes at Convention ( 2nd ballot ) Nancy Lord 2000 Gail Lightfoot Libertarian Party 7 votes at Convention ( 1st ballot ) ( 6th place ) Art Olivier Tamara Millay Libertarian Party 220 votes at Convention ( 2nd place ) Richard Campagna 2008 Mary Alice Herbert Socialist Party Stewart Alexander 2016 Alicia Dearn Libertarian Party 29 votes at Convention ( 5th place ) William Weld Carly Fiorina Republican Party Joined the ticket of Ted Cruz ; campaign suspended six days later Mike Pence See also ( edit ) List of fictional United States Presidents List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government Category : Female heads of government Edith Bolling Galt Wilson ( sometimes nicknamed `` the first female president of the United States . '' ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Don Lawson ( 1985 ) . Geraldine Ferraro . J. Messner . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 55041 - 7 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jean Edward , Eisenhower in War and Peace ( N.Y. : Random House , 1st ed. 2012 ( ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6693 - 3 ) ) , p. 756 . Jump up ^ http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-unfavored-daughter-when-margaret-chase-smith-ran-in-the-new-hampshire-primary Jump up ^ Ballot Access News '' Blog Archive '' Women Running for President in the General Election Jump up ^ Freeman , Jo ( February 2005 ) . `` Shirley Chisholm 's 1972 Presidential Campaign '' . University of Illinois at Chicago Women 's History Project . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Doherty , Brian ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Tonie Nathan , R.I.P. ( The First Woman to Receive an Electoral Vote for Vice President ) '' . Reason . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenora Fulani bio Archived 2006 - 02 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , Speakers Platform . Retrieved February 20 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Hillary Rodham Clinton , First Woman to Be a Presidential Candidate in Every Primary and Caucus '' . Findingdulcinea.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Why Sanders Will Ultimately Back Clinton Archived August 12 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Hillary 's Woman Problem '' . Politico . February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/11/clintons-popular-vote-lead-will-grow-and-grow/507455/ Jump up ^ 2016 Presidential General Election Results Jump up ^ `` 2012 Presidential Election Results ( Updated ) '' . Poliscinews.wordpress.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Abstract of the United States '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 presidential vote '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : In 1972 in Arizona , Pima and Yavapai counties had a ballot malfunction that counted many votes for both a major party candidate and Linda Jenness of the Socialist Workers Party . A court ordered that the ballots be counted for both . As a consequence , Jenness received 16 % and 8 % of the vote in Pima and Yavapai , respectively . 30,579 of her 30,945 Arizona votes are from those two counties . Some sources do n't count these votes for Jenness . Jump up ^ Larry J. Sabato , Howard R. Ernst , Encyclopedia of American Political Parties and Election , Infobase Publishing , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 Sonia Johnson '' . Pressreader.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Sieczkowski , Cavan . `` Roseanne Barr Places 6th in Presidential Election '' , Huffington Post , 2012 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Student 's Guide to Elections '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Comediennes : Laugh Be a Lady '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Faith Spotted Eagle was not a candidate for president in 2016 , but received one electoral vote from a faithless elector . Jump up ^ `` Democratic Convention 2008 '' . Thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Democratic Convention 2016 '' . Thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` African Americans and the Presidency : The Road to the White House '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Shirley Chisholm won the New Jersey primary in 1972 which was a non-delegate - awarding , presidential preference ballot that the major candidates were not listed in and that the only other candidate who was listed had already withdrawn . At the Democratic convention she won a plurality of delegates from Mississippi and Louisiana , neither of which held primaries . See Presidential Elections 1789 -- 2008 ( 5th ed . ) . Volume 1 . Washington , D.C. : CQ Press . 2005 . pp. 366 -- 369 ( primaries ) , 652 -- 653 ( convention ) . Jump up ^ `` Broad Influence : How Women Are Changing the Way Washington Works '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : 2004 Presidential Democratic Primary Election Results Jump up ^ Jone Johnson Lewis , `` Women Who Ran for President '' ^ Jump up to : `` Republican Convention 2016 '' . Thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Texas Vote in Presidential Elections , Primaries : 1848 -- 2004 Archived July 24 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ New Hampshire Almanac < - First - in - the - Nation Fringe Candidates . NH.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : 1996 Presidential primary election results Jump up ^ `` US President - D Primaries Race - Mar 07 , 1972 '' . Our Campaigns . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ MARK BENNETT : The Indiana Primary carries a interesting background into this '' Mark Bennett Opinion '' News From Terre Haute , Indiana . Tribstar.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Victoria Woodhull 's votes do n't appear to have been counted . See , e.g. Victoria Woodhull , the Spirit to Run the White House for more information . ^ Jump up to : Belva Ann Lockwood 's 1884 running mate 's name is variously given as Marietta Stow , Marietta L.B. Stow , Marietta Lizzie Bell Stow , Marietta Snow , Marietta Snowman , and Harriet Stow . Jump up ^ Steven Seidman , `` First Women to Run for U.S. President '' , Ithaca College Blog , April 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lockwood first ran with Love , but when he dropped out of the race , she ended up choosing Wells as the final candidate . Jump up ^ Belva Ann Lockwood won an unspecified number of votes in 1888 that was fewer than her 1884 total of 4,149 . See Frances A. Cook , Belva Ann Lockwood : For Peace , Justice , and President . Jump up ^ The World Almanac and Book of Facts , 1952 , p. 583 . Jump up ^ Ballot Access News '' Blog Archive '' Women Running for President in the General Election Jump up ^ Naomi Cohen appeared on the ballot in Ohio in place of Deirdre Griswold 's running mate Gavrielle Holmes Jump up ^ `` Sonia Johnson and Richard Walton , Petitioners , v. Federal Communications Commission ... '' . Justia . Jump up ^ Gavrielle Holmes was an alternate candidate for Larry Holmes . ^ Jump up to : Milton Vera was an alternate candidate for Gloria La Riva in some states , including Iowa and Ohio . Jump up ^ The vote total is for the Gavrielle Holmes ticket only . Jump up ^ Robert Moses was on the ballot in some states . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Elections : Growing support for socialism , people prepare to fight Trump '' . Gloria La Riva for President 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Chris Powell ( 2016 - 08 - 03 ) . `` Who is on the presidential ballot where ? '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Powell , Chris ( 2016 - 08 - 03 ) . `` Who is on the presidential ballot where ? '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Facts about the States By Joseph Nathan Kane ^ Jump up to : `` Female presidential candidates 1870 - 1990 '' , Guide To Women Leaders . Retrieved 1 / 11 / 08 . Jump up ^ MARK BENNETT : The Indiana Primary carries a interesting background into this '' Mark Bennett Opinion '' News From Terre Haute , Indiana . Tribstar.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : New Hampshire Almanac < - First - in - the - Nation Fringe Candidates . NH.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : New Hampshire Almanac < - First - in - the - Nation Fringe Candidates . NH.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ 2008 presidential primaries . Tulsa World ( 2008 - 01 - 07 ) . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Ballot Access News - April 3 , 1996 . Ballot-access.org . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ New Hampshire Almanac < - First - in - the - Nation Fringe Candidates . NH.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ 2008 Republican Presidential Candidates ( P2008 ) Archived 2008 - 06 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... Politics1 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived July 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Federal Elections 2000 : Presidential Primary Election Results by State . Fec.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived May 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived May 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` White House bid wants serious attention '' , St. Petersburg Times , March 24 , 1999 . Accessed 07 / 08 / 08 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : ( 4 ) Archived May 15 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Nan Garrett for President , 2008 Archived 2009 - 02 - 02 at the Wayback Machine ... Nangarrett.org ( 2007 - 02 - 05 ) . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Bradner , Eric ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Carly Fiorina ends presidential bid '' . Edition.cnn.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Republican Convention Jump up ^ `` Let 's Go Back to a Separate Vice President Vote '' . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Warren was not a candidate for vice president in 2016 , but she received two electoral vote from faithless electors . Jump up ^ Maria Cantwell was not a candidate for vice president in 2016 , but she received one electoral vote from a faithless elector . Jump up ^ Susan Collins was not a candidate for vice president in 2016 , but she received one electoral vote from a faithless elector . Jump up ^ Carly Fiorina was not a candidate for vice president in the general election in 2016 , but she received one electoral vote from a faithless elector . Jump up ^ Winona LaDuke was not a candidate for vice president in 2016 , but she received one electoral vote from a faithless elector . Jump up ^ Austin Bureau ( September 10 , 1952 ) . `` MacArthur , Mrs. Kellems Put on Ballot '' . Dallas Morning News . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Darcy G. ( September 3 , 2012 ) . `` Time Capsule : Promising a ' Hard War but a Happy Peace , ' Clare Boothe Luce Declares for Congress '' . Uncovered Politics . was nominated for the vice presidency against her wishes on the right - wing Constitution Party ticket headed by an equally reluctant Gen. Douglas MacArthur in 1952 . Jump up ^ The candidates of the Constitution Party varied by state ; Harry F. Byrd seems to have been considered the main vice-presidential candidate . Jump up ^ The candidates of the Constitution Party varied by state ; the votes included here are ones known to be for the MacArthur - Kellems ticket specifically and not the MacArthur - Byrd ticket . The MacArthur - Kellems ticket 's total might have been higher than 943 . Jump up ^ `` Final Texas Election Count Shows Ike Won by 138,479 '' . Dallas Morning News . November 13 , 1952 . p. 2 . This final report includes complete returns from all 254 counties of Texas ( ... ) MacArthur - Kellems ... 765 Jump up ^ Herbert L. Phillips ( November 12 , 1952 ) . `` 5,209,692 Vote In November Set California High '' . Sacramento Bee . p. 1 . Here is the secretary of state 's official tabulation of the votes for president : ( ... ) Constitution Party ( MacArthur - Kellems writein ) -- 178 Jump up ^ Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd was Cleaver 's running mate in some states , and Jerry Rubin had also been nominated . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Wretha Hanson appeared on a ballot line in Ohio in place of Barry Commoner 's official running mate La Donna Harris . Jump up ^ The vote total is for the Commoner - Hanson ticket in Ohio only. `` General Election , November 4 , 1980 '' Ohio Secretary of State Archived November 20 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Richard H. Congress or Clifton DeBerry were the Socialist Workers Party 's Presidential candidate in some states , but Zimmerman was on all three tickets as the Vice-Presidential candidate . Jump up ^ The vote total is for the Griswold - Cohen ticket in Ohio only. `` General Election , November 4 , 1980 '' Ohio Secretary of State Archived November 20 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Matilde Zimmerman was an alternate candidate for Andrea Gonzales in some states , including Ohio . Jump up ^ Edward Bergonzi was an alternate candidate for Helen Halyard in some states , including Ohio . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ Excludes votes for Nader in Iowa , New York , and Vermont . Jump up ^ Muriel Tillinghast appeared on a ballot line in New York in place of Ralph Nader 's official running mate Winona LaDuke . Jump up ^ Vote total for the Nader - Tillinghast ticket for New York only . Jump up ^ Anne Goeke appeared on a ballot line in Iowa and Vermont in place of Ralph Nader 's official running mate Winona LaDuke . Jump up ^ Vote total for the Nader - Goeke ticket in Iowa and Vermont only . Jump up ^ Margaret Trowe was an alternate for Arrin Hawkins . Jump up ^ Karen Sanchirico appeared on a ballot line in Montana in place of Ralph Nader 's official running mate Peter Camejo . Jump up ^ The vote total is for the Nader - Sanchirico ticket in Montana only . Jump up ^ Andrea Psoras ' `` Bio '' . Jump up ^ Rubacky was McEnulty 's running mate in New York , Vermont , New Hampshire , Massachusetts and Maine , though the party had no ballot access in any state except Colorado . McEnulty had nine other running mates . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Proceedings of the National Liberty Convention , held at Buffalo , N.Y. '' Archived 2009 - 02 - 01 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved June 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Libertarian Party National Convention '' . C - SPAN . July 2 , 2000 . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eason , Brian ( October 22 , 2008 ) . `` Libertarian 's Congressional bid nothing new for her '' . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Notes ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Freeman , Jo , The Women Who Ran for President ( 2007 ) Maurer , Elizabeth . `` First but Not the Last : Women who Ran for President '' . National Women 's History Museum . 2016 . ( hide ) Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Freemasons Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Previous occupation Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Burial places Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Green Libertarian Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Height Unsuccessful major party candidates Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession U.S. Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_female_United_States_presidential_and_vice-presidential_candidates&oldid=840458426 '' Categories : Female United States presidential candidates Lists of candidates for President of the United States Female United States vice-presidential candidates Lists of American female politicians Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 00 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20female%20United%20States%20presidential%20and%20vice-presidential%20candidates

when does the new season of the voice

The thirteenth season of the American reality talent show The Voice premiered on September 25 , 2017 , on NBC . Adam Levine and Blake Shelton returned as coaches . Miley Cyrus and Jennifer Hudson replaced Gwen Stefani and Alicia Keys as coaches .

September 25 , 2017

The Voice ( Us season 13 )

the voice ( us season 13 )

The thirteenth season of the American reality talent show The Voice premiered on September 25 , 2017 , on NBC . Adam Levine and Blake Shelton returned as coaches . Miley Cyrus and Jennifer Hudson replaced Gwen Stefani and Alicia Keys as coaches .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Coaches and hosts 2 Teams 3 Blind auditions 3.1 Episode 1 ( September 25 ) 3.2 Episode 2 ( September 26 ) 3.3 Episode 3 ( October 2 ) 3.4 Episode 4 ( October 3 ) 3.5 Episode 5 ( October 9 ) 3.6 Episode 6 ( October 10 ) 4 The Battles 5 The Knockouts 6 The Playoffs 7 Live shows 7.1 Week 1 : Top 12 ( November 20 and 21 ) 7.2 Week 2 : Top 11 ( November 27 and 28 ) 7.3 Week 3 : Top 10 ( December 4 and 5 ) 7.4 Week 4 : Semifinals ( December 11 and 12 ) 7.5 Week 5 : Finals ( December 18 and 19 ) 8 Elimination chart 8.1 Overall 8.2 Team 9 Artists who appeared on previous shows or seasons 10 Reception 10.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 11 References 12 External links Coaches and hosts ( edit ) The Voice season 13 coaches Adam Levine Miley Cyrus Jennifer Hudson Blake Shelton The coach lineup changed once again for the thirteenth season . Gwen Stefani and Alicia Keys did not return as coaches . They were replaced by Miley Cyrus , who returns after a one - season hiatus , along with returning coaches Adam Levine and Blake Shelton . On May 10 , 2017 , NBC announced that Jennifer Hudson would join as a coach , following her success on The Voice UK . Carson Daly will return for his thirteenth season as host . This season , for the first time since season six , the Playoffs did not kick off the live rounds and voting . This season , the Top 12 have been chosen by the coaches . In previous seasons , the finalists were partially determined by viewers ' votes . Teams ( edit ) Color key Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Eliminated in the Live Shows Eliminated in the Playoffs Selected by another coach as their Coach Comeback Stolen in the Knockout rounds Eliminated in the Knockout rounds Stolen in the Battle rounds Eliminated in the Battle rounds Coaches Top 48 artists Adam Levine Addison Agen Adam Cunningham Jon Mero Anthony Alexander Whitney Fenimore Emily Luther Hannah Mrozak Adam Pearce Dennis Drummond Dylan Gerard Whitney Fenimore Michael Kight Gary Carpentier Brandon Brown Dave Crosby Brandon Showell Miley Cyrus Brooke Simpson Ashland Craft Janice Freeman Moriah Formica Adam Pearce Karli Webster Whitney Fenimore Chloe Kohanski Stephan Marcellus Addison Agen Katrina Rose Megan Rose Sophia Bollman Shilo Gold Ilianna Viramontes Jennifer Hudson Noah Mac Davon Fleming Shi'Ann Jones Lucas Holliday Hannah Mrozak Chris Weaver Jeremiah Miller Katrina Rose Eric Lyn Kathrina Feigh Stephan Marcellus Meagan McNeal Maharasyi Alexandra Joyce Ignatious Carmouche Blake Shelton Chloe Kohanski Red Marlow Keisha Renee Mitchell Lee Natalie Stovall Esera Tuaolo Adam Cunningham Anna Catherine DeHart Megan Rose Kathrina Feigh Noah Mac Dennis Drummond Rebecca Brunner Ryan Scripps Kristi Hoopes Note : Italicized names are stolen contestants ( names struck through within former teams ) . Bolded names are contestants who received the Coach Comeback and advanced to the Playoffs . Blind auditions ( edit ) Color key ✔ Coach pressed `` I WANT YOU '' button Artist defaulted to a coach 's team Artist elected to pick a coach 's team Artist eliminated with no coach pressing their button Episode 1 ( September 25 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Chris Weaver 29 Long Island , New York `` Try a Little Tenderness '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Mitchell Lee 29 Charleston , South Carolina `` Hold My Hand '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ Janice Freeman 32 Compton , California `` Radioactive '' -- ✔ ✔ -- Xaris 17 Gulf Breeze , Florida `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' -- -- -- -- 5 Shi'Ann Jones 15 Bowling Green , Kentucky `` Drown in My Own Tears '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 6 Dave Crosby 30 Seattle , Washington `` I Will Follow You into the Dark '' ✔ ✔ -- ✔ 7 Odiseas Georgiadis 20 Brooklyn , New York `` Papa 's Got a Brand New Bag '' -- -- -- -- 8 Esera Tuaolo 49 Minneapolis , Minnesota `` Rise Up '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 9 Brandon Showell 26 Virginia Beach , Virginia `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ✔ ✔ ✔ -- 10 Lucas Holliday 26 Lansing , Michigan `` This Woman 's Work '' -- -- ✔ -- 11 Brooke Simpson 26 Hollister , North Carolina `` Stone Cold '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Episode 2 ( September 26 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Keisha Renee 30 Inglewood , California `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Dylan Gerard 28 Macclenny , Florida `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ✔ -- ✔ -- Maharasyi 27 Indonesia / Los Angeles , California `` Tell Me Something Good '' -- ✔ ✔ -- Marlo Wells 61 Fontana , California `` Love Me Now '' -- -- -- -- 5 Red Marlow 40 Dickson , Tennessee `` Swingin ' '' -- ✔ -- ✔ 6 Ashland Craft 21 Piedmont , South Carolina `` You Are My Sunshine '' ✔ ✔ -- ✔ Episode 3 ( October 2 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Adam Cunningham 38 Nashville , Tennessee `` Midnight Rider '' -- -- ✔ ✔ Hannah Mrozak 18 Richfield , Wisconsin `` Starving '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ Shilo Gold 26 Denver , Colorado `` Stay with Me Baby '' -- ✔ ✔ -- Samantha Rios 16 Arlington , Virginia `` Something 's Got a Hold on Me '' -- -- -- -- 5 Noah Mac 17 Dublin , California `` Way Down We Go '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 6 Davon Fleming 25 Baltimore , Maryland `` Me & Mrs. Jones '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ 7 Kathrina Feigh 24 Quezon City , Philippines / New York City , New York `` Big White Room '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 8 Alexandra Joyce 16 Strongsville , Ohio `` Wildest Dreams '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ 9 Eric Lyn 26 Los Angeles , California `` O-o-h Child '' -- -- ✔ -- 10 Anna Catherine DeHart 23 Sikeston , Missouri `` I Could Use a Love Song '' ✔ -- -- ✔ 11 Addison Agen 16 Fort Wayne , Indiana `` Jolene '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 12 Adam Pearce 31 New Orleans , Louisiana `` Hot Blooded '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 13 Myles Frost 17 Washington , D.C. `` My Cherie Amour '' -- -- -- -- 14 Moriah Formica 16 Latham , New York `` Crazy on You '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Episode 4 ( October 3 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Anthony Alexander 17 Fontana , California `` Redbone '' ✔ ✔ ✔ -- Sophia Bollman 18 Norco , California `` Invincible '' -- ✔ -- ✔ Jessica Rowboat 28 New Delhi , India `` Imagine '' -- -- -- -- Karli Webster 20 Fort Worth , Texas `` You 're So Vain '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 5 Stephan Marcellus 26 Englewood , New Jersey `` Take Me to Church '' -- -- ✔ -- 6 Emily Luther 24 Woonsocket , Rhode Island `` Summertime '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Episode 5 ( October 9 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Chloe Kohanski 23 Mount Juliet , Tennessee `` The Chain '' -- ✔ ✔ ✔ Olivia Kay 14 Edmond , Oklahoma `` Ghost '' -- -- -- -- Dennis Drummond 27 Nashville , Tennessee `` She Talks to Angels '' ✔ -- -- ✔ Ignatious Carmouche 23 Opelousas , Louisiana `` Latch '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 5 Rebecca Brunner 22 Mason , Michigan `` Believer '' -- -- -- ✔ 6 Brandon Brown 19 The Bronx , New York `` Georgia on My Mind '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ 7 Nathan Graham 27 Chicago , Illinois `` Nobody to Blame '' -- -- -- -- 8 Whitney Fenimore 28 Tulsa , Oklahoma `` Hold On , We 're Going Home '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 9 Ilianna Viramontes 18 Brentwood , California `` New Soul '' -- ✔ -- ✔ 10 Katrina Rose 34 Astoria , Queens , New York `` Kozmic Blues '' -- ✔ -- -- 11 Natalie Stovall 35 Nashville , Tennessee `` If It Had n't Been For Love '' -- -- -- ✔ 12 Ryan Scripps 24 San Jose , California `` Body Like a Back Road '' -- -- -- ✔ 13 Meagan McNeal 31 Chicago , Illinois `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' -- -- ✔ -- 14 Jon Mero 31 Atlanta , Georgia `` Versace on the Floor '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Episode 6 ( October 10 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Kristi Hoopes 19 Parker , Colorado `` Heaven , Heartache and the Power of Love '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ Michael Kight 25 Dublin , Georgia `` Sugar '' ✔ -- -- Team full Jeremiah Miller 18 Fort Worth , Texas `` Slow Hands '' ✔ -- ✔ Serina Rae 17 Panama City Beach , Florida `` Stand By Me '' -- -- Team full 5 Austin Serrato 42 Ashville , Alabama `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' -- -- 6 Raycee Jones 29 Brooklyn , New York `` We Do n't Have to Take Our Clothes Off '' -- -- 7 Nik Singleton 28 Seattle , Washington `` Wide Open Spaces '' -- -- 8 Megan Rose 20 San Francisco , California `` Ode to Billie Joe '' ✔ ✔ 9 Gary Carpentier 26 Oswego , New York `` Home '' ✔ Team full The Battles ( edit ) The Battle Rounds start on October 16 . Season thirteen 's advisors include : Joe Jonas for Team Adam , Billy Ray Cyrus for Team Miley , Kelly Rowland for Team Jennifer , and Rascal Flatts for Team Blake . The coaches can steal two losing artists from another coach . Contestants who win their battle or are stolen by another coach will advance to the Knockout rounds . Color key : Artist won the Battle and advanced to the Knockouts Artist lost the Battle but was stolen by another coach and advanced to the Knockouts Artist lost the Battle and was originally eliminated but received the Coach Comeback and advanced to the Playoffs Artist lost the Battle and was eliminated Episode Coach Order Winner Song Loser ' Steal ' result Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Episode 7 ( Monday , October 16 ) Jennifer Hudson Lucas Holliday `` My Prerogative '' Meagan McNeal -- -- N / A -- Miley Cyrus Moriah Formica `` American Woman '' Shilo Gold -- N / A -- -- Blake Shelton Keisha Renee `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' Noah Mac -- -- ✔ N / A Jennifer Hudson Chris Weaver `` Dangerous Woman '' Kathrina Feigh -- -- N / A ✔ Miley Cyrus 5 Brooke Simpson `` You 're a Big Girl Now '' Sophia Bollman -- N / A -- -- Adam Levine 6 Adam Pearce `` Stop Draggin ' My Heart Around '' Whitney Fenimore N / A ✔ -- ✔ Episode 8 ( Tuesday , October 17 ) Jennifer Hudson Davon Fleming `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' Maharasyi -- -- N / A -- Adam Levine Hannah Mrozak `` Cold Water '' Brandon Showell N / A -- -- -- Dylan Gerard `` Doctor My Eyes '' Dave Crosby N / A -- -- -- Blake Shelton Esera Tuaolo `` This I Promise You '' Rebecca Brunner -- -- -- N / A Miley Cyrus 5 Chloe Kohanski `` I Am Woman '' Ilianna Viramontes -- N / A -- -- Blake Shelton 6 Mitchell Lee `` Mr. Jones '' Dennis Drummond ✔ -- -- N / A Episode 9 ( Monday , October 23 ) Adam Levine Jon Mero `` I Wish It Would Rain '' Brandon Brown N / A -- -- -- Blake Shelton Red Marlow `` Fishin ' in the Dark '' Ryan Scripps -- -- -- N / A Miley Cyrus Karli Webster `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' Addison Agen ✔ N / A ✔ -- Blake Shelton Anna Catherine DeHart `` Independence Day '' Kristi Hoopes Team full -- -- N / A Jennifer Hudson 5 Jeremiah Miller `` One Call Away '' Alexandra Joyce -- N / A -- Adam Levine 6 Emily Luther `` Send My Love ( To Your New Lover ) '' Gary Carpentier -- -- -- Jennifer Hudson 7 Shi'Ann Jones `` Oh ! Darling '' Stephan Marcellus ✔ N / A -- Adam Levine 8 Anthony Alexander `` I Feel It Coming '' Michael Kight Team full -- -- Miley Cyrus 9 Janice Freeman `` W.O.M.A.N '' Katrina Rose -- Episode 10 ( Tuesday , October 24 ) Blake Shelton Adam Cunningham `` Boondocks '' Natalie Stovall Team full Team full Team full N / A Jennifer Hudson Eric Lyn `` Unaware '' Ignatious Carmouche -- Miley Cyrus Ashland Craft `` A Good Hearted Woman '' Megan Rose ✔ The Knockouts ( edit ) The Knockouts round will start with episode 11 . The coaches can each steal one losing artist . The top 20 contestants will then move on to The Playoffs . Kelly Clarkson will be advisor to contestants from all teams in this round . Color key : Artist won the Knockout and advanced to the Playoffs Artist lost the Knockout but was stolen by another coach and advanced to the Playoffs Artist lost the Knockout and was originally eliminated but received the Coach Comeback and advanced to the Playoffs Artist lost the Knockout and was eliminated Episode Coach Order Song Artists Song ' Steal ' result Winner Loser Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Episode 11 ( Monday , October 30 ) Blake Shelton `` Superstar '' Esera Tuaolo Adam Cunningham `` Either Way '' ✔ -- -- N / A Jennifer Hudson `` Who 's Lovin ' You '' Shi'Ann Jones Lucas Holliday `` Tell It Like It Is '' Team full -- N / A -- Adam Levine `` Beneath Your Beautiful '' Addison Agen Dennis Drummond `` All Along the Watchtower '' -- -- -- Miley Cyrus `` I 'm Goin ' Down '' Janice Freeman Karli Webster `` Blue Bayou '' N / A -- -- Jennifer Hudson 5 `` I Can Only Imagine '' Davon Fleming Eric Lyn `` What 's Going On '' -- N / A -- Miley Cyrus 6 `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' Ashland Craft Chloe Kohanski `` Landslide '' N / A ✔ ✔ Episode 12 ( Tuesday , October 31 ) The twelfth episode was a special one - hour episode titled `` Best of the Season '' . The episode showed selected moments of the season so far , including the coaches , their teams , their assistant team advisors , the journey of the contestants thus far , and some previously unseen footage . Episode 13 ( Monday , November 6 ) Miley Cyrus `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' Brooke Simpson Stephan Marcellus `` Impossible '' Team full N / A -- Team full Blake Shelton `` I 'll Be '' Mitchell Lee Anna Catherine DeHart `` Breathe '' -- -- Jennifer Hudson `` Hold Back the River '' Noah Mac Jeremiah Miller `` Sorry '' -- N / A Blake Shelton `` I Hope You Dance '' Keisha Renee Kathrina Feigh `` Girl on Fire '' -- -- Adam Levine 5 `` Blame It On the Boogie '' Jon Mero Dylan Gerard `` Can I Be Him '' -- -- Miley Cyrus 6 `` Behind These Hazel Eyes '' Moriah Formica Whitney Fenimore `` Calling All Angels '' N / A -- Adam Levine 7 `` Glitter In the Air '' Emily Luther Adam Pearce `` Smoke on the Water '' ✔ -- Episode 14 ( Tuesday , November 7 ) Jennifer Hudson `` I Put a Spell on You '' Chris Weaver Katrina Rose `` Zombie '' Team full Team full N / A Team full Blake Shelton `` Outskirts of Heaven '' Red Marlow Megan Rose `` Smoke Break '' -- Adam Levine `` Mercy '' Anthony Alexander Hannah Mrozak `` Love on the Brain '' ✔ Whitney Fenimore is on Team Adam for the Playoffs . The Playoffs ( edit ) The Playoffs were taped on August 31 and September 1 , and comprised episodes 15 , 16 , and 17 . As in season 6 , the Playoffs were prerecorded , this time featuring no interactive viewer voting component , and therefore no subsequent results shows . As in seasons 9 , 10 , and 12 , four previously eliminated artists were chosen by the coaches to come back for the Playoffs . This time , they were Natalie Stovall ( picked by Blake Shelton ) , Lucas Holliday ( chosen by Jennifer Hudson ) , Karli Webster ( joined by Miley Cyrus ) , and Whitney Fenimore ( by Adam Levine ) . This season is the first to have the Playoffs taped on the same stage as the Battles and the Knockouts . The top twenty - four artists performed for the coaches , with each coach choosing three artists from their teams for elimination . The remaining top twelve artists advanced to the live shows . Color key : Artist was chosen by his / her coach to move on to the live shows Artist was eliminated Episode Coach Order Artist Song Result Episode 15 ( Monday , November 13 ) Jennifer Hudson Davon Fleming `` I Am Changing '' Advanced Hannah Mrozak `` Learn to Let Go '' Eliminated Lucas Holliday `` The Beautiful Ones '' Eliminated Shi'Ann Jones `` Tattooed Heart '' Advanced 5 Chris Weaver `` California Soul '' Eliminated 6 Noah Mac `` In the Air Tonight '' Advanced Blake Shelton 7 Red Marlow `` Chiseled in Stone '' Advanced 8 Chloe Kohanski `` Time After Time '' Advanced 9 Natalie Stovall `` Callin ' Baton Rouge '' Eliminated 10 Esera Tuaolo `` How Do I Live '' Eliminated 11 Mitchell Lee `` Heaven '' Eliminated 12 Keisha Renee `` Love Can Build a Bridge '' Advanced Episode 16 ( Tuesday , November 14 ) Adam Levine Adam Cunningham `` Have a Little Faith in Me '' Advanced Whitney Fenimore `` If It Makes You Happy '' Eliminated Emily Luther `` Lovesong '' Eliminated Anthony Alexander `` Perfect '' Eliminated 5 Jon Mero `` When We Were Young '' Advanced 6 Addison Agen `` Angel from Montgomery '' Advanced Episode 17 ( Wednesday , November 15 ) Miley Cyrus Brooke Simpson `` It 's a Man 's Man 's Man 's World '' Advanced Karli Webster `` Coat of Many Colors '' Eliminated Adam Pearce `` Love Hurts '' Eliminated Ashland Craft `` When I Think About Cheatin ' '' Advanced 5 Moriah Formica `` World Without You '' Eliminated 6 Janice Freeman `` Fall for You '' Advanced Live shows ( edit ) Color key : Artist was saved by the Public 's votes Artist was placed in the bottom two , bottom three , or middle three Artist was saved by the Instant Save Artist 's iTunes vote multiplied by 5 ( except The Finals ) after his / her studio version of the song reached iTunes top 10 Artist was eliminated Week 1 : Top 12 ( November 20 and 21 ) ( edit ) The Top 12 performed on Monday , November 20 , 2017 , with the results following on Tuesday , November 21 , 2017 . The Instant Save returned once again this season , with the bottom two artists performing for a spot in the next round via the viewers ' votes from Twitter . Addison Agen received the first iTunes bonus multiplier of the season , with their studio recordings of `` She Used to Be Mine '' placing ( # 9 ) on the iTunes Top 200 Singles chart at the close of the voting window . In addition , the show 's official YouTube channel released a video starring the cast of Pitch Perfect 3 and the Top 12 singing `` Freedom ! ' 90 '' and `` Cups '' . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Result Episode 18 ( Monday , November 20 ) Miley Cyrus Brooke Simpson `` Praying '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton Red Marlow `` The Church on Cumberland Road '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson Shi'Ann Jones `` Vision of Love '' Public 's vote Adam Levine Jon Mero `` Why I Love You '' Bottom two Miley Cyrus 5 Ashland Craft `` Delta Dawn '' Public 's vote Adam Levine 6 Adam Cunningham `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' Bottom two Blake Shelton 7 Chloe Kohanski `` Thank You '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson 8 Davon Fleming `` Love On Top '' Public 's vote Adam Levine 9 Addison Agen `` She Used to Be Mine '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 10 Keisha Renee `` Midnight Train to Georgia '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson 11 Noah Mac `` Speed of Sound '' Public 's vote Miley Cyrus 12 Janice Freeman `` The Story '' Public 's vote Instant Save Performances Episode 19 ( Tuesday , November 21 ) Adam Levine Adam Cunningham `` Fortunate Son '' Instant Save Jon Mero `` I Want You Back '' Eliminated Non-competition performances Order Performer Song 19.1 Jennifer Hudson and her team ( Davon Fleming , Noah Mac and Shi'Ann Jones ) `` Let It Be '' 19.2 Maroon 5 `` What Lovers Do '' 19.3 Blake Shelton and his team ( Chloe Kohanski , Keisha Renee and Red Marlow ) `` If It Will , It Will '' Week 2 : Top 11 ( November 27 and 28 ) ( edit ) The Top 11 performed songs chosen by the public on Monday , November 27 , 2017 , with the results following on Tuesday , November 28 , 2017 . iTunes bonus multipliers were awarded to Red Marlow ( # 10 ) , Addison Agen ( # 2 ) , and Chloe Kohanski ( # 1 ) . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Results Episode 20 ( Monday , November 27 ) Miley Cyrus Janice Freeman `` Shine '' Bottom two Blake Shelton Red Marlow `` The Dance '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson Shi'Ann Jones `` Listen '' Public 's vote Adam Levine Adam Cunningham `` American Girl '' Bottom two Miley Cyrus 5 Brooke Simpson `` What About Us '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson 6 Davon Fleming `` I Have Nothing '' Public 's vote Miley Cyrus 7 Ashland Craft `` Chicken Fried '' Public 's vote Adam Levine 8 Addison Agen `` A Case of You '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 9 Keisha Renee `` It Matters to Me '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson 10 Noah Mac `` Electric Love '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 11 Chloe Kohanski `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Public 's vote Instant Save Performances Episode 21 ( Tuesday , November 28 ) Adam Levine Adam Cunningham `` Amazed '' Instant Save Miley Cyrus Janice Freeman `` Chandelier '' Eliminated Non-competition performances Order Performer Song 21.1 Miley Cyrus and her team ( Ashland Craft , Janice Freeman and Brooke Simpson ) `` Man ! I Feel Like a Woman ! '' 21.2 Adam Levine and his team ( Addison Agen and Adam Cunningham ) `` Go Your Own Way '' 21.3 Blake Shelton with Jennifer Hudson `` I 'll Name the Dogs '' Week 3 : Top 10 ( December 4 and 5 ) ( edit ) The Top 10 performed on Monday , December 4 , 2017 , with the results following on Tuesday , December 5 , 2017 . iTunes bonus multipliers were awarded to Keisha Renee ( # 10 ) , Addison Agen ( # 5 ) , Chloe Kohanski ( # 4 ) , and Brooke Simpson ( # 2 ) . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Results Episode 22 ( Monday , December 4 ) Jennifer Hudson Davon Fleming `` Hurt '' Bottom three Adam Levine Adam Cunningham `` Maybe It Was Memphis '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson Noah Mac `` Ordinary World '' Public 's vote Shi'Ann Jones `` Diamonds '' Bottom three Blake Shelton 5 Chloe Kohanski `` Call Me '' Public 's vote 6 Keisha Renee `` All By Myself '' Public 's vote Miley Cyrus 7 Ashland Craft `` I Hate Myself for Loving You '' Bottom three 8 Brooke Simpson `` Amazing Grace '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 9 Red Marlow `` That 's What I Love About Sunday '' Public 's vote Adam Levine 10 Addison Agen `` Lucky '' Public 's vote Instant Save Performances Episode 23 ( Tuesday , December 5 ) Miley Cyrus Ashland Craft `` Tonight I Wanna Cry '' Eliminated Jennifer Hudson Shi'Ann Jones `` At Last '' Eliminated Davon Fleming `` Ai n't No Way '' Instant Save Non-competition performances Order Performer Song 22.1 Gwen Stefani feat . Blake Shelton `` You Make It Feel Like Christmas '' 23.1 Portugal . The Man `` Feel It Still '' 23.2 Danielle Bradbery `` Worth It '' Week 4 : semifinals ( December 11 and 12 ) ( edit ) The Top 8 performed on Monday , December 11 , 2017 , with the results following on Tuesday , December 12 , 2017 . Like Season 12 , the duets between contestants were part of the competition and public voting . In the semifinals , three artists will automatically move to next week 's finale , the two artists with the least votes will be immediately eliminated and the middle three will contend for the remaining spot in the next week 's finals via the Instant Save . iTunes bonuses this week awarded to Chloe Kohanski ( # 1 ) , Addison Agen ( # 2 ) , Chloe Kohanski and Noah Mac ( Duet ) ( # 3 ) , Red Marlow ( # 5 ) , Brooke Simpson ( # 6 ) and Noah Mac ( # 7 ) . Davon Fleming 's `` Gravity '' was in the Top 10 earlier Tuesday , but it had fallen to # 11 by the voting deadline . With the eliminations of Noah Mac and Davon Fleming , Jennifer Hudson no longer has any artists remaining on her team . Noah Mac was the first artist to receive two iTunes bonuses and to be eliminated during the same week . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Results Episode 24 ( Monday , December 11 ) Adam Levine Adam Cunningham `` I 'm Already There '' Middle three Jennifer Hudson Davon Fleming `` Gravity '' Eliminated Blake Shelton Red Marlow `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' Middle three Keisha Renee `` What Hurts the Most '' Eliminated 5 Chloe Kohanski `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson 6 Noah Mac `` River '' Middle three Adam Levine 7 Addison Agen `` Both Sides , Now '' Public 's vote Miley Cyrus 8 Brooke Simpson `` Faithfully '' Public 's vote Instant Save Performances Episode 25 ( Tuesday , December 12 ) Blake Shelton Red Marlow `` Dixieland Delight '' Instant Save Adam Levine Adam Cunningham `` Here 's a Quarter ( Call Someone Who Cares ) '' Eliminated Jennifer Hudson Noah Mac `` Sign of the Times '' Eliminated Duets Order Performers Song 24.2 Noah Mac and Chloe Kohanski `` Wicked Game '' 24.4 Brooke Simpson and Davon Fleming `` Earned It '' 24.6 Adam Cunningham and Red Marlow `` Ca n't You See '' 24.8 Addison Agen and Keisha Renee `` Strong Enough '' Non-competition performances Order Performer Song 25.1 Machine Gun Kelly , X Ambassadors and Bebe Rexha `` Home '' 25.2 Jennifer Hudson `` Burden Down '' 25.3 Alisan Porter , Chris Mann , Mary Sarah , Matt McAndrew , Matthew Schuler , and Michael Sanchez ( giving a preview of the upcoming The Voice : Neon Dreams residency show in Las Vegas ) `` It 's Time '' Week 5 : finals ( December 18 and 19 ) ( edit ) The Top 4 will perform on Monday , December 18 , 2017 , with the final results following on Tuesday , December 19 , 2017 . This week , the four finalists will perform a solo cover song , a duet with their coach , and an original song . Coach Artist Order Solo Song Order Duet Song ( with Coach ) Order Original Song Result Adam Levine Addison Agen `` Humble and Kind '' 5 `` Falling Slowly '' 11 `` Tennessee Rain '' Blake Shelton Chloe Kohanski 12 `` Bette Davis Eyes '' 8 `` You Got It '' `` Wish I Did n't Love You '' Blake Shelton Red Marlow 9 `` To Make You Feel My Love '' `` I 'm Gonna Miss Her '' '' 7 `` I Pray '' Miley Cyrus Brooke Simpson 10 `` O Holy Night '' 6 `` Wrecking Ball '' `` What Is Beautiful '' Non-competition performances Order Performer Song 26.1 Chris Blue `` Humanity '' ( In promotion of NBC 's Winter Olympics coverage ) Chris Blue `` Blue Blood Blues '' Vince Gill and Red Marlow `` When I Call Your Name '' Billy Idol and Chloe Kohanski `` White Wedding '' Sia and Brooke Simpson `` Titanium '' Norah Jones and Addison Agen `` Do n't Know Why '' Bastille and Noah Mac `` World Gone Mad '' Jessie J and Davon Fleming `` Not My Ex '' Bebe Rexha , Adam Cunningham and Keisha Renee `` Meant to Be '' Kelly Clarkson `` Medicine '' Demi Lovato `` Tell Me You Love Me '' N.E.R.D. `` Lemon '' Sia `` Snowman '' Charlie Puth `` How Long '' Elimination chart ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) Color key Artist 's info Team Adam Team Miley Team Jennifer Team Blake Result details Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Saved by Instant Save ( via Twitter ) Saved by the public Saved by his / her coach Eliminated Playoff and Live Show Results per week Artist Playoffs Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Finals Addison Agen Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Chloe Kohanski Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Red Marlow Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Brooke Simpson Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Noah Mac Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 4 ) Adam Cunningham Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Davon Fleming Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Keisha Renee Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Ashland Craft Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 3 ) Shi'Ann Jones Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Janice Freeman Safe Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 2 ) Jon Mero Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 1 ) Anthony Alexander Eliminated Eliminated ( Playoffs ) Whitney Fenimore Eliminated Moriah Formica Eliminated Lucas Holliday Eliminated Mitchell Lee Eliminated Emily Luther Eliminated Hannah Mrozak Eliminated Adam Pearce Eliminated Natalie Stovall Eliminated Esera Tuaolo Eliminated Chris Weaver Eliminated Karli Webster Eliminated Team ( edit ) Color key Artist 's info Team Adam Team Miley Team Jennifer Team Blake Result details Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Artist Saved by his / her coach Eliminated Artist Saved by Instant Save ( via Twitter ) Artist received one or more iTunes bonus that week Number of iTunes bonuses received Artist Playoffs Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Finals Addison Agen Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Adam Cunningham Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Jon Mero Advanced Eliminated Emily Luther Eliminated Whitney Fenimore Eliminated Anthony Alexander Eliminated Brooke Simpson Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Ashland Craft Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Janice Freeman Advanced Advanced Eliminated Moriah Formica Eliminated Adam Pearce Eliminated Karli Webster Eliminated Noah Mac Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Davon Fleming Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Shi'Ann Jones Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Lucas Holliday Eliminated Hannah Mrozak Eliminated Chris Weaver Eliminated Chloe Kohanski Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Red Marlow Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Keisha Renee Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Mitchell Lee Eliminated Natalie Stovall Eliminated Esera Tuaolo Eliminated Artists who appeared on previous shows or seasons ( edit ) Adam Pearce auditioned for season twelve , but failed to turn any chairs . Keisha Renee appeared on the tenth season of American Idol , where she finished in the Top 40 . Hannah Mrozak was a Top 48 placer on the fourteenth season of American Idol . Odiseas Georgiadis auditioned for season three of the show , but failed to turn any chairs . He is the second contestant , after Sonia Rao , to be rejected twice and the first one to be rejected twice in different seasons . Samantha Rios previously appeared on the third season of La Voz Kids , as a member of Daddy Yankee 's team . She finished as a semi-finalist . Ignatious Carmouche previously won the show 's second Snapchat season on Team Adam . He won a blind audition for this season as his prize . Esera Tuaolo played professional football for nine years . Emily Luther ( along with Charlie Puth ) won the 2011 Perez Hilton Can YOU Sing ? ? YouTube contest doing a cover of Adele 's `` Someone Like You '' . Both appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and were signed to her label eleveneleven . In January 2012 , they came back to The Ellen DeGeneres Show and performed Lady Antebellum 's `` Need You Now '' and an original written by Puth titled `` Break Again '' ( co-written with Robert Gillies ) . Reception ( edit ) U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Episode Original airdate Production Time slot ( ET ) Viewers ( in millions ) Adults ( 18 -- 49 ) Source Rating Share `` The Blind Auditions Premiere '' September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 1301 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.57 2.6 9 `` The Blind Auditions Premiere , Part 2 '' September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 1302 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.98 2.7 10 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 3 '' October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 1303 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11.04 2.6 9 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 4 '' October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 1304 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.42 2.4 9 5 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 5 '' October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 1305 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.91 2.4 8 6 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 6 '' October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 1306 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.93 2.6 9 7 `` The Battles Premiere '' October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 1307 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11.01 2.6 10 8 `` The Battles Premiere , Part 2 '' October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 1308 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.41 2.4 8 9 `` The Battles , Part 3 '' October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) 1309 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.19 2.4 8 10 `` The Battles , Part 4 '' October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 1310 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.90 1.9 7 11 `` The Knockouts Premiere '' October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) 1311 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.98 1.9 7 12 `` The Voice : Best of the Season '' October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 1312 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 6.23 1.0 13 `` The Knockouts , Part 2 '' November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 1313 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.63 2.0 7 14 `` The Knockouts , Part 3 '' November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 1314 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.47 1.9 7 15 `` The Playoffs , Night 1 '' November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 1315 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.01 2.0 8 16 `` The Playoffs , Night 2 '' November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 1316 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.08 8 17 `` The Playoffs , Night 3 '' November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 1317 Wednesday 9 : 00 p.m. 8.23 1.7 7 18 `` Live Top 12 Performances '' November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) 1318 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.15 1.7 6 19 `` Live Top 12 Eliminations '' November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 1319 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.36 1.7 7 20 `` Live Top 11 Performances '' November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) 1320 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.60 1.9 7 21 `` Live Top 11 Eliminations '' November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) 1321 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.60 1.8 7 22 `` Live Top 10 Performances '' December 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) 1322 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.86 1.8 7 23 `` Live Top 10 Eliminations '' December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) 1323 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.00 1.8 7 24 `` Live Semifinal Performances '' December 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 11 ) 1324 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.45 1.9 7 25 `` Live Semifinal Eliminations '' December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) 1325 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.77 1.7 7 26 `` Live Final Performances '' December 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) 1326 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 27 `` Live Season Finale '' December 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) 1327 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NBC Announces Fall Premiere Dates for New 2017 - 18 Season '' . The Futon Critic . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gelman , Vlada ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Hudson Joins The Voice as Coach for Season 13 '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Gwen Stefani Rejoins The Voice as Coach for Season 12 , Miley Cyrus Will Be Back in Season 13 '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Santilli , M.J. ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` The Voice Season 13 Spoilers Reveal Day Contestant List '' . mjsbigblog . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Mark . ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` A WARNING ABOUT THE VOICE SEASON 13 '' . idolchatteryd.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Karen Mizoguchi ( 7 October 2017 ) . `` The Voice Season 13 Advisors Revealed : Billy Ray Cyrus , Joe Jonas , Kelly Rowland and Rascal Flatts '' . People . Archived from the original on 13 October 2017 . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian . `` The Voice 's Addison Agen Reaches Top 10 On iTunes Chart , Earns Vote Bonus '' . Headline Planet . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian . `` The Voice 's Chloe Kohanski Reaches # 1 On US iTunes Sales Chart ; Addison , Red Also Earn Bonuses '' . Headline Planet . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian . `` The Voice 's Brooke Simpson Earns # 2 On iTunes , Chloe , Addison Also Earn Bonuses '' . Headline Planet . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian . `` The Voice 's Chloe Kohanski Claims # 1 On iTunes ; Addison , Noah , Red , Brooke Also In Top 10 '' . Headline Planet . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Dawn , Randee ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Former NFL player wows judges on ' The Voice ' with emotional song '' . TODAY.com . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bull , ' ' Voice , ' ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' and ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Voice ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Flash , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' adjusts up , ' Good Doctor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' The Gifted , ' Luke Bryan special adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Gifted ' adjust up , ' DWTS ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Good Doctor , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ABC , NBC adjust down with football pre-emptions : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Christmas Light Fight , ' ' Bachelor ' special and ' Better Late than Never ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - voice , the on nbc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) The Voice ( U.S. ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Winners Javier Colon Jermaine Paul Cassadee Pope Danielle Bradbery Tessanne Chin Josh Kaufman Craig Wayne Boyd Sawyer Fredericks Jordan Smith Alisan Porter Sundance Head Chris Blue Winner 's singles `` Stitch by Stitch '' `` I Believe I Can Fly '' `` Cry '' `` Born to Fly '' `` Tumbling Down '' `` Set Fire to the Rain '' `` My Baby 's Got a Smile on Her Face '' `` Please '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` Down That Road '' `` Darlin ' Do n't Go '' `` Money on You '' Runners - up Dia Frampton Juliet Simms Terry McDermott Michelle Chamuel Jacquie Lee Jake Worthington Matt McAndrew Meghan Linsey Emily Ann Roberts Adam Wakefield Billy Gilman Lauren Duski Other notable artists Vicci Martinez Frenchie Davis Rebecca Loebe Xenia Tje Austin Beverly McClellan Raquel Castro Nakia Serabee Casey Desmond Justin Grennan The Thompson Sisters Jared Blake Casey Weston RaeLynn Jesse Campbell Chris Mann Tony Lucca Gwen Sebastian Kim Yarbrough Angel Taylor Pip Katrina Parker Erin Martin Moses Stone Jordis Unga Naia Kete Charlotte Sometimes Tony Vincent Mathai Lex Land Nicholas David Amanda Brown Melanie Martinez MacKenzie Bourg Collin McLoughlin Suzanna Choffel Jordan Pruitt Rod Michael Chris Trousdale Anita Antoinette Cupid The Swon Brothers Sasha Allen Judith Hill Kris Thomas Jeff Lewis Julie Roberts Holly Tucker Will Champlin James Wolpert Cole Vosbury Josh Logan E.G. Daily Holly Henry Donna Allen Dominic Scott Kay Christina Grimmie Sisaundra Lewis Paula DeAnda Lindsay Pagano Chris Jamison Taylor John Williams Blessing Offor Andy Cherry MEGG Koryn Hawthorne Barrett Baber Jeffery Austin Madi Davis Amy Vachal Viktor Király Keith Semple Alex Kandel Tyler Dickerson Laith Al - Saadi Mary Sarah Daniel Passino Owen Danoff Emily Keener Támar Chase Walker Chris Cron Josh Hoyer Hunter Plake Esera Tuaolo Katrina Rose Natalie Stovall Related articles Awards and nominations Discography Contestants The Voice : Neon Dreams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Voice_(U.S._season_13)&oldid=816089497 '' Categories : The Voice ( U.S. TV series ) 2017 American television seasons American reality television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Português Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 05 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Voice%20%28U.S.%20season%2013%29

jems real name in to kill a mockingbird

Jeremy Atticus `` Jem '' Finch is Atticus ' son and Scout 's older brother by four years . Jem matures greatly throughout the course of the novel , much more affected by events than Scout seems to be . Being four years Scout 's senior , Jem is seen to have a greater understanding of - and therefore greater difficulty in navigating - the obstacles thrown their way . Jem is seen explaining many things to Scout throughout the novel . Bob Ewell breaks Jem 's arm during his assault on the Finch children , subsequently resulting in it being shorter than it had been , in an attempt to protect his sister . He is portrayed by Phillip Alford in the film adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird .

Jeremy Atticus `` Jem '' Finch

List of to Kill a Mockingbird characters

list of to kill a mockingbird characters

To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960 . It was instantly successful , winning the Pulitzer Prize , and has become a classic of modern American literature , widely read in US high schools and middle schools . The story takes place during three years of the Great Depression in the fictional Maycomb , Alabama .

This is a list of the characters : Contents 1 Primary characters 1.1 Atticus Finch 1.2 `` Scout '' Finch 1.3 `` Jem '' Finch 1.4 Dill Harris 1.5 Calpurnia 1.6 Arthur `` Boo '' Radley 1.7 Judge John Taylor 1.8 Miss Maudie Atkinson 1.9 Robert E. Lee `` Bob '' Ewell 1.10 Mayella Ewell 1.11 Tom Robinson 1.12 Aunt Alexandra 2 Minor characters 2.1 Jack Finch 2.2 Francis Hancock 2.3 Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose 2.4 Mr. Heck Tate 2.5 Mr. Braxton Underwood 2.6 Mr. Horace Gilmer 2.7 Dr. Reynolds 2.8 Dolphus Raymond 2.9 Link Deas 2.10 Miss Caroline Fisher 2.11 Reverend Sykes 2.12 Miss Stephanie Crawford 2.13 Miss Rachel Haverford 2.14 Helen Robinson 2.15 Nathan Radley 2.16 Jessie 2.17 Burris Ewell 2.18 Lula 2.19 Mrs. Grace Merriweather 2.20 Walter Cunningham , Jr . 2.21 Walter Cunningham , Sr . 2.22 Little Chuck Little 2.23 Mr. Dick Avery 2.24 Miss Gates 2.25 Eula May 2.26 Cecil Jacobs 2.27 Tim Johnson 2.28 Simon Finch 2.29 Maxwell Green 2.30 Mr. X Billups 2.31 The Barber Sisters ( Miss `` Tutti '' and Miss `` Frutti '' ) 2.32 Mrs. Gertrude Farrow 2.33 Mr. Conner 2.34 Zeebo 3 References Primary characters ( edit ) Atticus Finch ( edit ) Main article : Atticus Finch Atticus Finch is the middle - aged father of Jem and Scout Finch . He is a lawyer and was once known as `` the deadliest shot in Maycomb County '' . Although he was a good shot , he does not like to mention the fact as he does not like the thought of having an advantage over people . He appears to support racial equality and was appointed to represent Tom Robinson , a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman , Mayella Ewell . The town disapproves of him defending Tom especially when he makes clear his intent to defend Tom Robinson to the best of his abilities . He is portrayed by Gregory Peck in the film adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird . `` Scout '' Finch ( edit ) Jean Louise `` Scout '' Finch is the narrator and To Kill a Mockingbird is told by an adult Scout who often comments on how she could not understand something at the time but now can appreciate it . She gets in trouble with her teacher Miss Caroline because Miss Caroline expects Scout to learn reading and writing her way . She is a tomboy and spends the most of her time with her brother Jem and best friend Dill . To Jem 's advice to pretend to be a lady and start sewing or something , she answers ' Hell no . ' The rare hints the narrator gives us about her grown - up life reveal that she ultimately has n't changed herself for others . She matures from age 6 to age 9 as the novel progresses but remains naive and idealistic , despite an increased understanding of human nature and racism in her town . At the beginning of the book , Scout is confused by some of the words and names she hears people directing towards her father , such as `` nigger - lover '' . Being only six , Scout does not know how to handle such situations so she tries to resolve her problems by fighting , or by talking to Atticus about what she has heard . By the end of the book , Scout realizes that racism does exist and comes to terms with its presence in her town . Scout also learns how to deal with others , including the Finch family housekeeper , Calpurnia , and her aunt , Alexandra . Scout is the only one of the novel 's primary three children ( Dill , Jem , and herself ) to see and speak to Boo Radley during the course of the novel and realize that he is harmless , despite her initial fear of him . She also stops a mob that is trying to lynch Tom Robinson by talking to the mob leader , Mr. Cunningham , about inviting his son , Walter , over for dinner . Mr. Cunningham then tells the other mob members to get back in their cars and leave them alone . The members listen , and Scout unintentionally saves Tom Robinson 's life . She is portrayed by Mary Badham in the film adaption of To Kill a Mockingbird . Notable quote : `` Until I feared I would lose it , I never loved to read . One does not love breathing . '' `` Jem '' Finch ( edit ) Jeremy Atticus `` Jem '' Finch is Atticus ' son and Scout 's older brother by four years . Jem matures greatly throughout the course of the novel , much more affected by events than Scout seems to be . Being four years Scout 's senior , Jem is seen to have a greater understanding of - and therefore greater difficulty in navigating - the obstacles thrown their way . Jem is seen explaining many things to Scout throughout the novel . Bob Ewell breaks Jem 's arm during his assault on the Finch children , subsequently resulting in it being shorter than it had been , in an attempt to protect his sister . He is portrayed by Phillip Alford in the film adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird . Dill Harris ( edit ) Charles Baker `` Dill '' Harris is a short , smart boy who visits Maycomb every summer from Meridian , Mississippi , and stays with his Aunt Rachel ( Aunt Stephanie in the film ) . Dill is the best friend of both Jem and Scout , and his goal throughout the novel is to get Boo Radley to come out of his house . The children concoct many plans to lure Boo Radley out of his house for a few summers until Atticus tells them to stop . In chapter 5 of the novel , Dill promises to marry Scout and they become `` engaged '' . One night Dill runs away from his home in Meridian , arriving in Maycomb County where he hides under Scout 's bed . When she finds Dill , he tells both Scout and Atticus that he was chained to a wall in his father 's basement ; later , he confesses he actually ran away because he felt he was being replaced by his stepfather . Before Dill returned to Meridian after the summer , he went swimming with Jem at the Barker 's Eddy creek . Scout , unfortunately , was unable to participate , because both boys were swimming naked . Unlike Scout and Jem , Dill lacks the security of family support . He is unwanted and unloved by his mother and stepfather : `` They do get on a lot better without me , I can not help them any . '' As Francis ( a cousin of Jem and Scout ) says , `` He has n't got a home , he just gets passed around from relative to relative . '' Dill maintains he has no father ; he does n't know where his father might live , or if he will ever come back . He is played by John Megna in the film adaption of To Kill a Mockingbird . This character is believed to be based on author Truman Capote , a childhood friend of Harper Lee . Calpurnia ( edit ) Calpurnia , nicknamed Cal , is the Finch family 's African - American housekeeper , whom the children love and Atticus deeply respects ( he remarks in her defense that she `` never indulged ( the children ) like most colored nurses '' ) . She is highly regarded by Atticus . She is an important figure in Scout 's life , providing discipline , instruction , and love . She also fills the maternal role for the children after their mother 's death . Calpurnia is a mother herself and raised her son , Zeebo , to adulthood . Calpurnia is one of the few black characters in the novel who is able to read and write , and it is she who taught Scout to write . She learned how to read from Miss Maudie 's aunt , Miss Buford , who taught her how to read out of Blackstone 's Commentaries , a book given to her . Aunt Alexandra despised Calpurnia because Alexandra believed that Calpurnia was not a `` maternal figure '' for Jem and Scout , especially for Scout . Calpurnia is a member of the First Purchase M.E. African Church in Maycomb . While Scout always hears her speak proper English , she is surprised to learn that Calpurnia does not do so at church , especially with the uneducated members of the congregation . While everyone in the novel is filtered through Scout 's perception , Calpurnia in particular appears for a long time more as Scout 's idea of her than as a real person . At the beginning of the novel , Scout appears to think of Calpurnia as the wicked stepmother to Scout 's own Cinderella . However , towards the end of the book , Scout views Calpurnia as someone she can look up to , and realizes Calpurnia has only protected her over the years . She is played by Estelle Evans in the film . Arthur `` Boo '' Radley ( edit ) Arthur `` Boo '' Radley is a recluse in To Kill a Mockingbird . Maycomb children believe he is a horrible person , due to the rumors spread about him and a trial he underwent as a teenager . It is implied during the story that Boo is a very lonely man who attempts to reach out to Jem and Scout for love and friendship , such as leaving them small gifts and figures in a tree knothole . Scout finally meets him at the very end of the book , when he saves the children 's lives from Bob Ewell . Scout describes him as being sickly white , with a thin mouth , thin and feathery hair , and grey eyes , almost as if he were blind . During the same night , when Boo whispers to Scout to walk him back to the Radley house , Scout takes a moment to picture what it would be like to be Boo Radley . While standing on his porch , she realizes his `` exile '' inside his house is really not that lonely . Boo Radley 's heroics in protecting the children from Bob Ewell are covered up by Atticus , Sheriff Tate , and Scout . This can be read as a wise refusal of fame . As Tate notes , if word got out that Boo killed Ewell , Boo would be inundated with gifts and visits , calamitous for him due to his reclusive personality . The precocious Scout recognizes the danger : renown would `` kill the mockingbird '' . Boo Radley is a ghost who haunts the book yet manifests himself at just the right moments in just the right way . He is , arguably , the most potent character in the whole book and as such , inspires the other key characters to save him when he needs saving . After the Tom Robinson trial , Jem and Scout have a different understanding of Boo Radley . `` Scout , I think I 'm beginning to understand something . I think I 'm beginning to understand why Boo Radley 's stayed shut up in the house all this time ... it 's because he wants to stay inside . '' ( 23.117 ) Having seen a sample of the horrible things their fellow townspeople can do , choosing to stay out of the mess of humanity does n't seem like such a strange choice . When Boo finally does come out , he has a good reason : Bob Ewell is trying to murder the Finch children . No one sees what happens in the scuffle , but at the end of it , Ewell is dead and Boo carries an unconscious Jem to the Finch house . Finally faced with Boo , Scout does n't recognize him at first , but suddenly realizes who he is . Boo Radley is played by Robert Duvall in the film . Judge John Taylor ( edit ) Judge John Taylor is a white - haired old man with a reputation for running his court in an informal fashion and an enjoyment of singing and dipping tobacco . He is unimportant to the children until he presides over the Tom Robinson trial , in which he shows great distaste for the Ewells and great respect for Atticus . Because of the judge 's sympathies for Tom , Bob Ewell breaks into the judge 's house while the judge 's wife is at church . After the trial , Miss Maudie points out to the children that the judge had tried to help Tom by appointing Atticus to the case instead of Maxwell Green , the new , untried lawyer who usually received court - appointed cases . Judge Taylor knew that Atticus was the only man who would stand a chance at acquitting Tom , or at least would be able to keep the jury thinking for more than just a few minutes . By doing this , Judge Taylor was not giving in or supporting racism . He is portrayed in the film by Paul Fix . Miss Maudie Atkinson ( edit ) Miss Maude `` Maudie '' Atkinson lives across the street from the Finch family . She had known the Finches for many years , having been brought up on the Buford place , which was near the Finches ' ancestral home , Finch 's Landing . She is described as a woman of about 50 who enjoys baking and gardening ; her cakes are especially held in high regard . However , she is frequently harassed by devout `` Foot - Washing Baptists '' , who tell her that her enjoyment of gardening is a sin . The Foot - Washing Baptists also believe that women are a sin as well . Miss Maudie befriends Scout and Jem and tells them stories about Atticus as a boy . It is strongly implied that she and Atticus have a more than platonic relationship . Also , she is one of the few adults that Jem and Scout hold in high regard and respect . She does not act condescendingly towards them , even though they are young children . During the course of the novel , her house burns down ; however , she shows remarkable courage throughout this ( even saying that she wanted to burn it down herself to make more room for her flowers ) . She is not prejudiced , though she talks caustically to Miss Stephanie Crawford , unlike many of her Southern neighbors , and teaches Scout important lessons about racism and human nature . It is important to note that Miss Maudie fully explains that `` it is a sin to kill a mockingbird '' , whereas Atticus Finch initially brings up the subject but does n't go into depth . When Jem gets older , and does n't want to be bothered by Scout , Miss Maudie keeps her from getting angry . Maudie is played by Rosemary Murphy in the film . Robert E. Lee `` Bob '' Ewell ( edit ) Robert E. Lee `` Bob '' Ewell is the main antagonist of To Kill a Mockingbird . He has a daughter named Mayella and a younger son named Burris , as well as six other unnamed children . He is an alcoholic , poaching game to feed his family because he spends whatever money they legally gain via government `` relief checks '' on alcohol . It is implied , and evidence suggests , that he was the one who abused his daughter Mayella , not Tom Robinson ( the African American man accused of doing so ) . Although most everybody in town knows that the Ewells are a disgrace and not to be trusted , it is made clear that Tom Robinson was convicted because he is a Negro whose accuser is white . Upon hearing of Tom 's death , Bob is absolutely gleeful , gloating about his success . After being humiliated at the trial , however , he goes on a quest for revenge , becoming increasingly violent . He begins by spitting in Atticus ' face , followed by a failed attempt to break into the home of Judge Taylor , then finally menacing Helen , the poor widow of Tom Robinson . Ewell later attempts to murder Jem and Scout Finch with a knife to complete his revenge . Boo Radley saves Jem and Scout and it is believed that he kills Ewell with the knife . Heck Tate , the sheriff , puts in the official report that Bob Ewell fell on his own knife and died after lying under a tree for 45 minutes . Ewell is played by James Anderson in the film . Mayella Ewell ( edit ) Mayella Violet Ewell , 19 , is the oldest of the eight Ewell children . Before the trial , Mayella is noted for growing red geraniums outside her otherwise dirty home in order to bring some beauty into her life . Due to her family 's living situation , Mayella has no opportunity for human contact or love . She eventually gets so desperate that she attempts to seduce a black man , Tom Robinson , by saving up nickels to send her siblings to go get ice cream so that Mayella can be alone with Tom . Her father sees this through a window and in punishment he beats her . Ewell then finds the sheriff , Heck Tate , and tells him that his daughter has been raped and beaten by Tom . At the trial , Atticus points out that only the right side of Mayella 's face is injured , suggesting a left - handed assailant ; Tom 's left arm is mangled and useless , but Bob Ewell is left - handed . When Atticus asks her if she has any friends , she becomes confused because she does not know what a friend is . During her testimony she is confused by Atticus ' polite speech and thinks that his use of `` Miss Mayella '' is meant to mock her . She testifies against Tom Robinson . Mayella is played by Collin Wilcox in the film . Tom Robinson ( edit ) Thomas `` Tom '' Robinson is an African - American who is put on trial for the rape of a white woman , Mayella Ewell . Atticus is assigned to defend him , and stands up to a lynch mob intent on exacting their own justice against him before the trial begins . Tom 's left arm is crippled and useless , the result of an accident with a cotton gin when he was a child . Atticus uses this fact as the cornerstone of his defense strategy , pointing out that the nature of Mayella 's facial injuries strongly suggest a left - handed assailant . Tom testifies that he had frequently helped Mayella with household chores because he felt sorry for her and the family 's difficult life - a statement that shocks the all - white , male jury . Despite Atticus ' skilled defense , the jury 's racial prejudices lead them to find Tom guilty . Atticus plans to appeal the verdict , but before he can do so , Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape the prison where he is being held . Tom Robinson is played by Brock Peters . Aunt Alexandra ( edit ) Alexandra Hancock ( née Finch ) is Atticus ' and Jack 's sister , married to James `` Uncle Jimmy '' Hancock . She has a son named Henry and a very spoiled grandson named Francis . Around the middle of the book , Aunt Alexandra decides to leave her husband at Finch 's Landing , the Finch family homestead to come stay with the Finches . Aunt Alexandra does n't consider the black Calpurnia to be a very good motherly figure for Jem and Scout ; she disapproves of Scout being a tomboy and wants to make Scout into a southern belle ( encouraging her to act more ' lady like ' ) . This is the cause of many conflicts between Scout and Alexandra throughout the course of the novel . However , as the trial progresses , Scout comes to see how much her aunt cares for her father and what a strong woman she is . This is especially evidenced by a tea party when Scout is horrified by the racism displayed , and her aunt and Miss Maudie help her deal with her feelings . By the end of the book , it 's clear that Alexandra cares very much for her niece and nephew , though she and Scout will probably never really get along . Minor characters ( edit ) Jack Finch ( edit ) John Hale `` Jack '' Finch is Atticus ' and Alexandra 's younger brother . ( He is about 40 , which is 10 years younger than Atticus . ) Jack smells like alcohol and something sweet , and is said that he and Alexandra have similar features . Jack is a childless doctor who can always make Scout and Jem laugh , and they adore him . He and Miss Maudie are close to the same age ; he frequently teases her with marriage proposals , which she always declines . Jack also has a pet cat named Rose Aylmer , who is mentioned during the Christmas visit . Francis Hancock ( edit ) Francis Hancock is the spoiled grandson of Aunt Alexandra . ( The son of her son , Henry Hancock . ) Every Christmas , Henry and his wife drop Francis at Finch 's Landing , which is the only time Scout and Jem see him . Francis lives in Mobile , Alabama , and is a bit of a tattle - tale . He gets along well with Jem , but often spars with Scout . One Christmas , Francis calls Atticus a `` nigger - lover , '' as well as insisting that he was ruining the family and the likes , which infuriates Scout and causes them to get into a fight . Francis lies about his role in it , telling Uncle Jack that Scout started it by calling him a `` whore lady '' , and Jack therefore punishes Scout . However , she explains the full story and charitably persuades her uncle not to punish Francis about it , but to let Atticus think they had been fighting about something else ( although Atticus later discovers the truth ) . Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose ( edit ) Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose is an elderly woman who lives near the Finches . She is hated by the children , who run by her house to avoid her . Scout describes Mrs. Dubose as `` plain hell . '' A virulent racist , she calls Atticus a `` nigger - lover '' to his children 's faces , and Jem flies into a rage and ravages Mrs. Dubose 's camellia bushes . As a punishment , Jem is required to read to Mrs. Dubose each day for a month . As Jem reads , she experiences a fit of drooling and twitching and does not seem to pay any attention to the words . When an alarm rings , Jem is allowed to leave for the day . She extends the punishment for one extra week and dies shortly after letting Jem go for the last time . Atticus informs him that Mrs. Dubose was terminally ill and had become addicted to morphine . By reading to her , Jem had distracted her so that she could break the addiction . In thanks , she leaves him a candy box with a camellia flower in it ; Jem burns the box in anger , but is later seen by Scout admiring the flower . Atticus tells Jem that Mrs. Dubose was the bravest person he ever knew , and she was trying to teach Jem the importance of bravery and true courage to endure anything when the situation is hopeless , as in her morphine addiction . Mr. Heck Tate ( edit ) Mr. Heck Tate is a friend of Atticus and also the sheriff of Maycomb County . He believes in protecting the innocent although he does n't usually show it . At the end of the book , the Atticus and Heck argue over whether Jem or Boo Radley should be held responsible for the death of Bob Ewell . Heck eventually persuades Atticus to accept the theory that Ewell accidentally fell on his own knife , thus saving the harmless , reclusive Boo from the public exposure of a criminal trial . Mr. Braxton Underwood ( edit ) Mr. Braxton Bragg Underwood is a news reporter and a friend of Atticus . He owns and also publishes The Maycomb Tribune . Being a racist , he disagrees with Atticus on principle . He also has a strong belief in justice , as exemplified when he defends Atticus from the Cunningham mob by having his double barrel shotgun loaded and ready to shoot them . He also demonstrates some humanity when he publishes a scathing editorial comparing the killing of Tom Robinson ( a cripple ) to `` the senseless slaughter of songbirds by hunters and children '' . Mr. Horace Gilmer ( edit ) Mr. Horace Gilmer is a lawyer from Abbottsville , and is the prosecuting attorney in the Tom Robinson case . Mr. Gilmer is between the ages of forty and sixty . Mr. Gilmer has a slight cast with one eye , which he uses to his advantage in trial . Mr. Gilmer appeared to be racist in his harsh cross-examination of Tom Robinson , but it is hinted at that he is in fact going easy on Tom . He and Atticus are not rivals and talk to each other during recesses during the case . Dr. Reynolds ( edit ) Dr. Reynolds is the Maycomb doctor . He is well known to Scout and Jem . Scout says that he `` had brought Jem and me into the world , had led us through every childhood disease known to man including the time Jem fell out of the tree house , and he had never lost our friendship . Dr. Reynolds said that if we were boil - prone things would have been different ... '' . He inspects Jem 's broken arm and Scout 's minor bruises after the attack from Bob Ewell under the tree . Dolphus Raymond ( edit ) Dolphus Raymond is a white landowner who is jaded by the hypocrisy of the white society and prefers to live among black folks . In fact , he has children with a black woman . Dolphus pretends he is an alcoholic so that the people of Maycomb will have an excuse for his behavior , but in fact he only drinks Coca Cola out of a paper bag to try to hide it . When Dill and Scout discover that he is not a drunk , they are amazed . He shows Scout how sometimes you can pretend to be someone you 're not so people will be more understanding of you . Link Deas ( edit ) Link Deas owns cotton fields and a store in Maycomb who employs Tom and later Helen because she does not get accepted by any other employers in the county due to Tom Robinson 's legal troubles . He announces to the court ( in defense of Tom ) at one point in the trial that he had n't `` had a speck o ' trouble outta him '' in the eight years Tom had been working for him , and gets sent out by Judge John Taylor for doing so . When Bob Ewell starts threatening Helen after the trial , Mr. Deas fiercely defends her and threatens to have Mr. Ewell arrested if he keeps bothering her . He is on Tom Robinson 's side during the trial and remains loyal to the family afterward . Miss Caroline Fisher ( edit ) Miss Caroline Fisher is Scout 's first grade teacher and is new to Maycomb , Alabama and its ways . She attempts to teach the first grade class using a new system which she learned from taking certain college courses ( Jem mistakenly refers to it as the `` Dewey Decimal System '' , which is really how library books are organized . ) . She is upset by Scout 's advanced reading capabilities and believes that Scout is receiving lessons from Atticus . She feels as though Scout is trying to outsmart and mock her . In an effort to standardize the class , she forbids Scout from reading with her father . Atticus asks Scout to step into Miss Caroline 's skin . However , he continues to allow Scout to read with him at night so long as she continues to go to school . Miss Caroline has good intentions but proves quite incompetent as a teacher . When Scout tells Miss Fisher that she shamed a student ( Walter Cunningham , Jr . ) by giving him lunch money , she raps Scout 's palms with a ruler ( a punishment unheard of in Maycomb ) . She is also very sensitive and gets emotionally hurt quite easily , as seen when she cries after Burris Ewell yells at her , `` Report and be damned to ye ! Ai n't no snot - nosed slut of a schoolteacher ever born c'n make me do nothin ' ! You ai n't makin ' me go nowhere , missus . You just remember that , you ai n't makin ' me go nowhere ! '' After the Burris Ewell incident , Miss Caroline is seldom seen and soon forgotten . Reverend Sykes ( edit ) Reverend Sykes is the reverend of the First Purchase M.E. African Church in Maycomb County , where most if not all of the African - American characters go to church . Reverend Sykes forces the congregation to donate 10 dollars for Tom Robinson 's family since at the time , Tom 's wife , Helen , was having trouble finding work . During the trial , when the courtroom was too packed for the children to find seats , Reverend Sykes lets the kids sit with him up in the colored balcony and even saves their seats for them . Miss Stephanie Crawford ( edit ) Stephanie Crawford is the neighborhood gossip who claimed that she saw Boo Radley from her bedroom standing outside of her cleaned window one night . Crawford is one of the first on the scene after a loud gunshot is heard behind the Radley house . Because she is the neighborhood gossip , it is unwise to think of anything that she says as true , because most of the time it is not true at all . She is a friend of Alexandra Hancock . She lets Miss Maudie live with her when Miss Maudie 's house burns down , supposedly in order to steal Miss Maudie 's Lane cake recipe . She is thrilled to pass on gossip to the kids about Boo Radley . She claimed to have witnessed Bob Ewell 's threatening Atticus at the Post Office corner as she was returning from the local Jitney Jungle grocery store . In the film , she takes the place of Rachel Haverford and is now Dill 's aunt . Miss Rachel Haverford ( edit ) Miss Rachel Haverford is Dill 's aunt and the Finches ' next door neighbor . She drank neat whiskey heavily after seeing a rattlesnake coiled in her closet , on her washing , when she hung her negligee up . Even though she can be very hard to deal with , she truly does love her nephew . Her family name , in the legends of Maycomb County , is synonymous with jackass . She is also a Southern Belle . In the film , she is not a character and Miss Stephanie takes her place as Dill 's aunt . Helen Robinson ( edit ) Helen Robinson is the wife of Tom Robinson . She is spoken about a few times . She has three children . Employed by Link Deas following the death of her husband , she is repeatedly harassed by Bob Ewell when traveling to work . Upon learning of this , Deas threatens Ewell , forcing him to stop . She is an example of how one person 's actions can have an effect on a lot of people and she elucidates the hardships that surround the Tom Robinson case . Nathan Radley ( edit ) Nathan Radley is the brother of Arthur `` Boo '' Radley and another difficult character to understand in To Kill a Mockingbird . When the children try to catch a view of `` Boo '' late one night through a window , he shoots over their heads with a shotgun ( albeit thinking he was aiming at a black person ) . Nathan also cements up the knothole in which Arthur leaves little gifts for the children . On the other hand , he helps Miss Maudie by saving some of her belongings when her house is on fire . He is more present than his brother , but equally mysterious . Jessie ( edit ) Jessie is Mrs. Dubose 's black nurse . She is the woman who shoos the children out when Mrs. Dubose has her fits , and she seems to care enormously for Mrs. Dubose . When Jem is forced to stay reading to Mrs. Dubose , Jessie kindly leads Jem and Scout to the door when Mrs. Dubose 's alarm goes off . The rumors about Mrs. Dubose concealing a gun about her person involves Jessie ; the book says `` and even if Mrs. Dubose missed , her girl Jessie would n't '' . Burris Ewell ( edit ) Burris Ewell is a son of Bob Ewell and a younger sibling of Mayella Ewell as well as the first antagonist of the novel . Burris is described as being chiefly antagonistic of Little Chuck Little and his teacher Miss Caroline Fisher . He comes to the first day of school , but departs just as everyone else in his family does . Burris is also poor . He has live lice in his hair . Burris also scared his teacher Caroline Fisher . He behaves rudely when she tells him to go home , wash his hair , and come back clean the next day . He refuses , and a student explains to Miss Caroline that Ewell children do n't attend school . All they do is show up for the first day , get marked down on the register , and then they miss the entire school year until the first day of the next year . His famous quote was , `` Report and be damned to ye ! Ai n't no snot - nosed slut of a schoolteacher ever born c'n make me do nothin ' ! You ai n't makin ' me go nowhere , missus . You just remember that , you ai n't makin ' me go nowhere ! '' As of Scout 's first year of school ( the first grade ) , Burris has repeated the first grade three times . Burris is also like his father and is very belligerent . Lula ( edit ) Lula is an African - American woman with a dislike for white people . She does n't like the idea of Calpurnia bringing Atticus Finch 's children , Jem and Scout , with her to church and tells her so but is overruled by the other congregants . According to James Zeebo , Calpurnia 's son , Lula 's said to be , `` a troublemaker from way back , with fancy ideas and haughty ways . '' She 's threatened with being `` churched '' ( subjected to church discipline ) by Reverend Sykes . Mrs. Grace Merriweather ( edit ) Mrs. Grace Merriweather is the producer of the play in which Scout plays as a ham . She tells Everett that `` the ladies of the South Maycomb Alabama Methodist Episcopal Church are behind him one hundred percent . '' She is mostly known for her devotion to the church and is widely held as the most devout lady in Maycomb ; however , like many of her peers , she is very hypocritical and loves to gossip with all the other women . Walter Cunningham , Jr. ( edit ) Walter Cunningham , Jr. is a child who is almost as old as Jem but is in Scout 's class . He lives on a farm . He is too poor to even pay off a 25 - cent debt because the Great Depression hit his poor family hard . He does n't take money because his family ca n't pay people back in cash . His father paid Atticus for his service for something a while back with some goods . Walter is invited over to the Finches ' house once , after engaging in a fight with Scout , where he covers up all of his dinner with molasses , much to Scout 's vocal dismay . This teaches Scout a lesson in humility and compassion . Walter Cunningham , Sr. ( edit ) Walter Cunningham , Sr. is Walter Cunningham Jr. 's father . He appears only twice , once at the beginning of the story when he has to pay off the debt to Atticus ( Walter Cunningham Sr. was his client ) by giving him firewood , vegetables and other supplies . He also leads the mob that comes to lynch Tom Robinson the night before the trial . Only when Scout talks to him about his son and how much he owes to Atticus does he reconsider and call off the mob . Scout innocently shames him because Scout reminds him of all the things that Atticus has done for him and for Maycomb County . After the verdict is given in the trial , Atticus tells Jem that one of the Cunninghams had changed his thoughts about Tom and pleaded that Tom was not guilty to the jury . Little Chuck Little ( edit ) Little Chuck Little is a student in Scout 's first - grade class who has the mindset of an adult . His real name is Charles . He is depicted as chiefly antagonistic of Burris Ewell . He is presented in the novel when Miss Caroline is frightened by Burris ' lice . He warned Miss Caroline that if Burris was n't released from class , he might try something that would put their classmates at risk . When Burris starts advancing on Little Chuck after his warning / veiled insult , Little Chuck 's hand moved to his pocket ( implying that he was going to pull out a knife ) while saying , `` Watch your step , Burris . I 'd soon 's kill you as look at you . Now go home . '' Scared by Little Chuck 's bravery and his implied knife , Burris retreats . From this we see , through the narrative view of Scout , his gentlemanly attitude and how it calms Miss Caroline down . Little Chuck may be even more intelligent than originally meets the eye , as he easily could have been bluffing about the aforementioned implied knife to scare Burris into retreating . Mr. Dick Avery ( edit ) Mr. Dick Avery is an overweight neighbor who tells Jem and Scout that dramatic changes in the weather are caused by disobedient and misbehaving children . After it snows , they build a snowman that resembles him . Mr. Avery can also be seen in the story pushing a mattress out of a window when Miss Maudie 's house catches fire . The kids , including Jem and Scout , always waited for him to do something interesting . For instance , Jem claims that one night he urinated from his front porch in an impressive arc . Miss Gates ( edit ) Miss Gates is a third grade teacher at Scout 's school who insists that America is n't prejudiced like Hitler 's Germany . Despite this , Scout has heard her say that the blacks need to be taught a lesson after Tom 's trial . Eula May ( edit ) Eula May is Maycomb 's most prominent telephone operator . She sends out public announcements , invitations , and activates the fire alarm . She announced the closing of schools when it snowed and announced the rabid dog that entered Maycomb . Also , Eula May knows everybody in the town because of her unique job . Cecil Jacobs ( edit ) Cecil Jacobs teases Scout and Jem at school . Scout almost gets into a fight with Cecil over the trial of Tom Robinson . Scout beats up Cecil Jacobs because he says Atticus is a `` Nigger Lover . '' He gives a current event on Adolf Hitler and later frightens Scout and Jem on their way to the Halloween pageant . He and Scout then pair up at the carnival . At the Halloween pageant afterwards , Cecil was a cow . He hints that black people are not as good as white people while talking about Hitler during current events . He also tends to take jokes too far . However importantly he shows how prejudice is passed on from parent to child . Tim Johnson ( edit ) Tim Johnson is a dog belonging to Harry Johnson ( a character in the book who is mentioned once but is never seen ) . He is infected by rabies in chapter 10 and goes mad , putting everyone in the town at risk . Atticus is forced to shoot Tim Johnson before he reaches the Radley House or attacks anyone . When Atticus shoots the dog , his excellent marksmanship is revealed to Scout and Jem ( his nickname used to be One - Shot Finch ) . The dog 's body is collected by Zeebo . Simon Finch ( edit ) Simon Finch is the founder of Finch 's Landing . He is referred to in the first chapter of the book , being a direct ancestor of Atticus . He is a Cornish Methodist , and emigrated from England to avoid religious persecution , landing in Philadelphia before settling in Alabama . He was married , with one son , eight daughters . He is also an apothecary . Maxwell Green ( edit ) Maxwell Green is the new lawyer in town . He is normally the judicially - assigned defense attorney but Judge Taylor assigned Tom Robinson 's case to Atticus to give Tom Robinson a better chance . Mr. X Billups ( edit ) Mr. X Billups who is seen only once in the book , going to the trial , is described as a `` funny man '' . X is his name , and not his initial . He was asked repeated times what his name was until he signed it . X was the name he had been given when he was born because his parents marked his birth certificate with an X instead of a name . The Barber sisters ( Miss `` Tutti '' and Miss `` Frutti '' ) ( edit ) The Barber Sisters ( Miss Sarah , nicknamed `` Tutti '' and Miss Frances , nicknamed `` Frutti '' ) are maiden sisters who live in the only house in Maycomb with a cellar . They were originally from Clanton , Alabama ; and are rumored to be Republicans . Besides their Yankee ways , both sisters are deaf ( Tutti completely deaf ; Frutti uses an ear trumpet ) , and had a Halloween prank pulled on them by some `` wicked '' schoolchildren ( Scout claims she was not included ) who put all of their furniture in their cellar . Mrs. gertrude Farrow ( edit ) Mrs. Farrow is a lady in the missionary society who visits the Finch house occasionally . Mr. Conner ( edit ) Mr. Conner is mentioned early on in the book . He was locked in an outhouse by `` Boo '' Radley and his friends . After taking the teenagers to court , Mr. Conner accused them of `` disorderly conduct , disturbing the peace , assault and battery , and using abusive and profane language in the presence and hearing of a female . '' He added the last charge after claiming that the teens had `` cussed so loud he was sure every lady in Maycomb heard them . '' Zeebo ( edit ) Calpurnia 's eldest son , Zeebo , was taught how to read by Calpurnia . Zeebo is one of just four people in First Purchase Church who can read , so he is the vocal leader , leading hymns in their church by `` lining '' -- reading a line of verse and having the congregation repeat it . He is also the garbage man of Maycomb , and took away the dead rabid dog , Tim Johnson . When Lula , a fellow church member tries to make Scout and Jem feel bad for attending church with Calpurnia , Zeebo welcomes them with open arms . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What Kids Are Reading : The Book Reading Habits of Students in American Schools '' , Renaissance Learning , Inc. , 2008 . Retrieved on July 11 , 2008 . See also `` What Kids Are Reading : The Book Reading Habits of Students in American Schools Archived 2012 - 03 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , Renaissance Learning , Inc. 2010 . Retrieved on May 1 , 2011 . where To Kill a Mockingbird appears at number 2 . Jump up ^ `` To Kill A Mockingbird Guide at studentshare.net ; Release Year : 2017 '' . Jump up ^ `` Edmond Public Schools - Edmond Public Schools '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Minzesheimer , Bob ( December 17 , 2007 ) . `` ' Kansas ' imagines Truman Capote - Harper Lee rift '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arthur Radley ( Boo ) in To Kill a Mockingbird '' . Jump up ^ Lee , Harper ( 1960 ) . To Kill a Mockingbird . United States of America : Warner Books . p. 81 . Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1960 ) Characters Atticus Finch Film To Kill a Mockingbird Play To Kill a Mockingbird Prequel Go Set a Watchman Other To Kill a Mockingbird in popular culture Broken Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_characters&oldid=856356785 '' Categories : To Kill a Mockingbird Fictional characters from Alabama Lists of literary characters Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 16 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20To%20Kill%20a%20Mockingbird%20characters

where is 9th circuit court of appeals located

Headquartered in San Francisco , California , the Ninth Circuit is by far the largest of the thirteen courts of appeals , with 29 active judgeships . The court 's regular meeting places are Seattle at the William Kenzo Nakamura United States Courthouse , Portland at the Pioneer Courthouse , San Francisco at the James R. Browning U.S. Court of Appeals Building , and Pasadena at the Richard H. Chambers U.S. Court of Appeals . Panels of the court occasionally travel to hear cases in other locations within the circuit . Although the judges travel around the circuit , the court arranges its hearings so that cases from the northern region of the circuit are heard in Seattle or Portland , cases from southern California are heard in Pasadena , and cases from northern California , Nevada , Arizona , and Hawaii are heard in San Francisco . For lawyers who must come and present their cases to the court in person , this administrative grouping of cases helps to reduce the time and cost of travel .

Headquartered in San Francisco , California

United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit

united states court of appeals for the ninth circuit

The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ( in case citations , 9th Cir . ) is a U.S. Federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts :

District of Alaska District of Arizona Central District of California Eastern District of California Northern District of California Southern District of California District of Hawaii District of Idaho District of Montana District of Nevada District of Oregon Eastern District of Washington Western District of Washington It also has appellate jurisdiction over the following territorial courts : District of Guam District of the Northern Mariana Islands Headquartered in San Francisco , California , the Ninth Circuit is by far the largest of the thirteen courts of appeals , with 29 active judgeships . The court 's regular meeting places are Seattle at the William Kenzo Nakamura United States Courthouse , Portland at the Pioneer Courthouse , San Francisco at the James R. Browning U.S. Court of Appeals Building , and Pasadena at the Richard H. Chambers U.S. Court of Appeals . Panels of the court occasionally travel to hear cases in other locations within the circuit . Although the judges travel around the circuit , the court arranges its hearings so that cases from the northern region of the circuit are heard in Seattle or Portland , cases from southern California are heard in Pasadena , and cases from northern California , Nevada , Arizona , and Hawaii are heard in San Francisco . For lawyers who must come and present their cases to the court in person , this administrative grouping of cases helps to reduce the time and cost of travel . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and background 2 Controversy 2.1 Allegations of liberalism 2.2 Rate of overturned decisions 2.3 Size of the court 3 Current composition of the court 4 Vacancies and pending nominations 5 List of former judges 6 Chief judges 7 Succession of seats 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links History and background ( edit ) Ninth Circuit Court House in 1905 Year Jurisdiction Total population Pop . as % of nat'l pop . Number of active judgeships 1891 California , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , Oregon , Washington 2,087,000 3.3 % 1900 Territory of Hawaii added 2,798,000 3.7 % 1920 Arizona added 7,415,000 6.7 % 1940 11,881,000 9.0 % 7 1960 Alaska and Guam added 22,607,000 12.6 % 9 1980 Northern Mariana Islands added 37,170,000 16.4 % 23 2000 54,575,000 19.3 % 28 2007 60,400,000 19.9 % 28 2009 61,403,307 19.72 % 29 The large size of the current court is due to the fact that both the population of the western states and the geographic jurisdiction of the Ninth Circuit have increased dramatically since the U.S. Congress created the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in 1891 . The court was originally granted appellate jurisdiction over federal district courts in California , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , Oregon , and Washington . As new states and territories were added to the federal judicial hierarchy in the twentieth century , many of those in the West were placed in the Ninth Circuit : the newly acquired Territory of Hawaii in 1900 , Arizona upon its admission to the Union in 1912 , the Territory of Alaska in 1948 , Guam in 1951 , and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in 1977 . The Ninth Circuit also had jurisdiction over certain American interests in China , in that it had jurisdiction over appeals from the United States Court for China during the existence of that court from 1906 through 1943 . However , the Philippines were never under the Ninth Circuit 's jurisdiction . Congress never created a federal district court in the Philippines from which the Ninth Circuit could hear appeals . Instead , appeals from the Supreme Court of the Philippines were taken directly to the Supreme Court of the United States . In 1979 , the Ninth Circuit became the first federal judicial circuit to set up a Bankruptcy Appellate Panel as authorized by the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978 . The Richard H. Chambers U.S. Court of Appeals , Pasadena , California The cultural and political jurisdiction of the Ninth Circuit is just as varied as the land within its geographical borders . In a dissenting opinion in a rights of publicity case involving the Wheel of Fortune star Vanna White , Circuit Judge Alex Kozinski sardonically noted that `` ( f ) or better or worse , we are the Court of Appeals for the Hollywood Circuit . '' Judges from more remote parts of the circuit note the contrast between legal issues confronted by populous states such as California and those confronted by rural states such as Alaska , Idaho , Montana , and Nevada . Judge Andrew J. Kleinfeld , who maintains his judicial chambers in Fairbanks , Alaska , wrote in a letter in 1998 : `` Much federal law is not national in scope ... It is easy to make a mistake construing these laws when unfamiliar with them , as we often are , or not interpreting them regularly , as we never do . '' Controversy ( edit ) Allegations of liberalism ( edit ) According to the most current count , the Ninth Circuit has among the highest percentage of sitting judges appointed by Democratic presidents . Republicans argue the court is biased because of its relatively high proportion of Democratic appointees . Rate of overturned decisions ( edit ) From 1999 to 2008 , of the 0.151 % of Ninth Circuit Court rulings that were reviewed by the Supreme Court , 20 % were affirmed , 19 % were vacated , and 61 % were reversed ; the median reversal rate for all federal appellate courts was 68.29 % for the same period . From 2010 to 2015 , of the cases it accepted to review , the Supreme Court reversed around 79 percent of the cases from the Ninth Circuit , ranking its reversal rate third among the circuits ; the median reversal rate for all federal circuits for the same time period was around 70 percent . Some argue the court 's high percentage of reversals is illusory , resulting from the circuit hearing more cases than the other circuits . This results in the Supreme Court reviewing a smaller proportion of its cases , letting stand the vast majority of its cases . Former Chief Judges Mary M. Schroeder and Procter Ralph Hug Jr . Size of the Court ( edit ) Critics of the Ninth Circuit claim there are several adverse consequences of its large size . Chief among these is the Ninth Circuit 's unique rules concerning the composition of an en banc court . In other circuits , en banc courts are composed of all active circuit judges , plus ( depending on the rules of the particular court ) any senior judges who took part in the original panel decision . By contrast , in the Ninth Circuit it is impractical for 29 or more judges to take part in a single oral argument and deliberate on a decision en masse . The court thus provides for a `` limited en banc review of a randomly selected 11 judge panel . This means that en banc reviews may not actually reflect the views of the majority of the court and indeed may not include any of the three judges involved in the decision being reviewed in the first place . The result , according to detractors , is a high risk of intracircuit conflicts of law where different groupings of judges end up delivering contradictory opinions . That is said to cause uncertainty in the district courts and within the bar . However , en banc review is a relatively rare occurrence in all circuits and Ninth Circuit rules provide for full en banc review in limited circumstances . All recently proposed splits would leave at least one circuit with 21 judges , only two fewer than the 23 that the Ninth Circuit had when the limited en banc procedure was first adopted . In other words , after a split at least one of the circuits would still be using limited en banc courts . In March 2007 , Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy and Clarence Thomas testified before a House Appropriations subcommittee that the consensus among the justices of the Supreme Court of the United States was that the Ninth Circuit was too large and unwieldy and should be split . Congressional officials , legislative commissions , and interest groups have all submitted proposals to divide the Ninth Circuit such as : Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals Reorganization Act of 1993 , H.R. 3654 Final Report of the Commission on Structural Alternatives for the Federal Courts of Appeals Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals of Reorganization Act of 2003 , S. 562 Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals Judgeship and Reorganization Act of 2003 , H.R. 2723 Ninth Circuit Judgeship and Reorganization Act of 2004 , S. 878 ( reintroduced as the Ninth Circuit Judgeship and Reorganization Act of 2005 , H.R. 211 , and co-sponsored by House Majority Leader Tom DeLay ) Circuit Court of Appeals Restructuring and Modernization Act of 2005 , S. 1845 Circuit Court of Appeals Restructuring and Modernization Act of 2007 , S. 525 . Current composition of the court ( edit ) As of January 1 , 2017 , the judges on the court are : # Title Judge Duty station Term of service Appointed by Active Chief Senior 74 Chief Judge Sidney Runyan Thomas Billings , MT 1953 1996 -- present 2014 -- present -- Clinton 57 Circuit Judge Stephen Reinhardt Los Angeles , CA 1931 1980 -- present -- -- Carter 62 Circuit Judge Alex Kozinski Pasadena , CA 1950 1985 -- present 2007 -- 2014 -- Reagan 76 Circuit Judge Susan P. Graber Portland , OR 1949 1998 -- present -- -- Clinton 77 Circuit Judge M. Margaret McKeown San Diego , CA 1951 1998 -- present -- -- Clinton 78 Circuit Judge Kim McLane Wardlaw Pasadena , CA 1954 1998 -- present -- -- Clinton 79 Circuit Judge William A. Fletcher San Francisco , CA 1945 1998 -- present -- -- Clinton 81 Circuit Judge Ronald M. Gould Seattle , WA 1946 1999 -- present -- -- Clinton 82 Circuit Judge Richard A. Paez Pasadena , CA 1947 2000 -- present -- -- Clinton 83 Circuit Judge Marsha S. Berzon San Francisco , CA 1945 2000 -- present -- -- Clinton 84 Circuit Judge Richard C. Tallman Seattle , WA 1953 2000 -- present -- -- Clinton 85 Circuit Judge Johnnie B. Rawlinson Las Vegas , NV 1952 2000 -- present -- -- Clinton 87 Circuit Judge Jay Bybee Las Vegas , NV 1953 2003 -- present -- -- G.W. Bush 88 Circuit Judge Consuelo María Callahan Sacramento , CA 1950 2003 -- present -- -- G.W. Bush 89 Circuit Judge Carlos Bea San Francisco , CA 1934 2003 -- present -- -- G.W. Bush 90 Circuit Judge Milan D. Smith , Jr . El Segundo , CA 1942 2006 -- present -- -- G.W. Bush 91 Circuit Judge Sandra Segal Ikuta Pasadena , CA 1954 2006 -- present -- -- G.W. Bush 92 Circuit Judge N. Randy Smith Pocatello , ID 1949 2007 -- present -- -- G.W. Bush 93 Circuit Judge Mary H. Murguia Phoenix , AZ 1960 2011 -- present -- -- Obama 94 Circuit Judge Morgan Christen Anchorage , AK 1961 2012 -- present -- -- Obama 95 Circuit Judge Jacqueline Nguyen Pasadena , CA 1965 2012 -- present -- -- Obama 96 Circuit Judge Paul J. Watford Pasadena , CA 1967 2012 -- present -- -- Obama 97 Circuit Judge Andrew D. Hurwitz Phoenix , AZ 1947 2012 -- present -- -- Obama 98 Circuit Judge John B. Owens San Diego , CA 1971 2014 -- present -- -- Obama 99 Circuit Judge Michelle Friedland San Jose , CA 1972 2014 -- present -- -- Obama 100 Circuit Judge vacant -- -- -- -- -- -- 101 Circuit Judge vacant -- -- -- -- -- -- 102 Circuit Judge vacant -- -- -- -- -- -- 103 Circuit Judge vacant -- -- -- -- -- -- 38 Senior Circuit Judge Alfred Goodwin Pasadena , CA 1923 1971 -- 1991 1988 -- 1991 1991 -- present Nixon 39 Senior Circuit Judge J. Clifford Wallace San Diego , CA 1928 1972 -- 1996 1991 -- 1996 1996 -- present Nixon 43 Senior Circuit Judge Procter Ralph Hug Jr . Reno , NV 1931 1977 -- 2002 1996 -- 2000 2002 -- present Carter 46 Senior Circuit Judge Mary M. Schroeder Phoenix , AZ 1940 1979 -- 2012 2000 -- 2007 2012 -- present Carter 48 Senior Circuit Judge Joseph Jerome Farris Seattle , WA 1930 1979 -- 1995 -- 1995 -- present Carter 50 Senior Circuit Judge Harry Pregerson Woodland Hills , CA 1923 1979 -- 2015 -- 2015 -- present Carter 53 Senior Circuit Judge Dorothy Wright Nelson Pasadena , CA 1928 1979 -- 1995 -- 1995 -- present Carter 54 Senior Circuit Judge William Cameron Canby , Jr . Phoenix , AZ 1931 1980 -- 1996 -- 1996 -- present Carter 65 Senior Circuit Judge Diarmuid O'Scannlain Portland , OR 1937 1986 -- 2016 -- 2016 -- present Reagan 66 Senior Circuit Judge Edward Leavy Portland , OR 1929 1987 -- 1997 -- 1997 -- present Reagan 67 Senior Circuit Judge Stephen S. Trott Boise , ID 1939 1988 -- 2004 -- 2005 -- present Reagan 68 Senior Circuit Judge Ferdinand Francis Fernandez Pasadena , CA 1937 1989 -- 2002 -- 2002 -- present G.H.W. Bush 71 Senior Circuit Judge Andrew Jay Kleinfeld Fairbanks , AK 1945 1991 -- 2010 -- 2010 -- present G.H.W. Bush 72 Senior Circuit Judge Michael Daly Hawkins Phoenix , AZ 1945 1994 -- 2010 -- 2010 -- present Clinton 73 Senior Circuit Judge A. Wallace Tashima Pasadena , CA 1934 1996 -- 2004 -- 2004 -- present Clinton 75 Senior Circuit Judge Barry G. Silverman Phoenix , AZ 1951 1998 -- 2016 -- 2016 -- present Clinton 80 Senior Circuit Judge Raymond C. Fisher Pasadena , CA 1939 1999 -- 2013 -- 2013 -- present Clinton 86 Senior Circuit Judge Richard R. Clifton Honolulu , HI 1950 2002 -- 2016 -- 2016 -- present G.W. Bush Vacancies and pending nominations ( edit ) Seat Seat last held by Vacancy reason Date of vacancy Nominee Date of nomination 19 Harry Pregerson Senior Status December 11 , 2015 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 13 Barry Silverman Senior Status October 11 , 2016 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 10 Diarmuid O'Scannlain Senior Status December 31 , 2016 Ryan Wesley Bounds September 7 , 2017 24 Richard R. Clifton Senior Status December 31 , 2016 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 14 Richard C. Tallman Senior Status March 3 , 2018 0 ! -- 0 ! -- List of former judges ( edit ) # Judge State Born -- died Active service Chief Judge Senior status Appointed by Reason for termination Sawyer , Lorenzo Lorenzo Sawyer California 1820 -- 1891 1891 -- 1891 -- -- Grant , Grant death McKenna , Joseph Joseph McKenna California 1843 -- 1926 1892 -- 1897 -- -- Harrison , B. B. Harrison resignation to become U.S. Attorney General Gilbert , William Ball William Ball Gilbert Oregon 1847 -- 1931 1892 -- 1931 -- -- Harrison , B. B. Harrison death Ross , Erskine Mayo Erskine Mayo Ross California 1845 -- 1928 1895 -- 1925 -- 1925 -- 1928 Cleveland , Cleveland death 5 Morrow , William W. William W. Morrow California 1843 -- 1929 1897 -- 1923 -- -- McKinley , McKinley resignation -- Hunt , William Henry William Henry Hunt Montana 1857 -- 1949 1911 -- 1928 -- 1928 -- 1928 resignation 6 Rudkin , Frank H. Frank H. Rudkin Washington 1864 -- 1931 1923 -- 1931 -- -- Harding , Harding death 7 McCamant , Wallace Wallace McCamant Oregon 1867 -- 1944 1925 -- 1926 -- -- Coolidge , Coolidge recess appointment not confirmed by the United States Senate 8 Dietrich , Frank Sigel Frank Sigel Dietrich Idaho 1863 -- 1930 1927 -- 1930 -- -- Coolidge , Coolidge death 9 Wilbur , Curtis D. Curtis D. Wilbur California 1867 -- 1954 1929 -- 1945 -- 1945 -- 1954 Hoover , Hoover death 10 Sawtelle , William Henry William Henry Sawtelle Arizona 1868 -- 1934 1931 -- 1934 -- -- Hoover , Hoover death 11 Garrecht , Francis Arthur Francis Arthur Garrecht Washington 1870 -- 1948 1933 -- 1948 -- -- Roosevelt , F. F. Roosevelt death 12 Denman , William William Denman California 1872 -- 1959 1935 -- 1957 1948 -- 1957 1957 -- 1959 Roosevelt , F. F. Roosevelt death 13 Mathews , Clifton Clifton Mathews Arizona 1880 -- 1962 1935 -- 1953 -- 1953 -- 1962 Roosevelt , F. F. Roosevelt death 14 Haney , Bert E. Bert E. Haney Oregon 1879 -- 1943 1935 -- 1943 -- -- Roosevelt , F. F. Roosevelt death 15 Stephens Sr. , Albert Lee Albert Lee Stephens Sr . California 1874 -- 1965 1937 -- 1961 1957 -- 1959 1961 -- 1965 Roosevelt , F. F. Roosevelt death 16 Healy , William William Healy Idaho 1881 -- 1962 1937 -- 1958 -- 1958 -- 1962 Roosevelt , F. F. Roosevelt death 17 Bone , Homer Homer Bone Washington 1883 -- 1970 1944 -- 1956 -- 1956 -- 1970 Roosevelt , F. F. Roosevelt death 18 Orr , William Edwin William Edwin Orr Nevada 1881 -- 1965 1945 -- 1956 -- 1956 -- 1965 Truman , Truman death 19 Pope , Walter Lyndon Walter Lyndon Pope Montana 1889 -- 1969 1949 -- 1961 1959 -- 1959 1961 -- 1969 Truman , Truman death 20 Lemmon , Dal Millington Dal Millington Lemmon California 1887 -- 1958 1954 -- 1958 -- -- Eisenhower , Eisenhower death 21 Chambers , Richard Harvey Richard Harvey Chambers Arizona 1906 -- 1994 1954 -- 1976 1959 -- 1976 1976 -- 1994 Eisenhower , Eisenhower death 22 Fee , James Alger James Alger Fee Oregon 1888 -- 1959 1954 -- 1959 -- -- Eisenhower , Eisenhower death 23 Barnes , Stanley Stanley Barnes California 1900 -- 1990 1956 -- 1970 -- 1970 -- 1990 Eisenhower , Eisenhower death 24 Hamley , Frederick George Frederick George Hamley Washington 1903 -- 1975 1956 -- 1971 -- 1971 -- 1975 Eisenhower , Eisenhower death 25 Hamlin Jr. , Oliver Deveta Oliver Deveta Hamlin Jr . California 1892 -- 1973 1958 -- 1963 -- 1963 -- 1973 Eisenhower , Eisenhower death 26 Jertberg , Gilbert H. Gilbert H. Jertberg California 1897 -- 1973 1958 -- 1967 -- 1967 -- 1973 Eisenhower , Eisenhower death 27 Merrill , Charles Merton Charles Merton Merrill Nevada 1907 -- 1996 1959 -- 1974 -- 1974 -- 1996 Eisenhower , Eisenhower death 28 Koelsch , Montgomery Oliver Montgomery Oliver Koelsch Idaho 1912 -- 1992 1959 -- 1976 -- 1976 -- 1992 Eisenhower , Eisenhower death 29 Browning , James R. James R. Browning California 1918 -- 2012 1961 -- 2000 1976 -- 1988 2000 -- 2012 Kennedy death 30 Duniway , Benjamin C. Benjamin C. Duniway California 1907 -- 1986 1961 -- 1976 -- 1976 -- 1986 Kennedy , Kennedy death 31 Ely , Jr. , Walter Raleigh Walter Raleigh Ely , Jr . California 1913 -- 1984 1964 -- 1979 -- 1979 -- 1984 Johnson , L. L. Johnson death 32 Carter , James Marshall James Marshall Carter California 1904 -- 1979 1967 -- 1971 -- 1971 -- 1979 Johnson , L. L. Johnson death 33 Hufstedler , Shirley Shirley Hufstedler California 1925 -- 2016 1968 -- 1979 -- -- Johnson , L. L. Johnson resignation to become U.S. Secretary of Education 34 Wright , Eugene Allen Eugene Allen Wright Washington 1913 -- 2002 1969 -- 1983 -- 1983 -- 2002 Nixon , Nixon death 35 Kilkenny , John John Kilkenny Oregon 1901 -- 1995 1969 -- 1971 -- 1971 -- 1995 Nixon , Nixon death 36 Trask , Ozell Miller Ozell Miller Trask Arizona 1909 -- 1984 1971 -- 1984 -- -- Nixon , Nixon death 37 Choy , Herbert Herbert Choy Hawaii 1916 -- 2004 1971 -- 1984 -- 1984 -- 2004 Nixon , Nixon death 40 Sneed III , Joseph Tyree Joseph Tyree Sneed III California 1920 -- 2008 1973 -- 1987 -- 1987 -- 2008 Nixon , Nixon death 41 Kennedy , Anthony Anthony Kennedy California 1936 -- present 1975 -- 1988 -- -- Ford , Ford elevated to Supreme Court 42 Anderson , J. Blaine J. Blaine Anderson Idaho 1922 -- 1988 1976 -- 1988 -- -- Ford , Ford death 44 Tang , Thomas Thomas Tang Arizona 1922 -- 1995 1977 -- 1993 -- 1993 -- 1995 Carter , Carter death 45 Betty Binns Fletcher Washington 1923 -- 2012 1979 -- 1998 -- 1998 -- 2012 Carter death 47 Otto Richard Skopil Jr . Oregon 1919 -- 2012 1979 -- 1986 -- 1986 -- 2012 Carter death 49 Arthur Lawrence Alarcon California 1925 -- 2015 1979 -- 1992 -- 1992 -- 2015 Carter , Carter death 51 Warren J. Ferguson California 1920 -- 2008 1979 -- 1986 -- 1986 -- 2008 Carter , Carter death 52 Poole , Cecil F. Cecil F. Poole California 1914 -- 1997 1979 -- 1996 -- 1996 -- 1997 Carter , Carter death 55 Boochever , Robert Robert Boochever California 1917 -- 2011 1980 -- 1986 -- 1986 -- 2011 Carter death 56 Norris , William Albert William Albert Norris California 1927 -- 2017 1980 -- 1994 -- 1994 -- 1997 Carter , Carter retirement 58 Beezer , Robert R. Robert R. Beezer Washington 1928 -- 2012 1984 - 1996 -- 1996 -- 2012 Reagan death 59 Cynthia Holcomb Hall California 1929 -- 2011 1984 -- 1997 -- 1997 -- 2011 Reagan death 60 Wiggins , Charles E. Charles E. Wiggins California 1927 -- 2000 1984 -- 1996 -- 1996 -- 2000 Reagan , Reagan death 61 Brunetti , Melvin T. Melvin T. Brunetti Nevada 1933 -- 2009 1985 -- 1999 -- 1999 -- 2009 Reagan , Reagan death 63 Noonan Jr. , John T. John T. Noonan Jr . California 1926 -- 2017 1985 -- 1996 -- 1996 -- 2017 Reagan , Reagan death 64 Thompson , David R. David R. Thompson California 1930 -- 2011 1985 -- 1998 -- 1998 -- 2011 Reagan death 69 Rymer , Pamela Ann Pamela Ann Rymer California 1941 -- 2011 1989 -- 2011 -- -- G.H.W. Bush death 70 Nelson , Thomas G. Thomas G. Nelson Idaho 1936 -- 2011 1990 -- 2003 -- 2003 -- 2011 G.H.W. Bush death Chief judges ( edit ) Chief Judge Denman 1948 -- 1957 Stephens 1957 -- 1959 Pope 1959 -- 1959 Chambers 1959 -- 1976 Browning 1976 -- 1988 Goodwin 1988 -- 1991 Wallace 1991 -- 1996 Hug 1996 -- 2000 Schroeder 2000 -- 2007 Kozinski 2007 -- 2014 Thomas 2014 -- present Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their circuits , and preside over any panel on which they serve unless the circuit justice ( i.e. , the Supreme Court justice responsible for the circuit ) is also on the panel . Unlike the Supreme Court , where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief , the office of chief judge rotates among the circuit judges . To be chief , a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year , be under the age of 65 , and have not previously served as chief judge . A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges . The chief judge serves for a term of seven years or until age 70 , whichever occurs first . The age restrictions are waived if no members of the court would otherwise be qualified for the position . When the office was created in 1948 , the chief judge was the longest - serving judge who had not elected to retire on what has since 1958 been known as senior status or declined to serve as chief judge . After August 6 , 1959 , judges could not become chief after turning 70 years old . The current rules have been in operation since October 1 , 1982 . Succession of seats ( edit ) The court has 29 seats for active judges , numbered in the order in which they were filled . Judges who retire into senior status remain on the bench but leave their seat vacant . That seat is filled by the next circuit judge appointed by the president . Seat 1 Established on December 10 , 1869 by the Judiciary Act of 1869 as a circuit judgeship for the Ninth Circuit Reassigned to the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit by the Judiciary Act of 1891 Sawyer CA 1891 -- 1891 McKenna CA 1892 -- 1897 Morrow CA 1897 -- 1923 Rudkin WA 1923 -- 1931 Garrecht WA 1933 -- 1948 Pope MT 1949 -- 1961 Browning MT 1961 -- 2000 Ikuta CA 2006 -- present Seat 2 Established on June 16 , 1891 by the Judiciary Act of 1891 Gilbert OR 1892 -- 1931 Denman CA 1935 -- 1957 Hamlin CA 1958 -- 1963 Ely CA 1964 -- 1979 Norris CA 1980 -- 1994 W. Fletcher CA 1998 -- present Seat 3 Established on February 18 , 1895 by 28 Stat. 665 Ross CA 1895 -- 1925 McCamant OR 1925 -- 1926 Dietrich ID 1927 -- 1930 Sawtelle AZ 1931 -- 1934 Mathews AZ 1935 -- 1953 Fee OR 1954 -- 1959 Koelsch ID 1959 -- 1976 Anderson ID 1976 -- 1988 T. Nelson ID 1990 -- 2003 N.R. Smith ID 2007 -- present Seat 4 Established as a temporary judgeship on March 1 , 1929 by 45 Stat. 1414 Made permanent on June 16 , 1933 by 48 Stat. 310 Wilbur CA 1929 -- 1945 Orr NV 1945 -- 1956 Barnes CA 1956 -- 1970 Choy HI 1971 -- 1984 Brunetti NV 1985 -- 1999 Rawlinson NV 2000 -- present Seat 5 Established on August 2 , 1935 by 49 Stat. 508 Haney OR 1935 -- 1943 Bone WA 1944 -- 1956 Hamley WA 1956 -- 1971 Sneed CA 1973 -- 1987 Trott ID 1988 -- 2004 Owens CA 2014 -- present Seat 6 Established on April 14 , 1937 by 50 Stat. 64 Stephens CA 1937 -- 1961 Duniway CA 1961 -- 1976 Hug NV 1977 -- 2002 Bybee NV 2003 -- present Seat 7 Established on April 14 , 1937 by 50 Stat. 64 Healy ID 1937 -- 1958 Merrill NV 1959 -- 1974 Kennedy CA 1975 -- 1988 Rymer CA 1989 -- 2011 Watford CA 2012 -- present Seat 8 Established on February 10 , 1954 by 68 Stat. 871 Lemmon CA 1954 -- 1958 Jertberg CA 1958 -- 1967 Carter CA 1967 -- 1971 Wallace CA 1972 -- 1996 Wardlaw CA 1998 -- present Seat 9 Established on February 10 , 1954 by 68 Stat. 871 Chambers AZ 1954 -- 1976 Tang AZ 1977 -- 1993 Hawkins AZ 1994 -- 2010 Murguia AZ 2011 -- present Seat 10 Established on June 18 , 1968 by 82 Stat. 184 Hufstedler CA 1968 -- 1979 Boochever AK 1980 -- 1986 O'Scannlain OR 1986 -- 2016 vacant N / A 2016 -- present Seat 11 Established on June 18 , 1968 by 82 Stat. 184 Wright WA 1969 -- 1983 Beezer WA 1984 -- 1996 Gould WA 1999 -- present Seat 12 Established on June 18 , 1968 by 82 Stat. 184 Kilkenny OR 1969 -- 1971 Goodwin OR 1971 -- 1991 Kleinfeld AK 1991 -- 2010 Christen AK 2011 -- present Seat 13 Established on June 18 , 1968 by 82 Stat. 184 Trask AZ 1969 -- 1979 Canby AZ 1980 -- 1996 Silverman AZ 1998 -- 2016 vacant AZ 2016 -- present Seat 14 Established on October 20 , 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 B. Fletcher WA 1979 -- 1998 Tallman WA 2000 -- present Seat 15 Established on October 20 , 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 Schroeder AZ 1979 -- 2012 Hurwitz AZ 2012 -- present Seat 16 Established on October 20 , 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 Skopil OR 1979 -- 1986 Leavy OR 1987 -- 1997 Graber OR 1998 -- present Seat 17 Established on October 20 , 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 Farris WA 1979 -- 1995 McKeown WA 1998 -- present Seat 18 Established on October 20 , 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 Alarcon CA 1979 -- 1992 Tashima CA 1996 -- 2004 M.D. Smith CA 2006 -- present Seat 19 Established on October 20 , 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 Pregerson CA 1979 -- 2015 vacant CA 2015 -- present Seat 20 Established on October 20 , 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 Ferguson CA 1979 -- 1986 Fernandez CA 1989 -- 2002 Callahan CA 2003 -- present Seat 21 Established on October 20 , 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 Poole CA 1979 -- 1996 Paez CA 2000 -- present Seat 22 Established on October 20 , 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 D. Nelson CA 1979 -- 1995 Thomas MT 1996 -- present Seat 23 Established on October 20 , 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 Reinhardt CA 1980 -- present Seat 24 Established on July 10 , 1984 by 98 Stat. 333 Hall CA 1984 -- 1997 Clifton HI 2002 -- 2016 vacant N / A 2016 -- present Seat 25 Established on July 10 , 1984 by 98 Stat. 333 Wiggins NV 1984 -- 1996 Bea CA 2003 -- present Seat 26 Established on July 10 , 1984 by 98 Stat. 333 Kozinski CA 1985 -- present Seat 27 Established on July 10 , 1984 by 98 Stat. 333 Noonan CA 1985 -- 1996 Berzon CA 2000 -- present Seat 28 Established on July 10 , 1984 by 98 Stat. 333 Thompson CA 1985 -- 1998 Fisher CA 1999 -- 2013 Friedland CA 2014 -- present Seat 29 Established by Court Security Improvement Act of 2007 ; Effective Jan 21 , 2009 Nguyen CA 2012 -- present See also ( edit ) Courts of California Ninth Circuit appointment history Same - sex marriage in the Ninth Circuit Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The population of China is not included in the above chart for 1920 or 1940 , since the Court for China lacked plenary jurisdiction over China 's domestic population , then numbering about 430 million people ; the court exercised only extraterritorial jurisdiction over the relatively small number of American citizens in China . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ David C. Frederick , Rugged justice : the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals and the American West , 1891 - 1941 , 0520083814 , 9780520083813 , University of California Press , 1994 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Republic of China v. Merchants ' Fire Ass'n of N.Y. , 49 F. 2d 862 ( 9th Cir. 1931 ) . As the court noted , this bizarre insurance claim dispute arose directly from the `` perplexing '' civil war during China 's warlord era , in which various groups of military officers claimed to be the representatives of the Republic 's legitimate government . Jump up ^ Kepner v. United States , 195 U.S. 100 ( 1904 ) . Jump up ^ White v. Samsung Elec . Am. , Inc. , 989 F. 2d 1512 , 1521 ( 9th Cir. 1993 ) ( Kozinski , J. , dissenting ) . Jump up ^ Kleinfeld , Andrew J. ( 1998 - 05 - 22 ) . Memo to the Commission on Structural Alternatives for the Federal Courts of Appeals . URL Retrieved June 21 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Bagley , Constance E. ; Savage , Diane ( 2009 ) . Managers and the Legal Environment : Strategies for the 21st Century . Cengage Learning . p. 64 . ISBN 9780324582048 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Landslide , Volume 2 , Number 3 , January / February 2010 by the American Bar Association . Jump up ^ Carroll , Lauren ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` No , the 9th Circuit is n't the ' most overturned court in the country , ' as Hannity says '' . PolitiFact . Jump up ^ Jerome Farris , The Ninth Circuit -- Most Maligned Circuit in the Country Fact or Fiction ? 58 Ohio St. L.J. 1465 ( 1997 ) ( noting that , in 1996 , the Supreme Court let stand 99.7 percent of the Ninth Circuit 's cases ) . Jump up ^ Carol J. Williams ( July 18 , 2011 ) . `` U.S. Supreme Court again rejects most decisions by the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Scannlain , Diarmuid ( October 2005 ) . `` Ten Reasons Why the Ninth Circuit Should Be Split '' ( PDF ) . Engage. 6 ( 2 ) : 58 -- 64 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 2 , 2009 . Retrieved May 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of Circuit Judge Alex Kozinski to the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Courts '' . U.S. House of Representatives . October 21 , 2003 . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schroeder , Mary M. ; et al. ( April 2006 ) . `` A Court United : A Statement of a Number of Ninth Circuit Judges '' ( PDF ) . Engage. 7 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 66 . Retrieved June 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` America and the Courts , '' 48 : 28 . C - SPAN , March 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Eric J. Gribbin , 47 Duke L.J. 351 , law.duke.edu Jump up ^ Final Report , Commission on Structural Alternatives for the Federal Courts of Appeals , Dec. 18 , 1998 Jump up ^ Testimony of Circuit Judge Richard Tallman : U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit , 26 October 2005 . United States Senate : Committee on the Judiciary . Retrieved November 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Govtrack.us S. 525 -- 110th Congress ( 2007 ) : Circuit Court of Appeals Restructuring and Modernization Act of 2007 , GovTrack.us ( database of federal legislation ) : govtrack.us ( Retrieved February 18 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Sawyer was appointed as a circuit judge for the Ninth Circuit in 1869 by Ulysses S. Grant . The Judiciary Act of 1891 reassigned his seat to what is now the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . Jump up ^ Hunt did not have a permanent seat on this court . Instead , he was appointed to the ill - fated United States Commerce Court in 1911 by William Howard Taft . Aside from their duties on the Commerce Court , the judges of the Commerce Court also acted as at - large appellate judges , able to be assigned by the Chief Justice of the United States to whichever circuit most needed help . Hunt was assigned to the Ninth Circuit upon his commission . Jump up ^ Recess appointment . Jump up ^ President Coolidge first nominated Wilbur for the judgeship in the final days of his presidency , but the Senate failed to act on it before the 70tb Congress ended on March 3 , 1929 . `` Wilbur Nominated for Judge Post , '' Woodland Daily Democrat , 1929 - 03 - 01 at p. 1 ( noting , as the Coolidge Administration ended , that Coolidge nominated Wilbur for the new judgeship ) ; `` Sentence Cut Out by Hoover , '' Oakland Tribune , 1929 - 03 - 04 , Section D , p. 1 ( noting that the Wilbur nomination was not acted upon before the 70th Congress ended ) . Hoover then resubmitted the nomination to the Senate in the 71st Congress , which approved it . Jump up ^ Court Security Improvement Act of 2007 , Pub . L. 110 - 177 § 509 ( a ) ( 2 ) , 121 Stat. 2534 , 2543 , January 7 , 2008 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original works on the topic : United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit This website includes links to the court 's published and unpublished opinions , court - specific rules of appellate procedure , and general operating procedures . Ninth Circuit Library Recent opinions from FindLaw Federal Judicial Center Disposition of Supreme Court decisions on certiorari or appeal from state and territory supreme courts , and from federal courts of appeals , 1950 - 2006 Current judges of the United States courts of appeals 1st Circuit Active Howard Torruella Lynch Thompson Kayatta Barron Senior Campbell Selya Boudin Stahl Lipez 2nd Circuit Active Katzmann Jacobs Cabranes Pooler Raggi Hall Livingston Chin Lohier Carney Droney 2 seats vacant Senior Newman Kearse Winter Walker Leval Calabresi Straub Sack Parker Wesley Lynch 3rd Circuit Active Smith McKee Ambro Chagares Jordan Hardiman Greenaway Vanaskie Shwartz Krause Restrepo 3 seats vacant Senior Sloviter Stapleton Greenberg Scirica Cowen Nygaard Roth Rendell Barry Fuentes Fisher 4th Circuit Active Gregory Wilkinson Niemeyer Motz Traxler King Shedd Duncan Agee Keenan Wynn Diaz Floyd Thacker Harris Senior Chapman Hamilton 5th Circuit Active Stewart Jolly Jones Smith Dennis Clement Prado Owen Elrod Southwick Haynes Graves Higginson Costa 3 seats vacant Senior King Reavley Higginbotham Davis Duhé Barksdale Wiener Benavides 6th Circuit Active Cole Batchelder Moore Clay Gibbons Rogers Sutton Cook McKeague Griffin Kethledge White Stranch Donald Thapar Bush Senior Keith Merritt Wellford Guy Boggs Norris Suhrheinrich Siler Daughtrey Gilman 7th Circuit Active Wood Flaum Easterbrook Kanne Rovner Sykes Hamilton 3 seats vacant Senior Bauer Ripple Manion Williams 8th Circuit Active Smith Wollman Loken Colloton Gruender Benton Shepherd Kelly 3 seats vacant Senior Bowman Beam Hansen Arnold Murphy Riley Melloy 9th Circuit Active Thomas Reinhardt Kozinski Graber McKeown Wardlaw Fletcher Gould Paez Berzon Tallman Rawlinson Bybee Callahan Bea M Smith Ikuta N Smith Murguia Christen Nguyen Watford Hurwitz Owens Friedland 4 seats vacant Senior Goodwin Wallace Hug Schroeder Farris Pregerson Nelson Canby O'Scannlain Leavy Trott Fernandez Kleinfeld Hawkins Tashima Fisher Silverman Clifton 10th Circuit Active Tymkovich Kelly Briscoe Lucero Hartz Holmes Matheson Bacharach Phillips McHugh Moritz 1 seat vacant Senior McKay Seymour Porfilio Anderson Baldock Brorby Ebel Murphy O'Brien 11th Circuit Active E Carnes Tjoflat Hull Marcus Wilson W Pryor Martin Jordan Rosenbaum J Carnes J Pryor Newsom Senior Fay Anderson Edmondson Cox Dubina Black D.C. Circuit Active Garland Henderson Rogers Tatel Griffith Kavanaugh Srinivasan Millett Pillard Wilkins 1 seat vacant Senior Edwards Silberman Buckley Williams Ginsburg Sentelle Randolph Federal Circuit Active Prost Newman Lourie Dyk Moore O'Malley Reyna Wallach Taranto Chen Hughes Stoll Senior Mayer Plager Clevenger Schall Bryson Linn Current senior judges of the United States courts of appeals 1st Circuit Campbell Selya Boudin Stahl Lipez 2nd Circuit Newman Kearse Winter Walker Leval Calabresi Straub Sack Parker Wesley Lynch 3rd Circuit Sloviter Stapleton Greenberg Scirica Cowen Nygaard Roth Rendell Barry Fuentes Fisher 4th Circuit Chapman Hamilton 5th Circuit King Reavley Higginbotham Davis Duhé , Jr . Barksdale Wiener Benavides 6th Circuit Keith Merritt Wellford Guy Boggs Norris Suhrheinrich Siler Daughtrey Gilman 7th Circuit Bauer Ripple Manion Williams 8th Circuit Bowman Beam Hansen Arnold Murphy Riley Melloy 9th Circuit Goodwin Wallace Hug Schroeder Farris Pregerson Nelson Canby O'Scannlain Leavy Trott Fernandez Kleinfeld Hawkins Tashima Fisher Silverman Clifton 10th Circuit McKay Seymour Porfilio Anderson Baldock Brorby Ebel Murphy O'Brien 11th Circuit Fay Anderson Edmondson Cox Dubina Black D.C. Circuit Edwards Silberman Buckley Williams Ginsburg Sentelle Randolph Federal Circuit Mayer Plager Clevenger Schall Bryson Linn Current active district judges of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals Alaska Burgess Gleason 1 seat vacant Arizona Collins Jorgenson Campbell Snow Zipps Logan Tuchi Humetewa Márquez Rayes Soto 2 seats vacant C. California Phillips Real Wilson Carter Anderson Walter Klausner Otero Selna Carney Fischer Guilford Gutierrez Wright Wu Gee Staton Kronstadt Fitzgerald Bernal Olguin O'Connell Birotte 5 seats vacant E. California O'Neill England Mendez Mueller Nunley Drozd N. California Hamilton Alsup White Seeborg Koh Davila Chen Rogers Tigar Orrick Donato Freeman Chhabria Gilliam S. California Moskowitz Burns Sabraw Hayes Houston Benitez Sammartino Anello Battaglia Bencivengo Curiel Bashant 1 seat vacant Hawaii Seabright Kobayashi Watson 1 seat vacant Idaho Winmill Nye Montana Christensen Morris Watters Nevada Navarro Mahan Du Gordon Dorsey Boulware 1 seat vacant Oregon Mosman Aiken Hernandez Simon McShane 1 seat vacant E. Washington Rice Peterson Bastian Mendoza Jr . W. Washington Martinez Leighton Jones Settle 3 seats vacant Guam Tydingco - Gatewood N. Mariana Islands Manglona Current senior district judges of the Ninth Circuit Alaska Holland Singleton Sedwick Beistline Arizona Rosenblatt Strand McNamee Silver Zapata Bolton Teilborg Martone Bury Wake C. California Hatter Marshall Keller Lew Pregerson Fairbank Snyder E. California Shubb Burrell Ishii N. California Henderson Armstrong Whyte Wilken Chesney Illston Breyer Fogel S. California Enright Miller Whelan Lorenz Huff Hawaii Kay Ezra Gillmor Mollway Idaho Lodge Montana Lovell Molloy Haddon Nevada George McKibben Hunt Dawson Hicks Jones Oregon Panner Redden Marsh Jones Haggerty King Brown E. Washington Quackenbush Nielsen Van Sickle Whaley Shea Suko W. Washington McGovern Rothstein Coughenour Dimmick Bryan Zilly Lasnik Pechman Robart Guam Unpingco N. Mariana Islands Munson United States courts of appeals 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th D.C. Federal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit&oldid=799422216 '' Categories : Anchorage , Alaska Billings , Montana Honolulu Las Vegas Los Angeles Pasadena , California Phoenix , Arizona Pocatello , Idaho Portland , Oregon Reno , Nevada San Diego San Francisco Seattle United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit United States courts of appeals Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource فارسی Français Hrvatski עברית Nederlands Русский Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 16 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Court%20of%20Appeals%20for%20the%20Ninth%20Circuit

full list of xbox one backwards compatible games

List of Backward compatible games for Xbox One

list of backward compatible games for xbox one

The Xbox One gaming console has received updates from Microsoft since its launch in 2013 that enable it to play select games from its two predecessor consoles , Xbox and Xbox 360 . On June 15 , 2015 , backward compatibility with supported Xbox 360 games became available to eligible Xbox Preview program users with a beta update to the Xbox One system software . The dashboard update containing backward compatibility was released publicly on November 12 , 2015 . On October 24 , 2017 , another such update added games from the original Xbox library . The following is a list of all backward compatible games on Xbox One under this functionality . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Xbox 360 1.2 Xbox 2 Xbox One X enhancements 3 List of compatible titles from Xbox 360 4 List of compatible titles from Xbox 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) At its launch in November 2013 , the Xbox One did not have native backward compatibility with original Xbox or Xbox 360 games . Xbox Live director of programming Larry `` Major Nelson '' Hryb suggested users could use the HDMI - in port on the console to pass an Xbox 360 or any other device with HDMI output through Xbox One . Senior project management and planning director Albert Penello explained that Microsoft was considering a cloud gaming platform to enable backward compatibility , but he felt it would be `` problematic '' due to varying internet connection qualities . Xbox 360 ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2015 press conference on June 15 , 2015 , Microsoft announced plans to introduce Xbox 360 backward compatibility on the Xbox One at no additional cost . Supported Xbox 360 games will run within an emulator and have access to certain Xbox One features , such as recording and broadcasting gameplay . Games do not run directly from discs . A ported form of the game is downloaded automatically when a supported game is inserted , while digitally - purchased games will automatically appear for download in the user 's library once available . As with Xbox One titles , if the game is installed using physical media , the disc is still required for validation purposes . Not all Xbox 360 games will be supported ; 104 Xbox 360 games were available for the feature 's public launch on November 12 , 2015 with Xbox One preview program members getting early access . Microsoft stated that publishers will only need to provide permission to the company to allow the repackaging , and they expect the list to grow significantly over time . Unlike the emulation of original Xbox games on the Xbox 360 , the Xbox One does not require game modification , since it emulates an exact replica of its predecessor 's environment -- both hardware and software operating systems . The downloaded game is a repackaged version of the original that identifies itself as an Xbox One title to the console . At Gamescom , Microsoft revealed it has plans to ensure `` all future Xbox 360 Games with Gold titles will be playable on Xbox One . '' On December 17 , 2015 Microsoft made another sixteen Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One , including titles such as Halo : Reach , Fable III and Deus Ex : Human Revolution . On January 21 , 2016 , Microsoft made another ten Xbox 360 games compatible , including The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings and Counter-Strike : Global Offensive . On May 13 , 2016 , Microsoft made Xbox 360 titles with multiple discs compatible , starting with Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut . In January 2016 , Microsoft announced that future titles would be added as they became available , instead of waiting until a specific day each month . Xbox ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2017 press conference on June 11 , 2017 , Microsoft announced that roughly 50 % of Xbox One users had played an Xbox 360 game on Xbox One through the system 's backward - compatibility feature . Based on popular demand , Phil Spencer , Microsoft 's Head of Xbox , announced that Xbox One consoles would be able to play select games made for the original Xbox console , first released in 2001 . The compatibility will work on all consoles in the Xbox One family , including the Xbox One X , and will be available as a free update planned for the fall of 2017 . The functionality will be similar to that for back - compatibility with Xbox 360 games . Users insert the Xbox game disc into their Xbox One console to install the compatible version of the game . While players will not be able to access any old game saves or connect to Xbox Live on these titles , system link functions will remain available . Xbox games will not receive achievement support , although when asked about this component , Spencer responded that they had nothing to announce at the current time . Realizing that game discs for original Xbox consoles could be scarce , Spencer said that plans were in place to make compatible Xbox games available digitally . Spencer also said that such games may also be incorporated into the Xbox Game Pass subscription service . In a later interview , Spencer indicated that the potential library of Xbox titles being playable on Xbox One will be smaller than that currently available from the Xbox 360 library . Spencer noted two reasons for the more limited library were the availability of content rights for the games and the technical difficulties related to the conversion . Xbox One X enhancements ( edit ) Backwards compatible original Xbox and Xbox 360 titles will benefit from becoming Xbox One X enhanced with the following : Improved framerate stability Games utilizing a dynamic resolution will hit their max resolution more often , or at all times 16x anisotropic filtering Forced V - sync Variable refresh rate compatibility ( when used with a compatible display ) List of compatible titles from Xbox 360 ( edit ) There are currently 492 on this list out of 2099 games released for the Xbox 360 . Title Publisher ( s ) Format Xbox One X Enhanced Date added Notes / References 0 Day Attack on Earth Gulti XBLA October 30 , 2017 3D Ultra MiniGolf Adventures Activision XBLA April 20 , 2017 A Kingdom for Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 A World of Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Aegis Wing Microsoft Studios XBLA January 21 , 2016 Age of Booty Capcom XBLA January 21 , 2016 Alan Wake Microsoft Studios March 17 , 2016 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Quantum Break . Alan Wake 's American Nightmare Microsoft Studios XBLA February 11 , 2016 Also included as a pre-order bonus with Quantum Break . Alice : Madness Returns Electronic Arts January 24 , 2017 Alien Hominid HD Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Altered Beast Sega XBLA April 26 , 2016 Anomaly : Warzone Earth Microsoft Studios XBLA June 7 , 2016 Aqua Microsoft Studios XBLA June 7 , 2016 ARKANOID Live ! Taito Corporation XBLA September 8 , 2016 Army of Two Electronic Arts March 28 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed Ubisoft March 21 , 2016 Assassin 's Creed II Ubisoft November 12 , 2015 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed III Ubisoft May 23 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed Liberation HD Ubisoft July 3 , 2018 Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Ubisoft April 3 , 2018 Also released as a launch title for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Ubisoft June 27 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Ubisoft March 23 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed Rogue Ubisoft February 23 , 2017 Also available as a remastered version on Xbox One . Assault Heroes 2 Sierra Entertainment XBLA April 25 , 2017 Asteroids & Deluxe Atari XBLA November 12 , 2015 AstroPop PopCap Games XBLA November 29 , 2016 Axel & Pixel 2K Play XBLA March 13 , 2018 Babel Rising Ubisoft XBLA June 16 , 2016 Band of Bugs Microsoft Studios XBLA May 4 , 2017 Banjo - Kazooie Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Kazooie : Nuts & Bolts Microsoft Studios August 4 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Tooie Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Batman : Arkham Origins WB Games Disc Only August 8 , 2017 BattleBlock Theater Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Battlefield 1943 Electronic Arts XBLA May 24 , 2018 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield 3 Electronic Arts January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company 2 Electronic Arts January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company Electronic Arts August 17 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlestations : Midway Square Enix October 11 , 2016 Bayonetta Sega September 8 , 2016 Beat'n Groovy Konami XBLA January 12 , 2017 Bejeweled 2 Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bejeweled 3 PopCap Games XBLA September 6 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bellator : MMA Onslaught 345 Games XBLA November 12 , 2015 Beyond Good & Evil HD Ubisoft XBLA November 12 , 2015 Bionic Commando : Rearmed 2 Capcom XBLA July 21 , 2016 BioShock 2K Games December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock 2 2K Games December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock Infinite 2K Games December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . Bit. Trip Presents ... Runner2 : Future Legend of Rhythm Alien Aksys Games XBLA May 5 , 2016 Blazing Angels : Squadrons of WWII Ubisoft June 27 , 2017 Blood Knights Kalypso Media XBLA June 23 , 2016 Blood of the Werewolf Midnight City XBLA November 12 , 2015 Bloodforge Microsoft Studios XBLA June 30 , 2016 BloodRayne : Betrayal Majesco Entertainment XBLA November 12 , 2015 Blue Dragon Microsoft Studios November 1 , 2016 Bolt Disney Interactive August 8 , 2017 Bomberman Live : Battlefest Hudson Soft XBLA August 18 , 2016 Boom Boom Rocket Electronic Arts XBLA July 26 , 2016 Bound by Flame Focus Home Interactive September 15 , 2016 Borderlands 2K Games September 3 , 2015 All versions of the game , including physical and digital copies , receive all DLC as a free download ( on Xbox One only ) . Borderlands 2 2K Games February 23 , 2017 Also available in Borderlands : The Handsome Collection which includes remastered versions of Borderlands 2 and Borderlands : The Pre-Sequel for Xbox One . Braid Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 Brain Challenge Ubisoft XBLA June 16 , 2016 Brave : The Video Game Disney Interactive February 20 , 2018 Bullet Soul 5pb . May 4 , 2017 Bullet Soul - Infinite Burst - 5pb . May 4 , 2017 Bully : Scholarship Edition Rockstar Games December 15 , 2016 Burnout Paradise Electronic Arts November 22 , 2016 Remastered as Burnout Paradise Remastered for Xbox One . Burnout Revenge Electronic Arts May 8 , 2018 Cabela 's Alaskan Adventures Activision April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Dangerous Hunts 2013 Activision April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Hunting Expeditions Activision April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Survival : Shadows of Katmai Activision April 27 , 2017 Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare Activision September 28 , 2017 Also released on Xbox One . Call of Duty : Black Ops Activision May 17 , 2016 Call of Duty : Black Ops II Activision April 11 , 2017 Call of Duty : Ghosts Activision June 29 , 2017 Also released as a launch title for Xbox One . Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 Activision June 19 , 2018 Call of Duty : World at War Activision September 27 , 2016 Call of Duty 2 Activision August 23 , 2016 Call of Duty 3 Activision September 22 , 2016 Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare Activision March 29 , 2018 Also available in a remastered version . Call of Juarez : Gunslinger Ubisoft XBLA November 12 , 2015 Capcom Arcade Cabinet Capcom XBLA July 21 , 2016 Carcassonne Sierra Online XBLA February 26 , 2016 Cars Mater - National Championship Disney Interactive Studios November 14 , 2017 Cars 2 : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios March 2 , 2017 Castlevania : Symphony of the Night Konami XBLA March 17 , 2016 Castle Crashers Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse Sega XBLA August 30 , 2016 CastleStorm Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Catherine Atlus December 15 , 2016 Cave , The The Cave Sega XBLA April 26 , 2016 Centipede & Millipede Atari XBLA November 12 , 2015 Child of Eden Ubisoft October 12 , 2017 Clannad Prototype December 15 , 2016 Japan only . Commanders : Attack of the Genos Sierra Entertainment XBLA April 25 , 2017 Comic Jumper Microsoft Studios XBLA June 23 , 2016 Comix Zone Sega XBLA April 26 , 2016 Condemned : Criminal Origins Sega November 12 , 2015 Contra Konami XBLA April 20 , 2017 Costume Quest 2 Midnight City XBLA July 18 , 2017 Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Valve Corporation XBLA January 21 , 2016 Crackdown Microsoft Studios February 27 , 2018 Crazy Taxi Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Crystal Defenders Square Enix XBLA July 21 , 2016 Crystal Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA June 23 , 2016 Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Oratorio Tangram Sega XBLA June 27 , 2017 Dark Souls Bandai Namco Entertainment March 23 , 2016 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Dark Souls 3 on the Xbox store . Dark Void Capcom March 21 , 2016 Darkness II , The The Darkness II 2K Games January 30 , 2018 Darksiders THQ March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders : Warmastered Edition for Xbox One . Darksiders II THQ March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders II : Deathinitive Edition for Xbox One . Daytona USA Sega XBLA March 21 , 2017 de Blob 2 THQ September 8 , 2016 Dead Rising 2 : Case Zero Capcom XBLA March 2 , 2017 Dead Rising 2 : Case West Capcom XBLA March 2 , 2017 Dead Space Electronic Arts March 30 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 2 Electronic Arts April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 3 Electronic Arts April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space Ignition Electronic Arts XBLA November 15 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Deadfall Adventures Nordic Games October 26 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : The Game Spike Games XBLA August 8 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : Legends 345 Games Spike Games XBLA November 12 , 2015 Deadly Premonition Marvelous Entertainment November 2 , 2017 DeathSpank : Thongs of Virtue Electronic Arts XBLA September 6 , 2016 Defense Grid : The Awakening Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Square Enix December 17 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut Square Enix Disc Only May 10 , 2016 First Multi-Disc game made available . Dig Dug Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA May 5 , 2016 DiRT 3 Codemasters November 12 , 2015 Dirt : Showdown Codemasters November 12 , 2015 Discs of Tron Disney Interactive Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Divinity II Larian Studios April 3 , 2018 Domino Master Microsoft Studios XBLA May 24 , 2016 Doom Bethesda Softworks XBLA November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom II Bethesda Softworks XBLA November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom 3 : BFG Edition Bethesda Softworks Disc Only April 14 , 2016 Doritos Crash Course Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 Double Dragon : Neon Majesco Entertainment XBLA April 26 , 2016 Dragon Age : Origins Electronic Arts January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dragon Age II Electronic Arts May 3 , 2018 Dragon 's Lair Microsoft Studios XBLA October 11 , 2016 Driver : San Francisco Ubisoft Disc Only January 16 , 2018 Available on disc only , but existing digital owners can download it . DuckTales Remastered Capcom XBLA May 24 , 2016 Duke Nukem : Manhattan Project Microsoft Studios XBLA April 12 , 2016 Dungeons & Dragons : Chronicles of Mystara Capcom XBLA June 23 , 2016 Dungeon Siege III Square Enix November 16 , 2015 Earth Defense Force : Insect Armageddon D3 Publisher July 11 , 2017 Earth Defense Force 2017 D3 Publisher November 30 , 2017 Earthworm Jim HD Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Eat Lead : The Return of Matt Hazard D3 Publisher October 13 , 2016 Elder Scrolls IV , The The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion Bethesda November 29 , 2016 Encleverment Experiment Microsoft Studios XBLA September 27 , 2016 Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two Disney Interactive Studios August 3 , 2017 Escape Dead Island Deep Silver November 15 , 2016 Every Extend Extra Extreme Microsoft Studios XBLA September 27 , 2016 F1 2014 Codemasters July 11 , 2017 Fable Anniversary Microsoft Studios October 5 , 2017 Fable Heroes Microsoft Studios XBLA June 26 , 2018 Fable II Microsoft Studios November 12 , 2015 Fable II Pub Games Microsoft Studios XBLA October 5 , 2017 Fable III Microsoft Studios December 17 , 2015 Faery : Legends of Avalon Focus Home Interactive XBLA May 10 , 2016 Fallout 3 Bethesda Softworks November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Fallout 4 . Also , owners of the Xbox 360 Game of the Year Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Fallout : New Vegas Bethesda Softworks June 23 , 2016 Owners of the Xbox 360 Ultimate Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Far Cry 2 Ubisoft January 16 , 2018 Far Cry 3 Ubisoft March 30 , 2017 Far Cry 3 : Blood Dragon Ubisoft XBLA August 9 , 2016 Feeding Frenzy PopCap Games XBLA November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Feeding Frenzy 2 : Shipwreck Showdown PopCap Games XBLA November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Fight Night Champion Electronic Arts May 15 , 2018 Fighting Vipers Sega XBLA August 8 , 2017 Final Fight : Double Impact Capcom XBLA May 10 , 2016 Flashback Ubisoft XBLA June 16 , 2016 Flock ! Capcom XBLA July 19 , 2016 Forza Horizon Microsoft Studios August 30 , 2016 Foul Play Mastertronic Group XBLA June 9 , 2016 Fret Nice Koei Tecmo XBLA July 21 , 2016 Frogger Konami XBLA April 28 , 2016 Frogger 2 Konami XBLA May 10 , 2016 Frontlines : Fuel of War THQ July 18 , 2017 FunTown Mahjong Microsoft Studios XBLA September 27 , 2016 Galaga Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA February 15 , 2016 Galaga Legions Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA October 20 , 2016 Galaga Legions DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA April 28 , 2016 Garou : Mark of the Wolves SNK Playmore XBLA April 12 , 2016 Gatling Gears Electronic Arts XBLA September 6 , 2016 Gears of War Microsoft Studios August 3 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 2 Microsoft Studios November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 3 Microsoft Studios November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War : Judgment Microsoft Studios November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved Microsoft Studios XBLA February 25 , 2016 Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved 2 Activision XBLA May 2 , 2017 Geometry Wars 3 : Dimensions Sierra Entertainment XBLA May 2 , 2017 Ghostbusters : Sanctum of Slime Atari XBLA April 26 , 2016 Ghostbusters : The Video Game Atari January 10 , 2017 Gin Rummy Activision XBLA April 20 , 2017 Girl Fight Kung Fu Factory XBLA October 26 , 2017 Go ! Go ! Break Steady Microsoft Studios XBLA June 30 , 2016 Goat Simulator Coffee Stain Studios XBLA October 12 , 2017 Golden Axe Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Golf : Tee It Up ! Activision XBLA April 20 , 2017 Grand Theft Auto IV Rockstar Games February 9 , 2017 Including `` Episodes From Liberty City '' DLC . Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas Rockstar Games June 7 , 2018 Grid 2 Codemasters March 21 , 2016 Grid Autosport Codemasters June 26 , 2018 GripShift Microsoft Studios XBLA June 30 , 2016 Guardian Heroes Sega XBLA November 8 , 2016 Gunstar Heroes Sega XBLA April 6 , 2016 Guwange CAVE XBLA September 29 , 2016 Gyromancer Square Enix XBLA February 23 , 2017 Gyruss Konami XBLA July 25 , 2017 Half - Minute Hero : Super Mega Neo Climax Microsoft Studios XBLA July 19 , 2016 Halo 3 Microsoft Studios September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo 3 : ODST Campaign Edition Microsoft Studios September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection via downloadable content . Halo 4 Microsoft Studios September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Combat Evolved Anniversary Microsoft Studios September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Reach Microsoft Studios December 17 , 2015 Halo : Spartan Assault Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Halo Wars Microsoft Studios March 28 , 2016 Hard Corps : Uprising Konami XBLA May 4 , 2017 Hardwood Backgammon Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Hearts Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Spades Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Harms Way Microsoft Studios XBLA May 4 , 2017 Haunted House Atari XBLA December 1 , 2016 Heavy Weapon Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Hexic HD Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 This originally bundled Xbox 360 game can now be downloaded for free in certain regions from the Xbox store here . Hexic 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA May 24 , 2016 Hitman : Absolution Square Enix February 14 , 2017 Hitman : Sniper Challenge pre-order bonus is also compatible . Hitman : Blood Money Eidos Interactive March 6 , 2018 Hydro Thunder Hurricane Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 I Am Alive Ubisoft XBLA June 23 , 2016 Ikaruga Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 ilomilo Microsoft Studios XBLA May 23 , 2017 Injustice : Gods Among Us Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment December 1 , 2016 Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet Microsoft Studios XBLA April 4 , 2017 Interpol : The Trail of Dr. Chaos Microsoft Studios XBLA July 14 , 2016 Iron Brigade Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 Jeremy McGrath 's Offroad D3 Publisher XBLA January 21 , 2016 Jet Set Radio HD Sega XBLA May 3 , 2016 Jetpac Refuelled Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Jewel Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA November 14 , 2017 Joe Danger : Special Edition Microsoft Studios XBLA June 23 , 2016 Joe Danger 2 : The Movie Microsoft Studios XBLA October 20 , 2016 Joust WB Games XBLA August 25 , 2016 Joy Ride Turbo Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 JUJU Flying Wild Hog XBLA January 31 , 2017 Jurassic Park : The Game Telltale Games October 11 , 2016 Just Cause 2 Square Enix November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of successor Just Cause 3 . Kameo : Elements of Power Microsoft Studios June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Kane & Lynch 2 : Dog Days Square Enix December 17 , 2015 Killer Is Dead XSEED Games October 27 , 2016 King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match , The The King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match SNK Playmore XBLA March 28 , 2016 King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match , The The King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match SNK Playmore XBLA February 23 , 2017 KOF Sky Stage SNK Playmore XBLA October 12 , 2017 Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light Square Enix XBLA February 20 , 2018 Lazy Raiders Microsoft Studios XBLA June 7 , 2016 Left 4 Dead Valve Corporation June 16 , 2016 Left 4 Dead 2 Valve Corporation March 29 , 2016 LEGO Batman : The Videogame WB Games February 11 , 2016 LEGO Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures LucasArts February 7 , 2017 LEGO Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues LucasArts January 25 , 2018 LEGO Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios November 12 , 2015 LEGO Star Wars III : The Clone Wars Disney Interactive Studios March 6 , 2018 LEGO Star Wars : The Complete Saga Disney Interactive Studios November 12 , 2015 Limbo Microsoft Studios XBLA November 3 , 2016 Lode Runner Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Lost Odyssey Microsoft Studios September 29 , 2016 Lumines LIVE Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Luxor 2 MumboJumbo XBLA March 16 , 2017 Madballs in Babo : Invasion Microsoft Studios XBLA March 16 , 2017 Mad Tracks D3 Publisher XBLA January 31 , 2017 Mafia II 2K Games February 13 , 2018 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers Microsoft Studios XBLA January 18 , 2018 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers 2012 Microsoft Studios XBLA May 24 , 2016 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers 2013 Microsoft Studios XBLA January 18 , 2018 Magic : Duels of the Planeswalkers 2014 Microsoft Studios XBLA January 18 , 2018 Marlow Briggs and the Mask of Death 505 Games XBLA November 28 , 2017 Mars : War Logs Focus Home Interactive XBLA June 30 , 2016 Mass Effect Microsoft Studios June 15 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 2 Electronic Arts November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 3 Electronic Arts November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Matt Hazard : Blood Bath and Beyond D3 Publisher XBLA May 23 , 2017 Maw , The The Maw Microsoft Studios XBLA September 15 , 2016 Medal of Honor : Airborne Electronic Arts November 29 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Meet the Robinsons Disney Interactive Studios March 2 , 2017 Mega Man 9 Capcom XBLA January 12 , 2017 Mega Man 10 Capcom XBLA January 12 , 2017 Metal Gear Rising : Revengeance Konami August 15 , 2017 Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker HD Edition Konami March 13 , 2018 The Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker disc from the Metal Gear Solid HD Collection is also compatible . Metal Slug 3 SNK Playmore XBLA November 12 , 2015 Metal Slug XX SNK Playmore XBLA November 12 , 2015 Midnight Club : Los Angeles Rockstar Games June 7 , 2018 Midway Arcade Origins Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment January 19 , 2017 Might & Magic : Clash of Heroes Ubisoft XBLA November 12 , 2015 Military Madness : Nectaris Hudson Soft XBLA November 17 , 2016 Mirror 's Edge Electronic Arts November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Misadventures of P.B. Winterbottom , The The Misadventures of P.B. Winterbottom 2K Play XBLA January 30 , 2018 Missile Command Atari XBLA November 12 , 2015 Monaco : What 's Yours Is Mine Majesco Entertainment XBLA April 14 , 2016 Monday Night Combat Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Monopoly Deal Ubisoft XBLA September 14 , 2017 Monopoly Plus Ubisoft XBLA June 9 , 2016 Moon Diver Square Enix XBLA February 23 , 2017 Motocross Madness Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 Mr. Driller Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA August 2 , 2016 Ms. Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA December 17 , 2015 Ms. Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Mutant Storm Empire Microsoft Studios XBLA January 19 , 2017 Mutant Storm Reloaded Microsoft Studios XBLA October 26 , 2017 MX vs. ATV Reflex Nordic Games May 3 , 2016 N+ Microsoft Studios XBLA June 16 , 2015 NBA Jam : On Fire Edition Electronic Arts XBLA November 12 , 2015 NeoGeo Battle Coliseum SNK Playmore XBLA July 21 , 2016 New Rally - X Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA August 2 , 2016 NiGHTS into Dreams ... Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Nin2 - Jump CAVE XBLA August 2 , 2016 Of Orcs and Men Focus Home Interactive September 8 , 2016 Omega Five Hudson Soft XBLA November 17 , 2016 Operation Flashpoint : Dragon Rising Codemasters November 12 , 2015 Operation Flashpoint : Red River Codemasters November 8 , 2016 Available digitally only on the Japanese Xbox Marketplace . Orange Box , The The Orange Box Valve Corporation October 20 , 2016 Outland Ubisoft XBLA April 6 , 2016 Overlord Codemasters July 10 , 2018 Overlord II Codemasters July 10 , 2018 Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA March 17 , 2016 Pac - Man Championship Edition Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Championship Edition DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Museum Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA July 21 , 2016 Peggle Popcap Games XBLA December 17 , 2015 Peggle 2 Popcap Games XBLA November 28 , 2017 Perfect Dark Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Perfect Dark Zero Microsoft Studios June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Persona 4 Arena Atlus November 14 , 2017 Phantasy Star II Sega XBLA May 5 , 2016 Phantom Breaker : Battle Grounds Mages . XBLA November 12 , 2015 Pinball FX Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Plants vs. Zombies PopCap Games XBLA November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Planets Under Attack Topware Interactive XBLA December 15 , 2016 Portal : Still Alive Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 Portal 2 Valve Corporation June 16 , 2016 Prey 2K Games February 13 , 2018 Prince of Persia Classic Ubisoft XBLA November 12 , 2015 Pure Disney Interactive Studios Disc Only November 22 , 2016 Putty Squad System 3 Software Limited XBLA November 12 , 2015 Puzzle Quest 1Puzzle Quest : Challenge of the Warlords D3 Publisher XBLA October 13 , 2016 Puzzle Quest : Galactrix D3 Publisher XBLA October 4 , 2016 Puzzle Quest 2 D3 Publisher XBLA October 4 , 2016 Puzzlegeddon Tecmo XBLA May 10 , 2016 Qix++ Taito Corporation XBLA September 8 , 2016 Quantum Conundrum Square Enix XBLA July 18 , 2017 R - Type Dimensions Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Radiant Silvergun Microsoft Studios XBLA June 27 , 2017 Rage Bethesda Softworks October 27 , 2016 Raiden IV UFO Interactive Games XBLA July 25 , 2017 Raskulls Microsoft Studios XBLA December 15 , 2016 Rayman 3 HD Ubisoft XBLA November 12 , 2015 Rayman Legends Ubisoft November 22 , 2016 Rayman Origins Ubisoft April 21 , 2016 Red Dead Redemption Rockstar Games July 8 , 2016 Standard , `` Game of the Year '' and `` Undead Nightmare '' editions are all compatible . Red Faction : Armageddon THQ July 25 , 2017 Red Faction : Battlegrounds THQ XBLA June 23 , 2016 RoboBlitz Microsoft Studios XBLA April 20 , 2017 Rocket Knight Konami XBLA January 26 , 2017 Rockstar Games Presents Table Tennis Rockstar Games June 7 , 2018 Sacred 3 Deep Silver December 16 , 2015 Sacred Citadel Deep Silver XBLA November 12 , 2015 Saints Row THQ May 29 , 2018 Saints Row : Gat out of Hell THQ May 29 , 2018 Saints Row 2 THQ May 1 , 2018 Saints Row : The Third THQ September 14 , 2017 Saints Row IV Deep Silver March 31 , 2016 Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space Microsoft Studios XBLA February 11 , 2016 Sam & Max Save the World Microsoft Studios XBLA January 21 , 2016 Samurai Shodown II SNK Playmore XBLA May 5 , 2016 Scarygirl Square Enix XBLA November 10 , 2016 Scrap Metal Microsoft Studios XBLA January 10 , 2017 ScreamRide Microsoft Studios August 15 , 2017 Secret of Monkey Island , The The Secret of Monkey Island : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Secret of Monkey Island 2 , The Monkey Island 2 Special Edition : LeChuck 's Revenge Disney Interactive Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Sega Bass Fishing Sega XBLA June 9 , 2016 Sega Vintage Collection : Alex Kidd & Co . ( Alex Kidd in Miracle World , Super Hang - On , The Revenge of Shinobi ) Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Golden Axe ( Golden Axe , II , III ) Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Monster World ( Wonder Boy in Monster Land , Wonder Boy in Monster World , Monster World IV ) Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Streets of Rage ( Streets of Rage , 2 , 3 ) Sega XBLA October 27 , 2015 Includes all three Streets of Rage games . Sega Vintage Collection : ToeJam & Earl ( ToeJam & Earl ) Sega XBLA August 3 , 2017 Sensible World of Soccer Codemasters XBLA June 26 , 2018 Shadowrun Microsoft Studios December 8 , 2016 Shadow Assault - Tenchu - From Software XBLA May 23 , 2017 Shadow Complex Microsoft Studios XBLA August 3 , 2015 Shadows of the Damned Electronic Arts January 26 , 2017 Shank 2 Electronic Arts XBLA August 11 , 2016 Shinobi Sega XBLA May 23 , 2017 Shotest Shogi Microsoft Studios XBLA December 8 , 2016 Shred Nebula Microsoft Studios XBLA October 27 , 2016 Sid Meier 's Civilization Revolution 2K Games April 4 , 2017 Silent Hill : Downpour Konami October 13 , 2016 Skate 3 Electronic Arts November 10 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Skullgirls : Encore MarvelousAQL XBLA January 21 , 2016 Skydive : Proximity Flight Gaijin Entertainment XBLA December 15 , 2016 Slender : The Arrival Midnight City XBLA September 14 , 2017 Small Arms Microsoft Studios XBLA January 21 , 2016 Sniper Elite V2 505 Games January 16 , 2018 Soltrio Solitaire Microsoft Studios XBLA March 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure Sega XBLA September 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure 2 Sega XBLA November 30 , 2017 Sonic & Knuckles Sega XBLA May 5 , 2016 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic 3 . Sonic & All - Stars Racing Transformed Sega October 4 , 2016 Sonic Generations Sega April 10 , 2018 Sonic CD Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Fighters Sega XBLA April 12 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 2 Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 3 Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic & Knuckles . Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I Sega XBLA July 21 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode II Sega XBLA July 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA January 21 , 2016 SoulCalibur II HD Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA March 28 , 2016 South Park : The Stick of Truth Ubisoft November 12 , 2015 Space Ark Microsoft Studios XBLA December 8 , 2016 Space Giraffe Microsoft Studios XBLA January 21 , 2016 Space Invaders Infinity Gene Square Enix XBLA February 23 , 2017 Spec Ops : The Line 2K Games January 30 , 2018 Spelunky Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 Splatters , The The Splatters Microsoft Studios XBLA January 10 , 2017 Split / Second Disney Interactive Studios January 25 , 2018 ' Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 SSX EA Sports May 26 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Stacking THQ XBLA March 21 , 2017 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed LucasArts May 4 , 2016 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II LucasArts May 4 , 2016 Steins ; Gate 5pb . May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate : Hiyoku Renri no Darling 5pb . May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate : Senkei Kōsoku no Phenogram 5pb . May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Strania G. rev XBLA January 10 , 2017 Street Fighter IV Capcom March 16 , 2017 Stuntman : Ignition Nordic Games January 31 , 2017 Super Contra Konami XBLA September 14 , 2017 Super Meat Boy Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Super Street Fighter IV : Arcade Edition Capcom July 13 , 2017 Supreme Commander 2 Square Enix November 12 , 2015 Syberia Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA July 26 , 2016 Tales From Space : Mutant Blobs Attack Midnight City XBLA November 12 , 2015 Tecmo Bowl Throwback Tecmo Koei XBLA November 14 , 2017 Tekken 6 Bandai Namco Entertainment January 19 , 2017 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tekken 7 . Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Bandai Namco Entertainment March 23 , 2016 Texas Hold ' Em Microsoft Studios XBLA May 3 , 2016 Ticket to Ride Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 TimeShift Sierra Entertainment April 25 , 2017 Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter Ubisoft July 3 , 2018 Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon : Future Soldier Ubisoft March 13 , 2018 Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas Ubisoft November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas 2 Ubisoft November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Conviction Ubisoft February 8 , 2018 Tomb Raider : Underworld Eidos Interactive July 27 , 2017 Torchlight Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Tour de France 2009 : The Official Game Focus Home Interactive XBLA July 19 , 2016 Tour de France 2011 Focus Home Interactive October 11 , 2016 Tower Bloxx Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA March 21 , 2017 Toy Soldiers Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Toy Soldiers : Cold War Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Toy Story 3 Disney Interactive Studios September 29 , 2016 Toybox Turbos Codemasters May 29 , 2018 Trials HD Microsoft Studios XBLA February 11 , 2016 Triggerheart Exelica Microsoft Studios XBLA July 28 , 2016 Trine 2 Atlus XBLA November 29 , 2016 Tron : Evolution Disney Interactive Studios November 12 , 2015 Ugly Americans : Apocalypsegeddon 345 Games Comedy Central XBLA November 12 , 2015 Ultra Street Fighter IV Capcom July 13 , 2017 Unbound Saga Microsoft Studios XBLA May 24 , 2016 Undertow Microsoft Studios XBLA September 14 , 2017 Vanquish Sega February 20 , 2018 Virtua Fighter 2 Sega XBLA July 18 , 2017 Virtua Fighter 5 : Final Showdown Sega XBLA September 15 , 2016 Virtual On : Cyber Troopers Sega XBLA September 14 , 2017 Japan only . Viva Piñata Microsoft Studios June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Viva Piñata : Trouble in Paradise Microsoft Studios June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Walking Dead , The The Walking Dead Telltale Games August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Michonne , The The Walking Dead : Michonne Telltale Games XBLA August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Season Two , The The Walking Dead : Season Two Telltale Games August 29 , 2017 Witcher 2 , The The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings CD Projekt Red January 21 , 2016 Wolf of the Battlefield : Commando 3 Capcom XBLA June 27 , 2017 Wolfenstein 3D Bethesda Softworks XBLA November 12 , 2015 Word Puzzle Microsoft Studios XBLA September 20 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Unknown 2K Games May 24 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Within 2K Games June 9 , 2016 Yosumin ! Live Square Enix XBLA October 26 , 2017 Zuma Microsoft Studios XBLA June 16 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Zuma 's Revenge ! Popcap Games XBLA December 17 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . List of compatible titles from Xbox ( edit ) There are currently 33 on this list out of 1047 released for the Xbox . All Original Xbox games run at 4 times the original resolution on Xbox One and Xbox One S consoles ( up to 960p ) , and 16 times on Xbox One X ( up to 1920p ) . Title Publisher ( s ) Date added Notes Ref ( s ) Black Electronic Arts October 24 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access Blinx : The Time Sweeper Microsoft Studios April 17 , 2018 BloodRayne 2 Majesco October 24 , 2017 Breakdown Namco April 17 , 2018 Conker : Live & Reloaded Microsoft Studios April 17 , 2018 Crimson Skies : High Road to Revenge Microsoft Studios October 24 , 2017 Dead to Rights Namco October 24 , 2017 Destroy All Humans ! THQ April 26 , 2018 The Elder Scrolls III : Morrowind Bethesda Softworks April 17 , 2018 Full Spectrum Warrior THQ April 26 , 2018 Fuzion Frenzy Microsoft Studios October 24 , 2017 Grabbed by the Ghoulies Microsoft Studios October 24 , 2017 Also included in Rare Replay Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas Rockstar Games June 7 , 2018 Saves wo n't transfer & Original Disc owners upgrades to 360 version . Hunter : The Reckoning White Wolf , Inc . April 17 , 2018 Jade Empire Microsoft Studios April 17 , 2018 The King of Fighters Neowave SNK Playmore October 24 , 2017 US Only Mercenaries : Playground of Destruction LucasArts April 26 , 2018 MX Unleashed THQ April 26 , 2018 Ninja Gaiden Black Tecmo October 24 , 2017 Panzer Dragoon Orta Sega April 17 , 2018 Panzer Elite Action : Fields of Glory JoWooD Entertainment April 26 , 2018 Europe only Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time Ubisoft October 24 , 2017 Psychonauts Double Fine Productions October 24 , 2017 Red Faction II THQ October 24 , 2017 Sid Meier 's Pirates ! 2K Games October 24 , 2017 SSX 3 Electronic Arts April 17 , 2018 Star Wars : Battlefront LucasArts April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Battlefront II LucasArts April 26 , 2018 Star Wars Jedi Knight : Jedi Academy LucasArts April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Jedi Starfighter LucasArts April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic LucasArts October 24 , 2017 Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic II : The Sith Lords LucasArts April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Republic Commando LucasArts April 26 , 2018 See also ( edit ) Xbox One system software List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pitcher , Jenna ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) . `` New Xbox One Experience and Backward Compatibility Launch Date Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hollister , Sean ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Xbox One will not be backwards compatible with Xbox 360 games '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Audrey , Drake ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One not backwards compatible '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brunner , Grant ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` Microsoft confirms that PS4 , Wii U will work with Xbox One HDMI passthrough '' . ExtremeTech . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` You can plug an Xbox 360 into the Xbox One , says Major Nelson '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Jon . `` The Xbox One 33 things you need to know '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Future plc . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mannion , Gavin ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Xbox One can play Xbox 360 games ... sort of '' . Lazy Gamer . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Microsoft Talks Digital - Only Future , Kinect , and Why Xbox One is Worth $100 More Than PlayStation 4 , Page 2 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Through Cloud ' Problematic ' '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . ^ Jump up to : Machkovech , Sam ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox 360 backward compatibility coming to Xbox One '' . Ars Technica . Los Angeles , California : Condé Nast . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . If users already purchased the games digitally through Xbox Live , they can simply log in and re-download the game on Xbox One without paying any additional cost . If they own the game as a disc , they 'll have to download the game to their Xbox One hard drive , and the system will then check for the disc before launching the game . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft built an Xbox 360 emulator to make games run on the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( 2013 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Xbox One loses some disc - free play , family game - sharing with revised policies '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Richard ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox One will play Xbox 360 games , preview members can try it today '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Available games '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft is bringing Xbox 360 games to the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox One 's backwards compatibility works because it 's tricking your 360 games '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sayed , Rashid ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Compares Sony 's Exclusive Line - up With Theirs , Comments On Backwards Compatability ( sic ) & More '' . GamingBolt . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stead , Chris ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Complete list of Xbox 360 titles with Xbox One backwards compatibility '' . Finder.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` New Xbox One Backward Compatibility Titles Are Now Available '' . MajorNelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Kohler ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Xbox One Will Get Compatibility With Original Xbox Games ( Update ) '' . kotaku.com . Gizmodo Media Group . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Play three generations of games on Xbox One '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Osborn ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : Xbox One Original Xbox Backwards Compatibility Details Revealed '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eddie Makuch ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft E3 2017 : Xbox One Backwards Compatibility For OG Xbox Games Wo n't Be As Extensive '' . gamespot.com . CBS Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leadbetter , Richard ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Five ways your Xbox One and 360 games will be better on Scorpio '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Larry Hyrb ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox One Backward Compatibility List ( Last Update : 20 October 2016 ) '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One Backward Compatible Availability Games '' ( PDF ) . Xbox.com . Microsoft . 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Xbox One Quantum Break Bundle Available Next Month '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Rogue Remastered Coming March 20 to PS4 and Xbox One '' . Ubisoft . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://blog.thebehemoth.com/2015/09/04/ccrreleasedate/?linkId=16823597 Jump up ^ `` Skydive , Planets Under Attack and CLANNAD ( Japan Only ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Passalacqua , By Michael . `` Dark Souls Being Added to Xbox One Backwards Compatibility '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Souls Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Officially Confirmed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dark Souls And Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Playable On Xbox One Via Backward Compatibility '' . www.GameInformer.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three More Games Added To Xbox One Backward Compatibility List '' . www.GameInformer.com . March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Copeland , By Wesley . `` Get Doom and Doom 2 for Free When You Pre-Order Doom on Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Klepek , Patrick . `` Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut , Frogger 2 , Final Fight : Double Impact , Faery : Legends of A '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Every Gears of War now part of Xbox One remaster thanks to backward compatibility '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAN ANDREAS , MIDNIGHT CLUB : LA AND TABLE TENNIS COMING TO XBOX ONE BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY 3 CLASSIC ROCKSTAR TITLES AVAILABLE ON JUNE 7TH '' . Rockstar Games . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Stillwell , Bill ( @ wcstillwell ) ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Also released Sniper Challenge today . Needed that to be available for those that had the unlock in the main game . pic.twitter.com/xcKyIvUIrd '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 27 March 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` SAN ANDREAS , MIDNIGHT CLUB : LA AND TABLE TENNIS COMING TO XBOX ONE BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY 3 CLASSIC ROCKSTAR TITLES AVAILABLE ON JUNE 7TH '' . Rockstar Games . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` XCOM : Enemy Within and Three More Now Backward Compatible on Xbox One '' . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dead Redemption on Xbox One Backward Compatibility Coming Friday , July 8th '' . rockstargames.com . Rockstar Games . July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAN ANDREAS , MIDNIGHT CLUB : LA AND TABLE TENNIS COMING TO XBOX ONE BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY 3 CLASSIC ROCKSTAR TITLES AVAILABLE ON JUNE 7TH '' . Rockstar Games . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Next Xbox One Backwards - Compatible Game Arrives '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hryb ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Three titles from Steins ; Gate series ( only published in Japan ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 電脳 戦機 バーチャロン 後方 互換 性 '' . 14 September 2017 . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.windowscentral.com/original-xbox-games-run-sixteen-times-resolution-xbox-one-x ^ Jump up to : Ryan McCaffrey ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` First 13 Original Xbox Games Announced for Xbox One Compatibility '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tyrrel , Brandin ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Morrowind , Kotor 2 , Jade Empire Headline New Wave Of Original Xbox Backwards Compatible Games '' . IGN . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SAN ANDREAS , MIDNIGHT CLUB : LA AND TABLE TENNIS COMING TO XBOX ONE BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY 3 CLASSIC ROCKSTAR TITLES AVAILABLE ON JUNE 7TH '' . Rockstar Games . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` SAN ANDREAS , MIDNIGHT CLUB : LA AND TABLE TENNIS COMING TO XBOX ONE BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY 3 CLASSIC ROCKSTAR TITLES AVAILABLE ON JUNE 7TH '' . Rockstar Games . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Xbox One backward compatibility ( Xbox.com ) Xbox One backward compatibility game list ( MajorNelson.com ) hide Video gaming products by Microsoft Microsoft Studios Turn 10 Studios Rare 343 Industries Mojang The Coalition Lift London The Initiative Undead Labs Playground Games Ninja Theory Compulsion Games Xbox series Xbox Controller Games With HD support Special limited edition consoles Xbox 360 Launch Technical problems System software Applications Controller Accessories HD DVD Player Wireless Headset Wireless Racing Wheel Xbox Live Vision Games Backward - compatible Kinect Fun Labs Xbox One System software Applications Controller Games Best - selling Xbox One X enhanced Backward - compatible Others Kinect Adaptive Controller Xbox app Platinum Hits Windows Games for Windows games GFWL games Xbox on Windows games Microsoft SideWinder Other platforms Xbox on Windows Phone Zune games Online services Xbox Live Avatars Games Store Arcade Indie Games Xbox Game Pass Games on Demand games Live Anywhere Mixer MSN Games Game Room Games Games with Gold Developer tools DirectX Xbox Development Kit XNA Game Studio ID@Xbox Promotions OurColony Official Xbox Magazine Xbox Exhibition `` X '' Show Xbox Rewards Summer of Arcade Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_backward_compatible_games_for_Xbox_One&oldid=849769653 '' Categories : Backward compatibility Video game lists by platform Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 06 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20backward%20compatible%20games%20for%20Xbox%20One

who sings lean with it rock with it

`` Lean wit It , Rock wit It '' is a song by Atlanta rap group Dem Franchize Boyz from their album On Top of Our Game . The recording features Peanut and Charlay and was produced by Maurice `` Parlae '' Gleaton .

Dem Franchize Boyz

Lean Wit It , Rock Wit It

lean wit it, rock wit it

`` Lean wit It , Rock wit It '' is a song by Atlanta rap group Dem Franchize Boyz from their album On Top of Our Game . The recording features Peanut and Charlay and was produced by Maurice `` Parlae '' Gleaton .

The song peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 1 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart . Maurice `` Parlae '' Gleaton produced the recording . The music video shows them snap dancing . The song is considered to be the turning point in Dem Franchize Boyz career as it brought them into mainstream hip hop and also wide spread the subgenre of snap music . Lyrics from the chorus of the song were sampled in the Twenty One Pilots song Holding On to You . Contents ( hide ) 1 `` Coming Undone wit It '' ( Mash - Up Official Remix ) 2 Charts 3 References 4 External links `` Coming Undone Wit It '' ( mash - up official remix ) ( edit ) Korn and Dem Franchize Boyz did a mash - up of their respective hit singles at the time , `` Coming Undone '' and `` Lean Wit It , Rock Wit It '' , titled `` Coming Undone Wit It '' . The mashup was produced by Jermaine Dupri and Scott Spock from The Matrix , and was first released on AOL in April 2006 . The mash - up has new parts by both groups exclusively for the song . A video for `` Coming Undone Wit It '' was released on the DVD portion of Korn 's Chopped , Screwed , Live and Unglued . This is the official remix to `` Coming Undone '' and `` Lean Wit It , Rock Wit It '' . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Pop 100 ( Billboard ) 21 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 26 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dem Franchize Boyz -- Chart History : The Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dem Franchize Boyz -- Chart History : Mainstream Top 40 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dem Franchize Boyz -- Chart History : Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dem Franchize Boyz -- Chart History : Hot Rap Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics hide Dem Franchize Boyz Jizzal Man Parlae Pimpin Buddie Albums Dem Franchize Boyz On Top of Our Game Our World , Our Way Singles `` White Tee '' `` I Think They Like Me '' `` Lean wit It , Rock wit It '' `` Ridin ' Rims '' `` Talkin ' Out da Side of Ya Neck ! '' `` Turn Heads '' Featured singles `` Everytime tha Beat Drop '' `` Pimped Out '' Related articles Discography This 2000s hip hop single - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lean_wit_It,_Rock_wit_It&oldid=838875386 '' Categories : 2005 songs 2006 singles Dem Franchize Boyz songs Snap music Southern hip hop songs Billboard Rap Songs number - one singles Novelty and fad dances Hip hop dance 2000s hip hop single stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 April 2018 , at 21 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean%20wit%20It%2C%20Rock%20wit%20It

how many episodes does fairy tail season 2 have

Fairy Tail ( season 2 ) Cover of the thirteenth DVD volume released by Pony Canyon in Japan on February 2011 , featuring Natsu Dragneel and Happy Country of origin Japan No. of episodes 24 Release Original network TV Tokyo Original release October 11 , 2010 -- March 28 , 2011 Season chronology ← Previous Fairy Tail ( season 1 ) Next → Fairy Tail ( season 3 )

24

List of Fairy Tail episodes ( season 2 )

list of fairy tail episodes ( season 2 )

The second season of the Fairy Tail anime series was directed by Shinji Ishihira and produced by A-1 Pictures and Satelight . Like the rest of the series , it follows the adventures of Natsu Dragneel and Lucy Heartfilia of the magical guild Fairy Tail . The series contains two story arcs . The first 20 episodes make up the `` Nirvana '' ( ニルヴァーナ , Niruvāna ) arc , which adapts Hiro Mashima 's Fairy Tail manga from shortly after the beginning of the 16th through the middle of the 20th volume . The arc focuses on Fairy Tail 's alliance with other guilds to take down the dark guild Oración Seis , aided by the Dragon Slayer Wendy Marvell and a reformed Jellal Fernandez . The last four episodes form the self - contained `` Daphne '' ( ダフネ , Dafune ) arc , where Gray Fullbuster seemingly betrays the guild and helps Daphne , a deranged wizard , capture Natsu to power an artificial dragon .

The season initially ran from October 11 , 2010 to March 28 , 2011 on TV Tokyo in Japan . It was later released on DVD in 12 compilations , each containing four episodes , by Pony Canyon between February 2 , 2011 and January 6 , 2012 . It was licensed by Animax Asia for an English - subtitled Southeast Asian broadcast . Their adaptation aired from February 10 , 2012 to April 23 , 2012 . Funimation Entertainment released the episodes with their own English - dubbed version across two Blu - ray / DVD box sets , released on July 23 and August 20 of 2013 , respectively . The two sets were released as together as `` Collection 3 '' on January 6 , 2015 . The season uses of four pieces of theme music : two opening themes and four ending themes . `` Egao no Mahō '' ( エガオノマホウ , `` Magic Smile '' ) performed by Magic Party is used for the first 12 episodes , and `` Fiesta '' by + Plus for the rest of the season . The ending themes , used with the opening themes , are `` Holy Shine '' performed by Daisy x Daisy , and `` Be as One '' by W - inds . Contents 1 Episode list 2 Notes 3 References Episode list ( edit ) No . Official English title Original Japanese title Original air date English air date 49 `` The Day of the Fateful Encounter '' `` Unmei no Deai no Hi '' ( 運命 の 出会い の 日 ) October 11 , 2010 September 3 , 2013 Lucy Heartfilia receives a premonition from her fortune - telling friend , Cana Alberona , that she will have a `` fateful encounter '' in the near future . She initially believes this to mean the guild 's upcoming interview with Weekly Sorcerer magazine , which she anticipates will lead to a lucrative modeling gig for her , but she is completely overlooked by the interviewer . In the meantime , she meets an author who asks her to show him around town for inspiration for a novel , and later invites her out to dinner . When her teammates Natsu Dragneel and Happy tell her they have chosen a guild mission specially suited for her , however , she ultimately skips the date to go with her friends ; in her place , she sends the boyfriend - seeking Cana , whom the writer claims is his `` type '' . On the train ride , she briefly crosses paths with a blue - haired girl , unaware that this is the fateful encounter Cana prophesied . 50 `` Special Request : Watch Out for the Guy You Like ! '' `` Tokubetsu Irai . Kininaru Kare ni Chūi Seyo ! '' ( 特別 依頼. 気 に なる 彼 に 注意 せよ ! ) October 18 , 2010 September 10 , 2013 After Mirajane Strauss playfully suggests that Lucy and Natsu would make a good couple , Lucy becomes increasingly paranoid that Natsu actually has secret feelings for her . When Natsu asks her to come to the park that evening , she is convinced he will give her a love confession and prepares accordingly . However , when she arrives to learn that Natsu simply wants her to summon her celestial spirit Virgo to help him dig up buried treasure , she slaps him and runs off , realizing she has made a fool of herself . Meanwhile , Juvia Lockser buys a potion that she believes will gain her Gray Fullbuster 's full attention , mistaking it for a love potion . The potion instead causes Gray and several other wizards to declare rivalries with the first people and inanimate objects they see . When the effects eventually wear off , Juvia thinks she has not given Gray enough of the potion and makes him drink the entire bottle , causing him to declare rivalry with the horizon itself and run off towards it . 51 `` Love & Lucky '' October 25 , 2010 September 17 , 2013 Lucy finds herself being stalked by a hooded man whom she quickly recognizes as her estranged father , Jude . Having gone bankrupt after Lucy cut her ties with him , Jude tells her he is planning to start over by finding work at the Love & Lucky trade guild . When he demands an unreasonable sum of money from her , however , she is convinced he has not changed his uncaring behavior and rebuffs him . The next day , Lucy hears news that Love & Lucky is being robbed by the dark guild Naked Mummy . Concerned for her father 's safety despite her anger , Lucy rushes to the guild to save him , single - handedly defeating all of the Naked Mummy wizards there . When she can not find Jude , she sees him arriving late on foot , having been unable to afford a carriage ride following their fight . Jude is humbled that his daughter still cares about him , and after he divulges how he and her mother named Lucy after the Love & Lucky sign with the missing letter `` K '' , the two part on more amicable terms . 52 `` Allied Forces , Assemble ! '' `` Rengōgun , Shūketsu ! '' ( 連合 軍 、 集結 ! ) November 1 , 2010 September 24 , 2013 In response to an increase in dark guild activity , Makarov Dreyar decrees that Fairy Tail is to coalesce with three other official guilds -- Blue Pegasus , Lamia Scale , and Cait Shelter -- in an alliance against the Oración Seis , one of the three Balam Alliance guilds with jurisdiction over the entire dark guild network . Natsu and his team are selected to represent their guild , and they rendezvous with their allies from Blue Pegasus and Lamia Scale : Ichiya Vandalay Kotobuki and his entourage , the Tri-men , the former of whom Erza Scarlet is repulsed by ; and Lyon Vastia and Sherry Blendy , two of Fairy Tail 's old nemeses , who are accompanied by the legendary Wizard Saint Jura Neekis . The delegates learn that Cait Shelter has only sent a single representative : the blue - haired girl , Wendy Marvell , whose name Natsu recognizes . 53 `` Enter the Oración Seis ! '' `` Orashion Seisu Arawaru ! '' ( 六 魔 将軍 ( オラシオン セイス ) 現 る ! ) November 8 , 2010 October 1 , 2013 Wendy meekly introduces herself to the rest of the alliance , while Happy instantly becomes smitten with her companion and caretaker Carla , a female talking cat similar to himself . The alliance reviews the six Oración Seis ' intention to uncover Nirvana , an ancient destructive spell , before discussing their own attack strategy using Blue Pegasus 's bomber airship Christina . However , their plan is undermined by Oración Seis member Angel , who incapacitates Jura and Ichiya , while she and the rest of her guild blow up Christina and defeat the remaining alliance members in a one - sided fight . The Seis ' leader , Brain , prepares to annihilate the alliance members , but halts his attack upon recognizing Wendy . 54 `` Maiden of the Sky '' `` Tenkū no Miko '' ( 天空 の 巫女 ) November 15 , 2010 October 8 , 2013 Brain kidnaps Wendy , unwittingly taking Happy as well , before Jura returns in time to prevent him from killing the other alliance members . Before giving chase , the allies tend to Erza , who has been bitten by Oración Seis member Cobra 's venomous snake , Cubellios . As the alliance argues over her request to sever her infected arm , Carla reveals Wendy to be a dragon slayer who specializes in healing magic that can save Erza 's life . The allies prepare to infiltrate the Oración Seis ' base and rescue Wendy . While Natsu and Gray are inhibited by vengeful members of Naked Mummy , Wendy is instructed by Brain to revive a comatose Jellal Fernandez , whom Brain identifies as a benefactor from Wendy 's past . 55 `` The Girl and the Ghost '' `` Shōjo to Bōrei '' ( 少女 と 亡霊 ) November 22 , 2010 October 15 , 2013 Despite being aware of Jellal 's past , Wendy reluctantly revives him because she mysteriously confesses she owes him her life . Nearing the base , Gray stays behind to fight Oración Seis wizard Racer while Natsu and Carla goes on to rescue Wendy and Happy . Though shocked to find Jellal alive , Natsu and his friends leave in order to save Erza . 56 `` Dead Grand Prix '' `` Deddo Guran Puri '' ( デッド GP ( グランプリ ) ) November 29 , 2010 October 22 , 2013 Hibiki directs Natsu on how to find Erza . Gray faces off against Racer with difficulty , despite help from Lyon and Sherry . When Lyon sacrifices himself to ensure Racer 's defeat , Sherry is left heartbroken . Meanwhile , Brain senses the loss of Racer and awakens the wizard Midnight . 57 `` Darkness '' `` Yami '' ( 闇 ) December 6 , 2010 October 29 , 2013 While Jura fights Hot Eye , Cobra follows Jellal , whose mind he can not read , in hopes of finding Nirvana . Erza secretly goes off to find Jellal after she is healed by Wendy , prompting Natsu to find Jellal to prevent him from meeting Erza . Hibiki reveals that Nirvana has the power to invert light and dark within people , thus people of light who feel powerful negative emotion fall into darkness . Unfortunately , Nirvana has already begun to affect everyone in the area , including Wendy , Sherry , Hot Eye , Ren , Midnight , and Eve . 58 `` Celestial Skirmish '' `` Seirei Gassen '' ( 星 霊 合戦 ) December 13 , 2010 November 5 , 2013 Lucy , Hibiki , Wendy , Happy , and Carla pursue Natsu , who has been defeated by an uncharacteristic Gray - who turns out to be the Celestial Spirit Gemini , contracted to Oración Seis wizard Angel . Angel 's knowledge of Celestial Spirit relationships trumps Lucy 's attempts to protect her friends , until Hibiki provides Lucy with the powerful Urano Metria spell . 59 `` Jellal of Days Gone By '' `` Tsuioku no Jerāru '' ( 追憶 の ジェラール ) December 20 , 2010 November 12 , 2013 Angel is defeated and Natsu together with Lucy end up falling down a giant waterfall , where they reunite with Gray , Lyon , and Sherry . Wendy reveals to Carla her past concerning Jellal and how she came to Cait Shelter . Meanwhile , Erza finds an amnesiac Jellal at the site of Nirvana . Seeing the pain he has caused her , Jellal places a self - destructive magic upon himself . 60 `` March of Destruction '' `` Hametsu no Kōshin '' ( 破滅 の 行進 ) December 27 , 2010 November 19 , 2013 Despite Jellal 's attempts to end everything with his death , Brain takes control of Nirvana and activates its second stage - an ancient city that begins marching at his order towards Cait Shelter . Natsu , Lucy , Happy , and Gray rush off to defeat it . When Natsu and Happy try to get ahead , they are forced into an aerial battle against Cobra . Meanwhile , Erza saves Jellal and convinces him to live for the future , and they begin to devise a plan to destroy Nirvana . 61 `` Super Aerial Battle : Natsu vs. Cobra ! '' `` Chōkūchūsen ! Natsu vs. Kobura '' ( 超 空中 戦 ! ナツ vs. コブラ ) January 10 , 2011 November 26 , 2013 Because Cobra can predict all his moves , Natsu ca n't gain the upper hand until he fights instinctively , where it is revealed that Cobra is a Dragon Slayer . Midnight shows up in front of Lucy , Gray , Jura and Hot Eye . Concluding that Hot Eye betrayed his father , Midnight engages in a fight with him . 62 `` Wizard Saint Jura '' `` Seiten no Jura '' ( 聖 十 の ジュラ ) January 17 , 2011 December 3 , 2013 Cobra is injured by Brain for his failure , while Jura demonstrates his power as one of the Ten Wizard Saints and defeats Brain , whose final prayer is for Midnight not to fall . Natsu and the others continue their efforts to stop Nirvana 's advance on Cait Shelter , not realizing that Nirvana will not stop as long as Midnight is there . 63 `` Your Words '' `` Kimi no Kotoba koso '' ( 君 の 言葉 こそ ) January 24 , 2011 December 10 , 2013 The staff Brain had before reveals his identity as the last member of Oracion Seis - the 7th , much to their confusion - and the reason behind their intentions of destroying the Cait Shelter Guild . Erza determines the true form of Midnight 's magic and prepares to fight him again . Meanwhile , Wendy searches for Jellal in order to find the necessary information that will help Natsu and the others stop Nirvana . 64 `` Zero '' `` Zero '' ( ゼロ ) January 31 , 2011 December 17 , 2013 Erza manages to overcome Midnight 's illusory magic , while Natsu , Lucy , Happy , and Gray confront Brain 's staff , Klodoa . Realizing Midnight 's defeat , Klodoa explains that Brain has an alternate destructive personality called Zero that was kept sealed by the members of the Oración Seis using body link magic . Erza , Jellal , Wendy and Carla make haste as Zero initiates Nirvana to fire upon Cait Shelter . 65 `` From Pegasus to Fairies '' `` Tenma kara Yōsei - tachi e '' ( 天馬 から 妖精 たち へ ) February 7 , 2011 December 24 , 2013 As Zero fires on Cait Shelter , Blue Pegasus 's ship Christina , held together by Lyon , Sherry , and Ren , destroy one of Nirvana 's legs and cause it to miss . Hibiki relays the details of the plan to stop Nirvana : within 20 minutes , the six legs of Nirvana must be destroyed at the same time . As Natsu goes to the location of first Lacrima to fight Zero , Jellal follows him after regaining some of his memory . 66 `` The Power of Feelings '' `` Omoi no Chikara '' ( 想い の 力 ) February 14 , 2011 December 31 , 2013 Having told Wendy to destroy the sixth Lacrima in his place , Jellal appears at the first Lacrima and gives Natsu the `` Flame of Rebuke '' . Natsu consumes the flame and enters Dragon Force for his fight against Zero and they power up for the final blow . Meanwhile , everyone reaches their respective destinations and wait for the right moment to strike . 67 `` I 'm With You '' `` Watashi ga Tsuiteiru '' ( 私 が ついて いる ) February 21 , 2011 January 7 , 2014 As everyone gathers their strength for the final blow , Natsu is consumed by Zero 's `` Genesis Zero '' attack . As he floats in the world of nothing , Igneel 's voice speaks to him and he breaks free , defeating Zero and manages to destroy Nirvana 's legs along with his allies , resulting in Nirvana 's destruction . 68 `` A Guild for One '' `` Tatta Hitori no Tame no Girudo '' ( たった 一人 の 為 の ギルド ) February 28 , 2011 January 14 , 2014 Agents from the Magic Council dispatched to the site of Nirvana 's fall arrest Jellal ; when everyone else resists , Erza stops them and urges the officials to take Jellal away , though she is devastated by the outcome . As everyone recovers at Cait Shelter , it is revealed that the entire guild was an illusion created by the spirit of its guild master for Wendy 's sake . With Nirvana 's destruction , the spirit has fulfilled its purpose and Cait Shelter vanishes . As Wendy is left behind crying , Erza invites her to join Fairy Tail . 69 `` Call of the Dragon '' `` Ryū no Izanai '' ( 竜 の 誘い ) March 7 , 2011 January 21 , 2014 Everyone returns to their respective guilds , and Wendy and Carla officially become members of Fairy Tail . When Gray tells Natsu rumours of a woman , Daphne , who claims to have met a dragon , Natsu and Wendy set off to find her . However , they are dismayed that it is a trap and that Gray is inexplicably in league with Daphne . Meanwhile , Erza encounters a monster that uses the same kind of magic as her . 70 `` Natsu vs. Gray ! ! '' `` Natsu vs. Gurei ! ! '' ( ナツ vs. グレイ ! ! ) March 14 , 2011 January 28 , 2014 Natsu fights with Gray , who refuses to explain why he helped Daphne capture him . Lucy and Erza set off to save Natsu and Wendy , but encounter more Lizardmen , artificial monsters created by Daphne to mimic their opponents ' magic . Eventually Natsu is subdued and used by Daphne to power her artificial dragon , the Dragonoid . 71 `` Friendship Overcomes the Dead '' `` Tomo wa Shikabane o Koete '' ( 友 は 屍 を 越え て ) March 21 , 2011 February 4 , 2014 Elfman , Macao and Wakaba arrive to subdue Gray and bring him back to Fairy Tail , while Daphne flies towards Magnolia in her fully powered Dragonoid , intending to destroy the city . The members of Fairy Tail all fight against the Dragonoid before Natsu tells them to destroy him with it . 72 `` A Fairy Tail Wizard '' `` Fearī Teiru no Madōshi '' ( フェアリー テイル の 魔 導 士 ) March 28 , 2011 February 11 , 2014 Gray explains to Makarov that he helped Daphne capture Natsu so that Natsu could destroy her Dragonoid from within and fulfill a forgotten promise to lift a curse Daphne cast to make the inhabitants of a town invisible . With help from the wizards of Fairy Tail , Natsu overloads the Dragonoid and defeats Daphne , lifting the curse she placed on the city . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Funimation . Jump up ^ Date the episode originally aired on TV Tokyo . Jump up ^ Date the episode first aired on the Funimation Channel in an English dub . References ( edit ) General `` Episodes 49 - 60 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . `` Episodes 61 - 72 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Specific Jump up ^ `` あにてれ : FAIRY TAIL '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ポニー キャ ニョン - FAIRY TAIL ( 13 ) : DVD '' . Pony Canyon . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ポニー キャ ニョン - FAIRY TAIL ( 24 ) : DVD '' . Pony Canyon . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fairy Tail Season 2 '' . Asia Animax . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 運命 の 出会い の 日 '' . Fairy Tail . Episode 49 ( in Japanese ) . October 11 , 2010 . TV Tokyo . ^ Jump up to : `` 超 空中 戦 ! ナツ vs. コブラ '' . Fairy Tail . Episode 61 ( in Japanese ) . January 10 , 2011 . TV Tokyo . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 36 of 2013 ( Mon 2 Sep 2013 - Sun 8 Sep 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 49 ) ( P ) - Episode 49 - The Day of the Fateful Encounter Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 37 of 2013 ( Mon 9 Sep 2013 - Sun 15 Sep 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 50 ) ( P ) - Episode 50 - Special Request : Watch Out for the Guy You Like ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 38 of 2013 ( Mon 16 Sep 2013 - Sun 22 Sep 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 51 ) ( P ) - Episode 51 - Love & Lucky Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 39 of 2013 ( Mon 23 Sep 2013 - Sun 29 Sep 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 52 ) ( P ) - Episode 52 - Allied Forces , Assemble ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 40 of 2013 ( Mon 30 Sep 2013 - Sun 6 Oct 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 53 ) ( P ) - Episode 53 - Enter the Oración Seis ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 41 of 2013 ( Mon 7 Oct 2013 - Sun 13 Oct 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 54 ) ( P ) - Episode 54 - Maiden of the Sky Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 42 of 2013 ( Mon 14 Oct 2013 - Sun 20 Oct 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 55 ) ( P ) - Episode 55 - The Girl and the Ghost Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 43 of 2013 ( Mon 21 Oct 2013 - Sun 27 Oct 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 56 ) ( P ) - Episode 56 - Dead Grand Prix Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 44 of 2013 ( Mon 28 Oct 2013 - Sun 3 Nov 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 57 ) ( P ) - Episode 57 - Darkness Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 45 of 2013 ( Mon 4 Nov 2013 - Sun 10 Nov 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 58 ) ( P ) - Episode 58 - Celestial Skirmish Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 46 of 2013 ( Mon 11 Nov 2013 - Sun 17 Nov 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 59 ) ( P ) - Episode 59 - Jellal of Days Gone By Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 47 of 2013 ( Mon 18 Nov 2013 - Sun 24 Nov 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 60 ) ( P ) - Episode 60 - March of Destruction Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 48 of 2013 ( Mon 25 Nov 2013 - Sun 1 Dec 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 61 ) ( P ) - Episode 61 - Super Aerial Battle : Natsu vs. Cobra ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 49 of 2013 ( Mon 2 Dec 2013 - Sun 8 Dec 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 62 ) ( P ) - Episode 62 - Wizard Saint Jura Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 50 of 2013 ( Mon 9 Dec 2013 - Sun 15 Dec 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 63 ) ( P ) - Episode 63 - Your Words Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 51 of 2013 ( Mon 16 Dec 2013 - Sun 22 Dec 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 64 ) ( P ) - Episode 64 - Zero Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 52 of 2013 ( Mon 23 Dec 2013 - Sun 29 Dec 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 65 ) ( P ) - Episode 65 - From Pegasus to Fairies Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 1 of 2014 ( Mon 30 Dec 2013 - Sun 5 Jan 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 66 ) ( P ) - Episode 66 - The Power of Feelings Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 2 of 2014 ( Mon 6 Jan 2014 - Sun 12 Jan 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 67 ) ( P ) - Episode 67 - I 'm With You Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 3 of 2014 ( Mon 13 Jan 2014 - Sun 19 Jan 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 68 ) ( P ) - Episode 68 - A Guild for One Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 4 of 2014 ( Mon 20 Jan 2014 - Sun 26 Jan 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 69 ) ( P ) - Episode 69 - Call of the Dragon Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 5 of 2014 ( Mon 27 Jan 2014 - Sun 2 Feb 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 70 ) ( P ) - Episode 70 - Natsu vs. Gray ! ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 6 of 2014 ( Mon 3 Feb 2014 - Sun 9 Feb 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 71 ) ( P ) - Episode 71 - Friendship Overcomes the Dead Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 7 of 2014 ( Mon 10 Feb 2014 - Sun 16 Feb 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 72 ) ( P ) - Episode 72 - A Fairy Tail Wizard Fairy Tail by Hiro Mashima Media Volumes 1 -- 15 16 -- 30 31 -- 45 46 -- 63 Episodes Season 1 6 7 Zero Fairy Tail Zero Fairy Tail 100 Years Quest Films Phoenix Priestess Dragon Cry Characters Natsu Dragneel Lucy Heartfilia Happy Related Rave Master Edens Zero Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Fairy_Tail_episodes_(season_2)&oldid=853533980 '' Categories : 2010 Japanese television seasons 2011 Japanese television seasons Fairy Tail episode lists Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Română Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 12 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Fairy%20Tail%20episodes%20%28season%202%29

where does the eurasian eagle owl live in the eastern or western hemisphere

Eurasian eagle - owl

eurasian eagle - owl

See text .

Range of Eurasian eagle - owl Synonyms Bubo ignavus Forster , 1817 Bubo maximus The Eurasian eagle - owl ( Bubo bubo ) is a species of eagle - owl that resides in much of Eurasia . It is also called the European eagle - owl and in Europe , it is occasionally abbreviated to just eagle - owl . It is one of the largest species of owl , and females can grow to a total length of 75 cm ( 30 in ) , with a wingspan of 188 cm ( 6 ft 2 in ) , males being slightly smaller . This bird has distinctive ear tufts , with upper parts that are mottled with darker blackish colouring and tawny . The wings and tail are barred . The underparts are a variably hued buff , streaked with darker colour . The facial disc is poorly developed and the orange eyes are distinctive . Besides being one of the largest living species of owl , it is also one of the most widely distributed . The Eurasian eagle - owl is found in many habitats but is mostly a bird of mountain regions , coniferous forests , steppes and other relatively remote places . It is a mostly nocturnal predator , hunting for a range of different prey species , predominantly small mammals but also birds of varying sizes , reptiles , amphibians , fish , large insects and other assorted invertebrates . It typically breeds on cliff ledges , in gullies , among rocks or in other concealed locations . The nest is a scrape in which averages of two eggs are laid at intervals . These hatch at different times . The female incubates the eggs and broods the young , and the male provides food for her and when they hatch , for the nestlings as well . Continuing parental care for the young is provided by both adults for about five months . There are at least a dozen subspecies of Eurasian eagle - owl . With a total range in Europe and Asia of about 32 million square kilometres ( 12 million square miles ) and a total population estimated to be between 250 thousand and 2.5 million , the IUCN lists the bird 's conservation status as being of `` least concern '' . The vast majority of eagle - owls live in mainland Europe , Russia and Central Asia , and an estimated number of between 12 and 40 pairs are thought to reside in the United Kingdom as of 2016 , a number which may be on the rise . Tame eagle - owls have occasionally been used in pest control because of their size to deter large birds such as gulls from nesting . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Standard measurements and physiology 1.2 Distinguishing from other species 1.3 Moulting 2 Taxonomy 2.1 Subspecies 3 Habitat 4 Behaviour 5 Dietary biology 6 Breeding 6.1 Eggs and offspring development 7 Status 7.1 Longevity 7.2 Anthropogenic mortality 7.3 Conservation and re-introductions 7.4 Occurrence in Great Britain 7.5 Effect on conservation - dependent species 8 References 9 External links Description ( edit ) Note the orange eyes and vertical stripes on the chest . The Eurasian eagle - owl is a very large bird , smaller than the golden eagle ( Aquila chrysaetos ) but larger than the snowy owl , despite some overlap in size with both species . It is sometimes referred to as the world 's largest owl , although Blakiston 's fish owl ( B. blakistoni ) is slightly heavier on average and the much lighter weight great grey owl ( Strix nebulosa ) is slightly longer on average . Heimo Mikkola reported the largest specimens of eagle - owl as having the same upper body mass , 4.6 kg ( 10 lb ) , as the largest Blakiston 's fish owl and attained a length of around 3 cm ( 1.2 in ) longer . In terms of average weight and wing size , the Blakiston 's is the slightly larger species seemingly , even averaging a bit larger in these aspects than the biggest eagle - owl races from Russia . Also , although 9 cm ( 3.5 in ) shorter than the largest of the latter species , the Eurasian eagle - owl can weigh well more than twice as much as the largest great grey owl . The Eurasian eagle - owl typically has a wingspan of 131 -- 188 cm ( 4 ft 4 in -- 6 ft 2 in ) , with the largest specimens possibly attaining 200 cm ( 6 ft 7 in ) . The total length of the species can vary from 56 to 75 cm ( 22 to 30 in ) . Females can weigh from 1.75 to 4.6 kg ( 3.9 to 10.1 lb ) and males can weigh from 1.22 to 3.2 kg ( 2.7 to 7.1 lb ) . In comparison , the barn owl ( Tyto alba ) , the world 's most widely distributed owl species , weighs about 500 g ( 1.1 lb ) and the great horned owl ( Bubo virginianus ) , which fills the eagle - owl 's ecological niche in North America , weighs around 1.4 kg ( 3.1 lb ) . Eurasian Eagle Owl in captivity Besides the female being larger , there is little external sexual dimorphism in the Eurasian eagle - owl although the ear tufts of males reportedly tend to be more upright than those of females . When an eagle - owl is seen on its own in the field , it is generally not possible to distinguish the individual 's sex . Gender determination by size is possible via in hand measurements . Reportedly , in some populations the female may be slightly darker on average than the male . The plumage coloration across at least 13 accepted subspecies can be highly variable . The upper parts may be brown - black to tawny - buff to pale creamy gray , typically showing dense freckling on the forehead and crown , stripes on the nape , sides and back of the neck , and dark splotches on the pale ground colour of the back , mantle and scapulars . A narrow buff band , freckled with brown or buff , often runs up from the base of the bill , above the inner part of the eye and along the inner edge of the black - brown ear tufts . The rump and upper tail - coverts are delicately patterned with dark vermiculations and fine wavy barring , the extent of which varies with subspecies . The underwing coverts and undertail coverts are similar but tend to be more strongly barred in brownish - black . The primaries and secondaries are brown with broad dark brown bars and dark brown tips , and grey or buff irregular lines . A complete moult takes place each year between July and December . The facial disc is tawny - buff , speckled with black - brown , so densely on the outer edge of the disc as to form a `` frame '' around the face . The chin and throat are white with a brownish central streak . The feathers of the upper breast generally have brownish - black centres and reddish - brown edges except for the central ones which have white edges . The chin and throat may appear white continuing down the center of the upper breast . The lower breast and belly feathers are creamy - brown to tawny buff to off - white with a variable amount of fine dark wavy barring , on a tawny - buff ground colour . The legs and feet ( which are feathered almost to the talons ) are likewise marked on a buff ground colour but more faintly . The tail is tawny - buff , mottled dark grey - brown with about six black - brown bars . The bill and feet are black . The iris is most often orange but is fairly variable . In some European birds , the iris is a bright reddish , blood - orange colour but then in subspecies found in arid , desert - like habitats , the iris can range into an orange - yellow colour ( most closely related species generally have yellowish irises , excluding the Indian eagle - owl ) . Standard measurements and physiology ( edit ) The wings have a wide spread Among standard measurements for the Eurasian eagle - owl , the wing chord measures 378 to 518 mm ( 14.9 to 20.4 in ) , the tail measures 229 -- 310 mm ( 9.0 -- 12.2 in ) long , the tarsus measures 64.5 -- 112 mm ( 2.54 -- 4.41 in ) and the total length of the bill is 38.9 -- 59 mm ( 1.53 -- 2.32 in ) . The wings are reportedly the smallest in proportion to the body weight of any European owl , when measured by the grams per square cm of wing size , was found to be 0.72 . Thus they have quite high wing loading . The great horned owl has even smaller wings ( 0.8 grams per square cm ) relative to its body size . The golden eagle has slightly lower wing loading proportionately ( 0.65 grams per square cm ) , so the aerial abilities of the two species ( beyond the eagle 's spectacular ability to stoop ) may not be as disparate as expected . Some other owls , such as barn owls , short - eared owls ( Asio flammeus ) and even the related snowy owls have lower wing loading relative to their size and so are presumably able to fly faster , with more agility and for more extended periods than the Eurasian eagle - owl . In the relatively small race B. b . hispanus , the middle claw , the largest talon , ( as opposed to rear hallux - claw which is the largest in accipitrids ) was found to measure from 21.6 to 40.1 mm ( 0.85 to 1.58 in ) in length . A 3.82 kg ( 8.4 lb ) female examined in Britain ( origins unspecified ) had a middle claw measuring 57.9 mm ( 2.28 in ) , on par in length with a large female golden eagle hallux - claw . Generally , owls do not have talons as proportionately large as those of accipitrids but have stronger , more robust feet relative to their size . Accipitrids use their talons to inflict organ damage and blood loss , whereas typical owls use their feet to constrict their prey to death , the talons serving only to hold the prey in place or provide incidental damage . The talons of the Eurasian eagle - owl are very large and not often exceeded in size by diurnal raptors . Unlike the great horned owls , the overall foot size and strength of the Eurasian eagle - owl is not known to have been tested , but the considerably smaller horned owl has one of the strongest grips ever measured in a bird . The feathers of the ear tufts in Spanish birds ( when not damaged ) were found to measure from 63.3 to 86.6 mm ( 2.49 to 3.41 in ) . The ear openings ( covered in feathers as in all birds ) are relatively uncomplicated but are also large , being larger on the right than on the left as in most owls , and proportionately larger than those of the great horned owl . In the female , the ear opening averages 31.7 mm ( 1.25 in ) on the right and 27.4 mm ( 1.08 in ) on the left and , in males , averages 26.8 mm ( 1.06 in ) on the right and 24.4 mm ( 0.96 in ) on the left . The depth of the facial disc and the size and complexity of the ear opening are directly correlated to the importance of sound in an owl 's hunting behaviour . Examples of owls with more complicated ear structures and deeper facial disc are barn owls , long - eared owls ( Asio otus ) and boreal owls ( Aegolius funereus ) . Given the uncomplicated structure of their ear openings and relatively shallow , undefined facial disc , hunting by ear is secondary to hunting by sight in the eagle - owl , this seems to be true for Bubo in general . It is likely that more sound - based hunters such as the aforementioned species focus their hunting activity in more complete darkness . Also owls with white throat patches such as the Eurasian eagle - owl are more likely to be active in low light conditions in the hours before and after sunrise and sunset rather than the darkest times in the middle of the night . The boreal and barn owls , to extend these examples , lack obvious visual cues such as white throat patches ( puffed up in displaying eagle - owls ) , again indicative of primary activity being in darker periods . Distinguishing from other species ( edit ) The great size , bulky , barrel - shaped build , erect ear tufts and orange eyes render this as a distinctive species . Other than general morphology , the above features differ markedly from those of two of the next largest subarctic owl species in Europe and western Asia , which are the great grey owl and the greyish to chocolate - brown Ural owl ( Strix uralensis ) , both of which have no ear tufts and have a distinctly rounded head , rather than the blocky shape of the eagle - owl 's head . The snowy owl is obviously distinctive from most eagle - owls , but during winter the palest Eurasian eagle - owl race ( B. b . sibiricus ) can appear off - white . Nevertheless , the latter is still distinctively an ear - tufted Eurasian eagle - owl and lacks the pure white background colour and variable black spotting of the slightly smaller species ( which has relatively tiny , vestigial ear tufts that have only been observed to have flared on rare occasions ) . The long - eared owl has a somewhat similar plumage to the eagle - owl but is considerably smaller ( an average female eagle - owl may be twice as long and ten times heavier than an average long - eared owl ) . Unique camouflage pattern Long - eared owls in Eurasia have vertical striping like that of the Eurasian eagle - owl while long - eared owls in North America show a more horizontal striping like that of great horned owls . Whether these are examples of mimicry either way is unclear but it is known that both Bubo owls are serious predators of long - eared owls . The same discrepancy in underside streaking has also been noted in the Eurasian and American representations of the grey owl . A few other related species overlap minimally in range in Asia , mainly in east Asia and the southern reaches of the Eurasian eagle - owl 's range . Three fish owls appear to overlap in range , the brown ( Ketupa zeylonensis ) in at least northern Pakistan , probably Kashmir and discontinuously in southern Turkey , the tawny ( K. flavipes ) through much of eastern China and the Blakiston 's fish owl in the Russian Far East , northeastern China and Hokkaido . Fish owls are distinctively different looking , possessing more scraggy ear tufts that hang to the side rather than sit erect on top of the head , generally have more uniform , brownish plumages without the contrasting darker streaking of an eagle - owl . The brown fish owl has no feathering on the tarsus or feet and the tawny has feathering only on the upper portion of the tarsi but the Blakiston 's is nearly as extensively feathered on the tarsi and feet as the eagle - owl . Tawny and brown fish owls are both slightly smaller than co-occurring Eurasian eagle - owls and Blakiston 's fish owls are similar or slightly larger than co-occurring large northern eagle - owls . Fish owls , being tied to the edges of freshwater where they hunt mainly fish and crabs , also have slightly differing , and more narrow , habitat preferences . In the lower Himalayas of northern Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir , along with the brown fish owl , the Eurasian eagle - owl at the limit of its distribution may co-exist with at least two to three other eagle - owls . One of these , the dusky eagle - owl ( B. coromandus ) is smaller , with more uniform tan - brownish plumage , untidy uniform light streaking rather than the Eurasian 's dark streaking below and an even less well - defined facial disc . The dusky is usually found in slightly more enclosed woodland areas than Eurasian eagle - owls . Another is possibly the spot - bellied eagle - owl ( Bubo nipalensis ) , which is strikingly different looking , with stark brown plumage , rather than the warm hues typical of the Eurasian , bold spotting on a whitish background on the belly , and somewhat askew ear tufts that are bold white with light brown crossbars on the front . It is possible that both species occur in some parts of the Himalayan foothills but they are not currently verified to occur in the same area , in part because of the spot - bellied 's preference for dense , primary forest . Most similar , with basically the same habitat preferences and the only one verified to co-occur with the Eurasian eagle - owls of the race B. b . turcomanus in Kashmir is the Indian eagle - owl ( B. bengalensis ) . The Indian species is smaller with a bolder blackish facial disc border , more rounded and relatively smaller wings and partially unfeathered toes . Far to the west , the pharaoh eagle - owl ( B. ascalaphus ) also seemingly overlaps in range with the Eurasian , in at least the country of Jordan . Although also relatively similar to the Eurasian eagle - owl , the pharaoh is distinguished by its smaller size , paler , more washed - out plumage and the diminished size of its ear - tufts . Moulting ( edit ) The Eurasian eagle - owls ' feathers are lightweight and robust but nevertheless need to be replaced periodically as they become worn . In the Eurasian eagle - owl , this happens in stages and the first moult starts the year after hatching with some body feathers and wing coverts being replaced . The next year the three central secondaries on each wing and three middle tail feathers are shed and regrow , and the following year two or three primaries and their coverts are lost . In the final year of this post-juvenile moult , the remaining primaries are moulted and all the juvenile feathers will have been replaced . Another moult takes place during years six to twelve of the bird 's life . This happens between June and October after the conclusion of the breeding season and again it is a staged process with six to nine main flight feathers being replaced each year . Such a moulting pattern lasting several years is repeated throughout the bird 's life . Taxonomy ( edit ) The Eurasian eagle - owl is a member of the genus Bubo , which may include either 22 or 25 extant species . Almost all the larger owl species in the world today are included in Bubo . Based on an extensive fossil record and a central distribution of extant species on that continent , the Bubo appears to have evolved into existence in Africa , although early radiations seem to branch from southern Asia as well . Two genera belonging to the scops owls complex , the giant scops owls ( Otus gurneyi ) found in Asia and the Ptilopsis or the white - faced scops owl found in Africa , although firmly ensconced in the scops owl group , appear to share some characteristics with the eagle - owls . The Strix is also related to the Bubo and is considered a `` sister complex '' , with the Pulsatrix possibly being intermediate between the two . The Eurasian eagle - owl appears to represent an expansion of the Bubo genus into the Eurasian continent . A few of the other species of Bubo seem to have been derived from the Eurasian eagle - owl , making it a `` paraspecies '' , or they at least share a relatively recent common ancestor . The pharaoh eagle - owl , distributed in the Arabian Peninsula and sections of the Sahara Desert through North Africa where rocky outcrops are found , was until recently considered a subspecies of Eurasian eagle - owl . It appears that the pharaoh eagle - owl differs about 3.8 % in mitochondrial DNA from the Eurasian eagle - owl , well past the minimum genetic difference to differentiate species of 1.5 % . Smaller and paler than Eurasian eagle - owls , the pharaoh can also be considered a distinct species largely due to its higher pitched and more descending call and the observation that Eurasian eagle - owls formerly found in Morocco ( B. b . hispanus ) apparently did not breed with the co-existing pharaoh eagle - owls . On the contrary , the race still found together with the pharaoh in the wild ( B. b . interpositus ) in the central Middle East has been found to interbreed in the wild with the pharaoh eagle - owls , although genetical materials have indicated interpositus may itself be a distinct species from the Eurasian eagle - owl as it differs from nominate subspecies eagle - owls by 2.8 % in mitochondrial DNA . The Indian eagle - owl was also considered a subspecies of Eurasian eagle - owl until recently , but its smaller size , distinct voice ( more clipped and high - pitched than Eurasians ) , and the fact that it is largely allopatric in distribution ( filling out the Indian subcontinent ) with Eurasian eagle - owl races has led to it being considered a distinct species . The mitochondrial DNA of the Indian species also appears considerably distinct from the Eurasian species . The cape eagle - owl ( B. capensis ) appears to represent a return of this genetic line back into the African continent , where it leads a lifestyle similar to northern eagle - owls albeit far to the south . Another offshoot of the northern Bubo group is the snowy owl . It appears to have separated from other Bubo at least 4 million years ago . The fourth and most famous derivation of the evolutionary line that includes the Eurasian eagle - owl is the great horned owl , which appears to have been the result of primitive eagle - owls spreading into North America . It has been stated that the great horned owls and Eurasian eagle - owls are barely distinct as species , with a similar level of divergence in their plumages as the Eurasian and North American representations of the great grey owl or the long - eared owl . There are more outward physical differences between the great horned owl and the Eurasian eagle - owl than in those two examples , including a great size difference favoring the Eurasian species , the horned owl 's horizontal rather than vertical underside barring , yellow rather than orange eyes and a much strong black bracket to the facial disc , not to mention a number of differences in their reproductive behaviour and distinctive voices . Furthermore , genetic research has revealed that snowy owls are more closely related to the great horned owl than are Eurasian eagle - owls . The most closely related species beyond the pharaoh , Indian and cape eagle - owls to the Eurasian eagle - owl is the smaller , less powerful and African spotted eagle - owl ( B. africanus ) , which was likely to have divided from the line before they radiated away from Africa . Somehow , genetic materials indicate the spotted eagle - owl appears to share a more recent ancestor with the Indian eagle - owl than with the Eurasian eagle - owl or even the sympatric cape eagle - owl . Eurasian eagle - owls in captivity have produced apparently healthy hybrids with both the Indian eagle - owl and the great horned owl . The pharaoh , Indian and cape eagle - owls and great horned owl are all broadly similar in size to each other but all are considerably smaller than the Eurasian eagle - owl , which averages at least 15 -- 30 % larger in linear dimensions and 30 -- 50 % larger in body mass than these other related species , possibly as the eagle - owls adapted to warmer climates and smaller prey . Fossils from south France have indicated that during the Middle Pleistocene , Eurasian eagle - owls ( this paleo - subspecies given the name B. b . davidi ) were larger than they are today , even larger were those found in Azerbaijan and in Caucasus ( either B. b . bignadensis or B. bignadensis ) , which were deemed to date to the Late Pleistocene . About a dozen subspecies are recognized today . Subspecies ( edit ) An adult of the subspecies B. b . sibiricus B. b . omissus at Tierpark Berlin , Germany B. b . bubo ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) -- Also known as the European eagle - owl , the nominate subspecies inhabits continental Europe from near the Arctic Circle in Norway , Sweden , Finland , the southern Kola Peninsula , and Arkhangelsk where it ranges north to about latitude 640 30 ' N. , southward to the Baltic Sea , central Germany , to southeastern Belgium , eastern , central , and southern France to Italy and Sicily , and through Central and Southeastern Europe to Greece . It intergrades with B. b . ruthenus in northern Russia around the basin of the upper Mezen River and in the eastern vicinity of Gorki Leninskiye , Tambov and Voronezh , and intergrades with B. b . interpositus in northern Ukraine . This is a medium - sized race , measuring in wing chord length 435 -- 480 mm ( 17.1 -- 18.9 in ) in males and 455 -- 500 mm ( 17.9 -- 19.7 in ) . In captive owls of this subspecies , the mean wingspan were 157 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) for males and 167.5 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) for females . The total bill length is 45 to 56 mm ( 1.8 to 2.2 in ) . Adult male European Eagle - Owls from Norway weigh 1.63 to 2.81 kg ( 3.6 to 6.2 lb ) , averaging 2.38 kg ( 5.2 lb ) , while females there weigh from 2.28 to 4.2 kg ( 5.0 to 9.3 lb ) , averaging 2.95 kg ( 6.5 lb ) . Unsurprisingly , adult owls from western Finland were about the same size , averaging 2.65 kg ( 5.8 lb ) . The subspecies seems to follow Bergmann 's rule in regards to body size decreasing closer to the Equator , as specimens from central Europe average 2.14 or 2.3 kg ( 4.7 or 5.1 lb ) in body mass and those from Italy average about 2.01 kg ( 4.4 lb ) . The weight range for eagle - owls in Italy is 1.5 to 3 kg ( 3.3 to 6.6 lb ) . The nominate subspecies is perhaps the darkest and most richly coloured of eagle - owl subspecies . Many nominate birds are heavily overlaid with broad black streaking over the upper - parts , head and chest . While generally a brownish base - colour , many nominate owls can appear rich rufous , especially about the head , upper - back and wing primaries . The lower belly is usually a buff brown , as opposed to whitish or yellowish in several other subspecies . Birds seen from southern Italy and Sicily may show a tendency to be smaller than more northern birds and reportedly are duller , possessing paler ground coloration , and more narrow streaks , but museum specimens are often not hugely distinct from north Italian eagle - owls . In Scandinavia , some birds are so darkly plumaged as to give a blackish - brown impression with almost no paler colour showing . B. b . hispanus ( Rothschild and Hartert , 1910 ) -- Also known as the Spanish eagle - owl or Iberian eagle - owl . This subspecies mainly occurs on the Iberian Peninsula , where it occupies a majority of Spain and scattered spots in Portugal . B. b . hispanus at least historically occurred in wooded areas of the Atlas Mountains in Algeria , Morocco and Tunisia , making it the only subspecies of Eurasian eagle - owl known to breed in Africa , but this population is thought to be extinct . This is a fairly small - bodied subspecies . In males , wing chord length can range from 400 to 450 mm ( 16 to 18 in ) and in females from 445 to 485 mm ( 17.5 to 19.1 in ) . Wingspans in this subspecies can vary from 131 to 168 cm ( 4 ft 4 in to 5 ft 6 in ) , averaging about 154.1 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) . Among standard measurements of B. b . hispanus , the tail is 229 to 310 mm ( 9.0 to 12.2 in ) , the total bill length is 38.9 to 54.3 mm ( 1.53 to 2.14 in ) and the tarsus is 64.5 to 81 mm ( 2.54 to 3.19 in ) . Adult male B. b . hispanus from Spain weigh 1.22 to 1.9 kg ( 2.7 to 4.2 lb ) , averaging 1.63 kg ( 3.6 lb ) , while females weigh from 1.75 to 2.49 kg ( 3.9 to 5.5 lb ) , averaging 2.11 kg ( 4.7 lb ) . In terms of its life history , this may be the most extensively studied subspecies of eagle - owl . The Spanish eagle - owl is the most similar in plumage to the nominate subspecies amongst other subspecies , but tends to be a somewhat lighter , more greyish colour , with generally lighter streaking and a paler belly . B. b . ruthenus ( Buturlin and Zhitkov , 1906 ) - May be known as the eastern eagle - owl . This subspecies replaces the nominate in eastern Russia from about latitude 660 N. in the Timan - Pechora Basin south to the western Ural Mountains and the upper Don and lower Volga Rivers . This is a fairly large subspecies going on wing chord length , which is 430 -- 468 mm ( 16.9 -- 18.4 in ) in males and 470 -- 515 mm ( 18.5 -- 20.3 in ) in females . The subspecies is intermediate in coloration between the nominate subspecies and B. b . sibiricus . B. b . ruthenus may be confused with B. b . interpositus , even by authoritative ornithologists . B. b . interpositus is darker than B. b . ruthenus , distinctly more yellowish , less gray , and its brown pattern is darker , heavier , and more regular . The entire colour pattern of B. b . interpositus is brighter , richer , and more contrasting than that of B. b . ruthenus , but B. b . interpositus , though very well characterized , is an intermediate subspecies . In San Francisco Zoo B. b . interpositus ( Rothschild and Hartert , 1910 ) - May be known as Aharoni 's eagle - owl or the Byzantine eagle - owl . B. b . interpositus ranges from southern Russia , south of the nominate , with which it intergrades in northern Ukraine , from Bessarabia and the steppes of the Ukraine north to Kiev and Kharkov then eastward to the Crimea , the Caucasus and Transcaucasia to northwestern and northern Iran ( Elburz , region of Tehran , and probably the southern Caspian districts ) , and through Asia Minor south to Syria and Iraq but not to the Syrian desert where it is replaced by the pharaoh eagle - owl . The latter and B. b . interpositus reportedly hybridize from western Syria south to southern Palestine . B. b . interpositus may be a distinct species from the Eurasian eagle - owl based on genetic studies . This medium - sized subspecies is about the same size as the nominate subspecies B. b . bubo , with male wing chord lengths 425 to 475 mm ( 16.7 to 18.7 in ) and female lengths of 440 to 503 mm ( 17.3 to 19.8 in ) . It differs from the nominate subspecies by being paler and more yellow , less ferruginous , and by having a sharper brown pattern ; from B. b . turcomanus by being very much darker and less yellow , and also by being much more sharply and heavily patterned with brown . Aharoni 's eagle - owl is darker and more rusty than B. b . ruthenus . B. b . sibiricus ( Gloger , 1833 ) - The western Siberian eagle - owl . This subspecies is distributed from the Ural Mountains of western Siberia and Bashkiria to the mid Ob River and the western Altai Mountains , north to limits of the taiga , the most northerly distribution known in the species overall . B. b . sibiricus is a large subspecies , wherein the males measure 435 -- 480 mm ( 17.1 -- 18.9 in ) in wing chord length , while the females are 472 -- 515 mm ( 18.6 -- 20.3 in ) . Captive males were found to measure 155 to 170 cm ( 5 ft 1 in to 5 ft 7 in ) in wingspan and weigh 1.62 to 3.2 kg ( 3.6 to 7.1 lb ) ; whereas the females measure 165 to 190 cm ( 5 ft 5 in to 6 ft 3 in ) in wingspan and weigh 2.28 to 4.5 kg ( 5.0 to 9.9 lb ) . Males were cited with a mean body mass of approximately 2.5 kg ( 5.5 lb ) . This subspecies is physically the most distinctive of all the Eurasian eagle - owls , and is sometimes considered the most `` beautiful and striking '' . It is the most pale of the eagle - owl subspecies ; the general coloration is a buffy off - white overlaid with dark markings . The crown , hindneck and underparts are streaked blackish but somewhat sparingly , with the lower breast and belly indistinctly barred , the primary coverts dark , contrasting with rest of the wing . The head , back and shoulders are only somewhat dark unlike in most other subspecies . In the eastern limits of its range , B. b . sibiricus may intergrade with B. b . yenisseensis . B. b . yenisseensis ( Buturlin , 1911 ) - Known as the eastern Siberian eagle - owl . This subspecies is found in central Siberia from about the Ob eastward to Lake Baikal , north to about latitudes 580 to 590 N on the Yenisei River , south to the Altai , Tarbagatai and the Saur Mountain ranges and in Tannu Tuva and Khangai Mountains in northwestern Mongolia , grading into B. b . sibiricus near Tomsk in the west and into B. b . ussuriensis in the east of northern Mongolia . The zone of intergradations with the latter in Mongolia seems to be quite extensive , with intermediate eagle - owls being especially prevalent around the Tuul River Valley , resulting in owls intermediate in coloration between B. b . yenisseensis and B. b . ussuriensis . B. b . yenisseensis is a large subspecies , with wing chord lengths of 435 -- 470 mm ( 17.1 -- 18.5 in ) in males and 473 -- 518 mm ( 18.6 -- 20.4 in ) in females . B. b . yenisseensis is typically much darker with more yellowish ground colour than B. b . sibiricus . It does have a similar amount of dazzling white on its underwing as does sibiricus . It is buffy - greyish overall with well - expressed dark patterning on the upper - parts and around the head . The underside is overall pale greyish with black streaking . B. b . jakutensis ( Buturlin , 1908 ) - May be called the Yakutian eagle - owl . This subspecies inhabits northeastern Siberia , from southern Yakutia north to about latitude 640 N. , west in the basin of the Vilyuy River to the upper Nizhnyaya Tunguska River , and east to the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk from Magadan south to the Khabarovsk Krai . It has been reported farther north , from the regions of the upper Kolyma River and the upper Anadyr . Eurasian eagle - owls are absent in Kamchatka and north of the Verkhoyansk Range . This is a large subspecies , rivaling the proceeding two subspecies as the largest of all eagle - owls , going on wing chord length , which subspecies is largest is unclear considering the extensive size overlap in wing size . The wing chord is 455 to 490 mm ( 17.9 to 19.3 in ) in males and 480 to 503 mm ( 18.9 to 19.8 in ) in females . B. b . jakutensis is much darker and browner above than both B. b . sibiricus and B. b . yenisseensis , though its coloration is more diffused , less sharp than the latter . It is more distinctly streaked and barred below than B. b . sibiricus while being whiter and more heavily vermiculated below than B. b . yenisseensis . B. b . ussuriensis ( Poljakov , 1915 ) -- Would presumably be referred to as the Ussuri eagle - owl . This subspecies ranges from southeastern Siberia , to the south of the range of B. b . jakutensis , southward through eastern Transbaikal , Amurland , Sakhalin , Ussuriland and the Manchurian portion of the Chinese provinces of Shaanxi , Shanxi and Hebei . This subspecies is also reportedly found in the southern Kuril Islands ranging down to as far as northern Hokkaido , the only Japanese representation in the Eurasian eagle - owl species , although this is apparently not a stable , viable population . Going on wing chord length , B. b . ussuriensis is slightly smaller than the various subspecies from further north in Siberia . Males have a wing chord length of 430 -- 475 mm ( 16.9 -- 18.7 in ) and females are 460 -- 502 mm ( 18.1 -- 19.8 in ) . This subspecies differs from B. b . jakutensis by being much darker throughout . It is also darker than B. b . yenisseensis . The brown markings on the upper parts of B. b . ussuriensis are much more extensive and diffused than in B. b . jakutensis or B. b . yenisseensis , with the result that the white markings are much less conspicuous in B. b . ussuriensis than in the other two subspecies . The under parts are also more buffy , much less white , and more heavily streaked and vermiculated in B. b . ussuriensis than in the two more northerly , larger subspecies . It overlaps considerably with jakutensis and some birds are of an intermediate appearance . B. b . turcomanus ( Eversmann , 1835 ) - This subspecies is known as the steppe eagle - owl . It is distributed from Kazakhstan between the Volga and upper Ural Rivers , the Caspian Sea coast and the former Aral Sea , but replaced in that country by B. b . omissus in the mountainous south and in the coastal region of the Mangyshlak Peninsula by B. b . gladkovi . Out of Kazakhstan , the range of B. b . turcomanus continues through the Transbaikal and the Tarim Basin to western Mongolia . This subspecies appears to be variable in size , but is generally medium - sized . Males can range in wing chord length from 418 -- 468 mm ( 16.5 -- 18.4 in ) and females from 440 to 512 mm ( 17.3 to 20.2 in ) . In standard measurements , the tail is 260 -- 310 mm ( 10 -- 12 in ) , the tarsus is 77 -- 81 mm ( 3.0 -- 3.2 in ) and the bill is 45 -- 47 mm ( 1.8 -- 1.9 in ) . This subspecies can reportedly weigh from 1.5 to 3.8 kg ( 3.3 to 8.4 lb ) . The plumage background colour is pale , yellowish - buff . The dark patterns on the upper - and underparts is paler , less well - defined and more shattered than in B. b . interpositus . Dark longitudinal patterning on the under - parts discontinue above the belly . B. b . turcomanus is greyer than B. b . hemalachanus but is otherwise somewhat similar - looking . This subspecies is unique in that it seems to shun mountainous and obvious rocky habitats in favor of low hills , plateaus , lowlands , steppes , and semideserts at or near sea - level . B. b . omissus ( Dementiev , 1932 ) -- May be called the Turkoman eagle - owl or the Turkmenian eagle - owl . B. b . omissus is native to Turkmenistan and adjacent regions of northeastern Iran and western Xinjiang . This is a small subspecies ( only nikolskii averages smaller among currently accepted races ) , with males possessing a wing chord length of 404 -- 450 mm ( 15.9 -- 17.7 in ) and females of 425 to 460 mm ( 16.7 to 18.1 in ) . B. b . omissus may be considered a typical sub-desert form . The general coloration is an ochre to buffy off - yellow ; with the dark pattern on the upper - and under - parts being relatively undefined . The dark shaft - streaks on nape are very narrow , while the dark longitudinal patterning on the underparts does not cover the belly . A dark cross-pattern on the belly and flanks is thinner and paler than in B. b . turcomanus . Compared to B. b . nikolskii , which may occupy the more southern reaches of the same upland ranges , it is somewhat larger as well as darker , less distinctly yellowish and more heavily streaked . B. b . nikolskii ( Zarudny , 1905 ) -- May be referred to in English either the Afghan eagle - owl or the Iranian eagle - owl . The range of B. b . nikolskii appears to extend from the Balkan Mountains and Kopet Dagh in southern Transcaspia eastward to southeastern Uzbekistan or to perhaps southwestern Tadzhikistan , then southward 290 N. It may range north to Iran , Afghanistan and Baluchistan south to the region of Kalat , or at about latitude of Hindu Kush . In Iran , B. b . nikolskii is replaced by B. b . interpositus in the north , and probably also in the northwest , and probably by B. b . hemalachana in Badakhshan , part of northeastern Afghanistan . The birds of southern Tadzhikistan found west of the Pamirs are more or less intermediate between B. b . omissus and B. b . hemachalana . This is the smallest known subspecies of eagle - owl , though the only known measurements have been of wing chord length . Males can measure 378 to 430 mm ( 14.9 to 16.9 in ) and females can measure 410 to 465 mm ( 16.1 to 18.3 in ) in wing chord . Other than its smaller size , B. b . nikolskii is distinguished from the somewhat similar B. b . omissus by its rusty wash and being less dark above . B. b . hemachalana ( Hume , 1873 ) -- The Himalayan eagle - owl . The range of B. b . hemachalana extends from the Himalayas and Tibet , westward to the Tian Shan system in Russian Turkestan , west to the Kara Tau , north to the Dzungarian Alatau , east to at least the Tekkes Valley in Xinjiang , and south to the regions of Kashgar , Yarkant and probably the western Kunlun Mountains . This bird is partly migratory , descending to the plains of Turkmenistan with colder winter weather , and apparently reaches northern Balochistan . This is a medium - sized subspecies , though is larger than other potentially abutting arid Asian eagle - owl subspecies which share a somewhat similar yellowish ground colour . The male attains a wing chord length of 420 -- 485 mm ( 16.5 -- 19.1 in ) , while the female 's wing chord is 450 -- 505 mm ( 17.7 -- 19.9 in ) . The bill measures 42 -- 45 mm ( 1.7 -- 1.8 in ) in length . 11 adult eagle - owls of subspecies race from the Tibetan Plateau averaged 301 mm ( 11.9 in ) in tail length , 78 mm ( 3.1 in ) in tarsus length and scaled an average of 2.16 kg ( 4.8 lb ) in mass . This subspecies is physically similar to B. b . turcomanus but the background colour is more light yellowish - brown and less buff . The dark patterns on upper - and under - parts are some more expressed and less regular than in B. b . turcomanus and B. b . omissus and the general colour from the mantle to the ear tufts is a more consistent brownish colour than most other abutting races . B. b . hemachalana differs from B. b . yenisseensis by being much more yellow on the rump , under tail coverts , and outer tail feathers , rather than grayish or whitish , and the ground coloration of its body is more yellowish above , and is less whitish below . Dark longitudinal pattern on the under - parts cover the fore - belly . B. b . kiautschensis ( Reichenow , 1903 ) -- This could be called the north Chinese eagle - owl . This race ranges from South Korea and China , south of the range of B. b . ussuriensis , southward to Kwangtung and Yunnan , and inland to Szechwan and southern Kansu . This is a smallish subspecies , with the male 's wing chord measuring 410 -- 448 mm ( 16.1 -- 17.6 in ) and the female 's being 440 -- 485 mm ( 17.3 -- 19.1 in ) . In Korea , this subspecies was found to average 2.26 kg ( 5.0 lb ) in mass , with a range of 1.8 to 2.9 kg ( 4.0 to 6.4 lb ) . B. b . kiautschensis is much darker , more tawny and rufous , and slightly smaller than B. b . ussuriensis . It resembles the nominate subspecies from Europe ( though obviously considerably disparate in distribution ) rather closely in coloration but differs from it by being paler , more mottled , and less heavily marked with brown on the upper parts , by having narrower dark shaft streaks on the under parts , which average also duller and more ocher , and by averaging smaller . B. b . swinhoei ( Hartert , 1913 ) -- This could be called the south Chinese eagle - owl . This subspecies is endemic to southeastern China . A quite rufescent form , it is somewhat similar to B. b . kiautschensis . In this small subspecies , the wing chord measures 410 -- 465 mm ( 16.1 -- 18.3 in ) in both sexes . This is a rather poorly known and described subspecies and is considered invalid by some authorities . Habitat ( edit ) Eagle - owls are distributed somewhat sparsely but can potentially inhabit a wide range of habitats , with a partiality for irregular topography . They have been found in habitats as diverse as northern coniferous forests to the edge of vast deserts . Essentially , Eurasian eagle - owls have been found living in almost every climatic and environmental condition on the Eurasian continent , excluding the greatest extremities , i.e. they are absent from humid rainforest in Southeast Asia , as well as the high Arctic tundra , both of which they are more or less replaced by other variety of Bubo owls . They are often found in the largest numbers in areas where cliffs and ravines are surrounded by a scattering of trees and bushes . Grassland areas such as alpine meadows or desert - like steppe can also host them so long as they have the cover and protection of rocky areas . The preference of eagle - owls for places with irregular topography has been reported in most known studies . The obvious benefit of such nesting locations is that both nests and daytime roosts located in rocky areas and / or steep slopes would be less accessible to predators , including man . Also , they may be attracted to the vicinity of riparian or wetlands areas , due to the fact that the soft soil of wet areas is conducive to burrowing by the small , terrestrial mammals normally preferred in the diet , such as voles and rabbits . Due to their preference for rocky areas , the species is often found in mountainous areas and can be found up to elevations of 2,100 m ( 6,900 ft ) in the Alps and 4,500 m ( 14,800 ft ) in the Himalayas and 4,700 m ( 15,400 ft ) in the adjacent Tibetan Plateau . They can also be found living at sea - level and may nest amongst rocky sea cliffs . Despite their success in areas such as sub-arctic zones and mountainous that are frigid for much of the year , warmer conditions seem to result in more successful breeding attempts per studies in the Eifel region of Germany . In a study from Spain , areas primarily consisting of woodlands ( 52 % of study area being forested ) were preferred with pine trees predominating the oaks in habitats used , as opposed to truly mixed pine - oak woodland . Pine and other coniferous stands are often preferred in great horned owls as well due to the constant density , which make it more likely to overlook the large birds . In mountainous forest , they are not generally found in enclosed wooded areas , as is the tawny owl ( Strix alucco ) . Only 2.7 % of the habitat included in the territorial ranges for eagle - owls per the habitat study in Spain consisted of cultivated or agricultural land . On the other hand , compared to golden eagles , they can visit cultivated land more regularly in hunting forays due to their nocturnal habits , which allows them to largely evade human activity . In the Italian Alps , it was found that almost no pristine habitat remained and locally eagle - owls nested in the vicinity of towns , villages and ski resorts . An eagle - owl at the stadium in Helsinki Although found in the largest numbers in areas sparsely populated by humans , farmland is sometimes inhabited and they even have been observed living in park - like settings within European cities . Since 2005 , at least five pairs have nested in Helsinki . This is due in part to feral European rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) having recently populated the Helsinki area , originally from pet rabbits released to the wild . The number is expected to increase due to the growth of the European rabbit population in Helsinki . European hares ( Lepus europaeus ) , the often preferred prey species by biomass of the eagle - owls in their natural habitat , live only in rural areas of Finland , not in the city centre . In June 2007 , an eagle - owl nicknamed ' Bubi ' landed in the crowded Helsinki Olympic Stadium during the European Football Championship qualification match between Finland and Belgium . The match was interrupted for six minutes . After tiring of the match , following Jonathan Johansson 's opening goal for Finland , the bird left the scene . Finland 's national football team have had the nickname Huuhkajat ( Finnish for `` Eurasian eagle - owls '' ) ever since . The owl was named `` Helsinki Citizen of the Year '' in December 2007 . Behaviour ( edit ) Threat posture The Eurasian eagle - owl is largely nocturnal in activity , as are most owl species , with its activity focused in the first few hours after sunset and the last few hours before sunrise . In the northern stretches of its range , partial diurnal behaviour has been recorded , including active hunting in broad daylight during the late afternoon . In such areas , full nightfall is essentially non-existent at the peak of summer , so eagle - owls must presumably hunt and actively brood at the nest during daylight . The Eurasian eagle - owl has a number of vocalizations that are used at different times . It will usually select obvious topographic features such as rocky pinnacles , stark ridges and mountain peaks to use as regular song posts . These are dotted along the outer edges of the eagle - owl 's territory and they are visited often but only for a few minutes at a time . Vocal activity is almost entirely confined to the colder months from late fall through winter , with vocal activity in October through December mainly having territorial purposes and from January to February being primarily oriented towards courtship and mating purposes . The territorial song , which can be heard at great distance , is a deep resonant ooh - hu with emphasis on the first syllable for the male , and a more high - pitched and slightly more drawn - out uh - hu for the female . It is not uncommon for a pair to perform an antiphonal duet . The widely used name in Germany as well as some other sections of Europe for this species is uhu due to its song . At 250 -- 350 Hz , the Eurasian eagle - owls territorial song or call is deeper , farther - carrying and is often considering `` more impressive '' than the territorial songs of the great horned owl or even that of the slightly larger Blakiston 's fish owl , although the horned owl 's call averages slightly longer in duration . Other calls include a rather faint , laughter - like OO - OO - oo and a harsh kveck - kveck . Intruding eagle - owls and other potential dangers may be met with a `` terrifying '' , extremely loud hooo . Raucous barks not unlike those of ural owls or long - eared owls have been recorded but are deeper and more powerful than those species ' barks . Annoyance at close quarters is expressed by bill - clicking and cat - like spitting , and a defensive posture involves lowering the head , ruffling the back feathers , fanning the tail and spreading the wings . The Eurasian eagle - owl rarely assumes the so - called `` tall - thin position '' , which is when an owl adopts an upright stance with plumage closely compressed and may stand tightly beside a tree trunk . Among others , the long - eared owl is among the most often reported to sit with this pose . The great horned owl has been more regularly recorded using the tall - thin , if not aS consistently as some Strix and Asio owls , and it is commonly thought to aid camouflage if encountering a threatening or novel animal or sound . The Eurasian eagle - owl is a broad - winged species and engages in a strong , direct flight , usually consisting of shallow wing beats and long , surprisingly fast glides . It has , unusually for an owl , also been known to soar on updrafts on rare occasions . The latter method of flight has led them to be mistaken for Buteos , which are smaller and quite differently proportioned . Usually when seen flying during the day , it is due to being disturbed by humans or mobbing crows . Eurasian eagle - owls are highly sedentary , normally maintaining a single territory throughout their adult lives . Even those near the northern limits of their range , where winters are harsh and likely to bear little in food , the eagle - owl does not leave its native range . There are cases from Russia of Eurasian eagle - owls moving south for the winter , as the icebound , infamously harsh climate there is too severe even for these hardy birds and their prey . Similarly , Eurasian eagle - owls living in the Tibetan highlands and Himalayas may in some cases vacate their normal territories when winter hits and move south . Even in those two examples , there is no evidence of consistent , annual migration by Eurasian eagle - owls and the birds may eke out a living on their normal territories even in the sparsest times . Dietary biology ( edit ) Main article : Dietary biology of the Eurasian eagle - owl Breeding ( edit ) Play media Footage of an adult tending to a nest with juveniles Eurasian eagle - owls are strictly territorial and will defend their territories from interloping eagle - owls year around , but territorial calling appears to peak around October to early January . Territory size is similar or occasionally slightly greater than great horned owl : averaging 15 to 80 km ( 5.8 to 30.9 sq mi ) . Territories are established by the male eagle - owl , who selected the highest points in the territory from which to sing . The high prominence of singing perches allows their song to be heard at greater distances and lessens the need for potentially dangerous physical confrontations in the areas where territories may meet . Nearly as important in territorial behaviour as vocalization is the white throat patch . When taxidermied specimens with flared white throats were placed around the perimeter of eagle - owl territories , male eagle - owls reacted quite strongly and often attacked the stuffed owl , reacting more mildly to a stuffed eagle - owl with a non-flared white throat . Females were less likely to be aggressive to mounted specimens and did not seem to vary in their response whether exposed to the specimens with or without the puffed up white patch . In January and February , the primary function for vocalization becomes for the purpose of courtship . More often than not , eagle - owls will pair for life but usually engage in courtship rituals annually , most likely to re-affirm pair bonds . When calling for the purposes of courtship , males tend to bow and hoot loudly but do so in a less contorted manner than the male great horned owl . Courtship in the Eurasian eagle - owl may involve bouts of `` duetting '' , with the male sitting upright and the female bowing as she calls . There may be mutual bowing , billing and fondling before the female flies to a perch where coitus occurs , usually taking place several times over the course of a few minutes . The male selects breeding sites and advertises their potential to the female by flying to them and kneading out a small depression ( if soil is present ) and making staccato notes and clucking noises . Several potential sites may be presented , with the female selecting one . Like all owls , Eurasian eagle - owls do not build nests or add material but nest on the surface or material already present . Eurasian eagle - owls normally nest on rocks or boulders , most often utilizing cliff ledges and steep slopes , as well as crevices , gullies , holes or caves . Rocky areas that also prove concealing woodlots as well as , for hunting purposes , that border river valleys and grassy scrubland may be especially attractive . If only low rubble is present , they will nest on the ground between rocks . Often , in more densely forested areas , they 've been recorded nesting on the ground , often among roots of trees , under large bushes and under fallen tree trunks . Steep slopes with dense vegetation are preferred if nesting on the ground , although some ground nests are surprisingly exposed or in flat spots such as in open spots of the taiga , steppe , ledges of river banks and between wide tree trunks . All Eurasian eagle - owl nests in the largely forested Altai Krai region of Russia were found to be on the ground , usually at the base of pines . This species does not often use other bird 's nests as does the great horned owl , which often prefers nests built by other animals over any other nesting site . The Eurasian eagle - owl has been recorded in singular cases using nests built by common buzzards ( Buteo buteo ) , golden eagle , greater spotted ( Clanga clanga ) and white - tailed eagles ( Haliaeetus albicilla ) , common ravens ( Corvus corax ) and black storks ( Ciconia nigra ) . Among the eagle - owls of the fairly heavily wooded wildlands of Belarus , they more commonly utilize nests built by other birds than most eagle - owls , i.e. stork or accipitrid nests , but a majority of nests are still located on the ground . This is contrary to the indication that ground nests are selected only if rocky areas or other bird nests are unavailable , as many will utilize ground nests even where large bird nests seem to be accessible . Tree holes being used for nesting sites are even more rarely recorded than nests constructed by other birds . While it may be assumed that the eagle - owl is too large to utilize tree hollows , when other large species like the great grey owl have never been recorded nesting in one , the even more robust Blakiston 's fish owl nests exclusively in cavernous hollows . The Eurasian eagle - owl often uses the same nest site year after year . A brooding female on nest In Engadin , Switzerland , the male eagle - owl hunts until the young are 4 to 5 weeks old and the female spends all her time brooding at the nest . After this point , the female gradually resumes hunting from both herself and the young and thus provides a greater range of food for the young . While it may seem contrary to the species ' highly territorial nature , there is one verified cases of polygamy in Germany , with a male apparently mating with two females , and cooperative brooding in Spain , with a third adult of undetermined sex helping a breeding pair care for the chicks . The response of Eurasian eagle - owls to humans approaching at the nest is quite variable . The species is often rather less aggressive than some other owls , including related species like the spot - bellied eagle - , great horned and snowy owls , many of the northern Strix species and even some rather smaller owl species , which often fearlessly attack any person found to be nearing their nests . Occasionally , if a person climbs to an active nest , the adult female eagle - owl will do a distraction display , in which they feign an injury . This is an uncommon behaviour in most owls and most often associated with small birds trying to falsely drawl the attention of potential predators away from their offspring . More commonly , the female flies off and abandons her nest temporarily , leaving the eggs or small nestlings exposed , when a human approaches it . Occasionally , if cornered both adults and nestlings will do an elaborate threat display , also rare in owls in general , in which the eagle - owls raise their wings into a semi-circle and puff up their feathers , followed by a snapping of their bills . Apparently eagle - owls of uncertain and probably exotic origin in Britain are likely to react aggressively to humans approaching the nest . Also , aggressive encounters involving eagle - owls around their nest , despite being historically rare , apparently have increased in recent decades in Scandinavia . The discrepancy of aggressiveness at the nest between the Eurasian eagle - owl and its Nearctic counterpart may be correlated to variation in the extent of nest predation that the species endured during the evolutionary process . Eggs and offspring development ( edit ) Egg , Museum Wiesbaden The eggs are normally laid at intervals of three days and are incubated only by the female . Laying generally begins in late winter but may be later in the year in colder habitats . During the incubation period , the female is brought food at the nest by her mate . A single clutch of white eggs is laid ; each egg can measure anything from 56 to 73 mm ( 2.2 to 2.9 in ) long by 44.2 to 53 mm ( 1.74 to 2.09 in ) in width and will usually weigh about 75 to 80 g ( 2.6 to 2.8 oz ) . In Central Europe , eggs average 59.8 mm × 49.5 mm ( 2.35 in × 1.95 in ) , and in Siberia , eggs average 59.4 mm × 50.1 mm ( 2.34 in × 1.97 in ) . Their eggs are only slightly larger than those of snowy owls and the nominate subspecies of great horned owl , while similar in size to those of spot - bellied eagle - owls and Blakiston 's fish owls . The Eurasian eagle - owl 's eggs are noticeably larger than those of Indian and pharaoh eagle - owls . Usually clutch size is 1 to 2 , rarely 3 to 4 and exceptionally to 6 . The average number of eggs laid varies with latitude in Europe . Mean clutch size averages 2.02 -- 2.14 in Spain and the massifs of France , 1.82 to 1.89 in central Europe and the eastern Alps ; in Sweden and Finland the clutch size averages 1.56 and 1.87 , respectively . While variation based on climate is not unusual for different wide - ranging palearctic species , the higher clutch size of western Mediterranean eagle - owls is also probably driven by the presence of lagomorphs in the diet , which provide high nutritional value than most other regular prey . The average clutch size , attributed as 2.7 , was the lowest of any European owl per one study . One species was attributed with an even lower clutch size in North America , the great grey owl with a mean of 2.6 , but the mean clutch size was much higher for the same species in Europe , at 4.05 . In Spain , incubation is from mid-January to mid-March , hatching and early nestling period is from late March to early April , fledging and post-fledging dependence can be anywhere from mid-April to August and territorial / courtship is anytime hereafter ; i.e. the period between the beginning of juvenile dispersal to egg laying ; from September to early January . The same general date parameters were followed in southern France . In the Italian Alps , the mean egg - laying date was similarly February 27 but the young were more likely to be dependent later , as all fledglings were still being cared for by the end of August and some even lingered under parental care until October . The first egg hatches after 31 to 36 days of incubation . The eggs hatch successively ; although the average interval between egg - laying is three days , the young tend to hatch no more than a day or two apart . Like all owls that nest in the open , the downy young are often a mottled grey with some white and buff , which provides camouflage . They open their eyes at 4 days of age . The chicks grow rapidly , being able to consume small prey whole after roughly three weeks . In Andalusia , it was found that the most noticeable development of the young before they leave the nest was the increase of body size , which was the highest growth rate of any studied owl and faster than either snowy or great horned owls . Body mass increased fourteen times over from 5 days old to 60 days old in this study . The male continues to bring prey , leaving in on or around the nest , and the female feeds the nestlings , tearing up the food into suitably - sized pieces . The female resumes hunting after about three weeks which increases the food supply to the chicks . Siblicide has been recorded widely in Eurasian eagle - owls and , according to some authorities , is almost a rule in the species . Many nesting attempts produce two fledglings , indicating that siblicide is not as common as in other birds of prey , especially some eagles . It has been theorized in Spain that males are likely to be the first egg laid to reduce the likelihood of sibling aggression due to the size difference , thus the younger female hatchling is less likely to be killed since it is similar in size to its older sibling . Apparently , the point at which the chicks venture out of the nest is driven by the location of the nest . In elevated nest sites , chicks usually wander out of the nest at 5 to as late as 7 weeks of age , but have been recorded leaving the nest if the nest is on the ground as early as 22 to 25 days old . The chicks can walk well at five weeks of age and by seven weeks are taking short flights . Hunting and flying skills are not tested prior to the young eagle - owls leaving the nest . Young Eurasian eagle - owls leave the nest by 5 -- 6 weeks of age and typically can be flying weakly ( a few metres ) by about 7 -- 8 weeks of age . Normally , they are cared for at least another month . By the end of the month , the young eagle - owls are quite assured fliers . There are a few confirmed cases of adult eagle - owls in Spain feeding and caring for post-fledgling juvenile eagle - owls that were not their own . A nestling - age B. b . sibiricus A study from southern France found the mean fledgling number of fledgling per nest was 1.67 . In central Europe , the mean number of fledglings per nest averages between 1.8 and 1.9 . The mean fledgling rate in the Italian Alps was 1.89 , thus being similar . In the Italian Alps it was found that heavier rainfall during breeding decreased fledgling success because it inhibited the ability of the parents to hunt and potentially exposed nestlings to hypothermia . In the reintroduced population of eagle - owls in Eifel , Germany , occupied territories produced an average of 1.17 fledglings but not all occupying pair attempted to breed , with about 23 % of those attempting to breed being unsuccessful . In slightly earlier studies , possibly due to higher persecution rates , the mean number of young leaving the nest was often lower , such as 1.77 in Bavaria , Germany , 1.1 in lower Austria and 0.6 in southern Sweden . While sibling owls are close in the stage between leaving the nest and fully fledged , about 20 days after leaving the nest , the family unit seems to dissolve and the young disperse quickly and directly . All told , the dependence of young eagle - owls on their parents last for 20 to 24 weeks . Independence in central Europe is from September to November . The young leave their parents care normally on their own but are also sometimes chased away by their parents . The young Eurasian eagle - owls reach sexual maturity by the following year , but do not normally breed until they can establish a territory at around two or three years old . Until they are able to establish their own territories , young eagle - owls spend their life as nomadic `` floaters '' and , while they also call , select inconspicuous perch sites unlike breeding birds . Male floaters are especially wary about intrusion into an established territory to avoid potential conspecific aggression . Status ( edit ) An eagle - owl found dead after a collision with a pylon . The Eurasian eagle - owl has a very wide range across much of Europe and Asia , estimated to be about 32,000,000 square kilometres ( 12,000,000 sq mi ) . In Europe there are estimated to be between 19,000 and 38,000 breeding pairs and in the whole world around 250,000 to 2,500,000 individual birds . The population trend is thought to be decreasing because of human activities , but with such a large range and large total population , the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated the bird as being of `` least concern '' . Although roughly equal in adaptability and wideness of distribution , the great horned owl , with a total estimated population of up to 5.3 million individuals , apparently has a total population that is roughly twice that of the Eurasian eagle - owl . Numerous factors , including a shorter history of systematic persecution , lesser sensitivity to human disturbance while nesting , somewhat greater ability to adapt to marginal habitats and widespread urbanization and slightly smaller territories , may play into the horned owls greater numbers in modern times . Longevity ( edit ) The eagle - owl can live for up to 20 years in the wild . At one time the oldest ringed eagle - owl was considered a 19 - year - old specimen . Another banded specimen was subsequently found to be 27 years and 9 months old . Like many other bird species in captivity they can live much longer without having to endure difficult natural conditions , and have possibly survived up to 68 years in zoo collections . Healthy adults normally have no natural predators and are thus considered apex predators . The leading causes of death for this species are man - made : electrocution , traffic accidents and shooting frequently claim the life of eagle - owls . Anthropogenic mortality ( edit ) Electrocution was the greatest cause of mortality in 68 % of 25 published studies and accounted , on average , for 38.2 % of the reported eagle - owl deaths . This was particularly true in the Italian Alps , where the number of dangerous , non-insulated pylons near nests was extremely high , but is highly problematic almost throughout the species ' European distribution . In one telemetry study , 55 % of 27 dispersing young were electrocuted within 1 year of their release from captivity , while electrocution rates of wild - born young are even higher . Mortality in the Swiss Rhine Valley was variable , in radio - tagged , released individuals , most died as a result of starvation ( 48 % ) rather than human - based causes but 93 % of the wild , un-tagged individuals found dead were due to human activities , 46 % due to electrocution and 43 % due to collision with vehicles or trains . It was concluded there that insulation of pylons would result in a stabilisation of the local population due to floaters taking up residence in non-occupied territories that formerly held deceased eagle - owls . Eurasian eagle - owls from Finland were found mainly to die due to electrocution ( 39 % ) and collisions with vehicles ( 22 % ) . Wind turbine collisions can also be a serious cause of mortality locally . Eagle - owl has been singled out historically as a threat to game species and thus to the economic well - being of landowners , game - keepers and even governmental agencies and as such has been singled out for widespread persecution . Local extinctions of Eurasian eagle - owls have been primarily due to persecution . Examples of this including northern Germany in 1830 , the Netherlands sometimes in the late nineteenth century , Luxembourg in 1903 , Belgium in 1943 and central and western Germany in the 1960s . In trying to determine causes of death for 1476 eagle - owls from Spain , most were unknown and undetermined types of trauma . The largest group that could be determined , 411 birds , was due to collisions , more than half of which were from electrocution , while 313 were due to persecution and merely 85 were directly attributable to natural causes . Clearly , while pylon safety is perhaps the most serious factor to be addressed in Spain , persecution continues to be a massive problem for Spanish eagle - owls . Of seven European nations where modern Eurasian eagle - owl mortality is well - studied , continual persecution is by far the largest problem in Spain , although also continues to be serious ( often comprising at least half of studied mortality ) in France . From France and Spain , nearly equal numbers of eagle - owls are poisoned ( for which raptors might not be the main target ) , or shot intentionally . Conservation and reintroductions ( edit ) Siberian eagle - owl chicks in captivity While the eagle - owl remains reasonably numerous in some parts of its habitat where nature is still relatively little disturbed by human activity , such as the sparsely populated regions of Russia and Scandinavia , concern has been expressed about the future of the Eurasian eagle - owl in western and central Europe . There , very few areas are not heavily modified by human civilisation , thus exposing the birds to the risk of collisions with deadly man - made objects ( e.g. pylons ) and a depletion of native prey numbers due to ongoing habitat degradation and urbanisation . In Spain , long - term governmental protection of the Eurasian eagle - owl seems to have no positive effect on reducing the persecution of eagle - owls . Therefore , Spanish conservationists have recommended to boost education and stewardship programs in order to protect eagle - owls from direct killing by local residents . Unanimously , biologists studying eagle - owl mortality and conservation factors have recommended to proceed with the proper insulation of electric wires and pylons in areas where the species is present . As this measure is labour - intensive and therefore rather expensive , few efforts have actually been made to insulate pylons in areas with few fiscal resources devoted to conservation such as rural Spain . In Sweden , a mitigation project was launched in order to insulate transformers that are frequently damaged by eagle - owl electrocution . Large reintroduction programs were instituted in Germany after the eagle - owl was deemed extinct in the country as a breeding species by the 1960s , as a result of a long period of heavy persecution . The largest reintroduction there occurred from the 1970s to the 1990s in the Eifel region , near the border with Belgium and Luxembourg . The success of this measure , consisting in more than a thousand eagle - owls being reintroduced at an average cost of $1,500 US dollars per bird , is a subject of controversy . It appears that those eagle - owls reintroduced in the Eifel region which are able to breed successfully , enjoy a nesting success comparable with wild eagle - owls from elsewhere in Europe . On the other hand , mortality levels in the Eifel region appear to remain quite high due to anthropogenic factors . There are also concerns about a lack of genetic diversity of the species in this part of Germany . Apparently , the German reintroductions have allowed eagle - owls to repopulate neighbouring parts of Europe , as the breeding populations now occurring in the Low Countries ( Netherlands , Belgium and Luxembourg ) are believed to be the result of influx from regions further to the east . Smaller reintroductions have been done elsewhere and the current breeding population in Sweden is believed to be primarily the result of a series of reintroductions . Conversely to numerous threats and declines incurred by Eurasian eagle - owls , areas where human - dependent non-native prey species such as brown rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) and rock pigeons ( Columba livia ) have flourished , have given the eagle - owls a primary food source and allowed them occupy regions where they were once marginalized or absent . Occurrence in great Britain ( edit ) The Eurasian eagle - owl at one time occurred naturally in Great Britain . Some , including the RSPB have claimed that this was probably by about 10,000 -- 9,000 years ago after the last ice age but fossil remains found in Meare Lake Village have indicated the eagle - owl occurring as recently as roughly 2,000 years ago in the fossil record . The lack of presence of the Eurasian eagle - owl in British folklore or writings in recent millennium may indicate the lack of occurrence by this species there . The flooding of the land bridge between Britain and continental Europe may have been responsible for their extirpation as they only disperse over limited distances , although early human persecution presumably played a role as well . Some reportages of eagle - owls in Britain have been revealed to actually be great horned owls or Indian eagle - owls , the latter a particularly popular owl in falconry circuits . Some breeding pairs do still occur in Britain , the exact number of pairs and individuals is not definitely known . The World Owl Trust stated that they believe some eagle - owls occurring in North England and Scotland are naturally occurring , making the flight of roughly 350 to 400 km ( 220 to 250 mi ) from the west coast of Norway to Shetland and the east coast of Scotland , as well as possibly from the coasts of the Netherlands and Belgium to the south . Although not migratory , eagle - owls can disperse some notable distances in young birds seeking a territory . Prior studies of eagle - owl distribution have indicated a strong reluctance to cross large bodies of water in the species . Many authorities state that the Eurasian eagle - owls occurring in Britain are individuals that have escaped from captivity . While , until 19th century , wealthy collectors may have released unwanted eagle - owls , despite press to the contrary , there is no evidence of any organization or individual intentionally releasing eagle - owls recently with the intent to establish a breeding population . Many feel that the eagle - owl would be classified as an `` alien '' species . Due to its predatory abilities , many , especially those in the press , have expressed alarm of their effect on `` native '' species . From 1994 to 2007 , 73 escaped eagle - owls were not registered as returned , while 50 escapees were re-captured . Several recorded breeding attempts have been studied and most were unsuccessful , due in large part to incidental disturbance by humans and some due to direct persecution , with eggs having been smashed . Effect on Conservation - dependent species ( edit ) As a highly opportunistic predator , the Eurasian eagle - owl will hunt almost any appropriately sized prey they encounter . Most often they take what ever prey is locally common and can take a large number of species considered harmful to human financial interests such as rats , mice and pigeons . Eurasian eagle - owls do take rare or endangered species as well . Among the species considered at least vulnerable ( up to critically endangered as in the mink and eel , both heavily overexploited by humans ) to extinction known to be hunted by Eurasian eagle - owls are Russian desman ( Desmana moschata ) Pyrenean desman ( Galemys pyrenaicus ) , barbastelle ( Barbastella barbastellus ) , European ground squirrel ( Spermophilus citellus ) , southwestern water vole ( Arvicola sapidus ) , European mink ( Mustela lutreola ) , marbled polecat ( Vormela peregusna ) , lesser white - fronted goose ( Anser erythrops ) , Egyptian vulture ( Neophron percnopterus ) , greater spotted eagle ( Clanga clanga ) , eastern imperial eagle ( Aquila heliaca ) , saker falcon ( Falco cherrug ) , houbara bustard ( Chlamydotis undulata ) , great bustard ( Otis tarda ) , spur - thighed tortoise ( Testudo graeca ) , Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) , European eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) and lumpfish ( Cyclopterus lumpus ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BirdLife International ( 2016 ) . `` Bubo bubo '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . IUCN. 2016 : e. T22688927A86872241 . doi : 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2016 - 3. RLTS. T22688927A86872241. en . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Eurasian Eagle - Owl ( Bubo bubo ) ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) '' . AviBase . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Andrews , P. ( 1990 ) . Owls , caves and fossils : predation , preservation and accumulation of small mammal bones in caves , with an analysis of the Pleistocene cave faunas from Westbury - sub-Mendip , Somerset , UK . University of Chicago Press . ^ Jump up to : Owls of the World : A Photographic Guide by Mikkola , H. Firefly Books ( 2012 ) , ISBN 9781770851368 ^ Jump up to : Hume , R. ( 1991 ) . Owls of the world . Running Press , Philadelphia . 1991 . ^ Jump up to : Voous , K.H. 1988 . Owls of the Northern Hemisphere . The MIT Press , 0262220350 . ^ Jump up to : Weick , Friedhelm ( 2007 ) . Owls ( Strigiformes ) : Annotated and Illustrated Checklist . Springer . pp. 104 -- 107 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 39567 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bubo bubo '' . BirdLife International . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 404 - Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust '' . www.gwct.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` Overdue recognition : owl issued library card after solving university 's gull woes '' . The Guardian . Press Association . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eurasian Eagle - Owl '' . Los Angeles Zoo and Botanical Gardens . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Owl Frequently Asked Questions '' . Owlpages.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Slaght . `` Blakiston 's Fish Owl Project '' . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : König , Claus ; Weick , Friedhelm ( 2008 ) . Owls of the World ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Christopher Helm . ISBN 9781408108840 . Jump up ^ Bull , Evelyn L. and James R. Duncan . 1993 . `` Great Gray Owl ( Strix nebulosa ) '' , The Birds of North America Online ( A. Poole , Ed . ) . Ithaca : Cornell Lab of Ornithology . Jump up ^ Paul K. Frost . `` Eurasian Eagle Owl '' . The Raptor Foundation . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eurasian Eagle Owl -- Bubo bubo -- Information , Pictures , Sounds '' . Owlpages.com. 2005 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Schuchmann ( 1999 ) . Eurasian Eagle Owl ( Bubo bubo ) . pp. 186 in : del Hoyo , Elliott & Sargatal , eds ( 1999 ) . Handbook of the Birds of the World . Vol. 5 . Lynx Edicions , Barcelona . ISBN 84 - 87334 - 25 - 3 Jump up ^ Animal Records by Mark Carwadine . Sterling ( 2008 ) , ISBN 1402756232 Jump up ^ Grimmett , R. , Roberts , T.J. , Inskipp , T. , & Byers , C. ( 2008 ) . Birds of Pakistan . A&C Black . ^ Jump up to : Alonso , R. 2009 . Datado y sexado de las Estrigiformes Ibericas : Buho Real Eurasian Eagle Owl Bubo bubo . Jump up ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr . ( Editor ) . CRC Press ( 1992 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 4258 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : del Mar Delgado , M. , & Penteriani , V. ( 2004 ) . Gender determination of Eurasian Eagle - Owls ( Bubo bubo ) by morphology . Journal of Raptor Research , 38 , 375 -- 377 . ^ Jump up to : Witherby , H.F. , ed. ( 1943 ) . Handbook of British Birds , Volume 2 : Warblers to Owls . H.F. and G. Witherby Ltd . pp. 312 -- 315 . Jump up ^ MacGillivray , W. ( 1836 ) . Descriptions of the Rapacious Birds of Great Britain. ( With plates . ) . Maclachlan & Stewart . Jump up ^ Marti , C.D. ( 1974 ) . Feeding ecology of four sympatric owls . Condor , 45 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Volman , S.F. ( 1994 ) . Directional hearing in owls : neurobiology , behaviour and evolution . In Perception and motor control in birds ( pp. 292 -- 314 ) . Springer Berlin Heidelberg . ^ Jump up to : CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses , 2nd Edition by John B. Dunning Jr . ( Editor ) . CRC Press ( 2008 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4200 - 6444 - 5 . Jump up ^ Blasco - Zumeta , Javier ; Heinze , Gerd - Michael . `` Eagle owl '' ( PDF ) . Laboratorio Virtual Ibercaja . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Sibley , Charles Gald ; Monroe , Burt Leavelle ( 1990 ) . Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World . Yale University Press . ISBN 9780300049695 . Jump up ^ Potapov , E. , & Sale , R. ( 2013 ) . The Snowy Owl . Poyser Monographs , A&C Black . Jump up ^ `` Specieswatch : European eagle owl '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Vaurie , C. ( 1960 ) . Systematic notes on Palearctic birds . No. 41 , Strigidae , the genus Bubo . American Museum Novitates ; no . 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Rothschild , W. & Hartert , E. Notes on eagle - owls . Novitates Zoologicae , A Journal of Zoology . ^ Jump up to : Vaurie , C. ( 1963 ) . Systematic notes on Palearctic birds . No. 52 , Supplementary notes on Bubo bubo . American Museum Novitates ; no . 2132 . ^ Jump up to : `` Our big breeding owls '' . Owl Breeder Wings . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Mikkola , H. , & Tornberg , R. ( 2014 ) . Sex - specific diet analysis of the Eurasian Eagle Owl in Finland . Ornis Fennica , 91 , 195 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Rizzi , V. , Cerfolli , F. , Caldarella , M. & Bux , M. ( 2010 ) . Studio di fattibilità per la reintroduzione del Gufo reale ( Bubo bubo ) nella ZPS Promontorio del Gargano . Progetto LIFE Natura . Jump up ^ Scherzinger , W. ( 1974 ) . Die Jugendentwicklung des Uhus ( Bubo bubo ) mit Vergleichen zu der von Schneeule ( Nyctea scandiaca ) und Sumpfohreule ( Asio flammeus ) . Bonn Zool Beitr , 25 , 123 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Penteriani , V. 1996 . Il Gufo Reale . Calderini Edagricole , Bologne . Jump up ^ `` Bubo bubo hispanus '' . Avibase - The World Bird Database . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Penteriani , V. , Delgado , M.M. ( 2010 ) Búho real -- Bubo bubo . En : Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles . Salvador , A. , Bautista , L.M. ( Eds . ) . Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales , Madrid . Jump up ^ `` Bubo bubo ruthenus '' . Avibase - The World Bird Database . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bubob bubo interpositus ( Aharoni 's eagle owl ) '' . Global Species . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` View topic - Byzantine Aharonui Eagle Owl Bubo bubo interpositus '' . OwlPages.com . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Western Siberian Eagle - owl Bubo bubo sibiricus '' . Zootierliste . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Fritzsche , C. , Sarradj , E. , & Geyer , T. ( 2009 ) . Silent owl flight : setup for flyover noise measurements . NAG / DAGA - Rottendam . Jump up ^ `` eastern siberian eagle owl '' . Grant Auton Photography . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Yuko , N. ( 1997 ) . Morphological Characters and the Source of Eagle Owl Bubo bubo Specimens in the Far East . Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology 29 ( 1 ) , 73 -- 79 . Jump up ^ `` Bubo bubo ( turcomanus or omissus ) '' . Avibase - The World Bird Database . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bailley '' . Owl - Magic . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Turkoman Eagle owl '' . Project Noah . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Turkmenian Eagle Owl '' . Woburn Safari Park . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bubo bubo nikolskii '' . Avibase - The World Bird Database . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Three Chicks Iranian Eagle Owl Bubo Nikolskii Fluffy Beige Looking In The Same Direction '' . Getty Images . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bubo bubo hemachalanus ( hemachalanus ) '' . Avibase - The World Bird Database . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Qinghu C. , Jianping S. & Zhigang J. ( 2008 ) . Summer diet of two sympatric species of raptors upland buzzard ( Buteo hemilasius ) and Eurasian eagle owl ( Bubo bubo ) in Alpine meadow : Problem of coexistence . Pol. J. Ecol , 56 ( 1 ) , 173 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Jung , B. - D. , Park , I. - C. , Kim , J. - N. , Kim , H. - C. , Cheong , K. - S. & Kim , J. - T. ( 2009 ) . Morphological and hematological analysis of endangered Eurasian eagle owl ( Bubo bubo kiautschensis ) . Korean Journal of Veterinary Service ; 32 ( 4 ) . ^ Jump up to : Martínez , J.A. , Serrano , D. , & Zuberogoitia , I. ( 2003 ) . Predictive models of habitat preferences for the Eurasian eagle owl Bubo bubo : a multiscale approach . Ecography , 26 ( 1 ) , 21 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : Marchesi , L. , Sergio , F. , & Pedrini , P. ( 2002 ) . Costs and benefits of breeding in human ‐ altered landscapes for the Eagle Owl Bubo bubo . Ibis , 144 ( 4 ) , E164 - E177 . ^ Jump up to : Dalbeck , L. , & Heg , D. ( 2006 ) . Reproductive success of a reintroduced population of Eagle Owls Bubo bubo in relation to habitat characteristics in the Eifel , Germany . ARDEA - WAGENINGEN - , 94 ( 1 ) , 3 -- 21 . Jump up ^ `` At least five eagle owls live in Helsinki '' , Helsingin Sanomat -- International Edition ^ Jump up to : `` Bubi the eagle owl has not returned to the Olympic Stadium '' , Helsingin Sanomat -- International Edition Jump up ^ ( in Finnish ) Palkittu Bubi käväisi yllättäen palkitsemistilaisuudessa -- HS.fi -- Kaupunki ^ Jump up to : Delgado , M.D.M. , & Penteriani , V. ( 2007 ) . Vocal behaviour and neighbour spatial arrangement during vocal displays in eagle owls ( Bubo bubo ) . Journal of Zoology , 271 ( 1 ) , 3 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Penteriani , V. ( 2002 ) . Variation in the function of Eagle Owl vocal behaviour : territorial defence and intra-pair communication ? Ethology Ecology & Evolution , 14 ( 3 ) , 275 -- 281 . Jump up ^ `` Eurasian Eagle - Owl '' . Peregrinefund.org . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Penteriani , V. , del Mar Delgado , M. , Alonso - Alvarez , C. , & Sergio , F. ( 2007 ) . The importance of visual cues for nocturnal species : eagle owls signal by badge brightness . Behavioral Ecology , 18 ( 1 ) , 143 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Penteriani , V. , Gallardo , M. , Roche , P. , & Cazassus , H. ( 2001 ) . Effects of landscape spatial structure and composition on the settlement of the Eagle Owl Bubo bubo in a Mediterranean habitat . Ardea , 89 , 331 -- 340 . Jump up ^ Vazhov , S.V. ( 2013 ) . Specifics of Spatial Distribution of Nests of Some Species of the Falconiformes and Strigiformes in Strip - Like Pine Forests of Priobskoye Plateau ( Altai Kray , Russia ) . Middle - East Journal of Scientific Research , 16 ( 11 ) , 1606 -- 1612 . ^ Jump up to : Gritschik W.W. & Tishechkin , А. К. ( 2002 ) . Eagle Owl ( Bubo bubo ) in Belarus : distribution and breeding biology . The Belarusian Ornithological Bulletin ; 5 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Dalbeck , L. , Bergerhausen , W. & Krischer , O. 1998 . Telemetriestudie zur Orts - und Partnertreue beim Uhu Bubo bubo . Vogelwelt , 119 : 337 -- 344 . Jump up ^ Martinez , J.E. , Gil , F. , Zuberogoitia , I. , Martinez , J.A. & Calvo , J.F. ( 2005 ) . First record of cooperative nesting in the Eagle Owl Bubo bubo . Ardeola , 52 ( 2 ) , 351 -- 353 . Jump up ^ Melling , T. , Dudley , S. , & Doherty , P. ( 2008 ) . The Eagle Owl in Britain . British Birds , 101 ( 9 ) , 478 -- 490 . ^ Jump up to : Mueller , H.C. ( 1986 ) . The evolution of reversed sexual dimorphism in owls : an empirical analysis of possible selective factors . The Wilson Bulletin , 387 -- 406 . Jump up ^ Donázar , J.A. ( 1990 ) . Geographic variation in clutch and brood size of the Eagle Owl Bubo bubo in the Western Palearctic . Journal für Ornithologie , 131 ( 4 ) , 439 -- 443 . ^ Jump up to : Penteriani , V. , del Mar Delgado , M. , Gallardo , M. , & Ferrer , M. ( 2004 ) . Spatial heterogeneity and structure of bird populations : a case example with the eagle owl . Population Ecology , 46 ( 2 ) , 185 -- 192 . ^ Jump up to : Penteriani , V. , Delgado , M.D.M. , Maggio , C. , Aradis , A. , & Sergio , F. ( 2005 ) . Development of chicks and predispersal behaviour of young in the Eagle Owl Bubo bubo . Ibis , 147 ( 1 ) , 155 -- 168 . Jump up ^ Mock , D.W. , Drummond , H. , & Stinson , C.H. ( 1990 ) . Avian siblicide . American Scientist , 438 -- 449 . Jump up ^ Penteriani , V. , Delgado , M.M. , Pérez - García , J.M. , Botella , F. , García , S. , Zapata , J.A.S. , Ortega , M.L. , Martinez , J.E. , Calvo , J.F. , Ortego , J. , Penteriani , G. , Melletti , M. , Krugersberg , I. & Talavera , O.M. ( 2010 ) . Sex allocation from an owl perspective : clutch order could determine brood sex to reduce sibling aggression in the Eagle Owl Bubo bubo . Ornis Fennica , 87 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Penteriani , V. , & Del Mar Delgado , M. ( 2008 ) . Brood ‐ switching in Eagle Owl Bubo bubo fledglings . Ibis , 150 ( 4 ) , 816 -- 819 . Jump up ^ Radler , K.A.R.L. , & Bergerhausen , W. ( 1988 ) . On the life history of a reintroduced population of Eagle Owls ( Bubo bubo ) . In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Raptor Reintroductions ( pp. 83 -- 94 ) . Institute of Wildlife Studies . Jump up ^ Bionda , R. , & Brambilla , M. ( 2012 ) . Rainfall and landscape features affect productivity in an alpine population of Eagle Owl Bubo bubo . Journal of Ornithology , 153 ( 1 ) , 167 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Delgado , M.D.M. , Penteriani , V. , & Nams , V.O. ( 2009 ) . How fledglings explore surroundings from fledging to dispersal . A case study with Eagle Owls Bubo bubo . Ardea , 97 ( 1 ) , 7 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Campioni , L. , Delgado , M.D. , & Penteriani , V. ( 2010 ) . Social status influences microhabitat selection : breeder and floater Eagle Owls Bubo bubo use different post sites . Ibis , 152 ( 3 ) , 569 -- 579 . Jump up ^ `` Species factsheet : Bubo bubo '' . Birdlife International . Lynx Edicions. 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Houston , C.S. , Smith , D.G. , & Rohner , C. ( 1998 ) . Great Horned Owl ( Bubo virginianus ) . The Birds of North America , ( 372 ) . Jump up ^ Sergio , F. , Marchesi , L. , Pedrini , P. , Ferrer , M. , & Penteriani , V. ( 2004 ) . Electrocution alters the distribution and density of a top predator , the eagle owl Bubo bubo . Journal of Applied Ecology , 41 ( 5 ) , 836 -- 845 . Jump up ^ Rubolini , D. , Bassi , E. , Bogliani , G. , Galeotti , P. , & Garavaglia , R. ( 2001 ) . Eagle Owl Bubo bubo and power line interactions in the Italian Alps . Bird Conservation International , 11 ( 04 ) , 319 -- 324 . Jump up ^ Larsen , R.S. & Stensrud , O.H. ( 1987 ) Dispersal and mortality of juvenile eagle owls released from captivity in southeast Norway as revealed by radio telemetry . US Forest Service General Technical Report , 142 , 215 -- 219 . Jump up ^ Bezzel , E. & Schöpf , H. ( 1986 ) Anmerkungen zur Bestandsentwicklung des Uhus ( Bubo bubo ) in Bayern . Journal für Ornithologie , 127 , 217 -- 228 . Jump up ^ Schaub , M. , Aebischer , A. , Gimenez , O. , Berger , S. , & Arlettaz , R. ( 2010 ) . Massive immigration balances high anthropogenic mortality in a stable eagle owl population : Lessons for conservation . Biological Conservation , 143 ( 8 ) , 1911 -- 1918 . Jump up ^ Valkama , J. , & Saurola , P. ( 2005 ) . Mortality factors and population trends of the Eagle Owl Bubo bubo in Finland . Ornithol Anz , 44 , 81 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Barrios , L. & Rodríguez , A. ( 2004 ) Behavioural and environmental correlates of soaring - bird mortality at on - shore wind turbines . Journal of Applied Ecology , 41 , 72 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Kenward , R.E. ( 2002 ) Management tools for reconciling bird hunting and biodiversity . Unpublished report to REGHAB Project . European Commission . Jump up ^ Zuberogoitia , I. , Torres , J.J. and Martınez , J.A. ( 2003 ) Reforzamiento poblacional del Buho Real Bubo bubo en Bizkaia ( Espana ) . Ardeola 50 : 237 -- 244 . Jump up ^ Herrlinger , E. ( 1973 ) . Die Wiedereinbürgerung des Uhus Bubo bubo in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland . Bonn . Zool . Monogr. 4 : 1 -- 151 . ^ Jump up to : Martinez , J.A. , Martinez , J.E. , Manosa , S. , Zuberogoitia , I. , & Calvo , J.F. ( 2006 ) . How to manage human - induced mortality in the Eagle Owl Bubo bubo . Bird Conservation International , 16 ( 03 ) , 265 -- 278 . Jump up ^ Blondel , J. and Badan , O. ( 1976 ) La biologie du Hibou grand - duc en Provence . Nos Oiseaux 33 : 189 -- 219 . Jump up ^ Bevanger , K. ( 1994 ) Bird interactions with utility structures : collision , electrocution , causes and mitigation measures . Ibis , 136 , 412 -- 425 . Jump up ^ Bergerhausen , W. , von Frenkenberg , O. , Herrlinger , E. , 1981 . Die Situation der Wiedereinbürgerung des Uhus in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland . Natur und Landschaft 56 , 124 -- 126 . Jump up ^ name = Radler ^ Jump up to : Melling , T. , Dudley , S. , & Doherty , P. ( 2008 ) . The Eagle Owl in Britain . British Birds , 101 ( 9 ) , 478 . ^ Jump up to : Warburton , T. ( 2006 ) . The eagle owl in the UK : Native or Alien ? World Owl Trust . The World Owl Trust , Muncaster Castle , Ravenglass , Cumbria , CA18 1RQ . Jump up ^ Stewart , J.R. ( 2007 ) . The fossil and archaeological record of the Eagle Owl in Britain . British Birds , 100 ( 8 ) , 481 -- 486 . Jump up ^ `` Eagle owls in Britain '' . RSPB . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Halling , M. ( 2007 ) . Non-native breeding birds in the United Kingdom in 2003 , 2004 and 2005 . British Birds , 100 , 638 -- 649 . ^ Jump up to : Jánossy , D. , & Schmidt , E. ( 1970 ) . Die Nahrung des Uhus ( Bubo bubo ) . Regionale und erdzeitliche Anderungen . Bonner Zoologischer Beitrage , 21 , 25 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Donázar , J.A. , & Ceballos , O. ( 1988 ) . Sur l'alimentation du hibou grand duc ( Bubo bubo ) dans une localite de la haute montagne pyreneenne espagnole . Alauda , 56 ( 3 ) , 274 -- 276 . Jump up ^ Rydell , J. , & Bogdanowicz , W. ( 1997 ) . Barbastella barbastellus . Mammalian species , 1 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Obuch , J. , & Karaska , D. ( 2010 ) . The Eurasian eagle - owl ( Bubo bubo ) diet in the Orava Region ( N. Slovakia ) . Slovak Raptor Journal , 4 , 83 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Antonio Martínez , J. , & Zuberogoitia , I. ( 2001 ) . The response of the Eagle Owl ( Bubo bubo ) to an outbreak of the rabbit haemorrhagic disease . Journal für Ornithologie , 142 ( 2 ) , 204 -- 211 . Jump up ^ Maran , T. ( 2007 ) . Conservation biology of the European mink , Mustela lutreola ( Linnaeus 1761 ) : decline and causes of extinction . Tallinna Ülikooli Kirjastus . ^ Jump up to : Mitev , U. & Boev , H. ( 2006 ) . Хранителен спектър на бухала ( Bubo bubo ( L. , 1758 ) ) ( Aves : Strigiformes ) в две холоценски находища от Североизточна България . Hist . nat . bulgarica , 17 , 149 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Tella , J.L. , & Mañosa , S. ( 1993 ) . Eagle owl predation on Egyptian vulture and Northern goshawk - Possible effect of a decrease in European rabbit availability . Journal of Raptor Research , 27 ( 2 ) , 111 -- 112 . ^ Jump up to : Watson , J. ( 2010 ) . The golden eagle . Poyser Monographs ; A&C Black . Jump up ^ Gombobaatar , S. , Sumiya , D. , Shagdarsuren , O. , Potapov , E. , & Fox , N. ( 2004 ) . Saker Falcon ( Falco cherrug milvipes Jerdon ) mortality in Central Mongolia and population threats . Mongolian Journal of Biological Sciences , 2 ( 2 ) , 13 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Bayle , P. , & Prior , R. ( 2006 ) . Prey species of Eagle Owl Bubo bubo in Lebanon . SANDGROUSE , 28 ( 2 ) , 167 . ^ Jump up to : Willgohs , J.F. ( 1974 ) . The eagle owl Bubo bubo ( L . ) in Norway ; Part I - Food Ecology . Sterna , 13 , 129 -- 177 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bubo bubo . Wikispecies has information related to Bubo bubo Eurasian eagle - owl Eurasian eagle owl and other owl pictures Eurasian eagle - owl Description , photos and calls Taxon identifiers Wd : Q130933 ADW : Bubo_bubo ARKive : bubo - bubo BioLib : 8758 eBird : eueowl1 EoL : 1178250 EPPO : BUBOBU Fauna Europaea : 97039 GBIF : 5959092 iNaturalist : 20059 ITIS : 555404 IUCN : 22688927 NCBI : 30461 Species+ : 8568 GND : 4061488 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_eagle-owl&oldid=826131375 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Falconry Bubo Owls Birds of Eurasia Birds described in 1758 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles with Finnish - language external links Good articles Use British English from February 2017 Articles with ' species ' microformats Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Interlingua Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Livvinkarjala Magyar Македонски Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Перем Коми Piemontèis Polski Português Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 10 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian%20eagle-owl

what is the population of huntington beach ca

Huntington Beach , California Charter city City of Huntington Beach Aerial view of Huntington Beach , Brookhurst Street & Pacific Coast Highway in April 2008 . Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : Surf City Location of Huntington Beach in Orange County , California . Huntington Beach , California Location in the United States Coordinates : 33 ° 41 ′ 34 '' N 118 ° 0 ′ 1 '' W  /  33.69278 ° N 118.00028 ° W  / 33.69278 ; - 118.00028 Coordinates : 33 ° 41 ′ 34 '' N 118 ° 0 ′ 1 '' W  /  33.69278 ° N 118.00028 ° W  / 33.69278 ; - 118.00028 Country United States of America State California County Orange Incorporated February 17 , 1909 Named for Henry E. Huntington Government Type City Council / City Manager City council Mike Posey , Mayor Patrick Brenden Barbara Delgleize Jill Hardy Billy O'Connell Erik Peterson Lyn Semeta City attorney Michael E. Gates City treasurer Alisa Cutchen City clerk Robin Estanislau Area Total 32.12 sq mi ( 83.20 km ) Land 26.94 sq mi ( 69.77 km ) Water 5.19 sq mi ( 13.43 km ) 16.10 % Elevation 39 ft ( 12 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 189,992 Estimate ( 2016 ) 200,652 Rank 4th in Orange County 22nd in California Density 7,448.66 / sq mi ( 2,875.92 / km ) Time zone Pacific ( UTC − 8 ) Summer ( DST ) PDT ( UTC − 7 ) ZIP codes 92605 , 92615 , 92646 -- 92649 Area codes 562 , 657 / 714 FIPS code 06 - 36000 GNIS feature IDs 1652724 , 2410811 Website huntingtonbeachca.gov

Huntington Beach , California

huntington beach, california

Huntington Beach is a seaside city in Orange County in Southern California . The city is named after American businessman Henry E. Huntington . The population was 189,992 during the 2010 census , making it the most populous beach city in Orange County and the seventh most populous city in the Los Angeles - Long Beach - Anaheim , CA Metropolitan Statistical Area . Its estimated 2014 population was 200,809 . It is bordered by Bolsa Chica Basin State Marine Conservation Area on the west , the Pacific Ocean on the southwest , by Seal Beach on the northwest , by Westminster on the north , by Fountain Valley on the northeast , by Costa Mesa on the east , and by Newport Beach on the southeast .

Huntington Beach ( locally initialized `` HB '' ) is known for its long 9.5 - mile ( 15.3 km ) stretch of sandy beach , mild climate , excellent surfing , and beach culture . The ocean waves are enhanced by a natural effect caused by the edge - diffraction of open ocean swells around Santa Catalina Island . Swells generated predominantly from the North Pacific in winter and from a combination of Southern Hemisphere storms and hurricanes in the summer focus on Huntington Beach , creating consistent surf all year long , hence the nickname `` Surf City '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Natural resources 3 Demographics 3.1 2010 3.2 2000 4 Economy 4.1 Surf City USA trademarks 4.2 Tourism 4.3 Top employers 5 Arts and culture 5.1 Special events 6 Sports 6.1 Surf and beaches 7 Parks and recreation 8 Government 8.1 Local government 8.2 Politics 9 Education 10 Media 11 Notable people 11.1 Actors 11.2 Athletes 11.3 Musicians 11.4 Other 12 Safety 13 Sister cities 14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Huntington Beach Pier The area was originally occupied by the Tongva people . European settlement can be traced to a Spanish soldier , Manuel Nieto , who in 1784 received a Spanish land grant of 300,000 acres ( 1,200 km ) , Rancho Los Nietos , as a reward for his military service and to encourage settlement in Alta California . Nieto 's western area was reduced in 1790 because of a dispute with the Mission San Gabriel , but he retained thousands of acres stretching from the hills north of Whittier , Fullerton and Brea , south to the Pacific Ocean , and from today 's Los Angeles River on the west , to the Santa Ana River on the east . The main thoroughfare of Huntington Beach , Beach Boulevard , was originally a cattle route for the main industry of the Rancho . Since its time as a parcel of the enormous Spanish land grant , Huntington Beach has undergone many incarnations . One time it was known as Shell Beach , the town of Smeltzer , and then Gospel Swamp for the revival meetings that were held in the marshland where the community college Golden West College can currently be found . Later it became known as Fairview and then Pacific City , as it developed into a tourist destination . In order to secure access to the Pacific Electric Red Car lines that used to criss - cross Los Angeles and ended in Long Beach , Pacific City ceded enormous power to railroad magnate Henry E. Huntington , and thus became a city whose name has been written into corporate sponsorship , and like much of the history of Southern California , boosterism . The Huntington Beach pier was built in 1904 and was originally a 1,000 foot - long timber structure . Huntington Beach was incorporated on February 17 , 1909 during the tenure of its first mayor , Ed Manning . Its original developer was Huntington Beach Company ( formerly the West Coast Land and Water Company ) , a real - estate development firm owned by Henry Huntington . The Huntington Beach Company is still a major land - owner in the city , and still owns most of the local mineral rights . The company is now wholly owned by the Chevron Corporation . At one time , an encyclopedia company gave away free parcels of land ( with the purchase of a whole set for $126 ) in the Huntington Beach area . The lucky buyers got more than they had bargained for when oil was discovered in the area , and enormous development of the oil reserves followed . Though many of the old reserves are depleted , and the price of land for housing has pushed many of the rigs off the landscape , oil pumps can still be found to dot the city . Huntington Beach was primarily agricultural in its early years with crops such as celery and sugar beets . Holly Sugar was a major employer with a large processing plant in the city that was later converted to an oil refinery . The city 's first high school , Huntington Beach High School , located on Main Street , was built in 1906 . The school 's team , the Oilers , is named after the city 's original natural resource . Meadowlark Airport , a small general aviation airport , existed in Huntington Beach from the 1940s until 1989 . Geography ( edit ) Huntington Beach at sunset According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 31.9 square miles ( 82.6 km ) . 26.7 sq mi ( 69 km ) of it is land and 5.1 sq mi ( 13 km ) of it ( 16.10 % ) is water . The entire city of Huntington Beach lies in area codes 657 and 714 , except for small parts of Huntington Harbour ( along with Sunset Beach , the community adjacent to Huntington Harbour ) , which is in the 562 Area Code . Climate ( edit ) Huntington Beach has a borderline semi-arid / Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification BSk / Csb ) . The climate is generally sunny , dry and cool , although evenings can be excessively damp . In the morning and evening , there are often strong breezes that can reach 15 mph ( 24 km / h ) . Ocean water temperatures average 55 ° F ( 13 ° C ) to 65 ° F ( 18 ° C ) . In the summer , temperatures rarely exceed 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) . In the winter , temperatures rarely fall below 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) , even on clear nights . There are about 11 inches ( 280 mm ) of rain , almost all in mid-winter . Frost occurs only rarely on the coldest winter nights . The area is annually affected by a marine layer caused by the cool air of the Pacific Ocean meeting the warm air over the land . This results in overcast and foggy conditions in May and June . ( hide ) Climate data for Huntington Beach , California Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 87 ( 31 ) 89 ( 32 ) 91 ( 33 ) 98 ( 37 ) 90 ( 32 ) 102 ( 39 ) 106 ( 41 ) 94 ( 34 ) 107 ( 42 ) 96 ( 36 ) 94 ( 34 ) 94 ( 34 ) 107 ( 42 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 63 ( 17 ) 63 ( 17 ) 63 ( 17 ) 64 ( 18 ) 66 ( 19 ) 68 ( 20 ) 71 ( 22 ) 72 ( 22 ) 72 ( 22 ) 70 ( 21 ) 67 ( 19 ) 63 ( 17 ) 66.8 ( 19.3 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 50 ( 10 ) 51 ( 11 ) 52 ( 11 ) 55 ( 13 ) 58 ( 14 ) 61 ( 16 ) 64 ( 18 ) 65 ( 18 ) 64 ( 18 ) 60 ( 16 ) 54 ( 12 ) 49 ( 9 ) 56.9 ( 13.8 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 29 ( − 2 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 33 ( 1 ) 38 ( 3 ) 40 ( 4 ) 48 ( 9 ) 49 ( 9 ) 52 ( 11 ) 49 ( 9 ) 32 ( 0 ) 34 ( 1 ) 32 ( 0 ) 28 ( − 2 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.1 ( 53 ) 2.7 ( 69 ) 1.7 ( 43 ) 0.7 ( 18 ) 0.1 ( 3 ) 0.1 ( 3 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.2 ( 5 ) 0.4 ( 10 ) 1.0 ( 25 ) 1.8 ( 46 ) 10.8 ( 275 ) Source : Weather Channel Natural resources ( edit ) Bolsa Chica Wildlife Refuge Construction of any kind on the beach is prohibited without a vote of the people , allowing Huntington Beach to retain its natural connection to the ocean rather than having the view obstructed by residential and commercial developments . Between Downtown Huntington Beach and Huntington Harbour lies a large marshy wetland , much of which is protected within the Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve . A $110 million restoration of the wetlands was completed in 2006 . The Reserve is popular with bird watchers and photographers . South of Downtown , the Talbert , Brookhurst and Magnolia Marshes , which lie across the street from Huntington State Beach , had restoration completed in 2010 . The northern and southern beaches ( Bolsa Chica State Beach and Huntington State Beach , respectively ) are state parks . Only the central beach ( Huntington City Beach ) is maintained by the city . Camping and RVs are permitted here , and popular campsites for the Fourth of July and the Surfing Championships must be reserved many months in advance . Bolsa Chica State Beach is actually a sand bar fronting the Bolsa Bay and Bolsa Chica State Ecological Reserve . Huntington Harbour from the air The Orange County run Sunset Marina Park next to Huntington Harbour is part of Anaheim Bay . It is suitable for light craft , and includes a marina , launching ramp , basic services , a picnic area and a few restaurants . The park is in Seal Beach , but is only reachable from Huntington Harbour . The Sunset / Huntington Harbour area is patrolled by the Orange County Sheriff 's Harbor Patrol . The harbor entrance for Anaheim Bay is sometimes restricted by the United States Navy , which loads ships with munitions at the Seal Beach Naval Weapons Station to the north of the main channel . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1930 3,690 -- 1940 3,738 1.3 % 1950 5,237 40.1 % 1960 11,492 119.4 % 1970 115,960 909.0 % 1980 170,505 47.0 % 181,519 6.5 % 2000 189,594 4.4 % 189,992 0.2 % Est. 2016 200,652 5.6 % U.S. Decennial Census The 2010 United States Census reported that Huntington Beach had a population of 189,992 . The population density was 5,959.1 people per square mile ( 2,300.8 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of Huntington Beach was 145,661 ( 76.7 % ) White , 1,813 ( 1.0 % ) African American , 992 ( 0.5 % ) Native American , 21,070 ( 11.1 % ) Asian , 635 ( 0.3 % ) Pacific Islander , 11,193 ( 5.9 % ) from other races , and 8,628 ( 4.5 % ) from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 32,411 persons ( 17.1 % ) . Non-Hispanic Whites were 67.2 % of the population in 2010 , compared to 90.8 % in 1970 . The Census reported that 189,102 people ( 99.5 % of the population ) lived in households , 487 ( 0.3 % ) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters , and 403 ( 0.2 % ) were institutionalized . There were 74,285 households , out of which 21,922 ( 29.5 % ) had children under the age of 18 living in them , 36,729 ( 49.4 % ) were opposite - sex married couples living together , 7,685 ( 10.3 % ) had a female householder with no husband present , 3,804 ( 5.1 % ) had a male householder with no wife present . There were 4,386 ( 5.9 % ) unmarried opposite - sex partnerships , and 504 ( 0.7 % ) same - sex married couples or partnerships . 18,489 households ( 24.9 % ) were made up of individuals and 6,527 ( 8.8 % ) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.55 . There were 48,218 families ( 64.9 % of all households ) ; the average family size was 3.07 . The population was spread out with 39,128 people ( 20.6 % ) under the age of 18 , 15,906 people ( 8.4 % ) aged 18 to 24 , 54,024 people ( 28.4 % ) aged 25 to 44 , 53,978 people ( 28.4 % ) aged 45 to 64 , and 26,956 people ( 14.2 % ) who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 40.2 years . For every 100 females there were 98.5 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 96.6 males . There were 78,003 housing units at an average density of 2,446.5 per square mile ( 944.6 / km2 ) , of which 44,914 ( 60.5 % ) were owner - occupied , and 29,371 ( 39.5 % ) were occupied by renters . The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.1 % ; the rental vacancy rate was 5.4 % . 115,470 people ( 60.8 % of the population ) lived in owner - occupied housing units and 73,632 people ( 38.8 % ) lived in rental housing units . During 2009 -- 2013 , Huntington Beach had a median household income of $81,389 , with 8.9 % of the population living below the federal poverty line . 2000 ( edit ) At the 2000 census The population density was 7,183.6 inhabitants per square mile ( 2,773.9 / km2 ) . There were 75,662 housing units at an average density of 2,866.8 per square mile ( 1,107.0 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 79.2 % White , 0.8 % Black or African American , 0.7 % Native American , 9.3 % Asian , 0.2 % Pacific Islander , 5.8 % from other races , and 3.9 % from two or more races. 14.7 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race . There were 73,657 households out of which 29.0 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 50.7 % were married couples living together , 9.6 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 35.2 % were non-families. 24.3 % of all households were made up of individuals and 6.7 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.08 . In the city , the population was spread out with 22.2 % under the age of 18 , 8.4 % from 18 to 24 , 34.9 % from 25 to 44 , 24.0 % from 45 to 64 , and 10.4 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 36 years . For every 100 females there were 100.4 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 98.6 males . The median income for a household in the city was $76,527 , and the median income for a family was $94,597 . Adult males had a median income of $50,021 versus $33,041 for adult females . The per capita income for the city was $40,183 . About 5.1 % of families and 7.8 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 11.2 % of those under age 18 and 4.4 % of those age 65 or over . Economy ( edit ) Oil wells , 1926 Oil Platform Emmy HB March 2013 Huntington Beach sits above a large natural fault structure containing oil . Although the oil is mostly depleted , extraction continues at a slow rate , and still provides significant local income . There are only two off - shore extraction facilities left , however , and the day is not far off when oil production in the city will cease and tourism will replace it as the primary revenue source for resident industry . The city is discussing closing off Main Street to cars from PCH through the retail shopping and restaurant areas , making it a pedestrian zone only . Other shopping centers include Bella Terra , built on the former Huntington Center site , Pacific City which opened in 2015 , and Old World Village , a German - themed center . Huntington Beach has an off - shore oil terminus for the tankers that support the Alaska Pipeline . The terminus pipes run inland to a refinery in Santa Fe Springs . Huntington Beach also has the Gothard - Talbert terminus for the Orange County portion of the pipeline running from the Chevron El Segundo refinery . Several hotels have been constructed on the inland side of Pacific Coast Highway ( State Route 1 ) within view of the beach , just southeast of the pier . Huntington Beach contains a small industrial district in its northwest corner , near the borders with Westminster and Seal Beach . Huntington Beach contains a major installation of Boeing , formerly McDonnell - Douglas . A number of installations on the Boeing campus were originally constructed to service the Apollo Program , most notably the production of the S - IVB upper stage for the Saturn IB and Saturn V rockets , and some nearby telephone poles are still marked `` Apollo Dedicated Mission Control Line . '' Huntington Beach is also home to the headquarters of Cambro Manufacturing , an international foodservice equipment company , with two manufacturing facilities in the city . Surf city USA trademarks ( edit ) Main article : Surf City , USA While Huntington Beach retains its 15 - year trademark of Surf City Huntington Beach , the Huntington Beach Conference and Visitors Bureau filed four applications to register the `` Surf City USA '' trademark in November 2004 . The idea was to market the city by creating an authentic brand based on Southern California 's beach culture and active outdoor lifestyle while at the same time creating a family of product licensees who operate like a franchise family producing a revenue stream that could also be dedicated to promoting the brand and city . A ruling by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office released on May 12 , 2006 awarded three trademark registrations to the Bureau ; nine additional trademark registrations have been granted since this time and ten other Surf City USA trademarks are now under consideration . One of the first products the Bureau developed to promote its brand was the Surf City USA Beach Cruiser by Felt Bicycles in 2006 . The product has sold out every year in markets worldwide and created demand for a second rental bicycle model that will be marketed to resort locations across the globe starting in 2009 . The Bureau now has dozens of other licensed products on the market from Surf City USA soft drinks to clothing to glassware . As of April 2008 , the Bureau had more than 20 licensing partners with over 50 different products being prepared to enter the market over the next 18 months . Four of the Bureau 's registrations of the trademark are now on the principal register and the remaining ten trademark applications are expected to follow . The Bureau is actively considering registration of the Surf City USA trademark in several different countries and anticipates a growing market for its branded products overseas in coming years . An ongoing dispute between Huntington Beach and Santa Cruz , California over the trademark garnered national publicity in 2007 when a law firm representing Huntington Beach sent a cease - and - desist letter to a Santa Cruz T - shirt vendor . A settlement was reached in January 2008 , which allows the Huntington Beach Conference and Visitors Bureau to retain the trademark . Tourism ( edit ) Downtown Huntington Beach The downtown district includes an active art center , a colorful shopping district , and the International Surfing Museum . This district was also the home of the Golden Bear from 1929 to 1986 . Originally a fine dining restaurant opened by Harry Bakre in 1929 , the Golden Bear became a nightclub in 1963 and hosted famous - name entertainment until it was demolished in 1986 . The list of artists who performed there includes BB King , Janis Joplin , Steve Martin , Charles Bukowski , The Ramones and Stevie Ray Vaughan . The Huntington Beach Pier stretches from Main Street into the Pacific Ocean . At the end of the pier is a Ruby 's Diner . The Surf Theatre , which was located one block north of the pier , gained fame in the 1960s and 1970s for showing independent surf films such as The Endless Summer and Five Summer Stories . The Surf Theatre was owned and operated by Hugh Larry Thomas from 1961 until it was demolished in 1989 . A newer version of The Surf Theatre is now closed , but the Huntington Beach International Surfing Museum has preserved its memory with ongoing screenings of surfing movies once shown at a Huntington Beach theater and the original metal SURF sign . Another surfing - related attraction in Huntington Beach is the Surfing Walk of Fame . Top employers ( edit ) According to Huntington Beach 's 2014 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , the top employers in the city are : # Employer # of employees Boeing 5,581 Quiksilver 1,228 Cambro Manufacturing 951 Ensign United States Drilling 925 5 Hyatt Regency Huntington Beach 641 6 C & D Aerospace 555 7 Huntington Beach Hospital 527 8 Walters Wholesale Electronics 480 9 Wal - Mart 462 10 Rainbow Disposal 408 BJ 's Restaurant & Brewery is also based in Huntington Beach . Arts and culture ( edit ) Special events ( edit ) Many of the events at Huntington Beach are focused around the beach during the summer . The U.S. Open of Surfing is featured on the south side of the pier . Huntington Beach is a stop on the AVP beach volleyball tour . A biathlon ( swim / run ) hosted by the Bolsa Chica & Huntington State Beach Lifeguards takes place in July , early at dawn . The race begins at the Santa Ana River Jetties and ends at Warner Avenue , Bolsa Chica State Beach . Huntington Beach Junior Lifeguard day camps are held which teaches pre-adolescents and adolescents ocean swimming , running , and first - aid medical knowledge . In addition to the beach - focused events , the Fourth of July parade has been held since 1904 . The SoCal Independent Film Festival takes place every September . The inaugural Breitling Huntington Beach Airshow , featuring the Breitling Jet Team and the United States Air Force Thunderbirds , was held October 21 -- 23 , 2016 . During the winter , the annual Cruise of Lights Boat Tour is held in the Huntington Harbour neighborhood . This is a parade of colorful lighted boats as well as boat tours to view the decorated homes . In February of each year since 1996 , the Surf City USA marathon is held with over 20,000 runners . The annual Kite Festival is held just north of the pier in late February . Huntington Beach hosts car shows such as the Beachcruiser Meet and a Concours d'Elegance . The Beachcruiser Meet is held in March , attracting over 250 classic cars displayed along Main Street and the Pier parking lot . A Concours d'Elegance is held at Central Park in June and benefits the public library . An informal `` Donut Derelicts '' car show occurs every Saturday morning at the intersection of Adams and Magnolia Street . Surf City Nights is held every Tuesday night during the year . The Tuesday Surf City Nights is a community - spirited event that features a farmer 's market , unique entertainment , food , kiddie rides and a carnival atmosphere . Surf City Nights and the Downtown Huntington Beach Art Walk are presented by the Huntington Beach Downtown Business Improvement District ( HBDBID ) and the City of Huntington Beach . The Tuesday night Surf City Nights event takes place in the first three blocks of Main Street from Pacific Coast Highway to Orange Avenue . Sports ( edit ) Surfers abound near Huntington City Pier A wooden fence along the Bolsa Chica bike path Huntington Beach during the day . Bolsa Chica surf Huntington Beach is the site of the world surfing championships , held in the summer every year . The city is often referred to as `` Surf City '' because of this high - profile event , its history and culture of surfing . It is often called the `` Surfing Capital of the World '' , not for the height of the waves , but rather for the consistent quality of surf . Gordon Duane established the city 's first surf shop , Gordie 's Surfboards , in 1955 . The city 's Ocean View Little League won the 2011 Little League World Series championship , beating Japan 2 - 1 . Surf and beaches ( edit ) George Freeth was the first person to surf in Huntington Beach with a demonstration on June 20 , 1914 . Freeth had been demonstrating surfing in southern California as a promotion for the city by Henry E. Huntington . Duke Kahanamoku started surfing in Huntington Beach in 1925 and helped popularize the sport . The first surfboard shop , which was located underneath the Huntington Beach Pier , opened in 1956 by Gordie Duane . Apart from sponsored surf events , Huntington Beach has some of the best surf breaks in the State of California and that of the United States . Huntington Beach has four different facing beaches : Northwest , West , Southwest , and South . Northwest consists of Bolsa Chica State Beach with a length of 3.3 miles ( 5.3 km ) , the West consist of `` The Cliffs '' or `` Dog Beach '' , Southwest is considered everything north of the pier which is operated by the City of Huntington Beach . South consists in everything south of the pier which primarily focuses on Huntington State Beach ( 2.2 Miles ) , which almost faces true South . Bolsa Chica State Beach is operated by the State of California , Dept . Parks & Recreation , and the Bolsa Chica State Beach Lifeguards . The beach is very narrow and the sand is very coarse . Bolsa Chica tends to have better surf with NW / W swells during the winter season . During the summer months the beach picks up south / southwest swells at a very steep angle . Due to the bottom of the beach , surf at Bolsa Chica tends to be slowed down and refined to soft shoulders . Longboards are the best option for surfing in the Bolsa Chica area . `` The Cliffs '' or `` Dog Beach '' is also another popular surf spot . This segment of Huntington Beach obtains these names because dogs are allowed around the cliff area . Beach is very restricted and often is submerged with high tides . Surf at this location tends to be even bigger than Bolsa Chica during the winter and often better . During the summer most of the South / Southwest swells slide right by and often break poorly . The best option is to take out a longboard , but shortboards will do at times . Dolphins have also been sighted in this area . Just north and south of the Huntington Beach Pier are some well defined sandbars that shift throughout the year with the different swells . Southside of the Pier is often a popular destination during the summer for good surf , but the Northside can be just as well during the winter . Around the Pier it all depends on the swell and the sandbars . Shortboard is your best option for surfing around the Pier . South Huntington Beach , also known as Huntington State Beach , is where all the south swells impact the coastline . Huntington State Beach is operated by the State of California , Department of Parks & Recreation , and Huntington State Beach Lifeguards . This beach is very wide with plenty of sand . Sandbars dramatically shift during the spring , summer and fall seasons , thus creating excellent surf conditions with a combination South / West / Northwest swell . Due to the Santa Ana River jetties located at the southernmost end of the beach , large sandbars extend across and upcoast , forcing swells to break extremely fast and hollow . Best seasons for surfing at this beach is the summer and fall . The best option for surfing in this area is a shortboard . Huntington Beach is also a popular destination for kite surfing , and this sport can be viewed on the beach northwest of the pier . Huntington Beach is the host city of the National Professional Paintball League Super 7 Paintball Championships . The NPPL holds its first event of the year traditionally between the dates of March 23 through March 26 . Huntington Beach also hosts the annual Surf City USA Marathon and Half - Marathon , which is usually held on the first Sunday of February . Parks and Recreation ( edit ) Huntington Beach has a large central park , known as Huntington Central Park . Central Park is located between Gothard and Edwards Streets to the east and west , and Slater and Ellis Avenues to the north and south . Dedicated on June 15 , 1974 , Huntington Central Park is the largest city owned park in Orange County with nearly 350 acres ( 140 ha ) . The park is vegetated with xeric ( low water use ) plants , and inhabited by native wildlife . Thick forests encircling the park are supplemented with Australian trees , particularly Blue Gum Eucalyptus , a high water use plant . Huntington Central Park The Huntington Beach Public Library is located in Central Park in a notable building designed by Richard Neutra and Dion Neutra . It houses almost a half - million volumes , as well as a theater , gift shop and fountains . The library was founded as a Carnegie library in 1914 , and has been continuously supported by the city and local activists , with new buildings and active branches at Banning , Oak View , Main Street , and Graham . The library has significant local historical materials and has a special genealogical reference collection . It is independent of the state and county library systems . The park is also home of Huntington Central Park Equestrian Center , a top class boarding facility that also offers horse rentals to the public , with guided trail rides through the park . There is also a `` mud park '' available for kids . The world 's second oldest disc golf course is available in the park , as are two small dining areas , a sports complex for adult use , and the Shipley Nature Center . The Bolsa Chica Wetlands , contains numerous trails and scenic routes . The wetlands themselves have been connected with the ocean again , in effort to maintain its previous , unaltered conditions . Government ( edit ) Local Government ( edit ) The following table shows the current and past mayors of Huntington Beach : Mayor Name Years served 62nd Mayor Mike Posey 2017 -- 2018 61st Mayor Barbara Delgleize 2016 -- 2017 60th Mayor Jim Katapodis 2015 -- 2016 59th Mayor Matthew M. Harper 2013 -- 2014 58th Mayor Donald F. Hansen 2011 -- 2012 57th Mayor Joseph J. Carchio 2010 -- 2011 56th Mayor Keith B. Bohr 2008 -- 2009 55th Mayor Gilbert J. Coerper 2006 -- 2007 54th Mayor Jill S. Hardy 2004 -- 2005 & 2014 -- 2015 53rd Mayor Catherine T. Green 2003 -- 2004 & 2009 -- 2010 52nd Mayor Constance J. Boardman 2002 -- 2003 & 2012 -- 2013 51st Mayor Deborah A. Cook 2001 -- 2002 & 2007 -- 2008 50th Mayor Pamela L. Julien Houchen 2000 -- 2001 49th Mayor David P. Garofalo 1999 -- 2000 48th Mayor Shirley S. Dettloff 1997 -- 1998 47th Mayor Ralph H. Bauer 1996 -- 1997 46th Mayor David A. Sullivan 1995 -- 1996 & 2005 -- 2006 45th Mayor G. Victor Leipzig 1994 -- 1995 44th Mayor Linda L. Moulton - Patterson 1993 -- 1994 43rd Mayor Grace H. Winchell 1992 -- 1993 42nd Mayor James W. Silva 1997 -- 1992 41st Mayor Peter R. Green 1990 -- 1991 & 1998 -- 1999 40th Mayor Thomas A. Mays 1989 -- 1990 39th Mayor Wesley M. Bannister 1988 -- 1989 38th Mayor John P. Erskine 1987 -- 1988 37th Mayor John A. Kelly , Jr . 1983 -- 1984 & 1986 -- 1987 36th Mayor Robert P. Mandic , Jr . 1993 -- 1994 35th Mayor Ruth E. Finley 1981 -- 1982 34th Mayor Ruth S. Bailey 1980 -- 1981 & 1984 -- 1985 33rd Mayor Donald A. MacAllister 1979 -- 1980 & 1983 32nd Mayor Ronald Q. Shenkman 1978 31st Mayor Ronald R. Pattinson 1977 -- 1978 & 1978 -- 1979 30th Mayor Harriett M. Wieder 1976 -- 1977 29th Mayor Norma Brandel Gibbs 1975 -- 1976 28th Mayor Jerry A. Matney 1973 -- 1974 27th Mayor George C. McCracken 1971 -- 1972 26th Mayor N. John V.V. Green 1969 -- 1970 25th Mayor Alvin M. Coen 1968 -- 1969 , 1972 -- 1973 & 1974 -- 1975 24th Mayor Jake R. Stewart 1966 -- 1967 23rd Mayor Donald D. Shipley 1964 -- 1966 , 1967 -- 1968 & 1970 -- 1971 22nd Mayor Robert M. Lambert 1962 -- 1964 21st Mayor Ernest H. Gisler 1960 -- 1962 20th Mayor Earl T. Irby 1958 -- 1960 19th Mayor Victor Terry 1956 -- 1958 18th Mayor Roy Seabridge 1952 -- 1956 17th Mayor Vernon E. Langenbeck 1950 -- 1952 16th Mayor Jack Greer 1948 -- 1950 15th Mayor Ted W. Bartlett 1946 -- 1948 14th Mayor Marcus M. McCallen 1938 -- 1942 13th Mayor Willis H. Warner 1936 -- 1938 12th Mayor Thomas B. Talbert 1934 -- 1936 & 1942 -- 1946 11th Mayor Elson G. Conrad 1931 -- 1934 10th Mayor Samuel R. Bowen 1928 -- 1931 9th Mayor C.G. Booster 1926 -- 1928 8th Mayor Lawrence Ridenhauer 1924 -- 1926 7th Mayor Richard Drew 1922 -- 1924 6th Mayor Joseph Vavra 1919 -- 1920 5th Mayor W.E. Tarbox 1917 -- 1918 4th Mayor Matthew E. Helme 1916 -- 1917 3rd Mayor E.E. French 1914 -- 1916 & 1918 -- 1919 2nd Mayor W.D. Seeley 1912 -- 1914 1st Mayor Ed Manning 1909 -- 1912 & 1920 -- 1922 According to the city 's most recent Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , the city 's various funds had $295.6 million in revenues , $287.7 million in expenditures , $1,046.6 million in total assets , $202.8 million in total liabilities , and $87.1 million in cash and investments . The structure of the management and coordination of city services is : City department Director City Attorney Michael E. Gates City Clerk Robin Estanislau City Treasurer Alisa Cutchen City Manager Fred Wilson Deputy City Manager Ken Domer Community Relations Officer Julie A. Toledo Director of Community Services Janeen Laudenback Director of Finance Lori Ann Farrell Fire Chief David Segura Director of Human Resources Michele Warren Director of Information Services Jack Marshall Director of Library Services Stephanie Beverage Director of Planning & Building Scott Hess Police Chief Robert Handy Director of Public Works Travis Hopkins Deputy Director of Economic Development Kellee Fritzal Politics ( edit ) In the California State Senate , Huntington Beach is in the 37th Senate District , represented by Republican John Moorlach . In the California State Assembly , it is split between the 72nd Assembly District , represented by Republican Travis Allen , and the 74th Assembly District , represented by Republican Matthew Harper . In the United States House of Representatives , Huntington Beach is in California 's 48th congressional district , represented by Republican Dana Rohrabacher . As of June 1 , 2010 , the city has 127,660 registered voters . 45.8 % are registered Republicans , 28.5 % are registered Democrats , 20.7 % are unaffiliated , and the remainder are registered with third parties . Education ( edit ) Huntington Beach is the home of Golden West College , which offers two - year associates of arts degrees and transfer programs to four - year universities . Huntington Beach is in the Huntington Beach Union High School District , which includes Edison High School , Huntington Beach High School , Marina High School , and Ocean View High School in the city of Huntington Beach , Fountain Valley High School in the city of Fountain Valley , and Westminster High School in the city of Westminster . The district also has an alternative school , Valley Vista High School , and an independent study school , Coast High School . Huntington Beach High School , which is the district 's flagship school , celebrated its 100 - year anniversary in 2006 . The city has four elementary school districts : Huntington Beach City School District with 9 schools and Ocean View School District with 15 . A small part of the city is also served by the Fountain Valley School District and Westminster School District . Huntington Beach is also home to The Pegasus School , a nationally recognized blue ribbon school . Brethren Christian Junior / Senior High School is a private independent school with about 400 students living within 25 miles ( 40 km ) of the school . Huntington Christian School is a private K - 8 school in the city Grace Lutheran School is a private K - 8 school in the city . Lycée International de Los Angeles previously had its Orange County campus in Huntington Beach . Media ( edit ) The city was featured in the TruTV series Ocean Force : Huntington Beach . Also , the city is mentioned in the Beach Boys song Surfin ' Safari , in Jan and Dean 's Surf Route 101 and in Surfer Joe by The Surfaris . Live cameras are set up at the Huntington Beach Pier and shown on screens at the California - themed Hollister apparel stores . The store pays the city for the cameras , with the money used to fund marine safety equipment . The cameras are also used by lifeguards . The public television station KOCE - TV operates from the Golden West College campus , in conjunction with the Golden West College Media Arts program . Two weekly newspapers cover Huntington Beach : The Huntington Beach Independent and The Wave Section of The Orange County Register . Notable people ( edit ) Actors ( edit ) Willie Aames attended Edison High School . Eva Angelina , adult film actress . Ethan Embry , actor Shawna Della - Ricca , model and actress Lauren German , actress of NBC TV series Chicago Fire . Amy Grabow grew up in Huntington Beach and attended the Academy for the Performing Arts . Jenna Jameson , famed pornographic actress , resided in Huntington Harbour with Tito Ortiz . Jack Kelly , most noted for the role of Bart Maverick on the Maverick TV series ; during the 1980s and early 1990s , he served as city councilman and mayor in Huntington Beach . Jason Lee , actor , title character in TV series My Name is Earl , grew up in Huntington Beach and attended Ocean View High School . Cara Lott , adult actress . Athletes ( edit ) Scott Lipsky Huntington Beach is the home to pro skateboarders Christian Hosoi , Geoff Rowley , Arto Saari , Tosh Townend , Mark Appleyard , Brian Sumner , Ed Templeton , and Nyjah Huston . Former NHL hockey player John Blue is from Huntington Beach , as is professional soccer player Sacha Kljestan It is home of mixed martial artists : Tito `` The Huntington Beach Bad Boy '' Ortiz , Kimo Leopoldo , Tank Abbott and James Irvin . Collin Balester , baseball player , attended Huntington Beach High School Hank Conger , baseball player , attended Huntington Beach High School Jessie Godderz , professional bodybuilder with the World Natural Body Building Federation , contestant on Big Brother 10 and Big Brother 11 Julio César González , boxer , 1996 Olympic Games athlete for Mexico , WBO light - heavyweight champion 2003 , attended Edison High , was killed in 2012 by a drunk driver in Baja , Mexico Bill Green , former United States Record and NCAA Record holder in track and field , 5th in hammer throw at 1984 Summer Olympic Games , lives in Huntington Beach Tony Gonzalez , formerly of NFL 's Atlanta Falcons , TV commentator , attended Huntington Beach High School Ian Kennedy , San Diego Padres pitcher , was born in Huntington Beach Jeff Kent , retired baseball player and recipient of baseball 's 2000 National League MVP award , was raised in Huntington Beach and attended Edison High School . Jürgen Klinsmann , soccer player , coach of the German national soccer team and former coach of the United States men 's national soccer team ; moved with his family in 2008 to Munich , Germany to become the coach of FC Bayern Munich . Klinsmann currently resides in Newport Beach . Chris Kluwe , football punter Iris Kyle , 10 - time overall Ms. Olympia professional bodybuilder Scott Lipsky , professional tennis player , lives in Huntington Beach David Martin , professional tennis player , lives in Huntington Beach Paul McBeth , four - time disc golf world champion Peter Mel , surfer Henry Owens , baseball player Cherokee Parks , basketball player , was born in Huntington Beach and attended Marina High School . Nick Pratto , baseball player , first - round selection in 2017 MLB Draft Nuufolau Joel Seanoa ( ring name Samoa Joe ) , professional wrestler signed to WWE Tom Shields , swimmer , 2009 graduate of Edison High School , gold medalist in 400 medley relay for U.S. at 2015 World Swimming Championships in Kazan , Russia Brett Simpson , surfer Surfer Peter `` PT '' Townend resided in Huntington Beach Joan Weston , star of Roller Derby Bob Wolcott , former Seattle Mariners pitcher , was born in Huntington Beach Musicians ( edit ) Members of the rock / metal band Avenged Sevenfold grew up and currently reside here . Lead guitarist Synyster Gates has said he enjoys nothing more than cruising Huntington Beach on his chopper . Original drummer and founding member The Rev was buried here following his death . Dexter Holland from The Offspring lived in Huntington Beach . The ska punk rock band Reel Big Fish formed here in 1992 . Dean Torrence , from the 1960s pop group Jan and Dean , who co-wrote `` Surf City '' ( # 1 in 1963 ) , said that Huntington Beach embodies the song 's spirit of freedom and California fun . Christian Jacobs , the MC Bat Commander of The Aquabats , resides in Huntington Beach . Matt Costa , folk pop singer , was born in Huntington Beach . ( Hed ) P.E. , a punk rock / hip hop group , was formed in Huntington Beach . The Vandals , a punk rock band formed in Huntington Beach Alien Ant Farm lead singer Dryden Mitchell resides in Huntington Beach . David Silveria , formerly from the rock band Korn resides in Huntington Beach . Doug Webb , saxophonist Scott Weiland , of the Stone Temple Pilots and formerly of Velvet Revolver , attended Edison High School . Paul Williams , composer , singer , songwriter and actor Joe and Luke McGarry of the indie band Pop Noir were born in Manchester , England , but grew up and still reside in Huntington Beach . The reggae band , The Dirty Heads was formed in Huntington Beach . hellogoodbye was formed in Huntington Beach in 2001 . The Suburban Legends are natives of Huntington Beach . The alternative / pop band Emblem3 moved to Huntington Beach to pursue their musical career . Beau Bokan , American singer for metal band blessthefall was born in Huntington Beach . Buckethead , American guitarist and multi-instrumentalist was born in Huntington Beach . Yung Pinch , a rapper known for his beach boy image , grew up in Huntington Beach . Other ( edit ) Pete Conrad , astronaut Violet Cowden , aviator and member of the Women Airforce Service Pilots during World War II . Kenneth True Norris Jr. , industrialist and philanthropist Safety ( edit ) Huntington Beach Police Department MD520N helicopter Fire protection in Huntington Beach is provided by the Huntington Beach Fire Department . Law enforcement is provided by the Huntington Beach Police Department . Huntington Beach Marine Safety Officers and its seasonal lifeguards are recognized as some of the best in the world with a top notch safety record . It has an active Community Emergency Response Team training program , that trains citizens as Disaster Service Workers certified by Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) as a part of a free program run by the fire department 's Office of Emergency Services . Emergency services are also provided at State Beach locations . Peace Officers and lifeguards can be found at Bolsa Chica and Huntington State Beach . Such services consist of : aquatic rescues , boat rescues , first aid and law enforcement . All services are provided by the State of California , Dept . Parks & Recreation Confusing ; beginning of this sentence implies that the city is responsible for state beach law enforcement & lifeguard duties . This is not the case , except on a mutual - aid request basis. . In 1926 , the Santa Ana River dam failed , and flash - flooded its entire delta . The southern oceanic terminus of this delta is now a settled area of Huntington Beach . The distant dam is still functional , but silting up , which is expected to reduce its storage volume , and therefore its effectiveness at flood - prevention . The flood and dam - endangered areas are protected by a levee , but lenders require expensive flood insurance in the delta . There have been serious discussions to eliminate the need for flood insurance and this requirement has already been waived in some areas and may one day no longer be considered a credible threat . Since it is a seaside city , Huntington Beach has had tsunami warnings , storm surge ( its pier has been rebuilt three times ) , sewage spills , tornadoes and waterspouts . The cold offshore current prevents hurricanes . The Pier that was rebuilt in the 1990s was engineered to withstand severe storms or earthquakes . Large fractions of the settled delta are in soil liquefaction zones above known active faults . Most of the local faults are named after city streets . Many residents ( and even city hall ) live within sight and sound of active oil extraction and drilling operations . These occasionally spew oil , causing expensive clean - ups . Large parts of the developed land have been contaminated by heavy metals from the water separated from oil . The local oil has such extreme mercury contamination that metallic mercury is regularly drained from oil pipelines and equipment . Oil operations increase when the price of oil rises . Some oil fields have been approved for development . The worst - polluted areas have been reclaimed as parks . At least one Superfund site , too contaminated to be a park , is at the junction of Magnolia and Hamilton streets , near Edison High School . Sister Cities ( edit ) Huntington Beach has the following sister city relationships , according to the Huntington Beach Sister City Association : Anjo , Aichi Prefecture , Japan Manly , Australia ( unofficial ) See also ( edit ) Greater Los Angeles portal Historic Wintersburg in Huntington Beach , California Largest cities in Southern California List of largest California cities by population List of United States cities by population References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` City of Huntington Beach , California '' . City of Huntington Beach . ^ Jump up to : `` Government '' . City of Huntington Beach . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2015 . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Huntington Beach '' . City of Huntington Beach . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California Cities by Incorporation Date '' . California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions . Archived from the original ( Word ) on November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mellen , Greg . `` Huntington Beach council elects new mayor but bypasses rotation for mayor pro tem '' . The Orange County Register ( December 5 , 2017 ) . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` City Attorney '' . City of Huntington Beach . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City Treasurer '' . City of Huntington Beach . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` City Clerk '' . City of Huntington Beach . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` City Council '' . City of Huntington Beach . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jul 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Huntington Beach '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Huntington ( city ) QuickFacts '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2012 . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ZIP Code ( tm ) Lookup '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` A look at the trains that built the O.C. coast '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.stockteam.com/hbpier.html Jump up ^ https://www.surfcityusa.com/about-huntington-beach/huntington-beach-history/ Jump up ^ Billiter , Bill ( April 23 , 1990 ) . `` The Huntington Beach Co. : City 's Benefactor or Boss ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Jaimee Lynn ( March 12 , 2009 ) . `` Do n't judge an ' encyclopedia lot ' by its cover '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Averages for Huntington Beach '' . www.weather.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Average weather for Huntington Beach Weather Channel ' . ' Retrieved March 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The official web page of the Bolsa Chica Lowlands Restoration Project '' . U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service . Jump up ^ Brennan , Pat ( February 27 , 2010 ) . `` Wetlands , ocean unite '' . The Orange County Register . p . Local 1 . Jump up ^ `` Sunset - Huntington Harbor History '' . OCParks.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2007 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Orange County Sheriff 's Harbor Patrol '' . Orange County Sheriff 's Department web site . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2008 . Retrieved March 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Census Interactive Population Search : CA -- Huntington Beach city '' . U.S. Census Bureau . 2010 . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California -- Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Burris , Annie ( March 18 , 2008 ) . `` What 's to become of Huntington 's Old World Village ? '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Huntington Beach Officially Registers Surf City USA Trademark '' . Huntington Beach Conference and Visitors Bureau press release . May 12 , 2006 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Felt Bicycles and Huntington Beach Join to Create Official Surf City USA Beach Cruiser '' . Felt Bicycles . November 5 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2007 . Retrieved March 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Muir , Jennifer ( August 4 , 2006 ) . `` Surf City musical wants to merge art and commerce '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved March 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Allen Pierloni ( May 14 , 2007 ) . `` The question remains : Which city is Surf City ? '' . Sacramento Bee . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Carcamo , Cindy ( January 22 , 2008 ) . `` Huntington Beach settles Surf City USA lawsuit '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved September 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History of Surfing Walk of Fame '' . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.huntingtonbeachca.gov/files/users/finance/2013-14_CAFR_COHB_Final.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.bjsrestaurants.com/about-us/faqs Jump up ^ `` Huntington Beach Parade '' . Huntington Beach Parade . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mellen , Greg ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Ready to Take Flight '' . Huntington Beach Wave . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Jaimee Lynn ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` A Fun Run And Much More '' . Huntington Beach Wave . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Degen , Matt ( March 22 , 2009 ) . `` Classic cars cruise into Huntington all weekend '' . Orange County Register . p . Local 3 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Laylan ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` 100 Years of Surf '' . Huntington Beach Wave . The Orange County Register . pp. A1 -- A3 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Matt ( July 27 , 2008 ) . `` Dolphins descend on Huntington '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Huntington State Beach Lifeguard Association , HSBLA . `` Huntington State Beach Lifeguard Association '' . Hsbla.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.huntingtonbeachca.gov/residents/parks_facilities/parks/huntington_central_park/ Jump up ^ `` List of Mayors Historically '' . City of Huntington Beach . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Katapodis is also cited as the 78th mayor , depending on source and how tenure is counted . Mellen , Greg . `` Huntington Beach has a law and order mayor '' . Huntington Beach Wave ( December 10 , 2015 ) . pp. 1 , 4 . ^ Jump up to : City of Huntington Beach CAFR Retrieved August 12 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Statewide Database '' . UC Regents . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California 's 48th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map '' . Civic Impulse , LLC . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived February 23 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Klein , Karen E. `` Monrovia Will Get a Taste of France With New School '' ( Archived June 29 , 2015 , at WebCite ) . Los Angeles Times . June 20 , 1990 . Retrieved on June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burris , Annie ( August 4 , 2008 ) . `` Hollister wants 7 more cameras under Surf City pier '' . The Orange County Register . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2013 . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Huntington Beach : The Orange County Register '' . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt : ' Grace Is Enough ' '' . msnbc.com web site . January 16 , 2008 . Retrieved March 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Arellano , Gustavo ; Ferguson , Brandon ; Sakai , Shuji ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` America 's Porn Paradise ! '' . OC Weekly . Jump up ^ `` About the Actors , Amy Grabow '' . www.soapcentral.com . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2008 . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2009 . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Kelly , an Actor On ' Maverick ' Series And a Politician , 65 '' . The New York Times . November 9 , 1992 . Retrieved November 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Lee : Biography '' . tvguide.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Geoff Rowley '' . Volcom web site . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2008 . Retrieved April 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Arto Saari , EXPN web site '' . Expn.go.com . August 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Skateboard Industry '' . The Skateboard Industry . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.globe.tv/skate/team.php?id=15 Jump up ^ `` ‡ Brian Sumner ‡ '' . Briansumner.net . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mallozzi , Vincent M. ( December 26 , 1993 ) . `` THE YEAR IN REVIEW -- 1993 ; The Year 's Champions '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bergeron , Elena ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` 18 At Last '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Player Search : John Blue '' . www.legendsofhockey.net . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2008 . Retrieved June 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ UFC : Ultimate Fighting Championship Jump up ^ MMA Madness -- Fighter Profile -- David Abbott Jump up ^ `` Collin Balester '' . The Baseball Cube . June 6 , 1986 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2009 . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jessie 's bio Archived August 23 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , CBS.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Epting , Chris ( 2015 ) . Legendary Locals of Huntington Beach . Arcadia Publishing . p. 81 . ISBN 9781439650110 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TONY GONZALEZ # 88 '' . Kansas City Chiefs web site . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Kennedy Stats , Video Highlights , Photos , Bio padres.com : Team '' . Arizona.diamondbacks.mlb.com . May 24 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Kent : Biography '' . Jockbio.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ostler , Scott ( June 15 , 2006 ) . `` Life 's a beach at German fanfest '' . sfgate . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zeigler , Mark ( June 7 , 2006 ) . `` The face of Germany The San Diego Union - Tribune '' . Utsandiego.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leitereg , Neal J. ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Former Minnesota Viking Chris Kluwe sells his house in Huntington Beach '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilkey , Robin ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` Peter Mel Wins Mavericks : 43 - Year - Old Veteran Takes Home The Big Wave Prize '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carpio , Anthony Clark ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Surfing champ Townend honored '' . Huntington Beach Independent . p . A4 . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Jr. , Robert ( May 18 , 1997 ) . `` Joanie Weston , 62 , a Big Star In the World of Roller Derbies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Players Born in California -- '' . Baseball-reference.com . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2008 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Disorderly Conduct : Avenged Sevenfold : Rolling Stone Archived February 8 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kalfus , Marilyn ( March 17 , 2013 ) . `` Punk rocker 's home at just under $4 million '' . The Orange County Register . p. Real Estate 6 . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Brittany ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` Reel Big Fish end with a splash '' . Huntington Beach Independent . p . B1 . Jump up ^ `` Where 's the real Surf City , USA ? '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved July 20 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Larsen , Peter ( August 19 , 2007 ) . `` Monsters of kids ' rock '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Atizado , Roy . `` Interview with Matt Costa '' . NowOnTour.com . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Carraway , Kate ( May 15 , 2008 ) . `` Huntington Beach Punk Heroes the Vandals Rock Iraq , Afghanistan , Anaheim '' . Orange County Weekly . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2008 . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mudnal , Purnima ( August 2 , 2006 ) . `` Steak ? The ' ayes ' have it '' . Huntington Beach Independent . Retrieved June 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Panoringan , Anne Marie ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` Man Who Plays Lisa Simpson 's Sax Debuts at Bayside TONIGHT ! '' . OC Weekly . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Jonah ( August 2 , 2007 ) . `` Scott Weiland '' . www.blender.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2010 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Saltzgaver , Harry ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Song Writing Star Paul Williams To Speak Of Recovery At Long Beach YMCA Good Friday Breakfast '' . Gazettes.com . Gazette Newspapers . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bose , Lilledeshan ( July 7 , 2010 ) . `` Pop Noir By The Numbers '' . OC Weekly . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2010 . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ THOMAS , ROB ( September 2 , 2010 ) . `` TASTE OF MADISON GIVES GOOD MUSIC MIX '' . Madison Capital Times . Madison , Wis . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Fadroski , Kelli Skye ( June 16 , 2012 ) . `` Wait is finally over for the Dirty Heads '' . The Orange County Register . p . Show Saturday 2 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Condran , Ed ( November 2 , 2007 ) . `` Go ahead , call Hellogoodbye emo '' . News & Observer . Raleigh , N.C. p . WUP. 17 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Brittany ( April 5 , 2012 ) . `` Band with H.B. roots releases new album '' . Huntington Beach Independent . p . B1 . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.ocweekly.com/music/rapper-yung-pinch-reps-bluntington-beach-and-the-714-7388369 Jump up ^ Epting , Chris ( January 9 , 2013 ) . `` In the Pipeline : Pushing for change after tragedy '' . Huntington Beach Independent . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Michael ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Female World War II pilot ' will be sorely missed ' '' . Daily Pilot . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ascon Superfund Site '' . Ci.huntington-beach.ca.us . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sister City Association '' . City of Huntington Beach . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` US - Japan Sister Cities by State '' . Asia Matters for America . Honolulu , HI : East - West Center . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Michael ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` H.B. finds a sister in Manly '' . Huntington Beach Independent . p . A4 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Heywood , Mike ( 2008 ) . Century of Service : A History of Huntington Beach . ISBN 1 - 60643 - 981 - 2 . Urashima , Mary F. Adams ( 2014 ) . Historic Wintersburg in Huntington Beach . Charleston , South Carolina : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62619 - 311 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Huntington Beach , California . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Huntington Beach . Official website Huntington Beach Chamber of Commerce Huntington Beach Conference and Visitors Bureau Carnegie Libraries ' Web Site Entry for Huntington Beach Huntington Beach Parade photos and information Huntington Beach Historical Information City of Huntington Beach at the Wayback Machine ( archived October 22 , 2002 ) Places adjacent to Huntington Beach , California Seal Beach -- Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach -- Anaheim Bay National Wildlife Refuge -- Bolsa Chica State Beach Westminster Fountain Valley Huntington Harbour -- Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve & Pacific Ocean Huntington Beach Costa Mesa Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean Newport Beach Huntington Beach , California Geography Areas Huntington Harbour Sunset Beach Municipal government Agencies Huntington Beach Fire Department Education Primary and secondary schools Huntington Beach City School District Ocean View School District Huntington Beach Union High School District Edison High School Huntington Beach High School Marina High School Ocean View High School Brethren Christian Junior / Senior High School The Pegasus School Other education Coast Community College District Golden West College Huntington Beach Public Library Other Landmarks Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve Bolsa Chica State Beach Huntington Beach Pier Huntington State Beach International Surfing Museum History Golden Bear Historic Wintersburg in Huntington Beach , California Meadowlark Airport Surf City , USA Culture U.S. Open of Surfing Media Huntington Beach Independent This list is incomplete . Municipalities and communities of Orange County , California , United States County seat : Santa Ana Cities Aliso Viejo Anaheim Brea Buena Park Costa Mesa Cypress Dana Point Fountain Valley Fullerton Garden Grove Huntington Beach Irvine La Habra La Palma Laguna Beach Laguna Hills Laguna Niguel Laguna Woods Lake Forest Los Alamitos Mission Viejo Newport Beach Orange Placentia Rancho Santa Margarita San Clemente San Juan Capistrano Santa Ana Seal Beach Stanton Tustin Villa Park Westminster Yorba Linda CDPs Coto de Caza Ladera Ranch Las Flores Midway City North Tustin Rossmoor Unincorporated communities Anaheim Island Modjeska Canyon Olive Orange Park Acres Santiago Canyon Silverado Trabuco Canyon Ghost towns Carbondale Miraflores Greater Los Angeles Area Central city Los Angeles Counties Los Angeles Orange Riverside San Bernardino Ventura Satellite cities Long Beach Riverside San Bernardino Cities > 200k Anaheim Fontana Glendale Huntington Beach Irvine Long Beach Moreno Valley Oxnard Riverside San Bernardino Santa Ana Cities and towns 100k − 200k Burbank Corona Costa Mesa Downey East Los Angeles El Monte Fullerton Garden Grove Inglewood Lancaster Murrieta Norwalk Ontario Orange Palmdale Pasadena Pomona Rancho Cucamonga Rialto Santa Clarita Simi Valley Temecula Thousand Oaks Torrance Ventura Victorville West Covina Area regions Los Angeles metropolitan area Antelope Valley Central Los Angeles Coachella Valley Colorado Desert Conejo Valley Downtown Los Angeles East Los Angeles Gateway Cities Greater Hollywood Harbor Area Inland Empire Mojave Desert Northwest Los Angeles Palos Verdes Peninsula Pomona Valley San Bernardino Valley San Fernando Valley San Gabriel Valley Santa Ana Valley Santa Clarita Valley Simi Valley South Bay South Los Angeles Victor Valley Westside Los Angeles Landforms Los Angeles Basin Baldwin Hills ( range ) Catalina Island Channel Islands Chino Hills Hollywood Hills Oxnard Plain Palos Verdes Hills Puente Hills San Fernando Valley San Gabriel Mountains San Gabriel Valley San Jacinto Mountains Santa Ana Mountains Santa Monica Mountains Santa Susana Mountains Sierra Pelona Mountains Simi Hills Verdugo Mountains Bodies of water Los Angeles River Aliso Creek Arroyo Calabasas Arroyo Seco Ballona Creek Bell Creek Big Bear Lake Coyote Creek Lake Arrowhead Lake Gregory Lake Perris Lake Piru Los Angeles Aqueduct Malibu Creek Mojave River Pacific Ocean Pyramid Lake Rio Hondo San Gabriel River San Juan Creek San Pedro Bay Santa Ana River Santa Clara River Santa Margarita River Santa Monica Bay Tujunga Wash Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in California Eric Garcetti ( Los Angeles ) Kevin Faulconer ( San Diego ) Sam Liccardo ( San Jose ) London Breed ( acting ) ( San Francisco ) Lee Brand ( Fresno ) Darrell Steinberg ( Sacramento ) Robert Garcia ( Long Beach ) Libby Schaaf ( Oakland ) Karen Goh ( Bakersfield ) Tom Tait ( Anaheim ) Miguel A. Pulido ( Santa Ana ) Rusty Bailey ( Riverside ) Anthony Silva ( Stockton ) Mary Salas ( Chula Vista ) Don Wagner ( Irvine ) Lily Mei ( Fremont ) R. Carey Davis ( San Bernardino ) Garrad Marsh ( Modesto ) Acquanetta Warren ( Fontana ) Tim Flynn ( Oxnard ) Jesse Molina ( Moreno Valley ) Mike Posey ( Huntington Beach ) Paula Devine ( Glendale ) Marsha McLean ( Santa Clarita ) Jim Wood ( Oceanside ) Bao Nguyen ( Garden Grove ) L. Dennis Michael ( Rancho Cucamonga ) John Sawyer ( Santa Rosa ) Paul S. Leon ( Ontario ) Gary Davis ( Elk Grove ) Eugene Montanez ( Corona ) R. Rex Parris ( Lancaster ) James C. Ledford Jr . ( Palmdale ) Barbara Halliday ( Hayward ) Joe Gunter ( Salinas ) Elliot Rothman ( Pomona ) Jim Griffith ( Sunnyvale ) Sam Abed ( Escondido ) Patrick J. Furey ( Torrance ) Terry Tornek ( Pasadena ) Teresa Smith ( Orange ) Greg Sebourn ( Fullerton ) Carol Garcia ( Roseville ) Steve Nelsen ( Visalia ) Al Adam ( Thousand Oaks ) Tim Grayson ( Concord ) Bob Huber ( Simi Valley ) Jamie L. Matthews ( Santa Clara ) Gloria Garcia ( Victorville ) Bob Sampayan ( Vallejo ) Jesse Arreguin ( Berkeley ) Andre Quintero ( El Monte ) Luis H. Marquez ( Downey ) Matt Hall ( Carlsbad ) Stephen Mensinger ( Costa Mesa ) Harry T. Price ( Fairfield ) Jeff Comerchero ( Temecula ) James T. Butts Jr . ( Inglewood ) Wade Harper ( Antioch ) Harry Ramos ( Murrieta ) Cheryl Heitmann ( Ventura ) Tom Butt ( Richmond ) Fredrick Sykes ( West Covina ) Luigi Vernola ( Norwalk ) Raymond A. Buenaventura ( Daly City ) Bob Frutos ( Burbank ) Alice Patino ( Santa Maria ) Nathan Magsig ( Clovis ) Bill Wells ( El Cajon ) Maureen Freschet ( San Mateo ) Judy Ritter ( Vista ) Brad Hancock ( Jurupa Valley ) ^ * Mayor selected from city council Other states AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington_Beach,_California&oldid=814338188 '' Categories : Huntington Beach , California 1909 establishments in California Cities in Orange County , California Incorporated cities and towns in California Populated coastal places in California Populated places established in 1909 Populated places on the Santa Ana River Surfing locations in California Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Use mdy dates from July 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Pages containing citation needed template with deprecated parameters Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Lietuvių Malagasy मराठी Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 05 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%20Beach%2C%20California

co officers in orange is the new black season 6

Orange is the New Black ( season 6 )

orange is the new black ( season 6 )

The sixth season of the American comedy - drama television series Orange Is the New Black premiered on Netflix on July 27 , 2018 , at 12 : 00 am PDT in multiple countries . It consists of thirteen episodes , each between 50 and 84 minutes . The series is based on Piper Kerman 's memoir , Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison ( 2010 ) , about her experiences at FCI Danbury , a minimum - security federal prison . The series is created and adapted for television by Jenji Kohan .

This season takes place in a maximum security prison , after the inmates incite a riot at Litchfield Penitentiary during the previous season , and the season deals with the fallout from the riot . The main story arc of the season involves a gang - like war between two cell blocks which is sparked by the feud between two sisters . Meanwhile , the guards play a fantasy sport game called `` fantasy inmate '' . Several supporting characters who appeared throughout the first five seasons are absent in this season due to change in setting , but this season introduces several new characters featured in maximum security . Contents 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Special guest stars 2.3 Recurring cast 2.3. 1 Inmates 2.3. 2 Staff 2.3. 3 Others 3 Production 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Orange Is the New Black episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 66 `` Who Knows Better Than I '' Michael Trim Jenji Kohan Suzanne & Cindy July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Suzanne has hallucinations while getting back on her medications . She is the first interviewed by a federal investigation into the riot and murders . Those found in the bunker are held in isolation at Litchfield 's maximum security prison and face various abuses from the guards and inmates . Frieda attempts suicide , while Red confronts Badison to protect her family . Piper desperately tries to find Alex , and fears the worst when she learns a prisoner died . Gloria attacks Maria and they are handcuffed and forced to kiss by the guards . Taystee is visited by CO Tamika Ward , who had been her friend on the outside . Suzanne is released from questioning and brought to the prison which she realizes is not her `` home '' anymore . Flashback : Suzanne and Black Cindy hide in the pool and witness CERT officers stage Piscatella 's body to look like the inmates killed him with his own gun . On the bus to max , Red provides a story that Piscatella brought them to the pool to torture them . Suzanne snaps at the false version of events , but Cindy insists they lie so the guards wo n't kill them . 67 `` Sh * tstorm Coming '' Mark A. Burley Brian Chamberlayne Cindy July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Detectives are pressured to file charges on two murderers and three riot leaders within a week . Daya makes a plea agreement for Humphrey 's murder , while Taystee is considered a leader as the public face of the riot . Black Cindy tries to warn Taystee but when she learns their fingerprints are on Piscatella 's gun , she turns on Taystee to save herself . Gloria names Maria as the riot 's mastermind and pressures Blanca to do the same ; despite Maria 's attempts to frame Gloria , MCC corroborates Gloria 's story and she gets immunity for her testimony . Piper starts to bond with cellmate Beth but learns she killed her children . Caputo becomes depressed on suspension but reconnects with Figueroa , who has been made interim warden . Dixon invites himself on a road trip with Coates , not realizing Pennsatucky is in his trunk . Flashback : Black Cindy has a teenage pregnancy by a jock with a girlfriend , and abandoned the infant to her mother 's care . 68 `` Look Out for Number One '' Erin Feeley Hilary Weisman Graham Frieda , Carol & Barb July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Linda is identified in a Cleveland prison , threatens to sue MCC for $10 million , and is made a senior VP at triple her previous salary . Red is shocked to learn Piscatella is dead during her interview ; failing to inform the others through charades , Badison sends messages but Piper misinterprets it to mean Alex was killed in the pool . Nicky calls her stepmother / attorney and is threatened with 70 years of drug theft and distribution charges to pressure her testimony against Red . Frieda retrieves Black Cindy 's note and fakes senility in her interview ; she is transferred to B Block with the old - timers and crazies , including Suzanne . In general population , inmates learn the power structure with D Block run by Barbara and C Block by Carol , two antagonistic sisters at the head of a decades - old feud . Daya continues to receive beatings as a guard killer , and Daddy gives her oxycodone for the pain . On work detail , Black Cindy , Flaca , Daya and Morello steal toiletries , but the products are sabotaged as an initiation . Flashback : In the 1980s , Frieda is in Litchfield Max and antagonizes a rivalry between drug - dealing sisters Carol and Barbara . While they attack each other on the kickball field , Frieda turns over Carol 's stash to the warden for a transfer to minimum security . 69 `` I 'm the Talking Ass '' Phil Abraham Tami Sagher Nicky July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Blake , Luschek and McCullough return to duty , the latter suffering PTSD . They are invited into the fantasy inmate league , gambling on inmate deaths and injuries . Alex returns and is reunited with Piper . Coates , Dixon and Pennsatucky have fun at an amusement park . To get her kids out of foster care , Aleida begins selling dietary shakes , including to head CO Hopper . Taystee learns she is being charged for Piscatella 's murder and speaks with Caputo . Nicky tells Red about the drug charges and gets Red 's permission to testify against her , realizing that she is loved by someone . Flashback : Nicky 's selfish divorced parents fight through revisions to her bat mitzvah speech . She breaks from her good behavior and , inspired by her Torah portion of Balaam 's Talking Ass , mocks God for the Holocaust and her parents for neglecting her while comparing herself to the donkey who suddenly found its voice after enduring abuse . Afterward , her parents berate her while arguing with each other over who has to take her home . 70 5 `` Mischief Mischief '' Andrew McCarthy Anthony Natoli none July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Luschek hosts the fantasy inmate draft with a party that sees him replace Alvarez as league commissioner . Copeland instigates a fight between Piper and Maria , two of her picks , for Chapman 's tooth chip and superglue . Alex helps Badison with a prank to make peace . Daddy instructs her D Block gang to release rats in the cheese - packaging facility in the hopes C Block will be fired and D Block will get those work assignments . McCullough , who has been burning her legs with cigarettes , strikes Maria for talking back . Blanca reveals that Maria set the hostages free , thwarting Maria 's attempt to join a gang . Someone later tries to drown Maria in a toilet . Linda meets with Figueroa who realizes from her ordeal that they 're short a prisoner and calls a manhunt . Coates convinces Pennsatucky to hike across the Canadian border but she sees his anger resurface under pressure and turns herself in . Linda threatens civil action against Caputo unless he takes a dead - end job at a Missouri prison . Afraid that someone in B Block has been sent to kill her , Frieda agrees for lonely Suzanne to be her cellmate . 71 6 `` State of the Uterus '' Constantine Makris Merritt Tierce Daddy July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Daddy 's rat prank results in MCC losing the lucrative cheese - packaging contract and unintentionally closes the route CO Hellman was bringing drugs into the prison . Badison seeks revenge for the job loss by having her people defecate in D Block 's laundry . Daddy further incites her strung - out followers by blaming C Block for cutting off their supply . Daya consoles Daddy . Luschek is made head of recreation and interviews radio show acts . Flaca looks for a co-host and finds an unexpected rapport with Black Cindy . Gloria fears she is entering menopause and follows doctor 's advice to exercise . Blanca learns that she has limited fertility . Red signs a plea agreement to inciting the riot to avoid other charges . In court , Taystee pleads guilty to inciting the riot but not guilty to murder ; the ACLU offer representation and Black Lives Matter pressure MCC to take her out of solitary . Piper proposes a prison wedding to Alex . Aleida visits her kids in foster care , and discovers that none of them want anything to do with her . Flashback : Daddy ran a house of college escorts to successful Latino businessmen . Although a woman is killed at a party , she covers it up and soon provides another escort for the client . 72 7 `` Changing Winds '' Andrew McCarthy Heather Jeng Bladt Badison July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Carol holds Badison accountable for Daddy 's prank that cost them their cushy jobs , and cuts her out . Badison consults with Alex and convinces Luschek to smuggle valuable smartphones . Though Alex does n't want anything to do with it , she ends up with the phone when Badison is stabbed in the yard by Daddy 's girls . Strung - out , Daya steals Barbara 's personal stash ; Daddy is incensed and they have angry sex . Taystee receives fan mail , which the guards redact . Suzanne comes out to the yard to see Taystee and Black Cindy , but does n't know how to talk with them while keeping the secret . Suspected as a suicide , Maria is released from psyche with the suggestion of finding religion . Pennsatucky blackmails Linda for a bunk in B Block . Preparing to leave town , Caputo goes on his first real date with Figueroa , and tries to give her closure for a past event . Considering writing a memoir , Piper examines the library and finds photos from before the feud , and determines to heal divisions by bringing back kickball . Flashback : Bullied Badison acts out , is expelled from school , and sent to a boot camp for troubled teens where she tries to find acceptance by severely bullying the weakest girl . 73 8 `` Gordons '' Sian Heder Vera Santamaria Taystee & Tamika July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Alex hides the cellphone through a lockdown and search , and finds money added to her commissary despite wanting to stay out of the gang . Gloria advises Latin music and helps Luschek with his dance - aerobics class . Piper extorts Luschek to return kickball . Daddy asks Daya to buy drugs through her friends in C - block ; she gets them from Blanca , in exchange for retrieving Diablo 's sperm donation from the visitation washroom . The swap is noticed and Daya is beaten by C Block inmates but manages to save four pills for Daddy . Blanca and Nicky are surrounded by the same gang during the insemination procedure . Red schemes against Frieda , gaining an alliance with Carol who arranges a hair styling . Aleida is stopped from selling outside the prison by Hopper who takes her for a date . In a media interview , Taystee describes guard abuses and has her mail cut off by Tamika . Flashback : Tamika and Taystee work a night shift at fast food restaurant Storky 's , smoking a joint and getting robbed . When Taystee lies and says she can not open the register that late without activating the security cameras , the robber steals her new Air Jordan 8 shoes instead . Tamika is impressed with Taystee 's quick thinking , and Taystee reveals that there are no security cameras but she did not want to call the police or else she and Tamika would be arrested for being high and accused of stealing the money . She also reveals that her Jordans were actually `` Gordons '' -- counterfeit . 74 9 `` Break the String '' Nick Sandow Kirsa Rein none July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Zirconia becomes jealous when Gloria causes Luschek to get an erection in dance - aerobics class ; she tells Badison that Gloria is turning Luschek against her , and Badison threatens Gloria against returning to class . Daddy gives addict Barbara `` bath salts '' , sidelining her in the infirmary . Beaten Nicky talks Barbara down from her hallucinations ; they bond over addiction experiences and Barbara agrees to get clean . Red tries to reconnect with her real family , and learns her husband is having an affair ; full of vengeance , she quickly climbs into Carol 's inner circle . Piper gains Carol 's permission for kickball but gets no takers until Maria signs the church ladies ; Carol then demands her people form an opposing team . Caputo is deposed ahead of Taystee 's trial , admitting that she did break his nose . Black Cindy suffers back pains from guilt , she starts to confess but instead tells Taystee she has a teenaged daughter . Caputo and Figueroa continue to run - out their relationship . However , he quits MCC when Linda tells him to hold the company line . Aleida refuses to smuggle drugs for Daya until she is evicted and forced into domesticity with Hopper . 75 10 `` Chocolate Chip Nookie '' Ludovic Littee Carolina Paiz Carol & Barb July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Aleida has been using Hopper as an unwitting mule to bring drugs into the prison in the false bottom of a food - supplement container , but as the weight is increased he discovers the tampering . The inmate league has seen little action since segregating the blocks , so Luschek agrees to an interblock kickball championship in the field . In warmups , Piper is confirmed as C Block captain over Badison . Gloria continues to be harassed , and is transferred to D block with Daya and Maria . Barbara achieves 30 days of sobriety , and with new clarity plots to kill Carol , who she blames for spiking her drugs . Black Cindy makes an anonymous call to Caputo , provoking him into questioning a suspicious CERT member ; Figueroa advises him to instead work the PR campaign . Frieda apologizes for misleading Suzanne and explains the feud . Flashback : In 1982 West Virginia , high schoolers Barb and Carol kill their younger sister whose gymnastics training was causing the family to move . In Litchfield , an argument over an anecdote led to their separation and the block feud . 76 11 `` Well This Took a Dark Turn '' Laura Prepon Anthony Natoli none July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Hopper confronts Aleida with the drugs but nearing 10 years at Litchfield , he decides to smuggle full containers for three months . Badison vomits when Piper has her team run sprints . Badison tries to extend Piper 's sentence by planting drugs on her and to cancel kickball by injuring a teammate . Carol paid to have Frieda killed , stunning Red . Suzanne and Pennsatucky find Gladys had a large commissary deposit , and when Gladys uses one of Carol 's idioms , Frieda cuts her own arm to frame Gladys . Barbara sends her gang to kill Carol and her lieutenants at the salon ; Nicky joins as a lookout to warn Red , but her message is intercepted and a guard takes Carol into protective custody . Nicky talks her way out of suspicion , having testified against Red . Caputo asks Sophia to join a lawsuit with other inmates wronged by MCC , but Linda offers settlements and early release to everyone he 'd visited ; Sophia agrees and signs a non-disclosure agreement . Maria is inspired by Blake to be a good person until Beth admits to attacking her . Black Cindy testifies against Taystee , told that changing her story now would make her an unreliable witness . Aiming for league points , Copeland locks Barbara in Carol 's cell . 77 12 `` Double Trouble '' Clark Johnson Hilary Weisman Graham none July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Barbara and Carol agree to a truce , then each declare war to their blocks . Caputo tells Taystee that she has a chance if she can win over the jury . McCullough snaps after a kickball bursts . Alex asks Badison to leave Piper alone but instead Badison hires Hellman to frame Piper . To keep Badison in line , Alex agrees to work for Carol . Hellman gives a fraudulent incident report to Hopper , to whom Piper had promised to inform on drug activities . Deciding that Piper is an unnecessary risk to his own drug operation , Hopper destroys the report and puts Piper at the top of Linda 's new inmate - ranking system so that she 'll be released at the end of the week . Gloria helps with Flaca 's radio show in order to warn Luschek about the impending block war , but Luschek is called away for Linda 's marketing campaign as MCC is rebranded PolyCon Corrections . While writing him a note , Gloria discovers Luschek 's fantasy inmate data and tries to expose it on the radio , which is n't broadcasting . Alvarez sends Gloria to solitary . Red has her first visitation with her grandchildren but ruins it to attack Frieda on her return from court . 78 13 `` Be Free '' Nick Sandow Brian Chamberlayne Carol & Barb July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Piper , Sophia and Blanca are told they 'll be released the next day , the day of the kickball championship , of Taystee 's verdict , and the day fantasy inmate concludes . Piper and Alex are `` prison married '' by Nicky . Aleida is shocked to see Daya high on heroin , but continues supplying her eldest to save her younger children . Taystee is found guilty ; Caputo confronts a CERT member , who punches him ; Figueroa sets aside business to tend his wounds . Luschek visits Gloria who challenges him to stop the fight . Carol and Barbara meet in a closet ; the war is a diversion for them to infiltrate B Block and kill Frieda . Maria has a change of heart and McCullough lets the captains pick new teams , mixing the blocks . When Badison signals the attack , Suzanne kicks a high ball and the inmates are caught in the excitement of the play . With no fight causing a lockdown , Barbara and Carol 's antagonism results in their deaths , bumping Copeland from last to first in fantasy inmate . Pregnant Lorna is brought to medical in distress . Piper and Sophia are united with family members , but Blanca is immediately taken into custody by Immigration and Customs Enforcement , for which PolyCon is running a detention facility . Piper contemplates her freedom . Flashback : The anecdote Carol and Barbara both claimed happened to them as waitresses ( bringing a customer a newspaper after mishearing a request for a `` glass of ice '' as `` classifieds '' ) actually happened to a third waitress who told them the story . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Orange Is the New Black characters Main cast ( edit ) Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman , inmate Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols , inmate Uzo Aduba as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren , inmate Danielle Brooks as Tasha `` Taystee '' Jefferson , inmate Jackie Cruz as Marisol `` Flaca '' Gonzales , inmate Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores , inmate Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza , inmate Taryn Manning as Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett , inmate Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy `` Black Cindy '' Hayes , inmate Matt Peters as Joel Luschek , correctional officer Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz , inmate Dascha Polanco as Dayanara `` Daya '' Diaz , inmate Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz , former inmate Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo , former warden Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin , inmate Yael Stone as Lorna Morello , inmate Kate Mulgrew as Galina `` Red '' Reznikov , inmate Laura Prepon as Alex Vause , inmate Special guest stars ( edit ) Michael J. Harney as Sam Healy Lea DeLaria as Carrie `` Big Boo '' Black Alex Trebek as himself Recurring cast ( edit ) Main article : List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Inmates ( edit ) Amanda Fuller as Madison `` Badison '' Murphy Finnerty Steeves as Beth Hoefler Alice Kremelberg as Nicole Eckelcamp Vicci Martinez as Dominga `` Daddy '' Duarte Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset Ashley Bacon as Young Frieda Berlin Henny Russell as Carol Denning Ashley Jordyn as Young Carol Denning Mackenzie Phillips as Barbara `` Barb '' Denning Lauren Kelston as Young Barbara `` Barb '' Denning Sipiwe Moyo as Adeola Daniella De Jesus as Irene `` Zirconia '' Cabrera Shannon Esper as Alana Dwight Lori Petty as Lolly Whitehill Christina Toth as Annalisa Damiva Kana Hatakeyama as Charlene Teng Reema Sampat as Shruti Chambal Jo Lampert as Marie Brock Shirley Roeca as Vazquez Rebecca Knox as Tina Swope Staff ( edit ) Alysia Reiner as Natalie Figueroa , interim warden Emily Tarver as CO Artesian McCullough Susan Heyward as CO Tamika Ward Nicholas Webber as CO Alvarez Shawna Hamic as CO Copeland a.k.a. Ginger Greg Vrotsos as CO Hellman Mike Houston as CO Lee Dixon James McMenamin as Charlie Coates Josh Segarra as CO Stefanovic Beth Dover as Linda Ferguson Nick Dillenburg as CO Blake Branden Wellington as CO Jarod Young Hunter Emery as CO Rick Hopper Others ( edit ) Michael J. Burg as Agent Mark Bellamy Ali Ahn as Agent Nguyen Alexander Wrigth as Vasily Reznikov Miguel Izaguirre as Diablo Karina Ortiz as Margarita Production ( edit ) In February 2016 , Netflix gave the series a three - season renewal , which included its sixth season . For the sixth season , Laura Gómez , Matt Peters and Dale Soules were promoted to series regulars . Reception ( edit ) The sixth season received positive reviews from critics , with most critics noting its improvement over the previous season . On Metacritic , it has a score of 69 out of 100 based on 14 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has an 84 % rating with an average score of 7.3 out of 10 based on 32 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Brutality and humor continue to mesh effectively in a season of Orange Is the New Black that stands as a marked improvement from its predecessor , even if some arcs are more inspired than others . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix sets premiere dates for OITNB , Kimmy Schmidt , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Prison Series Gets July Release Date '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strause , Jackie ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' : Watch the Season 6 Trailer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Stephanie ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` All the characters who did n't return on the new season of ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . Insider . Retrieved August 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 6 '' . Metacritic. 2018 . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 6 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2018 . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Orange Is the New Black on IMDb Orange Is the New Black Characters Piper Chapman Alex Vause Crazy Eyes Nicky Nichols Tiffany Doggett Lorna Morello Miss Rosa recurring characters Seasons 5 6 Episodes `` Lesbian Request Denied '' Related articles Piper Kerman Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison `` You 've Got Time '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orange_Is_the_New_Black_(season_6)&oldid=864234896 '' Categories : Orange Is the New Black 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 23 : 55 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange%20Is%20the%20New%20Black%20%28season%206%29

what does it mean to be under administration

As a legal concept , administration is a procedure under the insolvency laws of a number of common law jurisdictions , similar to bankruptcy in the United States . It functions as a rescue mechanism for insolvent entities and allows them to carry on running their business . The process -- in the United Kingdom colloquially called `` under administration '' -- is an alternative to liquidation , or may be a precursor to it . Administration is commenced by an administration order . A company in administrative receivership is operated by an administrator ( as interim chief executive with custodial responsibility for the company 's assets and obligations ) on behalf of its creditors . The administrator may recapitalize the business , sell the business to new owners , or demerge it into elements that can be sold and close the remainder . Most countries distinguish between voluntary ( board - decided ) and involuntary ( court - decided ) receivership . In voluntary administrative receivership , the administrator is appointed by the company directors . In involuntary administrative receivership , the administrator is appointed by a judicial court . The legal terms for these processes vary from country to country , and the processes may overlap .

Administration ( law )

administration ( law )

As a legal concept , administration is a procedure under the insolvency laws of a number of common law jurisdictions , similar to bankruptcy in the United States . It functions as a rescue mechanism for insolvent entities and allows them to carry on running their business . The process -- in the United Kingdom colloquially called `` under administration '' -- is an alternative to liquidation , or may be a precursor to it . Administration is commenced by an administration order . A company in administrative receivership is operated by an administrator ( as interim chief executive with custodial responsibility for the company 's assets and obligations ) on behalf of its creditors . The administrator may recapitalize the business , sell the business to new owners , or demerge it into elements that can be sold and close the remainder . Most countries distinguish between voluntary ( board - decided ) and involuntary ( court - decided ) receivership . In voluntary administrative receivership , the administrator is appointed by the company directors . In involuntary administrative receivership , the administrator is appointed by a judicial court . The legal terms for these processes vary from country to country , and the processes may overlap .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Australia 2 Canada 3 United Kingdom 3.1 Administration order 3.2 Pre-pack administration 3.3 Individual administration order in England , Wales and Northern Ireland 4 Republic of Ireland 5 New Zealand 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links Australia ( edit ) Further information : Australian insolvency law and Receivership In Australia , an external administrator , also called an insolvency practitioner , is an independent person that is formally appointed to control an insolvent company 's affairs . External administrators can be appointed either by the company 's directors , a secured creditor , or by a court , and include : provisional liquidators , liquidators , voluntary administrators , deed administrators , controllers , and receivers . A receivership is when an external administrator known as a `` receiver '' is appointed by a secured creditor to sell off a company 's assets in order to repay the secured debt , or by the court to protect the company 's assets or carry out other tasks . Voluntary administration is when the directors of an insolvent company appoint an external administrator to investigate whether winding up the corporation can be prevented or delayed and to make recommendations to the directors and their creditors as to whether the company should enter into a deed of company arrangement , be wound up ( liquidated ) , or be returned to the control of the directors . The `` deed of company arrangement '' is a binding agreement between a business and its creditors overseen by a deed administrator relating to how the company 's assets will be managed to ensure better returns for its creditors than an immediate winding up . When a creditor petitions the court seeking a court liquidation ( a court - mandated winding up ) of an insolvent company , the court appoints a `` provisional liquidator '' to temporarily preserve the company 's assets while the winding - up application is pending . Administrators are required to be registered liquidators since they have broad powers to deal with company property . The appointment of an administrator `` freezes '' any legal proceedings against the company , and control of the company is given entirely to the administrator . Directors of the company are prohibited from acting in their capacity as directors for the duration of the administration , wile administrators are personally liable for any debts incurred by the company in the course of the administration . Canada ( edit ) Main articles : Commercial insolvency in Canada and Consumer bankruptcy in Canada The Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act provides mechanisms for consumer and general proposals in order to give time for an insolvent person to be able to reorganize his affairs . For insolvent companies ( or affiliated groups ) owing more than $5 million , a more flexible regime is available under the Companies ' Creditors Arrangements Act ( `` CCAA '' ) . United Kingdom ( edit ) See also : UK insolvency law and Administration ( British football ) In UK law , the administration regime is governed by the Insolvency Act 1986 , as amended by the Enterprise Act 2002 . An `` administrator '' can be appointed without petitioning the court by the holder of a floating charge ( created since 15 September 2003 ) , by the company or by its directors . Other creditors must petition the court to appoint an administrator . The administrator must act in the interests of all the creditors and attempt to rescue the company as a going concern . If this proves impossible he or she must work to maximise the recovery of the creditors as a whole . Only then may the administrator attempt to realise property in favour of one or more secured creditor . A firm is usually in Administration for no more than 12 months , after which an extension from the court can be produced at the courts discretion . Administration is analogous to going into `` Chapter 11 '' in the United States , although there are certain key differences , mainly stemming from the fact that English law does not include the debtor in possession concept . During the reorganisation period , as a result , the administrator usually runs the business rather than the directors , and any additional liquidity requirements effectively have to be met by funds provided by existing creditors rather than by any super-senior ' DIP financing ' . The administrator is an officer of the court and an agent of the company , and is not personally liable for any contracts she or he makes on behalf of the company . He has the power to do anything necessary or expedient for the management of the affairs , business and property of the company . The new administration regime introduced by the Enterprise Act 2002 replaces the previous situation where administrative receivership was available as an alternative to administration , which has traditionally been a more rescue - oriented insolvency regime . This regime allowed the holder of a floating charge to appoint an administrative receiver to realise assets in his favour , and also to block an administration order sought by a borrower . This was felt to be too favourable to the floating charge holder at the expense of other creditors . Holders of a floating charge created prior to 15 September 2003 retain their right to appoint an administrative receiver , but all purported rights to do so created after that date will be construed as rights to appoint an administrator ( subject to certain specific , rare exceptions ) . A court order is issued that forbids any form of legal or insolvency action without the court 's permission . An application to the court for an administration order may be made by the company , the directors , a creditor or any combination of them . The Enterprise Act 2002 amended the Insolvency Act 1986 to provide an out - of - court process to appoint an administrator to the holder of a floating charge or the company or its directors . This is considerably cheaper and simpler than the previous system , which involved an application to court . Administration order ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , an administration order is a process designed to protect limited companies from their creditors while a debt restructuring plan is carried out and presented to creditors and courts . This administration order process requires a licensed insolvency practitioner to act as the administrator appointed by the court . Pre-pack administration ( edit ) Main article : Pre-packaged insolvency A pre-pack is the process of selling the assets of a company immediately after it has entered administration . It is sometimes the case that the previous directors or management purchase the assets of the company from the administrator and set up a new company . This process has advantages in that it enables the administrator to realise a greater amount for the assets due to business continuity and the goodwill of the company are preserved . The employees of the company are also usually transferred to the new company preserving jobs . Pre-packs have attracted criticism because of the appearances it gives to unconnected parties that the company has just continued without its creditors . SIP 16 was introduced in January 2009 to assist Insolvency Practitioners in pre-pack cases . It was designed to make the process more transparent for creditors and to ensure that fair value was obtained for the assets . In November 2009 , the Office of Fair Trading announced a study into corporate insolvencies , with particular focus on pre-pack administrations . It will report on whether the insolvency market is operating efficiently , with enough freedom of competition between insolvency practitioners and whether consumers and creditors are being treated as fairly as possible . A recent example of a pre-pack is the sale of the assets of Cobra Beer to Coors immediately after Cobra Beer entered administration . This allowed the brand to continue , save jobs but also leave suppliers out of pocket by an estimated £ 75 million . Individual administration order in England , wales and northern Ireland ( edit ) Main article : Individual Voluntary Arrangement In this process , a debtor who has enough money left over after priority creditors and essential expenses , may be able to arrange an individual voluntary arrangement . ( Debtors with less serious problems may prefer a debt management plan ) . Republic of Ireland ( edit ) The Republic of Ireland operates a similar process called examinership , but companies require permission from the High Court to enter and leave examinership . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand , voluntary administration is covered by the Companies Act 1993 , as amended under the Companies ( Voluntary Administration ) Regulations Bill in 2007 . See also ( edit ) Administration ( British football ) Administrative receivership Chapter 11 , Title 11 , United States Code Examinership a similar process in the Republic of Ireland Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Insolvency : A Glossary of Terms '' ( PDF ) . Information Sheet 41 . Australian Securities & Investments Commission . December 2008 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roman Tomasic ; Stephen Bottomley ; Rob McQueen ( 2002 ) . Corporations Law in Australia . Federation Press . pp. 740 -- 742 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86287 - 314 - 8 . Jump up ^ Australian Securities & Investments Commission ( 5 October 2016 ) ( 2001 ) . `` Corporations Act 2001 : Volume 1 , No. 50 ; Compilation No. 73 '' . C2016C00922 . Federal Registrar of Legislation . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act '' . https://www.bankruptcy-canada.ca . External link in journal = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Bankruptcy and Insolvency at Glance '' . http://www.ic.gc.ca. 2012 . External link in journal = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Bankruptcy Law in Canada and B.C. '' . http://www.slocombe-trustee.com . External link in journal = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Administration '' . sfpgroup.com . SFP Group 2014 - All Rights Reserved . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Insolvency : so what is a pre-pack ? '' . Accountancy Age . 11 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Pre-pack administrations to be investigated by OFT , Business Sale Report , 24 November 2009 Jump up ^ Pre-packs overtake normal administrations , Accountancy Age , 18 June 2009 Jump up ^ Money management -- In England Archived 2010 - 01 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Citizens Advice Bureau . Jump up ^ `` Voluntary administration '' . Companies Office / Business.govt.nz . Jump up ^ `` Company insolvency options '' . New Zealand Insolvency and Trustee Service . Jump up ^ `` Companies ( Voluntary Administration ) Regulations 2007 '' . New Zealand Legislation / Parliamentary Counsel Office . External links ( edit ) HMG Insolvency Service website Insolvency Practitioners Association UK website IPAA ( Insolvency Practitioners Association Australia ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Administration_(law)&oldid=801266180 '' Categories : Business law Insolvency Corporate finance Court orders Insolvency law of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2014 Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be merged from April 2016 All articles to be merged Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 ភាសា ខ្មែរ Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 17 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration%20%28law%29

six countries other than saudi arabia that produce petroleum

OPEC

opec

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC , / ˈoʊpɛk / OH - pek , or OPEP in several other languages ) is an intergovernmental organization of 14 nations as of May 2017 , founded in 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members ( Iran , Iraq , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia , Venezuela ) , and headquartered since 1965 in Vienna . As of 2016 , the 14 countries accounted for an estimated 44 percent of global oil production and 73 percent of the world 's `` proven '' oil reserves , giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by American - dominated multinational oil companies .

OPEC 's stated mission is `` to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets , in order to secure an efficient , economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers , a steady income to producers , and a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry . '' The organization is also a significant provider of information about the international oil market . As of May 2017 , OPEC 's members are Algeria , Angola , Ecuador , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Iran , Iraq , Kuwait , Libya , Nigeria , Qatar , Saudi Arabia ( the de facto leader ) , United Arab Emirates , and Venezuela , while Indonesia is a former member . Two - thirds of OPEC 's oil production and reserves are in its six Middle Eastern countries that surround the oil - rich Persian Gulf . The formation of OPEC marked a turning point toward national sovereignty over natural resources , and OPEC decisions have come to play a prominent role in the global oil market and international relations . The effect can be particularly strong when wars or civil disorders lead to extended interruptions in supply . In the 1970s , restrictions in oil production led to a dramatic rise in oil prices and OPEC 's revenue and wealth , with long - lasting and far - reaching consequences for the global economy . In the 1980s , OPEC started setting production targets for its member nations ; and generally when the production targets are reduced , oil prices increase , most recently from the organization 's 2008 and 2016 decisions to trim oversupply . Economists often cite OPEC as a textbook example of a cartel that cooperates to reduce market competition , but whose consultations are protected by the doctrine of sovereign immunity under international law . In December 2014 , `` OPEC and the oil men '' ranked as # 3 on Lloyd 's list of `` the top 100 most influential people in the shipping industry '' . However , their influence on international trade is periodically challenged by the expansion of non-OPEC energy sources , and by the recurring temptation for individual OPEC countries to exceed production ceilings and pursue conflicting self - interests . Contents ( hide ) 1 Membership 1.1 Current member countries 1.2 Lapsed members 1.3 Observers 1.4 Leadership and decision - making 1.5 International cartel 1.6 Conflicts 2 Market information 2.1 Publications and research 2.2 Crude oil benchmarks 2.3 Spare capacity 3 History and impact 3.1 Post-WWII situation 3.2 1959 -- 1960 anger from exporting countries 3.3 1960 -- 1975 founding and expansion 3.4 1973 -- 1974 oil embargo 3.5 1975 -- 1980 Special Fund , now OFID 3.6 1975 hostage siege 3.7 1979 -- 1980 oil crisis and 1980s oil glut 3.8 1990 -- 2003 ample supply and modest disruptions 3.9 2003 -- 2011 volatility 3.10 2008 production dispute 3.11 2014 -- 2017 oil glut 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Membership ( edit ) Current member countries ( edit ) As of May 2017 , OPEC has 14 member countries : six in the Middle East ( Western Asia ) , six in Africa , and two in South America . According to the US Energy Information Administration , OPEC 's combined rate of oil production ( including gas condensate ) represented 44 percent of the world 's total in 2016 , and OPEC accounted for 73 percent of the world 's `` proven '' oil reserves , including 48 percent from just the six Middle Eastern members : Approval of a new member country requires agreement by three - quarters of OPEC 's existing members , including all five of the founders . In October 2015 , Sudan formally submitted an application to join , but it is not yet a member . Country Region Membership Years Population ( 2016 est . ) Area ( km ) Oil Production ( bbl / day , 2016 ) Proven Reserves ( bbl , 2016 ) Algeria North Africa 1969 -- 40,606,052 2,381,740 1,348,361 12,200,000,000 Angola Western Africa 2007 -- 28,813,463 1,246,700 1,769,615 8,423,000,000 Ecuador Americas 1973 -- 1992 , 2007 -- 16,385,068 283,560 548,421 8,273,000,000 Equatorial Guinea Western Africa 2017 -- 1,221,490 28,051 227,000 1,100,000,000 Gabon Western Africa 1975 -- 1995 , 2016 -- 1,979,786 267,667 210,820 2,000,000,000 Iran Middle East 1960 -- 80,277,428 1,648,000 3,990,956 157,530,000,000 Iraq Middle East 1960 -- 37,202,572 437,072 4,451,516 143,069,000,000 Kuwait Middle East 1960 -- 4,052,584 17,820 2,923,825 101,500,000,000 Libya North Africa 1962 -- 6,293,253 1,759,540 384,686 48,363,000,000 Nigeria Western Africa 1971 -- 185,989,640 923,768 1,999,885 37,070,000,000 Qatar Middle East 1961 -- 2,569,804 11,437 1,522,902 25,244,000,000 Saudi Arabia Middle East 1960 -- 32,275,687 2,149,690 10,460,710 266,578,000,000 United Arab Emirates Middle East 1967 -- 9,269,612 83,600 3,106,077 97,800,000,000 Venezuela Americas 1960 -- 31,568,179 912,050 2,276,967 299,953,000,000 OPEC Total 478,498,000 12,150,695 35,221,740 1,209,103,000,000 World Total 7,572,106,000 510,072,000 80,622,287 1,650,585,000,000 OPEC Percent 6 % 2 % 44 % 73 % ^ Jump up to : One petroleum barrel ( bbl ) is approximately 42 US gallons , or 159 liters , or 0.159 m , varying slightly with temperature . To put the production numbers in context , a supertanker typically holds 2,000,000 barrels ( 320,000 m ) , and the world 's current production rate would take approximately 56 years to exhaust the world 's current proven reserves . ^ Jump up to : The five founding members attended the first OPEC conference in September 1960 . Jump up ^ The UAE was founded in December 1971 . Its OPEC membership originated with the Emirate of Abu Dhabi . Lapsed members ( edit ) Country Region Membership Years Population ( 2016 est . ) Area ( km ) Oil Production ( bbl / day , 2016 ) Proven Reserves ( bbl , 2016 ) Indonesia Southeast Asia 1962 -- 2008 , Rejoined 2014 - 2016 261,115,456 1,904,569 833,667 3,692,500,000 For countries that export petroleum at relatively low volume , their limited negotiating power as OPEC members would not necessarily justify the burdens imposed by OPEC production quotas and membership costs . Ecuador withdrew from OPEC in December 1992 , because it was unwilling to pay the annual US $2 million membership fee and felt that it needed to produce more oil than it was allowed under its OPEC quota at the time , although it rejoined in October 2007 . Similar concerns prompted Gabon to suspend membership in January 1995 ; it rejoined in July 2016 . In May 2008 , Indonesia announced that it would leave OPEC when its membership expired at the end of that year , having become a net importer of oil and being unable to meet its production quota . It rejoined the organization in January 2016 , but announced another `` temporary suspension '' of its membership at year - end when OPEC requested a 5 percent production cut . Some commentators consider that the United States was a de facto member of OPEC during its formal occupation of Iraq , due to its leadership of the Coalition Provisional Authority in 2003 -- 2004 . But this is not borne out by the minutes of OPEC meetings , as no US representative attended in an official capacity . Observers ( edit ) Since the 1980s , representatives from Egypt , Mexico , Norway , Oman , Russia , and other oil - exporting nations have attended many OPEC meetings as observers . This arrangement serves as an informal mechanism for coordinating policies . Leadership and decision - Making ( edit ) OPEC Conference delegates at Swissotel , Quito , Ecuador , December 2010 See also : List of Secretaries General of OPEC The OPEC Conference is the supreme authority of the organization , and consists of delegations normally headed by the oil ministers of member countries . The chief executive of the organization is the OPEC Secretary General . The Conference ordinarily meets at the Vienna headquarters , at least twice a year and in additional extraordinary sessions when necessary . It generally operates on the principles of unanimity and `` one member , one vote '' , with each country paying an equal membership fee into the annual budget . However , since Saudi Arabia is by far the largest and most - profitable oil exporter in the world , with enough capacity to function as the traditional swing producer to balance the global market , it serves as `` OPEC 's de facto leader '' . International cartel ( edit ) At various times , OPEC members have displayed apparent anti-competitive cartel behavior through the organization 's agreements about oil production and price levels . In fact , economists often cite OPEC as a textbook example of a cartel that cooperates to reduce market competition , as in this definition from OECD 's Glossary of Industrial Organisation Economics and Competition Law : International commodity agreements covering products such as coffee , sugar , tin and more recently oil ( OPEC : Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ) are examples of international cartels which have publicly entailed agreements between different national governments . OPEC members strongly prefer to describe their organization as a modest force for market stabilization , rather than a powerful anti-competitive cartel . In its defense , the organization was founded as a counterweight against the previous `` Seven Sisters '' cartel of multinational oil companies , and non-OPEC energy suppliers have maintained enough market share for a substantial degree of worldwide competition . Moreover , because of an economic `` prisoner 's dilemma '' that encourages each member nation individually to discount its price and exceed its production quota , widespread cheating within OPEC often erodes its ability to influence global oil prices through collective action . OPEC has not been involved in any disputes related to the competition rules of the World Trade Organization , even though the objectives , actions , and principles of the two organizations diverge considerably . A key US District Court decision held that OPEC consultations are protected as `` governmental '' acts of state by the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act , and are therefore beyond the legal reach of US competition law governing `` commercial '' acts . Despite popular sentiment against OPEC , legislative proposals to limit the organization 's sovereign immunity , such as the NOPEC Act , have so far been unsuccessful . Conflicts ( edit ) OPEC often has difficulty agreeing on policy decisions because its member countries differ widely in their oil export capacities , production costs , reserves , geological features , population , economic development , budgetary situations , and political circumstances . Indeed , over the course of market cycles , oil reserves can themselves become a source of serious conflict , instability and imbalances , in what economists call the `` natural resource curse '' . A further complication is that religion - linked conflicts in the Middle East are recurring features of the geopolitical landscape for this oil - rich region . Internationally important conflicts in OPEC 's history have included the Six - Day War ( 1967 ) , Yom Kippur War ( 1973 ) , a hostage siege directed by Palestinian militants ( 1975 ) , the Iranian Revolution ( 1979 ) , Iran -- Iraq War ( 1980 -- 1988 ) , Iraqi occupation of Kuwait ( 1990 -- 1991 ) , September 11 attacks by mostly Saudi hijackers ( 2001 ) , American occupation of Iraq ( 2003 -- 2011 ) , Conflict in the Niger Delta ( 2004 -- present ) , Arab Spring ( 2010 -- 2012 ) , Libyan Crisis ( 2011 -- present ) , and international Embargo against Iran ( 2012 -- 2016 ) . Although events such as these can temporarily disrupt oil supplies and elevate prices , the frequent disputes and instabilities tend to limit OPEC 's long - term cohesion and effectiveness . Market Information ( edit ) As one area in which OPEC members have been able to cooperate productively over the decades , the organization has significantly improved the quality and quantity of information available about the international oil market . This is especially helpful for a natural - resource industry whose smooth functioning requires months and years of careful planning . Publications and research ( edit ) Logo for JODI , in which OPEC is a founding member In April 2001 , OPEC collaborated with five other international organizations ( APEC , Eurostat , IEA , OLADE ( es ) , UNSD ) to improve the availability and reliability of oil data . They launched the Joint Oil Data Exercise , which in 2005 was joined by IEF and renamed the Joint Organisations Data Initiative ( JODI ) , covering more than 90 percent of the global oil market . GECF joined as an eighth partner in 2014 , enabling JODI also to cover nearly 90 percent of the global market for natural gas . Since 2007 , OPEC has published the `` World Oil Outlook '' ( WOO ) annually , in which it presents a comprehensive analysis of the global oil industry including medium - and long - term projections for supply and demand . OPEC also produces an `` Annual Statistical Bulletin '' ( ASB ) , and publishes more - frequent updates in its `` Monthly Oil Market Report '' ( MOMR ) and `` OPEC Bulletin '' . Crude oil benchmarks ( edit ) Sulfur content and API gravity of different types of crude oil See also : Benchmark ( crude oil ) A `` crude oil benchmark '' is a standardized petroleum product that serves as a convenient reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil , including standardized contracts in major futures markets since 1983 . Benchmarks are used because oil prices differ ( usually by a few dollars per barrel ) based on variety , grade , delivery date and location , and other legal requirements . The OPEC Reference Basket of Crudes has been an important benchmark for oil prices since 2000 . It is calculated as a weighted average of prices for petroleum blends from the OPEC member countries : Saharan Blend ( Algeria ) , Girassol ( Angola ) , Oriente ( Ecuador ) , Rabi Light ( Gabon ) , Iran Heavy ( Islamic Republic of Iran ) , Basra Light ( Iraq ) , Kuwait Export ( Kuwait ) , Es Sider ( Libya ) , Bonny Light ( Nigeria ) , Qatar Marine ( Qatar ) , Arab Light ( Saudi Arabia ) , Murban ( UAE ) , and Merey ( Venezuela ) . North Sea Brent Crude Oil is the leading benchmark for Atlantic basin crude oils , and is used to price approximately two - thirds of the world 's traded crude oil . Other well - known benchmarks are West Texas Intermediate ( WTI ) , Dubai Crude , Oman Crude , and Urals oil . Spare capacity ( edit ) The US Energy Information Administration , the statistical arm of the US Department of Energy , defines spare capacity for crude oil market management `` as the volume of production that can be brought on within 30 days and sustained for at least 90 days ... OPEC spare capacity provides an indicator of the world oil market 's ability to respond to potential crises that reduce oil supplies . '' In November 2014 , the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) estimated that OPEC 's `` effective '' spare capacity , adjusted for ongoing disruptions in countries like Libya and Nigeria , was 3.5 million barrels per day ( 560,000 m / d ) and that this number would increase to a peak in 2017 of 4.6 million barrels per day ( 730,000 m / d ) . By November 2015 , the IEA changed its assessment `` with OPEC 's spare production buffer stretched thin , as Saudi Arabia -- which holds the lion 's share of excess capacity -- and its ( Persian ) Gulf neighbours pump at near - record rates . '' History and impact ( edit ) Post-WWII situation ( edit ) In 1949 , Venezuela and Iran took the earliest steps in the direction of OPEC , by inviting Iraq , Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to improve communication among petroleum - exporting nations as the world recovered from World War II . At the time , some of the world 's largest oil fields were just entering production in the Middle East . The United States had established the Interstate Oil Compact Commission to join the Texas Railroad Commission in limiting overproduction . The US was simultaneously the world 's largest producer and consumer of oil ; and the world market was dominated by a group of multinational companies known as the `` Seven Sisters '' , five of which were headquartered in the US following the breakup of John D. Rockefeller 's original Standard Oil monopoly . Oil - exporting countries were eventually motivated to form OPEC as a counterweight to this concentration of political and economic power . 1959 -- 1960 anger from exporting countries ( edit ) In February 1959 , as new supplies were becoming available , the multinational oil companies ( MOCs ) unilaterally reduced their posted prices for Venezuelan and Middle Eastern crude oil by 10 percent . Weeks later , the Arab League 's first Arab Petroleum Congress convened in Cairo , Egypt , where the influential journalist Wanda Jablonski introduced Saudi Arabia 's Abdullah Tariki to Venezuela 's observer Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo , representing the two then - largest oil - producing nations outside the United States and the Soviet Union . Both oil ministers were angered by the price cuts , and the two led their fellow delegates to establish the Maadi Pact or Gentlemen 's Agreement , calling for an `` Oil Consultation Commission '' of exporting countries , to which MOCs should present price - change plans . Jablonski reported a marked hostility toward the West and a growing outcry against `` absentee landlordism '' of the MOCs , which at the time controlled all oil operations within the exporting countries and wielded enormous political influence . In August 1960 , ignoring the warnings , and with the US favoring Canadian and Mexican oil for strategic reasons , the MOCs again unilaterally announced significant cuts in their posted prices for Middle Eastern crude oil . 1960 -- 1975 founding and expansion ( edit ) OPEC headquarters in Vienna ( 2009 building ) The following month , during 10 -- 14 September 1960 , the Baghdad Conference was held at the initiative of Tariki , Pérez Alfonzo , and Iraqi prime minister Abd al - Karim Qasim , whose country had skipped the 1959 congress . Government representatives from Iran , Iraq , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia and Venezuela met in Baghdad to discuss ways to increase the price of crude oil produced by their countries , and ways to respond to unilateral actions by the MOCs . Despite strong US opposition : `` Together with Arab and non-Arab producers , Saudi Arabia formed the Organization of Petroleum Export Countries ( OPEC ) to secure the best price available from the major oil corporations . '' The Middle Eastern members originally called for OPEC headquarters to be in Baghdad or Beirut , but Venezuela argued for a neutral location , and so the organization chose Geneva , Switzerland . On 1 September 1965 , OPEC moved to Vienna , Austria , after Switzerland declined to extend diplomatic privileges . During 1961 -- 1975 , the five founding nations were joined by Qatar ( 1961 ) , Indonesia ( 1962 -- 2008 , rejoined 2014 - 2016 ) , Libya ( 1962 ) , United Arab Emirates ( originally just the Emirate of Abu Dhabi , 1967 ) , Algeria ( 1969 ) , Nigeria ( 1971 ) , Ecuador ( 1973 -- 1992 , rejoined 2007 ) , and Gabon ( 1975 -- 1994 , rejoined 2016 ) . By the early 1970s , OPEC 's membership accounted for more than half of worldwide oil production . Indicating that OPEC is not averse to further expansion , Mohammed Barkindo , OPEC 's Acting Secretary General in 2006 , urged his African neighbors Angola and Sudan to join , and Angola did in 2007 , followed by Equatorial Guinea in 2017 . Since the 1980s , representatives from Egypt , Mexico , Norway , Oman , Russia , and other oil - exporting nations have attended many OPEC meetings as observers , as an informal mechanism for coordinating policies . 1973 -- 1974 oil embargo ( edit ) An undersupplied US gasoline station , closed during the oil embargo in 1973 Main article : 1973 oil crisis In October 1973 , the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OAPEC , consisting of the Arab majority of OPEC plus Egypt and Syria ) declared significant production cuts and an oil embargo against the United States and other industrialized nations that supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War . A previous embargo attempt was largely ineffective in response to the Six - Day War in 1967 . However , in 1973 , the result was a sharp rise in oil prices and OPEC revenues , from US $3 / bbl to US $12 / bbl , and an emergency period of energy rationing , intensified by panic reactions , a declining trend in US oil production , currency devaluations , and a lengthy UK coal - miners dispute . For a time , the UK imposed an emergency three - day workweek . Seven European nations banned non-essential Sunday driving . US gas stations limited the amount of gasoline that could be dispensed , closed on Sundays , and restricted the days when gasoline could be purchased , based on license plate numbers . Even after the embargo ended in March 1974 following intense diplomatic activity , prices continued to rise . The world experienced a global economic recession , with unemployment and inflation surging simultaneously , steep declines in stock and bond prices , major shifts in trade balances and petrodollar flows , and a dramatic end to the post-WWII economic boom . The 1973 -- 1974 oil embargo had lasting effects on the United States and other industrialized nations , which established the International Energy Agency in response , as well as national emergency stockpiles designed to withstand months of future supply disruptions . Oil conservation efforts included lower speed limits on highways , smaller and more energy - efficient cars and appliances , year - round daylight saving time , reduced usage of heating and air - conditioning , better insulation , increased support of mass transit , and greater emphasis on coal , natural gas , ethanol , nuclear and other alternative energy sources . These long - term efforts became effective enough that US oil consumption would rise only 11 percent during 1980 -- 2014 , while real GDP rose 150 percent . But in the 1970s , OPEC nations demonstrated convincingly that their oil could be used as both a political and economic weapon against other nations , at least in the short term . 1975 -- 1980 Special Fund , now OFID ( edit ) Main article : OPEC Fund for International Development OPEC 's international aid activities date from well before the 1973 -- 1974 oil price surge . For example , the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development has operated since 1961 . In the years after 1973 , as an example of so - called `` checkbook diplomacy '' , certain Arab nations have been among the world 's largest providers of foreign aid , and OPEC added to its goals the selling of oil for the socio - economic growth of poorer nations . The OPEC Special Fund was conceived in Algiers , Algeria , in March 1975 , and was formally established the following January . `` A Solemn Declaration ' reaffirmed the natural solidarity which unites OPEC countries with other developing countries in their struggle to overcome underdevelopment , ' and called for measures to strengthen cooperation between these countries ... ( The OPEC Special Fund 's ) resources are additional to those already made available by OPEC states through a number of bilateral and multilateral channels . '' The Fund became an official international development agency in May 1980 and was renamed the OPEC Fund for International Development ( OFID ) , with Permanent Observer status at the United Nations . 1975 hostage siege ( edit ) `` Carlos the Jackal '' ( KGB photo , 1970s ) Main article : OPEC siege On 21 December 1975 , Saudi Arabia 's Ahmed Zaki Yamani , Iran 's Jamshid Amuzegar , and the other OPEC oil ministers were taken hostage at their semi-annual conference in Vienna , Austria . The attack , which killed three non-ministers , was orchestrated by a six - person team led by Venezuelan terrorist `` Carlos the Jackal '' , and which included Gabriele Kröcher - Tiedemann and Hans - Joachim Klein . The self - named `` Arm of the Arab Revolution '' group declared its goal to be the liberation of Palestine . Carlos planned to take over the conference by force and hold for ransom all eleven attending oil ministers , except for Yamani and Amuzegar who were to be executed . Carlos arranged bus and plane travel for his team and 42 of the original 63 hostages , with stops in Algiers and Tripoli , planning to fly eventually to Baghdad , where Yamani and Amuzegar were to be killed . All 30 non-Arab hostages were released in Algiers , excluding Amuzegar . Additional hostages were released at another stop in Tripoli before returning to Algiers . With only 10 hostages remaining , Carlos held a phone conversation with Algerian President Houari Boumédienne , who informed Carlos that the oil ministers ' deaths would result in an attack on the plane . Boumédienne must also have offered Carlos asylum at this time and possibly financial compensation for failing to complete his assignment . Carlos expressed his regret at not being able to murder Yamani and Amuzegar , then he and his comrades left the plane . All the hostages and terrorists walked away from the situation , two days after it began . Some time after the attack , Carlos 's accomplices revealed that the operation was commanded by Wadie Haddad , a founder of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine . They also claimed that the idea and funding came from an Arab president , widely thought to be Muammar al - Gaddafi of Libya , itself an OPEC member . Fellow militants Bassam Abu Sharif and Klein claimed that Carlos received and kept a ransom between US $20 million and US $50 million from `` an Arab president '' . Carlos claimed that Saudi Arabia paid ransom on behalf of Iran , but that the money was `` diverted en route and lost by the Revolution '' . He was finally captured in 1994 and is serving life sentences for at least 16 other murders . 1979 -- 1980 oil Crisis and 1980s oil glut ( edit ) Fluctuations of OPEC net oil export revenues since 1972 Main articles : 1979 oil crisis and 1980s oil glut In response to a wave of oil nationalizations and the high prices of the 1970s , industrial nations took steps to reduce their dependence on OPEC oil , especially after prices reached new peaks approaching US $40 / bbl in 1979 -- 1980 when the Iranian Revolution and Iran -- Iraq War disrupted regional stability and oil supplies . Electric utilities worldwide switched from oil to coal , natural gas , or nuclear power ; national governments initiated multibillion - dollar research programs to develop alternatives to oil ; and commercial exploration developed major non-OPEC oilfields in Siberia , Alaska , the North Sea , and the Gulf of Mexico . By 1986 , daily worldwide demand for oil dropped by 5 million barrels , non-OPEC production rose by an even - larger amount , and OPEC 's market share sank from approximately 50 percent in 1979 to less than 30 percent in 1985 . Illustrating the volatile multi-year timeframes of typical market cycles for natural resources , the result was a six - year decline in the price of oil , which culminated by plunging more than half in 1986 alone . As one oil analyst summarized succinctly : `` When the price of something as essential as oil spikes , humanity does two things : finds more of it and finds ways to use less of it . '' To combat falling revenue from oil sales , in 1982 Saudi Arabia pressed OPEC for audited national production quotas in an attempt to limit output and boost prices . When other OPEC nations failed to comply , Saudi Arabia first slashed its own production from 10 million barrels daily in 1979 -- 1981 to just one - third of that level in 1985 . When even this proved ineffective , Saudi Arabia reversed course and flooded the market with cheap oil , causing prices to fall below US $10 / bbl and higher - cost producers to become unprofitable . Faced with increasing economic hardship ( which ultimately contributed to the collapse of the Soviet bloc in 1989 ) , the `` free - riding '' oil exporters that had previously failed to comply with OPEC agreements finally began to limit production to shore up prices , based on painstakingly negotiated national quotas that sought to balance oil - related and economic criteria since 1986 . ( Within their sovereign - controlled territories , the national governments of OPEC members are able to impose production limits on both government - owned and private oil companies . ) Generally when OPEC production targets are reduced , oil prices increase . 1990 -- 2003 ample supply and modest disruptions ( edit ) See also : 1990 oil price shock One of the hundreds of Kuwaiti oil fires set by retreating Iraqi troops in 1991 Fluctuations of Brent crude oil price , 1988 -- 2015 Leading up to his August 1990 Invasion of Kuwait , Iraqi President Saddam Hussein was pushing OPEC to end overproduction and to send oil prices higher , in order to help OPEC members financially and to accelerate rebuilding from the 1980 -- 1988 Iran -- Iraq War . But these two Iraqi wars against fellow OPEC founders marked a low point in the cohesion of the organization , and oil prices subsided quickly after the short - term supply disruptions . The September 2001 Al Qaeda attacks on the US and the March 2003 US invasion of Iraq had even milder short - term impacts on oil prices , as Saudi Arabia and other exporters again cooperated to keep the world adequately supplied . In the 1990s , OPEC lost its two newest members , who had joined in the mid-1970s . Ecuador withdrew in December 1992 , because it was unwilling to pay the annual US $2 million membership fee and felt that it needed to produce more oil than it was allowed under the OPEC quota , although it rejoined in October 2007 . Similar concerns prompted Gabon to suspend membership in January 1995 ; it rejoined in July 2016 . Iraq has remained a member of OPEC since the organization 's founding , but Iraqi production was not a part of OPEC quota agreements from 1998 to 2016 , due to the country 's daunting political difficulties . Lower demand triggered by the 1997 -- 1998 Asian financial crisis saw the price of oil fall back to 1986 levels . After oil slumped to around US $10 / bbl , joint diplomacy achieved a gradual slowing of oil production by OPEC , Mexico and Norway . In June 2003 , the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) and OPEC held their first joint workshop on energy issues . They have continued to meet regularly since then , `` to collectively better understand trends , analysis and viewpoints and advance market transparency and predictability . '' 2003 -- 2011 volatility ( edit ) See also : Oil price increases of 2003 -- 2008 Widespread insurgency and sabotage occurred during the 2003 -- 2008 height of the American occupation of Iraq , coinciding with rapidly increasing oil demand from China and commodity - hungry investors , recurring violence against the Nigerian oil industry , and dwindling spare capacity as a cushion against potential shortages . This combination of forces prompted a sharp rise in oil prices to levels far higher than those previously targeted by OPEC . Price volatility reached an extreme in 2008 , as WTI crude oil surged to a record US $147 / bbl in July and then plunged back to US $32 / bbl in December , during the worst global recession since World War II . OPEC 's annual oil export revenue also set a new record in 2008 , estimated around US $1 trillion , and reached similar annual rates in 2011 -- 2014 ( along with extensive petrodollar recycling activity ) before plunging again . By the time of the 2011 Libyan Civil War and Arab Spring , OPEC started issuing explicit statements to counter `` excessive speculation '' in oil futures markets , blaming financial speculators for increasing volatility beyond market fundamentals . In May 2008 , Indonesia announced that it would leave OPEC when its membership expired at the end of that year , having become a net importer of oil and being unable to meet its production quota . A statement released by OPEC on 10 September 2008 confirmed Indonesia 's withdrawal , noting that OPEC `` regretfully accepted the wish of Indonesia to suspend its full membership in the organization , and recorded its hope that the country would be in a position to rejoin the organization in the not - too - distant future . '' 2008 production dispute ( edit ) Countries by net oil exports ( 2008 ) The differing economic needs of OPEC member states often affect the internal debates behind OPEC production quotas . Poorer members have pushed for production cuts from fellow members , to increase the price of oil and thus their own revenues . These proposals conflict with Saudi Arabia 's stated long - term strategy of being a partner with the world 's economic powers to ensure a steady flow of oil that would support economic expansion . Part of the basis for this policy is the Saudi concern that overly expensive oil or unreliable supply will drive industrial nations to conserve energy and develop alternative fuels , curtailing the worldwide demand for oil and eventually leaving unneeded barrels in the ground . To this point , Saudi Oil Minister Yamani famously remarked in 1973 : `` The Stone Age did n't end because we ran out of stones . '' On 10 September 2008 , with oil prices still near US $100 / bbl , a production dispute occurred when the Saudis reportedly walked out of a negotiating session where rival members voted to reduce OPEC output . Although Saudi delegates officially endorsed the new quotas , they stated anonymously that they would not observe them . The New York Times quoted one such delegate as saying : `` Saudi Arabia will meet the market 's demand . We will see what the market requires and we will not leave a customer without oil . The policy has not changed . '' Over the next few months , oil prices plummeted into the $30 s , and did not return to $100 until the Libyan Civil War in 2011 . 2014 -- 2017 oil glut ( edit ) See also : 2010s oil glut Countries by oil production ( 2013 ) Top oil - producing countries ( million barrels per day , 1973 -- 2016 ) Gusher well in Saudi Arabia : conventional source of OPEC production Shale `` fracking '' in the US : important new challenge to OPEC market share During 2014 -- 2015 , OPEC members consistently exceeded their production ceiling , and China experienced a slowdown in economic growth . At the same time , US oil production nearly doubled from 2008 levels and approached the world - leading `` swing producer '' volumes of Saudi Arabia and Russia , due to the substantial long - term improvement and spread of shale `` fracking '' technology in response to the years of record oil prices . These developments led in turn to a plunge in US oil import requirements ( moving closer to energy independence ) , a record volume of worldwide oil inventories , and a collapse in oil prices that continued into early 2016 . In spite of global oversupply , on 27 November 2014 in Vienna , Saudi Oil Minister Ali Al - Naimi blocked appeals from poorer OPEC members for production cuts to support prices . Naimi argued that the oil market should be left to rebalance itself competitively at lower price levels , strategically rebuilding OPEC 's long - term market share by ending the profitability of high - cost US shale oil production . As he explained in an interview : Is it reasonable for a highly efficient producer to reduce output , while the producer of poor efficiency continues to produce ? That is crooked logic . If I reduce , what happens to my market share ? The price will go up and the Russians , the Brazilians , US shale oil producers will take my share ... We want to tell the world that high - efficiency producing countries are the ones that deserve market share . That is the operative principle in all capitalist countries ... One thing is for sure : Current prices ( roughly US $60 / bbl ) do not support all producers . A year later , when OPEC met in Vienna on 4 December 2015 , the organization had exceeded its production ceiling for 18 consecutive months , US oil production had declined only slightly from its peak , world markets appeared to be oversupplied by at least 2 million barrels per day despite war - torn Libya pumping 1 million barrels below capacity , oil producers were making major adjustments to withstand prices as low as the $40 s , Indonesia was rejoining the export organization , Iraqi production had surged after years of disorder , Iranian output was poised to rebound with the lifting of international sanctions , hundreds of world leaders at the Paris Climate Agreement were committing to limit carbon emissions from fossil fuels , and solar technologies were becoming steadily more competitive and prevalent . In light of all these market pressures , OPEC decided to set aside its ineffective production ceiling until the next ministerial conference in June 2016 . By 20 January 2016 , the OPEC Reference Basket was down to US $22.48 / bbl -- less than one - fourth of its high from June 2014 ( $110.48 ) , less than one - sixth of its record from July 2008 ( $140.73 ) , and back below the April 2003 starting point ( $23.27 ) of its historic run - up . As 2016 continued , the oil glut was partially trimmed with significant production offline in the US , Canada , Libya , Nigeria and China , and the basket price gradually rose back into the $40 s . OPEC regained a modest percentage of market share , saw the cancellation of many competing drilling projects , maintained the status quo at its June conference , and endorsed `` prices at levels that are suitable for both producers and consumers '' , although many producers were still experiencing serious economic difficulties . Then , as OPEC members grew weary of a multi-year supply contest with diminishing returns and shrinking financial reserves , the organization finally attempted its first production cut since 2008 . Despite many political obstacles , a September 2016 decision to trim approximately 1 million barrels per day was codified by a new quota agreement at the November 2016 OPEC conference . The agreement ( which exempted disruption - ridden members Libya and Nigeria ) covered the first half of 2017 -- alongside promised reductions from Russia and ten other non-members , offset by expected increases in the US shale sector , Libya , Nigeria , spare capacity , and surging late - 2016 OPEC production before the cuts took effect . Indonesia announced another `` temporary suspension '' of its OPEC membership , rather than accepting the organization 's requested 5 percent production cut . Prices fluctuated around US $50 / bbl , and OPEC in May 2017 decided to extend the new quotas through March 2018 , with the world waiting to see if and how the oil inventory glut might be fully siphoned - off by then . Longtime oil analyst Daniel Yergin `` described the relationship between OPEC and shale as ' mutual coexistence ' , with both sides learning to live with prices that are lower than they would like . '' See also ( edit ) List of country groupings List of intergovernmental organizations References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Glossary of Industrial Organisation Economics and Competition Law '' ( PDF ) . OECD. 1993 . p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Member Countries '' . OPEC . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` OPEC 172nd Meeting concludes '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Our Mission '' . OPEC . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Most Influential People in the Shipping Industry : 3 . OPEC and the oil men '' . Lloyd 's List . 12 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Production of Crude Oil including Lease Condensate 2016 '' ( CVS download ) . US Energy Information Administration . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crude Oil Proved Reserves 2016 '' ( CVS download ) . US Energy Information Administration . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statute '' ( PDF ) . OPEC . 2012 . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan awaiting decision on its OPEC membership application : minister '' . Sudan Tribune . 22 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Field Listing : Area '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 4 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Hayler , William B. ; Keever , John M. ( 2003 ) . American Merchant Seaman 's Manual . Cornell Maritime Press . p. 14.3 . ISBN 0 - 87033 - 549 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ecuador Set to Leave OPEC '' . The New York Times . 18 September 1992 . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gabon Plans To Quit OPEC '' . The New York Times . 9 January 1995 . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indonesia to withdraw from OPEC '' . BBC . 28 May 2008 . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Fergus ; Asmarini , Wilda ( 1 December 2016 ) . `` Net oil importer Indonesia leaves producer club OPEC , again '' . Reuters . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Noah , Timothy ( 10 July 2007 ) . `` Go NOPEC '' . Slate . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Noah , Timothy ( 18 September 2003 ) . `` Is Bremer a Price Fixer ? Letting Iraq 's oil minister attend an OPEC meeting may violate the Sherman Antitrust Act '' . Slate . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Iraq to Attend Next OPEC Ministerial Meeting '' . Arab News . 17 September 2003 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 127th Meeting of the OPEC Conference '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 24 September 2003 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` OPEC : Fifty Years Regulating Oil Market Roller Coaster '' . Inter Press Service . 14 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` OPEC discord fuels further oil price drop '' . The Financial Times . 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Gülen , S. Gürcan ( 1996 ) . `` Is OPEC a Cartel ? Evidence from Cointegration and Causality Tests '' ( PDF ) . The Energy Journal . 17 ( 2 ) : 43 -- 57 . doi : 10.5547 / issn0195 - 6574 - ej - vol17 - no2 - 3 . Archived from the original on 16 September 2000 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Global Energy Scene '' ( PDF ) . OPEC Bulletin . 43 ( 5 ) : 24 -- 41 . June -- July 2012 . Jump up ^ Browning , Edgar K. ; Zupan , Mark A. ( 2004 ) . `` The Prisoner 's Dilemma and Cheating by Cartel Members '' . Microeconomics : Theory & Applications ( 8th ed . ) . Wiley . pp. 394 -- 396 . ISBN 978 - 0471678717 . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Colgan , Jeff ( 16 June 2014 ) . `` OPEC , the Phantom Menace '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Van de Graaf , Thijs ( 2016 ) . `` Is OPEC dead ? Oil exporters , the Paris agreement and the transition to a post-carbon world '' . Energy Research & Social Science . doi : 10.1016 / j. erss. 2016.10. 005 . Jump up ^ Farah , Paolo Davide ; Cima , Elena ( September 2013 ) . `` Energy Trade and the WTO : Implications for Renewable Energy and the OPEC Cartel '' . Journal of International Economic Law . 16 ( 3 ) : 707 -- 740 . SSRN 2330416 . Jump up ^ Weil , Dan ( 25 November 2007 ) . `` If OPEC Is a Cartel , Why Is n't It Illegal ? '' . Newsmax . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Joelson , Mark R. ; Griffin , Joseph P. ( 1975 ) . `` The Legal Status of Nation - State Cartels Under United States Antitrust and Public International Law '' . The International Lawyer. 9 ( 4 ) : 617 -- 645 . JSTOR 40704964 . Jump up ^ Learsy , Raymond J. ( 10 September 2012 ) . `` NOPEC ( ' No Oil Producing and Exporting Cartels Act ' ) : A Presidential Issue and a Test of Political Integrity '' . Huffington Post . Varied forms of a NOPEC bill have been introduced some 16 times since 1999 , only to be vehemently resisted by the oil industry . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview With Saudi Oil Minister Ali Naimi '' . Middle East Economic Survey . 57 ( 51 / 52 ) . 22 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saudis Vow to Ignore OPEC Decision to Cut Production '' . The New York Times . 11 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Palley , Thomas I. ( December 2003 ) . `` Lifting the Natural Resource Curse '' . Foreign Service Journal . Jump up ^ Ross , Michael L. ( May 2015 ) . `` What Have We Learned about the Resource Curse ? '' . Annual Review of Political Science . 18 : 239 -- 259 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - polisci - 052213 - 040359 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Oren ( 13 February 2016 ) . `` The Middle East 's Conflicts Are About Religion '' . The National Interest . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Motadel , David ( 24 May 2015 ) . `` ' Defending the Faith ' in the Middle East '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Mattar , Philip , ed. ( 2004 ) . `` Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) '' . Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa . 3 ( 2nd ed . ) . Detroit : Gale / Macmillan Reference USA . ISBN 978 - 0028657691 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Joint Organisations Data Initiative '' . JODI . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Oil Outlook '' . OPEC . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Statistical Bulletin '' . OPEC . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Oil Market Report '' . OPEC . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OPEC Bulletin '' . OPEC . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oil markets explained '' . BBC News . 18 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Razavi , Hossein ( April 1989 ) . The new era of petroleum trading : spot - oil , spot - related contracts , and futures markets ( PDF ) . The World Bank . pp. 65 -- 69 . ISBN 0 - 8213 - 1199 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` OPEC Basket Price '' . OPEC . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brent crude and other oil price benchmarks '' . Reuters. 5 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Energy & Financial Markets : What Drives Crude Oil Prices ? '' . US Energy Information Administration . 2014 . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Effective ' OPEC Spare Capacity : Reality - Based Data '' ( PDF ) . IEA Energy ( 7 ) : 13 . November 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3 billion barrel cushion '' . Oil Market Report . International Energy Agency . 13 November 2015 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` General Information '' ( PDF ) . OPEC . May 2012 . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Yergin , Daniel ( 1991 ) . The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money , and Power . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 499 -- 503 . ISBN 978 - 0671502485 . Jump up ^ Painter , David S. ( 2012 ) . `` Oil and the American Century '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of American History . 99 ( 1 ) : 32 . doi : 10.1093 / jahist / jas073 . Jump up ^ Vassiliou , M.S. ( 2009 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry . Scarecrow Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0810862883 . Jump up ^ Styan , David ( 2006 ) . France and Iraq : Oil , Arms and French Policy Making in the Middle East . I.B. Tauris . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 1845110451 . Jump up ^ Citino , Nathan J. ( 2002 ) . From Arab Nationalism to OPEC : Eisenhower , King Sa'ud , and the Making of US - Saudi Relations . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34095 - 5 . Jump up ^ Skeet , Ian ( 1988 ) . OPEC : Twenty - Five Years of Prices and Politics . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Denning , Liam ( 1 June 2016 ) . `` How OPEC Won the Battle and Lost the War '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ `` Angola , Sudan to ask for OPEC membership '' . Associated Press . 3 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Kumins , Lawrence ( 1975 ) . `` Oil and the Economy '' . Energy Shock : 189 . ^ Jump up to : Maugeri , Leonardo ( 2006 ) . The Age of Oil : The Mythology , History , and Future of the World 's Most Controversial Resource . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 112 -- 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99008 - 4 . Jump up ^ Foreign Relations of the United States , 1964 -- 1968 , Vol . XXXIV : Energy Diplomacy and Global Issues , Document 266 . US Department of State . 1999 . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British Economics and Trade Union politics 1973 -- 1974 '' . The National Archives ( UK ) . January 2005 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Europe car ban becoming a real traffic stopper '' . Chicago Tribune . 26 November 1973 . Jump up ^ Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . Basic Books . pp. 313 -- 318 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 04195 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Gas Fever : Happiness Is a Full Tank '' . Time . 18 February 1974 . Jump up ^ Skidelsky , Robert ( 2009 ) . Keynes : The Return of the Master . Allen Lane . pp. 116 -- 126 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84614 - 258 - 1 . Jump up ^ Masouros , Pavlos E. ( 2013 ) . Corporate Law and Economic Stagnation : How Shareholder Value and Short - Termism Contribute to the Decline of the Western Economies . Eleven International Publishing . pp. 60 -- 62 . Jump up ^ `` Energy Crisis ( 1970s ) '' . The History Channel . 2010 . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Horton , Sarah ( October 2000 ) . `` The 1973 Oil Crisis '' ( PDF ) . Pennsylvania Envirothon . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oil Shock : The role of OPEC '' . Socialism Today ( 51 ) . October 2000 . Jump up ^ Aven , Petr ; Nazarov , Vladimir ; Lazaryan , Samvel ( 17 May 2016 ) . `` Twilight of the Petrostate '' . The National Interest . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . Kuwait Fund . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Oweiss , Ibrahim M. ( 1990 ) . `` Economics of Petrodollars '' . In Esfandiari , Haleh ; Udovitch , A.L. The Economic Dimensions of Middle Eastern History . Darwin Press . pp. 179 -- 199 . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Ben ( 21 June 2015 ) . `` Cables Released by WikiLeaks Reveal Saudis ' Checkbook Diplomacy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . OFID . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Agreement Establishing the OPEC Fund for International Development '' ( PDF ) . OPEC . 27 May 1980 . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Intergovernmental Organizations '' . United Nations . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bellamy , Patrick . `` Carlos the Jackal : Trail of Terror '' . truTV . Archived from the original on 7 January 2012 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Follain , John ( 1998 ) . Jackal : The Complete Story of the Legendary Terrorist , Carlos the Jackal . Arcade Publishing . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 1559704663 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Gary ( 28 March 2017 ) . `` ' Carlos the Jackal ' jailed over 1974 Paris grenade attack '' . Sky News . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OPEC Revenues Fact Sheet '' . US Energy Information Administration . 10 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2008 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` OPEC Revenues Fact Sheet '' . US Energy Information Administration . 15 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Mouawad , Jad ( 3 March 2008 ) . `` Oil Prices Pass Record Set in ' 80s , but Then Recede '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Denning , Liam ( 18 May 2016 ) . `` It 's Saudi Arabia 's World . Big Oil Just Lives In It '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ Toth , Ferenc L. ; Rogner , Hans - Holger ( January 2006 ) . `` Oil and nuclear power : Past , present , and future '' ( PDF ) . Energy Economics . 28 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 25 . Jump up ^ `` Renewables in Global Energy Supply : An IEA Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . International Energy Agency . January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Renewable Energy : World Invests $244 billion in 2012 , Geographic Shift to Developing Countries '' ( Press release ) . United Nations Environment Programme. 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Bromley , Simon ( 2013 ) . American Power and the Prospects for International Order . John Wiley & Sons . p. 95 . ISBN 9780745658414 . ^ Jump up to : Robert , Paul ( 2004 ) . The End of Oil : The Decline of the Petroleum Economy and the Rise of a New Energy Order . New York : Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. 103 -- 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 23977 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hershey Jr. , Robert D. ( 30 December 1989 ) . `` Worrying Anew Over Oil Imports '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Gaidar , Yegor ( April 2007 ) . `` The Soviet Collapse : Grain and Oil '' ( PDF ) . American Enterprise Institute . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Oil production in Saudi Arabia increased fourfold , while oil prices collapsed by approximately the same amount in real terms . As a result , the Soviet Union lost approximately $20 billion per year , money without which the country simply could not survive . Jump up ^ McMaken , Ryan ( 7 November 2014 ) . `` The Economics Behind the Fall of the Berlin Wall '' . Mises Institute . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . High oil prices in the 1970s propped up the regime so well , that had it not been for Soviet oil sales , it 's quite possible the regime would have collapsed a decade earlier . Jump up ^ `` Brief History '' . OPEC . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Libya orders oil cuts of 270K bpd '' . Associated Press . 30 December 2008 . Libya has asked oil companies to slash production by 270,000 barrels per day . Abu Dhabi National Oil Co. told customers in letters dated Dec. 25 that it was cutting ... 10 to 15 percent of all types of ADNOC crude in February . Ecuadorean President Rafael Correa said the South American nation would suspend crude production by Italy 's Agip and reduce quotas for other companies to comply with new OPEC cuts . Jump up ^ `` Report to Congress : United States Gulf Environmental Technical Assistance '' . US Environmental Protection Agency . 1991 . p. 14 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Europe Brent Crude Oil Spot Price FOB ( DOE ) '' . Quandl . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Ibrahim , Youssef M. ( 18 July 1990 ) . `` Iraq Threatens Emirates and Kuwait on Oil Glut '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Iraq heads for OPEC clash over quota '' . UPI. 5 February 2010 . Iraq , a founding member of OPEC , has not had a production quota since 1998 , when it was pegged at 1.3 million bpd to allow Saddam Hussein 's regime to sell oil for food during U.N. sanctions imposed in 1990 ... Despite the success of the 2009 auctions , problems remain -- mounting violence in the run - up to March 7 parliamentary elections , uncertainty over their outcome , and , probably more importantly , the absence of a long - delayed oil law that will define revenue - sharing and regulation of the industry . Jump up ^ Putting a Price on Energy ( PDF ) . Energy Charter Secretariat. 2007 . p. 90 . ISBN 9059480465 . Jump up ^ `` Dialogue replaces OPEC -- IEA Mistrust '' ( PDF ) . IEA Energy ( 7 ) : 7 . November 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Greg ( 7 December 2005 ) . `` Dems Doubt Iraq Progress '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ `` Oil price ' may hit $200 a barrel ' '' . BBC News . 7 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Masters , Michael W. ( 20 May 2008 ) . `` Testimony '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs . Jump up ^ Tuttle , Robert ; Galal , Ola ( 10 May 2010 ) . `` Oil Ministers See Demand Rising '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Opening address to the 159th Meeting of the OPEC Conference '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 149th Meeting of the OPEC Conference '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 10 September 2008 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Owen , Nick A. ; Inderwildi , Oliver R. ; King , David A. ( August 2010 ) . `` The status of conventional world oil reserves : Hype or cause for concern ? '' . Energy Policy . 38 ( 8 ) : 4743 -- 4749 . doi : 10.1016 / j. enpol. 2010.02. 026 . Jump up ^ Al - Naimi , Ali ( 20 October 1999 ) . `` Saudi oil policy : stability with strength '' . Saudi Embassy . Archived from the original on 26 April 2009 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Waldman , Peter ( 12 April 2015 ) . `` Saudi Arabia 's Plan to Extend the Age of Oil '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ Frei , Matt ( 3 July 2008 ) . `` Washington diary : Oil addiction '' . BBC . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` OPEC Basket Daily Archives '' . OPEC . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Energy Review '' ( PDF ) . US Energy Information Administration . 25 May 2017 . Figure 11.1 a . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Krassnov , Clifford ( 3 November 2014 ) . `` US Oil Prices Fall Below $80 a Barrel '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Grant ; Rascouet , Angelina ; Mahdi , Wael ( 4 December 2015 ) . `` OPEC Wo n't Cut Production to Stop Oil 's Slump '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ `` Inside OPEC room , Naimi declares price war on US shale oil '' . Reuters. 28 November 2014 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Country Analysis Brief : Libya '' ( PDF ) . US Energy Information Administration . 19 November 2015 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Despite Climate Concerns , OPEC Plans to Keep Pumping Oil While It Can '' . The New York Times . 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OPEC ceiling falls in '' . Argus Media . 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Kalantari , Hashem ; Sergie , Mohammed ( 2 January 2016 ) . `` Iran Says Post-Sanctions Crude Output Boost Wo n't Hurt Prices '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OPEC 169th Meeting concludes '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Halligan , Liam ( 4 June 2016 ) . `` OPEC is very much alive as Saudis learn to tread softly '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` OPEC Has Its Way as China Oil Output Cut by Most in 15 Years '' . Bloomberg News . 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North America Rig Count '' . Baker Hughes . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OPEC Agrees to Cut Production in Drive to End Record Glut '' . Bloomberg News . 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OPEC 171st Meeting concludes '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Blas , Javier ( 20 October 2016 ) . `` The World 's Biggest Oil Kingdom Reverses Course '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ Hume , Neil ( 28 September 2016 ) . `` OPEC agrees on need for output cut '' . The Financial Times . Jump up ^ `` Russian Energy Minister Says Oil Cuts to Start in January '' . Bloomberg News . 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OPEC Said to Break Bread With Shale in Rare Show of Detente '' . Bloomberg News . 7 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Energy portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to OPEC . Official website The OPEC Fund for International Development ( OFID ) official website ( hide ) Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) Algeria Angola Ecuador Equatorial Guinea Gabon Iran Iraq Kuwait Libya Nigeria Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Venezuela List of Secretaries General OPEC Fund for International Development OPEC Reference Basket Heads of state of OPEC member states Bouteflika Lourenço Moreno Obiang Bongo Khamenei Masum Sabah Sarraj Buhari Tamim Salman Khalifa Maduro Acting heads of state shown in italics . Petroleum industry Petroleum Primary energy Benchmarks Argus Sour Bonny Light Brent Dubai Indian Basket Indonesian Isthmus - 34 Light Japan Cocktail OPEC Reference Basket Tapis Urals West Texas Intermediate Western Canadian Select Data Natural gas Consumption Production Reserves Imports Exports Price Petroleum Consumption Production Reserves Imports Exports Price ( of gasoline and diesel ) Exploration Core sampling Geophysics Integrated asset modelling Petroleum engineering Reservoir simulation Seismic to simulation Petroleum geology Petrophysics Reflection seismology ( Seismic inversion ) Seismic source Drilling Blowout Completion ( Squeeze job ) Differential sticking Directional drilling ( Geosteering ) Drilling engineering Drilling fluid ( invasion ) Drill stem test Lost circulation Measurement Tracers Underbalanced drilling Well logging Production Petroleum fiscal regime Concessions Production sharing agreements Artificial lift Pumpjack Submersible pump ( ESP ) Gas lift Downstream Enhanced oil recovery ( EOR ) Steam injection Gas reinjection Midstream Petroleum product Pipeline transport Refining Upstream Water injection Well intervention XT History 1967 Oil Embargo 1973 oil crisis 1979 energy crisis 1980s oil glut 1990 oil price shock 2000s energy crisis 2010s oil glut Founders History of the petroleum industry Nationalization OPEC GECF Seven Sisters Standard Oil Oil market timelines Provinces and fields List of natural gas fields List of oil fields East Midlands Oil Province East Texas Gulf of Mexico Niger Delta North Sea Permian Basin Persian Gulf Prudhoe Bay Oil Field Russia Venezuela Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin Other topics Acronyms Oil shale gas Peak oil mitigation timing People Petrocurrency Petrodollar recycling Shale gas Swing producer Unconventional oil heavy crude oil sands oil shale Companies and organisations Major petroleum companies Supermajors BP Chevron Eni ExxonMobil Royal Dutch Shell Total National oil companies ADNOC ( UAE ) CNOOC ( China ) CNPC ( China ) Ecopetrol ( Colombia ) Gazprom ( Russia ) Iraq National Oil Company Indian Oil Corporation KazMunayGas ( Kazakhstan ) Kuwait Petroleum Corporation Lotos ( Poland ) Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation NIOC ( Iran ) NISOC ( Iran ) OGDCL ( Pakistan ) ONGC ( India ) PDVSA ( Venezuela ) PKN Orlen ( Poland ) Pemex ( Mexico ) Pertamina ( Indonesia ) PetroBangla ( Bangladesh ) Petrobras ( Brazil ) PetroChina Petronas ( Malaysia ) Petrovietnam PTT ( Thailand ) Qatar Petroleum Rosneft ( Russia ) Saudi Aramco ( Saudi Arabia ) Sinopec ( China ) SOCAR ( Azerbaijan ) Sonangol ( Angola ) Sonatrach ( Algeria ) Statoil ( Norway ) TPAO ( Turkey ) YPF ( Argentina ) Energy trading Glencore Gunvor Mercuria Naftiran Intertrade Trafigura Vitol Other Anadarko Apache BG Group Cenovus Energy Compañía Española de Petróleos ConocoPhillips Devon Galp Energia Hess Husky Energy Imperial Oil Lukoil Marathon Oil Nippon Oil Occidental OMV Port Harcourt Refining Company Reliance Industries Repsol Suncor Energy Surgutneftegas TNK - BP Tullow Oil Tüpraş Major services companies Amec Foster Wheeler Baker Hughes Cameron CGG CH2M Hill Chicago Bridge & Iron Company China Oilfield Services Enbridge Ensco GE Oil & Gas Halliburton Nabors Industries Naftiran Intertrade National Oilwell Varco Petrofac Saipem Schlumberger Snam Subsea 7 TransCanada Transocean Weatherford Wood Group Other International Association of Oil & Gas Producers International Energy Agency International Petroleum Exchange OPEC Society of Petroleum Engineers World Petroleum Council Commons VIAF : 125519550 ISNI : 0000 0001 2364 6718 GND : 75351 - 8 SUDOC : 111165520 BNF : cb12024345m ( data ) NLA : 35401025 NDL : 00639099 NKC : uk2011659074 BNE : XX87122 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPEC&oldid=803915884 '' Categories : OPEC Cartels History of the petroleum industry Intergovernmental commodity organizations International energy organizations Petroleum economics Petroleum organizations Petroleum politics Organisations based in Vienna Organizations established in 1960 20th century in Baghdad Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Good articles Use dmy dates from February 2013 Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 14 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC

tiny toon adventures how i spent my vacation happy world land

Tiny Toon Adventures : How I Spent My Vacation

tiny toon adventures : how i spent my vacation

Tiny Toon Adventures : How I Spent My Vacation ( also known as Steven Spielberg Presents Tiny Toons : How I Spent My Vacation and Tiny Toon Adventures the Movie : How I Spent My Vacation ) is a 1992 American direct - to - video animated comedy film from Warner Bros. Animation and Amblin Entertainment . Featuring the regular characters from the Fox Kids animated television program Tiny Toon Adventures , the film follows them during their summer vacation from school , mainly focused on Babs and Buster going downriver , Plucky and Hamton going to a world - famous amusement park , and Fifi in search of her favorite movie star .

Steven Spielberg was the executive producer of the film , which was written by Paul Dini , Nicholas Hollander , Tom Ruegger , and Sherri Stoner . Japanese animation studio Tokyo Movie Shinsha ( now known as TMS Entertainment ) produced the animation for the film . How I Spent My Vacation was released on both VHS and LaserDisc formats on Wednesday , March 11 , 1992 . It was the first animated film to be released direct - to - video in the United States . The film was later aired on television as four separate Tiny Toon Adventures episodes . The film was one of the highest selling videos in the United States , listing on Billboard magazine 's 40 `` Top Video Sales '' for 16 weeks as of July 1992 . Points of praise by critics included the film 's jokes and celebrity caricatures , while points of criticism included the segmented plot . Themes of the film included parodies of pop culture and summer vacations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Themes 5 Home media releases and broadcast 6 Reception 7 References 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The Tiny Toon Adventures characters leave for their summer vacations after their term at Acme Looniversity ends . Babs and Buster Bunny have a water pistol fight , which eventually escalates into their flooding Acme Acres . The bunnies , along with Byron Basset , float from flooded Acme Acres down to the Southern United States , where they continuously avoid getting eaten by the river 's residents . Plucky Duck joins Hamton J. Pig and Hamton 's family as they drive to the amusement park HappyWorldLand . The trip turns out to be very long and painful for Plucky , who becomes annoyed with the family 's habits and is almost killed by an escaped convict that the Pigs mistake for a hitchhiker . They eventually arrive at HappyWorldLand , only to simply ride the tour monorail around the park and then immediately decide to head back home , much to Plucky 's dismay . Meanwhile , Elmyra Duff becomes upset after losing her cat Furrball . When her family visits a nature park , she tortures the zoo animals with her adoration . Fifi Le Fume spends time with film actor Johnny Pew , who is uninterested in Fifi . Fowlmouth and Shirley the Loon see Skunknophobia . Fifi and Johnny attend the same film . Fowlmouth continuously talks through the film and is thrown out of the theater . Fifi gets annoyed when Johnny takes her photograph of him and signs it for another girl , Bimbette , after she wraps and teases him with her tail . Fifi kicks Johnny out of the theater , causing him to end up with Elmyra ( still wearing The Cheetah 's fur she got at the zoo earlier ) and becoming her new `` kitty '' . After realizing they are the main course at a dinner theater on a showboat , Babs and Buster escape with the help of Byron . They are chased down by the hungry animals they met throughout their journey , but are rescued by a possum Buster had befriended earlier . The escaped convict returns and tries to kill them as well ; Buster , Babs , Byron and the possum try to escape using a mine cart and the escaped convict falls off a cliff . The four end up falling down a `` plot hole '' which leads them through Wackyland and back to Acme Acres . The film ends with the characters ' return to the Looniversity for the fall semester of school . Voice cast ( edit ) Name Character Charlie Adler Buster Bunny and Theater usher Tress MacNeille Babs Bunny , Babs ' Mother , Big Boo , Emily Duff , Roseanne Barr , Barbara Walters , Hotel chef , Drive - thru Waitress , Horatio 's girlfriend Gail Matthius Shirley the Loon and Sissy Boo Kath Soucie Fifi La Fume , Li'l Sneezer , Little Boo and Bimbette Skunk Don Messick Hamton J. Pig and the Radio Announcer Joe Alaskey Plucky Duck , Tupelo Toad , Johnny Carson , David Letterman and Elmer Fudd Maurice LaMarche Dizzy Devil , Ed McMahon , Arsenio Hall , and Superman Frank Welker Gogo , Furrball , Little Beeper , Byron Basset , Uncle Stinky , Vinnie , Road Runner , and various additional voices Rob Paulsen Fowlmouth , Johnny Pew , Mr. Hitcher , Banjo Possum , Hotel Manager , Horatio and the Parking lot attendant Cree Summer Elmyra Duff , Mary Melody , and Oprah Winfrey Candi Milo Sweetie Pie Jonathan Winters Wade Pig and Edie McClurg Winnie Pig Sorrell Booke Big Daddy Boo Production ( edit ) In 1990 , Bugs Bunny magazine reported that Warner Bros. was planning the release of How I Spent My Vacation , then referred to as a `` Tiny Toon Adventures home video '' . Plans for the film began before Tiny Toon Adventures premiered on television . Warner Bros. discussed with executive producer Steven Spielberg whether the film should be released in theaters , but Spielberg insisted on a direct - to - video release . Spielberg said that he wanted to make the film a direct - to - video release because `` animated features are ideally suited for the repeat viewing , '' a factor he found important to the genre 's appeal to those watching animated films at home . In an interview for the Los Angeles Times , executive in charge of production Jean MacCurdy did not specify the budget of the film , but stated that it was far more costly than episodes of Tiny Toon Adventures . According to Hal Erickson 's Television Cartoon Shows : an Illustrated Encyclopedia , the budget of the average Tiny Toon Adventures episode was approximately $350,000 . How I Spent My Vacation was written by series writers Paul Dini , Nicholas Hollander , Tom Ruegger , and Sherri Stoner . Ruegger also produced the film , and Steven Spielberg was the executive producer . The film was animated by Tokyo Movie Shinsha , a Japanese studio . The film had eight directors : Rich Aarons , Ken Boyer , Kent Butterworth , Barry Caldwell , Alfred Gimeno , Arthur Leonardi , Byron Vaughns , and Aoyama Hiroshi . The film is about 73 minutes long . Themes ( edit ) One of the hallmarks of How I Spent My Vacation was the parody of film , popular culture , and celebrities . Videos for Kids noted that the film makes fun of `` California culture and youth '' with the use of celebrity caricatures , such as those of Roseanne Barr , Johnny Carson , Arsenio Hall , David Letterman , Jay Leno , Oprah Winfrey , and Sylvester Stallone . The film makes fun of other cartoon characters , such as those of Superman , The Simpsons , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , Who Framed Roger Rabbit , The Ren & Stimpy Show , Beavis and Butthead , and The Little Mermaid . Babs and Buster 's travels down the river are a parody of the film Deliverance . Jean MacCurdy said that How I Spent My Vacation makes fun of summer vacations by mocking `` the boredom of summer and some of those horrible car trips '' ( an issue that was first explored in National Lampoon 's Vacation ) . In the film , the Hampton family car trip is very taxing for Plucky Duck ; he is disgusted by the family and is nearly killed by an escaped lunatic that the family mistakes for a hitchhiker ( He happens to be a caricature of Jason Voorhees ) . The film 's fictional theme park , `` HappyWorldLand '' , is a spoof of Disneyland . The film also parodies the THX logo and Deep Note when Fowlmouth and Shirley are at the movie theater . Home media releases and broadcast ( edit ) How I Spent My Vacation was released direct - to - video on March 11 , 1992 . The film was released on VHS and LaserDisc formats . MacCurdy said that the film was released at that time to take advantage of the Easter market . Because retailers had high demand for the film , Warner Bros. shipped to them nearly one million copies , which the Los Angeles Times noted as `` a record for direct - to - video programs '' . How I Spent My Vacation was the first direct - to - video , feature - length animated film released in the United States . At the time , the concept of a direct - to - video animated feature was so strange to consumers that some mistakenly thought How I Spent My Vacation was a collection of Tiny Toon Adventures episodes . The film later aired on Fox Kids on September 5 , 1993 , as four Tiny Toon Adventures episodes , episodes 97 through 100 . Warner Bros. began to release the Tiny Toon Adventures series on DVD , in volumes , on July 29 , 2008 . The company released How I Spent My Vacation for the first time on DVD on August 21 , 2012 ( 20 years later ) . The Hub , which airs Tiny Toon Adventures , has shown the film as a `` Hub Family Movie . '' Reception ( edit ) Reviews ranged from positive to mixed . Giving three out of four bones , the VideoHound 's Golden Movie Retriever highlighted the parodies in the film , and noted that `` Parents will be ( as ) equally entertained ( as children ) by the level of humor and fast - paced action '' . Film critic Leonard Maltin gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying the film was `` ( e ) pisodic , '' but praised the voice cast , songs and `` funny business '' . TV Guide called the film a `` firecracker '' , citing the film 's many jokes . The book Videos for Kids : The Essential , Indispensable Parent 's Guide to Children 's Movies on Video praised the `` tongue - in - cheek humor '' and celebrity caricatures but issued warning to parents , stating that the film may not be appropriate for `` children too young to identify satire '' because the characters in the film `` are rude and combative '' and may not be positive role models . Videos for Kids still concluded that the film `` should provide an enjoyable viewing experience for the whole family '' . Dennis Hunt of the Los Angeles Times said that the format of a direct - video film was `` unusual '' , but that some parts of the film were `` hilarious '' , especially the scenes which make fun of Walt Disney World . Since its release , How I Spent My Vacation has been rated as one of the `` Top 20 ( U.S. - Produced ) Direct - to - Video Animated Films '' by The Animated Movie Guide . Rating the film a `` C + '' overall , Steve Daly of Entertainment Weekly noted that while the film was `` superior to most TV fare '' , he called the film a `` pandering kidvid make - over '' of the Looney Tunes cartoons on which Tiny Toons was based , saying the characters were immature and the content was `` fast without being funny '' . A 1992 issue of the Video Watchdog was particularly critical , calling the film `` a mixed bag '' that `` sacrificed ( ... ) a cohesive plot for an outline that allows various teams of characters to come up with four stories . '' The magazine also questioned the point of using characters heavily based on the classic Looney Tunes characters instead of using the classic characters themselves . The VHS release of How I Spent My Vacation was one of the highest selling videos in the United states ; on the Billboard charts , the video ranked 12th in sales in April 1992 . In May 1992 , How I Spent My Vacation rose to 9th in video sales . On July 18 , 1992 , How I Spent My Vacation had been on Billboard Magazine 's 40 `` Top Video Sales '' for 16 weeks . On June 27 , 1992 , the film was ranked the 5th highest on Billboard 's `` Top Kid Video '' . On February 6 , 1993 , How I Spent My Vacation had been on the `` Top Kid Video '' list for 41 weeks . While it did not state the revenue of the film , the Toronto Star stated that the film sold so well that Warner Bros. decided to release videos of Tiny Toon Adventures episodes . References ( edit ) a . Billboard Magazine and some reviews state that the film was released in 1991 . The Miami Herald , Bowker 's Complete Video Directory : 1997 , The Animated Movie Guide , TV Guide , Toonzone 's Tiny Toon Adventures episode guide , and the New York Times , state that the film was or will be released in 1992 . b . The Miami Herald refers to the film as `` the first full - length made - for - video animated adventure '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lazar , Jerry ( 1990 ) , `` Meet the Tiny Toons '' , Bugs Bunny Magazine Jump up ^ Hettrick , Scott ( Jan 17 , 1992 ) , `` Puppies and bunnies and toons on the loose ' Dalmations , ' ( sic ) ' Fievel Goes West , ' ' Tiny Toon Adventures ' are coming '' , Kansas City Star , p . G23 ^ Jump up to : `` It 's About Doggone Time ! '' , The Miami Herald , p. 41G , Apr 10 , 1992 ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Dennis ( April 1992 ) , `` This ' Tiny Toon ' Venture Is n't From TV '' , Los Angeles Times , retrieved April 24 , 2010 Jump up ^ Erickson , Hal ( 2005 ) , `` Tiny Toon Adventures '' , Television Cartoon Shows : An Illustrated Encyclopedia , 1949 Through 2003 , 1 ( 2 ed . ) , McFarland & Company , p. 853 , ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2099 - 5 Jump up ^ Opening credits for Tiny Toon Adventures : How I Spent My Vacation ^ Jump up to : Closing credits for Tiny Toon Adventures : How I Spent My Vacation ^ Jump up to : Bowker 's Complete Video Directory : 1997 , New Providence : R.R. Bowker , January 1997 , p. 1218 ^ Jump up to : Beck , Jerry ( 2005 ) , The Animated Movie Guide , Chicago , Illinois : Chicago Review Press , p. 327 , ISBN 1 - 55652 - 591 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Doug , Atkinson ; Fiona Zippan ( 1995 ) , Videos for Kids : The Essential , Indispensable Parent 's Guide to Children 's Movies on Video , Rocklin : Prima Lifestyles , p. 157 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55958 - 635 - 1 Jump up ^ Mink , Eric ( March 18 , 1992 ) , `` A Looney Vacation With ' Tiny Toons ' '' , St. Louis Post-Dispatch , p. 7F ^ Jump up to : TV Guide , 40 , 1992 Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Connors , Martin ; Jim Craddock ( 2000 ) , `` Tiny Toon Adventures : How I Spent My Vacation '' , VideoHound 's Golden Movie Retriever 2000 , Farmington Hills : Thomson Gale , p. 923 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57859 - 042 - 1 , archived from the original on March 3 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Tiny Toon Adventures Episodes '' , Toon Zone , retrieved April 26 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Clark , Mike ( March 13 , 1992 ) , `` New in Stores '' , USA Today , pp. 3D Jump up ^ Lenburg , Jeff ( 2008 ) , `` Tiny Toon Adventures : How I Spent My Vacation '' , The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons , 1 ( 3 ed . ) , Checkmark Books , p. 399 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6600 - 1 Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 21 , 2008 ) , Tiny Toon Adventures - Official Press Release for 1st DVD Releases of Tiny Toon Adventures , Freakazoid ! , TVShowsonDVD.com , archived from the original on February 8 , 2009 , retrieved April 29 , 2010 Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 17 , 2012 ) , Tiny Toon Adventures - Warner DVD Release Describes ' How I Spent My Vacation ' ! , TVShowsonDVD.com , archived from the original on May 19 , 2012 , retrieved May 20 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Maltin , Leonard ; Cathleen Anderson , Pete Hammond ( 2000 ) , Leonard Maltin 's 2001 Movie & Video Guide , Signet , p. 1442 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 20107 - 2 Jump up ^ Steve , Daly ( March 20 , 1992 ) , `` Video Review : Tiny Toon Adventures ( 1992 ) '' , Entertainment Weekly , retrieved April 26 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Video Watchdog ( 9 ) , p. 18 , 1992 Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Associated Press ( April 14 -- 15 , 1992 ) , `` Video Rentals , Sales '' , Desert News , p. 2 Jump up ^ Associated Press ( May 7 , 1992 ) , `` Top Video Rentals , Sales '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , p . C7 Jump up ^ `` Top Video Sales '' , Billboard , 104 ( 29 ) , p. 51 , July 18 , 1992 Jump up ^ `` Top Kid Video '' , Billboard , 104 ( 29 ) , p. 48 , June 27 , 1992 Jump up ^ `` Top Kid Video '' , Billboard , 105 ( 6 ) , p. 48 , February 6 , 1993 Jump up ^ Wilner , Norman ( July 18 , 1992 ) , `` Turn On Toon In '' , Toronto Star , p . SW8 Jump up ^ Nichols , Peter ( March 19 , 1992 ) , `` ' Fievel Goes West ' '' , The New York Times , retrieved July 6 , 2012 External links ( edit ) Tiny Toon Adventures : How I Spent My Vacation on IMDb Tiny Toon Adventures General Episodes Characters Film Video games Spin - offs The Plucky Duck Show Pinky , Elmyra & the Brain Related Pinky and the Brain Animaniacs Freakazoid ! Warner Bros. Animation Warner Bros. Animation Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies Shorts characters The Bugs Bunny Show The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie ( 1981 ) Bugs Bunny 's 3rd Movie : 1001 Rabbit Tales ( 1982 ) Daffy Duck 's Fantastic Island ( 1983 ) Daffy Duck 's Quackbusters ( 1988 ) Merrie Melodies Starring Bugs Bunny & Friends Tiny Toon Adventures characters Taz - Mania The Plucky Duck Show The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries Bugs ' n ' Daffy Space Jam ( 1996 ) Baby Looney Tunes Duck Dodgers characters Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( 2003 ) Loonatics Unleashed characters The Looney Tunes Show episodes New Looney Tunes DC Comics Batman : The Animated Series Superman : The Animated Series The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond Static Shock The Zeta Project Justice League Teen Titans Justice League Unlimited The Batman Krypto the Superdog Legion of Super Heroes Batman : The Brave and the Bold Young Justice Green Lantern : The Animated Series DC Nation Shorts Teen Titans Go ! Beware the Batman Justice League : Gods and Monsters Chronicles Vixen Justice League Action Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine : City of Demons DC Super Hero Girls TV series Scooby - Doo What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Shaggy & Scooby - Doo Get a Clue ! Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated Be Cool , Scooby - Doo ! `` Scoobynatural '' ( Supernatural episode ) Scooby - Doo and Guess Who ? Animaniacs Animaniacs characters Pinky and the Brain Pinky , Elmyra & the Brain Animaniacs ( reboot ) Tom and Jerry Tom and Jerry Tales The Tom and Jerry Show The Lego Movie The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) Unikitty ! The Lego Movie 2 : The Second Part ( 2019 ) Theatrical feature - length films The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie ( 1981 ) Bugs Bunny 's 3rd Movie : 1001 Rabbit Tales ( 1982 ) Daffy Duck 's Fantastic Island ( 1983 ) Daffy Duck 's Quackbusters ( 1988 ) Batman : Mask of the Phantasm ( 1993 ) Space Jam ( 1996 ) Quest for Camelot ( 1998 ) The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) Osmosis Jones ( 2001 ) Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( 2003 ) The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Storks ( 2016 ) The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) Teen Titans Go ! To the Movies ( 2018 ) Smallfoot ( 2018 ) The Lego Movie 2 : The Second Part ( 2019 ) Other TV series Freakazoid ! Histeria ! Coconut Fred 's Fruit Salad Island Detention Baby Blues Ozzy & Drix ¡ Mucha Lucha ! ( characters ) 3 South Xiaolin Showdown Firehouse Tales Johnny Test characters Road Rovers Mad ThunderCats Waynehead Mike Tyson Mysteries Bunnicula Right Now Kapow Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz Wacky Races Yabba - Dabba Dinosaurs ! Green Eggs and Ham ThunderCats Roar Television specials A Miser Brothers ' Christmas ( 2008 ) Scooby - Doo ! Spooky Games ( 2012 ) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special ( 2012 Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Holidays ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Spooky Scarecrow ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mecha Mutt Menace ( 2013 ) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2 : Villains in Paradise ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! Ghastly Goals ( 2014 ) Tom and Jerry : Santa 's Little Helpers ( 2014 ) Lego DC Comics : Batman Be-Leaguered ( 2014 ) Elf : Buddy 's Musical Christmas ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Beach Beastie ( 2015 ) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III : Magical Friendship ( 2015 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Knight Time Terror ( 2015 ) DC Super Hero Girls : Super Hero High ( 2016 ) Direct - to - video films Tiny Toon Adventures : How I Spent My Vacation ( 1992 ) Batman & Mr. Freeze : SubZero ( 1998 ) Scooby - Doo on Zombie Island ( 1998 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Witch 's Ghost ( 1999 ) Wakko 's Wish ( 1999 ) Tweety 's High - Flying Adventure ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo and the Alien Invaders ( 2000 ) Batman Beyond : Return of the Joker ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo and the Cyber Chase ( 2001 ) Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring ( 2002 ) Baby Looney Tunes ' Eggs - traordinary Adventure ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Legend of the Vampire ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Monster of Mexico ( 2003 ) Batman : Mystery of the Batwoman ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Loch Ness Monster ( 2004 ) Kangaroo Jack : G'Day U.S.A. ! ( 2004 ) ¡ Mucha Lucha ! : The Return of El Maléfico ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry : Blast Off to Mars ( 2005 ) Aloha , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry ( 2005 ) The Batman vs. Dracula ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! in Where 's My Mummy ? ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! Pirates Ahoy ! ( 2005 ) Superman : Brainiac Attacks ( 2006 ) Tom and Jerry : Shiver Me Whiskers ( 2006 ) Teen Titans : Trouble in Tokyo ( 2006 ) Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas ( 2006 ) Chill Out , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2007 ) Superman : Doomsday ( 2007 ) Tom and Jerry : A Nutcracker Tale ( 2007 ) Justice League : The New Frontier ( 2008 ) Batman : Gotham Knight ( 2008 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Goblin King ( 2008 ) Wonder Woman ( 2009 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Samurai Sword ( 2009 ) Green Lantern : First Flight ( 2009 ) Superman / Batman : Public Enemies ( 2009 ) Scooby - Doo ! Abracadabra - Doo ( 2010 ) Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths ( 2010 ) Batman : Under the Red Hood ( 2010 ) Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Scooby - Doo ! Camp Scare ( 2010 ) Superman / Batman : Apocalypse ( 2010 ) All - Star Superman ( 2011 ) Green Lantern : Emerald Knights ( 2011 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Scooby - Doo ! Legend of the Phantosaur ( 2011 ) Batman : Year One ( 2011 ) Justice League : Doom ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! Music of the Vampire ( 2012 ) Superman vs. The Elite ( 2012 ) Batman : The Dark Knight Returns ( 2012 / 2013 ) Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse ( 2012 ) Big Top Scooby - Doo ! ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mask of the Blue Falcon ( 2013 ) Superman : Unbound ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Adventures : The Mystery Map ( 2013 ) Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox ( 2013 ) Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Stage Fright ( 2013 ) JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time ( 2014 ) Justice League : War ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! WrestleMania Mystery ( 2014 ) Son of Batman ( 2014 ) Batman : Assault on Arkham ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! Frankencreepy ( 2014 ) Tom and Jerry : The Lost Dragon ( 2014 ) Justice League : Throne of Atlantis ( 2015 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League vs. Bizarro League ( 2015 ) Scooby - Doo ! Moon Monster Madness ( 2015 ) The Flintstones & WWE : Stone Age SmackDown ! ( 2015 ) Batman vs. Robin ( 2015 ) Batman Unlimited : Animal Instincts ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Spy Quest ( 2015 ) Scooby - Doo ! and Kiss : Rock and Roll Mystery ( 2015 ) Justice League : Gods and Monsters ( 2015 ) Looney Tunes : Rabbits Run ( 2015 ) Batman Unlimited : Monster Mayhem ( 2015 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Attack of the Legion of Doom ( 2015 ) Batman : Bad Blood ( 2016 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Cosmic Clash ( 2016 ) Justice League vs. Teen Titans ( 2016 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Hollywood ( 2016 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Gotham City Breakout ( 2016 ) Batman : The Killing Joke ( 2016 ) Scooby - Doo ! and WWE : Curse of the Speed Demon ( 2016 ) DC Super Hero Girls : Hero of the Year ( 2016 ) Batman Unlimited : Mechs vs. Mutants ( 2016 ) Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders ( 2016 ) Justice League Dark ( 2017 ) Scooby - Doo ! Shaggy 's Showdown ( 2017 ) The Jetsons & WWE : Robo - WrestleMania ! ( 2017 ) Teen Titans : The Judas Contract ( 2017 ) DC Super Hero Girls : Intergalactic Games ( 2017 ) Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Blowout Beach Bash ( 2017 ) Lego DC Super Hero Girls : Brain Drain ( 2017 ) Batman and Harley Quinn ( 2017 ) Batman vs. Two - Face ( 2017 ) Scooby - Doo ! & Batman : The Brave and the Bold ( 2018 ) Batman : Gotham by Gaslight ( 2018 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : The Flash ( 2018 ) Suicide Squad : Hell to Pay ( 2018 ) Batman Ninja ( 2018 ) Lego DC Super Hero Girls : Super-Villain High ( 2018 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Aquaman : Rage of Atlantis ( 2018 ) The Death of Superman ( 2018 ) Short films The Duxorcist ( 1987 ) The Night of the Living Duck ( 1988 ) Box - Office Bunny ( 1990 ) I 'm Mad ( 1994 ) Chariots of Fur ( 1994 ) Carrotblanca ( 1995 ) Another Froggy Evening ( 1995 ) Superior Duck ( 1996 ) Pullet Surprise ( 1997 ) Marvin the Martian in the Third Dimension ( 1997 ) From Hare to Eternity ( 1997 ) Father of the Bird ( 1997 ) Little Go Beep ( 2000 ) Chase Me ( 2003 ) The Karate Guard ( 2005 ) DC Showcase : The Spectre ( 2010 ) DC Showcase : Jonah Hex ( 2010 ) Coyote Falls ( 2010 ) Fur of Flying ( 2010 ) DC Showcase : Green Arrow ( 2010 ) Superman / Shazam ! : The Return of Black Adam ( 2010 ) Rabid Rider ( 2010 ) DC Showcase : Catwoman ( 2011 ) I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat ( 2011 ) Daffy 's Rhapsody ( 2012 ) The Master ( 2016 ) See also Warner Animation Group Warner Bros. Cartoons Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Hanna - Barbera Cartoon Network Productions Cartoon Network Studios Williams Street Cartoon Network Studios Europe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiny_Toon_Adventures:_How_I_Spent_My_Vacation&oldid=843150328 '' Categories : 1992 films English - language films 1992 animated films 1992 direct - to - video films 1990s American animated films 1990s comedy films Tiny Toon Adventures American direct - to - video films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's animated fantasy films American fantasy adventure films Animated comedy films Animated Superman films Crossover animation Films about vacationing Animated films based on animated series Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in the United States Amblin Entertainment animated films Warner Bros. Animation animated films Warner Bros. direct - to - video animated films Films scored by Don Davis ( composer ) Screenplays by Paul Dini Screenplays by Sherri Stoner Amblin Entertainment films Warner Bros. direct - to - video films Films about animals Animated films about animals Films about rabbits and hares Films about dogs Animated films about dogs Films about birds Animated films about birds Films about pigs Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Use mdy dates from May 2015 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 06 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny%20Toon%20Adventures%3A%20How%20I%20Spent%20My%20Vacation

why is the bass pro shop in memphis a pyramid

Memphis Pyramid

memphis pyramid

The Memphis Pyramid , initially known as the Great American Pyramid , formerly referred to as the Pyramid Arena and locally referred to as The Pyramid , was originally built as a 20,142 - seat arena located in downtown Memphis , in the U.S. state of Tennessee , at the banks of the Mississippi River . The facility was built in 1991 and was originally owned and operated jointly by the city of Memphis and Shelby County ; Shelby County sold its share to Memphis in April 2009 . Its structure plays on the city 's namesake in Egypt , known for its ancient pyramids . It is 321 feet ( 98 m ) ( about 32 stories ) tall and has base sides of 591 feet ( 180 m ) ; it is by some measures the tenth - tallest pyramid in the world .

The Memphis Pyramid has not been regularly used as a sports or entertainment venue since 2004 . In 2015 , the Pyramid re-opened as a Bass Pro Shops `` megastore '' , which includes shopping , a hotel , restaurants , a bowling alley , and an archery range , with an outdoor observation deck adjacent to its apex . Contents 1 Construction 2 Various former uses and events 3 Troubles and closure 4 Bass Pro Shops and redevelopment 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Construction ( edit ) The `` Great American Pyramid '' was conceived originally by Mark C. Hartz , a Memphis artist in about 1954 . The project originally included three pyramids located on the south bluffs of Memphis overlooking the Mississippi River . The largest of the three would have been two - third scale of the Great Pyramid of Giza near Memphis , Egypt ; the flanking structures would have been scaled at two - thirds the size of the main pyramid . The project languished for three decades until Mark 's younger son , Memphian Jon Brent Hartz , resurrected the concept . Mark C. Hartz , who was well known for his architectural renderings , rendered a new bronze glass - glazed pyramid . After years of negotiations , the younger Hartz 's concept was adopted by entrepreneur John Tigrett as a symbol for the city of Memphis . The groundbreaking ceremony was held on September 15 , 1989 and the building was opened on November 9 , 1991 . The construction of the building was managed by Sidney Shlenker , part owner of the Denver Nuggets and several entertainment companies , who Tigrett had brought to Memphis to develop tourist attractions in the building . Originally , there were plans for a shortwave radio station broadcasting Memphis music , an observation deck with an inclinator along the side of the building , a Hard Rock Cafe , a music museum , and a theme park on Mud Island along with other things . However , the plans were scrapped because of a fallout between Tigrett and Shlenker and the latter 's financial difficulties . Various former uses and events ( edit ) Pyramid Arena The Pyramid The Pyramid Arena , as seen from the Auction Avenue bridge in 2002 . Location 1 Auction Avenue Memphis , Tennessee 38105 Coordinates 35 ° 9 ′ 20 '' N 90 ° 3 ′ 7 '' W  /  35.15556 ° N 90.05194 ° W  / 35.15556 ; - 90.05194 Coordinates : 35 ° 9 ′ 20 '' N 90 ° 3 ′ 7 '' W  /  35.15556 ° N 90.05194 ° W  / 35.15556 ; - 90.05194 Owner City of Memphis Operator SMG Capacity Concerts : 21,000 Basketball : 20,142 ( 1991 -- 2001 ) 19,405 ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 19,351 ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Construction Broke ground September 15 , 1989 Opened November 9 , 1991 Closed Reopened November 2011 Construction cost US $65 million ( $117 million in 2017 dollars ) Architect Rosser Fabrap International Structural engineer Walter P. Moore & Associates , Inc . General contractor Huber , Hunt & Nichols Tenants Memphis Tigers ( NCAA ) ( 1991 -- 2004 ) Memphis Pharaohs ( AFL ) ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( NBA ) ( 2001 -- 2004 ) The Pyramid was the home court for the University of Memphis men 's basketball program , and later for the National Basketball Association 's Memphis Grizzlies . However , both teams left The Pyramid in November 2004 to move into the newly built FedExForum . It was also home to the Memphis Pharaohs of the AFL . The arena hosted the 1993 Great Midwest Conference Men 's and Women 's basketball tournaments , the 1994 and 1997 Southeastern Conference men 's basketball tournament , the 1996 and 2000 Conference USA men 's basketball tournament , and the 2003 Conference USA women 's basketball tournament . It also held the first and second rounds of the NCAA Tournament in 1995 , 1997 , and 2001 . Singer Mary J. Blige performed at the arena in September 1997 during her Share My World Tour . The Pyramid was the site in 1999 of the WWF St. Valentine 's Day Massacre : In Your House pay - per - view ; also in ' 99 the rock bands the Rolling Stones and Phish played sold - out concerts . It also hosted the boxing mega-fight between Lennox Lewis and Mike Tyson in 2002 , which Lewis won by a knockout in the eighth round . From 2002 to 2006 , the annual Church of God in Christ international holy convocations were held here . In 2002 , the arena hosted a concert , commemorating the 25th anniversary of Elvis Presley 's death . Bob Seger & The Silver Bullet Band performed what is reputed to be the last concert ever in the Pyramid , on February 3 , 2007 . Filmmaker Craig Brewer used the building as a sound stage for his film Black Snake Moan in late 2005 . Troubles and closure ( edit ) The vacant Pyramid pictured in 2010 . On the Pyramid 's opening night , the arena floor flooded because of inadequate drainage pumps , and the entire arena began to flood causing stage hands to sandbag the entire perimeter to preserve the electrical runs under the stage . The death knell for the arena sounded when the NBA 's Grizzlies moved from Vancouver . The Pyramid was originally thought to be more than suitable for an NBA team , but it was discovered that it needed to be significantly upgraded in order to be a viable NBA arena . The cost of upgrading to NBA standards made it more practical to build a new arena . As a result , the $250 million FedExForum was built and opened in 2004 . The City of Memphis 's contract with the Grizzlies forbade the use of The Pyramid without the team 's approval , and as a result , it went dark . A committee headed by Memphis businessman Scott Ledbetter studied possible uses of the arena in 2005 , and considered such uses as converting the arena into a casino , an aquarium , a shopping mall , or an indoor theme park . In November 2006 , Congressman - Elect Steve Cohen ( D - Tennessee ) suggested that he would attempt to open a `` Mid-American branch '' of the Smithsonian Institution in the building . However , these plans were never realized . In the end , the Ledbetter committee on the building 's future recommended that it be used for `` destination retail '' which would create more jobs and new tax revenues . Bass Pro Shops and redevelopment ( edit ) Interior of the Pyramid on Bass Pro Shops ' opening day In October 2005 , media speculation began to focus on an aquarium or a Bass Pro Shops superstore as the most likely long - term tenants of the arena . In 2008 , the city and Bass Pro Shops reached a `` tentative '' agreement , short on details , but based on an intent to develop the then - abandoned structure . On June 30 , 2010 , after 5 years of negotiating , Bass Pro and the City of Memphis signed an agreement for a 55 - year lease for a Bass Pro Shops megastore . In addition , the redevelopment plans include revitalizing the Pinch District , which is the neighborhood east of the Pyramid . The city invested $30 million and hired O.T. Marshall Architects to help with the seismic retrofitting of the structure which was funded by sales tax revenue in the surrounding area . O.T. Marshall later was hired by Bass Pro for its renovations and construction , leading to its opening April 29 , 2015 . In addition to the retail store itself , Bass Pro at the Pyramid is home to an archery range , shooting range , and laser arcade . The building also includes an Uncle Buck 's Fishbowl and Grill with a bowling alley and a saltwater aquarium . The tallest freestanding elevator in America takes visitors to The Lookout at the Pyramid at the apex of the building , where they can take in the view on an indoor and outdoor observation deck or dine and drink at the `` Sky High Catfish Cabin '' , a restaurant , bar , and aquarium at the top of the building . At the base of the Pyramid is a 100 - room hotel known as the Big Cypress Lodge . Bass Pro at the Pyramid contains 600,000 gallons of water features and the largest collection of waterfowl and hunting related equipment in the world . One million people visited the Bass Pro Pyramid between the grand opening in April 2015 and July 8 , 2015 . Due in part to this large success , Bass Pro is considering adding a zip - line and a second hotel to the Pyramid . Legacy ( edit ) In 2011 , a drawing of The Pyramid -- alongside images of iconic structures from Tennessee 's three other large cities ( the AT&T Building in Nashville , Knoxville 's Sunsphere , and the Tennessee Aquarium of Chattanooga ) -- was incorporated into the standard design of Tennessee 's state - issued driver 's licenses . See also ( edit ) List of tallest buildings in Memphis Bass Pro Shops References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Baird , Woody ( September 15 , 1989 ) . `` Memphis Will Celebrate '' . Associated Press . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Baird , Woody ( November 9 , 1991 ) . `` Big Pyramid , Little Wonder '' . Associated Press . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : The Great American Pyramid Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ McMillin , Zack . Once filled to the rafters , Pyramid sits empty as its future is debated . Memphis Commercial Appeal , Sunday , May 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Tallest 15 Pyramids '' . The Hungry Suitcase . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Casting call announced for ' Black Snake Moan ' '' . Memphis Business Journal . Memphis , Tennessee . 2005 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Williams , David ( 2007 - 12 - 12 ) . `` $250 million plan proposed for Pyramid , Mud Island '' . Commercial Appeal . Memphis , Tennessee . Jump up ^ `` Bass Pro Shops officially announce plans for the Pyramid '' . WMC - TV . 2006 - 02 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Maki , Amos ( 2011 - 08 - 11 ) . `` Crews to begin transforming Pyramid into Bass Pro store Oct. 11 , sources say '' . Commercial Appeal . Memphis , Tennessee . Jump up ^ `` Bass Pro Shops at the Pyramid '' . Jump up ^ Evanoff , Ted . `` Bass Pro attendance has topped 1 million '' . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pyramid Arena . Emporis page Preceded by General Motors Place Home of the Memphis Grizzlies 2001 -- 2004 Succeeded by FedExForum Preceded by first arena Home of Memphis Pharaohs 1995 -- 1996 Succeeded by BancorpSouth Arena City of Memphis and Memphis metropolitan area ( counties in TN , MS and AR ) Topics History Timeline Geography Government Economy Education Culture Tourism Sports Transportation Memphians Districts Downtown Midtown North Memphis South Memphis East Memphis Neighborhoods Belle Meade Berclair Binghampton Capleville Central Gardens Chickasaw Gardens Cooper - Young Cordova Douglass Evergreen Frayser Glenview Harbor Town Hickory Hill High Point Terrace Hollywood Hyde Park Lenox Medical District Mud Island Normal Station Nutbush Orange Mound Parkway Village Raleigh Riverside Sherwood Forest South Main Uptown Victorian Village Vollintine Hills Whitehaven Wolfchase Metro area landmarks Tennessee A. Schwab 's Art Museum of the University of Memphis AutoZone Stadium Bartlett Museum Beale Street Bellevue Baptist Church Belz Museum Botanic Garden Brooks Museum Burkle Estate Central Station Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception Chickasaw Bluff Children 's Museum Chucalissa Museum Cotton Museum Davies Manor Dixon Gallery and Gardens Downtown Trolleys Elmwood Cemetery FedExForum Fire Museum Fort Assumption Fort Wright Graceland Hernando de Soto Bridge Liberty Bowl Stadium Libertyland Lichterman Nature Center Lincoln American Tower Magevney House Mallory -- Neely House Meeman - Shelby Forest State Park Memorial Park Cemetery Cotton Exchange Memphis International Airport International Raceway National Cemetery Parkway System Railroad & Trolley Museum Memphis Zoo Mississippi River Mississippi River Park Mud Island Monorail National Civil Rights Museum National Ornamental Metal Museum Oaklawn Garden Orpheum Theatre Overton Park Peabody Hotel Pink Palace The Pyramid Rhodes College Rock N ' Soul Museum St. Jude Children 's Research Hospital St. Mary 's Episcopal Cathedral Shelby Farms Stax Museum Sun Studio South Main Arts District Temple Israel Tennessee Brewery Tipton County Museum T.O. Fuller State Park Tom Lee Park Union Station University of Memphis Victorian Village Wolf River Mississippi Arkabutla Lake BankPlus Amphitheater at Snowden Grove DeSoto County Museum 1st Jackpot Casino Gold Strike Casino Holly Springs National Forest Landers Center Horseshoe Casino Mississippi River Resorts Casino Sam 's Town Gambling Hall Southaven Towne Center Tunica Resorts Snowden Grove Park Tanger Outlets Southaven Tunica Roadhouse Casino Wall Doxey State Park Arkansas Horseshoe Lake Mississippi River Southland Park Gaming and Racing Wapanocca National Wildlife Refuge Metro area suburbs Tennessee Arlington Atoka Bartlett Collierville Covington Germantown Lakeland Millington Munford Northaven Oakland Piperton Somerville Shelby Forest Mississippi Byhalia Hernando Holly Springs Horn Lake Olive Branch Senatobia Southaven Tunica Tunica Resorts ( Robinsonville ) Walls Arkansas Earle Marion West Memphis Metro area counties Tennessee Shelby Fayette Tipton Mississippi DeSoto Marshall Tate Tunica Arkansas Crittenden Memphis Grizzlies Founded in 1995 Played in Vancouver ( 1995 -- 2001 ) Based in Memphis , Tennessee Franchise Franchise History Expansion Draft All - time roster Head coaches Draft history Records Seasons Current season Arenas General Motors Place Pyramid Arena FedExForum General managers Jackson Knight West Wallace G League affiliate Memphis Hustle Administration Owners Memphis Basketball , LLC ( Robert J. Pera , Chairman and Controlling Owner , Steven Kaplan , Daniel E. Straus ) General Manager , Basketball Operations Chris Wallace Head coach David Fizdale Culture and lore Vancouver Grizzlies relocation to Memphis Naismith Cup Orca Bay Sports & Entertainment Grit and Grind Growl Towel `` You Dropped a Bomb on Me '' ( The Gap Band song ) Media TV Fox Sports Tennessee Fox Sports Southeast Radio Radio Network WMFS ( AM ) WMFS - FM Announcers Pete Pranica Brevin Knight Sean Tuohy Eric Hasseltine Hank McDowell Elliot Perry Memphis Tigers men 's basketball Venues Various locations ( 1920 -- 1929 ) Memorial Fieldhouse ( 1929 -- 1966 ) Mid-South Coliseum ( 1966 -- 1991 ) Pyramid Arena ( 1991 -- 2004 ) FedExForum ( 2004 -- present ) Rivalries Louisville Culture & lore Pouncer Newby 's TOM ( mascot ) `` Go Tigers Go '' Mighty Sound of the South People Head coaches All - Americans NBA players Retired jerseys Seasons 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1942 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 NCAA Final Four appearances in italics Oklahoma Wranglers Formerly the Memphis Pharaohs and the Portland Forest Dragons Founded in 1995 Folded in 2001 Based in Memphis , Tennessee ( 1995 -- 1996 ) , Portland , Oregon ( 1997 -- 1999 ) and Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Franchise Franchise Seasons Players Arenas Pyramid Arena Moda Center Myriad Convention Center Head coaches Frease Brock Cortese Playoff appearances ( 2 ) 1995 2000 Hall of Fame members Ben Bennett Seasons ( 7 ) 1990s 1995 2000s Music venues of Tennessee Outdoor venues Ascend Amphitheater Finley Stadium Great Stage Park Levitt Shell Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium Mud Island Nissan Stadium Theaters and clubs Bijou Theatre Bluebird Café Exit / In Grand Ole Opry Ryman Auditorium Tennessee Theatre War Memorial Auditorium Station Inn Robert 's Western World Arenas Bridgestone Arena FedExForum Freedom Hall Civic Center McKenzie Arena Murphy Center Nashville Municipal Auditorium Oman Arena Thompson -- Boling Arena Viking Hall Civic Center Festivals Bonnaroo Music Festival Live on the Green Music Festival Historic venues Pyramid Arena Starwood Amphitheatre Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memphis_Pyramid&oldid=845626433 '' Categories : 1991 establishments in Tennessee Basketball venues in Tennessee Defunct arena football venues Defunct boxing venues in the United States Former National Basketball Association venues Professional wrestling venues in Tennessee Event venues established in 1991 Landmarks in Tennessee Memphis Grizzlies venues Memphis Tigers basketball venues Pyramids in the United States Skyscrapers in Memphis , Tennessee Sports venues completed in 1991 Sports venues in Memphis , Tennessee Defunct sports venues in Tennessee Skyscrapers in Tennessee Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2015 Pages with maps Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Latina Português Русский Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 02 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis%20Pyramid

i just want to be ok today lyrics

Be OK ( Ingrid Michaelson song )

be ok ( ingrid michaelson song )

`` Be OK '' is the first single from Ingrid Michaelson 's third studio album , Be OK .

The song was used in the films The House Bunny and The Decoy Bride , in Season 1 , episode 7 of 90210 , in Season 2 , episode 15 of Parenthood , in Season 4 , episode 1 of Ugly Betty , and in advertisements for Better With You . It was also used in commercials for Mott 's Apple Juice , Ritz Crackers , Travelers Insurance and Australian insurance company Allianz . Music video ( edit ) Two versions of the music video debuted through the Stand Up to Cancer Foundation . One version debuted through BORDERS , while the other debuted on the Stand Up to Cancer website and featured the acoustic version . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 -- 10 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 45 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 64 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 174 UK Indie ( Official Charts Company ) 18 US Billboard Hot 100 91 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 17 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1657299/soundtrack Jump up ^ `` Borders : Exclusive Ingrid Michaelson `` Be OK '' Video `` . Bordersmedia.com . Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Stand Up To Cancer '' . Standup2cancer.org . Archived from the original on 26 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Ingrid Michaelson -- Be OK '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Ingrid Michaelson -- Be OK '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://zobbel.de/cluk/100717cluk.txt Jump up ^ `` Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ingrid Michaelson Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ingrid Michaelson Chart History ( Adult Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Ingrid Michaelson Albums Slow the Rain Girls and Boys Be OK Everybody Human Again Lights Out It Does n't Have to Make Sense Singles `` The Way I Am '' `` Be OK '' `` Maybe '' `` Girls Chase Boys '' Collaborators Joshua Radin William Fitzsimmons Sara Bareilles Marshall Altman Greg Laswell Allie Moss This 2000s pop single - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Be_OK_(Ingrid_Michaelson_song)&oldid=738940009 '' Categories : 2008 singles Songs written by Ingrid Michaelson Ingrid Michaelson songs 2008 songs 2000s pop single stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for UKindie Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 September 2016 , at 22 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%20OK%20%28Ingrid%20Michaelson%20song%29

where is the larynx located in the human body

In adult humans , the larynx is found in the anterior neck at the level of the C3 -- C6 vertebrae . It connects the inferior part of the pharynx ( hypopharynx ) with the trachea . The laryngeal skeleton consists of six cartilages : three single ( epiglottic , thyroid and cricoid ) and three paired ( arytenoid , corniculate , and cuneiform ) . The hyoid bone is not part of the larynx , though the larynx is suspended from the hyoid . The larynx extends vertically from the tip of the epiglottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage . Its interior can be divided in supraglottis , glottis and subglottis .

in the anterior neck at the level of the C3 -- C6 vertebrae

Larynx

larynx

The larynx ( / ˈlærɪŋks / ; plural larynges ; from the Greek λάρυγξ lárynx ) , commonly called the voice box , is an organ in the neck of tetrapods involved in breathing , sound production , and protecting the trachea against food aspiration . The larynx houses the vocal cords , and manipulates pitch and volume , which is essential for phonation . They are situated just below where the tract of the pharynx splits into the trachea and the esophagus .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Cartilages 1.2 Muscles 1.2. 1 Intrinsic 1.2. 2 Extrinsic 1.3 Innervation 1.4 Development 2 Function 2.1 Sound generation 2.2 Other 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Disorders 4 Other animals 4.1 Non-mammals 5 History 6 Additional images 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Sources Structure ( edit ) Vocal cords abducted and adducted Basic parts of the human larynx Cartilages ( edit ) Posterior view of the larynx ; disarticulated cartilages ( left ) and intrinsic muscles ( right ) There are six cartilages , three unpaired and three paired , that support the mammalian larynx and form its skeleton . Unpaired cartilages : Thyroid cartilage : This forms the Adam 's apple . It is usually larger in males than in females . The thyrohyoid membrane is a ligament associated with the thyroid cartilage that connects the thyroid cartilage with the hyoid bone . Cricoid cartilage : A ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx . It is attached to the top of the trachea . The median cricothyroid ligament connects the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage . Epiglottis : A large , spoon - shaped piece of elastic cartilage . During swallowing , the pharynx and larynx rise . Elevation of the pharynx widens it to receive food and drink ; elevation of the larynx causes the epiglottis to move down and form a lid over the glottis , closing it off . Paired cartilages : Arytenoid cartilages : Of the paired cartilages , the arytenoid cartilages are the most important because they influence the position and tension of the vocal folds . These are triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterosuperior border of the cricoid cartilage . Corniculate cartilages : Horn - shaped pieces of elastic cartilage located at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage . Cuneiform cartilages : Club - shaped pieces of elastic cartilage located anterior to the corniculate cartilages . Muscles ( edit ) The muscles of the larynx are divided into intrinsic and extrinsic muscles . The intrinsic muscles are divided into respiratory and the phonatory muscles ( the muscles of phonation ) . The respiratory muscles move the vocal cords apart and serve breathing . The phonatory muscles move the vocal cords together and serve the production of voice . The extrinsic , passing between the larynx and parts around ; and intrinsic , confined entirely . The main respiratory muscles are the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles . The phonatory muscles are divided into adductors ( lateral cricoarytenoid muscles , arytenoid muscles ) and tensors ( cricothyroid muscles , thyroarytenoid muscles ) . Intrinsic ( edit ) The intrinsic laryngeal muscles are responsible for controlling sound production . Cricothyroid muscle lengthen and tense the vocal folds . Posterior cricoarytenoid muscles abduct and externally rotate the arytenoid cartilages , resulting in abducted vocal folds . Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles adduct and internally rotate the arytenoid cartilages , increase medial compression . Transverse arytenoid muscle adduct the arytenoid cartilages , resulting in adducted vocal folds . Oblique arytenoid muscles narrow the laryngeal inlet by constricting the distance between the arytenoid cartilages . Thyroarytenoid muscles -- sphincter of vestibule , narrowing the laryngeal inlet , shortening the vocal folds , and lowering voice pitch . The internal thyroarytenoid is the portion of the thyroarytenoid that vibrates to produce sound . Notably the only muscle capable of separating the vocal cords for normal breathing is the posterior cricoarytenoid . If this muscle is incapacitated on both sides , the inability to pull the vocal folds apart ( abduct ) will cause difficulty breathing . Bilateral injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve would cause this condition . It is also worth noting that all muscles are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus except the cricothyroid muscle , which is innervated by the external laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve ( a branch of the vagus ) . Additionally , intrinsic laryngeal muscles present a constitutive Ca2+ - buffering profile that predicts their better ability to handle calcium changes in comparison to other muscles . This profile is in agreement with their function as very fast muscles with a well - developed capacity for prolonged work . Studies suggests that mechanisms involved in the prompt sequestering of Ca2+ ( sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ - reuptake proteins , plasma membrane pumps , and cytosolic Ca2+ - buffering proteins ) are particularly elevated in laryngeal muscles , indicating their importance for the myofiber function and protection against disease , such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy . Furthermore , differential levels of Orai1 in rat intrinsic laryngeal muscles and extraocular muscles over the limb muscle suggests a role for store operated calcium entry channels in those muscles ' functional properties and signaling mechanisms . Extrinsic ( edit ) The extrinsic laryngeal muscles support and position the larynx within the trachea . Extrinsic laryngeal muscles Sternothyroid muscles depress the larynx . Omohyoid muscles depress the larynx . Sternohyoid muscles depress the larynx . Inferior constrictor muscles Thyrohyoid muscles elevates the larynx . Digastric elevates the larynx . Stylohyoid elevates the larynx . Mylohyoid elevates the larynx . Geniohyoid elevates the larynx . Hyoglossus elevates the larynx . Genioglossus elevates the larynx Innervation ( edit ) The larynx is innervated by branches of the vagus nerve on each side . Sensory innervation to the glottis and laryngeal vestibule is by the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve . The external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle . Motor innervation to all other muscles of the larynx and sensory innervation to the subglottis is by the recurrent laryngeal nerve . While the sensory input described above is ( general ) visceral sensation ( diffuse , poorly localized ) , the vocal fold also receives general somatic sensory innervation ( proprioceptive and touch ) by the superior laryngeal nerve . Injury to the external laryngeal nerve causes weakened phonation because the vocal folds can not be tightened . Injury to one of the recurrent laryngeal nerves produces hoarseness , if both are damaged the voice may or may not be preserved , but breathing becomes difficult . Development ( edit ) In adult humans , the larynx is found in the anterior neck at the level of the C3 -- C6 vertebrae . It connects the inferior part of the pharynx ( hypopharynx ) with the trachea . The laryngeal skeleton consists of six cartilages : three single ( epiglottic , thyroid and cricoid ) and three paired ( arytenoid , corniculate , and cuneiform ) . The hyoid bone is not part of the larynx , though the larynx is suspended from the hyoid . The larynx extends vertically from the tip of the epiglottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage . Its interior can be divided in supraglottis , glottis and subglottis . In newborn infants , the larynx is initially at the level of the C2 -- C3 vertebrae , and is further forward and higher relative to its position in the adult body . The larynx descends as the child grows . Function ( edit ) Sound generation ( edit ) Sound is generated in the larynx , and that is where pitch and volume are manipulated . The strength of expiration from the lungs also contributes to loudness . Manipulation of the larynx is used to generate a source sound with a particular fundamental frequency , or pitch . This source sound is altered as it travels through the vocal tract , configured differently based on the position of the tongue , lips , mouth , and pharynx . The process of altering a source sound as it passes through the filter of the vocal tract creates the many different vowel and consonant sounds of the world 's languages as well as tone , certain realizations of stress and other types of linguistic prosody . The larynx also has a similar function to the lungs in creating pressure differences required for sound production ; a constricted larynx can be raised or lowered affecting the volume of the oral cavity as necessary in glottalic consonants . The vocal folds can be held close together ( by adducting the arytenoid cartilages ) so that they vibrate ( see phonation ) . The muscles attached to the arytenoid cartilages control the degree of opening . Vocal fold length and tension can be controlled by rocking the thyroid cartilage forward and backward on the cricoid cartilage ( either directly by contracting the cricothyroids or indirectly by changing the vertical position of the larynx ) , by manipulating the tension of the muscles within the vocal folds , and by moving the arytenoids forward or backward . This causes the pitch produced during phonation to rise or fall . In most males the vocal folds are longer and with a greater mass than most females ' vocal folds , producing a lower pitch . The vocal apparatus consists of two pairs of mucosal folds . These folds are false vocal folds ( vestibular folds ) and true vocal folds ( folds ) . The false vocal folds are covered by respiratory epithelium , while the true vocal folds are covered by stratified squamous epithelium . The false vocal folds are not responsible for sound production , but rather for resonance . The exceptions to this are found in Tibetan Chant and Kargyraa , a style of Tuvan throat singing . Both make use of the false vocal folds to create an undertone . These false vocal folds do not contain muscle , while the true vocal folds do have skeletal muscle . Other ( edit ) Image of endoscopy The most important role of the larynx is its protecting function ; the prevention of foreign objects from entering the lungs by coughing and other reflexive actions . A cough is initiated by a deep inhalation through the vocal folds , followed by the elevation of the larynx and the tight adduction ( closing ) of the vocal folds . The forced expiration that follows , assisted by tissue recoil and the muscles of expiration , blows the vocal folds apart , and the high pressure expels the irritating object out of the throat . Throat clearing is less violent than coughing , but is a similar increased respiratory effort countered by the tightening of the laryngeal musculature . Both coughing and throat clearing are predictable and necessary actions because they clear the respiratory passageway , but both place the vocal folds under significant strain . Another important role of the larynx is abdominal fixation , a kind of Valsalva maneuver in which the lungs are filled with air in order to stiffen the thorax so that forces applied for lifting can be translated down to the legs . This is achieved by a deep inhalation followed by the adduction of the vocal folds . Grunting while lifting heavy objects is the result of some air escaping through the adducted vocal folds ready for phonation . Abduction of the vocal folds is important during physical exertion . The vocal folds are separated by about 8 mm ( 0.31 in ) during normal respiration , but this width is doubled during forced respiration . During swallowing , the backward motion of the tongue forces the epiglottis over the glottis ' opening to prevent swallowed material from entering the larynx which leads to the lungs ; the larynx is also pulled upwards to assist this process . Stimulation of the larynx by ingested matter produces a strong cough reflex to protect the lungs . In addition , intrinsic laryngeal muscles are spared from muscle wasting disorders , such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy , may facilitate the development of novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of muscle wasting in a variety of clinical scenarios . ILM have a calcium regulation system profile suggestive of a better ability to handle calcium changes in comparison to other muscles , and this may provide a mechanistic insight for their unique pathophysiological properties Clinical significance ( edit ) Disorders ( edit ) Endoscopic image of an inflamed human larynx There are several things that can cause a larynx to not function properly . Some symptoms are hoarseness , loss of voice , pain in the throat or ears , and breathing difficulties . Larynx transplant is a rare procedure . The world 's first successful operation took place in 1998 at the Cleveland Clinic , and the second took place in October 2010 at the University of California Davis Medical Center in Sacramento . Acute laryngitis is the sudden inflammation and swelling of the larynx . It is caused by the common cold or by excessive shouting . It is not serious . Chronic laryngitis is caused by smoking , dust , frequent yelling , or prolonged exposure to polluted air . It is much more serious than acute laryngitis . Presbylarynx is a condition in which age - related atrophy of the soft tissues of the larynx results in weak voice and restricted vocal range and stamina . Bowing of the anterior portion of the vocal folds is found on laryngoscopy . Ulcers may be caused by the prolonged presence of an endotracheal tube . Polyps and nodules are small bumps on the vocal folds caused by prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and vocal misuse , respectively . Two related types of cancer of the larynx , namely squamous cell carcinoma and verrucous carcinoma , are strongly associated with repeated exposure to cigarette smoke and alcohol . Vocal cord paresis is weakness of one or both vocal folds that can greatly impact daily life . Idiopathic laryngeal spasm . Laryngopharyngeal reflux is a condition in which acid from the stomach irritates and burns the larynx . Similar damage can occur with gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD ) . Laryngomalacia is a very common condition of infancy , in which the soft , immature cartilage of the upper larynx collapses inward during inhalation , causing airway obstruction . Laryngeal perichondritis , the inflammation of the perichondrium of laryngeal cartilages , causing airway obstruction . Laryngeal paralysis is a condition seen in some mammals ( including dogs ) in which the larynx no longer opens as wide as required for the passage of air , and impedes respiration . In mild cases it can lead to exaggerated or `` raspy '' breathing or panting , and in serious cases can pose a considerable need for treatment . Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy , intrinsic laryngeal muscles ( ILM ) are spared from the lack of dystrophin and may serve as a useful model to study the mechanisms of muscle sparing in neuromuscular diseases . Dystrophic ILM presented a significant increase in the expression of calcium - binding proteins . The increase of calcium - binding proteins in dystrophic ILM may permit better maintenance of calcium homeostasis , with the consequent absence of myonecrosis . The results further support the concept that abnormal calcium buffering is involved in these neuromuscular diseases . Other animals ( edit ) Cut through the larynx of a horse ( frontal section , posterior view ) 1 hyoid bone ; 2 epiglottis ; 3 vestibular fold ; 4 vocal fold ; 5 ventricularis muscle ; 6 ventricle of larynx ; 7 vocalis muscle ; 8 Thyroid Cartilage ; 9 Cricoid Cartilage ; 10 infraglottic cavity ; 11 first tracheal cartilage ; 12 trachea Pioneering work on the structure and evolution of the larynx was carried out in the 1920s by the British comparative anatomist Victor Negus , culminating in his monumental work The Mechanism of the Larynx ( 1929 ) . Negus , however , pointed out that the descent of the larynx reflected the reshaping and descent of the human tongue into the pharynx . This process is not complete until age six to eight years . Some researchers , such as Philip Lieberman , Dennis Klatt , Brant de Boer and Kenneth Stevens using computer - modeling techniques have suggested that the species - specific human tongue allows the vocal tract ( the airway above the larynx ) to assume the shapes necessary to produce speech sounds that enhance the robustness of human speech . Sounds such as the vowels of the words see and do , ( i ) and ( u ) , ( in phonetic notation ) have been shown to be less subject to confusion in classic studies such as the 1950 Peterson and Barney investigation of the possibilities for computerized speech recognition . In contrast , though other species have low larynges , their tongues remain anchored in their mouths and their vocal tracts can not produce the range of speech sounds of humans . The ability to lower the larynx transiently in some species extends the length of their vocal tract , which as Fitch showed creates the acoustic illusion that they are larger . Research at Haskins Laboratories in the 1960s showed that speech allows humans to achieve a vocal communication rate that exceeds the fusion frequency of the auditory system by fusing sounds together into syllables and words . The additional speech sounds that the human tongue enables us to produce , particularly ( i ) , allow humans to unconsciously infer the length of the vocal tract of the person who is talking , a critical element in recovering the phonemes that make up a word . Non-mammals ( edit ) Most tetrapod species possess a larynx , but its structure is typically simpler than that found in mammals . The cartilages surrounding the larynx are apparently a remnant of the original gill arches in fish , and are a common feature , but not all are always present . For example , the thyroid cartilage is found only in mammals . Similarly , only mammals possess a true epiglottis , although a flap of non-cartilagenous mucosa is found in a similar position in many other groups . In modern amphibians , the laryngeal skeleton is considerably reduced ; frogs have only the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages , while salamanders possess only the arytenoids . Vocal folds are found only in mammals , and a few lizards . As a result , many reptiles and amphibians are essentially voiceless ; frogs use ridges in the trachea to modulate sound , while birds have a separate sound - producing organ , the syrinx . History ( edit ) The ancient Greek physician Galen first described the larynx , describing it as the `` first and supremely most important instrument of the voice '' Additional images ( edit ) Larynx. Deep dissection . Anterior view . Larynx. Deep dissection . Posterior view . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Larynx . Look up larynx in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Histology of the vocal folds Origin of speech Articulatory phonetics References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Larynx Etymology '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Collectively , the transverse and oblique arytenoids are known as the interarytenoids . Jump up ^ Ferretti , R ; Marques , MJ ; Khurana , TS ; Santo Neto , H ( 2015 ) . `` Expression of calcium - buffering proteins in rat intrinsic laryngeal muscles '' . Physiol Rep. 3 : e12409 . PMC 4510619 . PMID 26109185 . doi : 10.14814 / phy2. 12409 . ^ Jump up to : `` Intrinsic laryngeal muscles are spared from myonecrosis in themdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy '' . Muscle. 35 : 349 -- 353 . doi : 10.1002 / mus. 20697 . Jump up ^ `` GERD and aspiration in the child : diagnosis and treatment '' . Grand Rounds Presentation . UTMB Dept. of Otolaryngology . February 23 , 2005 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Laitman & Reidenberg 2009 Jump up ^ Laitman , Noden & Van De Water 2006 ^ Jump up to : Seikel , King & Drumright 2010 , Nonspeech laryngeal function , pp. 223 -- 225 Jump up ^ Ferretti , R ; Marques , MJ ; Khurana , TS ; Santo Neto , H ( 2015 ) . `` Expression of calcium - buffering proteins in rat intrinsic laryngeal muscles '' . Physiol Rep. 3 : e12409 . PMC 4510619 . PMID 26109185 . doi : 10.14814 / phy2. 12409 . Jump up ^ Laitman & Reidenberg 1993 Jump up ^ Jensen , Brenda ( January 21 , 2011 ) . `` Rare transplant gives California woman a voice for the first time in a decade '' . Jump up ^ Johnson , Avery ( January 21 , 2011 ) . `` Woman Finds Her Voice After Rare Transplant '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Laitman & Reidenberg 1997 Jump up ^ Lipan , Reidenberg & Laitman 2006 Jump up ^ `` Sarcoplasmic - endoplasmic - reticulum Ca2+ - ATPase and calsequestrin are overexpressed in spared intrinsic laryngeal muscles of dystrophin - deficientmdxmice '' . Muscle & Nerve . 39 : 609 -- 615 . doi : 10.1002 / mus. 21154 . ^ Jump up to : Lieberman 2006 ^ Jump up to : Romer & Parsons 1977 , pp. 214 -- 215 , 336 Jump up ^ Hydman , Jonas ( 2008 ) . Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury . Stockholm . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 91 - 7409 - 123 - 6 . Sources ( edit ) Laitman , J.T. ; Noden , D.M. ; Van De Water , T.R. ( 2006 ) . `` Formation of the larynx : from homeobox genes to critical periods '' . In Rubin , J.S. ; Sataloff , R.T. ; Korovin , G.S. Diagnosis & Treatment Voice Disorders . San Diego : Plural . pp. 3 -- 20 . ISBN 9781597560078 . OCLC 63279542 . Laitman , J.T. ; Reidenberg , J.S. ( 1993 ) . `` Specializations of the human upper respiratory and upper digestive tract as seen through comparative and developmental anatomy '' . Dysphagia. 8 ( 4 ) : 318 -- 325 . PMID 8269722 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01321770 . Laitman , J.T. ; Reidenberg , J.S. ( 1997 ) . `` The human aerodigestive tract and gastroesophageal reflux : An evolutionary perspective '' . Am. J. Med. 103 ( Suppl 5A ) : 3 -- 11 . PMID 9422615 . doi : 10.1016 / s0002 - 9343 ( 97 ) 00313 - 6 . Laitman , J.T. ; Reidenberg , J.S. ( 2009 ) . `` The evolution of the human larynx : Nature 's great experiment '' . In Fried , M.P. ; Ferlito , A . The Larynx ( 3rd ed . ) . San Diego : Plural . pp. 19 -- 38 . ISBN 1597560626 . OCLC 183609898 . Lieberman , P. ( 2006 ) . Toward an Evolutionary Biology of Language . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02184 - 3 . OCLC 62766735 . Lipan , M. ; Reidenberg , J.S ; Laitman , J.T. ( 2006 ) . `` The anatomy of reflux : A growing health problem affecting structures of the head and neck '' . Anat Rec B New Anat. 289 ( 6 ) : 261 -- 270 . OCLC 110307385 . PMID 17109421 . doi : 10.1002 / ar. b. 20120 . Romer , A.S. ; Parsons , T.S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . Seikel , J.A. ; King , D.W. ; Drumright , D.G. ( 2010 ) . Anatomy & Physiology for Speech , Language , and Hearing ( 4th ed . ) . Delmar , NY : Cengage Learning . ISBN 1 - 4283 - 1223 - 4 . ( hide ) Anatomy of the larynx Cartilage major / unpaired : Epiglottis Vallecula Thyroid Adam 's apple Cricoid minor / paired : Arytenoid Vocal process Muscular process Corniculate Cuneiform Ligaments / folds extrinsic ligaments : Hyoepiglottic ligament Thyrohyoid membrane Lateral ligament Median ligament Thyroepiglottic ligament Cricotracheal ligament intrinsic ligaments , upper : Quadrangular membrane Aryepiglottic Vestibular ligament / Vestibular fold intrinsic ligaments , lower : Cricothyroid ligament Median Lateral / Conus elasticus Vocal ligament / Vocal folds Laryngeal cavity Laryngeal inlet Vestibule Rima vestibuli Ventricle Rima glottidis / Glottis Infraglottic cavity Laryngeal muscles Cricothyroid Cricoarytenoid posterior lateral Arytenoid oblique arytenoid aryepiglottic transverse arytenoid Thyroarytenoid vocal thyroepiglottic Other Cricothyroid articulation Cricoarytenoid articulation GND : 4139922 - 5 NDL : 00566802 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larynx&oldid=804603764 '' Categories : Human head and neck Human voice Larynx Phonetics Human throat Respiratory system Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Авар Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Võro Walon ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 01 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx

when did england last win a game in the world cup

Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2

Semi-final|2018

England at the FIFA World Cup

england at the fifa world cup

The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War .

The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . Jump up ^ A total of six yellow cards for Colombia , and two for England . ^ Jump up to : England lost the penalty shoot - out Jump up ^ England won the penalty shoot - out References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Ken ( 4 December 1997 ) . `` Football : It is possible to forget that England 's overall World Cup record is nothing much to shout about - Sport '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , FIFA.com , Retrieved on 6 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` The full list of records broken by England at The euros '' . Goal.com. 25 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - World Cup 2014 : Roy Hodgson hopeful for England 's future '' . bbc.co.uk. 24 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Copies of old newspapers reveal England 's World Cup myth - The British Newspaper Archive Blog '' . 15 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile TM - Matches - England - Argentina - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile TM - Matches - England - Bulgaria - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 26 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile TM - Matches - Brazil - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England and Poland football teams played to a 1 : 1 draw , 17 October 1973 '' . eu-football.info . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ cestrian81 ( 21 December 2011 ) . `` England 1 - 1 Poland ( 1973 ) WCQ '' . Archived from the original on 26 January 2016 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Fifield , Dominic . `` England managers and off - field controversies : from Revie to Hodgson '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - France - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 5 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - Czechoslovakia - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - Kuwait - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 30 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WORLD CUP 1990 '' . allworldcup.narod.ru . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - England - Egypt - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 26 August 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - England - Belgium - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 24 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - England - Cameroon - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - Germany FR - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - Italy - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Engel , Matthew . `` Italia 90 : the World Cup when England rediscovered football '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 9 July 2018 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Remember San Marino in 1993 ? What happened in England 's World Cup humiliation ... and to those who lined up in Graham Taylor 's final outing '' . Archived from the original on 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France TM - Matches - England - Tunisia - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 11 January 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France TM - Matches - Colombia - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 12 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Tench , Matt ( 19 May 2002 ) . `` Simeone : I conned red - card referee '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beckham buries Simeone hatchet '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The dramatic redemption of David Beckham '' . 4 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beckhams were sent bullets through post '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Harding , John ( 7 October 2010 ) . `` On This Day in History : 7 October - Keegan resigns after Didi Hamann scores last Wembley goal '' . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan TM - Matches - England - Brazil - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 2 January 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland 1 - 0 England '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Archived from the original on 30 March 2009 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Paraguay - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Peter Crouch is probably the most hated Englishman in our history ' '' . 15 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Trinidad and Tobago - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - Sweden - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Ecuador - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Portugal - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England , Algeria , Slovenia , Yanks = E.A.S.Y ? '' . Jump up ^ Brodkin , Jon ( 18 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Wayne Rooney mocks booing fans in sarcastic aside '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Singer , Peter ( 29 June 2010 ) . `` Why is cheating OK in football ? - Peter Singer '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Association , Press ( 20 June 2012 ) . `` Euro 2012 : Sepp Blatter says goalline technology is ' a necessity ' '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelso , Paul ( 27 June 2010 ) . `` England v Germany : Frank Lampard 's ' goal ' reignites goal - line technology debate '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sky Sports . `` World Cup : England out as Italy lose 1 -- 0 to Costa Rica in Recife in Group D '' . skysports.com/ . BSkyB . Archived from the original on 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Allardyce : England manager leaves after one match in charge '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Scotland - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McGee , Nicholas ( 18 June 2018 ) . `` Captain Kane saves Three Lions '' . Goal.com . Archived from the original on 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England romp past Panama and into last 16 '' . FIFA.com. 24 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England 's game v Colombia ' biggest knockout game for decade ' '' . BBC Sport. 28 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Miguel ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` Three Lions still left wondering how good they really are after deflating defeat '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : England 's game v Colombia ' biggest knockout game for decade ' '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England still left wondering how good they really are after defeat to Belgium '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Colombia - England - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brashness of youth overcomes mental demons as England break penalty shoot - out hoodoo '' . ABC News . 4 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2018 : England players not bowed by history - Gareth Southgate '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 3 July 2018 ) . `` England knock Colombia out of World Cup in last - 16 penalty shootout '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` England penalties : 11 / 11 in open play , 11 / 19 in shootouts '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden 0 - 2 England '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The three stages of England vs Croatia that turned a World Cup final into a third - place play - off '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Belgium - England - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia 2 England 1 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : England set new records in 6 - 1 victory over Panama '' . BBC Sport . England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Austria Belgium Brazil Denmark France Germany Hungary Italy Ireland Netherlands Poland Portugal Scotland Spain Sweden Switzerland Wales Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=853673134 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 07 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England%20at%20the%20FIFA%20World%20Cup

what did telephones look like in the 1920s

Candlestick telephone

candlestick telephone

The candlestick telephone is a style of telephone that was common from the late 1890s to the 1940s . A candlestick telephone is also often referred to as a desk stand , an upright , or a stick phone . Candlestick telephones featured a mouth piece ( transmitter ) mounted at the top of the stand , and a receiver ( ear phone ) that was held by the user to the ear during a call . When the telephone was not in use , the receiver rested in the fork of the switch hook protruding to the side of the stand , thereby disconnecting the audio circuit from the telephone network .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and features 2 Production 3 Successor telephones 4 Accessories 5 Later design influences 6 References 7 External links Design and features ( edit ) Candlestick telephones were designed in a great variety of styles with varying features . Most recognizable , candlesticks featured a base with a vertical cylindrical neck extending upright for up to 10 inches ( 25 cm ) in length . At the top of the stand was mounted a carbon microphone ( transmitter ) to speak into , and a switch hook extending sideways upon which an ear piece ( receiver ) was hung . In order to make or answer a telephone call , the user lifted the receiver off the switch hook , thereby activating an internal switch connecting the telephone to the telephone line . Candlestick telephones required the nearby installation of a subscriber set ( subset , ringer box ) , which housed the ringer to announce incoming calls and the electric circuitry ( capacitor , induction coil , signaling generator , connection terminals ) to connect the set to the telephone network . When automatic telephone exchanges were introduced , the base of a candlestick also featured a rotary dial , used for signaling the telephone number of an intended call recipient . Production ( edit ) Candlestick telephones were produced in various models by many manufacturers . The main producers of these telephones were Western Electric ( a unit of AT&T ) , Automatic Electric Co. ( later acquired by GTE ) , Kellogg Switchboard & Supply Company , and Stromberg - Carlson . The first tube shaft candlestick telephone was the Western Electric # 20B Desk Phone patented in 1904 . In the 1920s and 1930s , telephone technology shifted to the design of more efficient desk top telephones that featured a handset with receiver and transmitter elements in one unit , making the use of a telephone more convenient . However , despite ceasing new production , many candlestick telephones remained in operation , maintained by the telephone companies , throughout the 1940s and into the 1950s . Many retro - style versions of the candlestick telephone were made long after the original phones were obsolete by companies such as Radio Shack and the Crosley Radio company . Successor telephones ( edit ) When Western Electric had sufficiently developed modern handset design in the 1920s , the Western Electric candlesticks were superseded by a series of new desktop models , starting with the A1 mount in the mid 1920s . This was essentially a candlestick telephone that had its vertical tube - shaft shortened to about 1 ⁄ inches ( 4 cm ) in height above the round base , and had a cradle on top of it , designed to hold a combined handset with both the receiver and the transmitter in the same unit . The cradle contained a plunger that operated the hookswitch in the base below . The A1 was only distributed for a very short time until the B - type telephone mount ( model 102 telephone ) was completed in 1927 , a streamlined design that replaced the tube - shaft with a sculpted cone shape . By 1930 this round base was redesigned into the oval - footprint D - mounting to avoid instability of the unit when dialing . At the same time the electric circuitry was upgraded to produce the model 202 telephone , which reduced the strong sidetone characteristic of earlier designs . Accessories ( edit ) The Hush - A-Phone was like a mini megaphone created in 1920 for slipping over the candlestick phone . Later design influences ( edit ) The Ericofon , or Cobra Phone is a plastic one - piece telephone , in the candlestick / upright style , created by the Ericsson Company and marketed throughout the second half of the 20th century . It was the first commercially marketed telephone design to incorporate the dial and headset into a single unit . Because of its styling , and influence on future telephone design , the Ericofon is considered one of the most significant industrial designs of the 20th century and is in the collection of Museum of Modern Art . An early 20th - century candlestick phone being used for a phone call . A Western Electric candlestick phone from the 1920s . A red version of the 1956 Ericofon which was created by Ericsson Company . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Western Electric # 20B Desk Phone '' . Antique Telephone History . US . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Lienhard , John H. `` No. 1222 : Breaking the Monopoly '' . US : University of Houston . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Telephone History ... Antique Telephone & Collector 's Items '' . US : Sandman . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Industrial Design Of The Century '' . Ericsson Review ( 1 ) . 1973 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 -- via ericofon.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Candlestick telephones . History and Photos of Antique Phones Website supporting the Ericofon ( hide ) Western Electric Telephones Candlestick A1 102 202 302 500 / 1500 / 2500 5302 Trimline Princess Design Line Switching systems Panel switch 1XB 5XB 1ESS 5ESS Other technology Vitaphone Orthophonic recording Touch - Tone Related companies Bell System Bell Labs AT&T Technologies Graybar Lucent Technologies American Telephone & Telegraph IBTC Nippon Electric Northern Electric Competitors GTE Stromberg Carlson ITT Automatic Electric Kellogg See also Henry Dreyfuss Eastland disaster Hawthorne Works Bell System Practices Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Candlestick_telephone&oldid=824942605 '' Categories : Telephony equipment Western Electric telephones Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 14 : 31 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlestick%20telephone

setting is particularly important in postcolonial african fiction because

Postcolonial literature

postcolonial literature

Postcolonial literature is the literature of countries that were colonised , mainly by European countries . It exists on all continents except Antarctica . Postcolonial literature often addresses the problems and consequences of the decolonization of a country , especially questions relating to the political and cultural independence of formerly subjugated people , and themes such as racialism and colonialism . A range of literary theory has evolved around the subject .

Migrant literature and postcolonial literature show some considerable overlap . However , not all migration takes place in a colonial setting , and not all postcolonial literature deals with migration . A question of current debate is the extent to which postcolonial theory also speaks to migration literature in non-colonial settings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Critical approaches 1.1 Back to Africa movement 1.2 Postcolonial feminist literature 2 Pacific Islands 2.1 Australia 3 Africa 3.1 Nigeria 3.2 South Africa 4 The Americas 4.1 Caribbean Islands 4.1. 1 West Indies 4.2 United States 4.2. 1 African - American literature 4.2. 2 Puerto Rico 4.2. 3 Native American Renaissance 4.3 Canada 5 West Asia : The Middle East 6 South and Southeast Asia 6.1 Philippines 6.2 Indonesia 6.2. 1 Dutch East Indies 6.3 Singapore 6.4 India 6.5 Sri Lanka 6.6 Bangladesh 7 Europe 7.1 Britain 7.2 Wales 7.3 Ireland 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Critical approaches ( edit ) In La Réforme intellectuelle et morale ( 1871 ) , the Orientalist Ernest Renan advocated imperial stewardship for civilising the non -- Western peoples of the world . Amongst prominent theorists are Edward Said , Gayatri Spivak , Frantz Fanon , Bill Ashcroft , Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o , Chinua Achebe , Leela Gandhi , Gareth Griffiths , Abiola Irele , John McLeod , Hamid Dabashi , Helen Tiffin , Khal Torabully , and Robert Young . Another important theorist is Harvard University professor Homi K Bhabha , ( 1949 -- ) . He is one of the most important figures in contemporary post-colonial studies , and has developed a number of the field 's neologisms and key concepts , such as hybridity , mimicry , difference , and ambivalence . Frantz Omar Fanon ( 1925 -- 1961 ) was a Martinique - born Afro - Caribbean psychiatrist , philosopher , revolutionary , and writer whose works are influential in the fields of post-colonial studies , critical theory , and Marxism . As an intellectual , Fanon was a political radical , Pan-Africanist , and a Marxist humanist concerned with the psychopathology of colonization , and the human , social , and cultural consequences of decolonization . Post-colonial literary theory re-examines colonial literature , especially concentrating upon the social discourse , between the colonizer and the colonized , that shaped and produced the literature . In Orientalism ( 1978 ) , Edward Saïd analyzed the fiction of Honoré de Balzac , Charles Baudelaire , and Lautréamont ( Isidore - Lucien Ducasse ) , and explored how they were influenced , and how they helped to shape the societal fantasy of European racial superiority . Post-colonial fiction writers deal with the traditional colonial discourse , either by modifying or by subverting it , or both . The `` anti-conquest narrative '' recasts the indigenous inhabitants of colonized countries as victims rather than foes of the colonisers . This depicts the colonised people in a more human light but risks absolving colonisers of responsibility for addressing the effects of colonisation by assuming that native inhabitants were `` doomed '' to their fate . Mary Pratt , however , proposes a completely different theorization of `` anti-conquest '' than the ideas discussed here , that can be traced to Edward Said . Instead of referring to how natives resist colonization or are victims of it , Pratt analyzes European literatures in which a European narrates their adventures and struggles to survive in the land of the non-European Other . The anti-conquest is a function of how the narrator writes him or her self out of being responsible for or an agent , direct or indirect , of colonization and colonialism . This different notion of anti-conquest is used to analyze the ways in which colonialism and colonization are legitimized nonetheless through entertaining stories of survival and adventure . Pratt created this unique notion in association with concepts of contact zone and transculturation , which have been very well received in Latin America social and human science circles . Négritude is a literary and ideological philosophy , developed by francophone African intellectuals , writers , and politicians in France during the 1930s . Its initiators included Martinican poet Aimé Césaire , Léopold Sédar Senghor ( a future President of Senegal ) , and Léon Damas of French Guiana . Négritude intellectuals disapproved of French colonialism and claimed that the best strategy to oppose it was to encourage a common racial identity for native Africans worldwide . Back to Africa movement ( edit ) Marcus Mosiah Garvey , Jr. ( 1887 -- 1940 ) , was a Jamaican political leader , publisher , journalist , entrepreneur , and orator who was a proponent of the Pan-Africanism movement , to which end he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League ( UNIA - ACL ) . He also founded the Black Star Line , a shipping and passenger line which promoted the return of the African diaspora to their ancestral lands . Prior to the 20th century , leaders such as Prince Hall , Martin Delany , Edward Wilmot Blyden , and Henry Highland Garnet advocated the involvement of the African diaspora in African affairs . Garvey was unique in advancing a Pan-African philosophy to inspire a global mass movement and economic empowerment focusing on Africa known as Garveyism . Promoted by the UNIA as a movement of African Redemption , Garveyism would eventually inspire others , ranging from the Nation of Islam to the Rastafari movement ( some sects of which proclaim Garvey as a prophet ) . Postcolonial feminist literature ( edit ) Postcolonial feminism is a form of feminism that developed as a response to the fact that feminism seemed to focus solely on the experiences of women in Western cultures . Postcolonial feminism seeks to account for the way that racism and the long - lasting political , economic , and cultural effects of colonialism affect non-white , non-Western women in the postcolonial world . Pacific islands ( edit ) Witi Ihimaera , from New Zealand , the first published Māori novelist . The Pacific Islands comprise 20,000 to 30,000 islands in the Pacific Ocean . Depending on the context , it may refer to countries and islands with common Austronesian origins , islands once or currently colonized , or Oceania . There is a burgeoning group of young pacific writers who respond and speak to the contemporary Pasifika experience , including writers Lani Wendt Young , Courtney Sina Meredith and Selina Tusitala Marsh , among others . Reclamation of culture , loss of culture , diaspora , all themes common to postcolonial literature , are present within the collective Pacific writers . Pioneers within the literature include Witi Ihimaera , from New Zealand , the first published Māori novelist . and Samoan poet Albert Wendt ( 1939 -- ) , two of the most influential living authors from this region . Wendt lives in New Zealand . Among his works is Leaves of the Banyan Tree ( 1979 ) . Wendt is of German heritage through his paternal great - grandfather , which is reflected in some of his poems . However , Wendt describes his family heritage as `` totally Samoan '' , even though he has a German surname , but he does not explicitly deny his German heritage . Another notable figure from the region is Sia Figiel ( 1967 ) , a contemporary Samoan novelist , poet , and painter , whose debut novel Where We Once Belonged won the Commonwealth Writers ' Prize Best First Book of 1997 , South East Asia and South Pacific Region . Sia Figiel grew up amidst traditional Samoan singing and poetry , which heavily influenced her writing . Figiel 's greatest influence and inspiration in her career is the Samoan novelist and poet , Albert Wendt . Australia ( edit ) Main article : Australian literature § Aboriginal writers and themes At the point of the first colonization , Indigenous Australians had not developed a system of writing , so the first literary accounts of aborigines come from the journals of early European explorers , which contain descriptions of first contact , both violent and friendly . Early accounts by Dutch explorers and the English buccaneer William Dampier wrote of the `` natives of New Holland '' as being `` barbarous savages '' , but by the time of Captain James Cook and First Fleet marine Watkin Tench ( the era of Jean - Jacques Rousseau ) , accounts of aborigines were more sympathetic and romantic : `` these people may truly be said to be in the pure state of nature , and may appear to some to be the most wretched upon the earth ; but in reality they are far happier than ... we Europeans '' , wrote Cook in his journal on 23 August 1770 . While his father , James Unaipon ( c. 1835 - 1907 ) , contributed to accounts of aboriginal mythology written by the missionary George Taplin , David Unaipon ( 1872 -- 1967 ) provided the first accounts of aboriginal mythology written by an aboriginal : Legendary Tales of the Aborigines . For this he is known as the first Aboriginal author . Oodgeroo Noonuccal ( 1920 -- 1995 ) ( born Kath Walker ) was an Australian poet , political activist , artist and educator . She was also a campaigner for Aboriginal rights . Oodgeroo was best known for her poetry , and was the first Aboriginal Australian to publish a book of verse We Are Going ( 1964 ) . Sally Morgan 's novel My Place ( 1987 ) was considered a breakthrough memoir in terms of bringing indigenous stories to wider notice . Leading aboriginal activists Marcia Langton ( First Australians , 2008 ) and Noel Pearson ( Up From the Mission , 2009 ) are active contemporary contributors to Australian literature . The voices of Indigenous Australians are being increasingly noticed and include the playwright Jack Davis and Kevin Gilbert . Writers coming to prominence in the 21st century include Kim Scott , Alexis Wright , Kate Howarth Tara June Winch , in poetry Yvette Holt and in popular fiction Anita Heiss . Indigenous authors who have won Australia 's high prestige Miles Franklin Award include Kim Scott who was joint winner ( with Thea Astley ) in 2000 for Benang and again in 2011 for That Deadman Dance . Alexis Wright won the award in 2007 for her novel Carpentaria . Many notable works have been written by non-indigenous Australians on aboriginal themes . Eleanor Dark 's ( 1901 -- 1985 ) The Timeless Land ( 1941 ) is the first of The Timeless Land trilogy of novels about European settlement and exploration of Australia . The narrative is told from English and Aboriginal points of view . The novel begins with two Aboriginal men watching the arrival of the First Fleet at Sydney Harbour on 26 January 1788 . Other examples include the poems of Judith Wright , The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith by Thomas Keneally , Ilbarana by Donald Stuart , and the short story by David Malouf : `` The Only Speaker of his Tongue '' . Africa ( edit ) Main article : African literature See also : Kenyan literature and Literature of Madagascar Colonialism in 1913 : the African colonies of the European empires ; and the postcolonial , contemporary political boundaries of the decolonized countries . ( Click image , then click `` More Details '' , and scroll down ) Amadou Hampâté Bâ ( 1901 -- 1991 ) a Malian writer and ethnologist , and Ayi Kwei Armah ( 1939 -- ) from Ghanaian , author of Two Thousand Seasons have tried to establish an African perspective to their own history . Another significant African novel is Season of Migration to the North by Tayib Salih from the Sudan . Doris Lessing ( 1919 -- 2013 ) from Southern Rhodesia , now Zimbabwe , published her first novel The Grass is Singing in 1950 , after immigrating to England . She initially wrote about her African experiences . Lessing soon became a dominant presence in the English literary scene , frequently publishing right through the century , and won the nobel prize for literature in 2007 . Yvonne Vera ( 1964 -- 2005 ) was an award - winning author from Zimbabwe . Her novels are known for their poetic prose , difficult subject - matter , and their strong women characters , and are firmly rooted in Zimbabwe 's difficult past . Tsitsi Dangarembga ( 1959 -- ) is notable Zimbabwean author and filmmaker . Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o ( 1938 -- ) is a Kenyan writer , formerly working in English and now working in Gikuyu . His work includes novels , plays , short stories , and essays , ranging from literary and social criticism to children 's literature . He is the founder and editor of the Gikuyu - language journal Mũtĩiri . Bate Besong ( 1954 -- 2007 ) was a Cameroonian playwright , poet and critic , who was described by Pierre Fandio as `` one of the most representative and regular writers of what might be referred to as the second generation of the emergent Cameroonian literature in English '' . Other Cameroonian playwrights are Anne Tanyi - Tang , and Bole Butake . Nigeria ( edit ) Nigerian author Chinua Achebe ( 1930 -- 13 ) gained worldwide attention for Things Fall Apart in the late 1950s . Achebe wrote his novels in English and defended the use of English , a `` language of colonisers '' , in African literature . In 1975 , his lecture An Image of Africa : Racism in Conrad 's `` Heart of Darkness '' featured a famous criticism of Joseph Conrad as `` a thoroughgoing racist '' . A titled Igbo chieftain himself , Achebe 's novels focus on the traditions of Igbo society , the effect of Christian influences , and the clash of Western and traditional African values during and after the colonial era . His style relies heavily on the Igbo oral tradition , and combines straightforward narration with representations of folk stories , proverbs , and oratory . He also published a number of short stories , children 's books , and essay collections . Wole Soyinka ( 1934 -- ) is a playwright and poet , who was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Literature , the first African to be honored in that category . Soyinka was born into a Yoruba family in Abeokuta . After study in Nigeria and the UK , he worked with the Royal Court Theatre in London . He went on to write plays that were produced in both countries , in theatres and on radio . He took an active role in Nigeria 's political history and its struggle for independence from Great Britain . In 1965 , he seized the Western Nigeria Broadcasting Service studio and broadcast a demand for the cancellation of the Western Nigeria Regional Elections . In 1967 during the Nigerian Civil War , he was arrested by the federal government of General Yakubu Gowon and put in solitary confinement for two years . Wole Soyinka , Nigerian playwright and poet and Nobel laureate in 1986 Soyinka has been a strong critic of successive Nigerian governments , especially the country 's many military dictators , as well as other political tyrannies , including the Mugabe regime in Zimbabwe . Much of his writing has been concerned with `` the oppressive boot and the irrelevance of the colour of the foot that wears it '' . Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie ( 1977 ) is a novelist , nonfiction writer and short story writer . A MacArthur Genius Grant recipient , Adichie has been called `` the most prominent '' of a `` procession of critically acclaimed young anglophone authors ( that ) is succeeding in attracting a new generation of readers to African literature '' . Buchi Emecheta OBE ( 1944 -- 2017 ) is a Nigerian novelist based in Britain who has published more than 20 books , including Second - Class Citizen ( 1974 ) , The Bride Price ( 1976 ) , The Slave Girl ( 1977 ) and The Joys of Motherhood ( 1979 ) . Her themes of child slavery , motherhood , female independence and freedom through education have won her considerable critical acclaim and honours , including an Order of the British Empire South Africa ( edit ) See also : South African poetry Elleke Boehmer ( cf . Cullhed , 2006 : 79 ) writes , `` Nationalism , like patriarchy , favours singleness -- one identity , one growth pattern , one birth and blood for all ... ( and ) will promote specifically unitary or ' one - eyed ' forms of consciousness . '' The first problem any student of South African literature is confronted with , is the diversity of the literary systems . Gerrit Olivier notes , `` While it is not unusual to hear academics and politicians talk about a ' South African literature ' , the situation at ground level is characterised by diversity and even fragmentation '' . Robert Mossman adds that `` One of the enduring and saddest legacies of the apartheid system may be that no one -- White , Black , Coloured ( meaning of mixed - race in South Africa ) , or Asian -- can ever speak as a `` South African . '' The problem , however , pre-dates Apartheid significantly , as South Africa is a country made up of communities that have always been linguistically and culturally diverse . These cultures have all retained autonomy to some extent , making a compilation such as the controversial Southern African Literatures by Michael Chapman , difficult . Chapman raises the question : ( W ) hose language , culture , or story can be said to have authority in South Africa when the end of apartheid has raised challenging questions as to what it is to be a South African , what it is to live in a new South Africa , whether South Africa is a nation , and , if so , what its mythos is , what requires to be forgotten and what remembered as we scour the past in order to understand the present and seek a path forward into an unknown future . South Africa has 11 national languages : Afrikaans , English , Zulu , Xhosa , Sotho , Pedi , Tswana , Venda , SiSwati , Tsonga , and Ndebele . Any definitive literary history of South Africa should , it could be argued , discuss literature produced in all eleven languages . But the only literature ever to adopt characteristics that can be said to be `` national '' is Afrikaans . Olivier argues : `` Of all the literatures in South Africa , Afrikaans literature has been the only one to have become a national literature in the sense that it developed a clear image of itself as a separate entity , and that by way of institutional entrenchment through teaching , distribution , a review culture , journals , etc. it could ensure the continuation of that concept . '' Part of the problem is that English literature has been seen within the greater context of English writing in the world , and has , because of English 's global position as lingua franca , not been seen as autonomous or indigenous to South Africa -- in Olivier 's words : `` English literature in South Africa continues to be a sort of extension of British or international English literature . '' The African languages , on the other hand , are spoken across the borders of Southern Africa - for example , Tswana is spoken in Botswana , and Tsonga in Zimbabwe , and Sotho in Lesotho . South Africa 's borders were drawn up by the British Empire and , as with all other colonies , these borders were drawn without regard for the people living within them . Therefore : in a history of South African literature , do we include all Tswana writers , or only the ones with South African citizenship ? Chapman bypasses this problem by including `` Southern '' African literatures . The second problem with the African languages is accessibility , because since the African languages are regional languages , none of them can claim the readership on a national scale comparable to Afrikaans and English . Sotho , for instance , while transgressing the national borders of the RSA , is on the other hand mainly spoken in the Free State , and bears a great amount of relation to the language of Natal for example , Zulu . So the language can not claim a national readership , while on the other hand being `` international '' in the sense that it transgresses the national borders . Olivier argues that `` There is no obvious reason why it should be unhealthy or abnormal for different literatures to co-exist in one country , each possessing its own infrastructure and allowing theoreticians to develop impressive theories about polysystems '' . Yet political idealism proposing a unified `` South Africa '' ( a remnant of the colonial British approach ) has seeped into literary discourse and demands a unified national literature , which does not exist and has to be fabricated . It is unrealistic to ever think of South Africa and South African literature as homogenous , now or in the near or distant future , since the only reason it is a country at all is the interference of European colonial powers . This is not a racial issue , but rather has to do with culture , heritage and tradition ( and indeed the constitution celebrates diversity ) . Rather , it seems more sensible to discuss South African literature as literature produced within the national borders by the different cultures and language groups inhabiting these borders . Otherwise the danger is emphasising one literary system at the expense of another , and more often than not , the beneficiary is English , with the African languages being ignored . The distinction `` black '' and `` white '' literature is further a remnant of colonialism that should be replaced by drawing distinctions between literary systems based on language affiliation rather than race . Apartheid sign in English and Afrikaans The first texts produced by black authors were often inspired by missionaries and frequently deal with African history , in particular the history of kings such as Chaka . Modern South African writing in the African languages tends to play at writing realistically , at providing a mirror to society , and depicts the conflicts between rural and urban settings , between traditional and modern norms , racial conflicts and most recently , the problem of AIDS . In the first half of the 20th century , epics largely dominated black writing : historical novels , such as Sol T. Plaatje 's Mhudi : An Epic of South African Native Life a Hundred Years Ago ( 1930 ) , Thomas Mofolo 's Chaka ( trans . 1925 ) , and epic plays including those of H.I.E. Dhlomo , or heroic epic poetry such as the work of Mazizi Kunene . These texts `` evince black African patriarchy in its traditional form , with men in authority , often as warriors or kings , and women as background figures of dependency , and / or mothers of the nation '' ( Cullhed , 2006 : 21 ) . Female literature in the African languages is severely limited because of the strong influence of patriarchy , but over the last decade or two society has changed much and it can be expected that more female voices will emerge . The following are notable white South African writers in English : Athol Fugard , Nadine Gordimer , J.M. Coetzee , and Wilbur Smith . André Brink has written in both Afrikaans and English while Breyten Breytenbach writes primarily in Afrikaans , though many of their works have been translated into English . Dalene Matthee 's ( 1938 -- 2005 ) is another Afrikaner , best known for her four Forest Novels , written in and around the Knysna Forest , including Fiela se Kind ( 1985 ) ( Fiela 's Child ) . Her books have been translated into fourteen languages , including English , French , and German . and over a million copies have been sold worldwide . The americas ( edit ) Main article : Latin American literature Caribbean islands ( edit ) Main articles : Caribbean literature and West Indian literature Maryse Condé ( 1937 -- ) is a French ( Guadeloupean ) author of historical fiction , best known for her novel Segu ( 1984 -- 1985 ) . West Indies ( edit ) An exemplar post-colonial novel is Wide Sargasso Sea ( 1966 ) by Jean Rhys ( 1890 -- 1979 ) , a mid-twentieth century novelist who was born and grew up in the Caribbean island of Dominica , though she was mainly resident in England from the age of 16 . This novel is based on Jane Eyre ( 1847 ) , by Charlotte Brontë , re-told from the perspective of a subaltern protagonist , Antoinette Conway . It is the story of Antoinette Cosway , a white Creole heiress , from the time of her youth in Jamaica , to her unhappy marriage to a certain English gentleman -- he is never named by the author . He renames her to a prosaic Bertha , declares her mad , and requires her to relocate to England . Caught in an oppressive patriarchal society in which she fully belongs neither to the white Europeans nor the black Jamaicans , Cosway is Rhys ' version of Brontë 's devilish `` madwoman in the attic . '' As with many postcolonial works , the novel deals with the themes of racial inequality and the harshness of displacement and assimilation . It is also concerned with power relations between men and women . Actress Pauline Henriques and writer Samuel Selvon reading a story on BBC 's `` Caribbean Voices '' 1952 The term `` West Indies '' first began to achieve wide currency in the 1950s , when writers such as Samuel Selvon , John Hearne , Edgar Mittelholzer , V.S. Naipaul , and George Lamming began to be published in the United Kingdom . A sense of a single literature developing across the islands was also encouraged in the 1940s by the BBC radio programme Caribbean Voices , which featured stories and poems written by West Indian authors , recorded in London under the direction of producer Henry Swanzy , and broadcast back to the islands . Magazines such as Kyk - Over-Al in Guyana , Bim in Barbados , and Focus in Jamaica , which published work by writers from across the region , also encouraged links and helped build an audience . Many -- perhaps most -- West Indian writers have found it necessary to leave their home territories and base themselves in the United Kingdom , the United States , or Canada in order to make a living from their work -- in some cases spending the greater parts of their careers away from the territories of their birth . Critics in their adopted territories might argue that , for instance , V.S. Naipaul ought to be considered a British writer instead of a Trinidadian writer , or Jamaica Kincaid and Paule Marshall American writers , but most West Indian readers and critics still consider these writers `` West Indian '' . West Indian literature ranges over subjects and themes as wide as those of any other `` national '' literature , but in general many West Indian writers share a special concern with questions of identity , ethnicity , and language that rise out of the Caribbean historical experience . One unique and pervasive characteristic of Caribbean literature is the use of `` dialect '' forms of the national language , often termed creole . The various local variations in the language adopted from the colonial powers such as Britain , Spain , Portugal , France and the Netherlands , have been modified over the years within each country and each has developed a blend that is unique to their country . Many Caribbean authors in their writing switch liberally between the local variation - now commonly termed nation language - and the standard form of the language . Two West Indian writers have won the Nobel Prize for Literature : Derek Walcott ( 1992 ) , born in St. Lucia , resident mostly in Trinidad during the 1960s and ' 70s , and partly in the United States since then ; and V.S. Naipaul , born in Trinidad and resident in the United Kingdom since the 1950 . ( Saint - John Perse , who won the Nobel Prize in 1960 , was born in the French territory of Guadeloupe . ) Other notable names in ( anglophone ) Caribbean literature have included Earl Lovelace , Austin Clarke , Claude McKay , Orlando Patterson , Andrew Salkey , Edward Kamau Brathwaite ( who was born in Barbados and has lived in Ghana and Jamaica ) , Linton Kwesi Johnson , and Michelle Cliff , to name only a few . In more recent times , a number of literary voices have emerged from the Caribbean as well as the Caribbean diaspora , including Kittitian Caryl Phillips ( who has lived in the UK since one month of age ) , Edwidge Danticat , a Haitian immigrant to the United States ; Anthony Kellman from Barbados , who divides his time between Barbados and the United States ; Andrea Levy of the United Kingdom , Jamaicans Colin Channer and Marlon James , the author of the Man Booker Prize - winning novel A Brief History of Seven Killings ( 2014 ) ( as well as John Crow 's Devil , The Book of Night Women , the unpublished screenplay `` Dead Men '' , and the short story `` Under Cover of Darkness '' ) , Antiguan Marie - Elena John , and Lasana M. Sekou from St. Maarten / St. Martin . Earl Lovelace ( 1935 -- ) is an award - winning Trinidadian novelist , journalist , playwright , and short story writer . He is particularly recognized for his descriptive , dramatic fiction on Trinidadian culture : `` Using Trinidadian dialect patterns and standard English , he probes the paradoxes often inherent in social change as well as the clash between rural and urban cultures . '' As Bernardine Evaristo notes , `` Lovelace is unusual among celebrated Caribbean writers in that he has always lived in Trinidad . Most writers leave to find support for their literary endeavours elsewhere and this , arguably , shapes the literature , especially after long periods of exile . But Lovelace 's fiction is deeply embedded in Trinidadian society and is written from the perspective of one whose ties to his homeland have never been broken . '' United States ( edit ) Indian born , American writer Bharati Mukherjee American David Henry Hwang 's play M. Butterfly addresses the Western perspective on China and the French as well as the American perspectives on Vietnam during the Vietnam War . It was inspired by Giacomo Puccini 's opera Madama Butterfly . Maxine Hong Kingston ( 1940 -- ) is a Chinese American author who has written three novels and several works of non-fiction about the experiences of Chinese immigrants living in the United States . Bharati Mukherjee although of East Indian ancestry has gone on record that she considers herself an American writer , and not an Indian expatriate writer . In a 1989 interview with Amanda Meer , Mukherjee said : `` I totally consider myself an American writer , and that has been my big battle : to get to realize that my roots as a writer are no longer , if they ever were , among Indian writers , but that I am writing about the territory about the feelings , of a new kind of pioneer here in America . I 'm the first among Asian immigrants to be making this distinction between immigrant writing and expatriate writing . Most Indian writers prior to this , have still thought of themselves as Indians , and their literary inspiration , has come from India . India has been the source , and home . Whereas I 'm saying , those are wonderful roots , but now my roots are here and my emotions are here in North America . '' Jhumpa Lahiri ( 1967 -- ) is an Indian - American author . Lahiri 's debut short story collection Interpreter of Maladies ( 1999 ) won the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction , and her first novel , The Namesake ( 2003 ) , was adapted into the popular film of the same name . African - American literature ( edit ) Throughout American history , African Americans have been discriminated against and subject to racist attitudes . This experience inspired some Black writers , at least during the early years of African - American literature , to prove they were the equals of European - American authors . As Henry Louis Gates , Jr , has said , `` it is fair to describe the subtext of the history of black letters as this urge to refute the claim that because blacks had no written traditions they were bearers of an inferior culture . '' By refuting the claims of the dominant culture , African - American writers were also attempting to subvert the literary and power traditions of the United States . Some scholars assert that writing has traditionally been seen as `` something defined by the dominant culture as a white male activity . '' This means that , in American society , literary acceptance has traditionally been intimately tied in with the very power dynamics which perpetrated such evils as racial discrimination . By borrowing from and incorporating the non-written oral traditions and folk life of the African diaspora , African - American literature broke `` the mystique of connection between literary authority and patriarchal power . '' In producing their own literature , African Americans were able to establish their own literary traditions devoid of the white intellectual filter . This view of African - American literature as a tool in the struggle for Black political and cultural liberation has been stated for decades , perhaps most famously by W.E.B. Du Bois . Puerto rico ( edit ) Giannina Braschi ( 1953 ) is a Puerto Rican writer , who is credited with writing the first Spanglish novel Yo - Yo Boing ! ( 1998 ) , the post-modern poetry trilogy Empire of Dreams ( 1994 ) , and the philosophical fiction United States of Banana ( 2011 ) , which chronicles the Latin American immigrants ' experiences in the United States and the Puerto Rican battle with Spanish and American colonialism . Native American Renaissance ( edit ) Native American Renaissance is a term originally coined by critic Kenneth Lincoln in the 1983 book Native American Renaissance to categorise the significant increase in production of literary works by Native Americans in the United States in the late 1960s onwards . A. Robert Lee and Alan Velie note that the book 's title `` quickly gained currency as a term to describe the efflorescence on literary works that followed the publication of N. Scott Momaday 's House Made of Dawn in 1968 '' . Momaday 's novel garnered critical acclaim , including the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1969 . Canada ( edit ) The Canadian writer Margaret Atwood is a post-colonial writer who dealt with themes of identity - seeking through her Southern Ontario Gothic style of writing . Canadian Michael Ondaatje , is an internationally acclaimed author with Sri Lankan roots , which he has explored in works like Running in the Family ( 1983 ) and The Cat 's Table ( 2011 ) . Cyril Dabydeen ( 1945 -- ) is a Guyana - born , Canadian writer of Indian descent . He grew up in a sugar plantation with the sense of Indian indenture rooted in his family background . West Asia : the middle East ( edit ) See also Egyptian literature , Iraqi literature , Syrian literature , and Palestinian literature Leading Egyptian novelist Naguib Mahfouz Major figures are Naguib Mahfouz the Egyptian novelist , and Edward Said an eminent Palestinian scholar who has written especially on the topic of Orientalism . According to Said 's work `` the Orient '' is a term constructed as the inferior shadow to the civilized and powerful West , the Occident . Its supposed inferiority is explained in racial terms . The Egyptian Revolution of 1919 , against British rule in Egypt and the Sudan , had a strong effect on Mahfouz , although he was at the time only seven years old . From the window he often saw British soldiers firing at the demonstrators , men and women . `` You could say ( ... ) that the one thing which most shook the security of my childhood was the 1919 revolution '' , he later said . South and southeast Asia ( edit ) Philippines ( edit ) Philippine literature includes the legends of prehistory , and the colonial legacy of the Philippines . Pre-Hispanic Philippine literature were actually epics passed on from generation to generation originally through oral tradition . However , wealthy families , especially in Mindanao were able to keep transcribed copies of these epics as family heirloom . One such epic was the Darangen , epic of the Maranaos of Lake Lanao . Most of the epics were known during the Spanish era . Most of the notable literature of the Philippines was written during the Spanish period and the first half of the 20th century in the Spanish language . Philippine literature is written in Spanish , English , or any indigenous Philippine languages . Notable authors include F. Sionil José , Jose Dalisay , Jr. , N.V.M. Gonzalez and Nick Joaquin . Indonesia ( edit ) Main article : Indonesian literature Dutch East Indies ( edit ) Dutch Indies literature includes Dutch language postcolonial literature reflecting on the era of the Dutch East Indies ( now : Indonesia ) . Much of the postcolonial literature of this genre is written by Dutch Eurasians known as Indos . Important authors that have been translated to English include , Tjalie Robinson , Maria Dermout , and Marion Bloem . Singapore ( edit ) Bonny Hicks ( 1968 -- 1997 ) was a Singapore Eurasian model and writer . After garnering fame as a model , she gained recognition for her contributions to Singaporean post-colonial literature and for the anthropic philosophy conveyed in her works . Her first book , Excuse Me , Are You A Model ? , is recognised as a significant milestone in the literary and cultural history of Singapore . India ( edit ) One of the key issues is the superiority / inferiority of Indian Writing in English as opposed to the literary production in the various languages of India . Key polar concepts bandied in this context are superficial / authentic , imitative / creative , shallow / deep , critical / uncritical , elitist / parochial and so on . The views of Salman Rushdie and Amit Chaudhuri expressed through their books The Vintage Book of Indian Writing and The Picador Book of Modern Indian Literature respectively essentialise this battle . Rushdie 's statement in his book -- `` the ironic proposition that India 's best writing since independence may have been done in the language of the departed imperialists is simply too much for some folks to bear '' -- created a lot of resentment among many writers , including writers in English . In his book , Amit Chaudhuri questions -- `` Can it be true that Indian writing , that endlessly rich , complex and problematic entity , is to be represented by a handful of writers who write in English , who live in England or America and whom one might have met at a party ? '' Chaudhuri feels that after Rushdie , Indian writing in English started employing magical realism , bagginess , non-linear narrative and hybrid language to sustain themes seen as microcosms of India and supposedly reflecting Indian conditions . He contrasts this with the works of earlier writers such as R.K. Narayan where the use of English is pure , but the deciphering of meaning needs cultural familiarity . He also feels that Indianness is a theme constructed only in IWE and does not articulate itself in the vernacular literatures . He further adds `` the post-colonial novel , becomes a trope for an ideal hybridity by which the West celebrates not so much Indianness , whatever that infinitely complex thing is , but its own historical quest , its reinterpretation of itself '' . Some of these arguments form an integral part of what is called postcolonial theory . The very categorisation of IWE -- as IWE or under post-colonial literature -- is seen by some as limiting . Amitav Ghosh made his views on this very clear by refusing to accept the Eurasian Commonwealth Writers Prize for his book The Glass Palace in 2001 and withdrawing it from the subsequent stage . The renowned writer V.S. Naipaul , a third generation Indian from Trinidad and Tobago and a Nobel prize laureate , is a person who belongs to the world and usually not classified under IWE . Naipaul evokes ideas of homeland , rootlessness and his own personal feelings towards India in many of his books . Indian authors like Amitav Ghosh , Anita Desai , Hanif Kureishi , Rohinton Mistry , Meena Alexander , Arundhati Roy and Kiran Desai have written about their postcolonial experiences . The most significant novels of the current generation of Indian novelists in Urdu are Makaan by Paigham Afaqui ( 1956 -- ) , Do Gaz Zameen by Abdus Samad , and Pani by Ghazanfer . These works , especially Makaan , has moved the Urdu novel beyond the prevalent themes relating to Pakistan 's gaining of independence in 1947 , and identity issues , and take it into modern - day realities and issues of life in India . Makaan influenced many English writers including Vikram Seth . Paigham Afaqui 's second major novel , Paleeta , was published in 2011 and depicts the political cynicism of a common Indian citizen in the six decades after India 's independence . The Hungry Generation was a literary movement in the Bengali language launched by what is known today as the `` Hungryalist quartet '' , i.e. Shakti Chattopadhyay , Malay Roy Choudhury , Samir Roychoudhury and Debi Roy ( alias Haradhon Dhara ) , during the 1960s in Kolkata , India . Due to their involvement in this avant garde cultural movement , the leaders lost their jobs and were jailed by the incumbent government . They challenged contemporary ideas about literature and contributed significantly to the evolution of the language and idiom used by contemporaneous artists to express their feelings in literature and painting . Nissim Ezekiel ( 1924 -- 2004 ) was a foundational figure in postcolonial India 's literary history , specifically for Indian writing in English . Mahashweta Devi ( 1926 -- 2016 ) is an Indian social activist and writer . n See also : British authors E.M. Forster , J. G Farrell , and Paul Scott , below under Britain ; Pakistani literature and Pakistani literature in English Sri Lanka ( edit ) Sri Lankan writers like Nihal De Silva and Carl Muller write about the post-colonial situation and the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka . See also Michael Ondaatje under Canada . Bangladesh ( edit ) Main articles : Bangladeshi English literature and Bangladeshi folk literature Selim Al Deen from Bangladesh has also written postcolonial drama . Europe ( edit ) Britain ( edit ) The novels of J.G. Farrell are important texts dealing with the collapse of the British Empire . Troubles , is set during the Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 1921 ) , and is the first instalment in Farrell 's `` Empire Trilogy '' , preceding The Siege of Krishnapur and The Singapore Grip , all written during the 1970s . Although there are similar themes within the three novels ( most notably that of the British Empire ) , they do not form a sequence of storytelling . The Siege of Krishnapurn was inspired by events such as the sieges of Siege of Cawnpore ( Kanpur ) and Lucknow , and details the siege of a fictional Indian town , Krishnapur , during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 from the perspective of the British residents . The Singapore Grip is satirical book about events following Japan 's entry into the Second World War and occupation of Singapore . The story centres on a British family who control one of the colony 's leading trading companies . Novelist E.M. Forster 's A Passage to India ( 1924 ) takes as its subject the relationship between East and West , seen through the lens of India in the later days of the British Raj . Forster connects personal relationships with the politics of colonialism through the story of the Englishwoman Adela Quested , the Indian Dr. Aziz , and the question of what did or did not happen between them in the Marabar Caves . The Raj Quartet a four - volume novel sequence , written by Paul Scott , also deals with the subject of the British in India , in this case the concluding years of the British Raj in India . The series was written during the period 1965 -- 75 . The Times called it `` one of the most important landmarks of post-war fiction . '' The story of The Raj Quartet begins in 1942 . World War II is at its zenith , and in South East Asia , the Allied forces have suffered great losses . Burma has fallen , and the Japanese invasion of the Indian subcontinent from the east appears imminent . The year 1942 is also marked by Indian nationalist leader Mahatma Gandhi 's call for the Quit India movement to the British rulers of India . The Raj Quartet is set in this tumultuous background for the British soldiers and civilians stationed in India who have a duty to manage this part of the British Empire . One recurrent theme is the moral certainty of the older generation as contrasted with the anomie of the younger . Another is the racism to which this leads . To justify the racism and combat this danger of anomie and disintegration , the British characters let themselves be `` trapped by codes and principles , which were in part to keep their own fears and doubts at bay . '' Wales ( edit ) The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 -- 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century , and Welsh national feeling grew during the 20th century . The Welsh nationalist party , Plaid Cymru , was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Saunders Lewis ( 1893 -- 1985 ) , the noted Welsh language poet , novelist , dramatist , and nationalist , rejected the possibility of Anglo - Welsh literature , because of its use of English , the language of the British colonialists , affirming that ' `` the literature which people called Anglo - Welsh was indistinguishable from English literature '' . Saunders Lewis was himself born in Wallasey in England to a Welsh - speaking family . The attitude of the post-war generation of Welsh writers in English towards Wales differs from the previous generation , in that they were more sympathetic to Welsh nationalism and to the Welsh language . The change can be linked to the nationalist fervour generated by Saunders Lewis and the burning of the Bombing School on the Lleyn Peninsula in 1936 , along with a sense of crisis generated by World War II . In poetry R.S. Thomas ( 1913 -- 2000 ) was the most important figure throughout the second half of the 20th century , beginning with The Stones of the Field in 1946 and concluding with No Truce with the Furies ( 1995 ) . While he `` did not learn the Welsh language until he was 30 and wrote all his poems in English '' , he wanted the Welsh language to be made the first language of Wales , and the official policy of bilingualism abolished . He wrote his autobiography in Welsh , but said he lacked the necessary grasp of the language to employ it in his poems . Although an Anglican priest , he was a fervent nationalist and advocated non-violent action against English owners of holiday homes in Wales . As an admirer of Saunders Lewis , Thomas defended his need to use English : `` Since there is in Wales a mother tongue that continues to flourish , a proper Welshman can only look on English as a means of rekindling interest in the Welsh language , and of leading people back to the mother tongue . '' With the creation the National Assembly for Wales , under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , Wales now has more local autonomy from the central government in England . The Welsh Language Act 1993 and the Government of Wales Act 1998 provide that the English and Welsh languages be treated on a basis of equality . English is spoken by almost all people in Wales and is the de facto main language . Northern and western Wales retain many areas where Welsh is spoken as a first language by the majority of the population , and English learnt as a second language . The 2011 Census showed 562,016 people , 19.0 % of the Welsh population , were able to speak Welsh . Ireland ( edit ) `` Birth of the Irish Republic '' by Walter Paget , depicting the Dublin GPO being shelled during the Easter Uprising of 1916 . The English language was introduced to Ireland in the 13th century , following the Norman Conquest of Ireland . However , English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th -- 17th century Tudor conquest , which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain . In the 1690s , a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters , and was extended during the 18th century . The Irish language , however , remained the dominant language of Irish literature down to the 19th century , despite a slow decline which began in the 17th century with the expansion of English power . The 17th century saw the tightening of English control over Ireland and the suppression of the traditional aristocracy . This meant that the literary class lost its patrons , since the new nobility were English speakers with little sympathy for the older culture . The elaborate classical metres lost their dominance and were largely replaced by more popular forms . This was an age of social and political tension , as expressed by the poet Dáibhí Ó Bruadair and the anonymous authors of Pairliment Chloinne Tomáis , a prose satire on the aspirations of the lower classes . Prose of another sort was represented by the historical works of Geoffrey Keating ( Seathrún Céitinn ) and the compilation known as the Annals of the Four Masters . The consequences of these changes were seen in the 18th century . Poetry was still the dominant literary medium and its practitioners were poor scholars , often educated in the classics at local schools and schoolmasters by trade . Such writers produced polished work in popular metres for a local audience . This was particularly the case in Munster , in the south - west of Ireland , and notable names included Eoghan Rua Ó Súilleabháin and Aogán Ó Rathaille of Sliabh Luachra . A certain number of local patrons were still to be found , even in the early 19th century , and especially among the few surviving families of the Gaelic aristocracy . In the first half of the 18th century Dublin was the home of an Irish - language literary circle connected to the Ó Neachtain ( Naughton ) family , a group with wide - ranging Continental connections . With the Acts of Union in 1801 , Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom . The latter part of the 19th century saw a rapid replacement of Irish by English in the greater part of the country , though Irish was still an urban language , and continued to be so well into the 19th century . At the end of the 19th century , however , cultural nationalism displayed a new energy , marked by the Gaelic Revival ( which encouraged a modern literature in Irish ) and more generally by the Irish Literary Revival . A war of independence in the early 20th century was followed by the partition of the island , creating the Irish Free State in 1922 , which became increasingly sovereign over the following decades , and Northern Ireland , which remained a part of the United Kingdom . See also ( edit ) Breton literature Catalan literature Colonial cinema Francophone literature Māori poetry TSAR Publications ( 4 ) -- a book publisher focusing on Canadian multicultural literature . Vernacular literature References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hart & Goldie 1993 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Huddart , David . `` Homi K. Bhabha '' , Routledge Critical Thinkers , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Biography of Frantz Fanon '' . Encyclopedia of World Biography . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Seb Bra , `` Frantz Fanon à Dehilès : `` Attention Boumedienne est un psychopathe '' , Academia . Jump up ^ Lewis Gordon , Fanon and the Crisis of European Man ( 1995 ) , New York : Routledge . Jump up ^ Hussein Abdilahi Bulhan , Frantz Fanon and the Psychology of Oppression ( 1985 ) , New York : Plenum Press . Jump up ^ Frantz Fanon , `` Concerning Violence '' , from The Wretched of the Earth . ^ Jump up to : Revie , Linda L. ( 2003 ) . The Niagara Companion : Explorers , Artists and Writers at the Falls , from Discovery through the Twentieth Century . Wilfrid Laurier University Press . p. 95 . ISBN 0 - 88920 - 433 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Imperial Eyes : Travel Writing and Transculturation '' ( 1992 ) . In chapters 3 and 4 , titled , `` Narrating the Anti-Conquest '' and `` Anti-Conquest II : Mystique of Reciprocity '' . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online Marcus Garvey profile . Retrieved 20 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The `` Back to Africa '' Myth `` . UNIA - ACL website . 14 July 2005 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Weedon , Chris ( 2000 ) . Feminist practice & poststructuralist theory ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford ( u.a. ) : Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 19825 - 3 . Jump up ^ Black , Eleanor ( 12 March 2016 ) . `` The Career Diplomat '' . The Dominion Post - Your Weekend magazine . Wellington . p. 9 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/albert-wendt-very-flattered-over-new-zealand-s-top-honour-5454287 Jump up ^ Karen Tay , `` Witi Ihimaera -- the life of a Maori boy '' , NZ Herald , 23 May 2005 . Jump up ^ Interview with Albert Wendt : 1 , Brandy Nālani McDougall , 12 August 2002 . Jump up ^ Patke ( 2006 ) , p. 161 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 08 ... Jump up ^ ' Sia Figiel ' Samoan Bios . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Genoni , Paul ( 2004 ) . Subverting the Empire : Explorers and Exploration in Australian Fiction . Altona , VIC : Common Ground . Jump up ^ Cook , James ( 1977 ) . The Journal of HMS Endeavour , 1768 -- 1771 . Surrey , England : Genesis . ISBN 0904351025 . Jump up ^ Jenkin , Graham ( 1979 ) . Conquest of the Ngarrindjeri . Adelaide : Rigby . Jump up ^ Land , Clare ( 16 September 2013 ) . `` Oodgeroo Noonuccal ( 1920 -- 1993 ) '' . Australian Women 's Archives Project . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oodgeroo Noonuccal . '' Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement , Vol. 27 . Gale , 2007 . Jump up ^ http://books.wwnorton.com/books/detail-contents.aspx?ID=12252 Jump up ^ `` Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o : A Profile of a Literary and Social Activist '' . ngugiwathiongo.com . Archived from the original on 29 March 2009 . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Africultures -- Entretien -- `` La littérature anglophone camerounaise à la croisée des chemins '' `` . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Naomi Nkealah , `` Women 's Contribution to the Development of Anglophone Cameroonian Drama : The Plays of Anne Tanyi - Tang '' . Research in African Literatures , Vol. 45 , No. 2 ( Summer 2014 ) , pp. 122 - 134 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Nnamdi Ken Amobi ( 13 April 2013 ) . `` Chinua Achebe : Ogidi man first , Ogidi man last '' . Vanguard . Lagos . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Literature 1986 Wole Soyinka '' . The Nobel Prize . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Theresia de Vroom , `` The Many Dimensions of Wole Soyinka '' Archived 2013 - 06 - 05 at the Wayback Machine. , Vistas , Loyola Marymount University . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Maya Jaggi ( 2 November 2002 ) . `` Ousting monsters '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Nixon , Rob ( 1 October 2006 ) . `` A Biafran Story '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 January 2009 . Jump up ^ James Copnall , `` Steak Knife '' , The Times Literary Supplement , 16 December 2011 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ http://www.dalenematthee.co.za/english/biography/index.html Jump up ^ http://www.mieliestronk.com/skryfdmatthee.html Jump up ^ Condé , Maryse , and Richard Philcox . Tales from the Heart : True Stories from My Childhood . New York : Soho , 2001 Jump up ^ Suneeta Peres da Costa Wide Sargasso Sea , Fifty Years on `` . Sydney Review of Books , 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Ramchand , Kenneth . The West Indian Novel and Its Background . London : Faber , 1970 . Jump up ^ Griffith , Glyne . `` Deconstructing Nationalisms : Henry Swanzy , Caribbean Voices and the Development of West Indian Literature '' , Small Axe , Number 10 ( Volume 5 , Number 2 ) , September 2001 , pp. 1 - 20 . Jump up ^ Dalleo , Raphael . Caribbean Literature and the Public Sphere : From the Plantation to the Postcolonial . Charlottesville : University of Virginia Press , 2012 . Jump up ^ Waters , Erika J. ( 2009 ) . `` Paradise Revealed : Readings in Caribbean Literature '' . Maine Humanities Council . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Lovelace '' , Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Bernardine Evaristo , `` Is Just a Movie by Earl Lovelace -- review . An incisive and witty portrait of Trinidadian society ... '' , The Guardian ( London ) , 29 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Meer , Amanda http://bombsite.com/issues/29/articles/1264 Fall 1989 , Retrieved May 20 , 2013 Jump up ^ Chotiner , Isaac . `` Interviews : Jhumpa Lahiri '' , The Atlantic , 2008 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved on 2008 - 04 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Other Ghost in Beloved : The Specter of the Scarlet Letter '' by Jan Stryz from The New Romanticism : a collection of critical essays by Eberhard Alsen , p. 140 , ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3547 - 4 . Jump up ^ Quote from Marjorie Pryse in `` The Other Ghost in Beloved : The Specter of the Scarlet Letter '' by Jan Stryz , from The New Romanticism : a collection of critical essays by Eberhard Alsen , p. 140 , ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3547 - 4 . Jump up ^ Mason , `` African - American Theory and Criticism '' ( accessed July 6 , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Lee and Velie , `` Introduction '' , in Native American Renaissance : Literary Imagination and Achievement , p. 3 Jump up ^ Janice Fiamengo , `` Postcolonial Guilt in Margaret Atwood 's Surfacing '' . American Review of Canadian Studies , Vol. 29 , No. 1 , Spring 1999 . ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Robert McCrum , Observer , `` Michael Ondaatje : Double vision : a Canadian citizen , Michael Ondaatje is still `` profoundly Sri Lankan '' . Sunday 28 August 2011 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Cyril Dabydeen biography . Voice of Guyana International , January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Charlotte El Shabrawy ( Summer 1992 ) . `` Naguib Mahfouz , The Art of Fiction No. 129 '' . The Paris Review . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ismail S. Talib ( September 2000 ) . `` Singapore '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Commonwealth Literature. 3 ( 35 ) : 105 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Dr Uttam Das , Reader , Calcutta University , in his dissertation ' Hungry Shruti and Shastravirodhi Andolan ' Jump up ^ Detailed Biography Ramon Magsaysay Award . Jump up ^ John Charles Hawley ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of Postcolonial Studies . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 142 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31192 - 5 . Retrieved 6 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Publisher 's website Jump up ^ For instance , in Day of the Scorpion , Sarah Layton envies the `` self - assurance '' of her older aunt . See Day of the Scorpion , Book Two Part Two ch. IV Jump up ^ For example , in Day of the Scorpion , Hari Kumar describes how the British were shocked and embarrassed at the sight of an Englishwoman treating an Indian as a human being rather than as an inferior being . See Day of the Scorpion Book Two Part One Ch . I Jump up ^ review of Raj Quartet in The Spectator Jump up ^ Michael J. Collins , `` Keeping the Flag Flying : Anglo - Welsh Poetry in the Twentieth Century '' . World Literature Today , Vol. 56 , no . 1 ( Winter 1982 ) ; Saunders Lewis , `` Is There an Anglo - Welsh Literature '' , Cardiff : University of Wales Press , 1939 . Jump up ^ The Pocket Guide , p. 122 . ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles Times , `` Obituary '' , September 27 , 2000 Jump up ^ R.S. Thomas , Selected Prose , ed . Sandra Anstey . Brigend : Poetry Wales Press , 1986 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Census , Key Statistics for Unitary Authorities in Wales '' . Office for National Statistics . 11 December 2012 . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2001 : Main statistics about Welsh '' . Welsh Language Board . Archived from the original on 24 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2010 . Jump up ^ TLG 201 -- 223 . Jump up ^ See the introduction to Williams ( 1981 ) . The text is bilingual . Jump up ^ Caerwyn Williams and Ní Mhuiríosa ( 1979 ) , pp. 252 -- 268 , 282 -- 290 . See Corkery ( 1925 ) for a detailed discussion of the social context . Jump up ^ Caerwyn Williams and Ní Mhuiríosa ( 1979 ) , pp. 279 -- 282 . Bibliography ( edit ) Hart , Jonathan ; Goldie , Terrie ( 1993 ) . `` Post-colonial theory '' . In Makaryk , Irene Rima ; Hutcheon , Linda ; Perron , Paul . Encyclopedia of contemporary literary theory : approaches , scholars , terms . Toronto , Canada : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 5914 - 7 . Retrieved 14 November 2011 . Gerald Moore and Ulli Beier , eds . Penguin Book of Modern African Poetry Tobias Döring , Postcolonial Literatures in English : An Introduction , 2008 . Prem Poddar and David Johnson , A Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literature in English , 2005 . Alamgir Hashmi , The Commonwealth , Comparative Literature and the World , 1988 . John Thieme , The Arnold Anthology of Post-Colonial Literatures in English Chelsea 46 : World Literature in English ( 1987 ) Poetry International 7 / 8 ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Eugene Benson and L.W. Conolly ( eds . ) , Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literatures in English , 1994 , 2005 . John McLeod , Beginning Postcolonialism , second edition ( MUP , 2010 ) . Alamgir Hashmi , Commonwealth Literature : An Essay Towards the Re-definition of a Popular / Counter Culture , 1983 . Elleke Boehmer , Colonial and Postcolonial Literature : Migrant Metaphors Britta Olinde , A Sense of Place : Essays in Post-Colonial Literatures Peter Thompson , Littérature moderne du monde francophone . Chicago : NTC ( McGraw - Hill ) , 1997 Homi Bhabha , The Location of Culture , Routledge 1994 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 05406 - 0 Postcolonial Theory and the Arab - Israeli Conflict edited by Philip Carl Salzman and Donna Robinson Divine , Routledge ( 2008 ) External links ( edit ) Contemporary Postcolonial and Postimperial Literature Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Postcolonial_literature&oldid=833090081 '' Categories : Postcolonial literature Literature Literary criticism Works about colonialism Postmodern literature Postmodern theory Literary theory Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Esperanto فارسی Italiano ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 16 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcolonial%20literature

in 1804 the french colony of achieved independence

The Haitian Revolution ( French : Révolution haïtienne ( ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ ajisjɛ̃n ) ) was a successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection by self - liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint - Domingue , now the sovereign nation of Haiti . It began on 22 August 1791 at 22 : 00 , and ended in 1804 with the former colony 's independence . It involved blacks , mulattoes , French , Spanish , and British participants -- with the ex-slave Toussaint L'Ouverture emerging as Haiti 's most charismatic hero . It was the only slave uprising that led to the founding of a state which was both free from slavery , and ruled by non-whites and former captives . It is now widely seen as a defining moment in the history of racism in the Atlantic World .

Haiti

Haitian Revolution

haitian revolution

Haitian victory

French colonial government expelled Massacre of the French Territorial changes Independent Empire of Haiti established Belligerents 1791 -- 1793 Ex-slaves French royalists Spain ( from 1793 ) 1791 -- 1793 Slave owners Kingdom of France ( until 1792 ) French Republic 1793 -- 1798 French royalists Great Britain Spain ( until 1796 ) 1793 -- 1798 French Republic Ex-slaves 1798 -- 1801 Louverture Loyalists 1798 -- 1801 Rigaud Loyalists Spain 1802 -- 1804 Ex-slaves United Kingdom 1802 -- 1804 French Republic Polish Legions Swiss Confederation Spain Commanders and leaders 1791 -- 1793 Dutty Boukman † Georges Biassou Vincent Ogé André Rigaud 1793 -- 1798 Paul - Louis Dubuc Thomas Maitland Joaquín Moreno 1798 -- 1801 Toussaint Louverture 1802 -- 1804 Toussaint Louverture Jean - Jacques Dessalines Henri Christophe Alexandre Pétion François Capois John Duckworth John Loring 1791 -- 1793 Viscount de Blanchelande Léger - Félicité Sonthonax 1793 -- 1798 Toussaint Louverture André Rigaud Alexandre Pétion 1798 -- 1801 André Rigaud 1802 -- 1804 Napoleon Bonaparte Charles Leclerc † Vicomte de Rochambeau Villaret de Joyeuse Federico Gravina Strength Regular army : 55,000 , Volunteers : 100,000 + 31,000 Regular army : 60,000 , 86 warships and frigates Casualties and losses Haitians : 200,000 dead British : 45,000 dead France : 75,000 dead White colonists : 25,000 Haitian Revolution Bois Caïman Fort - Dauphin Jean - Rabel War of Knives Saint - Domingue expedition Snake Gully Crête - à - Pierrot Blockade of Saint - Domingue Vertières French Revolutionary Wars Timeline 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 Haitian Revolution Bois Caïman Fort - Dauphin Jean - Rabel War of Knives Saint - Domingue expedition Snake Gully Crête - à - Pierrot Blockade of Saint - Domingue Vertières War of the First Coalition Porrentruy Marquain Verdun Thionville Valmy Lille Mainz Flanders Campaign Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Naval Battles Mediterranean campaign of 1793 -- 1796 War in the Vendée War of the Pyrenees Rhine Campaign of 1793 - 94 Italian Campaigns East Indies Theatre Martinique Guadeloupe Atlantic campaign of May 1794 Helder Rhine Campaign of 1795 Rhine Campaign of 1796 Siegburg Altenkirchen Wetzlar Kircheib First Kehl Malsch Neresheim Amberg Würzburg Limburg Second Kehl Biberach Anglo - Spanish War Fishguard Neuwied Diersheim United Irishmen Rebellion Ballymore - Eustace Naas Rathangan Prosperous Kilcullen Carnew Dunlavin Carlow Harrow Tara Hill Oulart Hill Enniscorthy Gibbet Rath Newtownmountkennedy Three Rocks Bunclody Tubberneering New Ross / Scullabogue Antrim Arklow Saintfield Ballynahinch Ovidstown Foulksmills Vinegar Hill Ballyellis Castlebar Collooney Ballinamuck Killala Tory Island War of the Second Coalition Nicopolis Corfu Ostrach Feldkirch 1st Stockach Verona Magnano Cassano Bassignana 1st Marengo Winterthur 1st Zurich Modena Trebbia 2nd Marengo Mantua Novi Callantsoog Vlieter Incident Krabbendam Mannheim Bergen 2nd Zurich Alkmaar Castricum 2nd Novi Genola 3rd Novi Wiesloch Genoa Hohentwiel 2nd Stockach Messkirch Biberach Fort Bard Chiusella Montebello 3rd Marengo Höchstädt Neuburg Ampfing Hohenlinden Mincio Copenhagen Algeciras ( 1st 2nd ) Porto Ferrajo Mediterranean Campaign Egyptian Campaign Swiss Campaign Dutch Campaign Italian Campaign Quasi-War USS Delaware vs La Croyable USS Constellation vs L'Insurgente Action of 1 January 1800 USS Constellation vs La Vengeance Jacmel Puerto Plata Harbor USS Boston vs Berceau USS Enterprise vs Flambeau Curaçao Italian Campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars 1st Saorgio Méribel Epierre 2nd Saorgio 1st Dego Loano Montenotte Campaign Fombio Lodi Borghetto Lonato Castiglione Peschiera ( fr ) Rovereto 1st Bassano 2nd Bassano Calliano Caldiero Arcole Rivoli 1st Mantua Faenza Valvasone Tyrol ( fr ) Tarvis Veronese Easter Verona Magnano Cassano Bassignana 1st Marengo Modena Trebbia 2nd Marengo 2nd Mantua Novi 2nd Novi Genola 3rd Novi Genoa Fort Bard Chiusella Montebello Marengo Pozzolo Mediterranean campaign of 1793 -- 1796 Sardinia Toulon Burning of the French fleet Genoa Raid 22 October 1793 Corsica San Fiorenzo Bastia Calvi Martin 's cruise Mykonos Berwick Genoa 24 June 1795 Hyères Islands Richery 's expedition Levant Convoy Ganteaume 's expedition 13 October 1796 19 December 1796 East Indies theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars Pondicherry Sunda Strait 5 May 1794 Île Ronde Ceylon Cape Colony Saldanha Bay Sumatra Bali Strait Manila Macau 9 February 1799 28 February 1799 Port Louis Mahé Naval Battles of the French Revolutionary Wars Sardinia Toulon 1st Genoa Guernsey May 1794 Ushant Alexander Croisière du Grand Hiver Gulf of Roses 2nd Genoa April 1795 Cornwallis 's Retreat Groix Hyères Levant Convoy Saldanha Bay Newfoundland expedition Expédition d'Irlande Droits de l'Homme 2nd St Vincent Camperdown Raz de Sein Îles Saint - Marcouf Nile Tory Island Croisière de Bruix Dunkirk Malta Copenhagen Algeciras 1st 2nd Boulogne Mahé Royalist Revolts of the French Revolutionary Wars Vendée Chouannerie Toulon Lyon Quiberon 13 Vendémiaire Peasants ' War ( 1798 ) Part of a series on the History of Haiti Chronology Early history Spanish rule French rule Haitian Revolution Siege of Santo Domingo Haitian - Dominican Wars Imperial era Republican era Duvalier era Post-Duvalier era Post-quake era Topics Slavery U.S. occupation 2004 coup d'état 2010 earthquake Timeline Military history Haiti portal Part of a series on Revolution Types ( show ) Colour Communist Democratic Nonviolent Permanent Political Proletarian Social Wave Methods ( show ) Boycott Civil disobedience Civil war Class conflict Coup d'état Demonstration Guerrilla warfare Insurgency Nonviolent resistance Protest Rebellion Revolutionary terror Samizdat Strike action Tax resistance Terrorism Causes ( show ) Authoritarianism Autocracy Capitalism Collaborationism Colonialism Cronyism Despotism Dictatorship Discrimination Economic depression Economic inequality Electoral fraud Famine Fascism Feudalism Imperialism Military occupation Monarchy Natural disaster Nepotism Persecution Political corruption Political repression Poverty Totalitarianism Unemployment Examples ( show ) Commercial Revolution Industrial Revolution English Revolution Atlantic Revolutions American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Serbian Revolution Greek Revolution Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Belgian Revolution Texas Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Philippine Revolution Persian Constitutional Revolution Young Turk Revolution Mexican Revolution Xinhai Revolution Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Spanish Revolution of 1936 Guatemalan Revolution Chinese Communist Revolution Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Cuban Revolution Rwandan Revolution Cultural Revolution Nicaraguan Revolution Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution People Power Revolution Carnation Revolution Revolutions of 1989 Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Singing Revolution Bolivarian Revolution Bulldozer Revolution Rose Revolution Orange Revolution Tulip Revolution Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 Arab Spring Tunisian Revolution Yemeni Revolution Euromaidan Politics portal The Haitian Revolution ( French : Révolution haïtienne ( ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ ajisjɛ̃n ) ) was a successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection by self - liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint - Domingue , now the sovereign nation of Haiti . It began on 22 August 1791 at 22 : 00 , and ended in 1804 with the former colony 's independence . It involved blacks , mulattoes , French , Spanish , and British participants -- with the ex-slave Toussaint L'Ouverture emerging as Haiti 's most charismatic hero . It was the only slave uprising that led to the founding of a state which was both free from slavery , and ruled by non-whites and former captives . It is now widely seen as a defining moment in the history of racism in the Atlantic World . Its effects on the institution of slavery were felt throughout the Americas . The end of French rule and the abolition of slavery in the former colony was followed by a successful defense of the freedoms they won , and , with the collaboration of free persons of color , their independence from white Europeans . It represents the largest slave uprising since Spartacus 's unsuccessful revolt against the Roman Republic nearly 1,900 years earlier . It challenged long - held beliefs about black inferiority and about enslaved persons ' capacity to achieve and maintain their own freedom . The rebels ' organizational capacity and tenacity under pressure inspired stories that shocked and frightened slave owners . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historiographical debates 2 Effects 3 Background 4 Situation in 1789 4.1 Social stratification 4.2 Regional conflicts 5 Effects of the French Revolution 6 Relationship between the French Revolution and the Haitian Revolution 6.1 Reason for revolution 6.2 Brutality 6.3 Lasting change 7 Influence of Enlightenment thought 8 The Revolution 9 Leadership of Louverture 10 Resistance to slavery 11 Free republic 12 1804 massacre of the French 13 Impact 14 The Revolution and the media 15 In popular culture 16 Literature about the Haitian Revolution 17 See also 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External links Historiographical debates While acknowledging the cross-influences , most contemporary historians distinguish the Haitian Revolution from the French Revolution . Some also separate it from the earlier armed conflicts by free men of color who were seeking expansion of political rights for themselves , but not the abolition of slavery . These scholars show that if the agency of the enslaved blacks becomes the focus of studies , the Revolution 's opening and closing dates are certain . From this premise , the narrative began with the enslaved blacks ' bid for freedom through armed struggle and concluded with their victory over slavery powers and the creation of an independent state . In April 1791 , a massive black insurgency in the north of the island rose violently against the plantation system , setting a precedent of resistance to racial slavery . In cooperation with their former mulatto rivals , blacks ended the Revolution in November 1803 when they decidedly defeated the French army at the Battle of Vertières . The French had already lost a high proportion of their troops to yellow fever and other diseases . After acknowledging defeat in Saint - Domingue , Napoleon withdrew from North America , agreeing to the Louisiana Purchase by the United States . Although the series of events during these years is known under the name of `` Haitian Revolution , '' alternative views suggest that the entire affair was an assorted number of coincidental conflicts that ended with a fragile truce between free men of color and blacks . Historians debate whether the victorious Haitians were `` intrinsically ( a ) revolutionary force '' . One thing is certain : Haiti became an independent country on January 1 , 1804 , when the council of generals chose Jean - Jacques Dessalines to assume the office of governor - general . One of the state 's first significant documents was Dessaliness ' `` Liberty or Death '' speech , which circulated broadly in the foreign press . In it , the new head of state made the case for the new nation 's objective : the permanent abolition of slavery in Haiti . Effects An independent government was created in Haiti , but the country 's society remained deeply affected by patterns established under French colonial rule . As in other French colonial societies , a class of free people of color had developed after centuries of French rule here . Many planters or young unmarried men had relations with African or Afro - Caribbean women , sometimes providing for their freedom and that of their children , as well as providing for education of the mixed - race children , especially the boys . Some were sent to France for education and training , which sometimes provided entree into the French military . The mulattoes who returned to Saint - Domingue became the elite of the people of color . As an educated class used to the French political system , they became the elite of Haitian society after the war 's end . Many of them had used their social capital to acquire wealth , and some already owned land . Some had identified more with the French colonists than the slaves . Many of the free people of color , by contrast , were raised in French culture , had certain rights within colonial society , and generally spoke French and practiced Catholicism ( with syncretic absorption of African religions . ) Mulatto domination of politics and economics , and urban life after the revolution , created a different kind of two - caste society , as most Haitians were rural subsistence farmers . The nascent state 's future was hobbled in 1825 when France forced it to pay 150 million gold francs in reparations to French ex-slaveholders -- as a condition of French political recognition and to end the nation 's political and economic isolation . Though the amount of the reparations was reduced in 1838 , Haiti was unable to finish paying off its debt until 1947 . The payments left the country 's government deeply impoverished , causing long - term instability . Background Much of Caribbean economic development was contingent to Europeans ' demand for sugar . Plantation owners produced sugar as a commodity crop from cultivation of sugar cane , which required extensive labor . Saint Domingue also had extensive coffee , cocoa , and indigo plantations , but these were smaller and less profitable than the sugar plantations . The commodity crops were traded for European goods . Starting in the 1730s , French engineers constructed complex irrigation systems to increase sugarcane production . By the 1740s Saint - Domingue , together with the British colony of Jamaica , had become the main supplier of the world 's sugar . Sugar production depended on extensive manual labor provided by enslaved Africans in the harsh Saint - Domingue colonial plantation economy . Saint - Domingue was the most profitable French colony in the world , indeed one of the most profitable of all the European colonies in the 18th century . An average of 600 ships engaged every year in shipping products from Saint - Domingue to Bordeaux , and the value of Saint - Domingue 's crops and goods was almost equal in value to all of the products shipped from the British Thirteen Colonies to Great Britain . The livelihood of 1 million of the 25 million or so people who lived in the Kingdom of France in 1789 depended directly upon the imports of coffee , indigo and sugar from St. Domingue , and several million indirectly depended upon trade from France 's richest colony to maintain their standard of living . Slavery sustained sugar production under harsh conditions , including the unhealthy climate of the Caribbean , where diseases such as malaria ( brought from Africa ) and yellow fever caused high mortality . In 1787 alone , the French imported about 20,000 slaves from Africa into Saint - Domingue , while the British imported about 38,000 slaves total to all of their Caribbean colonies . The death rate from yellow fever was such that at least 50 % of the slaves from Africa died within a year of arriving , so the masters preferred to work their slaves as hard as possible while providing with them with the barest minimum of food and shelter . They calculated that it was better to get the most work out of their slaves with lowest possible expense possible , since they were probably going to die of yellow fever anyway . The death rate was so high that polyandry - one woman being married to several men at the same time - developed as a common form of marriage among the slaves . As slaves had no legal rights , rape by masters , their unmarried sons , or white overseers were a common occurrence on the plantations . The white planters and their families , together with the petit bourgeoisie of merchants and shopkeepers , were outnumbered by slaves by a factor of more than ten on Saint Domingue . The largest sugar plantations and concentrations of slaves were in the North of the islands , and whites lived in fear of slave rebellion . Even by the standards of the Caribbean , the French slave masters were extremely cruel in their treatment of slaves . They used the threat and acts of physical violence to maintain control and suppress efforts at slave rebellion . When slaves left the plantations or disobeyed their masters , they were subject to whipping , or to more extreme torture such as castration or burning , the punishment being both a personal lesson and a warning for other slaves . Louis XIV , the French King , passed the Code Noir in 1685 in an attempt to regulate such violence and the treatment of the enslaved person in general in the colony , but masters openly and consistently broke the code . During the 18th century , local legislation reversed parts of it . In 1758 , the white landowners began passing legislation restricting the rights of other groups of people until a rigid caste system was defined . Most historians classify the people of the era into three groups : The first group were white colonists , or les blancs . This group is generally subdivided into the plantation owners and a lower class of whites who often served as overseers or day laborers , artisans and shopkeepers . The second group were free persons of color ( gens de couleur libre ) , usually mixed - race , and sometimes referred to as mulattoes , of African and French descent . These gens de couleur tended to be educated and literate , and the men often served in the army or as administrators on plantations . Many were children of white planters and enslaved mothers , or free women of color . Others had purchased their freedom from their owners through the sale of their own produce or artistic works . They often received education or artisan training , and sometimes inherited freedom or property from their fathers . Some gens de couleur owned and operated their own plantations and became slave owners . The third group , outnumbering the others by a ratio of ten to one , was made up of mostly African - born slaves . A high rate of mortality among them meant that planters continually had to import new slaves . This kept their culture more African and separate from other people on the island . Many plantations had large concentrations of slaves from a particular region of Africa , and it was therefore somewhat easier for these groups to maintain elements of their culture , religion , and language . This also separated new slaves from Africa from creoles ( slaves born in the colony ) , who already had kin networks and often had more prestigious roles on plantations and more opportunities for emancipation . Most slaves spoke a patois of the French language known as Creole , which was also used by island - born mulattoes and whites for communication with the workers . The majority of the slaves were Yoruba from what is now modern Nigeria , Fon from what is now Benin , and from the Kingdom of Kongo in what is now modern northern Angola and the western Congo . The Kongolese at 40 % were the largest of the African ethnic groups represented amongst the slaves . The slaves developed their own religion , a syncretic mixture of Roman Catholicism and West African religions known as Vodou , usually called voodoo in English . This belief system implicitly rejected the Africans ' status as slaves . White colonists and black slaves frequently came into violent conflict . Saint - Domingue was a society seething with hatred . The French historian Paul Fregosi wrote : `` Whites , mulattos and blacks loathed each other . The poor whites could n't stand the rich whites , the rich whites despised the poor whites , the middle - class whites were jealous of the aristocratic whites , the whites born in France looked down upon the locally born whites , mulattoes envied the whites , despised the blacks and were despised by the whites ; free Negroes brutalized those who were still slaves , Haitian born blacks regarded those from Africa as savages . Everyone - quite rightly - lived in terror of everyone else ... Haiti was hell , but Haiti was rich '' . Many of these conflicts involved slaves who had escaped the plantations . Many runaway slaves -- called Maroons -- hid on the margins of large plantations , living off the land and what they could steal from their former masters . Others fled to towns , to blend in with urban slaves and freed slaves who often migrated to those areas for work . If caught , these runaway slaves would be severely and violently punished . However , some masters tolerated petit marronages , or short - term absences from plantations , knowing these allowed release of tensions . The larger groups of runaway slaves who lived in the hillside woods away from white control often conducted violent raids on the island 's sugar and coffee plantations . Although the numbers in these bands grew large ( sometimes into the thousands ) , they generally lacked the leadership and strategy to accomplish large - scale objectives . The first effective maroon leader to emerge was the charismatic François Mackandal , who succeeded in unifying the black resistance . A Haitian Vodou priest , Mackandal inspired his people by drawing on African traditions and religions . He united the maroon bands and also established a network of secret organizations among plantation slaves , leading a rebellion from 1751 through 1757 . Although Mackandal was captured by the French and burned at the stake in 1758 , large armed maroon bands persisted in raids and harassment after his death . Situation in 1789 Social stratification In 1789 Saint - Domingue produced 60 % of the world 's coffee and 40 % of the world 's sugar imported by France and Britain . The colony was the most profitable possession of the French Empire . Saint - Domingue was the wealthiest and most prosperous colony of all the colonies in the Caribbean . In 1789 , whites numbered 40,000 ; mulattoes and free blacks , 28,000 ; and black slaves , an estimated 452,000 . This was almost half the total slave population in the Caribbean , estimated at one million that year . The lowest class of society was enslaved blacks , who outnumbered whites and free people of color by a margin of more than six to one . Two thirds of the slaves were African - born , and they tended to be less submissive than those born in the Americas and raised in slavesocieties . The death rate in the Caribbean exceeded the birth rate , so imports of enslaved Africans were necessary to maintain the numbers required to work the plantations . The slave population declined at an annual rate of two to five percent , due to overwork , inadequate food and shelter , insufficient clothing and medical care , and an imbalance between the sexes , with more men than women . Some slaves were of a creole elite class of urban slaves and domestics , who worked as cooks , personal servants and artisans around the plantation house . This relatively privileged class was chiefly born in the Americas , while the under - class born in Africa labored hard , and more often than not , under abusive and brutal conditions . Among Saint - Domingue 's 40,000 white colonials in 1789 , European - born Frenchmen monopolized administrative posts . The sugar planters , the grands blancs , were chiefly minor aristocrats . Most returned to France as soon as possible , hoping to avoid the dreaded yellow fever , which regularly swept the colony . The lower - class whites , petits blancs , included artisans , shopkeepers , slave dealers , overseers , and day laborers . Saint - Domingue 's free people of color , the gens de couleur libre , numbered more than 28,000 by 1789 . Around that time , colonial legislations , concerned with this growing and strengthening population , passed discriminatory laws that required these freedmen to wear distinctive clothing and limited where they could live . These laws also barred them from occupying many public offices . Many of these freedmen were also artisans and overseers , or domestic servants in the plantation houses . Le Cap Français , a northern port , had a large population of free people of color , including freed slaves . These men would become important leaders in the 1791 slave rebellion and later revolution . Regional conflicts In addition to class and racial tension among whites , free people of color , and enslaved blacks , the country was polarized by regional rivalries between Nord ( North ) , Sud ( South ) , and Ouest ( West ) regions . The North was the center of shipping and trading , and had the largest French elite population , the grands blancs . The rich white colonists wanted greater autonomy for the colony , especially economically . The Plaine - du - Nord on the northern shore of Saint - Domingue was the most fertile area , having the largest sugar plantations and therefore the most slaves . It was the area of greatest economic importance , especially as most of the colony 's trade went through these ports . The largest and busiest port was Le Cap - Français ( present - day Le Cap - Haïtien ) , the capital of French Saint - Domingue until 1751 , when Port - au - Prince was made the capital . In this northern region , enslaved Africans lived in large groups of workers in relative isolation , separated from the rest of the colony by the high mountain range known as the Massif du Nord . These slaves would join with urban slaves from Le Cap to lead the 1791 rebellion , which began in this region . The Western Province , however , grew significantly after the capital was moved to Port - au - Prince in 1751 , and the region became increasingly wealthy in the second half of the 18th century . Irrigation projects supported expansion of sugar plantations in this region . The Southern Province lagged in population and wealth because it was geographically separated from the rest of the colony . However , this isolation allowed freed slaves to find profit in trade with British Jamaica , and they gained power and wealth here . In addition to these interregional tensions , there were conflicts between proponents of independence , those loyal to France , allies of Spain , and allies of Great Britain -- who coveted control of the valuable colony . Effects of the French Revolution Further information : French Revolution In France , the National Assembly made radical changes in French laws , and on 26 August 1789 , published the Declaration of the Rights of Man , declaring all men free and equal . The French Revolution influenced the conflict in Saint - Domingue and was at first widely welcomed in the island . Wealthy whites saw it as an opportunity to gain independence from France , which would allow elite plantation - owners to take control of the island and create trade regulations that would further their own wealth and power . There were so many twists and turns in the leadership in France , and so many complex events in Saint - Domingue , that various classes and parties changed their alignments many times . However , the Haitian Revolution quickly became a test of the ideology of the French Revolution , as it radicalized the slavery question and forced French leaders to recognize the full meaning of their revolution . The African population on the island began to hear of the agitation for independence by the rich European planters , the grands blancs , who had resented France 's limitations on the island 's foreign trade . The Africans mostly allied with the royalists and the British , as they understood that if Saint - Domingue 's independence were to be led by white slave masters , it would probably mean even harsher treatment and increased injustice for the African population . The plantation owners would be free to operate slavery as they pleased without the existing minimal accountability to their French peers . Saint - Domingue 's free people of color , most notably Julien Raimond , had been actively appealing to France for full civil equality with whites since the 1780s . Raimond used the French Revolution to make this the major colonial issue before the National Assembly of France . In October 1790 , Vincent Ogé , another wealthy free man of color from the colony , returned from Paris , where he had been working with Raimond . Convinced that the Declaration of Rights of Man meant that wealthy men of color had full civil rights , Ogé demanded the right to vote . When the colonial governor refused , Ogé led a brief insurgency in the area around Cap Français . He and an army of around 300 free blacks fought to end racial discrimination in the area . He was captured in early 1791 , and brutally executed by being `` broken on the wheel '' before being beheaded . Ogé was not fighting against slavery , but his treatment was cited by later slave rebels as one of the factors in their decision to rise up in August 1791 and resist treaties with the colonists . The conflict up to this point was between factions of whites , and between whites and free blacks . Enslaved blacks watched from the sidelines . Leading 18th - century French writer Count Mirabeau had once said the Saint - Domingue whites `` slept at the foot of Vesuvius '' , suggesting the grave threat they faced should the majority of slaves launch a sustained major uprising . Relationship between the French Revolution and the Haitian Revolution Reason for Revolution The Haitian Revolution was a revolution ignited from below , by the underrepresented majority of the population . A huge majority of the supporters of the Haitian revolution were slaves and freed Africans who were severely discriminated against by colonial society and the law . Brutality Despite the idealist , rational and utopian thinking surrounding both uprisings , extreme brutality was a fundamental aspect of both uprisings . Besides initial cruelty that created the precarious conditions that bred the revolution , there was violence from both sides throughout the revolution . The period of violence during the French Revolution is known as the Reign of Terror . Waves of suspicion meant that the government rounded up and killed thousands of suspects , ranging from known aristocrats to persons thought to oppose the leaders . They were killed by guillotine , `` breaking at the wheel '' , mobs and other death machines : death toll estimates range from 18,000 to 40,000 . Total casualties for the French Revolution are estimated at 2 million . In the Caribbean , total casualties totaled approximately 162,000 . Violence in Haiti was largely characterized by military confrontations , riots , killing of slave owners and their families , and guerrilla warfare . Lasting change The Revolution in Haiti did not wait on the Revolution in France . The call for modification of society was influenced by the revolution in France , but once the hope for change found a place in the hearts of the Haitian people , there was no stopping the radical reformation that was occurring . The Enlightenment ideals and the initiation of the French Revolution were enough to inspire the Haitian Revolution , which evolved into the most successful and comprehensive slave rebellion in history . Just as the French were successful in transforming their society , so were the Haitians . On April 4 , 1792 , The French National Assembly granted freedom to slaves in saint - Domingue . The revolution culminated in 1804 ; Haiti was an independent nation solely of freed peoples . The activities of the revolutions sparked change across the world . France 's transformation was most influential in Europe , and Haiti 's influence spanned every location that continued to practice slavery . John E. Baur honors Haiti as home of the most influential revolution in history . Influence of Enlightenment thought French writer Guillaume Raynal attacked slavery in his history of European colonization . He warns , `` the Africans only want a chief , sufficiently courageous , to lead them on to vengeance and slaughter . '' Raynal 's Enlightenment philosophy went deeper than a prediction and reflected many French Enlightenment philosophies , including those of Rousseau and Diderot . It was written thirteen years before the `` Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen . '' The declaration , in contrast , highlighted freedom and liberty but did not abolish slavery . Anne - Louis Girodet de Roussy - Trioson 's depiction of Belley . In addition to Raynal 's influence , Toussaint Louverture , a free black , was a key `` enlightened actor '' in the Haitian Revolution . Enlightened thought divided the world into `` enlightened leaders '' and `` ignorant masses '' ; Louverture attempted to bridge this divide between the popular masses and the enlightened few . Louverture was familiar with Enlightenment ideas within the context of European imperialism . He attempted to strike a balance between Western Enlightened thought as a necessary means of winning liberation , and not propagating the notion that it was morally superior to the experiences and knowledge of people of color on Saint Domingue . Louverture wrote a Constitution for a new society in Saint - Domingue that abolished slavery . The existence of slavery in Enlightened society was an incongruity that had been left unaddressed by European scholars . Louverture took on this inconsistency directly in his constitution . In addition , Louverture exhibited a connection to Enlightenment scholars through the style , language and accent of this text . Like Louverture , Jean - Baptiste Belley was an active participant in the colony 's insurrection . The portrait of Belley by Anne - Louis Girodet de Roussy - Trioson depicts a man who encompasses the French view of its colonies . The portrait creates a stark dichotomy between the refinement of French Enlightenment thought and the reality of the situation in Saint Domingue , through the bust of Raynald and the figure of Belley , respectively . While distinguished , the portrait still portrays a man trapped by the confines of race . Girodet 's portrayal of the former National Convention deputy is telling of the French opinion of colonial citizens by emphasizing the subject 's sexuality and including an earring . Both of these racially charged symbols reveal the desire to undermine the colony 's attempts at independent legitimacy , as citizens of the colonies were not able to access the elite class of French Revolutionaries because of their race . The Revolution North American slave revolts Toussaint Louverture 1526 San Miguel de Guadalupe ( Spanish Florida , Victorious ) c. 1570 Gaspar Yanga 's Revolt ( Veracruz , New Spain , Victorious ) 1712 New York Slave Revolt ( British Province of New York , Suppressed ) 1730 First Maroon War ( British Jamaica , Victorious ) 1733 St. John Slave Revolt ( Danish Saint John , Suppressed ) 1739 Stono Rebellion ( British Province of South Carolina , Suppressed ) 1741 New York Conspiracy ( Province of New York , Suppressed ) 1760 Tacky 's War ( British Jamaica , Suppressed ) 1787 Abaco Slave Revolt ( British Bahamas , Suppressed ) 1791 Mina Conspiracy ( Louisiana ( New Spain ) , Suppressed ) 1795 Pointe Coupée Conspiracy ( Louisiana ( New Spain ) , Suppressed ) 1791 -- 1804 Haitian Revolution ( French Saint - Domingue , Victorious ) 1800 Gabriel 's Rebellion ( Virginia , Suppressed ) 1803 Igbo Landing ( St. Simons Island , Georgia , Suppressed ) 1805 Chatham Manor ( Virginia , Suppressed ) 1811 German Coast Uprising ( Territory of Orleans , Suppressed ) 1815 George Boxley ( Virginia , Suppressed ) 1816 Bussa 's Rebellion ( British Barbados , Suppressed ) 1822 Denmark Vesey ( South Carolina , Suppressed ) 1831 Nat Turner 's rebellion ( Virginia , Suppressed ) 1831 -- 1832 Baptist War ( British Jamaica , Suppressed ) 1839 Amistad , ship rebellion ( Off the Cuban coast , Victorious ) 1841 Creole case , ship rebellion ( Off the Southern U.S. coast , Victorious ) 1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation ( Indian Territory , Suppressed ) 1859 John Brown 's Raid ( Virginia , Suppressed ) This box : view talk edit Further information : Slavery in Haiti Enlightened writer Guillaume Raynal attacked slavery in the 1780 edition of his history of European colonization . He also predicted a general slave revolt in the colonies , saying that there were signs of `` the impending storm '' . One such sign was the action of the French revolutionary government to grant citizenship to wealthy free people of color in May 1791 . Since white plantation owners refused to comply with this decision , within two months isolated fighting broke out between the former slaves and the whites . This added to the tense climate between slaves and grands blancs . Raynal 's prediction came true on the night of 21 August 1791 , when the slaves of Saint Domingue rose in revolt ; thousands of slaves attended a secret vodou ( voodoo ) ceremony as a tropical storm came in - the lighting and the thunder was taken as auspicious omens - and later that night , the slaves began to kill their masters and plunged the colony into civil war . The signal to begin the revolt was given by Dutty Boukman , a high priest of vodou and leader of the Maroon slaves , during a religious ceremony at Bois Caïman on the night of 14 August . Within the next ten days , slaves had taken control of the entire Northern Province in an unprecedented slave revolt . Whites kept control of only a few isolated , fortified camps . The slaves sought revenge on their masters through `` pillage , rape , torture , mutilation , and death '' . The long years of oppression by the slave masters had left many blacks with a hatred of all whites , and the revolt was marked by extreme violence from the very start . The masters and mistresses were dragged from their beds to be killed , and the heads of French children were placed on spikes that were carried at the front of the rebel columns . The plantation owners had long feared such a revolt , and were well armed with some defensive preparations . But within weeks , the number of slaves who joined the revolt reached some 100,000 . Within the next two months , as the violence escalated , the slaves killed 4,000 whites and burned or destroyed 180 sugar plantations and hundreds of coffee and indigo plantations . At least 900 coffee plantations were destroyed , and the total damage inflicted over the next two weeks amounted to 2 million francs . In September 1791 , the surviving whites organized into militias and struck back , killing about 15,000 black people . Though demanding freedom from slavery , the rebels did not demand independence from France at this point . Most of the rebel leaders professed to be fighting for the king of France , who they believed had issued a decree freeing the slaves , which had been suppressed by the governor . As such , they were demanding their rights as Frenchmen which been granted by the king . Slave rebellion of 1791 By 1792 , slave rebels controlled a third of the island . The success of the slave rebellion caused the newly elected Legislative Assembly in France to realize it was facing an ominous situation . To protect France 's economic interests , the Assembly granted civil and political rights to free men of color in the colonies in March 1792 . Countries throughout Europe as well as the United States were shocked by the decision , but the Assembly was determined to stop the revolt . Apart from granting rights to the free people of color , the Assembly dispatched 6,000 French soldiers to the island . The new governor sent by Paris , Léger - Félicité Sonthonax , was a supporter of the French Revolution . He abolished slavery in the Northern Province of Saint Domingue and had hostile relations with the planters , whom he saw as royalists . Meanwhile , in 1793 , France declared war on Great Britain . The grands blancs in Saint Domingue , unhappy with Sonthonax , arranged with Great Britain to declare British sovereignty over the colony , believing that the British would maintain slavery . The British Prime Minister , William Pitt the Younger believed that the success of the slave revolt in Saint Domigue would inspire slave revolts in the British Caribbean colonies . He thought that taking Saint Domingue , the richest of the French colonies , would be a useful bargaining chip to have when the peace negotiations began to end the war , and in the interim , occupying Saint Domingue would mean diverting its great wealth into the British treasury . The American journalist James Perry notes that the great irony of the British campaign in Haiti was that it ended as a complete debacle , costing the British treasury millions of pounds and the British military thousands upon thousands of dead , all for nothing . Spain , who controlled the rest of the island of Hispaniola , also joined the conflict and fought against France . From the beginning , Spanish Santo Domingo had encouraged disruptions in Saint Domingue . The Spanish forces invaded Saint Domingue and were joined by the slave forces . For most of the conflict , the British and Spanish supplied the rebels with food , ammunition , arms , medicine , naval support , and military advisors . By August 1793 , there were only 3,500 French soldiers on the island . On 20 September 1793 , about 600 British soldiers from Jamaica landed at Jérémie to be greeted with shouts of `` Vivent les Anglais ! from the French population . On 22 September 1793 , Mole St. Nicolas , the main French naval base in Saint Domingue , surrendered to the Royal Navy peacefully . Everywhere the British went , they restored slavery , which made them hated by the mass of common people . To prevent military disaster , and secure the colony for republican France as opposed to Britain , Spain , and French royalists , separately or in combination , the French commissioners Léger - Félicité Sonthonax and Étienne Polverel freed the slaves in St. Domingue . The decision was confirmed and extended by the National Convention , the first elected Assembly of the First Republic ( 1792 -- 1804 ) , on the 4th of February 1794 , under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre . It abolished slavery by law in France and all its colonies , and granted civil and political rights to all black men in the colonies . The French constitutions of 1793 and 1795 both included the abolition of slavery . The constitution of 1793 was never applied , but that of 1795 was implemented and lasted until replaced by the consular and imperial constitutions under Napoleon Bonaparte . Despite racial tensions in Saint Domingue , the French revolutionary government at the time welcomed abolition with a show of idealism and optimism . The emancipation of slaves was viewed as an example of liberty for other countries , much as the American Revolution was meant to serve as the first of many liberation movements . Danton , one of the Frenchmen present at the meeting of the National Convention , expressed this sentiment : representatives of the French people , until now our decrees of liberty have been selfish , and only for ourselves . But today we proclaim it to the universe , and generations to come will glory in this decree ; we are proclaiming universal liberty ... We are working for future generations ; let us launch liberty into the colonies ; the English are dead , today . In nationalistic terms , the abolition of slavery also served as a moral triumph of France over England , as seen in the latter half of the above quote . Yet Toussaint Louverture did not stop working with the Spanish army until sometime later , as he was suspicious of the French . The British force that landed in St. Domingue in 1793 was too small to conquer the place , being capable only of holding only few coastal enclaves . The French planters were disapppointed as they had hoped to regain power ; Sonthonax was relieved , as he had twice refused ultimatums from Commodore John Ford to surrender Port - au - Prince . In the meantime , a Spanish force under Captain - General Joaquin Garcia y Moreno had marched into the Northern Province . Toussaint Louverture , the ablest of the Haitian generals , had joined the Spanish , accepting an officer 's commission in the Spanish Army and being made a knight in the Order of St. Isabella . The main British force for the conquest of St. Domingue under General Charles Grey aka `` No - flint Grey '' and Admiral Sir John Jervis set sail from Portsmouth on 26 November 1793 , which was in defiance of the well known rule that the only time that one could campaign in the West Indies was from September to November , when the mosquitoes that carried malaria and yellow fever were scarce . After arriving in the West Indies in February 1794 , Grey chose to conquer Martinique , St. Lucia , and Guadeloupe . Troops under the command of John Whyte did not arrive in St. Domingue until 19 May 1794 . Rather than attacking the main French bases at Le Cap and Port - de-Paix , Whyte chose to march towards Port - au - Prince , whose harbour was reported to have 45 ships loaded with sugar . Whyte took Port - au - Prince , but Sonthonax and the French forces were allowed to leave in exchange for not burning the 45 ships loaded with sugar . By May 1794 , the French forces were severed in two by Toussaint , with Sonthonax commanding in the north and André Rigaud leading in the south . At this point , Toussaint , for reasons that remain obscure , suddenly joined the French and turned against the Spanish , ambushing his allies as they emerged from attending mass in a church at San Raphael on 6 May 1794 . The Spaniards were not defeated militarily , but their advance was restrained , and when in 1795 Spain ceded Santo Domingo to France , Spanish attacks on Saint Domingue ceased . Despite being a former slave , Toussaint proved to be forgiving of the whites , insisting that he was fighting to assert the rights of the slaves as black French people to be free . He said he did not seek independence from France , and urged the surviving whites , including the former slave masters , to stay and work with him in rebuilding St. Domingue . Rigaud had checked the British in the south , taking the town of Léogâne by storm and driving the British back to Port - au - Prince . During the course of 1794 , most of the British forces were killed by yellow fever , the dreaded `` black vomit '' as the British called it . Within two months of arriving in St. Domingue , the British had lost 40 officers and 600 men to yellow fever . Ultimately , of Grey 's 7,000 men , about 5,000 were to die of yellow fever while the Royal Navy reported losing `` ... forty - six masters and eleven hundred men dead , chiefly of yellow fever '' . The British historian Sir John Fortescue wrote `` It is probably beneath the mark to say that twelve thousand Englishmen were buried in the West Indies in 1794 '' . Rigaud failed in attempt to retake Port - au - Prince , but on Christmas Day 1794 , he stormed and retook Tiburon in a surprise attack . The British lost about 300 dead , and the mulattoes took no prisoners , executing any British soldier and sailor who surrendered . At this point , Pitt decided to reinforce failure by launching what he called `` the great push '' to conquer St. Domingue and the rest of the French West Indies , sending out the largest expedition Britain had yet mounted in its history , a force of about 30,000 men to be carried in 200 ships . Fortescue wrote that the aim of London in the first expedition had been to destroy `` the power of France in these pestilent islands ... only to discover when it was too late , that they practically destroyed the British army '' . By this point , it was well known that service in the West Indies was virtually a death sentence . In Dublin and Cork , soldiers from the 104th , 111th , 105th , and 112th regiments rioted when they learned that they were being sent to St. Domingue . The fleet for the `` great push '' left Portsmouth on 16 November 1795 and was wrecked by a storm , before sending out again on 9 December . General Ralph Abercromby , the commander of the forces committed to the `` great push '' , hesitated over which island to attack when he arrived in Barbados on 17 March 1796 . He dispatched a force under Major General Gordon Forbes to Port - au - Prince . Forbes 's attempt to take the French - held city of Léogâne ended in disaster . The French had built a deep defensive ditch with palisades , while Forbes had neglected to bring along heavy artillery . The French commander , the mulatto General Alexandre Pétion , proved to be an excellent artilleryman , who used the guns of his fort to sink two of the three ships - of - line under Admiral Hyde Parker in the harbour , before turning his guns to the British forces ; a French sortie led to a British rout and Forbes retreating back to Port - au - Prince . As more ships arrived with British troops , more soldiers died of yellow fever . By 1 June 1796 , of the 1,000 from the Sixty - sixth regiment , only 198 had not been infected with yellow fever ; and of the 1,000 men of the Sixth - ninth regiment , only 515 were not infected with yellow fever . Abercromby predicted that at the current rate of yellow fever infection , all of the men from the two regiments would be dead by November . Ultimately , 10,000 British soldiers arrived in Saint Domingue by June , but besides for some skirmishing near Bombarde , the British remained put in Port - au - Prince and other coastal enclaves , while yellow fever continued to kill them all off . The government attracted much criticism in the House of Commons about the mounting costs of the expedition to St. Domingue . In February 1797 , General John Graves Simcoe arrived to replace Forbes with orders to pull back the British forces to Port - au - Prince . As the human and financial costs of the expedition mounted , people in Britain demanded a withdrawal from St. Domingue , which was devouring money and soldiers , while failing to produce the expected profits . On 11 April 1797 , Colonel Thomas Maitland of the Sixty - second Foot regiment landed in Port - au - Prince , and wrote in a letter to his brother that British forces in St. Domingue had been `` annihilated '' by the yellow fever . Service in St. Domingue was extremely unpopular in the British Army owing to terrible death toll caused by yellow fever . One British officer wrote of his horror of seeing his friends `` drowned in their own blood '' while `` some died raving Mad '' . Simcoe used the new British troops to push back the Haitians under Toussaint , but in a counter-offensive , Toussaint and Rigaud stopped the offensive . Toussaint retook the fortress at Mirebalais . On 7 June 1797 , Toussaint attacked Fort Churchill in an assault that was noted for its professionalism as it for its ferocity . Under a storm of artillery , the Haitians placed ladders on the walls and were driven back after four times , with heavy losses . Even though Toussaint had been defeated , the British were astonished that he had turned a group of former slaves with no military experience into troops whose skills were the equal of a European army . In July 1797 , Simcoe and Maitland sailed to London to advise a total withdrawal from St. Domingue . In March 1798 Maitland returned with a mandate to withdraw , at least from Port - au - Prince . On 10 May 1798 , Maitland met with Toussaint to agree to an armistice , and on 18 May the British had left Port - au - Prince . British morale had collapsed with the news that Toussaint had taken Port - au - Prince , and Maitland decided to abandon all of St. Domingue , writing that the expedition had become such a complete disaster that withdrawal was the only sensible thing to do , even through he did not have the authority to do so . On 31 August , Maitland and Toussaint signed an agreement whereby in exchange for the British pulling out of all of St. Domingue , Toussaint promised to not support any slave revolts in Jamaica . Between 1793 -- 98 , the expedition to St. Domingue had cost the British treasury four million pounds and 100,000 men either dead or permanently disabled from the effects of yellow fever . After the departure of the British , Toussaint turned his attention to Rigaud , who was conspiring against him in the south of Saint Domingue . In June 1799 , Rigaud initiated the War of Knives against Toussaint 's rule , sending a brutal offensive at Petit - Goâve and Grand - Goâve . Taking no prisoners , Rigaud 's predominantly mulatto forces put blacks and whites to the sword . Though the United States was hostile towards Toussaint , the U.S. Navy agreed to support Toussaint 's forces with the frigate USS General Greene , commanded by Captain Christopher Perry , providing fire support to the blacks as Toussaint laid siege to the city of Jacmel , held by mulatto forces under the command of Rigaud . To the United States , Rigaud 's ties to France represented a threat to American commerce . On 11 March 1800 , Toussaint took Jacmel and Rigaud fled on the French schooner La Diana . Though Toussaint maintained he was still loyal to France , to all intents and purposes , he ruled Saint Domingue as its dictator . In the early 21st century , historian Robert L. Scheina estimated that the slave rebellion resulted in the death of 350,000 Haitians and 50,000 European troops . According to the Encyclopedia of African American Politics , `` Between 1791 and independence in 1804 nearly 200,000 blacks died , as did thousands of mulattoes and as many as 100,000 French and British soldiers . '' Yellow fever caused the most deaths . Geggus points out that at least 3 of every 5 British troops sent there in 1791 -- 97 died of disease . There has been considerable debate over whether the number of deaths caused by disease was exaggerated . Leadership of Louverture General Toussaint Louverture . One of the most successful black commanders was Toussaint Louverture , a self - educated former domestic slave . Like Jean François and Biassou , he initially fought for the Spanish crown in this period . After the British had invaded Saint - Domingue , Louverture decided to fight for the French if they would agree to free all the slaves . Sonthonax had proclaimed an end to slavery on 29 August 1792 . Louverture worked with a French general , Étienne Laveaux , to ensure that all slaves would be freed . Louverture abandoned the Spanish army in the east and brought his forces over to the French side on 6 May 1794 after the Spanish refused to take steps to end slavery . Under the military leadership of Toussaint , the forces made up mostly of former slaves succeeded in winning concessions from the British and expelling the Spanish forces . In the end , Toussaint essentially restored control of Saint - Domingue to France . Louverture was very intelligent , organized and articulate . Having made himself master of the island , however , Toussaint did not wish to surrender too much power to France . He began to rule the country as an effectively autonomous entity . Louverture overcame a succession of local rivals , including : the Commissioner Sonthonax , a French white man who gained support from many Haitians , angering Louverture ; André Rigaud , a free man of color who fought to keep control of the South in the War of Knives ; and Comte d'Hédouville , who forced a fatal wedge between Rigaud and Louverture before escaping to France . Toussaint defeated a British expeditionary force in 1798 . In addition , he led an invasion of neighboring Santo Domingo ( December 1800 ) , and freed the slaves there on January 3 , 1801 . In 1801 , Louverture issued a constitution for Saint - Domingue that decreed he would be governor - for - life and called for black autonomy and a sovereign black state . In response , Napoleon Bonaparte dispatched a large expeditionary force of French soldiers and warships to the island , led by Bonaparte 's brother - in - law Charles Leclerc , to restore French rule . They were under secret instructions to restore slavery , at least in the formerly Spanish - held part of the island . Bonaparte ordered that Toussaint was to be treated with respect until the French forces were established ; once that was done , Toussaint was to summoned to Le Cap and be arrested ; if he failed to show , Leclerc was to wage `` a war to the death '' with no mercy and all of Toussaint 's followers to be shot when captured . Once that was completed , slavery would be ultimately restored . The numerous French soldiers were accompanied by mulatto troops led by Alexandre Pétion and André Rigaud , mulatto leaders who had been defeated by Toussaint three years earlier . The French arrived on 2 February 1802 at Le Cap with the Haitian commander Henri Christophe being ordered by Leclerc to turn over the city to the French . When Christophe refused , the French assaulted Le Cap and the Haitians set the city afire rather than surrender it . Leclerc sent Toussaint letters promising him : `` Have no worries about your personal fortune . It will be safeguarded for you , since it has been only too well earned by your own efforts . Do not worry about the liberty of your fellow citizens '' . When Toussaint still failed to appear at Le Cap , Leclerc issued a proclamation on 17 February 1802 : `` General Toussaint and General Christophe are outlawed ; all citizens are ordered to hunt them down , and treat them as rebels against the French Republic '' . Captain Marcus Rainsford , a British Army officer who visited St. Domingue observed the training of the Haitian Army , writing : `` At a whistle , a whole brigade ran three or four hundred yards , and then , separating , threw themselves flat on the ground , changing to their backs and sides , and all the time keeping up a strong fire until recalled ... This movement is executed with such facility and precision as totally to prevent cavalry from charging them in bushy and hilly country '' . In a letter to Jean - Jacques Dessalines , Toussaint outlined his plans for defeating the French : `` Do not forget , while waiting for the rainy reason which will rid us of our foes , that we have no other resource than destruction and fire . Bear in mind that the soil bathed with our sweat must not furnish our enemies with the smallest sustenance . Tear up the roads with shot ; throw corpses and horses into all the foundations , burn and annihilate everything in order that those who have come to reduce us to slavery may have before their eyes the image of the hell which they deserve '' . Dessalines never received the letter as he already taken to the field , evaded a French column sent to capture him and stormed Léogane . The Haitians burned down Leogane and killed all of the French with the Trinidadian historian C.L.R. James writing of Dessalines 's actions at Leogane : `` Men , women and children , indeed all the whites who came into his hands , he massacred . And forbidding burial , he left stacks of corpses rotting in the sun to strike terror into the French detachments as they toiled behind his flying columns '' . The French had been expecting the Haitians to happily go back to being their slaves , as they believed it was natural for blacks to be the slaves of whites , and were stunned to learn how much the Haitians hated them for wanting to reduce them back to a life in chains . A visibly shocked General Pamphile de Lacroix after seeing the ruins of Leogane wrote : `` They heaped up bodies '' which `` still had their attitudes ; they were bent over , their hands outstretched and beseeching ; the ice of death had not effaced the look on their faces '' . Leclerc ordered four French columns to march on Gonaives , which was the main Haitian base . One of the French columns was commanded by General Donatien de Rochambeau , a proud white supremacist and a supporter of slavery who detested the Haitians for wanting to be free . Toussaint tried to stop Rochambueau at Ravin - a-Couleuvre , a very narrow gully up in the mountains that the Haitians had filled with chopped down trees . In the ensuring Battle of Ravine - à - Couleuvres , after six hours of fierce hand - to - hand fighting with no quarter given on either side , the French finally broke through , albeit with heavy losses . During the battle , Toussaint personally took part in the fighting to lead his men in charges against the French . After losing 800 men , Toussaint ordered a retreat . The Haitians next tried to stop the French at a British - built fort up in the mountains called Crête - à - Pierrot , a battle that is remembered as a national epic in Haiti . While Toussaint took to the field , he left Dessalines in command of Crête - à - Pierrot , who from his fastness could see three French columns converging on the fort . Dessalines appeared before his men standing atop of a barrel of gunpowder , holding a lit torch , saying : `` We are going to be attacked , and if the French put their feet in here , I shall blow everything up '' , leading his men to reply `` We shall die for liberty ! '' . The first of the French columns to appear before the fort was commanded by General Jean Boudet , whose men were harassed by skirmishers until they reached a deep ditch the Haitians had dug . As the French tried to cross the ditch , Dessalines ordered his men who were hiding to come out and open fire , hitting the French with a tremendous volley of artillery and musket fire , inflicting heavy losses on the attackers . General Boudet himself was wounded and as the French dead and wounded start to pile up in the ditch , the French retreated . The next French commander who tried to assault the ditch was General Charles Dugua , who joined shortly afterwards by the column commanded by Leclerc . All of the French assaults ended in total failure , and after the failure of their last attack , the Haitians charged the French , cutting down any Frenchmen . General Dugua was killed , Leclerc was wounded and the French lost about 800 dead . The final French column to arrive was the one commanded by Rochambeau , who brought along heavy artillery that knocked out the Haitian artillery , through his attempt to storm the ditch also ended in failure with about 300 of his men killed . Over the following days , the French kept on bombarding and assaulting the fort , only to be repulsed every time while the Haitians defiantly sang songs of the French Revolution , celebrating the right of all men to be equal and free . The Haitian psychological warfare was successful with many French soldiers asking why they were fighting to enslave the Haitians , who were only asserting the rights promised by the Revolution to make all men free . Despite Bonaparte 's attempt to keep his intention to restore slavery a secret , it was widely believed by both sides that was why the French had returned to Haiti , as a sugar plantation could only be profitable with slave labour . Finally after twenty days of siege with food and ammunition running out , Dessalines ordered his men to abandon the fort on the night of 24 March 1802 and the Haitians slipped out of the fort to fight another day . Even Rochambeau , who hated all blacks was forced to admit in a report : `` Their retreat - this miraculous retreat from our trap - was an incredible feat of arms '' . The French had won , but they had lost 2,000 dead against an opponent whom they held in contempt on racial grounds , believing all blacks to be stupid and cowardly , and furthermore , that it was shortages of food and ammunition that forced the Haitians to retreat , not because of any feats of arms by the French army . After the Battle of Crête - à - Pierrot , the Haitians abandoned conventional warfare and reverted to guerilla tactics , making the French hold over much of the countryside from Le Cap down to the Artibonite valley very tenuous . With March , the rainy season came to St. Domingue , and as stagnant water collected , the mosquitoes began to breed , leading to yet another outbreak of yellow fever . By the end of March , 5,000 French soldiers had died of yellow fever and another 5,000 were hospitalized with yellow fever , leading to a worried Leclerc to write in his diary : `` The rainy season has arrived . My troops are exhausted with fatigue and sickness '' . On 25 April 1802 , the situation suddenly changed when Christophe defected with much of the Haitian Army over to the French . Louverture was promised his freedom if he agreed to integrate his remaining troops into the French army . Louverture agreed to this on 6 May 1802 . Just why Toussaint was motivated to just give up has been the subject of much debate with most probable explanation being that he was just tired after 11 years of war . Under the terms of surrender , Leclerc gave his solemn word that slavery would not be restored in St. Domingue , that blacks could be officers in the French Army , and that the Haitian Army would be allowed to integrate into the French Army . Leclerc also gave Toussaint a plantation at Ennery . Toussaint was later deceived , seized by the French and shipped to France . He died months later in prison at Fort - de-Joux in the Jura region . Shortly afterwards , the ferocious Dessalines rode into Le Cap to submit to France and was rewarded by being made the governor of Saint - Marc , a place that Dessalines ruled with his customary cruelty . However , the surrender of Christophe , Toussaint and Dessalines did not mean the end of Haitian resistance . Throughout the countryside , guerrilla warfare continued and the French staged mass executions via firing squads , hanging and drowning Haitians in bags . Rochambeau invented a new means of mass execution , which he called `` fumigational - sulphurous baths '' of killing hundreds of Haitians in the holds of ships by burning sulphur to make sulphur dioxide to gas them . Resistance to slavery This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Battle at `` Snake Gully '' in 1802 For a few months , the island was quiet under Napoleonic rule . But when it became apparent that the French intended to re-establish slavery ( because they had nearly done so on Guadeloupe ) , black cultivators revolted in the summer of 1802 . Yellow fever had decimated the French ; by the middle of July 1802 , the French lost about 10,000 dead to yellow fever . By September , Leclerc wrote in his diary that he had only 8,000 fit men left as yellow fever had killed the others . Many of the `` French '' soldiers were actually Polish , as 5,000 Poles were serving in two demi - brigades in the French Army . Many Poles believed that if they fought for France , Bonaparte would reward them by restoring Polish independence , which had been ended with the Third Partition of Poland in 1795 . Of the 5,000 Poles , about 4,000 died of yellow fever . A French planter wrote of the Polish soldiers : `` Ten days after the landing of these two beautiful regiments , more than half their number were carried off by yellow fever ; they fell down as they walked , the blood rushing out through their nostrils , mouths , eyes ... what a horrible and heart - rending sight ! '' . Sometimes , the Poles died in battle . At a battle at Port Sault , the Polish Third Battalion fought about 200 Haitians who ambushed them with musket fire and by pushing boulders down on them . One historian noted that `` the Poles , rather than spreading out , each man for himself , slowly advanced in a tightly packed mass which afford an ideal target for the well - protected insurgent rifleman '' . Most of the Poles were cut down by the Haitians , which led Rochambeau to remark that one could always count on the Poles to die without flinching in battle . Some of the Poles came to believe that they were fighting on the wrong side , as they had joined the French Army to fight for freedom , not impose slavery . Some defected to join the Haitians . Dessalines and Pétion remained allied with France until they switched sides again , in October 1802 , and fought against the French . As Leclerc lay dying of yellow fever and heard that Christophe and Dessalines had joined the rebels , he reacted by ordering all of the blacks living in Le Cap to be killed by drowning in the harbour . In November , Leclerc died of yellow fever , like much of his army . His successor , the Vicomte de Rochambeau , fought an even more brutal campaign . Rochambeau waged a near - genocidal campaign against the Haitians , killing everyone who was black . Rochambeau imported about 15,000 attack dogs from Jamaica , who had been trained to savage blacks and mulattoes . At the Bay of Le Cap , Rochambeau had blacks drowned . No one would eat fish from the bay for months afterward , as no one wished to eat the fish that had eaten human flesh . Bonaparte , hearing that most of his army in St. Domingue had died of yellow fever and the French held only Port - au - Prince , Le Cap and Les Cayes sent about 20,000 reinforcements to Rochambeau . Dessalines matched Rochambeau in his vicious cruelty . At Le Cap , when Rochambeau hanged 500 blacks , Dessalines replied by killing 500 whites and sticking their heads on spikes all around Le Cap , so that the French could see what he was planning on doing to them . Rochambeau 's atrocities helped rally many former French loyalists to the rebel cause . Many on both sides had come to see the war as a race war where no mercy was to be given . The Haitians were just as brutal as the French : they burned French prisoners alive , cut them up with axes , or tied them to a board and sawed them into two . Having sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States in April 1803 , Napoleon lost interest in his failing ventures in the Western Hemisphere . He was more concerned about France 's European enemies such as Great Britain and Prussia . With that , he withdrew a majority of the French forces in Haiti to counter the possibility of an invasion from Prussia , Britain , and Spain on a weakened France . With Napoleon 's inability to send the requested massive reinforcements after the outbreak of war on 18 May 1803 with the British -- the Royal Navy immediately despatched a squadron under Sir John Duckworth from Jamaica to cruise in the region , seeking to eliminate communication between the French outposts and to capture or destroy the French warships based in the colony . The Blockade of Saint - Domingue not only cut the French forces out from reinforcements and supplies from France , but also meant that the British began to supply arms to the Haitians . Trapped , engaged in a vicious race war , and with much of his army dying of yellow fever , Rochambeau fell to pieces . He lost interest in commanding his army and as James wrote , he `` amused himself with sexual pleasures , military balls , banquets and the amassing of a personal fortune '' . The Royal Navy squadrons soon blockaded the French - held ports of Cap Français and Môle - Saint - Nicolas on the Northern coast of the French colony . In the summer of 1803 , when war broke out between the United Kingdom and the French Consulate , Saint - Domingue had been almost completely overrun by Haitian forces under the command of Jean - Jacques Dessalines . In the north of the country , the French forces were isolated in the two large ports of Cap Français and Môle - Saint - Nicolas and a few smaller settlements , all supplied by a French naval force based primarily at Cap Français . On 28 June , the squadron encountered a French convoy from Les Cayes off Môle - Saint - Nicolas , capturing one ship although the other escaped . Two days later an independently sailing French frigate was chased down and captured in the same waters . On 24 July another British squadron intercepted the main French squadron from Cap Français , which was attempting to break past the blockade and reach France . The British , led by Commodore John Loring gave chase , but one French ship of the line and a frigate escaped . Another ship of the line was trapped against the coast and captured after coming under fire from Haitian shore batteries . The remainder of the squadron was forced to fight two more actions on their return to Europe , but did eventually reach the Spanish port of Corunna . Battle of Vertières in 1803 On 8 October 1803 , the French abandoned Port - au - Prince as Rochambeau decided to concentrate what was left of his army at Le Cap . Dessalines marched into Port - au - Prince , where was welcomed as a hero by the 100 whites who had chosen to stay behind . Dessalines thanked them all for their kindness and belief in racial equality , but then he said that the French had treated him as less than human when he was a slave , and so to avenge his mistreatment , he promptly had the 100 whites all hanged . On 3 November , the frigate HMS Blanche captured a supply schooner near Cap Français , the last hope in supplying the French forces . On 16 November 1803 , Dessalines began attacking the French blockhouses outside of Le Cap . The last battle on land of the Haitian Revolution , the Battle of Vertières , occurred on 18 November 1803 , near Cap - Haïtien fought between Dessalines ' army and the remaining French colonial army under the Vicomte de Rochambeau ; the slave rebels and freed revolutionary soldiers won the battle . By this point , Perry observed that both sides were `` a little mad '' as the pressures of the war and yellow fever had taken their toil , and both the French and the Haitians fought with a reckless courage , seeing death in battle as preferable to a slow death by yellow fever or being tortured to death by the enemy . Rochambeau , seeing defeat inevitable , procrastinated until the last possible moment , but eventually was forced to surrender to the British commander -- by the end of the month the garrison was starving , having reached the conclusion at a council of war that surrender was the only way to escape from this `` place of death '' . Commodore Loring , however , refused the French permission to sail and agreed terms with Dessalines that permitted them to safely evacuate provided they had left the port by 1 December . On the night of 30 November 1803 , 8,000 French soldiers and hundreds of white civilians boarded the British ships to take them away . One of Rochambeau 's ships was almost wrecked while leaving the harbour , but was saved by a British lieutenant acting alone , who not only rescued the 900 people on board , but also refloated the ship . At Môle - Saint - Nicolas , General Louis de Noailles refused to surrender and instead sailed to Havana , Cuba in a fleet of small vessels on 3 December , but was intercepted and mortally wounded by a Royal Navy frigate . Soon after , the few remaining French - held towns in Saint - Domingue surrendered to the Royal Navy to prevent massacres by the Haitian army . Meanwhile , Dessalines led the rebellion until its completion , when the French forces were finally defeated by the end of 1803 . On 1 January 1804 , from the city of Gonaïves , Dessalines officially declared the former colony 's independence , renaming it `` Haiti '' after the indigenous Arawak name . Although he lasted from 1804 to 1806 , several changes began taking place in Haiti . The independence of Haiti was a major blow to France and its colonial empire , but the French state would take several decades to recognize the loss of the colony . As the French retreated , Haiti , which had once been called the `` Pearl of the Antilles '' , the richest French colony in the world , was impoverished , as its economy was in ruins after the revolution , and the country descended into chaos as black and mulattoes now fought each other for control . Haiti never recovered economically from the war . The Haitians had paid a high price for their freedom , losing about 200,000 dead between 1791 -- 1803 , and unlike the majority of the European dead , who were killed by yellow fever , the majority of the Haitian dead were the victims of violence . Free Republic On 1 January 1804 , Dessalines , the new leader under the dictatorial 1805 constitution , declared Haiti a free republic in the name of the Haitian people , which was followed by the massacre of the remaining whites . Dessalines ' secretary Boisrond - Tonnerre stated , `` For our declaration of independence , we should have the skin of a white man for parchment , his skull for an inkwell , his blood for ink , and a bayonet for a pen ! '' Haiti was the first independent nation in Latin America , the first post-colonial independent black - led nation in the world , and the only nation whose independence was gained as part of a successful slave rebellion . The country was damaged from years of war , its agriculture devastated , its formal commerce nonexistent . The country , therefore , had to be rebuilt . To realise this goal Dessalines adopted the economic organisation of serfdom . He proclaimed that every citizen would belong to one of two categories , laborer or soldier . Furthermore , he proclaimed the mastery of the state over the individual and consequently ordered that all laborers would be bound to a plantation . To avoid the appearance of slavery , however , Dessalines abolished the ultimate symbol of slavery , the whip . Likewise , the working day was shortened by a third . Dessalines ' chief motivator nonetheless was production and to this aim he granted much freedom to the plantations ' overseers . Barred from using the whip , many instead turned to lianes , which were thick vines abundant throughout the island , to persuade the laborers to keep working . Dessalines effectively sent the Haitian people back into slavery . Nevertheless , he succeeded in rebuilding much of the countryside and in raising production levels . Fearing a return of French forces , Dessalines first expanded and maintained a significant military force . During his reign , nearly 10 % of able - bodied men were in active service . Furthermore , Dessalines ordered the construction of massive fortifications throughout the island , like the Citadelle Laferrière . Many commentators believe that this overmilitarization contributed to many of Haiti 's future problems . In fact , because young fit men were the most likely to be drafted into the army , the plantations were thus deprived of the workforce needed to function properly . The mulattoes rebelled . Haiti was split in two . Dessalines was assassinated . Another of Toussaint 's black generals , Henri Christophe , succeeded Dessalines in control of the north , while Alexandre Pétion presided over mulatto rule in the south . A major effort by Christophe to take Port - au - Prince in mid -- 1812 failed . The mulattoes were harassed by a pocket of black rebellion in their rear from February 1807 to May 1819 . A black leader named Goman kept alive the angry spirit of Dessalines in the southern mountains of the Grand - Anse , resisting several mulatto punitive expeditions . Finally , in 1819 , the new mulatto leader , Jean - Pierre Boyer , sent 6 regiments into the Grand - Anse to ferret out Goman . The black rebel was trapped and shot off a 1,000 - foot - high cliff . In 1820 , the island nation was finally reunified when Christophe , ill and surrounded by new rebellions , killed himself . Boyer with 20,000 troops marched into Cap - Haïtien , the northern capital , shortly afterward to establish his power over all of Haiti . Under the presidency of Jean - Pierre Boyer , Haiti made reparations to French slaveholders in 1825 in the amount of 150 million francs , reduced in 1838 to 60 million francs . This payment was due in exchange for French recognition of its independence . By an order of 17 April 1825 , the King of France renounced his rights of sovereignty over Santo Domingo , and recognized the independence of Haiti . Boyer believed that the constant threat of a French invasion was stymieing the Haitian economy and thus felt the need to settle the matter once and for all . The negotiations for the indemnity were rather one sided however as French warships were anchored off the coast . The resulting indemnity bankrupted the Haitian treasury . Haiti was therefore forced to take out a loan from French banks , who provided the funds for the large first installment , severely affecting Haiti 's ability to prosper . Haitian forces , led by Boyer , invaded neighboring Dominican Republic in February 1822 -- beginning a 22 - year occupation . The end of the Haitian Revolution in 1804 marked the end of colonialism on the island . However , the social conflict cultivated under slavery continued to affect the population for years to come . The revolution left in place the affranchi élite , who continued to rule Haiti while the formidable Haitian army kept them in power . France continued the slavery system in French Guiana , Martinique , and Guadeloupe . 1804 massacre of the French Main article : 1804 Haiti massacre An 1806 engraving of Jean - Jacques Dessalines . It depicts the general , sword raised in one arm , while the other holds a severed head of a white woman . The 1804 massacre was carried out against the remaining white population of French colonists and loyalists , both enemies and traitors of the revolution , by the black population of Haiti on the order of Jean - Jacques Dessalines , who declared the French as barbarians , demanding their expulsion and vengeance for their crimes . The massacre -- which took place in the entire territory of Haiti -- was carried out from early February 1804 until 22 April 1804 . During February and March , Dessalines traveled among the cities of Haiti to assure himself that his orders were carried out . Despite his orders , the massacres were often not carried out until he personally visited the cities . The course of the massacre showed an almost identical pattern in every city he visited . Before his arrival , there were only a few killings , despite his orders . When Dessalines arrived , he first spoke about the atrocities committed by former French authorities , such as Rochambeau and Leclerc , after which he demanded that his orders about mass killings of the area 's French population be carried out . Reportedly , he also ordered the unwilling to take part in the killings , especially men of mixed race , so that blame would not rest solely on the black population . Mass killings then took place on the streets and on places outside the cities . In parallel to the killings , plundering and rape also occurred . Women and children were generally killed last . White women were `` often raped or pushed into forced marriages under threat of death '' . By the end of April 1804 , some 3,000 to 5,000 persons had been killed practically eradicating the country 's white population . Dessalines had specifically stated that France is `` the real enemy of the new nation . '' This allowed certain categories of whites to be excluded from massacre who had to pledge their rejection to France : the Polish soldiers who deserted from the French army ; the group of German colonists of Nord - Ouest who were inhabitants before the revolution ; French widows who were allowed to keep their property ; select male Frenchmen ; and a group of medical doctors and professionals . Reportedly , also people with connections to Haitian notables were spared , as well as the women who agreed to marry non-white men . In the 1805 constitution that declared all its citizens as black , it specifically mentions the naturalizations of German and Polish peoples enacted by the government , as being exempt from Article XII that prohibited whites ( `` non-Haitians ; '' foreigners ) from owning land . Impact Historians continue to debate the importance of the Haitian Revolution . David Geggus asks : `` How much of a difference did it make ? '' A limited amount , he concludes , for slavery flourished in the western hemisphere for many more decades . Other historians say the Haitian Revolution influenced slave rebellions in the U.S. as well as in British colonies . The biggest slave revolt in U.S. history was the 1811 German Coast Uprising in Louisiana . This slave rebellion was put down and the punishment the slaves received was so severe that no contemporary news reports about it exist . The neighboring revolution brought the slavery question to the forefront of U.S. politics , and the resulting intensification of racial divides and sectional politics ended the idealism of the Revolutionary period . The American President Thomas Jefferson -- who was a slaveholder himself -- refused to establish diplomatic relations with Haiti ( the United States did not recognize Haiti until 1862 ) and imposed an economic embargo on trade with Haiti that also lasted until 1862 in an attempt to ensure the economic failure of the new republic as Jefferson wanted Haiti to fail , regarding a successful slave revolt in the West Indies as a dangerous example for American slaves . Saint - Domingue slave revolt in 1791 Beginning during the slave insurrections of 1791 , white refugees from Saint - Domingue fled to the United States , particularly to Philadelphia , Baltimore , New York , and Charleston . The immigration intensified after the journée ( crisis ) of June 20 , 1793 , and soon American families began to raise money and open up their homes to help exiles in what became the United States ' first refugee crisis . While some white refugees blamed the French Revolutionary government for sparking the violence in Haiti , many supported the Republican regime and openly expressed their support of the Jacobins . There is also some historical evidence suggesting that displaying solidarity with the French Revolution was the easiest way for the refugees to earn the support and sympathy of the Americans , who had just recently lived through their own revolution . American slaveholders , in particular , commiserated with the French planters who had been forcibly removed from their plantations in Saint - Domingue . While the exiles found themselves in a peaceful situation in the United States -- safe from the violence raging in both France and Haiti -- their presence complicated the already precarious diplomatic relations among the UK , France , and the U.S. Many of the whites and free people of color who left Saint - Domingue for the United States settled in southern Louisiana , adding many new members to its French - speaking , mixed - race , and black populations . The exiles causing the greatest amount of alarm were the African slaves who came with their refugee owners . Some southern planters grew concerned that the presence of these slaves who had witnessed the revolution in Haiti would ignite similar revolts in the United States . Other planters , however , were confident they had the situation under control . In 1807 Haiti was divided into two parts , the Republic of Haiti in the south , and the Kingdom of Haiti in the north . Land could not be privately owned ; it reverted to the State through Biens Nationaux ( national bonds ) , and no French whites could own land . The remaining French settlers were forced to leave the island . Those who refused were slaughtered . The Haitian State owned up to 90 % of the land and the other 10 % was leased in 5 - year intervals . Since the resistance and the murderous disease environment made it impossible for Napoleon to regain control over Haiti , he gave up hope of rebuilding a French New World empire . He decided to sell Louisiana to the U.S. The Haitian Revolution brought about two unintended consequences : the creation of a continental America and the virtual end of Napoleonic rule in the Americas . There never again was such a large - scale slave rebellion . Napoleon reversed the French abolition of slavery in law , constitution , and practice , which had occurred between 1793 and 1801 , and reinstated slavery in the French colonies in 1801 -- 1803 -- which lasted until 1848 . The Revolution and the media The revolution of African slaves brought many fears to colonies surrounding Haiti and the Caribbean . Prominent wealthy American slave owners , reading about the revolution , also read speculation about what might come in their own states . However , newspapers like the Colombian Centinel took the extra steps to support the revolution , in the sense that it was based on the foundations of the American Revolution . The French media also played an important role in the Haitian Revolution , with contributions that made many French upstarts quite interested in the young , passionate Toussaint 's writings of freedom . However , all was not simple in the press . A top critic who significantly drove Toussaint into fear of backlash from France was Sonthonax , who was responsible for many outlooks of Haiti in the French newspapers . Yet Sonthonax was one of the few contenders who truly pushed for the independence of the African slaves and became a major factor in Toussaint 's decision of declaring independence from France . In popular culture Cuban writer Alejo Carpentier 's second novel , The Kingdom of This World ( 1949 ) , ( translated into English 1957 ) , explores the Haitian Revolution in depth . It is one of the novels that inaugurated the Latin American renaissance in fiction beginning in the mid-20th century . Madison Smartt Bell has written a trilogy called All Souls ' Rising ( 1995 ) about the life of Toussaint Louverture and the slave uprising . C. Richard Gillespie , former Towson University professor , wrote a novelization of Louverture 's life in the Revolution titled Papa Toussaint ( 1998 ) . Though not referred to by name , Haiti is the backdrop for the 1990 Broadway musical Once on This Island by Lynn Ahrens and Stephen Flaherty . The musical , based on the novel My Love , My Love by Rosa Guy , describes the social stratification of the island , and contains a song that briefly outlines the history of the Haitian Revolution . In 2004 an exhibition of paintings entitled Caribbean Passion : Haiti 1804 by artist Kimathi Donkor , was held in London to celebrate the bicentenary of Haiti 's revolution . In 2010 , author Isabel Allende wrote a historical novel entitled Island Beneath the Sea , which documents the Haitian Revolution through the eyes of a slave woman living on the island . William Dietrich set his 2012 novel , The Emerald Storm during the Haitian Revolution . The television mini-series The Feast of All Saints features the Haitian Revolution in its opening scene . The film Top Five refers to a fictional film within the film called `` Uprize '' , ostensibly about this revolution . The role of Bois Caiman , Boukman , and Vodou generally , would become the subject of a controversial , discredited neo-evangelical theology in the 1990s that insisted that Haiti was pledged to the devil during the Revolution . Jacobin , an American socialist periodical , uses an image of Toussaint Louverture for its logo . Literature about the Haitian Revolution An Unbroken Agony : Haiti , From Revolution to the Kidnapping of a President Bug - Jargal The Crime of Napoleon The Black Jacobins See also Cécile Fatiman Charles Rivière - Hérard Dédée Bazile Lamour Desrances Faustin Soulouque Jean - François Papillon Joseph Balthazar Inginac Marie - Claire Heureuse Félicité Marie - Jeanne Lamartiniére Marie - Louise Coidavid Marie - Madeleine Lachenais Pauline Bonaparte Peace of Basel Philippe Guerrier Pompée Valentin Vastey Quasi War Suzanne Simone Baptiste Louverture Sanité Bélair War of the Knives References * Please note that the URL in a footnote whose link is followed by an asterisk may occasionally require special attention . Jump up ^ Madiou , Thomas ( 1848 ) . Histoire d'Haiti Volume 3 of Histoire d'Haïti ( 1492 ) -. J. Courtois , . p. 313 . ^ Jump up to : Scheina . Latin America 's Wars . Potomac Books . p. 1772 . Jump up ^ Adam Hochschild ( 2005 ) . Bury the Chains . Houghton Mifflin . p. 257 . Jump up ^ Franklin W. Knight ( February 2000 ) . `` The Haitian Revolution '' . The American Historical Review . 105 ( 1 ) : 103 -- 115 . doi : 10.2307 / 2652438 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Celucien L. ( 2012 ) . `` ' The Haitian Turn ' : An Appraisal of Recent Literary and Historiographical Works on the Haitian Revolution '' . Journal of Pan African Studies . 5 ( 6 ) : 37 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Taber , Robert D. `` . '' 13 , no . 5 ( 2015 ) : 235 -- 50 . doi : 10.1111 / hic3. 12233 . ( 2015 ) . `` Navigating Haiti 's History : Saint - Domingue and the Haitian Revolution '' . History Compass. 13 ( 5 ) : 235 -- 50 . doi : 10.1111 / hic3. 12233 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bongie , Chris ( 2008 ) . Friends and Enemies : The Scribal Politics of Post / colonial Literature . Liverpool , UK : Liverpool University Press . p. 45 . ISBN 184631142X . Jump up ^ Curtis Comstock , Sandra ( 2012 ) . Incorporating Comparisons in the Rift : Making Use of Cross-Place Events and Histories in Moments of World Historical Change , a chapter in Anna Amelina , Beyond methodological nationalism : research methodologies for cross-border studies . Taylor and Francis , . pp. 183 -- 185 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 89962 - 1 . Jump up ^ Vulliamy , Ed , ed. ( 28 August 2010 ) . `` The 10 best revolutionaries '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Philip James Kaisary ( 2008 ) . The Literary Impact of the Haitian Revolution , Ph. D. dissertation . University of Warwick . pp. 8 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Philippe R. Girard ( 2011 ) . The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon : Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence 1801 -- 1804 . Tuscaloosa Alabama : The University of Alabama Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 1732 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Haitian Revolution ( 1791 -- 1804 ) The Black Past : Remembered and Reclaimed '' . www.blackpast.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Geggus , David ( 2014 ) . The Haitian Revolution : A Documentary History . Hackett Publishing Company . p. 16 . ISBN 9781624661792 . Jump up ^ `` Dessaliness Proclamation : Liberty or Death '' . News Article . NY . New York Commercial Advertiser . March 24 , 1804 . p. 3 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anne Greene ( 1988 -- 98 ) . `` Chapter 6 -- `` Haiti : Historical Setting '' , in A Country Study : Haiti `` . * Federal Research Service of Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` A Country Study : Haiti -- Boyer : Expansion and Decline '' . * Library of Congress . 2000 . Retrieved 30 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas E. Weil , Jan Knippers Black , Howard I. Blustein , Kathryn T. Johnston , David S. McMorris , Frederick P. Munson , Haiti : A Country Study . ( Washington , D.C. : The American University Foreign Area Handbook Series 1985 ) . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James . Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 page 61 . Jump up ^ Dubois , Laurent . The Avengers of the New World : The Story of the Haitian Revolution , Cambridge : Belknap Press , 2005 page 21 . ^ Jump up to : Dubois , Laurent . The Avengers of the New World : The Story of the Haitian Revolution , Cambridge : Belknap Press , 2005 page 40 . Jump up ^ Dubois , Laurent . The Avengers of the New World : The Story of the Haitian Revolution , Cambridge : Belknap Press , 2005 page 43 . ^ Jump up to : Rogozinski , Jan ( 1999 ) . A Brief History of the Caribbean ( Revised ed . ) . New York : Facts on File . pp. 85 , 116 -- 117 , 164 -- 165 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3811 - 2 . Jump up ^ Laurent Dubois , Avengers of the New World : The Story of the Haitian Revolution . ( Cambridge , Massachusetts : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 2OO4 ) . ^ Jump up to : Laurent Dubois , Avengers of the New World : The Story of the Haitian Revolution . ( Cambridge , Massachusetts : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 2004 ) . Jump up ^ `` Haiti -- French Colonialism '' . Retrieved 27 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Dubois , Laurent . The Avengers of the New World : The Story of the Haitian Revolution , Cambridge : Belknap Press , 2005 pages 40 -- 43 Jump up ^ Dubois , Laurent The Avengers of the New World : The Story of the Haitian Revolution , Cambridge : Belknap Press , 2005 pages 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 pages 61 -- 62 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Slave Rebellion of 1791 '' . Retrieved 27 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Bonham C. Richardson ( 1992 ) . The Caribbean in the Wider World , 1492 -- 1992 A Regional Geography . Cambridge University Press . p. 166 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 35977 - 1 . Jump up ^ Herbert Klein , Transatlantic Slave Trade , Pg. 32 -- 33 Jump up ^ Rogozinski , Jan ( 1999 ) . A Brief History of the Caribbean ( Revised ed . ) . New York : Facts on File , Inc . pp. 164 -- 165 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3811 - 2 . Jump up ^ CLR James , The Black Jacobins , p. 17 Jump up ^ Tim Matthewson , A Pro-Slavery Foreign Policy : Haitian - American Relations During the Early Republic , ( Praeger : Westport , Connecticut . and London : 2003 ) p. 3 Jump up ^ C.L.R. James , Black Jacobins ( Vintage , 1989 ) 2d ed. p. 29 Jump up ^ Robert Heinl , Written in Blood : The History of the Haitian People , New York : Lanham , 1996 , p. 45 ^ Jump up to : Knight , Franklin W. ( 1990 ) . The Caribbean The Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 204 -- 208 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505441 - 5 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Robin . `` The Force of Example '' . The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World . Ed . David P. Geggus . ( Columbia , South Carolina : University of South Carolina Press 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Langley , Lester ( 1996 ) . The Americas in the Age of Revolution , 1750 -- 1850 . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 110 . Jump up ^ Hochschild , Adam Bury the Chains : The British Struggle to Abolish Slavery ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Fick , Carolyn E. `` Preface . '' In The Making of Haiti : The Saint Domingue Revolution from Below . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 1990 . Jump up ^ Akamefula , Tiye , Camille Newsom , Burgey Marcos , and Jong Ho . `` Causes of the Haitian Revolution . '' Haitian Revolution . September 1 , 2012 . Accessed March 25 , 2015 . http://haitianrevolutionfblock.weebly.com/causes-of-the-haitian-revolution.html. / Jump up ^ `` Reign of Terror : 1793 -- 1794 . '' PBS . September 13 , 2013 . Accessed March 26 , 2015 . https://www.pbs.org/marieantoinette/timeline/reign.html . Jump up ^ `` French Revolutionary Wars . '' Find the Data . Accessed March 26 , 2015 . http://wars.findthedata.com/l/100/French-Revolutionary-Wars . Jump up ^ `` Haitian Revolution . '' Find the Data . Accessed March 26 , 2015 . http://wars.findthedata.com/l/8/Haitian-Revolution . ^ Jump up to : Ghachem , Malick W . The Old Regime and the Haitian Revolution . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rand , David . `` The Haitian Revolution . '' The Haitian Revolution . Accessed March 25 , 2015 . http://scholar.library.miami.edu/slaves/san_domingo_revolution/ individual_essay / david. html . Jump up ^ Akamefula , Tiye , Camille Newsom , Burgey Marcos , and Jong Ho . `` Causes of the Haitian Revolution . '' Haitian Revolution . September 1 , 2012 . Accessed March 25 , 2015 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 26 March 2015 ... Jump up ^ Baur , John . `` International Repercussions of the Haitian Revolution . '' The Americas 26 , no . 4 ( 1970 ) . Jump up ^ `` Antislavery Agitation : Abbe Raynal , '' Philosophical and Political History of the Settlements and Trade of the East and West Indies ( 1770 ) , accessed May 8 , 2014 , http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/278/ . Jump up ^ Goldmann , Lucien . The Philosophy of the Enlightenment : the Christian Burgess and the Enlightenment . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press , 1973 . Jump up ^ Paul B. Miller , `` Enlightened Hesitations : Black Masses and Tragic Heroes in C.L.R. James 's The Black Jacobins . '' MLN 116 : 1069 -- 1090 . ( accessed May 8 , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ C.L.R. James , The Black Jacobins ; `` Toussaint Louverture and the San Domingo Revolution '' , 1st ed . New York : Vintage Books , 1963 . Jump up ^ Miller , 1069 -- 1090 . Jump up ^ Sylvia Musto , `` Portraiture , Revolutionary Identity and Subjugation : Anne - Louis Girodet 's Citizen Belley '' , RACAR : Revue d'Art Canadienne / Canadian Art Review 20 ( 1993 ) : 60 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Center and Hunt , Liberty , Equality and Fraternity , 119 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , `` Haiti 's Slavery in the Age of the Democratic Revolution '' , William and Mary Quarterly 63.4 , 633 -- 644 ( 2006 ) . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 60 . Jump up ^ Censer and Hunt , Liberty , Equality , and Fraternity , 123 . Dutty Boukman , Haitianite.com ( 1 ) Archived 2 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Censer and Hunt , Liberty , Equality , and Fraternity , p. 124 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 62 . Jump up ^ Dubois , Laurent The Avengers of the New World : The Story of the Haitian Revolution , Cambridge : Belknap Press , 2005 page 105 . Jump up ^ `` Hispaniola Article '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Blackpast.com ( 2 ) , Haitian Revolution 1791 -- 1804 ^ Jump up to : Perry , James . Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 63 . Jump up ^ Perry , James . Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 pages 63 -- 64 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James . Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 69 . Jump up ^ Perry , James . Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 64 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 65 . Jump up ^ Dubois , Laurent The Avengers of the New World : The Story of the Haitian Revolution , Cambridge : Belknap Press , 2005 page 167 Jump up ^ Laurent Dubois and John D. Garrigus , `` Slave Revolution in the Caribbean : 1789 -- 1804 '' . Boston : Bedford / St. Martins , 2006 . Document 26 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 68 . Jump up ^ Perry , James . Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 pages 64 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Perry , James . Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 66 . Jump up ^ Perry , James . Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 67 . Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 pages 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Dubois , Laurent . The Avengers of the New World : The Story of the Haitian Revolution , Cambridge : Belknap Press , 2005 page 188 . Jump up ^ Perry , James . Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 pages 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Perry , James . Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 70 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James . Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 pages 70 -- 71 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James . Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 72 . Jump up ^ Perry , James . Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 72 ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 74 . ^ Jump up to : Dubois , Laurent . The Avengers of the New World : The Story of the Haitian Revolution , Cambridge : Belknap Press , 2005 page 216 . Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page75 . Jump up ^ Perry , James . Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 75 Jump up ^ Perry , James . Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 pages 75 . Jump up ^ Perry , James . Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 pages 75 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 76 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James . Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 77 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James . Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 78 . Jump up ^ Scheina , Robert L. ( 2003 ) . Latin America 's Wars , Vol. 1 : The Age of the Caudillo , 1791 -- 1899 . Washington , DC : Brassey 's . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Robert C. Smith ( 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of African American Politics . Infobase Publishing . p. 166 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 3019 - 4 . Jump up ^ David Geggus , `` The British Army and the Slave Revolt , '' History Today ( 1982 ) 32 # 7 pp 35 -- 39 Jump up ^ John S. Marr , and John T. Cathey . `` The 1802 Saint - Domingue yellow fever epidemic and the Louisiana Purchase . '' Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 19 #. 1 ( 2013 ) : 77 -- 82 . online Archived 4 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Philippe R. Girard ( 2011 ) . The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon : Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence , 1801 -- 1804 . University of Alabama Press . pp. 179 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Bryan 1984 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 78 Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 pages 78 -- 79 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 79 . Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 pages 79 -- 80 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 80 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 81 . Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 pages 79 & 81 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 82 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 83 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 84 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James . Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 85 . Jump up ^ Philippe R. Girard ( 2011 ) . The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence , 1801 -- 1804 . University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 1732 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 86 . Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 pages 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Haitian Declaration of Independence : Liberty or Death : Indigent Army , by the General in Chief Dessalines , in the name of the Haitian people . Held in the British National Archives : ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Philippe Girard , `` Jean - Jacques Dessalines and the Atlantic System : A Reappraisal , '' William and Mary Quarterly ( July 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Independent Haiti , Library of Congress Country Studies . Jump up ^ `` Independent Haiti '' . Retrieved 27 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : James Leyburn , The Haitian People , Yale University Press , 1961 , 34 ^ Jump up to : James Leyburn , The Haitian People , Yale University Press , 1961 , 37 Jump up ^ `` La première ambassade française en Haïti '' . Menu Contenu Plan du siteAmbassade de France à Port - au - Prince ( in French ) . Government of France . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ M. Degros , Création des postes diplomatiques et consulaires , Revue d'histoire diplomatique , 1986 ; in French Jump up ^ J-F . Brière , Haïti et la France , 1804 - 1848 : le rêve brisé , Paris , Karthala 2008 ; in French ^ Jump up to : James Leyburn , The Haitian People , Yale University Press , 1961 , 70 Jump up ^ `` Dominican Republic -- Haiti and Santo Domingo '' . Country Studies . Library of Congress ; Federal Research Division . Jump up ^ Knight , Franklin W. ( 1990 ) . The Caribbean The Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 212 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505441 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Farmer , Paul ( 2006 ) . AIDS and Accusation : Haiti and the Geography of Blame . California University Press . p. 284 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24839 - 7 . Jump up ^ Newton , Michael ( 2014 ) . `` Famous Assassinations in World History : An Encyclopedia ( 2 volumes ) '' . ABC - CLIO . p. 110 . ISBN 9781610692861 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Steward , Theophilus Gould ( 1914 ) . `` The Haitian Revolution , 1791 to 1804 : Or , Side Lights on the French Revolution '' ( 2nd ed . ) . Crowell . p. 241 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Findlay , George Gillanders ; Holdsworth , William West ( 1921 ) . `` The History of the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society , Volume 2 '' . Epworth Press . p. 258 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Land , Isaac ( 2008 ) . `` Enemies of Humanity : The Nineteenth - Century War on Terrorism '' . Springer . p. 59 . ISBN 9780230612549 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Popkin , Jeremy D. ( 2012 ) . A Concise History of the Haitian Revolution . Chicester , West Sussex : Wiley - Blackwell . p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 9820 - 2 . Jump up ^ Girard 2011 , pp. 321 -- 322 . Jump up ^ Dayan 1998 , p. . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference Girard2011 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Girard 2011 , p. 322 . ^ Jump up to : Girard 2011 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ David Patrick Geggus and Norman Fiering , eds ( 2009 ) . The World of the Haitian Revolution . Indiana University Press . p. 397 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Daniel ( 2011 ) . American Uprising : The Untold Story of America 's Largest Slave Revolt . HarperCollins . p. 288 . Jump up ^ Newman , Simon P. `` American Political Culture and the French and Haitian Revolutions : Nathaniel Cutting and the Jeffersonian Republicans . '' The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World . Ed . David P. Geggus . ( University of South Carolina Press 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Dubois , Laurent The Avengers of the New World : The Story of the Haitian Revolution , Cambridge : Belknap Press , 2005 page 303 . Jump up ^ Popkin , Jeremy D. ' You Are All Free : The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2010 . Jump up ^ Popkin , page 298 . Jump up ^ Davis , David Brion . `` Impact of the French and Haitian Revolutions . '' The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World . Ed . David P. Geggus . ( Columbia , South Carolina : University of South Carolina Press 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Ashli White , Encountering Revolution : Haiti and the Making of the Early Republic ( 2010 ) p 139 Jump up ^ James A. Henretta ; et al. ( 2011 ) . America 's History , Volume 1 : To 1877 . Bedford / St. Martin 's . p. 220 . Jump up ^ Matthewson , Tim , 1996 Jefferson and the Nonrecognition of Haiti , p. 30 Jump up ^ Jenson , The Sonthonax Drama : Toussaint as Political Dramaturge , p. 70 Jump up ^ Melbourne , Kamali ( 31 October 2005 ) . `` Caribbean Passion : Haiti 1804 '' . BBC Nottingham . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ McAlister , Elizabeth ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) . `` From Slave Revolt to a Blood Pact with Satan : The Evangelical Rewriting of Haitian History '' . Studies in Religion / Sciences Religieuses. 41 ( 2 ) : 187 -- 215 . doi : 10.1177 / 0008429812441310 . ISSN 0008 - 4298 . Jump up ^ Web pages for FRD Country Studies are subject to changes of URL . If a page linked from a footnote that cites the Haiti study bears a title different from that cited next to the link , consult A Country Study : Haiti for the revised URL . Library resources about Haitian Revolution Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Further reading Baur , John . `` International Repercussions of the Haitian Revolution . '' The Americas 26 , no . 4 ( 1970 ) . Blackburn , Robin . `` Haiti , Slavery , and the Age of the Democratic Revolution '' , William and Mary Quarterly 63.4 , 633 -- 674 ( 2006 ) Bryan , Patrick E. ( 1984 ) . The Haitian Revolution and Its Effects . Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 435 - 98301 - 7 . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Censer , Jack Richard , ; Lynn Avery Hunt ( 2001 ) . Liberty , Equality , Fraternity Exploring the French Revolution . Penn State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 271 - 02088 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Dubois , Laurent ( 2005 ) . Avengers of the New World . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01826 - 6 . Laurent Dubois ; John D. Garrigus ( 2006 ) . Slave Revolution in the Caribbean , 1789 -- 1804 A Brief History with Documents . Bedford / st Martins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 41501 - 3 . Fick , Carolyne `` The Haitian revolution and the limit of freedom : defining citizenship in the revolutionary era '' . Social History , Vol 32 . No 4 , November 2007 Garrigus , John D. ( 2006 ) . Before Haiti Race and Citizenship in French Saint - Domingue . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 7140 - 1 . Geggus , David Patrick . The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World . Columbia : University of South Carolina Press 2001 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 416 - 9 Girard , Philippe . `` Black Talleyrand : Toussaint Louverture 's Secret Diplomacy with England and the United States , '' William and Mary Quarterly 66 : 1 ( Jan. 2009 ) , 87 -- 124 . Girard , Philippe . `` Napoléon Bonaparte and the Emancipation Issue in Saint - Domingue , 1799 -- 1803 , '' French Historical Studies 32 : 4 ( Fall 2009 ) , 587 -- 618 . Girard , Philippe R. ( 2011 ) . The slaves who defeated Napoleon : Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence , 1801 -- 1804 . Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 1732 - 5 . Girard , Philippe . `` Jean - Jacques Dessalines and the Atlantic System : A Reappraisal , '' William and Mary Quarterly ( July 2012 ) . Cyril Lionel Robert James ( 1989 ) . The Black Jacobins Toussaint Louverture and the San Domingo Revolution ( 2nd ed . ) . Vintage . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 72467 - 4 . Joseph , Celucien L. Race , Religion , and The Haitian Revolution : Essays on Faith , Freedom , and Decolonization ( CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform , 2012 ) Joseph , Celucien L. From Toussaint to Price - Mars : Rhetoric , Race , and Religion in Haitian Thought ( CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform , 2013 ) Ott , Thomas O . The Haitian Revolution , 1789 -- 1804 . University of Tennessee Press , 1973 . Joseph Elisée Peyre - Ferry ( 2006 ) . Journal des opérations militaires de l'armée française à Saint - Domingue 1802 -- 1803 sous les ordres des capitaines - généraux Leclerc et Rochambeau . Les Editions de Paris - Max Chaleil . ISBN 978 - 2 - 84621 - 052 - 2 . Popkin , Jeremy D. , You Are All Free : The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery ( New York : Cambridge University Press , 2010 ) Jeffers , Jen ( 2016 ) `` Freedom At All Cost : Remembering History 's Greatest Slave Rebellion '' . The Raven Report . External links Haitian Revolution . The Louverture Project , a wiki about the history of Haiti Haiti : History of Shaken Country -- Video interview with historian Laurent Dubois Haiti Archives `` Égalité for All : Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian Revolution '' . Noland Walker . PBS documentary . 2009 France Urged to Pay $40 Billion to Haiti in Reparations for `` Independence Debt '' -- video report by Democracy Now ! The Other Revolution : Haiti , 1789 -- 1804 digital exhibition from Brown University 15 Minutes History , UT at Austin Two Revolutions in the Atlantic World : Connections between the American Revolution and the Haitian Revolution Gilder Lehrman Center , Laurent Dubois . `` Upheavals in France and Saint - Domingue '' Brown University Haiti articles History Chiefdoms Captaincy General of Santo Domingo Colonial governors ( Santo Domingo ) Atlantic slave trade Maroons Treaty of Ryswick Saint - Domingue Colonial governors ( Saint - Domingue ) Slavery Revolution 1804 Massacre Unification of Hispaniola Post-independence Republic U.S. occupation Duvalier dynasty 2004 coup d'état 2010 earthquake Hurricane Matthew Timeline Geography Administrative divisions Arrondissements Cities Deforestation Departments Earthquakes Environment Hispaniola Islands National parks Rivers Politics Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Law enforcement Military Parliament Political parties President Prime Minister Supreme Court Economy Agriculture Central bank External debt Foreign aid Gourde ( currency ) Poverty Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Religion People Social class Water and sanitation Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Haitian Creole Haitian French Literature Media Music Mythology Public holidays Television Outline Index Book Portal French colonial conflicts 16th -- 17th centuries Brazil ( 1557 -- 60 ) Florida ( 1562 -- 65 ) Brazil ( 1612 -- 15 ) Morocco ( 1629 ) Beaver Wars ( 1641 -- 1701 ) French colonization of Texas ( 1685 -- 89 ) Siam ( 1688 ) King William 's War ( 1689 -- 97 ) 18th century Queen Anne 's War ( 1702 -- 13 ) Chickasaw Wars ( 1721 -- 52 ) Dummer 's War ( 1721 -- 25 ) Burma -- France relations ( 1729 -- 56 ) King George 's War ( 1744 -- 48 ) First Carnatic War ( 1746 -- 48 ) Second Carnatic War ( 1749 -- 54 ) Nova Scotia ( 1749 -- 55 ) French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 60 ) East Indies ( 1757 -- 63 ) Larache expedition 1765 Vietnam ( 1777 -- 1820 ) North America ( 1778 -- 83 ) Caribbean and East Indies ( 1778 -- 83 ) Haitian Revolution ( 1791 -- 1804 ) Siege of Pondicherry ( 1793 ) French acquisition of Santo Domingo ( 1795 -- 1809 ) French campaign in Egypt and Syria ( 1798 -- 1801 ) 19th century West Indies ( 1804 -- 10 ) Indian Ocean ( 1809 -- 11 ) Java ( 1811 ) Algeria ( 1830 -- 47 ) Algeria ( 1835 -- 1903 ) Río de la Plata ( 1838 -- 40 ) Mexico ( 1838 -- 39 ) Argentina -- Uruguay ( 1845 -- 50 ) Morocco ( 1844 ) Philippines ( 1844 -- 45 ) Bombardment of Tourane Vietnam ( 1847 ) Franco - Tahitian War ( 1844 -- 47 ) French conquest of Senegal ( 1854 ) Cochinchina Campaign ( 1858 -- 62 ) Second Opium War ( 1860 ) Intervention in Mexico ( 1861 -- 67 ) Japan ( 1863 -- 64 ) Korea ( 1866 ) North Vietnam ( 1873 -- 74 ) Tunisia ( 1881 ) Madagascar ( 1883 ) Ivory Coast ( 1883 -- 98 ) Tonkin Campaign ( 1883 -- 86 ) Sino - French War ( 1884 -- 85 ) North Vietnam ( 1886 -- 96 ) Leewards War ( 1888 -- 97 ) First Franco - Dahomean War ( 1890 ) Second Franco - Dahomean War ( 1892 -- 94 ) Franco - Siamese War ( 1893 ) Second Madagascar expedition ( 1895 ) Voulet -- Chanoine Mission ( 1898 ) 20th century Boxer Rebellion ( 1901 ) Holy Man 's Rebellion ( 1901 - 36 ) Ouaddai War ( 1909 -- 11 ) Morocco ( 1911 ) Zaian War ( 1914 - 1921 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 - 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 - 1917 ) Syria ( 1919 -- 21 ) Cilicia ( 1920 -- 21 ) Rif War ( 1920 -- 26 ) Kongo - Wara rebellion ( 1928 -- 31 ) Franco - Thai War ( 1940 -- 41 ) Indochina ( 1945 ) South Vietnam ( 1945 -- 46 ) First Indochina War ( 1946 -- 54 ) Malagasy Uprising ( 1947 -- 48 ) Tunisian independence ( 1952 -- 56 ) Algerian War ( 1954 -- 62 ) Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Ifni War ( 1957 -- 58 ) Cameroonian Independence War ( 1955 - 1960 ) Bizerte crisis ( 1961 ) Ouvéa cave hostage taking ( 1988 ) Haiti portal History portal French Revolution portal War portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Revolution&oldid=841680755 '' Categories : Haitian Revolution History of Haiti Saint - Domingue Latin American wars of independence Military history of the Caribbean French colonization of the Americas French Revolution Anti-imperialism in North America 18th - century revolutions 18th - century rebellions 19th - century rebellions Slave rebellions in North America Wars of independence History of sugar 1790s in the Caribbean 1791 in the Caribbean 1792 in the Caribbean 1793 in the Caribbean 1794 in the Caribbean 1795 in the Caribbean 1796 in the Caribbean 1797 in the Caribbean 1798 in the Caribbean 1799 in the Caribbean 1800s in the Caribbean 1800 in the Caribbean 1801 in the Caribbean 1802 in the Caribbean 1803 in the Caribbean 1804 in the Caribbean 1790s in Haiti 1800s in Haiti 1804 in Haiti Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2012 Pages with broken reference names CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles needing more detailed references Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Pages using military navigation subgroups without wide style Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing French - language text All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2018 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from April 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 10 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian%20Revolution

what is the purpose of the maid of honor

Bridesmaid

bridesmaid

The bridesmaids are members of the bride 's party in a wedding . A bridesmaid is typically a young woman , and often a close friend or relative . She attends to the bride on the day of a wedding or marriage ceremony . Traditionally , bridesmaids were chosen from unwed young women of marriageable age .

The principal bridesmaid , if one is so designated , may be called the chief bridesmaid or maid of honor if she is unmarried , or the matron of honor if she is married . A junior bridesmaid is a girl who is clearly too young to be married , but who is included as an honorary bridesmaid . In the United States , typically only the maid / matron of honor and the best man are the official witnesses for the wedding license . Often there is more than one bridesmaid : in modern times the bride chooses how many to ask . Historically , no person of status went out unattended , and the size of the retinue was closely calculated to be appropriate to the family 's social status . A large group of bridesmaids provided an opportunity for showing off the family 's social status and wealth . Today , the number of bridesmaids in a wedding party is dependent on many variables , including a bride 's preferences , the size of her family , and the number of attendants her partner would like to have as well . The male equivalent is the groomsman , also known in British English as an usher ; in the United States , the role of attending to the groom has diverged from that of escorting guests to their seats , and the two positions are no longer synonymous and are often if not usually filled by different persons . In some cultures , such as in Norway , the Netherlands and Victorian Britain , it has been customary for bridesmaids to be small girls rather than grown women . They may carry flowers during the wedding procession and pose with the married couple in bridal photos . In modern English - speaking countries , this role is separate from that of the bridesmaid , and the small child performing it is known as a flower girl . Contents 1 Duties 2 Maid of honor 3 Origin and history 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Duties ( edit ) Four bridesmaids wearing gagra cholis , the traditional dress of northern India Although many exceed the minimum , the bridesmaids ' required duties are very limited . They are required to attend the wedding ceremony and to assist the bride on the day of the wedding . Bridesmaids in Europe and North America are often asked to assist the bride with planning the wedding and a wedding reception . In modern times , a bridesmaid often participates in planning wedding - related events , such as a bridal shower or bachelorette party , if there are any . These , however , are optional activities ; according to etiquette expert Judith Martin , `` Contrary to rumor , bridesmaids are not obliged to entertain in honor of the bride , nor to wear dresses they can not afford . '' If it is customary in the bride 's area to have a bridesmaids luncheon , then it is hosted , and therefore organized and paid for , by the bride . A junior bridesmaid has no responsibilities beyond attending the wedding . This junior bridesmaid , in North Carolina , USA , is dressed in white , just like the bride . The duties and costs of being a bridesmaid are parsed out between a bride and her attendants in a variety of ways . Since modern bridesmaids , unlike their historical counterparts , can no longer rely on having their clothes and travel expenses paid for by the bride 's family , and are sometimes even told they must pay for parties that the bride wants to have before the wedding , it has become customary for the bride to present the bridesmaids with gifts as a sign of gratitude for the support and financial commitment that comes with their roles . It has become equally customary for women who are invited to serve as bridesmaids to first ask about the amount of time , energy , and money that the bride expects from them before accepting this position , and to decline or resign if this is more than they will be able to give . In some American weddings , each bridesmaid may be asked to spend US $1,700 or more , with travel to destination weddings and pre-wedding parties usually being the biggest expense . Some bridesmaids have particular duties . For instance , the mead of honor is to provide a constant source of fortified honey drink , to keep the bridal party festive . And the made of on her has , diplomatically , important romantic duties vis - a-vis the bride 's friends and family . Maid of honor ( edit ) For the court title , see Maid of honour . This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The bride ( center ) with her maid of honor ( third from left ) and bridesmaids . The maid of honor can be distinguished by her dress , which differs somewhat from that of the other bridesmaids , as well as by her position in the traditional place of honor at the immediate right of the principal party . From 1929 , in Minnesota , USA . In the United Kingdom , the term `` maid of honour '' originally referred to the female attendant of a queen . The term bridesmaid is normally used for all bridal attendants in the UK . However , when the attendant is married , or is a mature woman , the term matron of honour is often used . The influence of American English has led to the chief bridesmaid sometimes being called the maid of honour . In North America , a wedding party might include several bridesmaids , but the maid of honor is the title and position held by the bride 's chief attendant , typically her closest friend or sister . In modern - day weddings some brides opt to choose a long - time male friend or brother as their head attendant , using the title best man or man of honor . The activities of the principal bridesmaid may be as many or as varied as she allows the bride to impose upon her . Her only required duty is to participate in the wedding ceremony . Typically , however , she is asked for help with the logistics of the wedding as an event , such as addressing invitations , and for her help as a friend , such as attending the bride as she shops for her wedding dress . On the day of the wedding , her principal duty is to provide practical and emotional support . She might assist the bride with dressing and , if needed , help the bride manage her veil , a bouquet , a prayer book , or the train of her wedding dress during the day . In a double - ring wedding , the chief bridesmaid is often entrusted with the groom 's wedding ring until it is needed during the ceremony . Many brides ask bridesmaids if they are adults , to be legal witnesses who sign the marriage license after the ceremony . If there is a reception after the wedding , the maid of honor may be asked to offer a toast to the newlywed . Origin and History ( edit ) The origin of the Western bridesmaid tradition likely arose from a combination of many factors . The most - likely factors include , but are n't limited to , socioeconomic class and status , family size , socialization standards of the day , and religion . Others cite the Biblical story of Jacob , and his two wives Leah and Rachel , who both literally came with their own maids as detailed in the Book of Genesis ( 29 : 24 , 46 : 18 ) as the origin of bridesmaids . These women were handmaidens ( servants or slaves ) instead of social peers . Some sources state that , in ancient times , originally the bride and all the bridesmaids wore the exact same dress and veiled their faces heavily , for the purpose of confusing jealous suitors and evil spirits . In China during the feudal era , the female womb was seen as precious for the production of an heir . Brides were susceptible to kidnapping at weddings by rival clans and hooligans . Shouldering the responsibility to protect the bride , bridesmaids were dressed up like the bride to lower the risk that she might be identified and robbed . As legal protections for marriage were established , this was no longer necessary , and the role of bridesmaid took a more symbolic turn . In the Victorian era , white was the official color for both male groomsmen and female bridesmaids . This trend originated with Queen Victoria when she married Prince Albert wearing a long white wedding dress , and her bridesmaids matched the color of her gown . See also ( edit ) Bridesman Groomsman Bridesmead Made of On Her References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Martin , Judith ( 2005 ) . Miss Manners ' Guide to Excruciatingly Correct Behavior , Freshly Updated . Kamen , Gloria . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 383 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05874 - 3 . ( I ) n polite society ... the bridesmaids ' only duties are to make a special fuss over the bride by gathering around her at the wedding and , in the weeks before , by pretending to be interested in all the wedding details . It is also nice , but not obligatory , for them to plan a girlishly informal gathering -- a luncheon or shower -- for her beforehand . Jump up ^ Martin , Judith ( 1999 ) . Miss Manners on weddings . New York : Crown Publishers . pp. 136 -- 137 . ISBN 0 - 609 - 60431 - 7 . Jump up ^ Post , Emily ( 1922 ) . Etiquette in Society , in Business , in Politics and at Home ' . Funk & Wagnalls Company . pp. 335 -- 337 . ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Stephanie ( 28 June 2011 ) . `` How much does it cost to be a bridesmaid ? '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Thompson , By Jenn . `` Bizarre origins of wedding traditions - CNN.com '' . edition.cnn.com . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History of Bridesmaids '' . oureverydaylife.com . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` It 's so dangerous being a bridesmaid in China that some brides are hiring professionals instead - San Francisco Wedding Photography - SF Wedding Photographer '' . www.iqphoto.com . External links ( edit ) Media related to Bridesmaids at Wikimedia Commons A Salute to Bridesmaids - slideshow by Life magazine Weddings Pre-wedding Engagement Wedding planner Bridal registry Bridal shower Engagement party Wedding invitation Chinese pre-wedding customs Bachelor party Bachelorette party Stag and doe party Marriage license Rehearsal dinner Locations Wedding chapel Gretna Green Las Vegas Clothing Western dress codes : Formal Morning dress White tie Semi-formal Black lounge suit Black tie Informal Dress clothes Lounge suit Wedding dress Contemporary Western wedding dress Ball gown / Evening gown Boutonnière Garter Hwarot Objects Chuppah Las arras Lebes Gamikos Wedding cord Wedding favors Wedding mandap Wedding ring cushion Wishing well Participants Bride child bride Bridegroom child bridegroom Bridesmaid Bridesman Flower girl Groomsman Page boy Officiant Traditions Ahesta Bero Banns of marriage Bedding ceremony Bridal Chorus First dance Hesitation step `` Indian '' Wedding Blessing Jumping the broom Lychgate Money dance Music Polterabend Pounded rice ritual Pyebaek Trash the dress Unity candle Walima Wedding March Wedding photography Wedding reception Wedding videography Food and drink Wedding breakfast Wedding cake Wedding cake topper Cookie table Groom 's cake Hochzeitssuppe Icingtons Jordan almonds Korovai Loving cup Place card Religion and culture Anand Karaj ( Sikh ) Arab Ayie Ayyavazhi Bengali Hindu Bengali Muslim Brunei Malay Chinese Catholic Hajong Hindu Islamic Iyer Jewish Mormon Odia Persian Poruwa ceremony Punjabi Quaker Rajput Saint Thomas Christian Shinto Vőfély ( Hungary ) Zoroastrian By country Vőfély ( Hungary ) Iceland India Pakistan Philippines Russia Sri Lanka Ukraine United States United Kingdom : England and Wales , Scotland , history Vietnam Honeymoon Honeymoon registry Consummation Other Elopement Same - sex marriage Marriage Marriage vows Posthumous marriage Royal intermarriage Royal weddings Shotgun wedding Knobstick wedding Wedding anniversary Wedding crashing Wedding customs by country Wedding vow renewal ceremony Wife selling Womanless wedding World Marriage Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridesmaid&oldid=856124186 '' Categories : Wedding ceremony participants Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Português Simple English Svenska 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 01 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridesmaid

when was give me your poor added to the statue of liberty

The New Colossus

the new colossus

`` The New Colossus '' is a sonnet that American poet Emma Lazarus ( 1849 -- 1887 ) wrote in 1883 to raise money for the construction of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty . In 1903 , the poem was engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the pedestal 's lower level .

Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the poem 2 Contents 3 Influence 4 References 5 External links History of the poem ( edit ) The Statue of Liberty in New York City This poem was written as a donation to an auction of art and literary works conducted by the `` Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty '' to raise money for the pedestal 's construction . Lazarus 's contribution was solicited by fundraiser William Maxwell Evarts . Initially she refused but writer Constance Cary Harrison convinced her that the statue would be of great significance to immigrants sailing into the harbor . `` The New Colossus '' was the first entry read at the exhibit 's opening on November 2 , 1883 , and remained associated with the exhibit through a published catalog until the exhibit closed after the pedestal was fully funded in August 1885 , but was forgotten and played no role at the opening of the statue in 1886 . It was , however , published in Joseph Pulitzer 's New York World as well as The New York Times during this time period . In 1901 , Lazarus 's friend Georgina Schuyler began an effort to memorialize Lazarus and her poem , which succeeded in 1903 when a plaque bearing the text of the poem was put on the inner wall of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty . The line `` Keep , ancient lands , your storied pomp ! '' is missing a comma , and reads `` Keep ancient lands , your storied pomp ! '' on the plaque hanging inside the Statue of Liberty since its unveiling in 1903 . The original manuscript is held by the American Jewish Historical Society . Contents ( edit ) The Colossus of Rhodes , as depicted in an artist 's impression of 1880 Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame , With conquering limbs astride from land to land ; Here at our sea - washed , sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch , whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning , and her name MOTHER OF EXILES . From her beacon - hand Glows world - wide welcome ; her mild eyes command The air - bridged harbor that twin cities frame . `` Keep , ancient lands , your storied pomp ! '' cries she With silent lips . `` Give me your tired , your poor , Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free , The wretched refuse of your teeming shore . Send these , the homeless , tempest - tost to me , I lift my lamp beside the golden door ! '' The poem is a Petrarchan sonnet . The title of the poem and the first two lines refer to the Colossus of Rhodes , which was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , sometimes described as standing astride the harbor . The `` sea - washed , sunset gates '' are the mouths of the Hudson and East Rivers , to the west of Brooklyn . The `` imprisoned lightning '' refers to the electric light in the torch , then a novelty . The `` air - bridged harbor that twin cities frame '' refers to New York Harbor between New York City and Brooklyn , which were consolidated into one unit in 1898 , 15 years after the poem was written . The `` huddled masses '' are the many immigrants coming to the United States ( many of them through Ellis Island at the port of New York ) . Influence ( edit ) Bronze plaque inside the Statue of Liberty Paul Auster wrote that `` Bartholdi 's gigantic effigy was originally intended as a monument to the principles of international republicanism , but ' The New Colossus ' reinvented the statue 's purpose , turning Liberty into a welcoming mother , a symbol of hope to the outcasts and downtrodden of the world . '' John T. Cunningham wrote that `` The Statue of Liberty was not conceived and sculpted as a symbol of immigration , but it quickly became so as immigrant ships passed under the torch and the shining face , heading toward Ellis Island . However , it was ( Lazarus 's poem ) that permanently stamped on Miss Liberty the role of unofficial greeter of incoming immigrants . '' The poem has entered the political realm . It was quoted in John F. Kennedy 's book A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) as well as a 2010 political speech by President Obama advocating immigration policy reform . On August 2nd , 2017 , the poem and its importance to the Statue of Liberty 's symbolism and thus the effect on American immigration policy , was debated in a White House briefing . Classical composer David Ludwig has set the poem to music , which was performed at the worship service of President Obama 's 2013 inauguration ceremony . Author and scholar Julia Gordon - Bramer theorizes that Sylvia Plath 's poem , `` Lady Lazarus , '' is about the Statue of Liberty and Jewish immigrant poet Emma Lazarus in her book , Fixed Stars Govern a Life : Decoding Sylvia Plath , volume one ( 2014 , Stephen F. Austin State University Press ) . Parts of the poem also appear in popular culture . The Broadway musical Miss Liberty , with music and lyrics by Irving Berlin , an immigrant himself , used the final stanza beginning `` Give me your tired , your poor '' as the basis for a song . It was also read in the 1941 film Hold Back the Dawn as well as being recited by the heroine in Alfred Hitchcock 's wartime film Saboteur . Harpist and singer Joanna Newsom indirectly references the poem in her 2015 song `` Sapokanikan , '' in contrast to the forbidding colossus of Percy Bysshe Shelley 's `` Ozymandias . '' The poem is read aloud in the eponymous episode entitled ' New Colossus ' in the 2016 Netflix web series The OA . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . US : National Park Service . 2007 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Emma , The New Colossus , Liberty State Park Jump up ^ Sutherland , Cara A ( 2003 ) , The Statue of Liberty : The Museum of the City of New York , Barnes & Noble , p. 77 , ISBN 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 4 , auction of art and literary work ; Mark Twain also contributed . ^ Jump up to : Young , Bette Roth ( 1997 ) , Emma Lazarus in Her World : Life and Letters , The Jewish Publication Society , p. 3 , ISBN 0 - 8276 - 0618 - 4 , ... fell into obscurity . At the unveiling of the statue ( ... ) both Emma and her sonnet were absent ( ... ) Georgina Schuyler set in motion a successful attempt to memorialize her friend by placing the poem , inscribed on a bronze tablet , inside the pedestal ... . Jump up ^ Felder , Deborah G ; Rosen , Diana L ( 2003 ) , Fifty Jewish Women Who Changed the World , Citadel , p. 45 , ISBN 0 - 8065 - 2443 - X , ... William Maxwell Evert ( sic ; presumably a misspelling of `` William Maxwell Evarts ) asked ( ... ) Lazarus ( ... ) to compose original works ( ... ) who ( ... ) refused ( ... ) until ( ... ) Constance Cary Harrison ( ... ) suggested that she consider what the statue would mean to the thousand of immigrants who would see it as they sailed into New York ... . Jump up ^ `` Image - Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty Catalogue '' . Jump up ^ `` The Statue of Liberty - Engineering , Construction , and Crossing the Atlantic '' . Jump up ^ `` National Park Service - Statue of Liberty - Emma Lazarus '' . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Gary ( 2006 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Misprint is spied in Lazarus poem at Liberty island '' . The New York Sun . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam ( 2011 ) , `` How a Sonnet Made a Statue the ' Mother of Exiles ' '' , New York Times , retrieved 2013 - 11 - 21 Jump up ^ Auster , Paul ( 2005 ) , `` NYC = USA '' , Collected Prose : Autobiographical Writings , True Stories , Critical Essays , Prefaces , and Collaborations with Artists , Picador , p. 508 , ISBN 0 - 312 - 42468 - X . Jump up ^ Cunningham , John T ( 2003 ) , Ellis Island : Immigration 's Shining Center , Arcadia Publishing , pp. 46 -- 48 , ISBN 0 - 7385 - 2428 - X . ^ Jump up to : McGill , Meredith L. ( 2008 ) . The Traffic in Poems : Nineteenth - century Poetry and Transatlantic Exchange . Rutgers University Press . p. 118 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Obama edits Emma Lazarus poem on Statue of Liberty '' . The Oval . USA Today . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curtis Part of Inauguration Day Ceremonies '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Esther Schor , Emma Lazarus , Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group - 2008 , page 255 Jump up ^ Hicks , Michael ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ) . `` '' ' The text will not yield ' : Fleeting Tesserae in Joanna Newsom 's Sapokanikan `` '' . Medium . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The OA Recap : Yearning to Breathe Free '' . Vulture . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . See Also Walt Kelly , The Pogo Papers , 1953 , p. 152 , for reference to right - wing ( McCarran act ) policy & the Goldman quote . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The New Colossus Lazarus , Emma , `` The new Colossus '' , A Century of Immigration , 1820 -- 1924 ( handwritten ) ( sonnet ) , Library of Congress . The latter page says `` Courtesy of the American Jewish Historical Society , New York and Newton Centre , Massachusetts '' . The poem itself , having been published in 1883 or at the very latest 1903 is in the public domain -- -- -- , Schor , Esther , ed. , The New Colossus ( interactive ed . ) , Nextbook Press . Manuscript notebook from the Emma Lazarus collection at the American Jewish Historical Society . Includes an undated manuscript version of `` The New Colossus . '' Cavitch , Max ( 2008 ) . `` Emma Lazarus and the Golem of Liberty . '' In The Traffic in Poems : Nineteenth - Century Poetry and Transatlantic Exchange . Ed . Meredith L. McGill . New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press . 97 - 122 . Marom , Daniel ( 2000 ) . `` Who is the ' Mother of Exiles ' ? An Inquiry into Jewish Aspects of Emma Lazarus 's ' The New Colossus ' '' . Prooftexts. 20 ( 3 ) : 231 -- 61 . doi : 10.1353 / ptx. 2000.0020 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_Colossus&oldid=802427352 '' Categories : 1883 poems American poems Sonnets Statue of Liberty Jewish American literature Works about immigration to the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Norsk Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 02 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20New%20Colossus

how i met your mother ted in a dress

Now We 're Even

now we're even

Becki Newton ( Quinn ) Alexis Denisof ( Sandy Rivers ) Marshall Manesh ( Ranjit ) Eben Ham ( Pilot ) Bryan Krasner ( Gary )

Episode chronology ← Previous `` Trilogy Time '' Next → `` Good Crazy '' `` Now We 're Even '' is the 21st episode of the seventh season of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother , and the 157th episode overall . It aired on April 16 , 2012 . The episode ties up with the events indicated in `` The Mermaid Theory '' in Season 6 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Reception 3 References 4 External links Plot ( edit ) Ted begins to get accustomed to life alone in his apartment . Barney invites Ted to `` make every night legendary '' by doing many things like establishing a Mariachi band and bringing a horse inside MacLaren 's . Before long , Ted resists Barney 's invitations and shuns his offer to bungee - jump off the Statue of Liberty . Barney locks Ted out of the apartment to make him go out on the town , but Ted just heads down to MacLaren 's to call his apartment superintendent for help . When pressed by Ted , Barney admits that he needs to get his mind off Quinn during her shift at the Lusty Leopard . Remembering an earlier conversation from 2010 , Ted takes up a dare to get a woman 's number while wearing a sun dress . Marshall is distraught upon learning that Lily had a sex dream about someone else . As they go out on a fancy dinner date , he finds out that Ranjit is the one Lily dreamed about and confronts her on the road . Lily angrily leaves him and seeks advice from Quinn . Later over dinner , Marshall and Ranjit talk about the dreams and Ranjit counsels him that part of being a good husband and father is remaining calm while everyone else acts crazy . Marshall realizes that all the men in Lily 's sex dreams were all great fathers . Back at the apartment , Marshall and Lily make up , though Lily keeps her wildest sex dreams a secret . Although Robin has been promoted at World Wide News , she is disappointed that the front desk guard does not recognize her , while letting everybody else through without requesting ID . Sandy Rivers asks her to deliver the night - time traffic reports from a network helicopter , where the pilot suffers a stroke . She successfully lands the helicopter with help from the ground as the incident is covered live . Future Ted reveals that the incident made Robin an instant star - which resulted in her meeting Mayor Michael Bloomberg , appearing on Letterman , and having a special deli sandwich named after her . As she goes home , she receives a text message from Ted telling her that , even though they are not talking , he is glad to know she 's okay . Reception ( edit ) Donna Bowman of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B . Michelle Profis of Entertainment Weekly lauded the episode for its `` eclectic mix '' of multiple elements . Robert Canning of IGN gave the episode an 8 out of 10 . Ethan Alter of Television Without Pity gave the episode a D+ explaining that `` spinning its wheels is really the only thing this show is consistently good at anymore '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Donna Bowman ( April 16 , 2012 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Now We 're Even '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michelle Profis ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother recap : Those Legendary Nights '' . tvrecaps.ew.com . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert Canning ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Now We 're Even '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ethan Alter . `` How I Met Your Mother TV Show - How Green Was My Dress '' . Television Without Pity . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Now We 're Even on IMDb How I Met Your Mother episodes Seasons 6 7 8 9 Season 7 `` The Best Man '' `` The Naked Truth '' `` Ducky Tie '' `` The Stinson Missile Crisis '' `` Field Trip '' `` Mystery vs. History '' `` Noretta '' `` The Slutty Pumpkin Returns '' `` Disaster Averted '' `` Tick , Tick , Tick ... '' `` The Rebound Girl '' `` Symphony of Illumination '' `` Tailgate '' `` 46 Minutes '' `` The Burning Beekeeper '' `` The Drunk Train '' `` No Pressure '' `` Karma '' `` Trilogy Time '' `` Now We 're Even '' `` Good Crazy '' `` The Magician 's Code '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Now_We%27re_Even&oldid=825710038 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother ( season 7 ) episodes 2012 American television episodes Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from May 2017 All articles with topics of unclear notability Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2015 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2015 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with short description Television episode articles with short description for single episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 23 : 17 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now%20We%2527re%20Even

17. what does the epa do before a pesticide can be used in the united states why is this done

Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act

federal insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide act

The Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act ( FIFRA ) is a United States federal law that set up the basic U.S. system of pesticide regulation to protect applicators , consumers , and the environment . It is administered and regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) and the appropriate environmental agencies of the respective states . FIFRA has undergone several important amendments since its inception . A significant revision in 1972 by the Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act ( FEPCA ) and several others have expanded EPA 's present authority to oversee the sales and use of pesticides with emphasis on the preservation of human health and protection of the environment by `` ( 1 ) strengthening the registration process by shifting the burden of proof to the chemical manufacturer , ( 2 ) enforcing compliance against banned and unregistered products , and ( 3 ) promulgating the regulatory framework missing from the original law '' .

Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Major code sections 3 Regulations 3.1 Import and export 4 Registration of pesticide products 4.1 Reregistration of pesticides 4.2 Fees 5 Regulated non-pesticidal products not requiring registration 6 Enforcement 6.1 Civil penalties 6.2 Federal / criminal penalties 7 Special review 8 Pesticides and endangered species 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) The Federal Insecticide Act ( FIA ) of 1910 was the first pesticide legislation enacted . This legislation ensured quality pesticides by protecting farmers and consumers from fraudulent and / or adulterated products by manufacturers and distributors . During World War II there was a marked increase in the pesticide market , as wartime research and development produced many chemicals with newly discovered insecticidal properties . Widespread usage of pesticides garnered much public and political support due to the resulting post war food surplus made possible by higher crop yield from significantly lower pest damage . Synthetic organic insecticide usage increased from 100 million pounds in 1945 to over 300 million pounds by 1950 . The Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 set standards for chemical quality and provided consumers protection but did not address the growing issue of potential environmental damage and biological health risks associated with such widespread use of insecticides . Congress passed the Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act in 1947 to address some of the shortcomings of the Federal Insecticide Act . Congress enacted major revisions to FIFRA in 1972 with the Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act ( FEPCA ) . The 1947 law assigned the United States Department of Agriculture responsibility for regulating pesticides . The 1972 amendment transferred this responsibility to the Environmental Protection Agency and shifted emphasis to protection of the environment and public health . In 1988 , Congress amended the pesticide registration provisions required re-registration of many pesticides that had been registered before 1984 . The act was amended again in 1996 by the Food Quality Protection Act . More recently the act was amended in 2012 by the Pesticide Registration Improvement Extension Act of 2012 . As of May 2007 , there are 28 listed restricted pesticides of different formulas and mixtures . Any area these pesticides are used or applied is considered a restricted area . Major code sections ( edit ) Table 2 . Major U.S. Code Sections of the Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act ( codified generally as 7 U.S.C. 136 - 136y ) 7 U.S.C. Section Title FIFRA Short title and table of contents Section 1 136 Definitions Section 2 136a Registration of pesticides Section 3 136a - 1 Reregistration of registered pesticides Section 4 136c Experimental use permits Section 5 136d Administration review ; suspension Section 6 136e Registration of establishments Section 7 136f Books and records Section 8 136g Inspection of establishments Section 9 136h Protection of trade secrets and other information Section 10 136i Restricted use pesticides ; applicators Section 11 136j Unlawful acts Section 12 136k Stop sale , use , removal , and seizure Section 13 136l Penalties Section 14 136m Indemnities Section 15 136n Administrative procedure ; judicial review Section 16 136o Exemption of federal and state agencies Section 17 136p Exemption of federal and state agencies Section 18 136q Storage , disposal , transportation , and recall Section 19 136r Research and monitoring Section 20 136s Solicitation of comments ; notice of public hearings Section 21 136t Delegation and cooperation Section 22 136u State cooperation , aid , and training Section 23 136v Authority of states Section 24 136w Authority of Administrator Section 25 136w - 1 State primary enforcement responsibility Section 26 136w - 2 Failure by the state to assure enforcement of state pesticides use regulations Section 27 136w - 3 Identification of pests ; cooperation with Department of Agriculture 's program Section 28 136w - 4 Annual report Section 29 136w - 5 Minimum requirements for training of maintenance applicators and service technicians Section 30 136w - 6 Environmental Protection Agency minor use program Section 31 136w - 7 Department of Agriculture minor use program Section 32 136w - 8 Pesticide Registration Service Fees Section 33 136x Severability Section 34 136y Authorization of Appropriations Section 35 Note : This table shows only the major code sections . For more detail and to determine when a section was added , the reader should consult the official printed version of the U.S. Code . Regulations ( edit ) In order to be considered for use , pesticides had to undergo 120 tests with regards to safety and its actual effectiveness . Because of these rigorous test , only 1 in 139,000 actually make it through to be used in agriculture . FIFRA established a set of pesticide regulations : FIFRA established registration for all pesticides , which is only done after a period of data collection to determine the effectiveness for its intended use , appropriate dosage , and hazards of the particular material . When registered , a label is created to instruct the final user the proper usage of the material . If instructions are ignored , users are liable for any negative consequences . Label directions are designed to maximize the effectiveness of the product , while protecting the applicator , consumers , and the environment . Critics of the process point out on the one hand that the research to produce the label is entirely done by the manufacturer and not much checking is done on its accuracy . On the other hand , some consider the process too strict . It costs millions of dollars and often several years to register a pesticide , which limits production only to large players . Likewise many smaller or specialty uses are never registered , because the companies do not consider the potential sales sufficient to justify the investment . Only a few pesticides are made available to the general public . Most pesticides are considered too hazardous for general use , and are restricted to certified applicators . FIFRA established a system of examination and certification both at the private level and at the commercial level for applicators who wish to purchase and use restricted use pesticides . The distribution of restricted pesticides is also monitored . The EPA has different review processes for three categories of pesticides : antimicrobials , biopesticides , and conventional pesticides . The three categories have a similar application process , but have different data requirements and review policies . Depending on the category of pesticide , the review process can take several years . After a pesticide is registered with the EPA , there may be state registration requirements to consider . In addition to the rules and regulations given by the EPA , the states may also offer an additional set of rules and registration requirements for a registered pesticide . They can also request annual usage reports from the pesticide users . In addition to the FIFRA , the Pesticide Registration Improvement Act of 2003 amended the authorized fees for certain products , assessed the process of collecting maintenance fees , and decided on a review process for approving the pesticides . The Pesticide Registration Improvement Act of 2007 renewed these changes to stay in place until 2012 . The purpose of the PRIA is to ensure a smooth implementation of pesticide rules and regulations to its users . Import and export ( edit ) Pesticides intended for import into the U.S. require a complete Notice of Arrival ( NOA ) through U.S. Customs and Border Protection . If this NOA is not complete the product would not make it through customs . The NOA lists the identity of the product , the amount within the package , the date of arrival , and where it can be inspected . There are also other rules listed below : It must comply with standards set with the U.S. pesticide law The pesticide has to be registered with the EPA , except if it 's on the exemption list It can not be adulterated or violative There must be proper labeling The product must have been produced in an EPA registered establishment that files annually Pesticides intended for export to other parts of the world do not have a registration requirement under certain conditions . The conditions are as follows : The foreign purchaser has to submit a statement to the EPA stating it knows the product is not registered and ca n't be sold on U.S. soil . The pesticide must contain a label that `` Not Registered for Use in the United States '' The label requirements must be met and the label must contain the English language and the language of the receiving country ( ies ) . The pesticide must comply with all FIFRA establishment registration and reporting requirements It must comply with FIFRA record keeping requirements Note : An EPA registered establishment is one that produces pesticides , the active ingredients in pesticides , and devices for pesticide use and reports initial and annual production . On April 22 , 2016 , the Office of Inspector General issued a memorandum announcing its intent to begin preliminary research to assess the EPA 's inspections of , and enforcement against , illegal pesticide imports . The objective of this project is to `` determine whether the EPA 's Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act ( FIFRA ) import inspection program is effectively deterring , identifying and confiscating illegal pesticide imports , to protect human health and the environment . '' Registration of pesticide products ( edit ) Before a company can register its pesticide products with the EPA , it must know what the EPA considers a pesticide under the law . According to section 2 ( u ) of FIFRA , 7 U.S.C. section 136 ( u ) , the term `` pesticide '' is defined as the following : any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing , destroying , repelling , or mitigating any pest , any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator , defoliant , or desiccant , and any nitrogen stabilizer , except that the term `` pesticide '' shall not include any article that is a `` new animal drug '' within the meaning of section 321 ( w ) ( 1 ) of title 21 , that has been determined by the Secretary of Health and Human Services not to be a new animal drug by a regulation establishing conditions of use for the article , or that is an animal feed within the meaning of section 321 ( x ) ( 1 ) of title 21 bearing or containing a new animal drug . The term `` pesticide '' does not include liquid chemical sterilant products ( including any sterilant or subordinate disinfectant claims on such products ) for use on a critical or semi-critical device , as defined in section 321 of title 21 . For purposes of the preceding sentence , the term `` critical device '' includes any device which is introduced directly into the human body , either into or in contact with the bloodstream or normally sterile areas of the body and the term `` semi-critical device '' includes any device which contacts intact mucous membranes but which does not ordinarily penetrate the blood barrier or otherwise enter normally sterile areas of the body . An applicant will have to prove that the pesticide active ingredient , pesticide product , or proposed new use of a registered pesticide will not cause unreasonable adverse effects on human health and environment . An unreasonable adverse effect is `` ( 1 ) any risk that is unreasonable to man or the environment that takes social , economic , and environmental costs as well as benefits into consideration and ( 2 ) any dietary risk that could be the result of a pesticide used with any food lacking consistency with the standards listed under Section 408 of the Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act '' ( FDCA ) . The applicant must provide scientific data from any combinations of over 100 different tests conducted under EPA guidelines to assess these potential adverse short - term and long - term effects . Under Section 408 of the Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act ( FFDCA ) , the EPA can also regulate the amount of pesticide residues permissible on or in food / feed items , by establishing a `` safe '' level meaning there is `` a reasonable certainty of no harm '' from the exposure to the residue whether directly from the consumption of such food or from other non-occupational sources . For food crops , the EPA is required to establish a `` tolerance '' level , the maximum `` safe '' level of pesticide present on or in the particular food / feed commodity . The EPA may also choose to provide an exemption to the requirement of an established tolerance level , allowing any amount of a pesticide residue to remain on or in food or feed as long as the exemption meets FFDCA safety standards . Successfully registered pesticides must conform to approved uses and conditions of use , which the registrant must state on the label . Reregistration of pesticides ( edit ) A majority of older registered were required to be reregistered under guidelines set by Amendments in 1972 , 1988 , and 1996 ( Table1 ) in order to meet current health and safety standards , labeling requirements , and for risk regulation and moderation . The Food Quality Protection Act ( FQPA ) , amended FIFRA to require all older pesticides to cause no harm to infants , children , and sensitive individuals within `` reasonable certainty '' . Through the reregistration program , older pesticides are eligible for reregistration if they have a complete database and not cause unreasonable health and environmental risks if used as directed in accordance to their labels . FQPA also requires the EPA to review pesticides on a 15 - year cycle to ensure all pesticides meet contemporary safety and regulatory standards . Fees ( edit ) Initial and final fees for reregistration of food or feed use active ingredients are $50,000 and $100,000 - $150,000 , respectively . Reregistration fees for non-food use pesticides are $50,000 - $100,000 . Annual maintenance fees are also imposed : $425 per product up to fifty products and a maximum of $20,000 per company . For each product over fifty , the fee is $100 , for a maximum fee of $35,000 . Fees may be reduced or waived for small business registrants , public health pesticides , or minor use pesticides at the EPA 's discretion , and failure to pay reregistration fees or maintenance fees may result in cancellation of a product registration . Regulated non-pesticidal products not requiring registration ( edit ) Adjuvants are chemicals added to enhance the performance / efficacy and / or alter the physical properties of the pesticidal agents . More than 200 EPA registered pesticides recommends specific addition of one or more adjuvants into the pesticidal mixture to improve overall efficacy . Recognized as `` other ingredients '' , the EPA also establishes tolerance levels for adjuvants , but they are not required to be registered . Examples of adjuvants include : acidifying agents , buffering agents , anti-foam agents , defoaming agents , anti-transpirants , dyes and brighteners , compatibility agents , crop oil concentrates , oil surfactants , deposition agents , drift reduction agents , foam markers , feeding stimulants , herbicide safeners , spreaders , extenders , adhesive agents , suspension agents , gelling agents , synergists , wetting agents , emulsifiers , dispersing agents , penetrants , tank and equipment cleaners , neutralizers , water absorbents , and water softeners . Devices and instruments used to trap or kill pests or plant life , but not including equipment used to apply pesticides when sold separately , are also regulated but not required to be registered . Pesticide `` intermediates '' used in the synthesis or manufacture of the pesticide products may be regulated but are also not required to be registered with FIFRA . However , these pesticide intermediates may be regulated by the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 . Enforcement ( edit ) Under FIFRA no individual may sell , use , nor distribute a pesticide not registered with the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . A few exceptions allow a pesticide to be exempt from registration requirements . There must be a label on each pesticide describing , in detail , instructions for safe use . Under the act , the EPA must identify each pesticide as `` general use '' , `` restricted use '' , or both . `` General use '' labeled pesticides are available to anyone in the general public . Those labeled as `` restricted use '' require specific credentials and certifications through the EPA ( certified applicator ) . Although FIFRA is generally enforced by the EPA , Sections 23 , 24 , 26 and 27 extend primary enforcement authorities to the states . However , EPA authority always supersedes state authority , and primary state authority can be rescinded if the state fails to assure safe enforcement of pesticides usage . Section 9 authorizes inspection of pesticides in storage for sale or distribution . Under Section 13 , EPA may issue a Stop Sale , Use or Removal Order ( SSURO ) to prevent the sale or distribution of violative pesticides and for the authority to seize these pesticides . Section 15 provides indemnity payments for suspended or cancelled registrations . Section 16 allows for a judicial review process for individuals or entities affected by an EPA order or action . Section 14 establishes civil and federal penalties for violative acts . Some examples of these unlawful acts include : Distributing , selling , or delivering any unregistered pesticide . Making any advertising claim about a pesticide not included in the registration statement . Selling any registered pesticide if its content does not conform to label data . Falsification of any test - related information or the submission of any false data to support registration . Selling an adulterated or misbranded pesticide . Detaching , altering , defacing , or destroying any part of a container or label . Refusing to keep records or permit authorized EPA inspections . Making a guarantee other than that specified by the label . Advertising a restricted - use pesticide without giving the product classification . Making a restricted - use pesticide available to a non-certified applicator ( except as provided by law ) . Using a pesticide in any manner not consistent with the label . Civil penalties ( edit ) When determining civil penalties , the EPA would take into consideration the severity of infraction , effects of penalties , and size of business . Under Section 14 ( a ) ( 1 ) , commercial applicators , wholesalers , dealers , and retailers `` may be assessed a civil penalty ... of not more than $5,000 for each offense '' . Private applicators would be given a warning for the first offense , and a fine up to $1000 may be assessed for each subsequent violation . Federal / criminal penalties ( edit ) Violative acts are charged as misdemeanors and subject to fines and / or imprisonment . A private applicator is subject to $1000 and / or 30 days imprisonment . A commercial applicator is subject to $25,000 and / or up to one year imprisonment . A manufacturer or producer is subject to $50,000 and / or up to one year imprisonment . Special review ( edit ) FIFRA requires the EPA to continually monitor and update registered pesticides for any new information concerning their safety . Registrants are required to promptly report any new evidence of adverse side effects and to continually conduct studies to aid in risk assessments . If new information indicates adverse side effects , then EPA may conduct a special review to assess the risks and benefit of continued use of the suspect pesticide . With the completion of a special review , EPA may choose to amend or cancel the registration . Pesticides and endangered species ( edit ) The Endangered Species Act protects and promotes animal and plant recovery of ones in danger of extinction due to human activity . Under this act the EPA must also consider the dangers of animals and plants when registering a new pesticide . The pesticide must not harm the listed endangered and threatened animals and habitats . To be sure this program is implemented , some labels will direct users of the pesticides to bulletins with specific information regarding use . The protection program has 2 main goals : ( 1 ) provide the best protection of endangered species from pesticides and ( 2 ) minimize the impact of the program on pesticide users . To protect the endangered species with the EPA program , the following was implemented : sound science is used to assess risk to the listed species there is an attempt at finding means to avoid concerns of listed species When concerns of the listed species are n't avoidable , they consult with the Fish and Wildlife Services scientist Implement usage limitations when the Fish and Wildlife service express a potential adverse effect on a particular species based on a biological opinion In order to implement the usage limitations mentioned above , the EPA will : add a generic label to the pesticide develop bulletins containing habitat location and pesticide use limitations distributing the bulletins containing this information to pesticide users providing a toll - free number for users to contact regarding information in bulletins and how to obtain one . See also ( edit ) Agriculture ministry Endangered Species Act Paris Green Pesticide Pesticide misuse Restricted pesticides References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act , Pub. L. 92 -- 516 . Approved 1972 - 10 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : U.S Environmental Protection Agency . `` Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act ( FIFRA ) '' . Retrieved 10 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schierow , Linda - Jo ( 1 February 2012 ) . `` Pesticide Law : A Summary of the Statutes '' ( PDF ) . p. 6 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Finegan , Pamela ( 1 April 1989 ) . `` FIFRA Lite : A Regulatory Solution or Part of the Pesticide Problem ? '' . Pace Environmental Law Review . 6 ( 2 ) : 623 . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Toth , Stephen . `` Federal Pesticide Laws and Regulations '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schierow , Linda - Jo. `` Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act '' . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Willson , Harold R ( February 23 , 1996 ) , `` Pesticide Regulations '' Archived 2011 - 06 - 17 at the Wayback Machine ... IPM World Textbook . University of Minnesota . Retrieved on 2007 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Food Quality Protection Act , Pub. L. 104 -- 170 . Approved 1996 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Pesticide Registration Improvement Extension Act of 2012 , Pub. L. 112 -- 177 . Approved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` TITLE 7 - AGRICULTURE CHAPTER 6 -- INSECTICIDES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PESTICIDE CONTROL '' ( PDF ) . Cornell University Law School - Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Lisa M. ; Burchi , Lisa R. ( 6 May 2016 ) . `` U.S. EPA OIG to Review EPA 's Inspections and Enforcement Actions Related to Illegal Pesticide Imports '' . The National Law Review . Bergeson & Campbell , P.C . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Evaluation of EPA 's Pesticide Import Inspections Project No . OPE - FY16 - 00 25 '' ( PDF ) . The Office of Inspector General ( OIG ) for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . 22 April 2016 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 7 USC § 136 - Definitions '' . 7 USC Chapter 6 - INSECTICIDES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PESTICIDE CONTROL . Cornell University Law School - Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chapter 1 - Overview of Requirements for Pesticide Registration and Registrant Obligations '' . Chapter 1 - Overview of Requirements for Pesticide Registration and Registrant Obligations . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Utah Department of Agriculture and Food . `` Federal Pesticide Laws '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Hock , Winand K. `` Horticultural Spray Adjuvants '' ( PDF ) . Publications Distribution Center , The Pennsylvania State University . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . External links ( edit ) EPA summary of FIFRA laws concerning pesticides EPA summary on regulating pesticides EPA Pesticide Product Label System Copies of the labels of most pesticides registered in the USA can be obtained at Crop Data Management Systems , Inc . Environmental Resource Center for Higher Education Pesticide Use and Water Quality : Are the Laws Complementary or in Conflict Pesticide regulation in the United States History DDT in the United States Agencies California Department of Pesticide Regulation United States Environmental Protection Agency Regulations Delaney clause Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act Good Laboratory Practice Maintenance fee Pesticide misuse Restricted use pesticide Toxicity category rating Worker Protection Standard Programs Inter-Regional Research Project Number 4 National Pesticide Information Center SENSOR - Pesticides Related topics Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories Pesticides in the United States Toxicity Class Categorical index United States environmental law Supreme Court decisions Missouri v. Holland ( 1920 ) Sierra Club v. Morton ( 1972 ) United States v. SCRAP ( 1973 ) Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill ( 1978 ) Vermont Yankee v. NRDC ( 1978 ) Hughes v. Oklahoma ( 1979 ) Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife ( 1992 ) United States v. Bestfoods ( 1998 ) Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services ( 2000 ) SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers ( 2001 ) Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen ( 2004 ) Rapanos v. United States ( 2006 ) Massachusetts v. EPA ( 2007 ) National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife ( 2007 ) Coeur Alaska , Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council ( 2009 ) Major federal legislation and treaties Rivers and Harbors Act ( 1899 ) Lacey Act ( 1900 ) Weeks Act ( 1911 ) North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 ( 1911 ) Migratory Bird Treaty Act ( 1918 ) Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act ( 1934 ) Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act ( 1954 ) Clean Air Act ( 1963 , 1970 ) National Environmental Policy Act ( 1970 ) Clean Water Act ( 1972 ) Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act ( 1972 ) Noise Control Act ( 1972 ) Endangered Species Act ( 1973 ) Safe Drinking Water Act ( 1974 ) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( 1976 ) Toxic Substances Control Act ( 1976 ) Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act ( 1977 ) CERCLA ( Superfund ) ( 1980 ) Emergency Planning and Community Right - to - Know Act ( 1986 ) Emergency Wetlands Resources Act ( 1986 ) Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act ( 2016 ) Federal agencies Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Council on Environmental Quality Office of Surface Mining United States Environmental Protection Agency United States Fish and Wildlife Service Regulations and concepts Best available technology Citizen suit Discharge Monitoring Report Effluent guidelines Environmental crime Environmental impact statement Environmental justice National Ambient Air Quality Standards National Priorities List New Source Performance Standard Not - To - Exceed ( NTE ) Right to know Total maximum daily load Toxicity category rating Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Insecticide,_Fungicide,_and_Rodenticide_Act&oldid=817752518 '' Categories : 1972 in law 92nd United States Congress United States federal environmental legislation History of agriculture in the United States 1972 in the environment Pesticide regulation in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 10 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20Insecticide%2C%20Fungicide%2C%20and%20Rodenticide%20Act

when did the freedmen's bureau start and end

Freedmen 's Bureau

freedmen's bureau

The Bureau of Refugees , Freedmen , and Abandoned Lands , usually referred to as simply the Freedmen 's Bureau , was an agency of the United States Department of War to `` direct such issues of provisions , clothing , and fuel , as he may deem needful for the immediate and temporary shelter and supply of destitute and suffering refugees and freedmen and their wives and children . ''

The Freedmen 's Bureau Bill , which established the Freedmen 's Bureau on March 3 , 1865 , was initiated by President Abraham Lincoln and was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War . The Freedmen 's Bureau was an important agency of early Reconstruction , assisting freedmen in the South . The Bureau was made a part of the United States Department of War , as it was the only agency with an existing organization that could be assigned to the South . Headed by Union Army General Oliver O. Howard , the Bureau started operations in 1865 . Throughout the first year , its representatives learned that these tasks would be very difficult , as Southern legislatures passed laws for Black Codes that restricted movement , conditions of labor , and other civil rights of African Americans , nearly duplicating conditions of slavery . The Freedmen 's Bureau controlled limited arable land . The Bureau 's powers were expanded to help African Americans find family members from whom they had become separated during the war . It arranged to teach them to read and write , considered critical by the freedmen themselves as well as the government . Bureau agents also served as legal advocates for African Americans in both local and national courts , mostly in cases dealing with family issues . The Bureau encouraged former major planters to rebuild their plantations and urged freed blacks to return to work for them , kept an eye on contracts between the newly free laborers and planters , and pushed whites and blacks to work together as employers and employees rather than as masters and slaves . In 1866 , Congress renewed the charter for the Bureau . President Andrew Johnson , a Southerner who had succeeded to the office following Lincoln 's assassination , vetoed the bill because he believed that it encroached on states ' rights , relied inappropriately on the military in peacetime , and would prevent freed slaves from becoming independent by offering too much assistance . By 1869 , the Bureau had lost most of its funding and as a result been forced to cut much of its staff . By 1870 the Bureau had been considerably weakened due to the rise of Ku Klux Klan violence in the South . In 1872 , Congress abruptly abandoned the program , effectively shutting down the Bureau by refusing to approve renewal legislation . It did not inform Howard , who had been transferred to Arizona by President Ulysses S. Grant to settle hostilities between the Apache and settlers . Grant 's Secretary of War William W. Belknap , was hostile to Howard 's leadership and authority at the Bureau , and aroused controversy by his reassignment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Achievements 1.1 Day - to - day duties 1.2 Gender roles 1.3 Education 1.3. 1 Teachers 1.4 Colleges 1.5 Educational legacy 1.6 Church establishment 2 Continuing insurgency 3 State effectiveness 3.1 Alabama 3.2 Florida 3.3 Georgia 3.4 North Carolina 3.5 South Carolina 3.6 Texas 3.7 Virginia 4 Bureau records 5 See also 6 Bibliography 6.1 General 6.2 Education 6.3 Specialized studies 6.4 Primary sources 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Achievements ( edit ) Day - to - day duties ( edit ) The Freedmen 's Bureau office in Memphis , Tennessee , 1866 . Marriage certificate issued by the Bureau of Refugees , Freedmen and Abandoned Lands , Wilson County , Tennessee , 1866 . The Bureau helped solve everyday problems of the newly freed slaves , such as obtaining clothing , food , water , health care , communication with family members , and jobs . It distributed 15 million rations of food to African Americans , and set up a system where planters could borrow rations in order to feed freedmen they employed . Although the Bureau set aside $350,000 for this service , only $35,000 ( 10 % ) was borrowed by planters . Despite the good intentions , efforts , and limited success of the Bureau , medical treatment of the freedmen was severely deficient . Most southern white doctors and nurses would not treat freedmen , infrastructure had been destroyed by the war , and people had few means of improving sanitation . Blacks had not had much opportunity to develop their own medical personnel . In this period epidemics of cholera and yellow fever were carried along the river corridors , breaking out across the South . Gender roles ( edit ) A certificate of marriage issued by the Freedmen 's Bureau Freedman 's Bureau agents , at first , complained that freedwomen were refusing to contract their labor . One of the first actions black families took was to withdraw women 's labor from fieldwork . The Bureau attempted to force freed women to work by insisting that their husbands sign contracts making the whole family available as field labor in the cotton industry , and by declaring that unemployed freed women should be treated as vagrants just as men were . The Bureau did allow some exceptions , such as married women with employed husbands , and some `` worthy '' women who had been widowed or abandoned and had large families of small children to care for . `` Unworthy '' women , meaning the unruly and prostitutes , were usually the ones subjected to punishment for vagrancy . Under slavery , most marriages had been informal , as slaveholders refused to acknowledge slave marriages and they were not legally recognized , although planters often presided over marriage ceremonies for their slaves . After the war , the Freedmen 's Bureau performed numerous marriages for freed couples who asked for it . As many husbands and wives had been separated during wartime chaos , the Bureau agents helped families in their attempts to reunite after the war . The Bureau had an informal regional communications system that allowed agents to send inquiries and provide answers . It sometimes provided transportation to reunite families . Freedmen and freed women turned to the Bureau for assistance in resolving issues of abandonment and divorce . Education ( edit ) The most widely recognized accomplishments of the Freedman 's Bureau were in education . Prior to the Civil War , no southern state had a system of universal , state - supported public education and prohibited slaves and free blacks from gaining education . Former slaves wanted public education while the wealthier whites opposed the idea . Freedmen had a strong desire to learn to read and write ; some started schools at refugee camps ; others worked hard to establish schools in their communities even prior to the advent of the Freedmen 's Bureau . Oliver Otis Howard was appointed as the first Freedmen 's Bureau Commissioner . Through his leadership the bureau set up four divisions : Government - Controlled Lands , Records , Financial Affairs , and Medical Affairs . Education was considered part of the Records division . Howard turned over confiscated property including planters ' mansions , government buildings , books , and furniture to superintendents to be used in the education of freedmen , and provided transportation and room and board for teachers . Many Northerners came south to educate the freedmen . The Misses Cooke 's school room , Freedman 's Bureau , Richmond , Virginia , 1866 . By 1866 , northern missionary and aid societies worked in conjunction with the Freedmen 's Bureau to provide education for former slaves . The American Missionary Association was particularly active , establishing eleven colleges in southern states for the education of freedmen . The primary focus of these groups was to raise funds to pay teachers and manage schools , while the secondary focus was the day - to - day operation of individual schools . After 1866 , Congress appropriated some funds to operate the freedmen 's schools . The main source of educational revenue for these schools came through a Congressional Act that gave the Freedmen 's Bureau the power to seize Confederate property for educational use . George Ruby , an African American , served as teacher and school administrator and as a traveling inspector for the Bureau , observing local conditions , aiding in the establishment of black schools , and evaluating the performance of Bureau field officers . Blacks supported him , but planters and other whites opposed him . Overall , the Bureau spent $5 million to set up schools for blacks . By the end of 1865 , more than 90,000 former slaves were enrolled as students in such public schools . Attendance rates at the new schools for freedmen were between 79 and 82 percent . Brigadier General Samuel Chapman Armstrong created and led Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Virginia in 1868 . It is now known as Hampton University . The Freedmen 's Bureau published their own freedmen 's textbook . They emphasized the bootstrap philosophy , encouraging freedmen to believe that each person had the ability to work hard and to do better in life . These readers included traditional literacy lessons ; as well as selections on the life and works of Abraham Lincoln , excerpts from the Bible focused on forgiveness , biographies of famous African Americans with emphasis on their piety , humbleness and industry ; and essays on humility , the work ethic , temperance , loving your enemies , and avoiding bitterness . By 1870 , there were more than 1,000 schools for freedmen in the South . J.W. Alvord , an inspector for the Bureau , wrote that the freedmen `` have the natural thirst for knowledge , '' aspire to `` power and influence ... coupled with learning , '' and are excited by `` the special study of books . '' Among the former slaves , children and adults sought this new opportunity to learn . After the Bureau was abolished , some of its achievements collapsed under the weight of white violence against schools and teachers for blacks . After the 1870s , when white Democrats regained power of southern governments , they reduced funds available to fund public education , particularly for blacks . In the 1890s they passed a new state constitutions disenfranchising most blacks by creating barriers to voter registration . They passed Jim Crow laws establishing legal segregation of public places . Segregated schools and other services for blacks were consistently underfunded by the southern legislatures . By 1871 , Northerners ' interest in reconstructing the South with military power had waned . Northerners were beginning to tire of the effort that Reconstruction required , were discouraged at the high rate of continuing violence around elections , and were ready for the South to take care of itself . All of the southern states had created new constitutions that established universal , publicly funded education . Groups based in the North began to redirect their money toward universities and colleges founded to educate African - American leaders . Teachers ( edit ) Part of a series on Slavery Contemporary ( show ) Child labour Conscription Debt Forced marriage Bride buying Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Peonage Penal labour Sexual slavery Historical ( show ) Antiquity Ancient Rome Babylonia Ancient Greece Topics and practices Atlantic slave trade Middle Passage Arab slave trade Ghilman Mamluk Saqaliba Aztec Blackbirding Byzantine Empire Coolie Corvée labor Field slaves in the United States House slaves Kholop Medieval Europe Panyarring Thrall Serfs History Russia Slave market Slave raiding Naval Galley slave Impressment Pirates Shanghaiing Slave ship By country or region ( show ) Sub-Saharan Africa Contemporary Africa Slavery on the Barbary Coast Barbary slave trade Slave Coast Angola Chad Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Somalia South Africa Sudan Seychelles North and South America Americas indigenous U.S. Natives Brazil Lei Áurea Canada Caribbean Barbados Code Noir Cuba Haiti revolt Restavek Latin America Puerto Rico Trinidad United States colonial maps female partus penal labor Slave codes interregional Human Trafficking Virgin Islands Central , East , and South Asia Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan China Booi Aha Laogai India Debt bondage Chukri System Japan comfort women South Korea Yankee princess North Korea Vietnam Australia and Oceania Blackbirding in Australia Human trafficking in Australia Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Europe and North Asia Sex trafficking in Europe British Isles Denmark Dutch Republic Germany in World War II Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain colonies Sweden North Africa and West Asia Iran Libya Human trafficking in the Middle East Ottoman Empire Yemen Religion ( show ) Bible Christianity Catholicism Mormonism Islam 21st century Judaism Bahá'í Faith Opposition and resistance ( show ) Timeline Abolitionism U.K. U.S. Anti-Slavery International Blockade of Africa U.K. U.S. Compensated emancipation Freedman manumission Freedom suit Abolitionists Slave Power Underground Railroad songs Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts International law 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution Related ( show ) Common law Indentured servant Unfree labour Fugitive slaves laws Great Dismal Swamp maroons List of slaves owners Slave narrative films songs Slave name Slave catcher Slave patrol Slave Route Project Treatment in U.S. breeding court cases Washington Jefferson Adams Lincoln 40 acres Freedmen 's Bureau bit Wage slavery Emancipation Day Accounts by northern women and missionary societies resulted in historians believing that most Bureau teachers were well - educated women from the North , motivated by religion and abolitionism to teach in the South . In the 21st century , new research finds that half the teachers were southern whites ; one - third were blacks ( mostly southern ) , and one - sixth were northern whites . Few were abolitionists ; few came from New England . Men outnumbered women . The salary was the strongest motivation except for the northerners , who were typically funded by northern organizations and had a humanitarian motivation . As a group , the black cohort showed the greatest commitment to racial equality ; and they were the ones most likely to remain teachers . The school curriculum resembled that of schools in the north . Colleges ( edit ) The building and opening of schools of higher learning for African Americans coincided with the shift in focus for the Freedmen 's Aid Societies from supporting an elementary education for all African Americans to gaining a high school and college education for African - American leaders . Both of these events worked in concert with concern on the part of white officials working with African Americans in the South . These officials were concerned about the lack of a moral or financial foundation seen in the African - American community and traced that lack of foundation back to slavery . Generally , they believed that blacks needed help to enter a free labor market and reconstruct stable family life . Heads of local American Missionary Associations sponsored various educational and religious efforts for African Americans . Later efforts for higher education were supported by such leaders as Samuel Chapman Armstrong of the Hampton Institute and Booker T. Washington of the Tuskegee Institute ( from 1881 ) . They said that black students should be able to leave home and `` live in an atmosphere conducive not only to scholarship but to culture and refinement '' . Most of these colleges , universities and normal schools combined what they believed were the best fundamentals of a college with that of the home , giving students a basic structure to build acceptable practices of upstanding lives . For instance , at the majority of these schools , students were expected to bathe a prescribed number of times per week , maintain an orderly living space , and present a particular appearance . At many of these institutions , Christian principles and practices were also part of the daily regime . Educational legacy ( edit ) Despite the untimely dissolution of the Freedman 's Bureau , its legacy influenced the important historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) , which were the chief institutions of higher learning for blacks in the South through the decades of segregation into the mid-20th century . Under the direction and sponsorship of the Bureau , together with the American Missionary Association in many cases , from approximately 1866 until its termination in 1872 , an estimated 25 institutions of higher learning for black youth were established . The leaders among them continue to operate as highly ranked institutions in the 21st century . ( Examples include St. Augustine 's College , Fisk University , Johnson C. Smith University , Clark Atlanta University , Dillard University , Shaw University , Virginia Union University , and Tougaloo College ) . As of 2009 , there exist approximately 105 HBCUs that range in scope , size , organization and orientation . Under the Education Act of 1965 , Congress officially defined an HBCU as `` an institution whose principal missions were and are the education of Black Americans '' . HBCUs graduate over 50 % of African - American professionals , 50 % of African - American public school teachers , and 70 % of African - American dentists . In addition , 50 % of African Americans who graduate from HBCUs go on to pursue graduate or professional degrees . One in three degrees held by African Americans in the natural sciences , and half the degrees held by African Americans in mathematics , were earned at HBCUs . Perhaps the best known of these institutions is Howard University , founded in Washington , D.C. , in 1867 , with the aid of the Freedmen 's Bureau . It was named for the commissioner of the Freedmen 's Bureau , General Oliver Otis Howard . Church establishment ( edit ) After the Civil War , control over existing churches was a contentious issue . The Methodist denomination had split into regional associations prior to the war . In some cities , Northern Methodists seized control of Southern Methodist buildings . Numerous northern denominations , including the independent black denominations of the African Methodist Episcopal ( AME ) and African Methodist Episcopal Zion , sent missionaries to the South to help the freedmen . By this time the independent black denominations were increasingly well organized and prepared to evangelize to the freedmen . Within a decade , the AME and AME Zion churches had gained hundreds of thousands of new members and were rapidly organizing new congregations . Even before the war , blacks had established independent Baptist congregations in some cities and towns , such as Silver Bluff , Charleston , Petersburg , and Richmond . In many places , especially in more rural areas , they shared public services with whites . Often enslaved blacks met secretly to conduct their own services away from white supervision or oversight . After the war , freedmen mostly withdrew from the white - dominated congregations of the Baptist , Methodist and Presbyterian churches in order to be free to worship as they pleased away from white supervision . Within a short time , they were organizing black Baptist state association , and organized a national association in the 1890s . Northern mission societies raised funds for land , buildings , teachers ' salaries , and basic necessities such as books and furniture . For years they used networks throughout their churches to raise money for freedmen 's education and worship . Continuing insurgency ( edit ) An 1866 poster attacking the Freedmen 's Bureau . Most of the assistant commissioners , realizing that African Americans would not receive fair trials in the civil courts , tried to handle black cases in their own Bureau courts . Southern whites objected that this was unconstitutional . In Alabama , state and county judges were commissioned as Bureau agents . They were to try cases involving blacks with no distinctions on racial grounds . If a judge refused , martial law could be instituted in his district . All but three judges accepted their unwanted commissions , and the governor urged compliance . Perhaps the most difficult region was Louisiana 's Caddo - Bossier Parish . It had not experienced wartime devastation or Union occupation . Understaffed and weakly supported by federal troops , well - meaning Bureau agents found their investigations blocked and authority undermined at every turn by recalcitrant plantation owners . Murders of freedmen were common , and suspects in these cases went unprosecuted . Bureau agents did negotiate labor contracts , build schools and hospitals , and aid freedmen , but they struggled against the oppressive environment . In March 1872 , at the request of President Ulysses S. Grant and the Secretary of the Interior , Columbus Delano , General Howard was asked to temporarily leave his duties as Commissioner of the Bureau to deal with Indian affairs in the west . Upon returning from his assignment in November 1872 , General Howard discovered that the Bureau and all of its activities had been officially terminated by Congress , effective as of June ( Howard , 1907 ) . While General Howard was dealing with Indian affairs in the west , the Freedmen 's Bureau was steadily losing its support . During the Bureau 's first year , Congress appropriated no money for the Bureau so it was forced to rely on the army for financial support . Because the Bureau had a lack of funding from the federal government , it was unable to carry out all of its initiatives to sustain the lives of the newly freed slaves and to ensure any real measure of racially equality . President Johnson was also opposed to the Freedmen 's Bureau and his opposition encouraged many people , especially white southerners , to challenge the Bureau . Congress was forced to dismantle the Bureau in 1872 due to pressure from white Southerners . In the South there was a never ending struggle to get the whites and blacks to work together and unfortunately , the Bureau was unable to change that . In his autobiography , General Howard expressed great frustration in regard to what had taken place without his knowledge , stating `` the legislative action , however , was just what I desired , except that I would have preferred to close out my own Bureau and not have another do it for me in an unfriendly manner in my absence . '' All documents and matters pertaining to the Freedmen 's Bureau were transferred from the office of General Howard to the War Department of the United States Congress . State effectiveness ( edit ) Alabama ( edit ) The Bureau began distributing rations in the summer of 1865 . Drought conditions resulted in so much need that the state established its own Office of the Commissioner of the Destitute to provide additional relief . The two agencies coordinated their efforts starting in 1866 . The Bureau established depots in eight major cities . Counties were allocated aid in kind each month based on the number of poor reported . The counties then were required to transport the supplies themselves . The ration was larger in winter and spring , and reduced in seasons when locally - grown food was available . In 1866 , the depot at Huntsville provided five thousand rations a day . The food was distributed without regard to race . Corruption and abuse was so great that in October 1866 , the President ended in - kind aid in that state . One hundred twenty thousand dollars was given to the state to provide relief to the end of January 1867 . Aid then ended in the state . Records show that at the end of the program , four times more White people received aid than did Black people . Florida ( edit ) The Florida Bureau was assessed to be working effectively . Col. T.W. Osborne , the assistant commissioner of the Bureau for Florida , was an astute politician who collaborated with the leadership of both parties in the state . He was warmly praised by observers on all sides . Georgia ( edit ) The Bureau played a major role in Georgia politics . It was especially active in setting up , monitoring , and enforcing labor contracts for both men and women . It also set up a new system of healthcare for the freedmen . North Carolina ( edit ) In North Carolina , the bureau employed : 9 contract surgeons , at $100 per month ; 26 hospital attendants , at average pay each per month $11.25 ; 18 civilian employees , clerks , agents , etc. , at an average pay per month of $17.20 ; 4 laborers , at an average pay per month of $11.90 ; enlisted men are detailed as orderlies , guards , etc. , by commanding officers of the different military posts where officers of the Bureau are serving . Some misconduct was reported to the bureau main office that bureau agents were using their posts for personal gains . Colonel E. Whittlesey was questioned but said he was not involved in nor knew of anyone involved in such activities . The bureau exercised what whites believed were arbitrary powers : making arrests , imposing fines , and inflicting punishments . They were considered to be disregarding the local laws and especially the statute of limitations . Their activities resulted in resentment among whites toward the federal government in general . These powers invoked negative feelings in many southerners that sparked many to want the agency to leave . In their review , Steedman and Fullerton repeated their conclusion from Virginia , which was to withdraw the Bureau and turn daily operations over to the military . South Carolina ( edit ) In South Carolina , the bureau employed , nine clerks , at average pay each per month $108.33 , one rental agent , at monthly pay of $75.00 , one clerk , at monthly pay of $50.00 , one storekeeper , at monthly pay of $85.00 , one counselor , at monthly pay of $125.00 , one superintendent of education , at monthly pay of $150.00 , one printer , at monthly pay of $100.00 , one contract surgeon , at monthly pay of $100.00 , twenty - five laborers , at average pay per month $19.20 . General Saxton was head of the bureau operations in South Carolina ; he was reported by Steedman and Fullerton to have made so many `` mistakes and blunders '' that he made matters worse for the freedmen . He was replaced by Brigadier General R.K. Scott . Steedman and Fullerton described Scott as energetic and a competent officer . It appeared that he took great pains to turn things around and correct the mistakes made by his predecessors . The investigators learned of reported murders of freedmen by a band of outlaws . These outlaws were thought to be people from other states , such as Texas , Kentucky and Tennessee , who had been part of the rebel army ( Ku Klux Klan chapters were similarly started by veterans in the first years after the war . ) When citizens were asked why the perpetrators had not been arrested , many answered that the Bureau , with the support of the military , had the primary authority . In certain areas , such as the Sea Islands , many freedmen were destitute . Many had tried to cultivate the land and began businesses with little to no success in the social disruption of the period . Texas ( edit ) Suffering much less damage in the war than some other Deep South states , Texas became a destination for some 200,000 refugee blacks from other parts of the South , in addition to 200,000 already in Texas . Slavery had been prevalent only in East Texas , and some freedmen hoped for the chance of new types of opportunity in the lightly populated but booming state . The Bureau 's political role was central , as was close attention to the need for schools . Virginia ( edit ) The Freedmen 's Bureau had 58 clerks and superintendents of farms , paid average monthly wages $78.50 ; 12 assistant superintendents , paid average monthly wages 87.00 ; and 163 laborers , paid average monthly wages 11.75 ; as personnel in the state of Virginia . Other personnel included orderlies and guards . During the war , slaves had escaped to Union lines and forts in the Tidewater , where contraband camps were established . Many stayed in that area after the war , seeking protection near the federal forts . The Bureau fed 9,000 to 10,000 blacks a month over the winter , explaining : `` A majority of the freedmen to whom this subsistence has been furnished are undoubtedly able to earn a living if they were removed to localities where labor could be procured . The necessity for issuing rations to this class of persons results from their accumulation in large numbers in certain places where the land is unproductive and the demand for labor is limited . As long as these people remain in the present localities , the civil authorities refuse to provide for the able - bodied , and are unable to care for the helpless and destitute among them , owing to their great number and the fact that very few are residents of the counties in which they have congregated during the war . The necessity for the relief extended to these people , both able - bodied and helpless , by the Government , will continue as long as they remain in their present condition , and while rations are issued to the able - bodied they will not voluntarily change their localities to seek places where they can procure labor . ' Bureau records ( edit ) In 2000 , the U.S. Congress passed the Freedmen 's Bureau Preservation Act , which directed the National Archivist to preserve the extensive records of the Bureau on microfilm , and work with educational institutions to index the records . In addition to those records of the Bureau headquarters , assistant commissioners , and superintendents of education , the National Archives now has records of the field offices , marriage records , and records of the Freedmen 's Branch of the Adjutant General on microfilm . They are being digitized and made available through online databases . These constitute a major source of documentation on the operations of the Bureau , political and social conditions in the Reconstruction Era , and the genealogies of freedpeople . The Freedmen 's Bureau Project ( announced on June 19 , 2015 ) was created as a set of partnerships between FamilySearch International and the National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA ) , the Smithsonian 's National Museum of African American History and Culture , the Afro - American Historical and Genealogical Society ( AAHGS ) , and the California African American Museum . Tens of thousands of volunteers are needed to make these records searchable online . No specific time commitment is required , and anyone may participate . Volunteers simply log on ( http://www.discoverfreedmen.org/ ) , pull up as many scanned documents as they like , and enter the names and dates into the fields provided . Once published , information for millions of African Americans will be accessible , allowing families to build their family trees and connect with their ancestors . As of February 2016 , the project was 51 % complete . In October 2006 , Virginia governor Tim Kaine announced that Virginia would be the first state to index and digitize Freedmen 's Bureau records . See also ( edit ) United States House Committee on Freedmen 's Affairs Freedmen 's Savings Bank Forty acres and a mule Bibliography ( edit ) see also Reconstruction : Bibliography General ( edit ) Bentley George R. A History of the Freedmen 's Bureau ( 1955 ) ; old fashioned overview Carpenter , John A. ; Sword and Olive Branch : Oliver Otis Howard ( 1999 ) ; full biography of Bureau leader Cimbala , Paul A . The Freedmen 's Bureau : Reconstructing the American South after the Civil War ( 2005 ) Cimbala , Paul A. and Trefousse , Hans L. ( eds ) , The Freedmen 's Bureau : Reconstructing the American South After the Civil War . 2005 ; essays by scholars . Colby , I.C. ( 1985 ) . `` The Freedmen 's Bureau : From Social Welfare to Segregation '' . Phylon. 46 : 219 -- 230 . doi : 10.2307 / 274830 . W.E. Burghardt Du Bois , The Freedmen 's Bureau ( 1901 ) . Foner , Eric . Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution , 1863 -- 1877 ( 1988 ) . Goldberg , Chad Alan . Citizens and Paupers : Relief , Rights , and Race , from the Freedmen 's Bureau to Workfare ( 2007 ) compares the Bureau with the WPA in the 1930s and welfare today excerpt and text search Litwack , Leon F. Been in the Storm So Long : The Aftermath of Slavery , 1979 . McFeely , William S. Yankee Stepfather : General O.O. Howard and the Freedmen ( 1994 ) ; biography of Bureau 's head . excerpt and text search Education ( edit ) Abbott , Martin . `` The Freedmen 's Bureau and Negro Schooling in South Carolina , '' South Carolina Historical Magazine , Vol. 57 # 2 ( Apr. , 1956 ) , pp. 65 -- 81 in JSTOR Anderson , James D . The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 ( 1988 ) . Butchart , Ronald E. Northern Schools , Southern Blacks , and Reconstruction : Freedmen 's Education , 1862 -- 1875 ( 1980 ) . Crouch , Barry A. `` Black Education in Civil War and Reconstruction Louisiana : George T. Ruby , the Army , and the Freedmen 's Bureau '' Louisiana History 1997 38 ( 3 ) : 287 -- 308 . ISSN 0024 - 6816 . Goldhaber , Michael ( 1992 ) . `` A Mission Unfulfilled : Freedmen 's Education in North Carolina , 1865 -- 1870 '' . Journal of Negro History . 77 ( 4 ) : 199 -- 210 . doi : 10.2307 / 3031474 . Hornsby , Alton . `` The Freedmen 's Bureau Schools in Texas , 1865 -- 1870 , '' Southwestern Historical Quarterly , Vol. 76 # 4 ( April , 1973 ) , pp. 397 -- 417 in JSTOR Jackson , L.P. `` The Educational Efforts of the Freedmen 's Bureau and Freedmen 's Aid Societies in South Carolina , 1862 -- 1872 , '' The Journal of Negro History ( 1923 ) , vol 8 # 1 , pp 1 -- 40 . in JSTOR Jones , Jacqueline . Soldiers of Light and Love : Northern Teachers and Georgia Blacks , 1865 -- 1873 ( 1980 ) . Morris , Robert C. Reading , ' Riting , and Reconstruction : The Education of Freedmen in the South , 1861 -- 1870 ( 1981 ) . Myers , John B . `` The Education of the Alabama Freedmen During Presidential Reconstruction , 1865 -- 1867 , '' Journal of Negro Education , Vol. 40 # 2 ( Spring 1971 ) , pp. 163 -- 171 in JSTOR Parker , Marjorie H. `` Some Educational Activities of the Freedmen 's Bureau , '' Journal of Negro Education , Vol. 23 # 1 ( Winter , 1954 ) , pp. 9 -- 21 . in JSTOR Richardson , Joe M. Christian Reconstruction : The American Missionary Association and Southern Blacks , 1861 -- 1890 ( 1986 ) Richardson , Joe M. `` The Freedmen 's Bureau and Negro Education in Florida , '' Journal of Negro Education , Vol. 31 # 4 ( Autumn , 1962 ) , pp. 460 -- 467 . in JSTOR Span , Christopher M. `` ' I Must Learn Now or Not at All ' : Social and Cultural Capital in the Educational Initiatives of Formerly Enslaved African Americans in Mississippi , 1862 -- 1869 , '' The Journal of African American History , 2002 , pp. 196 -- 222 . Tyack , David , and Robert Lowe . `` The Constitutional Moment : Reconstruction and Black Education in the South , '' American Journal of Education , Vol. 94 # 2 ( February 1986 ) , pp. 236 -- 256 in JSTOR Williams , Heather Andrea ; `` ' Clothing Themselves in Intelligence ' : The Freedpeople , Schooling , and Northern Teachers , 1861 -- 1871 '' , The Journal of African American History , 2002 , pp. 372 + . Williams , Heather Andrea . Self - Taught : African American Education in Slavery and Freedom ( 2006 ) . online edition Specialized studies ( edit ) Bethel , Elizabeth . `` The Freedmen 's Bureau in Alabama , '' Journal of Southern History Vol. 14 , No. 1 , ( February 1948 ) pp. 49 -- 92 in JSTOR . Bickers , John M. `` The Power to Do What Manifestly Must Be Done : Congress , the Freedmen 's Bureau , and Constitutional Imagination '' , Roger Williams University Law Review , Vol. 12 , No. 70 , 2006 online at SSRN . Cimbala , Paul A. `` On the Front Line of Freedom : Freedmen 's Bureau Officers and Agents in Reconstruction Georgia , 1865 -- 1868 , '' Georgia Historical Quarterly 1992 76 ( 3 ) : 577 -- 611 . ISSN 0016 - 8297 . Cimbala , Paul A. Under the Guardianship of the Nation : the Freedmen 's Bureau and the Reconstruction of Georgia , 1865 -- 1870 ( 1997 ) . Click , Patricia C. Time Full of Trial : The Roanoke Island Freedmen 's Colony , 1862 -- 1867 ( 2001 ) . Crouch , Barry . The Freedmen 's Bureau and Black Texans ( 1992 ) . Crouch ; Barry A . `` The ' Chords of Love ' : Legalizing Black Marital and Family Rights in Postwar Texas , '' The Journal of Negro History , Vol. 79 , 1994 . Downs , Jim . Sick from Freedom : African - American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction ( Oxford University Press , 2012 ) Durrill , Wayne K. `` Political Legitimacy and Local Courts : ' Politicks at Such a Rage ' in a Southern Community during Reconstruction , '' in Journal of Southern History , Vol. 70 # 3 , 2004 pp. 577 -- 617 . Farmer - Kaiser , Mary . `` ' Are They Not in Some Sorts Vagrants ? ' Gender and the Efforts of the Freedmen 's Bureau to Combat Vagrancy in the Reconstruction South , '' Georgia Historical Quarterly 2004 88 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 49 . ISSN 0016 - 8297 . Farmer - Kaiser , Mary . Freedwomen and the Freedmen 's Bureau : Race , Gender , and Public Policy in the Age of Emancipation ( Fordham University Press , 2010 ) ; describes how freedwomen found both an ally and an enemy in the Bureau . Finley , Randy . From Slavery to Future : the Freedmen 's Bureau in Arkansas , 1865 -- 1869 ( 1996 ) . Lieberman , Robert C. `` The Freedmen 's Bureau and the Politics of Institutional Structure , '' Social Science History 1994 18 ( 3 ) : 405 -- 437 . ISSN 0145 - 5532 . Lowe , Richard ( 1993 ) . `` The Freedman 's Bureau and Local Black Leadership '' . Journal of American History . 80 ( 3 ) : 989 -- 998 . doi : 10.2307 / 2080411 . Morrow Ralph Ernst . Northern Methodism and Reconstruction ( 1956 ) May J. Thomas . `` Continuity and Change in the Labor Program of the Union Army and the Freedmen 's Bureau , '' Civil War History 17 ( September 1971 ) : 245 -- 54 . Oubre , Claude F. Forty Acres and a Mule. ( 1978 ) . Pearson , Reggie L. `` ' There Are Many Sick , Feeble , and Suffering Freedmen ' : the Freedmen 's Bureau 's Health - care Activities During Reconstruction in North Carolina , 1865 -- 1868 , '' North Carolina Historical Review 2002 79 ( 2 ) : 141 -- 181 . ISSN 0029 - 2494 . Richter , William L. Overreached on All Sides : The Freedmen 's Bureau Administrators in Texas , 1865 -- 1868 ( 1991 ) . Rodrigue , John C. `` Labor Militancy and Black Grassroots Political Mobilization in the Louisiana Sugar Region , 1865 -- 1868 '' in Journal of Southern History , Vol. 67 # 1 , 2001 , pp. 115 -- 45 . Schwalm , Leslie A. `` ' Sweet Dreams of Freedom ' : Freedwomen 's Reconstruction of Life and Labor in Lowcountry South Carolina , '' Journal of Women 's History , Vol. 9 # 1 , 1997 pp. 9 -- 32 . Smith , Solomon K . `` The Freedmen 's Bureau in Shreveport : the Struggle for Control of the Red River District , '' Louisiana History 2000 41 ( 4 ) : 435 -- 465 . ISSN 0024 - 6816 . Williamson , Joel . After Slavery : The Negro in South Carolina during Reconstruction , 1861 -- 1877 ( 1965 ) . Freedmen 's Bureau in Texas , Texas Handbook of History online Primary sources ( edit ) Berlin , Ira , ed . Free at Last : A Documentary History of Slavery , Freedom , and the Civil War ( 1995 ) Howard , O.O. ( 1907 ) . Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard / Major General United States Army ( Volume Two ) . New York : The Baker & Taylor Company . Stone , William . `` Bitter Freedom : '' William Stone 's Record of Service in the Freedmen 's Bureau , edited by Suzanne Stone Johnson and Robert Allison Johnson ( 2008 ) , memoir by white Bureau official Minutes of the Freedmen 's Convention , Held in the City of Raleigh , North Carolina , October , 1866 Freedmen 's Bureau Online Reports and Speeches General Howard 's report for 1869 : The House of Representatives , Forty - first Congress , second session Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For access and inquires about the use of the records , researchers should visit or write ( e-mail ) the Old Military and Civil Branch , 700 Pennsylvania Avenue , NW , Washington , DC 20408 . For the location of previously filmed and future Freedmen 's Bureau microfilm publications , researchers should contact the nearest regional archives or visit the NARA online microfilm catalog . By 2014 , under arrangement with the National Archives , records are available online through FamilySearch and Ancestry . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved on 2016 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Freedmen 's Bureau Bill '' . United States Congress . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Freedmen 's Bureau , The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow . Jim Crow Stories , PBS . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Robin D.G. ( 2002 ) . Freedom Dreams . Boston : Beacon Press . p. 116 . ^ Jump up to : Clayborne Carson , Emma J. Lapsansky - Werner , and Gary B. Nash , The Struggle for Freedom : A History of African Americans , 256 . Jump up ^ Review of Families and Freedom : A Documentary History of African - American Kinship in the Civil War Era , Freedmen & Southern Society Project . Jump up ^ National Park Service The Freedman 's Bureau Bill Freedmen 's Bureau Bill First Veto : 1 . Opposed to the use of the military during peacetime. 2 . Believed the Bill was a Federal encroachment into state matters . 3 . Believed this was `` class legislation '' for a particular segment of society that : a . Would keep the ex-slaves from being self - sustaining , and b . Had not been done previously for struggling poor whites ( as he had been as an ex-apprentice ) . 4 . Johnson did not believe that Congress should be making such decisions for states that were not represented in Congress at that point Second veto : Johnson 's second objections were the same as his first . ^ Jump up to : Goldhaber 1992 Jump up ^ Pearson 2002 ; Jim Downs , Sick from Freedom : African - American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction ( NY : Oxford U.P. , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Farmer - Kaiser , 2004 Jump up ^ Crouch 1997 Jump up ^ West , Earle H. ( 1982 ) . `` Book review of Freedmen 's Schools and Textbooks '' . 51 : 165 -- 167 . JSTOR 2294682 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 450 Jump up ^ Ronald E. Butchart , Schooling the Freed People : Teaching , Learning , and the Struggle for Black Freedom , 1861 -- 1876 ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Michelle A. Krowl , `` Review of Butchart , Ronald E. , Schooling the Freed People : Teaching , Learning , and the Struggle for Black Freedom , 1861 -- 1876 `` , H - SAWH , H - Net Reviews . September , 2011 . Jump up ^ Morris , 1981 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Howard , 1907 Jump up ^ Data from United Negro College Fund . Jump up ^ Harrison , Robert ( 2006 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Welfare and Employment Policies of the Freedmen 's Bureau in the District of Columbia '' . Journal of Southern History ( 1 Feb 2006 ) . Retrieved 25 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Church in the Southern Black Community '' . Documenting the South . University of North Carolina , 2004 . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Morrow 1954 Jump up ^ Foner 1988 Jump up ^ Smith 2000 Jump up ^ History.com Staff . `` Freedmen 's Bureau '' . History.com . A&E Television Networks . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ PBS . `` Freedmen 's Bureau '' . PBS . PBS Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howard , 1907 , 447 . Jump up ^ Flynt . Poor But Proud. 1378 . Jump up ^ Joe M. Richardson , `` An Evaluation of the Freedmen 's Bureau in Florida , '' Florida Historical Quarterly ( 1963 ) 41 # 3 pp : 223 - 238 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Bentley , George R. ( 1949 ) . `` The Political Activity of the Freedmen 's Bureau in Florida '' . Florida Historical Quarterly . 28 ( 1 ) : 28 -- 37 . JSTOR 30138730 . Jump up ^ Paul A. Cimbala , Under the Guardianship of the Nation : the Freedmen 's Bureau and the Reconstruction of Georgia , 1865 -- 1870 ( University of Georgia Press , 2003 ) ; For an online review see John David Smith , `` ' The Work It Did Not Do Because It Could Not ' : Georgia and the ' New ' Freedmen 's Bureau Historiography , '' Georgia Historical Quarterly ( 1998 ) pp : 331 - 349 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Sara Rapport , `` The Freedmen 's Bureau as a Legal Agent for Black Men and Women in Georgia : 1865 -- 1868 , '' Georgia Historical Quarterly ( 1989 ) : 26 - 53 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Todd L. Savitt , `` Politics in Medicine : The Georgia Freedmen 's Bureau and the Organization of Health Care , 1865 -- 1866 , '' Civil War History 28.1 ( 1982 ) : 45 - 64 . Project MUSE Online Jump up ^ The United States Army and Navy Journal and Gazette of the Regular and Volunteer Forces . Army and Navy Journal Incorporated. 1865 . p. 616 . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : see `` Reports of Generals Steedman and Fullerton on the condition of the Freedmen 's Bureau in the Southern States '' Jump up ^ Charles F. Kovacik , and Robert E. Mason . `` Changes in the South Carolina Sea Island Cotton Industry , '' Southeastern Geographer ( 1985 ) 25 # 2 pp : 77 - 104 . Jump up ^ Claude Elliott , `` The Freedmen 's Bureau in Texas . '' Southwestern Historical Quarterly ( 1952 ) : 1 - 24 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ William Lee Richter , Overreached on all sides : the Freedmen 's Bureau administrators in Texas , 1865 -- 1868 ( Texas A&M University Press , 1991 ) Jump up ^ Barry A. Crouch , The Freedmen 's Bureau and Black Texans ( University of Texas Press , 2010 ) Jump up ^ from `` Reports of Generals Steedman and Fullerton on the condition of the Freedmen 's Bureau in the Southern States '' , date Jump up ^ 114 Stat. 1924 Jump up ^ National Archives Jump up ^ Reginald Washington , `` Sealing the Sacred Bonds of Holy Matrimony / Freedmen 's Bureau Marriage Records '' , Prologue Magazine , Spring 2005 , Vol. 37 , No. 1 . Jump up ^ `` United States Freedmen 's Bureau Marriages '' , FamilySearch Historical Records . Jump up ^ The Freedmen 's Bureau Project . Jump up ^ Cheney , Catherine ( July 23 , 2009 ) . `` Bringing Their Lives To Light : Virginia 's Online Records Help Blacks ID Ancestors '' . Washington Post . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Freedmen 's Bureau Freedmen 's Bureau Online `` Freedmen 's Bureau Marriage Records , 1815 -- 1866 '' , 2007 , Ancestry.com website Joseph P. Reidy , `` Slave Emancipation Through the Prism of Archives Records '' , Prologue Magazine , ( 1997 ) Georgia : Freedmen 's Education during Reconstruction Africana Archives : Freedmen 's Bureau Records at the USF Africana Heritage Project ( familysearch.org Criminal Offenses Texas , Freedmen 's Bureau ... Office Records , 1865 -- 1870 , Sumpter , Roll 26 , Letters sent , vol ( 158 ) , June - Dec 1867 , Apr - Dec 1868 . p. 112 Image 60 ) ( hide ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. Sandford Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union ( USA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy ( CSA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major Campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson 's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan 's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond - Petersburg Franklin -- Nashville Price 's Raid Sherman 's March Carolinas Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson 's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement ( by state or territory ) AL AK AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Leaders Confederate Military R.H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A.S. Johnston J.E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Price Semmes E.K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D.D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath U.S. Constitution Reconstruction amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks -- Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax Riot of 1873 Eufaula Riot of 1874 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedman 's Savings Bank Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Kirk - Holden War Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Memphis Riot of 1866 Meridian Riot of 1871 New Orleans Riot of 1866 Pulaski ( Tennessee ) Riot of 1867 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Confederate refugees Confederados Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission Homestead acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 White League post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate monuments and memorials Removal of public symbols of the Confederacy Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Southern Historical Society United Daughters of the Confederacy Monuments and memorials Union List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Confederate List of monuments and memorials of the Confederate States of America Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials List of memorials to Robert E. Lee List of memorials to Jefferson Davis Annapolis Roger B. Taney Monument Baltimore Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument Confederate Women 's Monument Roger B. Taney Monument Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument Durham , North Carolina Robert E. Lee Monument New Orleans Battle of Liberty Place Monument Jefferson Davis Monument General Beauregard Equestrian Statue Robert E. Lee Monument Cemeteries Confederate Memorial Day Ladies ' memorial associations U.S. Memorial Day U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg Reunion Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers ' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Related topics Military Arms Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate Revolving Cannon Field artillery Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Leadership Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Other topics Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Revival of 1863 Music Naming the war Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City Riot of 1863 Photographers Richmond Riot of 1863 Sexuality Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedmen%27s_Bureau&oldid=804398728 '' Categories : Freedmen 's Bureau 38th United States Congress Defunct agencies of the United States government Reconstruction Era Slavery in the United States 1865 establishments in the United States United States Department of War Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2007 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 19 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedmen%2527s%20Bureau

when is opening day of major league baseball season

The 2018 Major League Baseball season began on March 29 , 2018 , and is scheduled to end on September 30 . The Postseason will begin on October 2 . The 2018 World Series is set to begin on October 23 , and a potential Game 7 is scheduled on October 31 .

March 29 , 2018

2018 Major League Baseball season

2018 major league baseball season

The 2018 Major League Baseball season began on March 29 , 2018 , and is scheduled to end on September 30 . The Postseason will begin on October 2 . The 2018 World Series is set to begin on October 23 , and a potential Game 7 is scheduled on October 31 .

The 2018 MLB Draft will be held from June 4 to 6 in Secaucus , New Jersey . The 89th Major League Baseball All - Star Game will be held on July 17 at Nationals Park , the home of the Washington Nationals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Schedule 2 Rule changes 3 Standings 3.1 Division 4 Managerial changes 4.1 General managers 4.1. 1 Offseason 4.2 Field managers 4.2. 1 Offseason 4.2. 2 In -- season 5 League leaders 5.1 American League 5.2 National League 6 Milestones 6.1 Batters 6.2 Pitchers 7 Uniforms 7.1 Wholesale changes 7.2 Alternate changes 7.3 Anniversaries and special events 7.4 Other uniforms 7.5 Throwbacks 8 Broadcast rights 8.1 Television 8.1. 1 National 8.2 Radio 8.2. 1 Local 8.2. 2 National 8.3 Digital 9 Retired numbers 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Schedule ( edit ) As has been the case since 2013 , all teams will play their four division opponents 19 times each for a total of 76 games . They will play six or seven games against each of the other 10 same - league opponents for a total of 66 games , and 20 inter-league games . The primary inter-league match - ups are AL East vs NL East , AL Central vs NL Central , and AL West vs NL West . Since `` natural rivalry '' matchups are part of the three - year divisional rotation , the schedule format for interleague games will be different from previous years . The 20 interleague games each team will play will consist of two three - game series ( one home , one away ) against its natural rival ( total of six games ) , two two - game series ( one home , one away ) against each team for two other opponents ( total of eight games ) , and a single three - game series against each team for the last two ( one home , one away ; total of six games ) . Under the new collective bargaining agreement reached in December 2016 , the regular season has been extended to 187 days in order to add four additional off - days for all teams . All teams were scheduled to play Opening Day , March 29 -- the earliest domestic start of a regular season in MLB history . There will no longer be a Sunday - night game on the final Sunday before the All - Star Game . A single , nationally televised afternoon game will be played on the Thursday after the All - Star Game ( which for 2018 , will be played between the St. Louis Cardinals and Chicago Cubs ) , before all other teams return from break the next day . The Los Angeles Dodgers and San Diego Padres will play a three - game series at Estadio de Béisbol Monterrey in Monterrey , Mexico from May 4 to 6 , while the Minnesota Twins and the Cleveland Indians played a two - game series at Hiram Bithorn Stadium in San Juan , Puerto Rico on April 17 and 18 . The Little League Classic game at BB&T Ballpark in Williamsport , Pennsylvania , coinciding with the Little League World Series , will return to the schedule . It will be played between the Philadelphia Phillies and the New York Mets on August 19 . Rule changes ( edit ) Beginning in the 2018 season , MLB implemented new pace of play rules , which include limiting the amount of mound visits for each team to six visits per nine innings . Teams will receive an additional visit for every extra inning played . Standings ( edit ) Division ( edit ) American League National League American League East Pct . GB Home Road Boston Red Sox 15 0.882 -- 8 -- 1 7 -- 1 Toronto Blue Jays 12 5 0.706 7 -- 3 5 -- 2 New York Yankees 8 8 0.500 61⁄2 4 -- 4 4 -- 4 Tampa Bay Rays 5 13 0.278 101⁄2 3 -- 7 2 -- 6 Baltimore Orioles 5 14 0.263 11 2 -- 4 3 -- 10 American League Central Pct . GB Home Road Minnesota Twins 8 5 0.615 -- 5 -- 3 3 -- 2 Cleveland Indians 9 7 0.562 1⁄2 6 -- 2 3 -- 5 Detroit Tigers 7 9 0.438 21⁄2 4 -- 5 3 -- 4 Chicago White Sox 11 0.267 5 1 -- 5 3 -- 6 Kansas City Royals 13 0.188 61⁄2 1 -- 7 2 -- 6 American League West Pct . GB Home Road Los Angeles Angels 13 5 0.722 -- 4 -- 4 9 -- 1 Houston Astros 12 7 0.632 11⁄2 6 -- 3 6 -- 4 Seattle Mariners 9 7 0.562 5 -- 4 4 -- 3 Oakland Athletics 9 10 0.474 41⁄2 6 -- 5 3 -- 5 Texas Rangers 7 13 0.350 7 2 -- 8 5 -- 5 National League East Pct . GB Home Road New York Mets 13 0.765 -- 7 -- 4 6 -- 0 Atlanta Braves 10 7 0.588 6 -- 3 4 -- 4 Philadelphia Phillies 10 7 0.588 5 -- 1 5 -- 6 Washington Nationals 9 10 0.474 5 3 -- 7 6 -- 3 Miami Marlins 5 12 0.294 8 3 -- 9 2 -- 3 National League Central Pct . GB Home Road Pittsburgh Pirates 12 6 0.667 -- 5 -- 4 7 -- 2 St. Louis Cardinals 10 7 0.588 11⁄2 2 -- 4 8 -- 3 Milwaukee Brewers 10 9 0.526 21⁄2 4 -- 6 6 -- 3 Chicago Cubs 7 8 0.467 31⁄2 2 -- 4 5 -- 4 Cincinnati Reds 15 0.167 9 1 -- 7 2 -- 8 National League West Pct . GB Home Road Arizona Diamondbacks 12 5 0.706 -- 6 -- 2 6 -- 3 Colorado Rockies 11 9 0.550 21⁄2 2 -- 4 9 -- 5 Los Angeles Dodgers 8 9 0.471 4 -- 5 4 -- 4 San Francisco Giants 7 10 0.412 5 3 -- 4 4 -- 6 San Diego Padres 7 13 0.350 61⁄2 4 -- 10 3 -- 3 Managerial changes ( edit ) General managers ( edit ) Offseason ( edit ) Team Former GM Reason For Leaving New GM Story / Accomplishments Atlanta Braves John Coppolella Resigned Alex Anthopoulos John Coppolella resigned from the Braves on October 2 , 2017 , because of a Major League Baseball investigation . On November 12 , 2017 , Alex Anthopoulos was hired as the new general manager of the team . On November 21 , 2017 , Coppolella was banned for life from baseball as a result of the investigation . Field managers ( edit ) Offseason ( edit ) Team Former manager Reason for leaving New manager Story / Accomplishments Detroit Tigers Brad Ausmus Contract not renewed Ron Gardenhire The Tigers announced on September 22 , 2017 , that Ausmus ' contract would not be renewed . Ausmus compiled a 314 -- 332 (. 486 ) record in four years as manager with one playoff appearance . The Tigers hired former Minnesota Twins manager Ron Gardenhire on October 19 , 2017 . As the Twins ' manager from 2002 to 2014 he compiled a record of 1068 -- 1039 (. 507 ) , and 6 -- 21 (. 222 ) in six post-season appearances . He also won AL Manager of the Year in 2010 . Philadelphia Phillies Pete Mackanin Reassigned Gabe Kapler It was announced on October 1 , 2017 , that Mackanin would be removed as manager but he managed the final three games of the 2017 season . Mackanin had a record of 174 -- 238 (. 422 ) in his two and a half seasons as manager with no playoff appearances . It was also announced he would remain with the organization as a special assistant to the general manager . On October 29 , 2017 , the Phillies announced the hire of former Dodgers ' Director of Development Gabe Kapler . He has no previous major league managerial or coaching experience . New York Mets Terry Collins Retired Mickey Callaway Collins announced on October 1 , 2017 , that he would retire after the last game of the season . He will move to the Mets ' front office . Collins finished with a 551 -- 583 (. 486 ) record in seven years with club , with two playoff appearances in 2015 and 2016 , where they lost to the Kansas City Royals in the World Series and lost the Wild Card to the San Francisco Giants in the following season . The Mets named Cleveland Indians pitching coach Mickey Callaway as their new manager on October 22 , 2017 . Callaway has no previous managerial experience . Boston Red Sox John Farrell Fired Alex Cora Farrell was fired on October 11 , 2017 . Farrell during his five years as manager compiled a 432 -- 378 (. 533 ) record and earned three division titles in 2013 , 2016 and 2017 . He led the Red Sox to the 2013 World Series title . Houston Astros bench coach Alex Cora was named manager on October 22 , 2017 , and formally assumed the role after the Astros ' win in the 2017 World Series . He has no previous managerial experience . Washington Nationals Dusty Baker Contract not renewed Dave Martinez The Nationals announced on October 20 , 2017 , that Baker would not be returning for the 2018 season . Baker led the Nationals to the postseason in each of his two seasons with the club but could n't get past the NLDS . The Nationals were 192 -- 132 (. 593 ) under Baker . The Nationals hired Dave Martinez to be their new manager on October 29 , 2017 . Martinez was previously the bench coach for the Chicago Cubs , and has no managerial experience . New York Yankees Joe Girardi Aaron Boone The Yankees announced on October 26 , 2017 , that Girardi would not return for the 2018 season . Girardi led the Yankees to three division titles and one World Series championship during his ten years of managing the club . The Yankees were 910 -- 710 (. 562 ) under Girardi . On December 1 , 2017 , radio announcer Aaron Boone was hired as the team 's new manager . He has no previous coaching or managerial experience . In -- season ( edit ) Team Former manager Interim manager Reason for leaving New manager Story / Accomplishments Cincinnati Reds Bryan Price Jim Riggleman Fired TBA Price was fired after starting the season with a 3 -- 15 (. 167 ) . In four seasons , Price finished with a 279 -- 387 (. 419 ) record with no playoff appearances . Third base coach Jim Riggleman was selected as the interim manager . His previous managerial experience includes stints with the Padres , Cubs , Mariners , and Nationals . He has been a Manager in the Reds ' minor league system since 2012 . League leaders ( edit ) Updated through April 18 American League ( edit ) Hitting leaders Stat Player Total AVG Mookie Betts ( BOS ) . 390 HR Joey Gallo ( TEX ) Jed Lowrie ( OAK ) Mike Trout ( LAA ) 6 RBI Jed Lowrie ( OAK ) 21 Mookie Betts ( BOS ) 20 Jed Lowrie ( OAK ) 28 SB Tim Anderson ( CWS ) Dee Gordon ( SEA ) 8 Pitching leaders Stat Player Total Rick Porcello ( BOS ) 6 Tied ERA Gerrit Cole ( HOU ) 0.96 Gerrit Cole ( HOU ) 41 IP Corey Kluber ( CLE ) 29.2 SV Edwin Díaz ( SEA ) 7 National League ( edit ) Hitting leaders Stat Player Total AVG Ryan Flaherty ( ATL ) . 365 HR Bryce Harper ( WAS ) 8 RBI Bryce Harper ( WAS ) 18 Bryce Harper ( WAS ) 18 DJ LeMahieu ( COL ) José Pirela ( SD ) Dansby Swanson ( ATL ) 24 SB Trea Turner ( WAS ) 8 Pitching leaders Stat Player Total 6 Tied 7 Tied ERA Johnny Cueto ( SF ) 0.45 Max Scherzer ( WAS ) 38 IP Patrick Corbin ( ARI ) 27.1 SV Wade Davis ( COL ) 8 Milestones ( edit ) Batters ( edit ) George Springer ( HOU ) : With his Opening Day lead - off home run on March 29 against the Texas Rangers , Springer became the first player in Major League history to lead off back - to - back seasons with a home run . Joe Panik ( SF ) : Became the first player in Major League history to hit a home run in consecutive 1 -- 0 victories by his team . Adrian Beltre ( TEX ) : With a second - inning double on April 5 against the Oakland Athletics , Beltre became the all - time leader in hits by a player from Latin America . Beltre , from the Dominican Republic , passed Rod Carew of Panama with the 3,054 th hit in his career . Joe Mauer ( MIN ) : Recorded his 2,000 th career hit with a single in the seventh inning against the Chicago White Sox on April 12 . He became the 287th player to reach this mark . Pitchers ( edit ) Max Scherzer ( WAS ) : Became the second pitcher in the live - ball era ( since 1920 ) to pitch a shutout , strike out at least 10 batters and steal a base in the same game by accomplishing this feat on April 9 against the Atlanta Braves . He joins Nolan Ryan who did this against the Pittsburgh Pirates on May 16 , 1984 . Roberto Osuna ( TOR ) : On April 10 , at the age of 23 years and 62 days , Osuna became the youngest pitcher in Major League history to acquire his 100th career save . Osuna was over a year younger than the previous record holder Francisco Rodríguez . Rodríguez had accomplished the feat at the age of 24 years and 246 days . Uniforms ( edit ) Wholesale changes ( edit ) The Detroit Tigers modified the Olde English D on the home jersey to match the D on the cap . This is the first major change to the Tigers ' home jersey since 1934 ( not counting the hiatus in 1960 ) . The Cleveland Indians have confirmed this will be final season using the Chief Wahoo logo on its uniforms . It will be replaced at the start of the 2019 season . Alternate changes ( edit ) The Oakland Athletics added a kelly green alternate jersey to commemorate the franchise 's 50th anniversary in Oakland . The uniforms are used during every Friday home game . The Washington Nationals added a second navy blue jersey to commemorate the team 's hosting of the 2018 All - Star Game . The uniform features the script `` Nationals '' in white with red trim and numerals in red with white trim . Both the Cincinnati Reds and the Pittsburgh Pirates replaced their camouflage uniforms with new white alternate jerseys featuring olive and military green logos , letters and numbers . Anniversaries and special events ( edit ) The following teams will wear commemorative patches for special occasions : Team Special occasion All Teams `` MSD '' patch in memory of the victims of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting ( February 23 ) # 42 patch for Jackie Robinson Day ( April 15 ) Pink ribbons for breast cancer awareness ( May 12 -- 13 , Mother 's Day weekend ) `` Play Ball '' patch in partnership with USA Baseball and USA Softball ( June 2 -- 3 ) Blue ribbons for prostate cancer awareness ( June 16 -- 17 , Father 's Day weekend ) Players Weekend ( August 24 -- 26 ) Gold ribbons for childhood cancer awareness ( August 31 ) Atlanta Braves 50th anniversary of the assassination of Reverend Martin Luther King , Jr. ( April 4 ) Arizona Diamondbacks 20th anniversary of the franchise Chicago Cubs `` MSD '' patch in memory of the victims of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting ( March 29 ) Colorado Rockies 25th anniversary of the franchise Houston Astros 2017 World Series Championship ( April 2 ) Kansas City Royals 50th season of the franchise Los Angeles Dodgers 60th anniversary in Los Angeles Miami Marlins 25th anniversary of the franchise ( began as the Florida Marlins ) `` MSD '' patch in memory of the victims of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting ( March 29 - April 1 ) New York Mets Autograph patch in memory of Rusty Staub Oakland Athletics 50th anniversary in Oakland San Francisco Giants 60th anniversary in San Francisco Tampa Bay Rays 20th anniversary of the franchise ( originally Devil Rays ) Toronto Blue Jays # 32 patch in memory of Roy Halladay Washington Nationals 2018 All Star Game Other uniforms ( edit ) The Astros wore gold - lettered uniforms at their home opener April 2 and April 3 to mark them winning the 2017 World Series title . Players , managers and coaches wore # 42 on April 15 , the 71st anniversary of Jackie Robinson 's debut in the majors . The Royals will wear an alternate uniform with a crown atop the R , and a cap with a crown instead of the `` KC '' , on June 30 in Seattle . Throwbacks ( edit ) The Phillies will wear their 1980s powder blue uniforms for select Thursday home games . The Athletics and White Sox will wear 1968 throwbacks April 17 to mark the 50th anniversary of the Athletics ' first season in Oakland . The Tigers and Royals will wear Negro Leagues throwbacks May 6 . The Tigers will wear the uniforms of the Detroit Stars , and the Royals will wear the uniforms of the Kansas City Monarchs . The Marlins will wear 1993 throwbacks June 8 - 10 to mark their 25th anniversary . The Mariners will mark the 20th anniversary of their 1998 `` Turn Ahead the Clock '' promotion by wearing the uniforms from that game June 30 against Kansas City . The Rays wore throwbacks from their inaugural season on March 31 against the Boston Red Sox . They will wear these throwbacks again on June 9 against the Seattle Mariners , June 23rd against the New York Yankees and on September 8th against the Baltimore Orioles . Broadcast rights ( edit ) Television ( edit ) National ( edit ) This is the fifth year of the current eight - year deals with Fox Sports , ESPN and TBS . Fox will air eight weeks of baseball on Saturday Nights leading up to the 2018 Major League Baseball All - Star Game which will also air on Fox . Fox will then televise Saturday afternoon games for the last four weeks of the regular season . FS1 will televise games on Tuesday and on Saturdays both during the afternoon and night . ESPN will televise games on its flagship telecast Sunday Night Baseball as well as Monday and Wednesday Nights . TBS will televise Sunday afternoon games for the last 13 weeks of the regular season . Fox and ESPN Sunday Night Baseball telecasts will be exclusive ; all other national telecasts will be subject to local blackout . TBS will televise the American League Wild Card Game , Division Series and Championship Series . ESPN will televise the National League Wild Card . Fox Sports 1 and MLB Network will televise the National League Division Series . Fox and Fox Sports 1 will televise the National League Championship Series . The World Series will air exclusively on Fox for the 19th consecutive year . Radio ( edit ) Local ( edit ) The Minnesota Twins will return to Entercom 's WCCO / Minneapolis after twelve years on KSTP , followed by the Twins - owned FM station KQGO ; WCCO has been the flagship for the Twins ' network for 46 of the team 's 58 years of existence . Entercom will also take over all existing play - by - play contracts from their newly acquired stations from CBS Radio after the two companies merged their radio assets on November 17 , 2017 . The Chicago White Sox will have a new flagship station in Tribune Broadcasting 's WGN / Chicago , after Cumulus Media asked to void their agreement to carry the team 's games on WLS as part of its Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing , and Cumulus ending several high - profile talent and sports rights agreements due to their cost . The deal allows WGN to return to MLB play - by - play after a three - year hiatus after the end of their long association with the Chicago Cubs , who moved to WBBM in the 2015 season , then WSCR in 2016 . WGN had previously carried White Sox broadcasts from 1927 until 1943 . The San Diego Padres will have a new flagship station , as they moved from Entercom 's KBZT to KEGY ( FM ) , the latter of which flipped from contemporary hit radio to hot talk branded as `` 97.3 The Machine ''. . National ( edit ) ESPN Radio will air its 21st season of national coverage , including Sunday Night Baseball , Saturday games , Opening Day and holiday games , the All - Star Game , and Home Run Derby , and the entire Major League Baseball postseason . Digital ( edit ) Nine regular season games will be broadcast exclusively in the United States on Facebook Watch , beginning with the April 4 game between the New York Mets and Philadelphia Phillies . Retired numbers ( edit ) Roy Halladay had his # 32 retired posthumously by the Toronto Blue Jays on March 29 . Barry Bonds will have his # 25 retired by the San Francisco Giants on August 11 . Jack Morris will have his # 47 retired by the Detroit Tigers on August 12 . Alan Trammell will have his # 3 retired by the Detroit Tigers on August 26 . See also ( edit ) 2018 in baseball 2018 Nippon Professional Baseball season References ( edit ) Jump up ^ October 31 is the date of a potential Game 7 of the World Series . The earliest the season can end is October 27 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark . `` 2018 Major League Baseball schedule released '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MLB minimum salary , 10 - day DL , the 187 - day season , and other CBA minutiae '' . True Blue LA ( SB Nation ) . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Major League Baseball schedule released '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Major League Baseball schedule released '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Shaikin , Bill . `` Dodgers and Padres set for Mexico series in May '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Shane . `` Indians , Twins to play in Puerto Rico in 2018 '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Trezza , Joe ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' MLB Little League Classic ' : Phillies , Mets to play game in Williamsport '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adler , David ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` MLB announces pace of play initiatives for ' 18 '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Mark ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Coppolella resigns as Braves ' general manager '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Scott ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` Braves Hire Alex Anthopoulos General Manager '' . Talking Chop.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rapaport , Daniel . `` Brad Ausmus Out as Tigers Manager After Season '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Tigers will hire Ron Gardenhire as manager '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Gelb , Matt . `` Phillies fire Pete Mackanin as manager '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Phillies tap Dodgers exec Gabe Kapler as next manager '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony ( October 1 , 2017 ) . `` Collins resigns , set to move to front - office role '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ `` Indians pitching coach Mick Callaway to be Mets ' new manager '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Red Sox dismiss Farrell after five seasons '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sox finalize 3 - year deal with Cora to manage '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dusty Baker wo n't return as Nationals manager '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Matz , Eddie ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sources : Davey Martinez is Nationals ' next pick for manager '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Girardi out as Yankees manager after 10 years '' . MLB.com . MLB . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Boone become next manager of the New York Yankees / '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheldon , Mark . `` Reds dismiss Price ; Riggleman named interim '' . mlb.com . MLB . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.yahoo.com/sports/george-springer-pulls-off-opening-day-feat-youve-never-seen-230711723.html Jump up ^ https://www.yahoo.com/sports/joe-panik-dodgers-number-powering-giants-historic-start-162243296.html Jump up ^ https://www.mlb.com/news/adrian-beltre-sets-latin-american-hits-record/c-270955046 Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/mlb/recap?gameId=380412109 Jump up ^ https://www.mlb.com/news/max-scherzer-pitches-shutout-steals-a-base/c-271495016 Jump up ^ https://www.mlb.com/cut4/roberto-osuna-might-break-mariano-riveras-record/c-271683282 Jump up ^ `` Detroit Tigers Honor Club Heritage with Unified Olde English ' D ' on Caps and Home Jerseys '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Indians removing Chief Wahoo logo from uniforms starting in 2019 season '' . www.cincinnati.com . January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland A 's to wear kelly green alternate jersey for Friday home games '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Nationals introduced new alternate jersey at WinterFest '' . www.federalbaseball.com . March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bucs announce new military jersey , cap for ' 18 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Reds support social movements with alternate uniforms '' . www.blogredmachine.com . March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Braves on Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Astros to wear special gold jerseys to celebrate World Series '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MLB unveils 2018 holiday & special event uniforms '' . mlb.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Royals on Twitter '' . Kansas City Royals . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Phillies to sport powder blue uniforms at select 2018 home games '' . NBCsports.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Athletics - Twitter '' . Oakland Athletics . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Salute to Negro Leagues Kansas City Royals '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Marlins will sport teal throwback jerseys to honor the 1993 season '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mariners - Twitter '' . Seattle Mariners . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Merkin , Scott ( 17 November 2017 ) . `` Twins radio broadcasts set to return to WCCO '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Feder , Robert ( 14 February 2018 ) . `` Play ball ! WGN Radio picks up White Sox '' . Robert Feder blog . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Phil ( 18 January 2018 ) . `` WLS - AM parent company asks court to end ' unprofitable ' White Sox , Bulls deals '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Castle , George ( 14 February 2018 ) . `` WGN - Radio and 720 signal best possible 2018 home for White Sox '' . Chicago Baseball Museum . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` As Padres Move To KEGY , Format Flip Expected '' . Inside Radio . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Acee , Kevin . `` Padres announce new radio home , spring broadcast schedule '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Padres Make 97.3 KEGY Its New Home Ahead of Flip '' . RadioInsight . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Lin , Dennis . `` Controversial radio host Dan Sileo will not be involved with Padres '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Former ALT 105 hosts of morning show Kevin Klein Live relocate to revive program in San Diego '' . SFGate . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 97.3 The Machine San Diego Debuts '' . RadioInsight. 2018 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` KEGY ( Energy 97.3 ) / San Diego Turns Off The Top 40 , Rocks Out In Prep For New Format '' . All Access . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` PHI - NYM airs exclusively on Facebook on Wed '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blue Jays retiring No. 32 for Roy Halladay . MLB.com . Published on February 12 , 2018 . Retrieved on February 12 , 2018 Jump up ^ Shea , John ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Giants retiring Barry Bonds ' jersey number : 25 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tigers to retire Trammell 's No. 3 , Morris ' No. 47 . MLB.com . Published on December 17 , 2017 . Retrieved on January 25 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) 2018 Major League Baseball season schedule 2018 MLB season by team AL East Baltimore Boston New York Tampa Bay Toronto AL Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Kansas City Minnesota AL West Houston Los Angeles Oakland Seattle Texas NL East Atlanta Miami New York Philadelphia Washington NL Central Chicago Cincinnati Milwaukee Pittsburgh St. Louis NL West Arizona Colorado Los Angeles San Diego San Francisco 2018 MLB draft 2018 All - Star Game 2018 World Series Major League Baseball seasons Pre-modern era Beginnings 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 Competition 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 NL monopoly 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 Modern era Deadball era 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 Liveball era 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 World War II 1942 1943 1944 1945 Postwar 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 First expansion 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 Birth of division play 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1993 Wildcard begins Wildcard expansion 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 See also Major League Baseball schedule Major League Baseball Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Major_League_Baseball_season&oldid=837237418 '' Categories : Current baseball seasons 2018 Major League Baseball season Major League Baseball seasons Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 15 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%20Major%20League%20Baseball%20season

when did the nfl change to a 16 game schedule

From 1961 through 1977 , the NFL schedule consisted of fourteen regular season games played over fourteen weeks , except in 1966 . Opening weekend typically was the weekend after Labor Day , or rarely two weekends after Labor Day . Teams played six or seven exhibition games . In 1966 ( and 1960 ) , the NFL had an odd number of franchises , so one team was idle each week . In 1978 , the league changed the schedule to include sixteen regular season games and four exhibition games . From 1978 through 1989 , the sixteen games were played over sixteen weeks .

1978

NFL regular season

nfl regular season

The National Football League ( NFL ) regular season begins the weekend after Labor Day in early September and ends in December or early January . It consists of 256 games , where each team ( 32 total ) plays 16 games during a 17 - week period . Since 2012 , the NFL schedule generally has games in one of five time slots during the week . The first game of the week is played on Thursday night , kicking off at 8 : 25 PM ( ET ) . The majority of games are played on Sunday , most kicking off at 1 : 00 PM ( ET ) , some late afternoon games starting at 4 : 05 or 4 : 25 PM ( ET ) . Additionally , one Sunday night game is played every week at 8 : 30 PM ( ET ) . One Monday night game then starts at 8 : 30 PM ( ET ) every week with the exception of the first week of the regular season , in which two Monday night games are played back - to - back ( the second game always occurring on the West coast ) , as well as the last week of the season , in which no Monday night game is held . In addition to these regularly scheduled games , there are occasionally games at other times , such as a Saturday afternoon or evening , or the annual Thanksgiving Day games in which three games are played . During the final week of the regular season , all games are held on Sunday .

In place since 2006 , the current broadcasting contract establishes broadcast partners for each game . The Sunday afternoon games are broadcast either on CBS or Fox . CBS has the broadcast rights for teams in the American Football Conference while Fox has the rights for teams in the National Football Conference . In games where teams from both conferences play each other , the network with the broadcast rights for the `` away '' team will broadcast the game . In each local television market , three Sunday afternoon games are shown . One of the two networks gets a doubleheader , while the other network has the right to broadcast a single game ; the networks alternate weeks when each has the right to the doubleheader . Doubleheader games are broadcast at 1 : 00 ( ET ) and 4 : 25 PM ( ET ) . The network with the single game will have an official kick - off time at either 1 : 00 PM ( ET ) or 4 : 05 PM ( ET ) . In addition to the regular Sunday afternoon games , there are three prime time games each week . The Thursday night game is broadcast by the NFL Network ( with , starting in 2016 , five of those Thursday games also being simulcast by CBS and another five on NBC ) . The Sunday night game is broadcast by NBC , while the Monday night game is broadcast by ESPN . The NFL uses a strict scheduling algorithm to determine which teams play each other from year to year , based on the current division alignments and the final division standings from the previous season . The current formula has been in place since 2002 , the last year that the NFL expanded its membership . Generally , each team plays the other three teams in its own division twice , all four teams from a single division in the AFC once , all four teams from a single division in the NFC once , and two additional intraconference games based on the standings from the previous season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Game times 2 History 3 Scheduling formula 3.1 Current formula 3.2 Past formulas 3.2. 1 1995 -- 1998 NFL scheduling formula 3.2. 2 1978 -- 1994 NFL scheduling formula 3.2. 3 Regular season expansion proposals 4 Scheduled division matchups 5 Regular season games played outside the U.S. 6 Disruptions of the schedule 6.1 Conflicts with other sports leagues and organizations 6.2 Labor disputes 6.3 Natural disasters 6.4 Other major news events 7 See also 8 References Game times ( edit ) Main article : NFL on television Since 1990 , the majority of NFL regular - season games are played on Sundays at 1 pm , or around 4 : 00 to 4 : 25pm ET ( see below ) , with the late afternoon ( ET ) games usually reserved either for matches hosted in the Pacific Time Zone or Mountain Time Zone , or for one or more marquee contests . The current NFL television contract awards the American broadcast of these games to Fox or CBS , with Fox showing games where the visiting team is from the NFC and CBS showing games where the visiting team is from the AFC . Each of these Sunday afternoon games is televised on a regional basis to a few or several areas around the country . On each Sunday of the regular season , either CBS or Fox air two games in a doubleheader package , while the other network may show only one game . Late games scheduled to air on the network showing only one game are scheduled to start at 4 : 00pm EST , while the second game of a doubleheader will kick off later at 4 : 25pm ; this is to avoid conflicts with 1 : 00pm games that have run late . The schedule allows for 4 other regular time slots , in which these games are broadcast nationally across the country : One Sunday night game , which has been regularly scheduled since 1987 , and has aired on NBC since 2006 . One Monday Night Football game , which has been regularly scheduled since 1970 , and has been appearing on ESPN since 2006 . Also since 2006 , two games have been on the first Monday of the season . The practice of holding a Monday night game during the last week of the season ended after the 2002 season due to , among other reasons , low ratings , and a competitive imbalance involved for potential playoff teams who would have one less day of rest before the postseason . On Thursday nights since 2006 , one game has been played and aired on the NFL Network on the weeks including and after Thanksgiving Day . In addition , during the day on Thanksgiving , the NFL has played Thanksgiving Day games since 1920 ; by tradition the Dallas Cowboys and the Detroit Lions always host these afternoon games , and in recent years there has been a night game as well on Thanksgiving . Beginning with the 2012 season , the NFL has played games on Thursday nights for the whole season . Should there be a need for it , an occasional Saturday afternoon or night game , only in mid to late December , due to the Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961 . December Saturday games have been a part of the schedule every season since 1970 , except for 2013 . Since the 2006 season , the NFL has used a `` flexible scheduling '' system for the last seven weeks of the regular season when there is a Sunday night game . In 2014 , that was expanded to include weeks 5 -- 17 . Flex scheduling ensures quality matchups on Sunday nights and it allows for surprise teams to play in primetime . History ( edit ) Number of regular season games per team 1935 -- 1936 12 games 1937 -- 1942 , 1946 11 games ( 12 weeks ) 1943 -- 1945 10 games ( 12 weeks ) 1947 -- 1960 12 games ( variable weeks ) 1961 -- 1965 , 1967 - 1977 14 games ( 14 weeks ) 1966 14 games ( 15 weeks , odd number of teams ) 1978 -- 1981 , 1983 -- 1986 , 1988 -- 1989 16 games ( 16 weeks ) 1982 9 games ( 17 weeks , strike ) 15 games ( 16 weeks , strike ) 1990 -- 1992 , 1994 -- 2000 , 2002 -- present 16 games ( 17 weeks ) 1993 16 games ( 18 weeks , additional bye week ) 2001 16 games ( 18 weeks , September 11 attacks ) In its early years after 1920 , the NFL did not have a set schedule , and teams played as few as eight and as many as sixteen games , many against independent professional , college , or amateur teams . From 1926 through 1946 , they played from eleven to fourteen games per season , depending on the number of teams in the league . From 1947 through 1960 , each NFL team played 12 games per season . The American Football League began play in 1960 and introduced a balanced schedule of 14 games per team over a fifteen - week season , in which each of the eight teams played each of the other teams twice , with one bye week . Competition from the new league caused the NFL to expand and follow suit with a fourteen - game schedule in 1961 . Also in 1961 , the U.S. Congress passed the Sports Broadcasting Act in response to a court decision which ruled that the NFL 's method of negotiating television broadcasting rights violated antitrust laws . The law allows the league to sell the rights to all regular season and postseason games to the networks , but prohibits the league from directly competing with high school and college football games . Since high school and college teams typically play games on Friday and Saturday , respectively , the NFL can not hold games on those days until those seasons generally end in mid-December . From 1961 through 1977 , the NFL schedule consisted of fourteen regular season games played over fourteen weeks , except in 1966 . Opening weekend typically was the weekend after Labor Day , or rarely two weekends after Labor Day . Teams played six or seven exhibition games . In 1966 ( and 1960 ) , the NFL had an odd number of franchises , so one team was idle each week . In 1978 , the league changed the schedule to include sixteen regular season games and four exhibition games . From 1978 through 1989 , the sixteen games were played over sixteen weeks . In 1990 , the NFL re-introduced a bye week to the schedule , which it had not had since 1966 . Each team played sixteen regular season games over seventeen weeks . During the season , on a rotating basis , each team would have the weekend off . As a result , opening weekend was moved up to Labor Day weekend . The league had an odd number of teams ( 31 ) from 1999 to 2001 . During that period , at least one team had to be given a bye on any given week . For the 1993 season , the league experimented with the schedule by adding a second bye week for each team , resulting in an 18 - week regular season . In 2001 , the September 11th attacks resulted in the league postponing its week 2 games , leading to another 18 - week season . Since the 2002 season , the league has scheduled a nationally televised regular season kickoff game on the Thursday night after Labor Day , prior to the first Sunday of NFL games to kick off the season . The first one , featuring the San Francisco 49ers and the New York Giants , was held on September 5 , 2002 largely to celebrate New York City 's resilience in the wake of the September 11 , 2001 attacks . Since 2004 , the NFL has indicated that the opening game will normally be hosted by the defending Super Bowl champions as the official start of their title defense . Under this scheduling system , the earliest the regular season could begin is September 4 , as it was in the 2008 and 2014 seasons , due to September 1 falling on a Monday , while the latest possible is September 10 , as it was in the 2009 and 2015 seasons , due to September 1 falling on a Tuesday . Scheduling formula ( edit ) Current formula ( edit ) POS NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West 1st Eagles Vikings Saints Seahawks 2nd Cowboys Lions Panthers Rams 3rd Redskins Packers Falcons Cardinals 4th Giants Bears Buccaneers 49ers POS AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West 1st Patriots Steelers Jaguars Chiefs 2nd Bills Ravens Titans Chargers 3rd Dolphins Bengals Colts Raiders 4th Jets Browns Texans Broncos This chart of the 2017 season standings displays an application of the NFL scheduling formula . The Philadelphia Eagles in 2017 ( highlighted in green ) finished in first place in the NFC East . Thus , in 2018 , the Eagles will play two games against each of its division rivals ( highlighted in light blue ) , one game against each team in the NFC South and AFC South ( highlighted in yellow ) , and one game each against the first - place finishers in the NFC North and NFC West ( highlighted in orange ) . Currently , the thirteen different opponents each team faces over the 16 - game regular season schedule are set using a pre-determined formula : Each team plays twice against each of the other three teams in its division : once at home , and once on the road ( six games ) . Each team plays once against each of the four teams from another division within its own conference , with the assigned division based on a three - year rotation : two at home , and two on the road ( four games ) . Each team plays once against one team from each of the remaining two divisions within its conference , based on the final division standings from the prior season : one at home , one on the road ( two games ) . Each team plays once against each of the four teams from a division in the other conference , with the assigned division based on a four - year rotation : two at home , and two on the road ( four games ) . Under this formula , all teams are guaranteed to play every other team in their own conference at least once every three years , and to play every team in the other conference exactly once every four years . The formula also guarantees a similar schedule for every team in a division each season , as all four teams will play fourteen out of their sixteen games against common opponents or each other . Non-divisional intraconference match - ups can occur over consecutive years if two teams happen to finish in the same place consistently . For example , even though the Colts and Patriots are in different divisions within the same conference , the two teams played each other every season between 2003 and 2012 , largely because both teams often finished in first place in their divisions each previous season . Similarly , the Redskins and the Rams played each other each season from 2008 to 2012 because both teams often landed in fourth place in their divisions . Outside intradivisional match - ups ( each of which is played twice - yearly ) , the home team for each match - up is also determined by the league according to a set rotation designed to largely alternate home and away designations over successive years . This rotation was slightly adjusted in 2010 for teams playing against the NFC West and AFC West , after several east - coast teams ( such as the New England Patriots and New York Jets in 2008 ) all had to make four cross-country trips to play games in San Diego , San Francisco , Oakland , and Seattle in one season . Although this scheduling formula determines each of the thirty - two teams ' respective opponents , the league usually does not release the final regular schedule with specific dates and times until the spring ; the NFL needs several months to coordinate the entire season schedule to align with various secondary objectives , such as accommodating various scheduling conflicts and maximizing potential TV ratings . Since 2010 , the last week of the regular season has consisted solely of divisional match - ups , in an attempt to discourage playoff - bound teams from resting their starters and playing their reserves . Past formulas ( edit ) Prior to 2002 ( when the league expanded to 32 teams ) the league used similar scheduling rubrics , though they were adjusted for the number of teams and divisions . From 1970 to 1994 , and again from 1999 to 2001 , the league did not have equal numbers of teams in every division , so not every team 's opposition could be determined by the same means . While teams playing against their division rivals twice each has been a tradition since at least the AFL -- NFL merger , not all teams would play the same amount of divisional games between the divisions due to the imbalances that had existed . The AFC Central in between 1999 and 2001 , consisting of six teams resulting in part from the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy , forced teams to play ten intradivision games in a 16 - game schedule . The only time since the merger that the league has been completely `` balanced '' has been from 1995 to 1998 ( with six divisions of five teams each ) and since 2002 ( with eight divisions of four teams each ) . From 1978 up to 2002 , most teams always played four of the teams from a division in the other conference on a rotating basis ( with certain exceptions differing between time periods ) , while lacking a rotary schedule within its own conference ; this meant that while a team would be more likely to play every team in the other conference on a regular basis , they could go far longer without playing every team in their own . For example , between 1970 ( when the leagues merged ) and 2002 ( when the current schedule was introduced ) the Denver Broncos and the Miami Dolphins played only 6 times , including a stretch where they met only once between 1976 and 1997 . POS AFC East AFC Central AFC West 1st Bills Bengals Raiders 2nd Dolphins Oilers Chiefs 3rd Colts Steelers Seahawks 4th Jets Browns Chargers 5th Patriots Broncos POS NFC East NFC Central NFC West 1st Giants Bears 49ers 2nd Eagles Buccaneers Saints 3rd Redskins Lions Rams 4th Cowboys Packers Falcons 5th Cardinals Vikings This is an example of the formula used for determining opponents for teams that finished in last place in each of the five - team divisions between 1978 and 1994 , when the league consisted of 28 teams playing 16 games each . The 1990 New England Patriots finished in last place in the AFC East . Therefore , in 1991 , they played all of their division rivals ( marked in red ) twice each , one game against each team in the four - team AFC Central ( marked in yellow ) , two games against the last - place finisher in the AFC West ( marked in orange ) , and one game each against the last - place finishers in the NFC East and NFC Central ( marked in blue ) . POS AFC East AFC Central AFC West 1st Patriots Steelers Broncos 2nd Bills Bengals Chiefs 3rd Colts Jaguars Chargers 4th Dolphins Oilers Raiders 5th Jets Ravens Seahawks POS NFC East NFC Central NFC West 1st Cowboys Packers Panthers 2nd Eagles Vikings 49ers 3rd Redskins Bears Rams 4th Cardinals Buccaneers Falcons 5th Giants Lions Saints This is an example of the formula used for determining a team 's opponents between 1995 and 1998 , when the league consisted of six divisions of five teams each . The 1996 San Francisco 49ers finished in 2nd place in the NFC West . Therefore , in 1997 , the 49ers played all their division rivals ( marked in red ) twice each , one game each against the other second - place finishers in the NFC ( marked in orange ) , one game against one additional team in the NFC East and NFC Central , and one game against each team in the AFC West ( marked in yellow ) except for the 4th - place Raiders . 1995 -- 1998 NFL scheduling formula ( edit ) When the divisions were balanced between 1995 and 1998 , each team would play a home and away series against their divisional rivals ( 8 games ) , two teams from each of the other divisions within the conference ( two having finished the same place , and two others determined by where they placed in the standings ) , and four teams from a division in the other conference by the aforementioned rotary basis ( where the team placed in the standings determines which team in the interconference division they will not play , and that team would have the `` polar opposite '' place ( i.e. : 1st is the polar opposite of 5th ) in their division ) . An example of which can be seen to the right . 1978 -- 1994 NFL scheduling formula ( edit ) The scheduling formula before 1995 was very similar , except in a modified format to fit not having fully balanced divisions . During these years , teams in five - team divisions who did not finish last would not normally face a 5th place team outside their division , whether or not those teams were intraconference . There was a special so - called `` last place '' or `` fifth - place '' schedule for teams who finished in last place in a five - team division . In addition to their division games , a team who finished in last place in the previous season would also primarily play the other teams who finished in last place in their respective divisions ( the intraconference one would be played twice to fill a void otherwise taken by a third team that finished the same place ) , plus all the clubs in the four team division in their conference . An example of this is also shown to the right . The teams in a four - team division played only six divisional games , as opposed to the eight that teams in five - team divisions had played . This void would be filled by having to play against the 5th place teams in their conference in addition to their regular scheduling , hence tying to the `` fifth - place '' schedule . Regular season expansion proposals ( edit ) There have been proposals to expand the regular season schedule to 17 or 18 games per team . Current Commissioner Roger Goodell has said he favors expanding it to 18 games . However , a longer regular season proposal was defeated in the 2011 labor negotiations between the owners and the players association . One of the proposals for the 17th and 18th games is to have every team play at least one game abroad every year . Another idea being put forth by Houston Texans owner Bob McNair is to move the traditional regional rivalries that are currently played in the preseason ( such as the Governor 's Cups ) into a permanent annual part of each NFL team 's schedule . The NFL Players ' Association opposes extending the season , largely because of injury concerns , and extending the season would require that such an extension be included in the next collective bargaining agreement . The collective bargaining agreement signed in 2011 maintained the sixteen game regular season schedule . Scheduled division matchups ( edit ) This chart displays the current schedule of division match - ups , based on the three - year intra-conference and four - year inter-conference rotations in place since 2002 . In each year , all four teams in each division listed at the top will play one game against all four teams in both of the divisions to which it has been assigned -- one from the AFC , the other from the NFC . Scheduled division matchups Season Conf . AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West 2018 AFC South West East North South East North West NFC North South East West South West East North 2019 AFC North East West South East West South North NFC East West South North North East West South 2020 AFC West South North East North South West East NFC West East North South West South North East 2021 AFC South West East North West North East South NFC South North West East South West East North Regular season games played outside the U.S. ( edit ) Main article : NFL International Series To date , several NFL regular season games have been played outside the U.S. The first was the 2005 game between the Arizona Cardinals and the San Francisco 49ers , which was played in Mexico City . In October 2006 , NFL club owners approved a plan to stage up to two international regular season games per season beginning in 2007 and continuing through at least 2011 . The New York Giants and the Miami Dolphins played at Wembley Stadium in London on October 28 , 2007 for the first of these games . A second game in London took place on Sunday 26 October 2008 , when the San Diego Chargers took on the nominal ' home team ' New Orleans Saints , also at Wembley . The New England Patriots were the designated visitors when they beat the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 35 - 7 on October 25 , 2009 . The long term plan was originally to have two international games played every year , on a 16 - year rotating schedule that would guarantee that each team would get to play twice over that span : once as the home team and once as the away team . This was abandoned when the St. Louis Rams , who are co-owned with Arsenal , a prominent soccer team in London , signed a three - year agreement to be the home team in the International Series games in London . This plan has since been re-established after the Rams announced that they would not be returning to England in 2013 ; the Rams would return to London as host team in 2016 . Since , the NFL has announced that the Jacksonville Jaguars will play one home game a season at Wembley , up to and including 2016 , later extended to 2020 . Their first game , versus the San Francisco 49ers , saw the 49ers winning comfortably . A second game was played at Wembley for the first time , with the Minnesota Vikings hosting and beating the Pittsburgh Steelers . Meanwhile , a record three fixtures were announced from the 2014 season , with the Jacksonville Jaguars hosting the Dallas Cowboys , the Atlanta Falcons hosting the Detroit Lions and the Oakland Raiders hosting the Miami Dolphins at Wembley . The Buffalo Bills played one regular season game each year from 2008 through 2013 in Toronto as part of the Bills Toronto Series ; two preseason games were also played as part of the same series . Poor ticket sales , fan disgust in Buffalo and the death of Bills owner Ralph Wilson prompted the cancellation of the series in 2014 . Disruptions of the schedule ( edit ) See also : Canceled NFL games and Temporary NFL home stadiums Conflicts with other Sports leagues and organizations ( edit ) From the beginnings of the NFL , most teams shared stadiums with Major League Baseball teams , with the MLB teams holding leases giving them priority . The NFL was required to schedule around September baseball games . In October , this frequently resulted in NFL teams having to reschedule on short notice if the MLB team in their city made the playoffs . On some occasions , the NFL game could be moved to Saturday or Monday . The NFL would often schedule October division games so that teams would be able to swap home game dates if it appeared that the MLB playoff schedule would make a stadium unavailable to the NFL . Perhaps the most extreme case was in 1973 , when the New York Jets played at Shea Stadium and were forced to play their first six games on the road due to the Mets playing in the World Series . As more MLB teams started to move into baseball - only stadiums by the 1990s and 2000s , this became less of a problem . Currently , the only remaining shared NFL - MLB venue is the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , which houses the Oakland Raiders and the Oakland Athletics . Additionally , three NFL teams currently share a venue with a Major League Soccer team -- the New England Patriots share Gillette Stadium with the New England Revolution , while the Seattle Seahawks share CenturyLink Field with the Seattle Sounders FC and the Los Angeles Chargers share the StubHub Center with the LA Galaxy . However , there are some NFL and MLB venues that share parking lots -- most notably , the respective teams in Philadelphia , Baltimore and Seattle . In 2013 , the Super Bowl XLVII champion Baltimore Ravens were forced to open on the road due to this fact , as their MLB counterparts , the Baltimore Orioles , were scheduled at home on the same day as the Week 1 NFL Kickoff game and declined to either reschedule or relocate their game . ( MLB typically releases the schedule for an upcoming season during September of the previous season , forcing the NFL to accommodate the scheduling needs of teams who share parking lots or stadiums with MLB teams , while MLS typically releases their season schedule well ahead of the NFL 's schedule release . ) The Super Bowl XLVIII champion Seattle Seahawks averted this conflict for the 2014 season opener , as their MLB counterparts , the Seattle Mariners , played on the road ; their respective venues also share the same parking lot . The Seattle Sounders FC also played on the road during the opening week of the 2014 NFL season , assuring no scheduling conflicts . The Buffalo Bills also hosted one game a year at the Rogers Centre , which is the home of the Toronto Blue Jays , but this was only an issue in the preseason , since all such regular season games were scheduled after the end of the MLB World Series . NFL teams have also shared stadiums with NCAA college football teams and bowl games , either temporarily or permanently , but the Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961 prohibits the NFL from scheduling games on the same days as college football games . Labor disputes ( edit ) The 1982 and 1987 seasons were both shortened by labor disputes . The 1982 strike lasted 57 days . Weeks 3 through 10 were canceled , but an additional week was added to make a 9 - game schedule . The 1982 playoff matchups were determined by conference standings only . The 1987 strike and subsequent lockout lasted 24 days but only one week of the schedule was lost . Weeks 4 through 6 were played with replacement players . The rest of the season was played as originally scheduled , for a total of 15 games per team . In the event that the 2011 NFL season had been disrupted because of a then - ongoing labor dispute , the NFL had arranged its schedule to facilitate easier cancellations and postponements . In addition to an emergency scenario of an eight - game schedule beginning in late November , the NFL also arranged its full - length schedule such that weeks 2 and 4 had no division games , week 17 had all division games , and all week 3 matchups could be moved into each team 's respective bye week . The league also had a contingency plan to postpone Super Bowl XLVI one week , which ( assuming a full playoff schedule ) would allow a 13 - game schedule with five division games for each team to be played beginning as late as October 16 . Natural disasters ( edit ) Several games have been postponed or relocated because of natural disasters . A few days before the start of the 2005 NFL Season , the Louisiana Superdome was severely damaged by Hurricane Katrina , and much of the city of New Orleans was destroyed . The New Orleans Saints ' eight scheduled home games were moved to other locations , including Giants Stadium , the Alamodome in San Antonio , and Tiger Stadium on the campus of Louisiana State University . On September 14 , 2008 , the Houston Texans were scheduled to host the Baltimore Ravens . The game was postponed until November 9 because of Hurricane Ike ( which caused some damage to Reliant Stadium ) and several other changes had to be made to the schedule . The roof of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome collapsed on December 12 , 2010 after a severe heavy snowstorm , resulting in the stadium being unusable for the remainder of the season . The last two of the Minnesota Vikings ' home games had to be moved : one to Ford Field in Detroit ( which also led to the game being postponed the following Monday night ) and another to TCF Bank Stadium , the University of Minnesota 's college football stadium . The Miami Dolphins have been involved in a number of games that were moved to a different time and date . A few of those games would include 1992 against the New England Patriots ( Hurricane Andrew ) , 2004 against the Tennessee Titans ( Hurricane Ivan ) and the Pittsburgh Steelers ( Hurricane Jeanne ) , 2005 against the Kansas City Chiefs ( Hurricane Wilma ) , 2017 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( Hurricane Irma ) , and others . In December 2010 , a Minnesota Vikings -- Philadelphia Eagles game originally scheduled for the afternoon of Sunday , December 26 , a time at which it could have been successfully completed , had two weeks earlier been flexed by NBC to Sunday night and was postponed to Tuesday , December 28 , due to a strong Nor'easter . In 2014 , the Week 12 visit of the Jets to Buffalo was moved to Detroit ( and from Sunday to Monday ) due to severe snow in Western New York the previous week . Other Major news events ( edit ) The American Football League , the precursor to today 's American Football Conference , postponed Week 12 of the 1963 season because of the assassination of President Kennedy , on Friday , November 22 . The AFL 's games were made up by adding a 15th week to a 14 - week schedule . The older and more established National Football League went ahead and played as scheduled on Sunday , November 24 , 1963 . In 2001 , Week 2 of the season was postponed because of the September 11 attacks . At the end of the originally planned 17 - week schedule , Week 2 games were played on Sunday , January 6 and Monday , January 7 , 2002 . The post-season schedule was moved back a week , including Super Bowl XXXVI due to the lack of a bye week before the game . See also ( edit ) List of National Football League seasons NFL preseason NFL playoffs Major League Baseball schedule Season structure of the NHL References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CBS & NBC To Share ' Thursday Night Football ' With NFL Network ; League Eyes `` Tri-Cast '' With Digital Partner `` . Deadline.com . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ NFL pushes late doubleheader games back to 4 : 25 p.m. ET Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/flexible-schedules ^ Jump up to : Sensei , Andrew . `` Sports Law '' . Tulane University Law School . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 2002 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Niners edge Giants on late field goal 16 - 13 '' . NFL.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Creating the NFL Schedule NFL Football Operations '' . operations.nfl.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Scales , Kristi . `` SCHEDULE RELEASE : SO HOW DOES THE NFL DETERMINE THE COWBOYS ' SCHEDULE ? '' . 5 Points Blue . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=4009230 NFL to make West Coast road format more reasonable Jump up ^ `` NFL schedule navigated World Series , other conflicts '' . Sports Business Journal . April 26 , 2010 . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Battista , Judy ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` The Art and Science of Scheduling Meet in the N.F.L. Office '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL 's final week only division games '' . ESPN . April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Vs. Miami Dolphins '' . The Football Database . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Yahoo ! Sports Jump up ^ N.F.L. Owners Will Vote to Lengthen Season , Goodell Says Jump up ^ http://aol.sportingnews.com/nfl/story/2011-07-26/no-18-game-season-is-a-victory-for-the-nfls-players Jump up ^ Associated Press . NFL looking closely at expanding to 17 games with international flavor ESPN.com , 10 May 2007 . Jump up ^ If NFL adopts suggestion for annual regional rivalries , what would they be ? . USA Today ( 2010 - 10 - 19 ) . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution approved for international games '' . NFL.com. 2006 - 10 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` London to host 2007 regular - season game '' . NFL.com. 2007 - 01 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Dolphins will host Giants in a game in London '' . ESPN.com. 2007 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Game report on BBC website Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Gasper , Christopher L. ( October 26 , 2009 ) . `` Towers of London '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000270612/article/colin-kaepernick-leads-san-francisco-49ers-over-jacksonville-jaguars Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013092906/2013/REG4/steelers@vikings#menu=highlights&tab=recap&recap=fullstory Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000268789/article/six-nfl-teams-set-for-2014-international-series-games-in-london Jump up ^ `` Pats Coach Says Hurricane Andrew Has Hurt His Team '' . Sun Sentinel . October 15 , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Jeanne moves back Steelers - Dolphins '' . USA Today . September 26 , 2004 . Jump up ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2198438 Jump up ^ `` To avoid Wilma , NFL moves Chiefs - Dolphins game to Friday '' . USA Today . October 21 , 2005 . National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NFL_regular_season&oldid=833825337 '' Categories : National Football League Moveable holidays ( US Labor Day date based ) Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 16 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL%20regular%20season

where is earls court on the tube map

Earl 's Court tube station

earl's court tube station

Earl 's Court is a London Underground station on the District and Piccadilly lines . The station is in both fare zones 1 and 2 . The station is located in the Earl 's Court area of central London , with the eastern entrance on Earl 's Court Road and the western entrance on Warwick Road ( both part of A3220 ) . It is a step - free tube station ; Earls Court Road entrance provides lift access between street and platform .

On the Piccadilly line the station is between Barons Court and Gloucester Road . It is the major junction of the District line , with West Brompton , Kensington ( Olympia ) and West Kensington to the west , High Street Kensington to the north and Gloucester Road to the east . The Earl 's Court train crew depot is situated within the station buildings towards the Warwick Road side of the station ; it includes booking - on point , mess room and canteen facilities . There are train stabling roads below nearby Hogart Road . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Name 3 Gallery 4 Connections 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) On 12 April 1869 , the District Railway ( DR , now the District line ) opened tracks through Earl 's Court as part of a south - westward extension from its station at Gloucester Road to West Brompton where the DR opened an interchange with the West London Extension Joint Railway ( WLEJR , now the West London Line ) . At its opening , the extension had no intermediate station . Overhead view of the District line platforms at Earl 's Court The 1870s was a busy decade for the DR . On 3 July 1871 the DR opened a northward link from the West Brompton branch which connected to the Inner Circle ( now the Circle line ) south of High Street Kensington . Shortly afterwards , on 30 October 1871 , the DR opened its first station at Earl 's Court . The original station was on the east side of Earls Court Road rather than the west . On 1 February 1872 , the DR opened a northbound branch west of Earl 's Court station to the WLEJR which it connected to at Addison Road ( now Kensington Olympia ) . From that date the `` Outer Circle '' service began running over the DR 's tracks . The service was run by the North London Railway ( NLR ) from its terminus at Broad Street ( now demolished ) in the City of London via the North London Line to Willesden Junction , then the West London Line to Addison Road and the DR to Mansion House -- at that time the eastern terminus of the DR . From 1 August 1872 , the `` Middle Circle '' service also began operations through Earl 's Court running from Moorgate along the Metropolitan Railway 's ( MR 's ) tracks on the north side of the Inner Circle to Paddington then over the Hammersmith & City Railway ( H&CR ) track to Latimer Road then , via a now demolished link , to the West London Line to Addison Road and the DR to Mansion House . The service was operated jointly by the H&CR and the DR . On 9 September 1874 another extension was opened which took the DR west from Earl 's Court to West Kensington and Hammersmith . Trains from Earl 's Court could then travel via five different routes and the station 's efficient operation was central to the DR 's success . Unfortunately , the location of the station close to the eastern junction meant that the original station was congested . A fire on 30 November 1875 damaged the station and a more substantial replacement was built to the west of Earls Court Road . It was opened on 1 February 1878 . On 5 May 1878 The Midland Railway began running a circuitous service known as the `` Super Outer Circle '' from St Pancras to Earl 's Court via Cricklewood and South Acton . It operated over a now disused connection between the NLR and the London and South Western Railway 's branch to Richmond ( now part of the District line ) . The service was not a success and was ended on 30 September 1880 . By the start of the 20th century competition from buses and the new electric trams was eroding passenger numbers and to make itself more competitive the DR began planning for the electrification of its services . An experimental service was operated for six months in 1900 when electric trains were tested over the section of track between Earl 's Court and High Street Kensington . Following protracted negotiations with the MR over the method of electrification to be used the first electrified section of the DR was opened in 1903 . Electric services through Earl 's Court were begun on 1 July 1905 . The eastbound Piccadilly line platform The first decade of the 20th century saw other developments at Earl 's Court station . On 30 June 1900 The Middle Circle service was withdrawn east of Earl 's Court which became the terminus of the service until 31 January 1905 when the service was cut back again to terminate at Addison Road . On 15 December 1906 , the Great Northern , Piccadilly and Brompton Railway ( GNP&BR , now the Piccadilly line ) opened between Hammersmith and Finsbury Park serving Earl 's Court from platforms in deep tube tunnels constructed beneath the surface station . Unlike at Gloucester Road and South Kensington , other stations served by both the District and Piccadilly lines , a new building to house the lifts to the deep level platforms was not required . Instead space was provided within the existing station shed , near Earls Court Road , and the lifts descended directly to platform level without the need for intermediate stairs below ground . On 31 December 1908 , Earl 's Court became the terminus of the Outer Circle service when services east of the station to Mansion House ended . By this date the service was operated by the London and North Western Railway ( LNWR , successor to the NLR ) . It was reduced again in 1912 to a shuttle service operating between Willesden Junction and Earl 's Court only . The lift access was supplemented in 1911 by the London Underground 's first escalators . These operated from the GNP&BR platforms up to new passageways beneath the sub-surface District platforms . `` Bumper '' Harris , a one - legged engineer , rode the escalators on the first day of operation to reassure passengers of their safety . A new station building on Earls Court Road was constructed to a design by Harry Ford in 1915 . The Warwick Road entrance was rebuilt in between 1936 and 1937 in the modern brick and glass style being employed by London Underground at the time . During World War II , bomb damage to the West London Line caused the closure of the line and the Willesden to Earl 's Court shuttle last ran on 2 October 1940 . The section to Kensington ( Olympia ) was reopened on 20 December 1946 but ran only when exhibitions were open at Olympia . An additional glass rotunda was built on top of the Warwick Court entrance in the 1960s to house the station 's operation room . Between 1986 and 2011 , the Kensington ( Olympia ) service was operated full - time throughout the week , running regardless of whether an exhibition was open . From December 2011 onwards , it reverted to operating only during exhibitions . In the 1990s additional lifts for the mobility impaired were added from the District line platforms to a new overbridge which was connected to the high level walkway which joins the two station entrances . As of November 2007 , the station began undergoing further construction to repair the roof . From 17 December 2008 the scaffolding for the repaired roof has been removed and the platform restored to its original state . The station is ' Grade II ' listed as being of architectural and historical interest . At the 2009 National Railway Heritage Awards the reconstruction of the station 's train shed roof gained a certificate of merit for the quality of the work carried out . ( hide ) Railways around Earl 's Court Legend Piccadilly line to Heathrow or Uxbridge District line to Richmond or Ealing Broadway Barons Court West Kensington Lillie Bridge depot District line to Wimbledon Kensington ( Olympia ) West London Line to Clapham Junction West London Line to Willesden Junction West Brompton Earl 's Court Gloucester Road High Street Kensington Piccadilly line to Cockfosters District and Circle lines to Edgware Road District and Circle lines via Tower Hill Name ( edit ) Since 1951 , the station name has been spelt with an apostrophe on the tube map although the name of the local area is generally spelt without . Prior to 1951 tube and rail maps generally show the station name without the apostrophe and on the station buildings the name has variously appeared with and without the apostrophe . The name of the local area has always been shown with an apostrophe on Ordnance Survey maps , and also by A-Z , but other mapmakers do not use one . Some wonder if there is a reason why the apostrophe is used for Earl 's Court station but not for the nearby Barons Court . William Palliser developed the Barons Court estate . A book in the Society of Genealogists , annotated in pencil by R. Burnet Morris who knew Sir William personally , provides a history of the area . Morris declared Barons Court was named `` after Sir William 's Irish Estates '' , Baronscourt . As a result , unlike its neighbouring station , Earl 's Court , it is not written with an apostrophe . Gallery ( edit ) Warwick Road entrance , with rotunda above Next - train indicators on the District line platforms District line eastbound platform District line platforms in 1999 . Note the crowded staircase behind the train . Connections ( edit ) London Buses routes 74 , 328 , 430 , C1 and C3 and night routes N31 , N74 and N97 serve the station . See also ( edit ) Earls Court Exhibition Centre References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Step free Tube Guide '' ( PDF ) . Transport for London . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 3 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Multi-year station entry - and - exit figures '' ( XLS ) . London Underground station passenger usage data . Transport for London . March 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Walking stick belonging to William ' Bumper ' Harris , 1913 '' . London Transport Museum . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ British History Online Jump up ^ http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/13739.aspx Jump up ^ Badsey - Ellis , Antony ( November 2008 ) . `` The Underground and the apostrophe '' ( PDF ) . Underground News . London Underground Railway Society . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . Jump up ^ http://justformyboys.blogspot.com/2011/11/london-1994-incident-on-tube.html External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Earl 's Court tube station . London Transport Museum Photographic Archive Future site of Earl 's Court station during construction of West Brompton extension , 1867 . Glass roof of Gloucester Road station is visible in distance . The new Earl 's Court station , 1878 District line platforms , 1896 Warwick Road entrance , 1927 Warwick Road entrance , 1937 Interior of Warwick Road entrance , 1937 View of station from roof of Exhibition hall , 1937 Earls Court Road entrance , 1959 British History Online -- Warwick Road entrance , 1907 Preceding station London Underground Following station West Kensington towards Richmond or Ealing Broadway District line Gloucester Road towards Upminster West Brompton towards Wimbledon High Street Kensington towards Edgware Road Kensington ( Olympia ) Terminus Barons Court towards Uxbridge or Heathrow Airport ( Terminal 4 or Terminal 5 ) Piccadilly line Gloucester Road towards Cockfosters Former service West Kensington towards St Pancras Midland Railway ( 1878 - 80 ) Terminus District line Stations Upminster Upminster Bridge Hornchurch Elm Park Dagenham East Dagenham Heathway Becontree Upney Barking East Ham Upton Park Plaistow West Ham Bromley - by - Bow Bow Road Mile End Stepney Green Whitechapel Aldgate East Tower Hill ( Tower Gateway ) Monument ( Bank ) Cannon Street Mansion House Blackfriars Temple Embankment Westminster St. James 's Park Victoria Sloane Square South Kensington Gloucester Road Earl 's Court West Kensington Barons Court Hammersmith Ravenscourt Park Stamford Brook Turnham Green Richmond branch Gunnersbury Kew Gardens Richmond Ealing branch Chiswick Park Acton Town Ealing Common Ealing Broadway Wimbledon branch West Brompton Fulham Broadway Parsons Green Putney Bridge East Putney Southfields Wimbledon Park Wimbledon Edgware Road branch High Street Kensington Notting Hill Gate Bayswater Paddington Edgware Road Olympia branch Kensington ( Olympia ) Rolling stock D78 ( decommissioned ) S7 Stock History District Railway History of the District line Former stations Alperton Benfleet Boston Manor Castle Hill and Ealing Dene Chalkwell Deptford Road East Horndon Eastcote Hanwell Hayes Hillingdon Hounslow Central Hounslow East Hounslow Town Hounslow West Ickenham Laindon Langley Leigh - on - Sea Mark Lane New Cross Gate North Ealing Northfields Northfields & Little Ealing Osterley Osterley & Spring Grove Park Royal Park Royal & Twyford Abbey Pitsea Rayners Lane Rotherhithe Ruislip Ruislip Manor Shadwell Shoeburyness Slough South Acton South Ealing South Harrow Southall Southend Central Southend East St Mary 's ( Whitechapel Road ) Sudbury Town Sudbury Hill Thorpe Bay Uxbridge Wapping Westcliff West Drayton Windsor Wimbledon & Sutton Railway Cannon Hill Cheam Collingwood Road Elm Farm Elm Grove Merton Park Morden Sutton Sutton Common Former stock C69 & C77 A Stock B Stock C Stock D Stock E Stock F Stock G Stock H Stock K Stock L Stock O / P / CO / CP Stock Q Stock R Stock Depots Acton Ealing Common Lillie Bridge See also Other Sub-surface lines Circle line Hammersmith & City line Metropolitan line London Underground Transport for London London Transport portal Piccadilly line Stations Main route Cockfosters Oakwood Southgate Arnos Grove Bounds Green Wood Green Turnpike Lane Manor House Finsbury Park Arsenal Holloway Road Caledonian Road King 's Cross St. Pancras Russell Square Holborn Covent Garden Leicester Square Piccadilly Circus Green Park Hyde Park Corner Knightsbridge South Kensington Gloucester Road Earl 's Court Barons Court Hammersmith Turnham Green Acton Town Heathrow branch South Ealing Northfields Boston Manor Osterley Hounslow East Hounslow Central Hounslow West Hatton Cross Heathrow Terminal 4 Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 Heathrow Terminal 5 Uxbridge branch Ealing Common North Ealing Park Royal Alperton Sudbury Town Sudbury Hill South Harrow Rayners Lane Eastcote Ruislip Manor Ruislip Ickenham Hillingdon Uxbridge Rolling stock Present stock 1973 Stock History Former companies Brompton & Piccadilly Circus Railway Railway Great Northern , Piccadilly & Brompton Railway Great Northern & Strand Railway District Railway Underground Electric Railways Company of London Former stations Aldwych Brompton Road Down Street Osterley & Spring Grove York Road Former rolling stock 1906 Stock 1938 Stock 1956 Stock 1959 Stock Standard Stock Rejected plans Angel Aldgate Alexandra Palace , Hornsey and Harringay Goldhawk Road and Acton Parsons Green Shepherd 's Bush Waterloo London Underground Transport for London London Transport portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl%27s_Court_tube_station&oldid=817319865 '' Categories : Rail transport stations in London fare zone 1 Rail transport stations in London fare zone 2 District line stations Piccadilly line stations London Underground Night Tube stations Tube stations in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Former Great Northern , Piccadilly and Brompton Railway stations Former Metropolitan District Railway stations Railway stations opened in 1871 Railway stations closed in 1878 Railway stations opened in 1878 Earls Court Grade II listed buildings in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Grade II listed railway stations Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2012 Use British English from August 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français 贛 語 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Suomi ייִדיש 粵語 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 16 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl%2527s%20Court%20tube%20station

who was the most enduring literary figure of the late republic who made his reputation as a lawyer

Voltaire

voltaire

François - Marie Arouet ( French : ( fʁɑ̃. swa ma. ʁi aʁ. wɛ ) ; 21 November 1694 -- 30 May 1778 ) , known by his nom de plume Voltaire ( / voʊlˈtɛər / ; French : ( vɔl. tɛːʁ ) ) , was a French Enlightenment writer , historian and philosopher famous for his wit , his attacks on the established Catholic Church and Christianity as a whole , and his advocacy of freedom of religion , freedom of speech and separation of church and state .

Voltaire was a versatile and prolific writer , producing works in almost every literary form , including plays , poems , novels , essays and historical and scientific works . He wrote more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and pamphlets . He was an outspoken advocate of civil liberties , despite the risk this placed him in under the strict censorship laws of the time . As a satirical polemicist , he frequently made use of his works to criticize intolerance , religious dogma and the French institutions of his day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Adopts the name Voltaire 1.2 La Henriade and Mariamne 1.3 Great Britain 1.4 Château de Cirey 1.5 Prussia 1.6 Geneva and Ferney 1.7 Death and burial 2 Writings 2.1 History 2.2 Poetry 2.3 Prose 2.4 Letters 3 Religious views 3.1 Christianity 3.2 Judaism 3.3 Islam 3.3. 1 Essay on the Manners and Spirit of Nations 3.3. 2 Drama Mahomet 3.4 Hinduism 4 Views on race and slavery 5 Appreciation and influence 6 Voltaire and Rousseau 7 Legacy 8 Chronology 9 Works 9.1 Philosophical works 9.2 Plays 9.3 Historical 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 In French 13.2 Primary sources 14 External links Biography ( edit ) François - Marie Arouet was born in Paris , the youngest of the five children of François Arouet ( 19 August 1649 -- 1 January 1722 ) , a lawyer who was a minor treasury official , and his wife , Marie Marguerite Daumard ( c. 1660 -- 13 July 1701 ) , whose family was on the lowest rank of the French nobility . Some speculation surrounds Voltaire 's date of birth , because he claimed he was born on 20 February 1694 as the illegitimate son of a nobleman , Guérin de Rochebrune or Roquebrune . Two of his older brothers -- Armand - François and Robert -- died in infancy , and his surviving brother Armand and sister Marguerite - Catherine were nine and seven years older , respectively . Nicknamed `` Zozo '' by his family , Voltaire was baptized on 22 November 1694 , with François de Castagnère , abbé de Châteauneuf ( fr ) , and Marie Daumard , the wife of his mother 's cousin , standing as godparents . He was educated by the Jesuits at the Collège Louis - le - Grand ( 1704 -- 1711 ) , where he was taught Latin , theology , and rhetoric ; later in life he became fluent in Italian , Spanish , and English . By the time he left school , Voltaire had decided he wanted to be a writer , against the wishes of his father , who wanted him to become a lawyer . Voltaire , pretending to work in Paris as an assistant to a notary , spent much of his time writing poetry . When his father found out , he sent Voltaire to study law , this time in Caen , Normandy . But the young man continued to write , producing essays and historical studies . Voltaire 's wit made him popular among some of the aristocratic families with whom he mixed . In 1713 , his father obtained a job for him as a secretary to the new French ambassador in the Netherlands , the marquis de Châteauneuf ( fr ) , the brother of Voltaire 's godfather . At The Hague , Voltaire fell in love with a French Protestant refugee named Catherine Olympe Dunoyer ( known as ' Pimpette ' ) . Their affair , considered scandalous , was discovered by de Châteauneuf and Voltaire was forced to return to France by the end of the year . Voltaire was imprisoned in the Bastille from 16 May 1717 to 15 April 1718 in a windowless cell with ten - foot thick walls . Most of Voltaire 's early life revolved around Paris . From early on , Voltaire had trouble with the authorities for critiques of the government . As a result , he was twice sentenced to prison and once to temporary exile to England . One satirical verse , in which Voltaire accused the Régent of incest with his daughter , resulted in an eleven - month imprisonment in the Bastille . The Comédie - Française had agreed in January 1717 to stage his debut play , Œdipe , and it opened in mid-November 1718 , seven months after his release . Its immediate critical and financial success established his reputation . Both the Régent and King George I of Great Britain presented Voltaire with medals as a mark of their appreciation . He mainly argued for religious tolerance and freedom of thought . He campaigned to eradicate priestly and aristo - monarchical authority , and supported a constitutional monarchy that protects people 's rights . Adopts the name Voltaire ( edit ) The author adopted the name Voltaire in 1718 , following his incarceration at the Bastille . Its origin is unclear . It is an anagram of AROVET LI , the Latinized spelling of his surname , Arouet , and the initial letters of le jeune ( `` the young '' ) . According to a family tradition among the descendants of his sister , he was known as le petit volontaire ( `` determined little thing '' ) as a child , and he resurrected a variant of the name in his adult life . The name also reverses the syllables of Airvault , his family 's home town in the Poitou region . Richard Holmes supports the anagrammatic derivation of the name , but adds that a writer such as Voltaire would have intended it to also convey connotations of speed and daring . These come from associations with words such as voltige ( acrobatics on a trapeze or horse ) , volte - face ( a spinning about to face one 's enemies ) , and volatile ( originally , any winged creature ) . `` Arouet '' was not a noble name fit for his growing reputation , especially given that name 's resonance with à rouer ( `` to be beaten up '' ) and roué ( a débauché ) . In a letter to Jean - Baptiste Rousseau in March 1719 , Voltaire concludes by asking that , if Rousseau wishes to send him a return letter , he do so by addressing it to Monsieur de Voltaire . A postscript explains : `` J'ai été si malheureux sous le nom d'Arouet que j'en ai pris un autre surtout pour n'être plus confondu avec le poète Roi '' , ( I was so unhappy under the name of Arouet that I have taken another , primarily so as to cease to be confused with the poet Roi . ) This probably refers to Adenes le Roi , and the ' oi ' diphthong was then pronounced like modern ' ouai ' , so the similarity to ' Arouet ' is clear , and thus , it could well have been part of his rationale . Voltaire is known also to have used at least 178 separate pen names during his lifetime . La Henriade and Mariamne ( edit ) Voltaire 's next play , Artémire ( de ) , set in ancient Macedonia , opened on 15 February 1720 . It was a flop and only fragments of the text survive . He instead turned to an epic poem about Henri IV of France that he had begun in early 1717 . Denied a licence to publish , in August 1722 Voltaire headed north to find a publisher outside France . On the journey , he was accompanied by his mistress , Marie - Marguerite de Rupelmonde , a young widow . At Brussels , Voltaire and Rousseau met up for a few days , before Voltaire and his mistress continued northwards . A publisher was eventually secured in The Hague . In the Netherlands , Voltaire was struck and impressed by the openness and tolerance of Dutch society . On his return to France , he secured a second publisher in Rouen , who agreed to publish La Henriade clandestinely . After Voltaire 's recovery from a month - long smallpox infection in November 1723 , the first copies were smuggled into Paris and distributed . While the poem was an instant success , Voltaire 's new play , Mariamne , was a failure when it first opened in March 1724 . Heavily reworked , it opened at the Comédie - Française in April 1725 to a much - improved reception . It was among the entertainments provided at the wedding of Louis XV and Marie Leszczyńska in September 1725 . Great Britain ( edit ) In early 1726 , a young French nobleman , the chevalier de Rohan - Chabot , taunted Voltaire about his change of name , and Voltaire retorted that his name would be honoured while de Rohan would dishonour his . Infuriated , de Rohan arranged for Voltaire to be beaten up by thugs a few days later . Seeking compensation , redress , or revenge , Voltaire challenged de Rohan to a duel , but the aristocratic de Rohan family arranged for Voltaire to be arrested and imprisoned in the Bastille on 17 April 1726 without a trial or an opportunity to defend himself . Fearing an indefinite prison sentence , Voltaire suggested that he be exiled to England as an alternative punishment , which the French authorities accepted . On 2 May , he was escorted from the Bastille to Calais , where he was to embark for Britain . Elémens de la philosophie de Neuton , 1738 In England , Voltaire lived largely in Wandsworth , with acquaintances including Everard Fawkener . From December 1727 to June 1728 he lodged at Maiden Lane , Covent Garden , now commemorated by a plaque , to be nearer to his British publisher . Voltaire circulated throughout English high society , meeting Alexander Pope , John Gay , Jonathan Swift , Lady Mary Wortley Montagu , Sarah , Duchess of Marlborough , and many other members of the nobility and royalty . Voltaire 's exile in Great Britain greatly influenced his thinking . He was intrigued by Britain 's constitutional monarchy in contrast to French absolutism , and by the country 's greater support of the freedoms of speech and religion . He was influenced by the writers of the age , and developed an interest in earlier English literature , especially the works of Shakespeare , still relatively unknown in continental Europe . Despite pointing out his deviations from neoclassical standards , Voltaire saw Shakespeare as an example that French writers might emulate , since French drama , despite being more polished , lacked on - stage action . Later , however , as Shakespeare 's influence began growing in France , Voltaire tried to set a contrary example with his own plays , decrying what he considered Shakespeare 's barbarities . Voltaire may have been present at the funeral of Isaac Newton , and met Newton 's niece , Catherine Conduitt . In 1727 , he published two essays in English , Upon the Civil Wars of France , Extracted from Curious Manuscripts and Upon Epic Poetry of the European Nations , from Homer Down to Milton . After two and a half years in exile , Voltaire returned to France , and after a few months living in Dieppe , the authorities permitted him to return to Paris . At a dinner , French mathematician Charles Marie de La Condamine proposed buying up the lottery that was organized by the French government to pay off its debts , and Voltaire joined the consortium , earning perhaps a million livres . He invested the money cleverly and on this basis managed to convince the Court of Finances that he was of good conduct and so was able to take control of a capital inheritance from his father that had hitherto been tied up in trust . He was now indisputably rich . Further success followed , in 1732 , with his play Zaïre , which when published in 1733 carried a dedication to Fawkener that praised English liberty and commerce . At this time he published his views on British attitudes toward government , literature , religion and science in a collection of essays in letter form entitled Letters Concerning the English Nation ( London , 1733 ) . In 1734 , they were published in French as Lettres philosophiques in Rouen . Because the publisher released the book without the approval of the royal censor and Voltaire regarded the British constitutional monarchy as more developed and more respectful of human rights ( particularly religious tolerance ) than its French counterpart , the French publication of Letters caused a huge scandal ; the book was publicly burnt and banned , and Voltaire was forced again to flee Paris . Château de Cirey ( edit ) In the frontispiece to Voltaire 's book on Newton 's philosophy , Émilie du Châtelet appears as Voltaire 's muse , reflecting Newton 's heavenly insights down to Voltaire . In 1733 , Voltaire met Émilie du Châtelet , a married mother of three who was 12 years his junior and with whom he was to have an affair for 16 years . To avoid arrest after the publication of Letters , Voltaire took refuge at her husband 's château at Cirey - sur - Blaise , on the borders of Champagne and Lorraine . Voltaire paid for the building 's renovation , and Émilie 's husband , the Marquis du Châtelet , sometimes stayed at the château with his wife and her lover . The relationship had a significant intellectual element . Voltaire and the Marquise collected over 21,000 books , an enormous number for the time . Together , they studied these books and performed experiments in the natural sciences at Cirey , which included an attempt to determine the nature of fire . Having learned from his previous brushes with the authorities , Voltaire began his habit of keeping out of personal harm 's way and denying any awkward responsibility . He continued to write plays , such as Mérope ( or La Mérope française ) and began his long research into science and history . Again , a main source of inspiration for Voltaire were the years of his British exile , during which he had been strongly influenced by the works of Sir Isaac Newton . Voltaire strongly believed in Newton 's theories ; he performed experiments in optics at Cirey , and was one of the sources for the famous story of Newton and the apple falling from the tree , which he had learned from Newton 's niece in London and first mentioned in his Letters . Pastel by Maurice Quentin de La Tour , 1735 In the fall of 1735 , Voltaire was visited by Francesco Algarotti , who was preparing a book about Newton in Italian . Partly inspired by the visit , the Marquise translated Newton 's Latin Principia into French in full , and it remained the definitive French translation into the 21st century . Both she and Voltaire were also curious about the philosophies of Gottfried Leibniz , a contemporary and rival of Newton . While Voltaire remained a firm Newtonian , the Marquise adopted certain aspects of Leibniz 's arguments against Newton . Voltaire 's own book Eléments de la philosophie de Newton ( Elements of Newton 's Philosophy ) made Newton accessible and understandable to a far greater public , and the Marquise wrote a celebratory review in the Journal des savants . Voltaire 's work was instrumental in bringing about general acceptance of Newton 's optical and gravitational theories in France . Voltaire and the Marquise also studied history , particularly those persons who had contributed to civilization . Voltaire 's second essay in English had been `` Essay upon the Civil Wars in France '' . It was followed by La Henriade , an epic poem on the French King Henri IV , glorifying his attempt to end the Catholic - Protestant massacres with the Edict of Nantes , and by a historical novel on King Charles XII of Sweden . These , along with his Letters on the English mark the beginning of Voltaire 's open criticism of intolerance and established religions . Voltaire and the Marquise also explored philosophy , particularly metaphysics , the branch of philosophy that deals with being and with what lies beyond the material realm , such as whether or not there is a God and whether people have souls . Voltaire and the Marquise analysed the Bible and concluded that much of its content was dubious . Voltaire 's critical views on religion are reflected in his belief in separation of church and state and religious freedom , ideas that he had formed after his stay in England . In August 1736 , Frederick the Great , then Crown Prince of Prussia and a great admirer of Voltaire , initiated a correspondence with him . That December , Voltaire moved to Holland for two months and became acquainted with the scientists Herman Boerhaave and ' s Gravesande . From mid-1739 to mid-1740 Voltaire lived largely in Brussels , at first with the Marquise , who was unsuccessfully attempting to pursue a 60 - year - old family legal case regarding the ownership of two estates in Limburg . In July 1740 , he traveled to the Hague on behalf of Frederick in an attempt to dissuade a dubious publisher , van Duren , from printing without permission Frederick 's Anti-Machiavel . In September Voltaire and Frederick ( now King ) met for the first time in Moyland Castle near Cleves and in November Voltaire was Frederick 's guest in Berlin for two weeks ; in September 1742 they met in Aix - la - Chapelle . Voltaire was sent to Frederick 's court in 1743 by the French government as an envoy and spy to gauge Frederick 's military intentions in the War of the Austrian Succession . Though deeply committed to the Marquise , Voltaire by 1744 found life at the château confining . On a visit to Paris that year , he found a new love -- his niece . At first , his attraction to Marie Louise Mignot was clearly sexual , as evidenced by his letters to her ( only discovered in 1957 ) . Much later , they lived together , perhaps platonically , and remained together until Voltaire 's death . Meanwhile , the Marquise also took a lover , the Marquis de Saint - Lambert . Prussia ( edit ) Die Tafelrunde by Adolph von Menzel : guests of Frederick the Great at Sanssouci , including members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences and Voltaire ( third from left ) After the death of the Marquise in childbirth in September 1749 , Voltaire briefly returned to Paris and in mid-1750 moved to Prussia at the invitation of Frederick the Great . The Prussian king ( with the permission of Louis XV ) made him a chamberlain in his household , appointed him to the Order of Merit , and gave him a salary of 20,000 French livres a year . He had rooms at Sanssouci and Charlottenburg Palace . Though life went well at first -- in 1751 he completed Micromégas , a piece of science fiction involving ambassadors from another planet witnessing the follies of humankind -- his relationship with Frederick the Great began to deteriorate after he was accused of theft and forgery by a Jewish financier , Abraham Hirschel , who had invested in Saxon government bonds , on behalf of Voltaire , at a time when Frederick was involved in sensitive diplomatic negotiations with Saxony . He encountered other difficulties : an argument with Maupertuis , the president of the Berlin Academy of Science and a former rival for Émilie 's affections , provoked Voltaire 's Diatribe du docteur Akakia ( `` Diatribe of Doctor Akakia '' ) , which satirized some of Maupertuis 's theories and his abuse of power in his persecutions of a mutual acquaintance , Johann Samuel König . This greatly angered Frederick , who ordered all copies of the document burned . On 1 January 1752 , Voltaire offered to resign as chamberlain and return his insignia of the Order of Merit ; at first , Frederick refused until eventually permitting Voltaire to leave in March . On a slow journey back to France , Voltaire stayed at Leipzig and Gotha for a month each , and Kassel for two weeks , arriving at Frankfurt on 31 May . The following morning , he was detained at the inn where he was staying by Frederick 's agents , who held him in the city for over three weeks while they , Voltaire and Frederick argued by letter over the return of a satirical book of poetry Frederick had lent to Voltaire . Marie Louise joined him on 9 June . She and her uncle only left Frankfurt in July after she had defended herself from the unwanted advances of one of Frederick 's agents and Voltaire 's luggage had been ransacked and valuable items taken . Voltaire 's attempts to vilify Frederick for his agents ' actions at Frankfurt were largely unsuccessful . Voltaire responded by composing Mémoires pour Servir à la Vie de M. de Voltaire , a work published after his death that paints a largely negative picture of his time spent with Frederick . However , the correspondence between them continued , and though they never met in person again , after the Seven Years ' War they largely reconciled . Geneva and Ferney ( edit ) Voltaire 's château at Ferney , France Voltaire 's slow progress toward Paris continued through Mainz , Mannheim , Strasbourg , and Colmar , but in January 1754 Louis XV banned him from Paris , so instead he turned for Geneva , near which he bought a large estate ( Les Délices ) in early 1755 . Though he was received openly at first , the law in Geneva , which banned theatrical performances , and the publication of The Maid of Orleans against his will soured his relationship with Calvinist Genevans . In late 1758 , he bought an even larger estate at Ferney , on the French side of the Franco - Swiss border . Early in 1759 , Voltaire completed and published Candide , ou l'Optimisme ( Candide , or Optimism ) . This satire on Leibniz 's philosophy of optimistic determinism remains the work for which Voltaire is perhaps best known . He would stay in Ferney for most of the remaining 20 years of his life , frequently entertaining distinguished guests , such as James Boswell , Adam Smith , Giacomo Casanova , and Edward Gibbon . In 1764 , he published one of his best - known philosophical works , the Dictionnaire philosophique , a series of articles mainly on Christian history and dogmas , a few of which were originally written in Berlin . From 1762 , he began to champion unjustly persecuted people , the case of Huguenot merchant Jean Calas being the most celebrated . Calas had been tortured to death in 1763 , supposedly because he had murdered his eldest son for wanting to convert to Catholicism . His possessions were confiscated and his two daughters were taken from his widow and were forced into Catholic convents . Voltaire , seeing this as a clear case of religious persecution , managed to overturn the conviction in 1765 . Voltaire was initiated into Freemasonry the month before his death . On 4 April 1778 Voltaire accompanied his close friend Benjamin Franklin into La Loge des Neuf Sœurs or Les Neuf Sœurs in Paris , France and became an Entered Apprentice Freemason . `` Benjamin Franklin ... urged Voltaire to become a freemason ; and Voltaire agreed , perhaps only to please Franklin . '' Death and burial ( edit ) In February 1778 , Voltaire returned for the first time in over 25 years to Paris , among other reasons to see the opening of his latest tragedy , Irene . The five - day journey was too much for the 83 - year - old , and he believed he was about to die on 28 February , writing `` I die adoring God , loving my friends , not hating my enemies , and detesting superstition . '' However , he recovered , and in March saw a performance of Irene , where he was treated by the audience as a returning hero . House in Paris where Voltaire died He soon became ill again and died on 30 May 1778 . The accounts of his deathbed have been numerous and varying , and it has not been possible to establish the details of what precisely occurred . His enemies related that he repented and accepted the last rites given by a Catholic priest , or that he died under great torment , while his adherents told how he was defiant to his last breath . According to one story of his last words , his response to a priest at his deathbed urging him to renounce Satan was `` Now is not the time for making new enemies . '' However , this appears to have originated from a joke first published in a Massachusetts newspaper in 1856 , and was only attributed to Voltaire in the 1970s . Because of his well - known criticism of the Church , which he had refused to retract before his death , Voltaire was denied a Christian burial in Paris , but friends and relations managed to bury his body secretly at the Abbey of Scellières in Champagne , where Marie Louise 's brother was abbé . His heart and brain were embalmed separately . Voltaire 's tomb in the Paris Panthéon On 11 July 1791 , he was enshrined in the Panthéon , after the National Assembly of France , which regarded him as a forerunner of the French Revolution , had his remains brought back to Paris . It is estimated that a million people attended the procession , which stretched throughout Paris . There was an elaborate ceremony , complete with an orchestra , and the music included a piece that André Grétry had composed especially for the event , which included a part for the `` tuba curva '' ( an instrument that originated in Roman times as the cornu but had recently been revived under a new name ) . Writings ( edit ) History ( edit ) Voltaire had an enormous influence on the development of historiography through his demonstration of fresh new ways to look at the past . Guillaume de Syon argues : Voltaire recast historiography in both factual and analytical terms . Not only did he reject traditional biographies and accounts that claim the work of supernatural forces , but he went so far as to suggest that earlier historiography was rife with falsified evidence and required new investigations at the source . Such an outlook was not unique in that the scientific spirit that 18th - century intellectuals perceived themselves as invested with . A rationalistic approach was key to rewriting history . Voltaire 's best - known histories are History of Charles XII ( 1731 ) , The Age of Louis XIV ( 1751 ) , and his Essay on the Customs and the Spirit of the Nations ( 1756 ) . He broke from the tradition of narrating diplomatic and military events , and emphasized customs , social history and achievements in the arts and sciences . The Essay on Customs traced the progress of world civilization in a universal context , thereby rejecting both nationalism and the traditional Christian frame of reference . Influenced by Bossuet 's Discourse on the Universal History ( 1682 ) , he was the first scholar to make a serious attempt to write the history of the world , eliminating theological frameworks , and emphasizing economics , culture and political history . He treated Europe as a whole , rather than a collection of nations . He was the first to emphasize the debt of medieval culture to Middle Eastern civilization , but otherwise was weak on the Middle Ages . Although he repeatedly warned against political bias on the part of the historian , he did not miss many opportunities to expose the intolerance and frauds of the church over the ages . Voltaire advised scholars that anything contradicting the normal course of nature was not to be believed . Although he found evil in the historical record , he fervently believed reason and educating the illiterate masses would lead to progress . Voltaire explains his view of historiography in his article on `` History '' in Diderot 's Encyclopédie : `` One demands of modern historians more details , better ascertained facts , precise dates , more attention to customs , laws , mores , commerce , finance , agriculture , population . '' Voltaire 's histories imposed the values of the Enlightenment on the past , but at the same time he helped free historiography from antiquarianism , Eurocentrism , religious intolerance and a concentration on great men , diplomacy , and warfare . Yale professor Peter Gay says Voltaire wrote `` very good history '' , citing his `` scrupulous concern for truths '' , `` careful sifting of evidence '' , `` intelligent selection of what is important '' , `` keen sense of drama '' , and `` grasp of the fact that a whole civilization is a unit of study '' . Poetry ( edit ) From an early age , Voltaire displayed a talent for writing verse and his first published work was poetry . He wrote two book - long epic poems , including the first ever written in French , the Henriade , and later , The Maid of Orleans , besides many other smaller pieces . The Henriade was written in imitation of Virgil , using the alexandrine couplet reformed and rendered monotonous for modern readers but it was a huge success in the 18th and early 19th century , with sixty - five editions and translations into several languages . The epic poem transformed French King Henry IV into a national hero for his attempts at instituting tolerance with his Edict of Nantes . La Pucelle , on the other hand , is a burlesque on the legend of Joan of Arc . Voltaire 's minor poems are generally considered superior to either of these two works . Prose ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Frontispiece and first page of an early English translation by T. Smollett et al. of Voltaire 's Candide , 1762 Many of Voltaire 's prose works and romances , usually composed as pamphlets , were written as polemics . Candide attacks the passivity inspired by Leibniz 's philosophy of optimism through the character Pangloss 's frequent refrain that circumstances are the `` best of all possible worlds '' . L'Homme aux quarante ecus ( The Man of Forty Pieces of Silver ) , addresses social and political ways of the time ; Zadig and others , the received forms of moral and metaphysical orthodoxy ; and some were written to deride the Bible . In these works , Voltaire 's ironic style , free of exaggeration , is apparent , particularly the restraint and simplicity of the verbal treatment . Candide in particular is the best example of his style . Voltaire also has -- in common with Jonathan Swift -- the distinction of paving the way for science fiction 's philosophical irony , particularly in his Micromégas and the vignette Plato 's Dream ( 1756 ) . Voltaire at Frederick the Great 's Sanssouci , by Pierre Charles Baquoy In general , his criticism and miscellaneous writing show a similar style to Voltaire 's other works . Almost all of his more substantive works , whether in verse or prose , are preceded by prefaces of one sort or another , which are models of his caustic yet conversational tone . In a vast variety of nondescript pamphlets and writings , he displays his skills at journalism . In pure literary criticism his principal work is the Commentaire sur Corneille , although he wrote many more similar works -- sometimes ( as in his Life and Notices of Molière ) independently and sometimes as part of his Siècles . Voltaire 's works , especially his private letters , frequently contain the word `` l'infâme '' and the expression `` écrasez l'infâme '' , or `` crush the infamous '' . The phrase refers to abuses of the people by royalty and the clergy that Voltaire saw around him , and the superstition and intolerance that the clergy bred within the people . He had felt these effects in his own exiles , the burnings of his books and those of many others , and in the hideous sufferings of Jean Calas and François - Jean de la Barre . He stated in one of his most famous quotes that `` Superstition sets the whole world in flames ; philosophy quenches them . '' The most oft - cited Voltaire quotation is apocryphal . He is incorrectly credited with writing , `` I disapprove of what you say , but I will defend to the death your right to say it . '' These were not his words , but rather those of Evelyn Beatrice Hall , written under the pseudonym S.G. Tallentyre in her 1906 biographical book The Friends of Voltaire . Hall intended to summarize in her own words Voltaire 's attitude towards Claude Adrien Helvétius and his controversial book De l'esprit , but her first - person expression was mistaken for an actual quotation from Voltaire . Her interpretation does capture the spirit of Voltaire 's attitude towards Helvetius ; it had been said Hall 's summary was inspired by a quotation found in a 1770 Voltaire letter to an Abbot le Riche , in which he was reported to have said , `` I detest what you write , but I would give my life to make it possible for you to continue to write . '' Nevertheless , scholars believe there must have again been misinterpretation , as the letter does not seem to contain any such quote . Voltaire 's first major philosophical work in his battle against `` l'infâme '' was the Traité sur la tolérance ( Treatise on Tolerance ) , exposing the Calas affair , along with the tolerance exercised by other faiths and in other eras ( for example , by the Jews , the Romans , the Greeks and the Chinese ) . Then , in his Dictionnaire philosophique , containing such articles as `` Abraham '' , `` Genesis '' , `` Church Council '' , he wrote about what he perceived as the human origins of dogmas and beliefs , as well as inhuman behavior of religious and political institutions in shedding blood over the quarrels of competing sects . Amongst other targets , Voltaire criticized France 's colonial policy in North America , dismissing the vast territory of New France as `` a few acres of snow '' ( `` quelques arpents de neige '' ) . Letters ( edit ) Voltaire also engaged in an enormous amount of private correspondence during his life , totalling over 20,000 letters . Theodore Besterman 's collected edition of these letters , completed only in 1964 , fills 102 volumes . One historian called the letters `` a feast not only of wit and eloquence but of warm friendship , humane feeling , and incisive thought . '' In Voltaire 's correspondence with Catherine the Great he derided democracy . He wrote , `` Almost nothing great has ever been done in the world except by the genius and firmness of a single man combating the prejudices of the multitude . '' Religious views ( edit ) Part of a series on Criticism of religion By religion ( show ) Baha'i Faith Buddhism Christianity Christian fundamentalism Catholic Catholicism Protestantism Latter Day Saint movement Mormonism Jehovah 's Witnesses Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Seventh - day Adventist Unification Church Westboro Baptist Church Hinduism Islam Islamism Twelver Shi'ism Wahhabism Jainism Judaism Conservative Judaism New religious movement Scientology Sikhism Yazdânism Zoroastrianism By religious figure ( show ) Aisha Charles Taze Russell Ellen White Jesus Moses Muhammad Saul By text ( show ) Bible Quran Hadiths Mormon sacred texts Book of Mormon Talmud Religious violence ( show ) Buddhism Christianity Mormonism Judaism Islam Persecution By Christians Sectarian violence Segregation Terrorism Christian Hindu Islamic Sikh Jewish War In Islam In Judaism Related topics ( show ) Abuse Apostasy In Islam In Christianity Criticism of atheism Criticism of monotheism Sexuality Slavery Voltaire at 70 ; engraving from 1843 edition of his Philosophical Dictionary Like other key Enlightenment thinkers , Voltaire was a deist , expressing the idea : `` What is faith ? Is it to believe that which is evident ? No . It is perfectly evident to my mind that there exists a necessary , eternal , supreme , and intelligent being . This is no matter of faith , but of reason . '' Voltaire held mixed views of the Abrahamic religions but had a favourable view of Hinduism . In a 1763 essay , Voltaire supported the toleration of other religions and ethnicities : `` It does not require great art , or magnificently trained eloquence , to prove that Christians should tolerate each other . I , however , am going further : I say that we should regard all men as our brothers . What ? The Turk my brother ? The Chinaman my brother ? The Jew ? The Siam ? Yes , without doubt ; are we not all children of the same father and creatures of the same God ? '' In one of his many denunciations of priests of every religious sect , Voltaire describes them as those who `` rise from an incestuous bed , manufacture a hundred versions of God , then eat and drink God , then piss and shit God . '' Christianity ( edit ) In a letter to Frederick II , King of Prussia , dated 5 January 1767 , he wrote about Christianity : La nôtre ( religion ) est sans contredit la plus ridicule , la plus absurde , et la plus sanguinaire qui ait jamais infecté le monde . `` Our ( religion ) is assuredly the most ridiculous , the most absurd and the most bloody religion which has ever infected this world . Your Majesty will do the human race an eternal service by extirpating this infamous superstition , I do not say among the rabble , who are not worthy of being enlightened and who are apt for every yoke ; I say among honest people , among men who think , among those who wish to think. ... My one regret in dying is that I can not aid you in this noble enterprise , the finest and most respectable which the human mind can point out . '' In La bible enfin expliquée , he expressed the following attitude to lay reading of the Bible : It is characteristic of fanatics who read the holy scriptures to tell themselves : God killed , so I must kill ; Abraham lied , Jacob deceived , Rachel stole : so I must steal , deceive , lie . But , wretch , you are neither Rachel , nor Jacob , nor Abraham , nor God ; you are just a mad fool , and the popes who forbade the reading of the Bible were extremely wise . Voltaire 's opinion of the Christian Bible was mixed . Although influenced by Socinian works such as the Bibliotheca Fratrum Polonorum , Voltaire 's skeptical attitude to the Bible separated him from Unitarian theologians like Fausto Sozzini or even Biblical - political writers like John Locke . His statements on religion also brought down on him the fury of the Jesuits and in particular Claude - Adrien Nonnotte . This did not hinder his religious practice , though it did win for him a bad reputation in certain religious circles . The deeply Christian Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote to his father the year of Voltaire 's death , saying , `` The arch - scoundrel Voltaire has finally kicked the bucket ... '' . Voltaire was later deemed to influence Edward Gibbon in claiming that Christianity was a contributor to the fall of the Roman Empire in his book The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire : As Christianity advances , disasters befall the ( Roman ) empire -- arts , science , literature , decay -- barbarism and all its revolting concomitants are made to seem the consequences of its decisive triumph -- and the unwary reader is conducted , with matchless dexterity , to the desired conclusion -- the abominable Manicheism of Candide , and , in fact , of all the productions of Voltaire 's historic school -- viz. , `` that instead of being a merciful , ameliorating , and benignant visitation , the religion of Christians would rather seem to be a scourge sent on man by the author of all evil . '' However , Voltaire also acknowledged the self - sacrifice of Christians . He wrote : `` Perhaps there is nothing greater on earth than the sacrifice of youth and beauty , often of high birth , made by the gentle sex in order to work in hospitals for the relief of human misery , the sight of which is so revolting to our delicacy . Peoples separated from the Roman religion have imitated but imperfectly so generous a charity . '' Yet `` His hatred of religion increased with the passage of years . The attack , launched at first against clericalism and theocracy , ended in a furious assault upon Holy Scripture , the dogmas of the Church , and even upon the person of Jesus Christ Himself , who was depicted now as a degenerate '' . The reasoning of which may be summed up in his well - known quote , `` Those who can make you believe absurdities can make you commit atrocities '' . Judaism ( edit ) According to Orthodox rabbi Joseph Telushkin , the most significant Enlightenment hostility against Judaism was found in Voltaire ; thirty of the 118 articles in his Dictionnaire philosophique dealt with Jews and described them in consistently negative ways . For example in Voltaire 's A Philosophical Dictionary , he wrote of Jews : `` In short , we find in them only an ignorant and barbarous people , who have long united the most sordid avarice with the most detestable superstition and the most invincible hatred for every people by whom they are tolerated and enriched . '' On the other hand , Peter Gay , a contemporary authority on the Enlightenment , also points to Voltaire 's remarks ( for instance , that the Jews were more tolerant than the Christians ) in the Traité sur la tolérance and surmises that `` Voltaire struck at the Jews to strike at Christianity '' . Whatever anti-semitism Voltaire may have felt , Gay suggests , derived from negative personal experience . Bertram Schwarzbach 's far more detailed studies of Voltaire 's dealings with Jewish people throughout his life concluded that he was anti-biblical , not anti-semitic . His remarks on the Jews and their `` superstitions '' were essentially no different from his remarks on Christians . Telushkin states that Voltaire did not limit his attack to aspects of Judaism that Christianity used as a foundation , repeatedly making it clear that he despised Jews . Arthur Hertzberg claims that Gay 's second suggestion is also untenable , as Voltaire himself denied its validity when he remarked that he had `` forgotten about much larger bankruptcies through Christians '' . Some authors link Voltaire 's anti-Judaism to his polygenism . According to Joxe Azurmendi this anti-Judaism has a relative importance in Voltaire 's philosophy of history . However , Voltaire 's anti-Judaism influences later authors like Ernest Renan . According to the historian Will Durant , Voltaire had initially condemned the persecution of Jews on several occasions including in his work Henriade . As stated by Durant , Voltaire had praised the simplicity , sobriety , regularity , and industry of Jews . However , subsequently , Voltaire had become strongly anti-Semitic after some regrettable personal financial transactions and quarrels with Jewish financiers . In his Essai sur les moeurs Voltaire had denounced the ancient Hebrews using strong language ; a Catholic priest had protested against this censure . The anti-Semitic passages in Voltaire 's Dictionnaire philosophique were criticized by Issac Pinto in 1762 . Subsequently , Voltaire agreed with the criticism of his anti-Semitic views and stated that he had been `` wrong to attribute to a whole nation the vices of some individuals '' ; he also promised to revise the objectionable passages for forthcoming editions of the Dictionnaire philosophique , but failed to do so . Islam ( edit ) Voltaire 's views about Islam remained negative as he considered the Qur'an to be ignorant of the laws of physics . In a 1740 letter to Frederick II of Prussia , Voltaire ascribes to Muhammad a brutality that `` is assuredly nothing any man can excuse '' and suggests that his following stemmed from superstition and lack of enlightenment . Voltaire continued in his letter , `` But that a camel - merchant should stir up insurrection in his village ; that in league with some miserable followers he persuades them that he talks with the angel Gabriel ; that he boasts of having been carried to heaven , where he received in part this unintelligible book , each page of which makes common sense shudder ; that , to pay homage to this book , he delivers his country to iron and flame ; that he cuts the throats of fathers and kidnaps daughters ; that he gives to the defeated the choice of his religion or death : this is assuredly nothing any man can excuse , at least if he was not born a Turk , or if superstition has not extinguished all natural light in him . '' -- Referring to Muhammad , in a letter to Frederick II of Prussia ( December 1740 ) , published in Oeuvres complètes de Voltaire , Vol. 7 ( 1869 ) , edited by Georges Avenel , p. 105 In 1748 , after having read Henri de Boulainvilliers and George Sale , he wrote again about Mohammed and Islam in an article , `` De l'Alcoran et de Mahomet '' ( On the Quran and on Mohammed ) . In the article , Voltaire maintained that Mohammed was a `` sublime charlatan '' Drawing also on complementary information in the `` Oriental Library '' of Herbelot , Voltaire , according to René Pomeau , had a judgement of the Qur'an where he found the book in spite of `` the contradictions , the absurdities , the anachronisms '' , `` rhapsody , without connection , without order , and without art '' . Thus he `` henceforward conceded '' that `` if his book was bad for our times and for us , it was very good for his contemporaries , and his religion even more so . It must be admitted that he removed almost all of Asia from idolatry '' and that `` it was difficult for such a simple and wise religion , taught by a man who was constantly victorious , could hardly fail to subjugate a portion of the earth . '' He considered that `` its civil laws are good ; its dogma is admirable which it has in common with ours '' but that `` his means are shocking ; deception and murder '' . Essay on the Manners and spirit of Nations ( edit ) Essay on the Manners and Spirit of Nations ( French : Essai sur les mœurs et l'esprit des nations ) is a work of Voltaire , published for the first time in its entirety in 1756 . In this work , Voltaire deals with the history of Europe before Charlemagne to the dawn of the age of Louis XIV , also evoking that of the colonies and the East . As a historian he devoted several chapters to Islam , Voltaire highlighted the Arabian , Turkish courts , and conducts . Here he called Mohammed a `` poet '' , and furthermore he was not an illiterate . As a `` legislator '' who `` changed the face of part of Europe , one half of Asia '' , In the chapter VI , Voltaire finds similarities between Arabs and ancient Hebrews , that they both kept running to battle in the name of god , and sharing the passion for booty and spoils . Voltaire continues that , `` It is to be believed that Mohammed , like all enthusiasts , violently struck by his ideas , first presented them in good faith , strengthened them with fantasy , fooled himself in fooling others , and supported through necessary deceptions a doctrine which he considered good . '' He thus compares `` the genius of the Arab people '' with `` the genius of the ancient Romans '' . Drama Mahomet ( edit ) Main article : Mahomet ( play ) The tragedy Fanaticism , or Mahomet the Prophet ( French : Le fanatisme , ou Mahomet le Prophete ) was written in 1736 by Voltaire . The play is a study of religious fanaticism and self - serving manipulation . The character Muhammad orders the murder of his critics . Voltaire described the play as `` written in opposition to the founder of a false and barbarous sect '' . Voltaire described Muhammad as an `` impostor '' , a `` false prophet '' , a `` fanatic '' and a `` hypocrite '' . Defending the play , Voltaire said that he `` tried to show in it into what horrible excesses fanaticism , led by an impostor , can plunge weak minds '' . When Voltaire wrote in 1742 to César de Missy , he described Mohammed as a `` deceitful character . '' In his play , Mohammed was `` whatever trickery can invent that is most atrocious and whatever fanaticism can accomplish that is most horrifying . Mahomet here is nothing other than Tartuffe with armies at his command . '' After later having judged that he had made Mohammed in his play `` somewhat nastier than he really was '' , Voltaire claims that Muhammad stole the idea of an angel weighing both men and women from Zoroastrians , who are often referred to as `` Magi '' . Voltaire continues about Islam , saying : `` Nothing is more terrible than a people who , having nothing to lose , fight in the united spirit of rapine and of religion . '' In a 1745 letter recommending the play to Pope Benedict XIV , Voltaire described Muhammad as `` the founder of a false and barbarous sect '' and `` a false prophet . '' Voltaire wrote : `` Your holiness will pardon the liberty taken by one of the lowest of the faithful , though a zealous admirer of virtue , of submitting to the head of the true religion this performance , written in opposition to the founder of a false and barbarous sect . To whom could I with more propriety inscribe a satire on the cruelty and errors of a false prophet , than to the vicar and representative of a God of truth and mercy ? '' . His view was modified slightly for Essai sur les Moeurs et l'Esprit des Nations , although they remained negative . In 1751 , Voltaire performed his play Mohamet once again , with great success . Hinduism ( edit ) Commenting on the sacred texts of the Hindus , the Vedas , Voltaire observed : The Veda was the most precious gift for which the West had ever been indebted to the East . He regarded Hindus as `` ( a ) peaceful and innocent people , equally incapable of hurting others or of defending themselves '' . Voltaire was himself a supporter of animal rights and was a vegetarian . He used the antiquity of Hinduism to land what he saw as a devastating blow to the Bible 's claims and acknowledged that the Hindus ' treatment of animals showed a shaming alternative to the immorality of European imperialists . Views on race and slavery ( edit ) Voltaire rejected the biblical Adam and Eve story and was a polygenist who speculated that each race had entirely separate origins . According to William Cohen , like most other polygenists , Voltaire believed that because of their different origins blacks did not entirely share the natural humanity of whites . According to David Allen Harvey , Voltaire often invoked racial differences as a means to attack religious orthodoxy , and the Biblical account of creation . His most famous remark on slavery is found in Candide , where the hero is horrified to learn `` at what price we eat sugar in Europe '' after coming across a slave in French Guiana who has been mutilated for escaping , who opines that , if all human beings have common origins as the Bible taught , it makes them cousins , concluding that `` no one could treat their relatives more horribly '' . Elsewhere , he wrote caustically about `` whites and Christians ( who ) proceed to purchase negroes cheaply , in order to sell them dear in America '' . Voltaire has been accused of supporting the slave trade as per a letter attributed to him , although it has been suggested that this letter is a forgery `` since no satisfying source attests to the letter 's existence . '' In his Philosophical Dictionary , Voltaire endorses Montesquieu 's criticism of the slave trade : Montesquieu was almost always in error with the learned , because he was not learned , but he was almost always right against the fanatics and the promoters of slavery . Appreciation and influence ( edit ) According to Victor Hugo : `` To name Voltaire is to characterize the entire eighteenth century . '' Goethe regarded Voltaire to be the greatest literary figure in modern times , and possibly of all times . According to Diderot , Voltaire 's influence on posterity would extend far into the future . Napoleon commented that till he was sixteen he `` would have fought for Rousseau against the friends of Voltaire , today it is the opposite ... The more I read Voltaire the more I love him . He is a man always reasonable , never a charlatan , never a fanatic . '' Frederick the Great commented on his good fortune for having lived in the age of Voltaire , and corresponded with him throughout his reign until Voltaire 's death . Catherine the Great had been reading Voltaire for sixteen years prior to becoming Empress of Russia in 1762 . In October 1763 , she began a correspondence with the philosopher that continued till his death . The content of these letters has been described as being akin to a student writing to a teacher . Upon Voltaire 's death , the Empress purchased his library , which was then transported and placed in The Hermitage . In England , Voltaire 's views influenced Godwin , Paine , Mary Wollstonecraft , Bentham , Byron and Shelley . Macaulay made note of the fear that Voltaire 's very name incited in tyrants and fanatics . In his native Paris , Voltaire was viewed as the defender of Jean Calas and Pierre Sirven . Although he failed in securing the annulment of la Barre 's execution for `` blasphemies '' against Christianity , despite a protracted campaign , the criminal code that sanctioned the execution was revised during Voltaire 's lifetime . In 1764 , Voltaire successfully intervened and secured the release of Claude Chamont for the crime of attending Protestant services . When Comte de Lally was executed for treason in 1766 , Voltaire wrote a 300 - page document absolving de Lally . Subsequently , in 1778 , the judgment against de Lally was expunged just before Voltaire 's death . The Genevan Protestant minister Pomaret once said to Voltaire , `` You seem to attack Christianity , and yet you do the work of a Christian . '' Frederick the Great noted the significance of a philosopher capable of influencing judges to change their unjust decisions , commenting that this alone is sufficient to ensure the prominence of Voltaire as a humanitarian . Most architects of modern America were adherents of Voltaire 's views . According to Will Durant : Italy had a Renaissance , and Germany had a Reformation , but France had Voltaire ; he was for his country both Renaissance and Reformation , and half the Revolution . He was first and best in his time in his conception and writing of history , in the grace of his poetry , in the charm and wit of his prose , in the range of his thought and his influence . His spirit moved like a flame over the continent and the century , and stirs a million souls in every generation . Voltaire and Rousseau ( edit ) Voltaire 's junior contemporary Jean Jacques Rousseau commented on how Voltaire 's book Letters on the English played a great role in his intellectual development . Having written some literary works and also some music , in December 1745 Rousseau wrote a letter introducing himself to Voltaire , who was by then the most prominent literary figure in France , to which Voltaire replied with a polite response . Subsequently , when Rousseau sent Voltaire a copy of his book Discourse on Inequality , Voltaire replied , noting his disagreement with the views expressed in the book : No one has ever employed so much intellect to persuade men to be beasts . In reading your work one is seized with a desire to walk on four paws ( marcher à quatre pattes ) . However , as it is more than sixty years since I lost that habit , I feel , unfortunately , that it is impossible for me to resume it . Subsequently , commenting on Rousseau 's romantic novel Julie , or the New Heloise , Voltaire stated : No more about Jean - Jacques ' romance if you please . I have read it , to my sorrow , and it would be to his if I had time to say what I think of this silly book . Voltaire speculated that the first half of Julie had been written in a brothel and the second half in a lunatic asylum . In his Lettres sur La Nouvelle Heloise , written under a pseudonym , Voltaire offered criticism highlighting grammatical mistakes in the book : Paris recognized Voltaire 's hand and judged the patriarch to be bitten by jealousy . In reviewing Rousseau 's book Emile after its publication , Voltaire dismissed it as `` a hodgepodge of a silly wet nurse in four volumes , with forty pages against Christianity , among the boldest ever known . '' However , he expressed admiration for the section in this book titled Profession of Faith of the Savoyard Vicar , calling it `` fifty good pages ... it is regrettable that they should have been written by ... such a knave . '' He went on to predict that Emile would be forgotten after a month . In 1764 , Rousseau published Lettres de la montagne , containing nine letters on religion and politics . In the fifth letter he wondered why Voltaire had not been able to imbue the Genevan councilors , who frequently met him , `` with that spirit of tolerance which he preaches without cease , and of which he sometimes has need '' . The letter continued with an imaginary speech delivered by Voltaire , imitating his literary style , in which he accepts authorship for the book Sermon of the Fifty -- a book whose authorship Voltaire had repeatedly denied because it contained many heresies . In 1772 , when a priest sent Rousseau a pamphlet denouncing Voltaire , Rousseau responded with a defense of Voltaire : He has said and done so many good things that we should draw the curtain over his irregularities . In 1778 , when Voltaire was given unprecedented honors at the Théâtre - Français , an acquaintance of Rousseau ridiculed the event . This was met by a sharp retort from Rousseau : How dare you mock the honors rendered to Voltaire in the temple of which he is the god , and by the priests who for fifty years have been living off his masterpieces ? On 2 July 1778 , Rousseau died one month after Voltaire 's death . In October 1794 , Rousseau 's remains were moved to the Panthéon , where they were placed near the remains of Voltaire . Louis XVI , while incarcerated in the Temple , had remarked that Rousseau and Voltaire had `` destroyed France '' , by which he meant his dynasty . Legacy ( edit ) Voltaire , by Jean - Antoine Houdon , 1778 ( National Gallery of Art ) Voltaire perceived the French bourgeoisie to be too small and ineffective , the aristocracy to be parasitic and corrupt , the commoners as ignorant and superstitious , and the Church as a static and oppressive force useful only on occasion as a counterbalance to the rapacity of kings , although all too often , even more rapacious itself . Voltaire distrusted democracy , which he saw as propagating the idiocy of the masses . Voltaire long thought only an enlightened monarch could bring about change , given the social structures of the time and the extremely high rates of illiteracy , and that it was in the king 's rational interest to improve the education and welfare of his subjects . But his disappointments and disillusions with Frederick the Great changed his philosophy somewhat , and soon gave birth to one of his most enduring works , his novella Candide , ou l'Optimisme ( Candide , or Optimism , 1759 ) , which ends with a new conclusion : `` It is up to us to cultivate our garden . '' His most polemical and ferocious attacks on intolerance and religious persecutions indeed began to appear a few years later . Candide was also burned and Voltaire jokingly claimed the actual author was a certain ' Demad ' in a letter , where he reaffirmed the main polemical stances of the text . He is remembered and honoured in France as a courageous polemicist who indefatigably fought for civil rights ( as the right to a fair trial and freedom of religion ) and who denounced the hypocrisies and injustices of the Ancien Régime . The Ancien Régime involved an unfair balance of power and taxes between the three Estates : clergy and nobles on one side , the commoners and middle class , who were burdened with most of the taxes , on the other . He particularly had admiration for the ethics and government as exemplified by the Chinese philosopher Confucius . Voltaire is also known for many memorable aphorisms , such as `` Si Dieu n'existait pas , il faudrait l'inventer '' ( `` If God did not exist , it would be necessary to invent him '' ) , contained in a verse epistle from 1768 , addressed to the anonymous author of a controversial work on The Three Impostors . But far from being the cynical remark it is often taken for , it was meant as a retort to atheistic opponents such as d'Holbach , Grimm , and others . He has had his detractors among his later colleagues . The Scottish Victorian writer Thomas Carlyle argued that `` Voltaire read history , not with the eye of devout seer or even critic , but through a pair of mere anti-catholic spectacles . '' The town of Ferney , where Voltaire lived out the last 20 years of his life , was officially named Ferney - Voltaire in honour of its most famous resident in 1878 . His château is a museum . Voltaire 's library is preserved intact in the National Library of Russia at Saint Petersburg , Russia . In the Zurich of 1916 , the theatre and performance group who would become the early avant - garde movement Dada named their theater The Cabaret Voltaire . A late - 20th - century industrial music group then named themselves after the theater . Astronomers have bestowed his name to the Voltaire crater on Deimos and the asteroid 5676 Voltaire . Voltaire was also known to have been an advocate for coffee , as he was reported to have drunk it 50 -- 72 times per day . It has been suggested that high amounts of caffeine acted as a mental stimulant to his creativity . His great - grand - niece was the mother of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin , a Catholic philosopher and Jesuit priest . His book Candide was listed as one of The 100 Most Influential Books Ever Written , by Martin Seymour - Smith . In the 1950s , the bibliographer and translator Theodore Besterman started to collect , transcribe and publish all of Voltaire 's writings . He founded the Voltaire Institute and Museum in Geneva where he began publishing collected volumes of Voltaire 's correspondence . On his death in 1976 , he left his collection to the University of Oxford , where the Voltaire Foundation became established as a department . The Foundation has continued to publish the Complete Works of Voltaire , a complete chronological series which is expected to reach completion in 2018 , reaching around 200 volumes , fifty years after the series began . It also publishes the series Oxford University Studies in the Enlightenment , begun by Bestermann as Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century , which has reached more than 500 volumes . Chronology ( edit ) Timeline of François Marie Arouet ( `` Voltaire '' ) ( 1694 -- 1778 ) ( hide ) Works ( edit ) Philosophical works ( edit ) Letters concerning the English nation ( London , 1733 ) ( French version entitled Lettres philosophiques sur les Anglais , Rouen , 1734 ) , revised as Letters on the English ( circa 1778 ) Le Mondain ( 1736 ) Sept Discours en Vers sur l'Homme ( 1738 ) Elements of the Philosophy of Newton ( 1745 ) Zadig ( 1747 ) Micromégas ( 1752 ) Candide ( 1759 ) Traité sur la tolérance ( 1763 ) Ce qui plaît aux dames ( 1764 ) Dictionnaire philosophique ( 1764 ) Questions sur les Miracles ( 1765 ) Idées républicaines ( 1765 ) L'Ingénu ( 1767 ) La Princesse de Babylone ( 1768 ) Des singularités de la nature ( 1768 ) Plays ( edit ) Voltaire wrote between fifty and sixty plays , including a few unfinished ones . Among them are these : Œdipe ( 1718 ) Mariamne ( 1724 ) Éryphile ( 1732 ) Zaïre ( 1732 ) Mahomet ( 1741 ) Mérope ( 1743 ) La princesse de Navarre ( 1745 ) Nanine ( 1749 ) L'Orphelin de la Chine ( 1755 ) Socrate ( published 1759 ) La Femme Qui a Raison ( 1759 ) Irène ( 1778 ) Historical ( edit ) History of Charles XII , King of Sweden ( 1731 ) The Age of Louis XIV ( 1751 ) The Age of Louis XV ( 1746 -- 1752 ) Annals of the Empire -- Charlemagne , AD 742 -- Henry VII 1313 , Vol . I ( 1754 ) Annals of the Empire -- Louis of Bavaria , 1315 to Ferdinand II 1631 Vol. II ( 1754 ) Essay on Universal History , the Manners , and Spirit of Nations ( 1756 ) History of the Russian Empire Under Peter the Great ( Vol . I 1759 ; Vol. II 1763 ) See also ( edit ) Poetry portal Biography portal Boulevard Voltaire Classical liberalism Contributions to liberal theory Mononymous persons Voltaire Foundation Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Contrary to the idea that Voltaire wrote the Letters in English , they were written in French and then translated into English by John Lockman . Jump up ^ Diderot , in a letter to E.M. Falconet , dated 15 February 1766 : Pile assumptions on assumptions ; accumulate wars on wars ; make interminable disturbances succeed to interminable disturbances ; let the universe be inundated by a general spirit of confusion ; and it would take a hundred thousand years for the works and the name of Voltaire to be lost . Jump up ^ Macaulay , in his essay on Frederick the Great : In truth , of all the intellectual weapons that have been wielded by man , the most terrible was the mockery of Voltaire . Bigots and tyrants , who had never been moved by the wailings and cursing of millions , turned pale at his name . Jump up ^ `` From that haven of neighborly peace their spirits rose to renew their war for the soul of the Revolution , of France , and of Western man , '' writes Will Durant . Jump up ^ In a celebrated letter , dated 2 April 1764 , Voltaire had predicted the future occurrence of the French Revolution which he characterized as `` a splendid outburst . '' Commenting on this , Will Durant wrote : Yet ... he never for a moment supposed that in this `` splendid outburst '' all France would accept enthusiastically the philosophy of this queer Jean - Jacques Rousseau who , from Geneva and Paris , was thrilling the world with sentimental romances and revolutionary pamphlets . The complex soul of France seemed to have divided itself into these two men , so different and yet so French . Nietzsche speaks of `` la gaya scienza , the light feet , wit , fire , grace , strong logic , arrogant intellectuality , the dance of the stars '' -- surely he was thinking of Voltaire . Now beside Voltaire put Rousseau : all heat and fantasy , a man with noble and jejune visions , the idol of la bourgeois gentile - femme , announcing like Pascal that the heart has its reason which the head can never understand . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Voltaire '' . Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` Voltaire Biography - '' . Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 9 -- 14 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 9 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 10 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 12 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Liukkonen , Petri . `` Voltaire '' . Books and Writers ( kirjasto.sci.fi ) . Finland : Kuusankoski Public Library . Archived from the original on 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 32 -- 33 ^ Jump up to : Pearson , p. 36 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 36 -- 37 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 43 , 45 Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Martin ( 2000 ) . `` Toleration and the Enlightenment Movement '' in Grell / Porter , Toleration in Enlightenment Europe , p. 64 , footnote 91 , Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 49 -- 50 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 50 -- 52 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 52 ^ Jump up to : Shank , J.B. ( 2009 ) . `` Voltaire '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Jump up ^ Marvin Perry et al ( 2015 ) , Western Civilization : Ideas , Politics , and Society , Volume II , ISBN 978 - 1 - 305 - 09142 - 9 , p. 427 Jump up ^ Christopher Thacker ( 1971 ) . Voltaire . Profiles in literature series . Taylor & Francis . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7100 - 7020 - 3 . Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 17 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 24 Jump up ^ Holmes , Richard ( 2000 ) . Sidetracks : Explorations of a Romantic Biographer . HarperCollins . pp. 345 -- 66 . and `` Voltaire 's Grin '' in New York Review of Books , 30 November 1995 , pp. 49 -- 55 Jump up ^ -- `` Voltaire to Jean Baptiste Rousseau , c. 1 March 1719 '' . Electronic Enlightenment . Ed . Robert McNamee et al. Vers . 2.1 . University of Oxford . 2010 . Web . 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ results , search ( 1 January 1998 ) . `` A Dictionary of Pseudonyms and Their Origins , with Stories of Name Changes , 3rd Edition '' . Mcfarland & Co Inc Pub -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 54 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 55 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 57 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 59 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 60 -- 61 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 61 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 62 ^ Jump up to : Pearson , p. 64 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 65 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 66 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 66 -- 67 ^ Jump up to : `` The Life of Voltaire '' . Thegreatdebate.org.uk . Retrieved 3 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Ian ( 9 April 2010 ) . `` Voltaire in England '' -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 67 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 76 , 80 , 83 ^ Jump up to : Pearson , p. 82 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 78 -- 82 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 69 -- 70 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 77 Jump up ^ Dobre and Nyden suggest that there is no clear evidence that Voltaire was present ; see Mihnea Dobre , Tammy Nyden ( 2013 ) . Cartesian Empiricism . Springer . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 7690 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 85 Jump up ^ Shank , J.B. ( 2008 ) . The Newton Wars . U of Chicago Press . p. 260 . ISBN 9780226749471 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Ian ( 2010 ) . Voltaire : A Life . Profile Books , London . p. 76 . ISBN 9781846682261 . Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 87 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 92 -- 93 , 95 ^ Jump up to : Pearson , p. 97 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 99 Jump up ^ Shank , J.B. ( 2008 ) . The Newton Wars and the Beginning of the French Enlightenment . University of Chicago Press . p. 366 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 74945 - 7 . Jump up ^ Schiff , Stacy . `` ' Voltaire In Love ' : An Ardent , Intellectual Affair '' . npr books . Retrieved 22 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 117 -- 21 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 122 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 155 , 157 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 128 , 138 -- 39 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 138 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 137 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 153 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 140 -- 41 Jump up ^ Bryant , Walter W. ( 1907 ) . A History of Astronomy . p. 53 . Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 129 -- 30 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 143 -- 44 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 151 -- 52 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 162 -- 64 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 166 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 167 -- 70 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 173 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 175 -- 77 Jump up ^ Ian Davidson ( 1979 ) . Voltaire in Exile . Grove Press . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 4236 - 8 . Jump up ^ Will and Ariel Durant ( 2011 ) . The Age of Voltaire . Simon & Schuster . p. 392 . ISBN 9781451647662 . Jump up ^ Ian Davidson ( 1979 ) . Voltaire in Exile . Grove Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 4236 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 214 -- 17 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 218 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 219 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 217 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 220 -- 21 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 221 -- 22 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 225 -- 229 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 229 -- 230 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 232 -- 35 Jump up ^ Mitford , Nancy ( 1970 ) Frederick the Great pp. 184 -- 85 , 269 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 236 -- 37 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 238 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 244 -- 45 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 247 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 263 -- 64 Jump up ^ The Scottish diarist Boswell recorded their conversations in 1764 , which are published in Boswell and the Grand Tour . Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 284 -- 90 Jump up ^ Jasper Ridley ( 2011 ) . The Freemasons : A History of the World 's Most Powerful Secret Society . Skyhorse Publishing Inc. p. 141 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61145 - 010 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` I did not know that : Mason Facts '' . Archived from the original on 12 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Voltaire on British Columbia Grand Lodge Site '' . Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 364 -- 65 , 371 -- 72 Jump up ^ Peter Gay , The Enlightenment -- An Interpretation , Volume 2 : The Science of Freedom , Wildwood House , London , 1973 , pp. 88 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Bulston , Michael E ( 2007 ) . Teach What You Believe . Paulist Press . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 4481 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Deathbed Remark : This Is No Time To Be Making New Enemies - Quote Investigator '' . quoteinvestigator.com . Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 386 -- 87 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 388 -- 89 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 388 , 391 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 411 -- 16 Jump up ^ Grove 's Dictionary of Music and Musicians , 5th ed , 1954 ; `` Cornu '' article Jump up ^ Guillaume de Syon , `` Voltaire , '' in Kelly Boyd . ed. ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing , vol 2 . Taylor & Francis . pp. 1270 -- 72 . ISBN 9781884964336 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sakmann , Paul ( 1971 ) . `` The Problems of Historical Method and of Philosophy of History in Voltaire '' . History and Theory . 11 ( 4 ) : 24 -- 59 . JSTOR 2504245 . Jump up ^ Gay , Peter ( 1988 ) Voltaire 's Politics Jump up ^ Gay , Peter ( 1957 ) . `` Carl Becker 's Heavenly City '' . Political Science Quarterly . 72 : 182 -- 99 . JSTOR 2145772 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Joseph , A Treatise on Toleration and Other Essays ( Amherst : Prometheus Books 1994 ) ISBN 0 - 87975 - 881 - 3 pg . viii . Jump up ^ Palmer , R.R. ; Colton , Joel ( 1950 ) . A History of the Modern World . McGraw - Hill , Inc . ISBN 0 - 07 - 040826 - 2 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Parrinder . The Routledge Dictionary of Religious and Spiritual Quotations . Routledge . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Boller , Jr. , Paul F. ; George , John ( 1989 ) . They Never Said It : A Book of Fake Quotes , Misquotes , and Misleading Attributions . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505541 - 1 . Jump up ^ Charles Wirz , archivist at the Voltaire Institute and Museum in Geneva , recalled in 1994 , that Hall ' wrongly ' placed this quotation between speech marks in two of her works about Voltaire , recognising expressly the quotation in question was not one , in a letter of 9 May 1939 , which was published in 1943 in volume LVIII under the title `` Voltaire never said it '' ( pp. 534 -- 35 ) of the review Modern language notes , Johns Hopkins Press , 1943 , Baltimore . An extract from the letter : ' The phrase `` I disapprove of what you say , but I will defend to the death your right to say it '' which you have found in my book Voltaire in His Letters is my own expression and should not have been put in inverted commas . Please accept my apologies for having , quite unintentionally , misled you into thinking I was quoting a sentence used by Voltaire ( or anyone else but myself ) . ' The words `` my own '' were underlined personally by Hall in her letter . To believe certain commentators -- Norbert Guterman , A Book of French Quotations , 1963 -- Hall was referencing back to a Voltaire letter of 6 February 1770 to an abbot le Riche where Voltaire supposedly said , `` Reverend , I hate what you write , but I will give my life so that you can continue to write . '' The problem is that , if you consult the letter itself , the sentence there does not appear , nor even the idea : `` AM LE RICHE A AMIENS. 6 February . You left , Sir , des Welches for des Welches . You will find everywhere barbarians obstinate . The number of wise will always be small . It is true ... it has increased ; but it is nothing in comparison with the stupid ones ; and , by misfortune , one says that God is always for the big battalions . It is necessary that the decent people stick together and stay under cover . There are no means that their small troop could tackle the party of the fanatics in open country . I was very sick , I was near death every winter ; this is the reason , Sir , why I have answered you so late . I am not less touched by it than your memory . Continue to me your friendship ; it comforts me my evils and stupidities of the human genre . Receive my assurances , etc . '' Voltaire , however , did not hesitate to wish censure against slander and personal libels . Here is what he writes in his `` Atheism '' article in the Dictionnaire philosophique : `` Aristophanes ( this man that the commentators admire because he was Greek , not thinking that Socrates was Greek also ) , Aristophanes was the first who accustomed the Athenians to consider Socrates an atheist. ... The tanners , the shoemakers and the dressmakers of Athens applauded a joke in which one represented Socrates raised in the air in a basket , announcing there was God , and praising himself to have stolen a coat by teaching philosophy . A whole people , whose bad government authorized such infamous licences , deserved well what it got , to become the slave of the Romans , and today of the Turks . '' Jump up ^ Brumfitt , J.H. ( 1965 ) . `` The Present State of Voltaire Studies '' . Forum for Modern Language Studies . Court of the University of St Andrews . I ( 3 ) : 230 . doi : 10.1093 / fmls / I. 3.230 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Will and Ariel Durant , Rousseau and Revolution ( 1967 ) , p. 138 Jump up ^ Massie , Robert K. ( 2011 ) . Catherine the Great : Portrait of a Woman . New York : Random House . p. 335 Jump up ^ `` Voltaire '' . Deism.com. 25 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 8 June 2009 . Retrieved 3 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Voltaire . W. Dugdale , A Philosophical Dictionary ver 2 , 1843 , p. 473 sec 1 . Retrieved 31 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Voltaire ( 1763 ) A Treatise on Toleration ^ Jump up to : Ruthven , Malise . `` Voltaire 's Fanaticism , or Mahomet the Prophet : A New Translation ; Preface : Voltaire and Islam '' . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Oeuvres complètes de Voltaire , Volume 7 . 1869 . p. 184 . Jump up ^ Mathews , Chris ( 2009 ) . Modern Satanism : Anatomy of a Radical Subculture . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Coakley , Sarah ( 2012 ) . Faith , Rationality and the Passions . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Cronk , Nicholas ( 2009 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Voltaire . Cambridge University Press . p. 199 . Jump up ^ R.E. Florida Voltaire and the Socinians 1974 `` Voltaire from his very first writings on the subject of religion showed a libertine scorn of scripture , which he never lost . This set him apart from Socinianism even though he admired the simplicity of Socinian theology as well as their ... '' . Jump up ^ The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , Retirement Series : Volume 7 : 28 November 1813 to 30 September 1814 : Volume 7 : 28 November 1813 to 30 September 1814 . Princeton University Press . p. 27 . edited by J. Jefferson Looney Jump up ^ Les chrétiens n'avaient regardé jusqu'à présent le fameux Mahomet que comme un heureux brigand , un imposteur habile , un législateur presque toujours extravagant . Quelques Savants de ce siècle , sur la foi des rapsodies arabesques , ont entrepris de le venger de l'injustice que lui font nos écrivains . Ils nous le donnent comme un génie sublime , et comme un homme des plus admirables , par la grandeur de ses entreprises , de ses vue , de ses succès , Claude - Adrien Nonnotte Jump up ^ Les erreurs de Voltaire , Jacquenod père et Rusand , 1770 , Vol I , p. 70 . Jump up ^ M. de Voltaire nous assure qu'il ( Mahomet ) avait une éloquence vive et forte , des yeux perçants , une physionomie heureuse , l'intrépidité d'Alexandre , la libéralité et la sobriété dont Alexandre aurait eu besoin pour être un grand homme en tout ... Il nous représente Mahomet comme un homme qui a eu la gloire de tirer presque toute l'Asie des ténèbres de l'idolâtrie . Il extrait quelques paroles de divers endroits de l'Alcoran , dont il admire le Sublime . Il trouve que sa loi est extrêmement sage , que ses lois civiles sont bonnes et que son dogme est admirable en ce qu'il se conforme avec le nôtre . Enfin pour prémunir les lecteurs contre tout ce que les Chrétiens ont dit méchamment de Mahomet , il avertit que ce ne sont guère que des sottises débitées par des moines ignorants et insensés. , Nonnotte , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Keffe , Simon P. ( 2003 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Mozart . Cambridge Companions to Music . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 00192 - 7 . Jump up ^ Dublin review : a quarterly and critical journal . Burns , Oates and Washbourne. 1840 . pp. 208 -- . JItKAAAAcAAJ . p. 208 image at Google Books Jump up ^ Thomas E. Woods , How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization ( Regnery Publishing 2005 ) pp. 169 -- 70 Jump up ^ Daniel - Rops , Henri ( 1964 ) . History of the Church of Christ . Dutton . p. 47 . His ( Voltaire 's ) hatred of religion increased with the passage of years . The attack , launched at first against clericalism and theocracy , ended in a furious assault upon Holy Scripture , the dogmas of the Church , and even upon the person of Jesus Christ Himself , who was depicted now as a degenerate ^ Jump up to : Prager , D ; Telushkin , J. Why the Jews ? : The Reason for Antisemitism . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1983 . pp. 128 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Poliakov , L. The History of Anti-Semitism : From Voltaire to Wagner . Routledge & Kegan Paul , Ltd. , 1975 ( translated ) . pp. 88 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Voltaire , François - Marie . Essai sur les Moeurs . See also : Voltaire , François - Marie . Dictionnaire Philosophique . Jump up ^ Voltaire. 1843 . A Philosophical Dictionary page 94 Jump up ^ Gay , P . The Party of Humanity : Essays in the French Enlightenment . Alfred Knopf , 1964 . pp. 103 -- 05 . Jump up ^ ( Schwarzbach , Bertram ) , `` Voltaire et les juifs : bilan et plaidoyer '' , Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century ( SVEC ) 358 , Oxford Jump up ^ Hertzberg , A . The French Enlightenment and the Jews . Columbia University , 1968 . p. 284 . Jump up ^ Azurmendi , Joxe ( 2014 ) . Historia , arraza , nazioa . Donostia : Elkar . pp. 177 -- 86 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 9027 - 297 - 8 Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . p. 629 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . p. 630 . Jump up ^ Gunny , Ahmad ( 1996 ) . Images of Islam in 18th Century Writings . However , Islam still remains a false religion in Voltaire 's eyes -- he claims that the Quran betrays ignorance of the most elementary laws of physics . Jump up ^ `` Oeuvres completes de Voltaire : Voltaire : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive '' . Archive.org. 10 March 2001 . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Pomeau . Voltaire en son temps . Jump up ^ Written and published in 1748 in Volume IV of the Œuvres de Voltaire , following his Tragedy of Mahomet . Jump up ^ Fareed Ali Haddawy , Hussain ( 1962 ) . English Arabesque : The Oriental Mode in Eighteenth - century English Literature . Cornell University . Jump up ^ Ormsby , F.E. ( 1899 ) . Planets and People , Volume 5 , Issue 1 . p. 184 . Jump up ^ Smollett , Tobias ; Morley , John ( 1901 ) . The Works of Voltaire : A philosophical dictionary . p. 101 . ^ Jump up to : Pomeau , René ( 1995 ) La religion de Voltaire . A.G Nizet . ISBN 2707803316 . p. 157 . Jump up ^ Smollett , Tobias ; Morley , John ( 1901 ) . The Works of Voltaire : A philosophical dictionary . pp. 102 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Pomeau , René ( 1995 ) La religion de Voltaire . A.G Nizet . ISBN 2707803316 . pp. 156 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Voltaire , Essais sur les Mœurs , 1756 , Chap . VI . -- De l'Arabie et de Mahomet . Jump up ^ Voltaire , Essais sur les Mœurs , 1756 , Chap . VII . -- De l'Alcoran , et de la loi musulmane . Examen si la religion musulmane était nouvelle , et si elle a été persécutante . ^ Jump up to : The history of Charles xii . king of Sweden ( tr. and abridged by A. Henderson from the work by F.M.A. de Voltaire ) . 1734 . p. 112 . Jump up ^ Shah Kazemi , Reza . The Spirit of Tolerance in Islam . pp. 5 -- 6 . Voltaire also ' pointed out that no Christian state allowed the presence of a mosque ; but that the Ottoman state was filled with Churches . ' Jump up ^ Avez - vous oublié que ce poète était astronome , et qu'il réforma le calendrier des Arabes ? , Lettre civile et honnête à l'auteur malhonnête de la `` Critique de l'histoire universelle de M. de Voltaire '' ( 1760 ) , dans Œuvres complètes de Voltaire , Voltaire . Moland , 1875 , Vol. 24 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Voltaire ( 1824 ) . A Philosophical Dictionary , Volume 1 . p. 76 . Jump up ^ Ce fut certainement un très grand homme , et qui forma de grands hommes . Il fallait qu'il fût martyr ou conquérant , il n'y avait pas de milieu . Il vainquit toujours , et toutes ses victoires furent remportées par le petit nombre sur le grand . Conquérant , législateur , monarque et pontife , il joua le plus grand rôle qu'on puisse jouer sur la terre aux yeux du commun des hommes ; mais les sages lui préféreront toujours Confutzée , précisément parce qu'il ne fut rien de tout cela , et qu'il se contenta d'enseigner la morale la plus pure à une nation plus ancienne , plus nombreuse , et plus policée que la nation arabe. , Remarques pour servir de supplément à l'Essai sur les Mœurs ( 1763 ) , dans Œuvres complètes de Voltaire , Voltaire . Moland , 1875 , Vol. 24 , chap. 9 - De Mahomet , p. 590 . Jump up ^ J'ai dit qu'on reconnut Mahomet pour un grand homme ; rien n'est plus impie , dites - vous . Je vous répondrai que ce n'est pas ma faute si ce petit homme a changé la face d'une partie du monde , s'il a gagné des batailles contre des armées dix fois plus nombreuses que les siennes , s'il a fait trembler l'Empire romain , s'il a donné les premiers coups à ce colosse que ses successeurs ont écrasé , et s'il a été législateur de l'Asie , de l'Afrique , et d'une partie de l'Europe. , `` Lettre civile et honnête à l'auteur malhonnête de la Critique de l'histoire universelle . Voltaire ( 1760 ) , in Œuvres complètes de Voltaire , Voltaire . Moland , 1875 , Vol. 24 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Gunny , Ahmad ( 1996 ) . Images of Islam in 18th Century Writings . p. 142 . Jump up ^ Allen Harvey , David . The French Enlightenment and Its Others : The Mandarin , the Savage , and the Invention of the Human Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Essai sur les Mœurs et l'Esprit des Nations '' ( 1756 ) , dans Œuvres complètes de Voltaire , Voltaire . Moland , 1875 , Vol. 11 , chap . VII - De l'Alcoran , et de la loi musulmane , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Il est évident que le génie du peuple arabe , mis en mouvement par Mahomet , fit tout de lui - même pendant près de trois siècles , et ressembla en cela au génie des anciens Romains. , `` Essais sur les Mœurs '' ( 1756 ) , dans Œuvres complètes de Voltaire , Voltaire , éd . Moland , 1875 , t . 11 , chap . VI - De l'Arabie et de Mahomet , p. 237 . et écrit que `` dans nos siècles de barbarie et d'ignorance , qui suivirent la décadence et le déchirement de l'Empire romain , nous reçûmes presque tout des Arabes : astronomie , chimie , médecine Préface de l'Essai sur l'Histoire universelle '' ( 1754 ) , dans Œuvres complètes de Voltaire , Voltaire , éd . Moland , 1875 , t . 24 , p. 49 . Si ces Ismaélites ressemblaient aux Juifs par l'enthousiasme et la soif du pillage , ils étaient prodigieusement supérieurs par le courage , par la grandeur d'âme , par la magnanimité. , `` Essai sur les Mœurs et l'Esprit des Nations '' ( 1756 ) , dans Œuvres complètes de Voltaire , Voltaire , éd . Moland , 1875 , t . 11 , chap . VI - De l'Arabie et de Mahomet , p. 231 . et que `` dès le second siècle de Mahomet , il fallut que les chrétiens d'Occident s'instruisissent chez les musulmans '' Essais sur les Mœurs '' ( 1756 ) , dans Œuvres complètes de Voltaire , Voltaire , éd . Moland , 1875 , t . 11 , chap . VI - De l'Arabie et de Mahomet , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Voltaire , Mahomet the Prophet or Fanaticism : A Tragedy in Five Acts , trans . Robert L. Myers , ( New York : Frederick Ungar , 1964 ) . Jump up ^ Voltaire Letter to Benedict XIV written in Paris on 17 August 1745 : `` Your holiness will pardon the liberty taken by one of the lowest of the faithful , though a zealous admirer of virtue , of submitting to the head of the true religion this performance , written in opposition to the founder of a false and barbarous sect . To whom could I with more propriety inscribe a satire on the cruelty and errors of a false prophet , than to the vicar and representative of a God of truth and mercy ? Your holiness will therefore give me leave to lay at your feet both the piece and the author of it , and humbly to request your protection of the one , and your benediction upon the other ; in hopes of which , with the profoundest reverence , I kiss your sacred feet . '' Jump up ^ Voltaire , Le Fanatisme ou Mahomet le prophète ( 1741 ) , Œuvres complètes . Garnier , 1875 , Vol. 4 , p135 . Jump up ^ Mahomet le fanatique , le cruel , le fourbe , et , à la honte des hommes , le grand , qui de garçon marchand devient prophète , législateur et monarque , ( Mohammed the fanatic , the cruel , the deceiver , and to men 's shame , the great , who from a grocer 's boy became a prophet , a legislator and a monarch ) . Recueil des Lettres de Voltaire ( 1739 -- 1741 ) , Voltaire , Sanson et Compagnie , 1792 , Lettre à M. De Cideville , conseiller honoraire du parlement ( 5 mai 1740 ) , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Voltaire in His Letters : Being a Selection from His Correspondence . p. 74 . translated and edited by Evelyn Beatrice Hall Jump up ^ Gunny , Ahmad ( 1996 ) . Images of Islam in 18th Century Writings . He expanded on this idea in his letter to César de Missy ( Ist September 1742 ) where he described Mahomet as a deceitful character . Jump up ^ Voltaire , Lettres inédites de Voltaire , Didier , 1856 , Vol 1 , Letter to César De Missy , 1 September 1743 , p. 450 . Jump up ^ `` The Atheist 's Bible '' , p. 198 , by Georges Minois , 2012 Jump up ^ Je sais que Mahomet n'a pas tramé précisément l'espèce de trahison qui fait le sujet de cette tragédie ... Je n'ai pas prétendu mettre seulement une action vraie sur la scène , mais des mœurs vraies , faire penser les hommes comme ils pensent dans les circonstances où ils se trouvent , et représenter enfin ce que la fourberie peut inventer de plus atroce , et ce que le Fanatisme peut exécuter de plus horrible . Mahomet n'est ici autre chose que Tartuffe les armes à la main . Je me croirai bien récompensé de mon travail , si quelqu'une de ces âmes faibles , toujours prêtes à recevoir les impressions d'une fureur étrangère qui n'est pas au fond de leur cœur , peut s'affermir contre ces funestes séductions par la lecture de cet ouvrage. , Voltaire , Letter to Frederick II , King of Prussia , 20 January 1742 . Jump up ^ Il n'appartenait assurément qu'aux musulmans de se plaindre ; car j'ai fait Mahomet un peu plus méchant qu'il n'était , Lettre à Mme Denis , 29 October 1751 , Lettres choisies de Voltaire , Libraires associés , 1792 , Vol. 2 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Smollett , Tobias ; Morley , John ( 1905 ) . The Works of Voltaire : A philosophical dictionary . p. 105 . Jump up ^ The Works of Voltaire : The dramatic works of Voltaire . St. Hubert Guild. 1901 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Voltaire , Letter to Benedict XIV written in Paris on 17 August 1745 : Your holiness will pardon the liberty taken by one of the lowest of the faithful , though a zealous admirer of virtue , of submitting to the head of the true religion this performance , written in opposition to the founder of a false and barbarous sect . To whom could I with more propriety inscribe a satire on the cruelty and errors of a false prophet , than to the vicar and representative of a God of truth and mercy ? Your holiness will therefore give me leave to lay at your feet both the piece and the author of it , and humbly to request your protection of the one , and your benediction upon the other ; in hopes of which , with the profoundest reverence , I kiss your sacred feet . Jump up ^ Berman , Nina ( 2011 ) . German Literature on the Middle East : Discourses and Practices , 1000 -- 1989 . University of Michigan Press . p. 118 . Jump up ^ The Concept of Human Dignity in the French and American Enlightenments : Religion , Virtue , Liberty . 2006 . p. 280 . Voltaire goes on to accuse other religions such as Islam for their own intolerance ( 359 ) . Voltaire , then , seems to consider Christianity as one of many intolerant and absurd religions . Jump up ^ Elmarsafy , Ziad . `` The Enlightenment Qur'an : The Politics of Translation and the Construction of Islam '' . JSTOR 23044965 . Jump up ^ Mathilde Hilger , Stephanie ( 2009 ) . Strategies of Response and the Dynamics of European Literary Culture , 1790 -- 1805 . Rodopi . p. 100 . Jump up ^ `` Lectures on the science of language , delivered at the Royal institution of Great Britain in 1861 ( and 1863 ) '' , by Max Muller , p. 148 , original from = Oxford University Jump up ^ The Modern Review , Volume 32 , p. 183 , by Ramananda Chatterjee , originally from = University of Michigan '' Jump up ^ Pensées végétariennes , Voltaire , éditions Mille et une nuits . Jump up ^ Guardian ( UK ) newspaper , review of Bloodless Revolution , published by Harper - Collins Jump up ^ Sala - Molins , Louis ( 2006 ) Dark side of the light : slavery and the French Enlightenment . Univ Of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 4389 - X . p. 102 Jump up ^ de Viguerie , Jean ( July 1993 ) . `` Les ' Lumieres ' et les peuples '' . Revue Historique. 290 ( 1 ) : 161 -- 89 . Jump up ^ William B. Cohen ( 2003 ) . The French encounter with Africans : White response to Blacks , 1530 -- 1880 . Indiana University Press . p. 86 . Jump up ^ David Allen Harvey ( 2012 ) . The French Enlightenment and its Others : The Mandarin , the Savage , and the Invention of the Human Sciences . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 135 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Davis , David Brion , The problem of slavery in Western culture ( New York : Oxford University Press 1988 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 505639 - 6 p. 392 Jump up ^ Stark , Rodney , For the Glory of God : How Monotheism Led to Reformations , Science , Witch - Hunts , and the End of Slavery ( 2003 ) , p. 359 Jump up ^ Miller , Christopher L. , The French Atlantic triangle : literature and culture of the slave trade ( 2008 ) pp. x , 7 , 73 , 77 Jump up ^ Catherine A. Reinhardt ( 2006 ) . Claims to Memory : Beyond Slavery and Emancipation in the French Caribbean . Berghahn Books . p. 43 . ISBN 9781845450793 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 358 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1933 ) . The Story of Philosophy 2nd ed . Simon&Schuster . p. 259 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . p. 881 . ^ Jump up to : Theodore Besterman ( 1969 ) . Voltaire . Harcourt , Brace & World , Inc. p. 11 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . p. 880 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . p. 139 . Jump up ^ `` The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia , 6th ed. 2012 '' . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . pp. 139 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . p. 879 . ^ Jump up to : J.M. Wheeler and G.W. Foote ( 1894 ) . Voltaire : A sketch of his life and works . Robert Forder . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . pp. 734 -- 36 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 736 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 753 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 370 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . p. 170 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . p. 149 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . pp. 190 -- 91 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . pp. 197 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . pp. 877 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . p. 886 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . pp. 879 , 886 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . p. 887 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon & Schuster . p. 887 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1933 ) . The Story of Philosophy 2nd ed . Simon&Schuster . p. 261 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1933 ) . The Story of Philosophy 2nd ed . Simon&Schuster . p. 187 . Jump up ^ `` Democracy '' . The Philosophical Dictionary . Knopf. 1924 . Retrieved 1 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Letter on the subject of Candide , to the Journal encyclopédique July 15 , 1759 '' . University of Chicago . Archived from the original on 13 October 2006 . Retrieved 7 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Liu , Wu - Chi ( 1953 ) . `` The Original Orphan of China '' . Comparative Literature. 5 ( 3 ) : 206 -- 07 . JSTOR 1768912 . Jump up ^ Gay , Peter Voltaire 's Politics : The Poet as Realist ( New Haven : Yale University 1988 ) , p. 265 : `` If the heavens , despoiled of his august stamp could ever cease to manifest him , if God did n't exist , it would be necessary to invent him . Let the wise proclaim him , and kings fear him . '' Jump up ^ `` Beacon Lights of History '' , p. 207 , by Jon Lord , publisher = Cosimo , Inc , 2009 . -- German Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche , however , called Carlyle a muddlehead who had not even understood the Enlightenment values he thought he was promoting . See -- Nietzsche and Legal Theory : Half - Written Laws , by Peter Goodrich , Mariana Valverde , published by Routledge , p. 5 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 430 Jump up ^ Schmadel , Lutz D. ; International Astronomical Union ( 2003 ) . Dictionary of minor planet names . Springer . p. 481 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 00238 - 3 . Retrieved 9 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Koerner , Brendan ( June 2005 ) . `` Brain Brew '' . The Washington Monthly . pp. 46 -- 49 . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Cowell , Siôn ( 2001 ) . The Teilhard Lexicon : Understanding the language , terminology , and vision of the writings of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin . Brighton : Sussex Academic Press . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 902210 - 37 - 7 . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Kurian , George Thomas ( 2010 ) . The Encyclopedia of Christian Literature . Lanham , MD : Scarecrow Press . p. 591 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6987 - 5 . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Barber , Giles ( 2004 ) . Besterman , Theodore Deodatus Nathaniel ( 1904 -- 1976 ) . Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Mason , Haydn . `` A history of the Voltaire Foundation '' ( PDF ) . Voltaire Foundation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Julia , Aurélie ( October 2011 ) . `` Voltaire à Oxford , The Voltaire Foundation '' . Revue des Deux Mondes ( in French ) . English translation at `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 March 2016 . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Michael ( 23 January 2010 ) . `` Voltaire the Survivor '' . The International Herald Tribune . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Dates of the first performance , unless otherwise noted . Garreau , Joseph E. ( 1984 ) . `` Voltaire '' , vol. 5 , pp. 113 -- 17 , in McGraw - Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama , Stanley Hochman , editor in chief . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 079169 - 5 . Jump up ^ This is an adaptation of the famous Chinese play The Orphan of Zhao , based on historical events in the Spring and Autumn period . Further reading ( edit ) App , Urs . The Birth of Orientalism . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 2010 ( hardcover , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4261 - 4 ) ; contains a 60 - page chapter ( pp. 15 -- 76 ) on Voltaire as a pioneer of Indomania and his use of fake Indian texts in anti-Christian propaganda . Besterman , Theodore , Voltaire , ( 1969 ) . Brumfitt , J.H. Voltaire : Historian ( 1958 ) online edition . Davidson , Ian , Voltaire . A Life , London , Profile Books , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60598 - 287 - 8 . Durant , Will , The Story of Civilization . Vol . IX : The Age of Voltaire . New York : Simon and Schuster , 1965 . Gay , Peter , Voltaire 's Politics , The Poet as Realist , Yale University , 1988 . Hadidi , Djavâd , Voltaire et l'Islam , Publications Orientalistes de France , 1974 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 84161 - 510 - 0 . Knapp , Bettina L. Voltaire Revisited ( 2000 ) . Mason , Haydn , Voltaire , A Biography ( 1981 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 2611 - 5 . McElroy , Wendy ( 2008 ) . `` Voltaire ( 1694 -- 1778 ) '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . p. 523 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n319 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . Muller , Jerry Z. , 2002 . The Mind and the Market : Capitalism in Western Thought . Anchor Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 38572 - 166 - 0 . Pearson , Roger , 2005 . Voltaire Almighty : a life in pursuit of freedom . Bloomsbury . p. 447 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58234 - 630 - 4 . Quinones , Ricardo J. Erasmus and Voltaire : Why They Still Matter ( University of Toronto Press ; 2010 ) 240 pages ; Draws parallels between the two thinkers as voices of moderation with relevance today . Schwarzbach , Bertram Eugene , Voltaire 's Old Testament Criticism , Librairie Droz , Geneva , 1971 . Torrey , Norman L. , The Spirit of Voltaire , Columbia University Press , 1938 . Vernon , Thomas S. ( 1989 ) . `` Chapter V : Voltaire '' . Great Infidels . M & M Pr . ISBN 0 - 943099 - 05 - 6 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2001 . Wade , Ira O. ( 1967 ) . Studies on Voltaire . New York : Russell & Russell . Wright , Charles Henry Conrad , A History of French Literature , Oxford University Press , 1912 . `` The Cambridge Companion to Voltaire '' , ed by Nicholas Cronk , 2009 . In French ( edit ) Korolev , S. Voltaire et la reliure des livres / / Revue Voltaire . Paris , 2013 . # 13 . pp. 233 -- 40 . René Pomeau , La Religion de Voltaire , Librairie Nizet , Paris , 1974 . Valérie Crugten - André , La vie de Voltaire ( 1 ) Primary sources ( edit ) Morley , J. , The Works of Voltaire , A Contemporary Version , ( 21 vol 1901 ) , online edition External links ( edit ) Find more aboutVoltaireat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Voltaire , François Marie Arouet de . Château de Cirey -- Residence of Voltaire , visitvoltaire.com Gabrielle Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil Marquise du Châtelet , School of Mathematics and Statistics , University of St Andrews , Scotland Hewett , Caspar J.M. ( August 2006 ) . `` The Great Debate : Life of Voltaire '' . Retrieved 2 November 2008 . The Société Voltaire An analysis of Voltaire 's texts ( in the `` textes '' topic ) ( in French ) Complete French ebooks of Voltaire ( in French ) Biography and quotes of Voltaire Institut et Musée Voltaire , Geneva , Switzerland ( in French ) Works by Voltaire edited at athena.unige.ch Internet Encyclopaedia of Philosophy on Voltaire Monsieur de Voltaire Correspondence in French VisitVoltaire.com site with images Complete listing of current published editions of Voltaire 's works Voltaire 's Candide and Leibniz Voltaire 's works : works : text , concordances and frequency list Voltaire 's writings from Philosophical Dictionary . Selected and Translated by H.I. Woolf , 1924 Worldly and Personal Influences on Voltaire 's Writing Voltaire at the Eighteenth - Century Poetry Archive ( ECPA ) Works by Voltaire at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Voltaire at Internet Archive Works by Voltaire at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Works by Voltaire at ManyBooks Voltaire 's works and chronology About Voltaire in `` Lucidcafé '' Online Library of Liberty -- The Works of Voltaire ( 1901 ) . Some volumes , including mostly the unabridged Dictionnaire philosophique , translated by William F. Fleming ( in French ) Voltaire , his work in audio version ( hide ) Voltaire Prose works Letters on the English Elements of the Philosophy of Newton Zadig History of Charles XII The Age of Louis XIV Micromégas Annals of the Empire Plato 's Dream Doctor Akakia Essai sur les mœurs et l'esprit des nations Candide Treatise on Tolerance Dictionnaire philosophique Commentaires sur Corneille Idées républicaines Questions sur les Miracles L'Ingénu The Historical Praise of Reason Précis du siècle de Louis XV Des singularités de la nature The Man of Forty Crowns The White Bull Poetry Henriade Le Mondain Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne Épître à l'Auteur du Livre des Trois Imposteurs The Maid of Orleans Drama Oedipus Hérode et Mariamne Zaïre La Prude Socrates Mahomet La princesse de Navarre Nanine L'Orphelin de la Chine Other Samson ( opera ) Related Les Délices Institut et Musée Voltaire Voltaire Foundation Complete Works of Voltaire Ferney - Voltaire The Friends of Voltaire ( 1906 book ) Voltaire ( 1933 film ) Passionate Minds ( 2006 novel ) Articles related to Voltaire Académie française seat 33 Vincent Voiture ( 1634 ) François Eudes de Mézeray ( 1648 ) Jean Barbier d'Aucour ( 1683 ) François de Clermont - Tonnerre ( 1694 ) Nicolas de Malézieu ( 1701 ) Jean Bouhier ( 1727 ) François - Marie Arouet dit Voltaire ( 1746 ) Jean - François Ducis ( 1778 ) Raymond Desèze ( 1816 ) Amable Guillaume Prosper Brugière , baron de Barante ( 1828 ) Auguste Joseph Alphonse Gratry ( 1867 ) René Taillandier ( 1873 ) Maxime Du Camp ( 1880 ) Paul Bourget ( 1894 ) Edmond Jaloux ( 1936 ) Jean - Louis Vaudoyer ( 1950 ) Marcel Brion ( 1964 ) Michel Mohrt ( 1985 ) Dominique Bona ( 2013 ) The Age of Enlightenment Topics Atheism Capitalism Civil liberties Counter-Enlightenment Critical thinking Deism Democracy Empiricism Encyclopédistes Enlightened absolutism Free markets Haskalah Humanism Human rights Liberalism Liberté , égalité , fraternité Methodological skepticism Nationalism Natural philosophy Objectivity Rationality Rationalism Reason Reductionism Sapere aude Science Scientific method Socialism Universality Weimar Classicism Thinkers France Jean le Rond d'Alembert Étienne Bonnot de Condillac Marquis de Condorcet Denis Diderot Claude Adrien Helvétius Baron d'Holbach Georges - Louis Leclerc Montesquieu François Quesnay Jean - Jacques Rousseau Marquis de Sade Voltaire Germany Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Georg Hamann Johann Gottfried von Herder Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi Immanuel Kant Gotthold Ephraim Lessing Moses Mendelssohn Friedrich Schiller Thomas Wizenmann Greece Neophytos Doukas Theoklitos Farmakidis Rigas Feraios Theophilos Kairis Adamantios Korais Ireland Robert Boyle Edmund Burke Italy Cesare Beccaria Gaetano Filangieri Antonio Genovesi Pietro Verri The Netherlands Spinoza Hugo Grotius Balthasar Bekker Bernard Nieuwentyt Frederik van Leenhof Christiaan Huygens Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Jan Swammerdam Poland Tadeusz Czacki Hugo Kołłątaj Stanisław Konarski Ignacy Krasicki Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz Stanisław August Poniatowski Jędrzej Śniadecki Stanisław Staszic Józef Wybicki Andrzej Stanisław Załuski Józef Andrzej Załuski Portugal Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo Russia Catherine II Spain Charles III Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro United Kingdom ( Scotland ) Francis Bacon Jeremy Bentham Joseph Black James Boswell Adam Ferguson Edward Gibbon Robert Hooke David Hume Francis Hutcheson Samuel Johnson John Locke Isaac Newton Thomas Reid Adam Smith Mary Wollstonecraft United States Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson James Madison George Mason Thomas Paine French Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 13 Vendémiaire 5 Oct 1795 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Expédition de Sardaigne ( 21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution Voltaire 's Candide Adaptations Candide , Part II ( 1760 novel ) Candide ( 1956 operetta ) Modern Interpretations Candy ( 1958 novel ) Candide ou l'optimisme au XXe siècle ( 1960 film ) Candy ( 1968 film ) Mondo candido ( 1975 film ) The Optimists ( 2006 film ) Related Cunégonde Pope Urban X A few acres of snow Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne Race historical racial categories By color Black Bronze Brown Red White Yellow Anthropological Australoid Capoid Caucasoid Mongoloid Negroid Sub-types Alpine Arabid Armenoid Atlantid Borreby Brunn Caspian Dinaric East Baltic Ethiopid Hamitic Dravidian Irano - Afghan Japhetic Malay Mediterranean Neo-Mongoloid Neo-Danubian Nordic Northcaucasian Ladogan Lappish Pamirid Proto - Mongoloid Semitic Turanid Multiracial Miscegenation Ethnogenesis List of racially mixed groups Writers Louis Agassiz John Baker Erwin Baur John Beddoe Robert Bennett Bean François Bernier Renato Biasutti Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Franz Boas Paul Broca Alice Mossie Brues Halfdan Bryn Georges - Louis Leclerc , Comte de Buffon Charles Caldwell Petrus Camper Samuel A. Cartwright Houston Stewart Chamberlain Sonia Mary Cole Carleton S. Coon Georges Cuvier Jan Czekanowski Charles Davenport Joseph Deniker Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt Anténor Firmin Eugen Fischer John Fiske Francis Galton Stanley Marion Garn Reginald Ruggles Gates George Gliddon Arthur de Gobineau Madison Grant John Grattan Hans F.K. Günther Ernst Haeckel Frederick Ludwig Hoffman Earnest Hooton Julian Huxley Thomas Henry Huxley Calvin Ira Kephart Robert Knox Robert E. Kuttner Georges Vacher de Lapouge Fritz Lenz Carl Linnaeus Cesare Lombroso Bertil Lundman Felix von Luschan Dominick McCausland John Mitchell Ashley Montagu Lewis H. Morgan Samuel George Morton Josiah C. Nott Karl Pearson Oscar Peschel Isaac La Peyrère Charles Pickering Ludwig Hermann Plate Alfred Ploetz James Cowles Prichard Otto Reche Gustaf Retzius William Z . Ripley Alfred Rosenberg Benjamin Rush Henric Sanielevici Heinrich Schmidt Ilse Schwidetzky Charles Gabriel Seligman Giuseppe Sergi Samuel Stanhope Smith Herbert Spencer Morris Steggerda Lothrop Stoddard William Graham Sumner Thomas Griffith Taylor Paul Topinard John H. Van Evrie Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer Rudolf Virchow Voltaire Alexander Winchell Ludwig Woltmann Writings An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People in Different Climates ( 1744 ) The Outline of History of Mankind ( 1785 ) Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question ( 1849 ) An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races ( 1855 ) The Races of Europe ( Ripley , 1899 ) The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century ( 1899 ) Race Life of the Aryan Peoples ( 1907 ) Heredity in Relation to Eugenics ( 1911 ) Castes in India : Their Mechanism , Genesis and Development ( 1916 ) The Passing of the Great Race ( 1916 ) The Rising Tide of Color Against White World - Supremacy ( 1920 ) The Myth of the Twentieth Century ( 1930 ) Annihilation of Caste ( 1936 ) The Races of Europe ( Coon , 1939 ) An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus ( 1943 ) The Race Question ( 1950 ) Theories Eugenics Great chain of being Monogenism Polygenism Pre-Adamite Related History of anthropometry Racial categorization in India in Latin America in Brazil in Colombia in Singapore in the United States Scientific racism Nazism and race Racial hygiene Olive skin Whiteness in the United States Whitening Branqueamento / Blanqueamiento Passing Racial stereotypes Martial race Master race Color names Colorism Négritude Social and political philosophy Pre-modern philosophers Aquinas Aristotle Averroes Augustine Chanakya Cicero Confucius Al - Ghazali Han Fei Laozi Marsilius Mencius Mozi Muhammad Plato Shang Socrates Sun Tzu Thucydides Modern philosophers Bakunin Bentham Bonald Bosanquet Burke Comte Emerson Engels Fourier Franklin Grotius Hegel Hobbes Hume Jefferson Kant Kierkegaard Le Bon Le Play Leibniz Locke Machiavelli Maistre Malebranche Marx Mill Montesquieu Möser Nietzsche Paine Renan Rousseau Royce Sade Smith Spencer Spinoza Stirner Taine Thoreau Tocqueville Vivekananda Voltaire 20th -- 21st - century Philosophers Ambedkar Arendt Aurobindo Aron Azurmendi Badiou Baudrillard Bauman Benoist Berlin Judith Butler Camus Chomsky De Beauvoir Debord Du Bois Durkheim Foucault Gandhi Gehlen Gentile Gramsci Habermas Hayek Heidegger Irigaray Kirk Kropotkin Lenin Luxemburg Mao Marcuse Maritain Michels Mises Negri Niebuhr Nozick Oakeshott Ortega Pareto Pettit Plamenatz Polanyi Popper Radhakrishnan Rand Rawls Rothbard Russell Santayana Sarkar Sartre Schmitt Searle Simonović Skinner Sombart Spann Spirito Strauss Sun Taylor Walzer Weber Žižek Social theories Ambedkarism Anarchism Authoritarianism Collectivism Communism Communitarianism Conflict theories Confucianism Consensus theory Conservatism Contractualism Cosmopolitanism Culturalism Fascism Feminist political theory Gandhism Individualism Legalism Liberalism Libertarianism Mohism National liberalism Republicanism Social constructionism Social constructivism Social Darwinism Social determinism Socialism Utilitarianism Concepts Civil disobedience Democracy Four occupations Justice Law Mandate of Heaven Peace Property Revolution Rights Social contract Society War more ... Related articles Jurisprudence Philosophy and economics Philosophy of education Philosophy of history Philosophy of love Philosophy of sex Philosophy of social science Political ethics Social epistemology Portal Task Force BIBSYS : 90672881 BNE : XX960938 BNF : cb11928669t ( data ) CiNii : DA00244832 GND : 118627813 HDS : 16207 ISNI : 0000 0001 2128 0652 LCCN : n80126267 MusicBrainz : 571170e9 - bb0c - 4d12 - a9ad - 9c926fb784a8 NDL : 00459873 NKC : jn19981002352 NLA : 35153427 RKD : 256309 RLS : 000017191 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ CFIV \ 000105 SELIBR : 100209 SNAC : w6xs5t6n SUDOC : 027190099 ULAN : 500354532 VIAF : 36925746 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voltaire&oldid=843574758 '' Categories : Voltaire French philosophers French writers 1694 births 1778 deaths Early Modern philosophers Enlightenment philosophers Exophonic writers French deists French dramatists and playwrights French essayists French fantasy writers French historians French memoirists French poets French satirists French science fiction writers Philosophers of sexuality Pseudonymous writers Les Neuf Sœurs Members of the Académie française Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences Fellows of the Royal Society Honorary Members of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences Recipients of the Pour le Mérite ( civil class ) Contributors to the Encyclopédie ( 1751 -- 72 ) French male dramatists and playwrights French male poets French male writers Anti-nationalists Age of Enlightenment Critics of religions Deist philosophers French Freemasons French anti -- death penalty activists Free speech activists French monarchists Lycée Louis - le - Grand alumni Philosophes People of the Ancien Régime People of the Regency of Philippe d'Orléans People imprisoned by lettre de cachet Burials at the Panthéon , Paris Writers from Paris 17th - century French people 18th - century French dramatists and playwrights 18th - century French novelists 18th - century French writers 18th century in Geneva 18th - century philosophers Correspondents Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from March 2018 Pages using infobox philosopher with embed equal yes Articles with hCards Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2016 Articles containing French - language text Articles with French - language external links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Latin - language text AC with 20 elements Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 132 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 01 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire

who plays rufus in bill and ted's excellent adventure

George Carlin as Rufus

George Carlin

Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure

bill & ted's excellent adventure

Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure is a 1989 American science - fiction comedy buddy film in which two slackers travel through time to assemble a menagerie of historical figures for their high school history presentation .

The film was written by Chris Matheson and Ed Solomon and directed by Stephen Herek . It stars Alex Winter as Bill S. Preston , Esquire ; Keanu Reeves as Ted `` Theodore '' Logan ; and George Carlin as Rufus . Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure received generally positive reviews upon release and was commercially successful . It is now considered a cult classic . A sequel , Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey , was released two years later . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Differences from original script 4 Soundtrack 5 Related productions 5.1 Sequels 5.2 Television 5.3 Comics 5.4 Video games 5.5 Theme parks 6 Reception 7 In cultural analysis 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 2688 , humanity exists as a utopian society due to the inspiration of the music and wisdom of the Two Great Ones : Bill S. Preston , Esq. and Ted `` Theodore '' Logan . Rufus is tasked by the leaders to travel back to San Dimas , California , in 1988 using a time machine disguised as a telephone booth to ensure that Bill and Ted , who , in their present , are dimwitted metalhead slacker high school students , get a good grade in their final history oral report and pass the class . Should they fail , Ted 's father , Police Captain John Logan , plans to ship Ted to a military academy in Alaska , ending Bill and Ted 's fledgling band , the `` Wyld Stallyns '' , thus altering the future . Bill , meanwhile , has a crush on his father 's new wife Missy who 's just a few years older than Bill himself . Bill and Ted struggle with the report , which asks them to envision how three historical figures would see San Dimas in the present . While they are asking strangers at the local Circle K convenience store for help , Rufus arrives in the time machine . The two are distrustful until the time machine arrives again nearby , out from which step future versions of Bill and Ted . They prove to their younger selves that they are really them and that they should trust Rufus . They privately ask Rufus a question and then depart . The younger versions of Bill and Ted accept Rufus ' offer to take them into the past . Rufus takes them to a battlefield in Austria , 1805 where Napoleon Bonaparte is commanding the French army against Austria . They return to the present , unaware that the time machine has caught Napoleon in its wake and pulled him along . Landing near Ted 's house , Rufus reminds them that they must still reach the school on time to give their report and then departs , returning the time machine to them . The two discover Napoleon after he falls out of a nearby tree , and come up with the idea of borrowing other historical figures to bring to the present . They leave Napoleon with Ted 's younger brother , Deacon , and start traveling through time . The two befriend Billy the Kid in The Old West , 1879 and Socrates in Ancient Greece , 410 BC before stopping in London , 1461 where they become infatuated with Princesses Elizabeth and Joanna . The teens anger the princesses ' supposed father , Henry VI of England ( Henry had only a son and in early 1461 was imprisoned in the Tower ) , who orders their beheading , but they are rescued by Billy and Socrates . They are forced to leave without the princesses and , in the escape , the telephone booth is damaged . Dialing a random number , they land next in the Utopian future , where Bill and Ted are amazed by the music playing and that the citizens worship them . They leave after a brief stay and , believing they have plenty of time before the report , start collecting more historical figures for extra credit , including Sigmund Freud in Vienna , 1901 , Ludwig van Beethoven in Kassel , 1810 , Joan of Arc in Orléans , 1429 , Genghis Khan in Mongolia , 1209 , and Abraham Lincoln in Washington , D.C. , 1863 . Having run out of room in the phone booth , Bill and Ted finally discover the time machine is damaged . After making ad hoc repairs to the time machine , Bill and Ted try to return to the present but land outside the Circle K , recognizing the situation they previously witnessed . After reassuring their younger selves , they learn from Rufus how to dial the right number to get to their present and that they are running out of time . Once they arrive to the present , Bill 's stepmother has him , Ted , and the historical figures get their household chores done before taking them to the local mall , where the historical figures are left to experience San Dimas while Bill and Ted look for Napoleon ; Ted finds Deacon had ditched Napoleon earlier out of embarrassment , but they later find him at the water slide park `` Waterloo '' ( the name based on the Napoleon 's famous battle of `` Waterloo '' ) with the irony lost on Bill and Ted . Meanwhile , the historical figures had caused trouble at the mall and have been arrested by Captain Logan . Upon discovering this , Bill and Ted figure out how they can use the time machine to set up an event at the police station to allow them to free the historical figures without getting caught . After freeing them , Bill 's stepmother drives them all to the high school and arrive just in time , where they give an impressive presentation with the help of the historical figures that receives a standing ovation . They pass their course and return the historical figures to their proper times . Later , as Bill and Ted are practicing , Rufus arrives , showing he had rescued the princesses from England and introduced them to the modern world , and that they become part of Wyld Stallyns . Elated , Bill and Ted resume their practice with their usual ineptitude , with Rufus breaking the fourth wall and promising , `` They do get better ... '' Cast ( edit ) Main Keanu Reeves as Ted `` Theodore '' Logan Alex Winter as Bill S. Preston Esq . George Carlin as Rufus Historical Figures Terry Camilleri as Napoleon Bonaparte Dan Shor as Billy the Kid Tony Steedman as Socrates Rod Loomis as Sigmund Freud Al Leong as Genghis Khan Jane Wiedlin as Joan of Arc Robert V. Barron as Abraham Lincoln Clifford David as Ludwig van Beethoven Supporting Hal Landon Jr. as Captain Jonathan `` John '' Logan , Ted 's father Bernie Casey as Mr. Ryan , Bill and Ted 's history teacher Amy Stock - Poynton as Missy / Mom Preston , Bill 's stepmother J. Patrick McNamara as Mr. Preston , Bill 's father Frazier Bain as Deacon Logan , Ted 's younger brother John Karlsen as Evil Duke Diane Franklin as Princess Joanna Kimberley LaBelle as Princess Elizabeth The Three Supreme Beings of the Future Clarence Clemons Martha Davis Fee Waybill Production ( edit ) The film was shot in 1987 in the Phoenix , Arizona metropolitan area , mostly in and around Scottsdale 's Coronado High School . Coronado 's auditorium was torn down during 2005 - 07 renovations , but its unique roof and intricate exterior mosaic , seen in an opening scene when Bill and Ted leave school in a red Mustang , was saved and moved , piece by piece , to the new auditorium . The interior shots of the auditorium were filmed inside the East High School auditorium , which was in Phoenix on 48th Street just north of Van Buren . East High School was demolished in 2002 as part of a redevelopment project . The production also shot a sequence on the Western Street on the back lot of Southwestern Studio in Carefree , Arizona . Odescalchi castle was used as Henry VI 's castle . The scenes at Waterloo are a combination of establishing shots at Raging Waters in San Dimas and shots with the actors at Golfland Sunsplash in Mesa , Arizona . The bowling alley was a Fair Lanes - branded alley at that time but is now the AMF Tempe Village Lanes on Rural Road at US 60 , three miles south of Arizona State University . The mall was Phoenix Metrocenter , between Peoria and Dunlap Avenues at Interstate 17 . It has since been renovated and no longer looks as it did in the film . The Circle K store is at the intersection of Southern and Hardy in Tempe . The film also employs computer - generated imagery for the scenes where Bill & Ted are travelling through the ' Circuits of Time ' , created by the VFX house Perpetual Motion Pictures . The film 's writers , Ed Solomon and Chris Matheson , appear in the film 's ice cream scene . Solomon is credited as the `` stupid '' waiter , and Matheson is credited as the `` ugly '' waiter . They are given similar credits in Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey . When Rufus plays his guitar solo , the hands in the close - up are those of Stevie Salas , who composed the film 's guitar music . The film took nearly two years to make . Filming took place from February to May 1987 and it was planned to be released in 1988 . However , the film 's original distributor , De Laurentiis Entertainment Group , went bankrupt . Orion Pictures and Nelson Entertainment bought the rights to the movie in 1988 , and it was released theatrically on February 17 , 1989 . It was followed in 1991 by a sequel , Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey . Writing for Wired to mark the 25th anniversary of the film 's release , Angela Watercutter noted There 's a longstanding urban legend that Reeves auditioned for the role of Bill and Winter auditioned for Ted , but that 's not exactly how Winter remembers it . `` The reason that that ended up in lore was because at a certain point Keanu got it in his head that he was playing Bill and I was playing Ted , '' he says . `` To be fair to Reeves , it 's possible that out of the 80 trillion times we had to do the scenes ( in auditions ) the very , very last time we went in he happened to get the Bill sides and I happened to get the Ted sides . '' After Reeves found out he was playing Ted , though , he was Sad Keanu . `` We 're sitting in the office waiting to meet the producers for the first time and I 'm pretty jazzed and he 's miserable , '' Winters says . `` I 'm like , ' Dude , what 's wrong ? We finally got it after all this bullshit , ' you know ? And he 's like , ' Yeah , but I 'm Ted . ' And I was like , ' Yeah , you 're Ted . That 's awesome . ' He was like , ' I thought I was Bill . ' I was like , ' What fucking difference does it make ? For god 's sake , they 're completely interchangeable . If you want you can be Bill and I 'll be Ted , I really do n't care . It 's not going to impact the way I play this guy one iota . ' '' Differences from original script ( edit ) In earlier drafts of the script , Rufus was 28 years old and historical figures Bill and Ted plucked from history included Charlemagne ( whom they referred to as `` Charlie Mangay '' ) , Babe Ruth , and a non-famous medieval person called `` John the Serf '' . John is listed in the credits . In a 1991 interview , co-writer Ed Solomon said the characters of Bill and Ted were originally envisaged as `` 14 - year - old skinny guys , with low - rider bell - bottoms and heavy metal T - shirts '' who were despised by the popular kids at school . Casting Reeves and Winter changed the filmmakers ' images of the characters because `` ... once you cast Alex and Keanu , who look like pretty cool guys , that was hard to believe '' . Originally , the time machine was to be a 1969 Chevrolet van , but the idea was abandoned as being too close in concept to the DeLorean used in the Back to the Future trilogy . Instead , despite the similarities to Doctor Who 's time machine , the TARDIS , the film 's time machine was styled after a 1960s American telephone booth , though a newer model Ford van would be used as the rock concert `` band wagon '' for the sequel . In April 2013 , Winter commented on Carlin 's casting : `` He was a very happy accident . They were going after serious people first . Like Sean Connery . And someone had the idea , way after we started shooting , of George . That whole movie was a happy accident . No one thought it would ever see the light of day . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by various artists Released Genre Hard rock , heavy metal , glam rock , glam metal , pop rock , rock ' n ' roll Length 40 : 32 Label A&M Records The film 's soundtrack was released in 1989 . The tracks are as follows : `` Play with Me '' by Extreme `` The Boys and Girls Are Doing It '' by Vital Signs `` Not So Far Away '' by Glen Burtnik `` Dancing with a Gypsy '' by Tora Tora `` Father Time '' by Shark Island `` Breakaway '' by Big Pig `` Dangerous '' by Shark Island `` Walk Away '' by Bricklin `` In Time '' by Robbie Robb featuring Stevie Salas `` Two Heads Are Better Than One '' by Power Tool These tracks are ordered for the album differently than they are in the movie . In the movie , the songs show up in the following order : `` I Ca n't Break Away '' , `` Dancing with a Gypsy '' , `` Father Time '' , `` Dangerous '' , `` In Time '' , `` Two Heads Are Better Than One '' , `` The Boys and Girls Are Doing It '' , `` Play with Me '' , `` Walk Away '' , `` Not So Far Away '' and `` Two Heads '' ( reprised over the credits ) . The following songs appeared in the film but were not included in the soundtrack : `` No Right to Do Me Wrong '' by Range War `` Party Up '' by Rori `` Bad Guitar '' by Stevie ' No Wonder ' Salas `` Carlin 's Solo '' by Hands of Flutes `` Game of War '' by Warrant Related Productions ( edit ) Main article : Bill & Ted ( franchise ) Sequels ( edit ) A theatrical sequel , Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey , was released in 1991 . A third theatrical film in the Bill & Ted franchise was planned , and a screenplay was written , though it never got past the pre-production phase . Although rumors claimed that the script was adapted into the 1996 film Bio-Dome , Alex Winter has said that it was not . In 2010 , Reeves indicated that Matheson and Solomon were working on a script for a third film , confirming in April 2011 that a draft was complete . Winter said in March 2012 that he and Reeves both liked the finished script , which revisits the two characters after the changes of the past twenty years . The current script does not feature the return of the Grim Reaper from Bogus Journey , but since actor William Sadler has expressed interest , the writers are considering ways to include the character . In August 2012 , Dean Parisot ( director of the sci - fi / comedy film Galaxy Quest ) signed on to direct the film , although MGM , which holds the rights to the Bill & Ted franchise , has yet to give the movie an official greenlight . In an April 2014 article on the original film 's 25th anniversary , Alex Winter reported that work on going ahead with the second sequel was still in progress . Television ( edit ) Two spin - off television series were produced ; both were titled Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures . Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures was an animated series that first ran on CBS in 1990 , and featured the voices of Winter , Reeves and Carlin returning to their roles in the film . A second season of eight episodes ran on Fox Kids , with the voice cast of Fox 's upcoming live - action series . Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures was a live - action series that ran only seven episodes on Fox in the summer of 1992 . It featured none of the cast from the film apart from Lisa Wilcox . Evan Richards and Christopher Kennedy played Bill and Ted . Comics ( edit ) DC Comics produced a tie - in comic following the plot of the first movie timed to coincide with that film 's release on home video . The sequel was adapted by DC 's competitor Marvel Comics , published to coincide with the second film 's release in theaters . Its popularity led to the ongoing Marvel series Bill & Ted 's Excellent Comic Book by Evan Dorkin , which lasted for 12 issues . There was a weekly 2 / 4 page semi-adaptation of the animated series published for a year by UK 's defunct Look - In Magazine from 1991 to 1992 . Video games ( edit ) There were also Game Boy , NES and Atari Lynx games released , which were very loosely based on the film 's plot . A PC title and nearly identical Amiga and Commodore 64 port were made in 1991 by Off the Wall Productions and IntraCorp , Inc. under contract by Capstone Software and followed the original film very closely . Theme parks ( edit ) The annual Halloween Horror Nights events at Universal Studios Orlando and Hollywood have featured since 1992 ( Orlando ) and 1997 - 1999 / 2007 ( Hollywood ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Halloween Adventure , a show satirizing pop culture of the year with Bill & Ted as the protagonists fighting villains who steal their phone booth for their own schemes . The show differs from year to year , with spoofs of various pop culture icons . The main plot involves Bill and Ted being threatened by an evil villain from a popular film of that year , with appearances by a host of villains , heroes , and celebrities . The show usually includes elaborate dance numbers , stunts , and multiple double - entendres for the late night event crowd . In 2013 , the Hollywood version of the show was cancelled in the middle of its run following complaints of homophobic humor . On August 15 , 2017 , Universal announced that 2017 will be the final year of Bill and Ted 's Excellent Halloween Adventure in Orlando . And on November 4 , 2017 , Bill and Ted 's Excellent Halloween Adventure came to a final close , but not before a surprise appearance of Rufus . Reception ( edit ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure grossed $40.4 million domestically on a budget of about $10 million . The Washington Post gave the film a negative review , finding the script written by Chris Matheson and Ed Solomon as `` made only the sketchiest attempts to draw their historical characters . They exist as foils and nothing else , and the gags that are hung on them are far from first - rate '' , and that if director `` Stephen Herek , has any talent for comedy , it 's not visible here . More than anything , the picture looks paltry and undernourished . '' Variety wrote about each historical figure that Bill & Ted meet , stating that `` Each encounter is so brief and utterly cliched that history has little chance to contribute anything to this pic 's two dimensions . '' Vincent Canby of The New York Times referred to the film as a `` painfully inept comedy '' and that the `` one dimly interesting thing about Bill and Ted 's Excellent Adventure is the way the two teen - age heroes communicate in superlatives . We are about to fail most egregiously , says Ted to Bill , or maybe it 's Bill to Ted . They are also fond of odd words , such as bodacious . '' In the Los Angeles Times , Chris Willman was also unimpressed , concluding : `` Make no mistake , Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( ... ) is not a satire of mindlessness ; it 's unabashed glorification of dumbness for dumbness ' sake . Bill and Ted are heroic in their ability to reduce some of history 's great minds to their level . However , writing for Radio Times , Alan Jones decided : `` A nonstop giggle from start to finish , this beguiling grab - bag of time - travel clichés , hard - rock music and Valley - speaking cool dudes is a flawless , purpose - built junk movie '' . The film has a 78 % `` Certified fresh '' rating at Rotten Tomatoes , based on 45 reviews with an average rating of 6.5 / 10 , the site 's critical consensus reads : `` Keanu Reeves and Alex Winter are just charming , goofy , and silly enough to make this fluffy time - travel Adventure work '' . The successes of the film and the animated series spawned a short - lived breakfast cereal called Bill & Ted 's Excellent Cereal . The phone booth used in the film was given away in a contest presented by Nintendo Power magazine , to promote Bill & Ted 's Excellent Video Game Adventure . It was won by Kenneth Grayson of Mississippi . In 2010 , the city of San Dimas celebrated 50 years of incorporation . The celebration 's slogan was San Dimas , 1960 -- 2010 -- An Excellent Adventure . Bill and Ted 's Excellent Adventure was selected as number 8 in Rolling Stone 's ' 10 Best Stoner Movies of All Time ' in 2013 . Writing in The Guardian on the occasion of the film 's 25th anniversary , Hadley Freeman found : `` Of all the delightfully improbable scenarios depicted in Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure -- from Napoleon Bonaparte causing havoc on a waterslide to Billy the Kid and Socrates ( aka `` So - crayts '' , of course ) picking up chicks in a California mall to George Carlin acting in a film alongside Keanu Reeves and a member of the Go - Go 's -- none would have seemed more unlikely on its release than the idea that one day , with much media fanfare , the public would be celebrating the film 's 25th anniversary . By the time Bill & Ted was released in 1989 , the 80s teen film explosion was starting to taper out . ( ... ) Moreover , there had already been plenty of films about time - travelling teens by the time Bill & Ted rocked up in cinemas , such as Peggy Sue Got Married and Back to the Future . Few who were around then would have bet that a goofy movie about a pair of California metalheads skipping back through time in a phonebox collecting historical characters to bring back to 20th - century California for their history report would still be remembered today . But I am very much among those few `` . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Bill / Ted : `` Excellent ! '' -- Nominated In cultural analysis ( edit ) Writing in British Sunday newspaper The Observer , Tom Holland noted , Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure does not tend to be rated as one of cinema 's profounder treatments of the relationship between present and past . The story of two Californian slackers with a time machine who , for complicated reasons , have to assemble assorted celebrities from history in order to pass a high - school project , it is chiefly remembered for bringing Keanu Reeves to the attention of a mass audience . Classicists , however , will always cherish it as the only film ever to combine the music of Van Halen with Greek philosophy . When Bill and Ted embark on their quest , what should be their first destination if not classical Athens , and who should be the very first ' historical dude ' bundled into their time machine if not a bald - headed man in a sheet whom they persist in calling ' Soh - kraytz ' ? '' Holland continued : Even to metalheads , then , the philosophy of ancient Greece serves as something that is both primal and emblematic of civilisation as a whole . Socrates , in particular , the ' lover of wisdom ' who insisted that the most fundamental presumptions of his countrymen should be subjected to experimental investigation , and who ended up being made to drink hemlock for his pains , has always been admired as the very fountainhead of rationalism . Yet when it comes to identifying what he taught and believed , there is a problem , on which Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure , rather unexpectedly , puts its finger . Socrates , transplanted to 1980s California , can only communicate with his abductors by gesturing and gurning -- since Bill and Ted , it goes without saying , speak not a word of ancient Greek . Even the miracle of time travel , it appears , can not serve to alter what is , for any historian , a most awkward fact : that it is impossible to be certain of what Socrates actually said . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Comedy portal 1980s portal Deus ex machina Novikov self - consistency principle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thompson , Anne ( March 16 , 1989 ) . `` Profiting from youth In search for adult fare , studios overlook a hit '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 18 , 1989 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Willman , Chris ( 17 February 1989 ) . `` Movie Reviews : Adventure , Thy Name Is Not ' Bill & Ted ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 80s Rewind : Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure '' . Fast-rewind.com. 1991 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Eighties Movie Locations That Really Exist '' . In The 80s . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Baamonde , Matt ( July 28 , 2006 ) . `` Stevie Salas Interview '' . Modern Guitars Magazine . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2006 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) - Box office / business '' . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) - Trivia '' . ^ Jump up to : Watercutter , Angela ( 17 February 2014 ) . `` Bill & Ted at 25 : Dude , Bet You Did n't Know These 7 Gnarly Facts '' . Wired . San Francisco . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) '' . Us.imdb.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Hadley ( 17 April 2014 ) . `` Bill & Ted 's 25th birthday : party on , dudes ! '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ alxwinter ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Hey , Alex Winter here from Bill & Ted and Downloaded and noticed a lot of child stars memes today . That 's what my next documentary 's about . Thought it would be a good day to say hi . Ask me anything ! '' . reddit.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Was Bill & Ted 3 Rewritten Into Bio-Dome ? '' . Slashfilm . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Reeve talks new ' Bill and Ted ' adventure '' . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bill & Ted 3 ' screenplay actually exists , according to Bill '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Bill & Ted ' Sequel : ' There Probably Will Be Another One ' '' . 2012 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Grim Reaper Could Return for Bill & Ted 3 , Says William Sadler '' . 2012 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 3 Has a Director '' . August 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Steven ( June 28 , 1992 ) . `` Bill and Ted Make It to Prime Time , City Does n't '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Online Adventure - Collectibles - Books , Comics & Trading Cards - Excellent Adventure Comic Book '' . www.billandted.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Online Adventure - The Comics - Marvel Comics - Issues '' . www.billandted.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Online Adventure - The Comics - Look In ! - Overview '' . www.billandted.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Arthur Levine ( August 10 , 2006 ) . `` Universal Orlando is Out for Blood '' . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2006 . Retrieved December 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Teresa Plowright ( October 15 , 2004 ) . `` Halloween Horror at Universal '' . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2006 . Retrieved December 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( 2013 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Universal Studios Hollywood Pulls ' Anti-Gay ' ' Bill and Ted ' Halloween Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Tuttle , Brittani ( 15 August 2017 ) . `` Bill and Ted 's Excellent Halloween Adventure to say farewell to Universal Orlando 's Halloween Horror Nights '' . Attractions Magazine . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Hal ( February 17 , 1989 ) . `` ' Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( February 17 , 1989 ) . `` Bill and Ted s Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) Reviews / Film ; Teen - Agers On a Tour Of History '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan . `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure : Review '' . Radio Times . London . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2009 . Retrieved November 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Cereal , Reviewed '' . X-Entertainment. 16 March 2014 . Retrieved 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Error Macro ( June 2 , 2006 ) . `` The Saturday Scan - Give It Away Now '' . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2007 . Retrieved December 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Picture of phone booth winner '' . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 10 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 2 . 50th Anniversary Celebration '' ( PDF ) . Minutes : City Of San Dimas Council . City of San Dimas . November 15 , 2008 . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sheffield , Rob ( 6 June 2013 ) . `` 10 Best Stoner Movies of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . New York City . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Holland , Tom ( 24 October 2010 ) . `` The Hemlock Cup : Socrates , Athens and the Search for the Good Life by Bettany Hughes -- review '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure on IMDb Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure on IMDb ( animated TV series ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure on IMDb ( TV series ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure at AllMovie Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure at Rotten Tomatoes Bill & Ted Films Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey Television Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures ( animated series ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures ( live action series ) Music Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey : Music from the Motion Picture Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` God Gave Rock ' N ' Roll to You II '' `` Go to Hell '' `` Tommy the Cat '' The Elusive Light and Sound , Vol. 1 Computer games Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure Bill & Ted 's Excellent Game Boy Adventure : A Bogus Journey ! Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( Atari Lynx ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Video Game Adventure Related topics Bill & Ted 's Excellent Comic Book Bill & Ted 's Excellent Cereal Films directed by Stephen Herek Critters ( 1986 ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) Do n't Tell Mom the Babysitter 's Dead ( 1991 ) The Mighty Ducks ( 1992 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1993 ) Mr. Holland 's Opus ( 1995 ) 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) Holy Man ( 1998 ) Rock Star ( 2001 ) Life or Something Like It ( 2002 ) Man of the House ( 2005 ) Picture This ( 2008 ) Dead like Me : Life After Death ( 2009 ) Into the Blue 2 : The Reef ( 2009 ) The Cutting Edge : Fire and Ice ( 2010 ) The Chaperone ( 2011 ) Jinxed ( 2013 ) Dolly Parton 's Coat of Many Colors ( 2015 ) The Great Gilly Hopkins ( 2015 ) Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_%26_Ted%27s_Excellent_Adventure&oldid=832305260 '' Categories : 1989 films English - language films 1980s adventure films 1980s buddy films 1980s comedy films 1980s science fiction films American adventure comedy films American films American independent films American buddy films American comedy science fiction films American space adventure films American teen comedy films Bill & Ted ( franchise ) Time travel films Fictional depictions of Abraham Lincoln in film Cultural depictions of Billy the Kid Depictions of Genghis Khan on film Depictions of Napoleon on film Cultural depictions of Ludwig van Beethoven Cultural depictions of Joan of Arc Cultural depictions of Socrates Cultural depictions of Sigmund Freud Films directed by Stephen Herek Films about Joan of Arc Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Arizona Films shot in Italy Films shot in Los Angeles Science fiction adventure films Interscope Communications films Orion Pictures films Screenplays by Ed Solomon Films set in the 1st century BC Films set in the 13th century Films set in the 15th century Films set in 1805 Films set in the 1860s Films set in 1879 Films set in 1901 Films set in 1988 Films set in the 27th century San Dimas , California Films scored by David Newman Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from September 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 04 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20%2526%20Ted%2527s%20Excellent%20Adventure

a huge white marble tomb for the wife of shah

Taj Mahal

taj mahal

The Taj Mahal ( / ˌtɑːdʒ məˈhɑːl / , more often / ˈtɑːʒ / ; meaning Crown of the Palace ) is an ivory - white marble mausoleum on the south bank of the Yamuna river in the Indian city of Agra . It was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor , Shah Jahan ( reigned 1628 -- 1658 ) , to house the tomb of his favourite wife , Mumtaz Mahal . The tomb is the centrepiece of a 17 - hectare ( 42 - acre ) complex , which includes a mosque and a guest house , and is set in formal gardens bounded on three sides by a crenellated wall .

Construction of the mausoleum was essentially completed in 1643 but work continued on other phases of the project for another 10 years . The Taj Mahal complex is believed to have been completed in its entirety in 1653 at a cost estimated at the time to be around 32 million rupees , which in 2015 would be approximately 52.8 billion rupees ( US $ 827 million ) . The construction project employed some 20,000 artisans under the guidance of a board of architects led by the court architect to the emperor , Ustad Ahmad Lahauri . The Taj Mahal was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983 for being `` the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world 's heritage '' . Described by Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore as `` the tear - drop on the cheek of time '' , it is regarded by many as the best example of Mughal architecture and a symbol of India 's rich history . The Taj Mahal attracts 7 -- 8 million visitors a year . In 2007 , it was declared a winner of the New7Wonders of the World ( 2000 -- 2007 ) initiative . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration 2 Architecture and design 2.1 Tomb 2.2 Exterior decorations 2.2. 1 Interior decoration 2.3 Garden 2.4 Outlying buildings 3 Construction 4 Later days 5 Threats 6 Tourism 7 Myths 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Sources 11 External links Inspiration The Taj Mahal was commissioned by Shah Jahan in 1631 , to be built in the memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal , a Persian princess who died giving birth to their 14th child , Gauhara Begum . Construction of the Taj Mahal began in 1632 . The imperial court documenting Shah Jahan 's grief after the death of Mumtaz Mahal illustrate the love story held as the inspiration for Taj Mahal . The principal mausoleum was completed in 1643 and the surrounding buildings and garden were finished about five years later . Architecture and design Main article : Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal incorporates and expands on design traditions of Persian and earlier Mughal architecture . Specific inspiration came from successful Timurid and Mughal buildings including the Gur - e Amir ( the tomb of Timur , progenitor of the Mughal dynasty , in Samarkand ) , Humayun 's Tomb , Itmad - Ud - Daulah 's Tomb ( sometimes called the Baby Taj ) , and Shah Jahan 's own Jama Masjid in Delhi . While earlier Mughal buildings were primarily constructed of red sandstone , Shah Jahan promoted the use of white marble inlaid with semi-precious stones . Buildings under his patronage reached new levels of refinement . Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal `` Shah Jahan on a globe '' from the Smithsonian Institution Artistic depiction of Mumtaz Mahal Tomb The tomb is the central focus of the entire complex of the Taj Mahal . It is a large , white marble structure standing on a square plinth and consists of a symmetrical building with an iwan ( an arch - shaped doorway ) topped by a large dome and finial . Like most Mughal tombs , the basic elements are Persian in origin . The base structure is a large multi-chambered cube with chamfered corners forming an unequal eight - sided structure that is approximately 55 metres ( 180 ft ) on each of the four long sides . Each side of the iwan is framed with a huge pishtaq or vaulted archway with two similarly shaped arched balconies stacked on either side . This motif of stacked pishtaqs is replicated on the chamfered corner areas , making the design completely symmetrical on all sides of the building . Four minarets frame the tomb , one at each corner of the plinth facing the chamfered corners . The main chamber houses the false sarcophagi of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan ; the actual graves are at a lower level . The tomb Taj Mahal from Main Entrance . Four minarets frame the tomb . Interior view of the vaulted dome over the tombs of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz . The false sarcophagi of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan in the main chamber . The actual tombs of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan in the lower level . Main marble dome , smaller domes , and decorative spires that extend from the edges of the base walls . The most spectacular feature is the marble dome that surmounts the tomb . The dome is nearly 35 metres ( 115 ft ) high which is close in measurement to the length of the base , and accentuated by the cylindrical `` drum '' it sits on which is approximately 7 metres ( 23 ft ) high . Because of its shape , the dome is often called an onion dome or amrud ( guava dome ) . The top is decorated with a lotus design which also serves to accentuate its height . The shape of the dome is emphasised by four smaller domed chattris ( kiosks ) placed at its corners , which replicate the onion shape of the main dome . The dome is slightly asymmetrical . Their columned bases open through the roof of the tomb and provide light to the interior . Tall decorative spires ( guldastas ) extend from edges of base walls , and provide visual emphasis to the height of the dome . The lotus motif is repeated on both the chattris and guldastas . The dome and chattris are topped by a gilded finial which mixes traditional Persian and Hindustani decorative elements . The main finial was originally made of gold but was replaced by a copy made of gilded bronze in the early 19th century . This feature provides a clear example of integration of traditional Persian and Hindu decorative elements . The finial is topped by a moon , a typical Islamic motif whose horns point heavenward . The minarets , which are each more than 40 metres ( 130 ft ) tall , display the designer 's penchant for symmetry . They were designed as working minarets -- a traditional element of mosques , used by the muezzin to call the Islamic faithful to prayer . Each minaret is effectively divided into three equal parts by two working balconies that ring the tower . At the top of the tower is a final balcony surmounted by a chattri that mirrors the design of those on the tomb . The chattris all share the same decorative elements of a lotus design topped by a gilded finial . The minarets were constructed slightly outside of the plinth so that in the event of collapse , a typical occurrence with many tall constructions of the period , the material from the towers would tend to fall away from the tomb . Exterior decorations The exterior decorations of the Taj Mahal are among the finest in Mughal architecture . As the surface area changes , the decorations are refined proportionally . The decorative elements were created by applying paint , stucco , stone inlays or carvings . In line with the Islamic prohibition against the use of anthropomorphic forms , the decorative elements can be grouped into either calligraphy , abstract forms or vegetative motifs . Throughout the complex are passages from the Qur'an that comprise some of the decorative elements . Recent scholarship suggests that the passages were chosen by Amanat Khan . The calligraphy on the Great Gate reads `` O Soul , thou art at rest . Return to the Lord at peace with Him , and He at peace with you . '' The calligraphy was created in 1609 by a calligrapher named Abdul Haq . Shah Jahan conferred the title of `` Amanat Khan '' upon him as a reward for his `` dazzling virtuosity '' . Near the lines from the Qur'an at the base of the interior dome is the inscription , `` Written by the insignificant being , Amanat Khan Shirazi . '' Much of the calligraphy is composed of florid thuluth script made of jasper or black marble inlaid in white marble panels . Higher panels are written in slightly larger script to reduce the skewing effect when viewed from below . The calligraphy found on the marble cenotaphs in the tomb is particularly detailed and delicate . Abstract forms are used throughout , especially in the plinth , minarets , gateway , mosque , jawab and , to a lesser extent , on the surfaces of the tomb . The domes and vaults of the sandstone buildings are worked with tracery of incised painting to create elaborate geometric forms . Herringbone inlays define the space between many of the adjoining elements . White inlays are used in sandstone buildings , and dark or black inlays on the white marbles . Mortared areas of the marble buildings have been stained or painted in a contrasting colour which creates a complex array of geometric patterns . Floors and walkways use contrasting tiles or blocks in tessellation patterns . On the lower walls of the tomb are white marble dados sculpted with realistic bas relief depictions of flowers and vines . The marble has been polished to emphasise the exquisite detailing of the carvings . The dado frames and archway spandrels have been decorated with pietra dura inlays of highly stylised , almost geometric vines , flowers and fruits . The inlay stones are of yellow marble , jasper and jade , polished and levelled to the surface of the walls . Detailed exterior design Base , dome and minaret . Finial , tamga of the Mughal Empire . Calligraphy of Persian poems . Plant motifs . Reflective tiles . Marble jali lattice . Calligraphy on the walls . Interior decoration The interior chamber of the Taj Mahal reaches far beyond traditional decorative elements . The inlay work is not pietra dura , but a lapidary of precious and semiprecious gemstones . The inner chamber is an octagon with the design allowing for entry from each face , although only the door facing the garden to the south is used . The interior walls are about 25 metres ( 82 ft ) high and are topped by a `` false '' interior dome decorated with a sun motif . Eight pishtaq arches define the space at ground level and , as with the exterior , each lower pishtaq is crowned by a second pishtaq about midway up the wall . The four central upper arches form balconies or viewing areas , and each balcony 's exterior window has an intricate screen or jali cut from marble . In addition to the light from the balcony screens , light enters through roof openings covered by chattris at the corners . The octagonal marble screen or jali bordering the cenotaphs is made from eight marble panels carved through with intricate pierce work . The remaining surfaces are inlaid in delicate detail with semi-precious stones forming twining vines , fruits and flowers . Each chamber wall is highly decorated with dado bas - relief , intricate lapidary inlay and refined calligraphy panels which reflect , in miniature detail , the design elements seen throughout the exterior of the complex . Detailed interior design Flowers carved in marble . Detail of pietra dura jali inlay . Delicacy of intricate pierce work . Archways in the mosque . Incised painting . Finial floor tiling . Detail of jali . Muslim tradition forbids elaborate decoration of graves . Hence , the bodies of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan were put in a relatively plain crypt beneath the inner chamber with their faces turned right , towards Mecca . Mumtaz Mahal 's cenotaph is placed at the precise centre of the inner chamber on a rectangular marble base of 1.5 by 2.5 metres ( 4 ft 11 in by 8 ft 2 in ) . Both the base and casket are elaborately inlaid with precious and semiprecious gems . Calligraphic inscriptions on the casket identify and praise Mumtaz . On the lid of the casket is a raised rectangular lozenge meant to suggest a writing tablet . Shah Jahan 's cenotaph is beside Mumtaz 's to the western side , and is the only visible asymmetric element in the entire complex . His cenotaph is bigger than his wife 's , but reflects the same elements : a larger casket on a slightly taller base precisely decorated with lapidary and calligraphy that identifies him . On the lid of the casket is a traditional sculpture of a small pen box . The pen box and writing tablet are traditional Mughal funerary icons decorating the caskets of men and women respectively . The Ninety Nine Names of God are calligraphic inscriptions on the sides of the actual tomb of Mumtaz Mahal . Other inscriptions inside the crypt include , `` O Noble , O Magnificent , O Majestic , O Unique , O Eternal , O Glorious ... `` . The tomb of Shah Jahan bears a calligraphic inscription that reads ; `` He travelled from this world to the banquet - hall of Eternity on the night of the twenty - sixth of the month of Rajab , in the year 1076 Hijri . '' Garden Walkways beside reflecting pool The complex is set around a large 300 - metre ( 980 ft ) square charbagh or Mughal garden . The garden uses raised pathways that divide each of the four quarters of the garden into 16 sunken parterres or flowerbeds . Halfway between the tomb and gateway in the centre of the garden is a raised marble water tank with a reflecting pool positioned on a north - south axis to reflect the image of the mausoleum . The raised marble water tank is called al Hawd al - Kawthar in reference to the `` Tank of Abundance '' promised to Muhammad . Elsewhere , the garden is laid out with avenues of trees labeled according to common and scientific names and fountains . The charbagh garden , a design inspired by Persian gardens , was introduced to India by Babur , the first Mughal emperor . It symbolises the four flowing rivers of Jannah ( Paradise ) and reflects the Paradise garden derived from the Persian paridaeza , meaning ' walled garden ' . In mystic Islamic texts of the Mughal period , Paradise is described as an ideal garden of abundance with four rivers flowing from a central spring or mountain , separating the garden into north , west , south and east . Most Mughal charbaghs are rectangular with a tomb or pavilion in the centre . The Taj Mahal garden is unusual in that the main element , the tomb , is located at the end of the garden . With the discovery of Mahtab Bagh or `` Moonlight Garden '' on the other side of the Yamuna , the interpretation of the Archaeological Survey of India is that the Yamuna river itself was incorporated into the garden 's design and was meant to be seen as one of the rivers of Paradise . Similarities in layout and architectural features with the Shalimar Gardens suggests both gardens may have been designed by the same architect , Ali Mardan . Early accounts of the garden describe its profusion of vegetation , including abundant roses , daffodils , and fruit trees . As the Mughal Empire declined , the Taj Mahal and its gardens also declined . By the end of the 19th century , the British Empire controlled more than three - fifths of India , and assumed management of the Taj Mahal . They changed the landscaping to their liking which more closely resembled the formal lawns of London . Outlying buildings The Great gate ( Darwaza - i rauza ) is the main entrance to the tomb . The Taj Mahal complex is bordered on three sides by crenellated red sandstone walls ; the side facing the river is open . Outside the walls are several additional mausoleums , including those of Shah Jahan 's other wives , and a larger tomb for Mumtaz 's favourite servant . The main gateway ( darwaza ) is a monumental structure built primarily of marble , and reminiscent of the Mughal architecture of earlier emperors . Its archways mirror the shape of the tomb 's archways , and its pishtaq arches incorporate the calligraphy that decorates the tomb . The vaulted ceilings and walls have elaborate geometric designs like those found in the other sandstone buildings in the complex . At the far end of the complex are two grand red sandstone buildings that mirror each other , and face the sides of the tomb . The backs of the buildings parallel the western and eastern walls . The western building is a mosque and the other is the jawab ( answer ) , thought to have been constructed for architectural balance although it may have been used as a guesthouse . Distinctions between the two buildings include the jawab 's lack of a mihrab ( a niche in a mosque 's wall facing Mecca ) , and its floors of geometric design whereas the floor of the mosque is laid with outlines of 569 prayer rugs in black marble . The mosque 's basic design of a long hall surmounted by three domes is similar to others built by Shah Jahan , particularly the Masjid - i Jahān - Numā , or Jama Masjid , Delhi . The Mughal mosques of this period divide the sanctuary hall into three areas comprising a main sanctuary and slightly smaller sanctuaries on either side . At the Taj Mahal , each sanctuary opens onto an expansive vaulting dome . The outlying buildings were completed in 1643 . Taj Mahal and outlying buildings as seen from across the Yamuna River ( northern view ) Construction The Taj Mahal is built on a parcel of land to the south of the walled city of Agra . Shah Jahan presented Maharajah Jai Singh with a large palace in the centre of Agra in exchange for the land . An area of roughly 1.2 hectares ( 3 acres ) was excavated , filled with dirt to reduce seepage , and levelled at 50 metres ( 160 ft ) above riverbank . In the tomb area , wells were dug and filled with stone and rubble to form the footings of the tomb . Instead of lashed bamboo , workmen constructed a colossal brick scaffold that mirrored the tomb . The scaffold was so enormous that foremen estimated it would take years to dismantle . The Taj Mahal was constructed using materials from all over India and Asia . It is believed over 1,000 elephants were used to transport building materials . The translucent white marble was brought from Makrana , Rajasthan , the jasper from Punjab , jade and crystal from China . The turquoise was from Tibet and the Lapis lazuli from Afghanistan , while the sapphire came from Sri Lanka and the carnelian from Arabia . In all , twenty - eight types of precious and semi-precious stones were inlaid into the white marble . According to the legend , Shah Jahan decreed that anyone could keep the bricks taken from the scaffold , and thus it was dismantled by peasants overnight . A 15 - kilometre ( 9.3 mi ) tamped - earth ramp was built to transport marble and materials to the construction site and teams of twenty or thirty oxen pulled the blocks on specially constructed wagons . An elaborate post-and - beam pulley system was used to raise the blocks into desired position . Water was drawn from the river by a series of purs , an animal - powered rope and bucket mechanism , into a large storage tank and raised to a large distribution tank . It was passed into three subsidiary tanks , from which it was piped to the complex . The plinth and tomb took roughly 12 years to complete . The remaining parts of the complex took an additional 10 years and were completed in order of minarets , mosque and jawab , and gateway . Since the complex was built in stages , discrepancies exist in completion dates due to differing opinions on `` completion '' . Construction of the mausoleum itself was essentially completed by 1643 while work continued on the outlying buildings . Estimates of the cost of construction vary due to difficulties in estimating costs across time . The total cost has been estimated to be about 32 million Indian rupees , which is around 52.8 billion Indian rupees ( $827 million US ) based on 2015 values . Later days Abdul Hamid Lahauri in his book Badshahnama refers to Taj Mahal as rauza - i munawwara , meaning the illumined or illustrious tomb . Soon after the Taj Mahal 's completion , Shah Jahan was deposed by his son Aurangzeb and put under house arrest at nearby Agra Fort . Upon Shah Jahan 's death , Aurangzeb buried him in the mausoleum next to his wife . In the 18th century , the Jat rulers of Bharatpur invaded Agra and attacked the Taj Mahal , the two chandeliers , one of agate and another of silver , which were hung over the main cenotaph , were taken away by them , along with the gold and silver screen . Kanbo , a Mughal historian , said the gold shield which covered the 4.6 - metre - high ( 15 ft ) finial at the top of the main dome was also removed during the Jat despoliation . By the late 19th century , parts of the buildings had fallen into disrepair . During the time of the Indian rebellion of 1857 , the Taj Mahal was defaced by British soldiers and government officials , who chiselled out precious stones and lapis lazuli from its walls . At the end of the 19th century , British viceroy Lord Curzon ordered a sweeping restoration project , which was completed in 1908 . He also commissioned the large lamp in the interior chamber , modelled after one in a Cairo mosque . During this time the garden was remodelled with British - style lawns that are still in place today . Threats Protective wartime scaffolding In 1942 , the government erected a scaffolding to disguise the building in anticipation of air attacks by the Japanese Air Force . During the India - Pakistan wars of 1965 and 1971 , scaffolding were again erected to mislead bomber pilots . More recent threats have come from environmental pollution on the banks of the Yamuna River including acid rain due to the Mathura Oil Refinery , which was opposed by Supreme Court of India directives . The pollution has been turning the Taj Mahal yellow . To help control the pollution , the Indian government has set up the Taj Trapezium Zone ( TTZ ) , a 10,400 - square - kilometre ( 4,000 sq mi ) area around the monument where strict emissions standards are in place . Concerns for the tomb 's structural integrity have recently been raised because of a decline in the groundwater level in the Yamuna river basin which is falling at a rate of around 1.5 m ( 5 ft ) per year . In 2010 , cracks appeared in parts of the tomb , and the minarets which surround the monument were showing signs of tilting , as the wooden foundation of the tomb may be rotting due to lack of water . Although it has been pointed out by politicians , that the minarets are designed to tilt slightly outwards , to prevent them crashing on top of the tomb in the event of an earthquake . In 2011 , it was reported that some predictions indicated that the tomb could collapse within 5 years . Tourism Visitors at Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal attracts a large number of tourists . UNESCO documented more than 2 million visitors in 2001 , which had increased to about 7 -- 8 million in 2014 . A two - tier pricing system is in place , with a significantly lower entrance fee for Indian citizens and a more expensive one for foreigners . Most tourists visit in the cooler months of October , November and February . Polluting traffic is not allowed near the complex and tourists must either walk from parking lots or catch an electric bus . The Khawasspuras ( northern courtyards ) are currently being restored for use as a new visitor centre . The small town to the south of the Taj , known as Taj Ganji or Mumtazabad , was originally constructed with caravanserais , bazaars and markets to serve the needs of visitors and workmen . Lists of recommended travel destinations often feature the Taj Mahal , which also appears in several listings of seven wonders of the modern world , including the recently announced New Seven Wonders of the World , a recent poll with 100 million votes . The grounds are open from 06 : 00 to 19 : 00 weekdays , except for Friday when the complex is open for prayers at the mosque between 12 : 00 and 14 : 00 . The complex is open for night viewing on the day of the full moon and two days before and after , excluding Fridays and the month of Ramadan . For security reasons only five items -- water in transparent bottles , small video cameras , still cameras , mobile phones and small ladies ' purses -- are allowed inside the Taj Mahal . Myths Jean - Baptiste Tavernier , one of the first European visitors to the Taj Mahal Ever since its construction , the building has been the source of an admiration transcending culture and geography , and so personal and emotional responses have consistently eclipsed scholastic appraisals of the monument . A longstanding myth holds that Shah Jahan planned a mausoleum to be built in black marble as a Black Taj Mahal across the Yamuna river . The idea originates from fanciful writings of Jean - Baptiste Tavernier , a European traveller who visited Agra in 1665 . It was suggested that Shah Jahan was overthrown by his son Aurangzeb before it could be built . Ruins of blackened marble across the river in Moonlight Garden , Mahtab Bagh , seemed to support this legend . However , excavations carried out in the 1990s found that they were discoloured white stones that had turned black . A more credible theory for the origins of the black mausoleum was demonstrated in 2006 by archaeologists who reconstructed part of the pool in the Moonlight Garden . A dark reflection of the white mausoleum could clearly be seen , befitting Shah Jahan 's obsession with symmetry and the positioning of the pool itself . No evidence exists for claims that describe , often in horrific detail , the deaths , dismemberments and mutilations which Shah Jahan supposedly inflicted on various architects and craftsmen associated with the tomb . Some stories claim that those involved in construction signed contracts committing themselves to have no part in any similar design . Similar claims are made for many famous buildings . No evidence exists for claims that Lord William Bentinck , governor - general of India in the 1830s , supposedly planned to demolish the Taj Mahal and auction off the marble . Bentinck 's biographer John Rosselli says that the story arose from Bentinck 's fund - raising sale of discarded marble from Agra Fort . Another myth suggests that beating the silhouette of the finial will cause water to come forth . To this day , officials find broken bangles surrounding the silhouette . In 2000 , India 's Supreme Court dismissed P.N. Oak 's petition to declare that a Hindu king built the Taj Mahal . In 2005 a similar petition was dismissed by the Allahabad High Court . This case was brought by Amar Nath Mishra , a social worker and preacher who says that the Taj Mahal was built by the Hindu King Parmar Dev in 1196 . A theory that the Taj Mahal was designed by an Italian , Geronimo Vereneo , held sway for a brief period after it was first promoted by Henry George Keene in 1879 who went by a translation of a Spanish work Itinerario , ( The Travels of Fray Sebastian Manrique , 1629 - 1643 ) . Another theory that a Frenchman , Austin of Bordeaux designed the Taj was promoted by William Henry Sleeman based on the work of Jean - Baptiste Tavernier . These idea were revived by Father Hosten and discussed again by E.B. Havell and served as the basis for subsequent theories and controversies . Gallery Taj Mahal Eastern view in the morning Western view at sunset Taj Mahal through the fog A panoramic view looking 360 degrees around the Taj Mahal in 2005 See also Architecture of India Mehtab Bagh , a garden directly across the river from Taj Mahal Fatehpur Sikri , a nearby city and World Heritage Site Bibi Ka Maqbara , a similar building in the Deccan Taj Mahal replicas and derivatives Inside , a 1968 new - age music album recorded in the building Uttar Pradesh portal Architecture portal References Notes Jump up ^ Dutemple , Lesley A ( 2003 ) . The Taj Mahal . Lerner Publications Co. p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 8225 - 4694 - 9 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archaeological Survey of India Agra working on compiling visual archives on Taj Mahal '' . The Economic Times . 29 November 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252 . Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 1990 ) . Longman pronunciation dictionary . Harlow , England : Longman . p. 704 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 05383 - 8 . entry `` Taj Mahal '' . Jump up ^ Akbar S. Ahmed ( 1998 ) . Islam Today : A Short Introduction to the Muslim World . I.B. Tauris . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85771 - 380 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO Taj Mahal '' . UNESCO Culture World Heritage Centre , World Heritage List . UNESCO . 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taj Mahal Impressions '' . Official WebSite of Taj Mahal . U.P. Tourism . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taj Mahal '' . Treasures of the World . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sarkar , Jadunath ( Sir ) ( 1919 ) . Studies in Mughal India . Calcutta M.C. Sarkar . pp. 30 , 31 . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Muhammad Abdullah Chaghtai Le Tadj Mahal D'Agra ( Hindi ) . Histoire et description ( Brussels ) 1938 p. 46 . Jump up ^ ' Abd al - Hamid Lahawri Badshah Namah Ed . Maulawis Kabir al - Din Ahmad and ' Abd al - Rahim under the superintendence of William Nassau Lees . Vol . I Calcutta 1867 pp. 384 - 9 ; Muhammad Salih Kambo Amal - i - Sal \ lih or Shah Jahan Namah Ed . Ghulam Yazdani Vol. I ( Calcutta ) 1923 p. 275 . Jump up ^ Chaghtai Le Tadj Mahal p. 146 . Jump up ^ Copplestone , p. 166 . Jump up ^ `` Taj Mahal Mausoleum from Britannica '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ASI '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Onion domes , bulbous domes '' . strombergarchitectural.com . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Ahuja , Dilip R. ; Rajani , M.B. ( 2016 ) . `` On the symmetry of the central dome of the Taj Mahal '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . 110 ( 6 ) : 996 -- 997 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Taj ! ' EXTERIORS '' . Official WebSite of Taj Mahal . U.P. Tourism . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Tillitson , G.H.R. ( 1990 ) . Architectural Guide to Mughal India , Chronicle Books . Jump up ^ Taj Mahal Calligraphy . ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 100 . ^ Jump up to : Anon . `` The Taj mahal '' . Islamic architecture . Islamic Arts and Architecture Organization . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Visiting the Taj - calligraphy '' . Treasures of the World . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Economic times article '' . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Vikas Khatri ( 2012 ) . Greatest Wonders of the World . VS Publishers . p. 128 . ISBN 9381588309 . Jump up ^ Alī Jāvīd , Tabassum Javeed ( 2008 ) . World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India , Volume 1 . Algora Publishing . p. 309 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87586 - 483 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Taj.net '' . Archived from the original on 28 April 2015 . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Begley , Wayne E. ( March 1979 ) . `` The Myth of the Taj Mahal and a New Theory of Its Symbolic Meaning '' . The Art Bulletin . 61 ( 1 ) : 14 . doi : 10.2307 / 3049862 . Jump up ^ `` The plants growing throughout the Taj Mahal complex '' . India Tourism . indiatourism.ws . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wright , Karen ( 1 July 2000 ) . `` Works in Progress '' . Discover . Waukesha , WI , USA : Kalmbach Publishing . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Allan , John ( 1958 ) . The Cambridge Shorter History of India ( First ed . ) . Cambridge : S. Chand , 288 pages . p. 318 . Jump up ^ The Taj by Jerry Camarillo Dunn Jr . Jump up ^ Royals , Sue ( 1996 ) . Our Global Village -- India . India : Lorenz Educational Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4291 - 1107 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 139 . Jump up ^ `` Thetajindia.weebly.com '' . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indiatribune.com '' . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Chaghtai Le Tadj Mahal p54 ; Lahawri Badshah Namah Vol. 1 p. 403 . Jump up ^ `` Jstor '' . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ David Carroll ; Newsweek , inc . Book Division ( 1973 ) . The Taj Mahal . Newsweek . p. 64 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . In order to transport materials , a ten - mile - long ramp of tamped earth was built through Agra , and on it trudged an unending parade of elephants and bullock carts dragging blocks of marble to the building site . Jump up ^ `` WolframAlpha Computational Knowledge Engine '' . WolframAlpha . Wolfram Alpha LLC . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Tillotson , Giles ( 2008 ) . Taj Mahal . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 06365 - 5 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Gascoigne , Bamber ( 1971 ) . The Great Mughals . New York : Harper&Row . p. 243 . Jump up ^ `` Perils the Taj has faced '' . The Tribune ( Chandigarh ) . 13 July 2003 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Lord Curzon 's Brass Lamp Archived 1 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Yapp , Peter ( 1983 ) . The Traveller 's Dictionary of Quotations . London : Routledge Kegan & Paul . p. 460 . Jump up ^ `` Scaffolding from NatGeo '' . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Lesley A. DuTemple ( 2003 ) . The Taj Mahal . Twenty - First Century Books . pp. 96 pages . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8225 - 4694 - 8 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC , Taj Mahal '' . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Acid Rain and the Taj Mahal . Jump up ^ Oil Refinery Impact on Taj Mahal . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Oppose '' . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO '' . UNESCO . 30 April 1997 . Archived from the original on 26 May 2008 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taj Mahal could collapse within five years because wooden foundations are rotting '' . Daily Mail . 5 October 2011 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taj Mahal could collapse within two to five years '' . Fox News . 7 October 2011 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ UNESCO ( 2002 ) . `` Periodic Reporting Exercise On The Application Of The World Heritage Convention '' ( PDF ) . UNESCO . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Koch , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Koch , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Koch , pp. 201 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Travel Correspondent ( 9 July 2007 ) . `` New Seven Wonders of the World announced '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archaeological Survey of India : Night Viewings of Taj Mahal '' . Asi.nic.in. 28 November 2004 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ DNA India : Going to the Taj ? This is all you can carry . Jump up ^ tajmahal Jump up ^ Koch , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Asher , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Koch , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Warrior Empire : The Mughals of India ( 2006 ) A + E Television Network . ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Rosselli , J. , Lord William Bentinck the making of a Liberal Imperialist , 1774 -- 1839 , London Chatto and Windus for Sussex University Press 1974 , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Koch , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Writ Petition ( Civil ) 336 of 2000 , P.N. OAK vs. U.O.I. & Ors . Jump up ^ The Hindu , 14 July 2000 : Plea to rewrite Taj history dismissed ( `` counsel for the petitioner ( ... ) withdrew the petition '' ) Jump up ^ `` Taj Mahal part of an ancient temple : UP BJP chief '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Jack S. ( 1987 ) . `` The Veroneo controversy '' . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 15 ( 2 ) : 170 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086538708582735 . Sources Asher , Catherine B. Architecture of Mughal India New Cambridge History of India I. 4 , Cambridge University Press 1992 ISBN 0 - 521 - 26728 - 5 . Bernier , Françoi ' Travels in the Moghul Empire A.D. 1657 -- 1668 ( Westminster : Archibald Constable & Co . ) 1891 . Carroll , David ( 1971 ) . The Taj Mahal , Newsweek Books ISBN 0 - 88225 - 024 - 8 . Chaghtai , Muhammad Abdullah Le Tadj Mahal d'Agra ( Inde ) . Histoire et description ( Brussels : Editions de la Connaissance ) 1938 . Copplestone , Trewin . ( ed ) . ( 1963 ) . World architecture -- An illustrated history . Hamlyn , London . Gascoigne , Bamber ( 1971 ) . The Great Moguls , Harper & Row . Havel , E.B. ( 1913 ) . Indian Architecture : Its Psychology , Structure and History , John Murray . Kambo , Muhammad Salih Amal - i - Salih or Shah Jahan Namah Ed . Ghulam Yazdani ( Calcutta : Baptist Mission Press ) Vol. I 1923 . Vol. II 1927 . Koch , Ebba ( 2006 ) ( Aug 2006 ) . The Complete Taj Mahal : And the Riverfront Gardens of Agra ( First ed . ) . Thames & Hudson Ltd. , 288 pages . ISBN 0 - 500 - 34209 - 1 . Lahawri , ' Abd al - Hamid Badshah Namah Ed . Maulawis Kabir al - Din Ahmad and ' Abd al - Rahim under the superintendence of Major W.N. Lees . ( Calcutta : College Press ) Vol . I 1867 Vol. II 1868 . Lall , John ( 1992 ) . Taj Mahal , Tiger International Press . Preston , Diana & Michael ( 2007 ) ( 2007 ) . A Teardrop on the Cheek of Time ( First ed . ) . London : Doubleday , 354 pages . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 60947 - 0 . Rothfarb , Ed ( 1998 ) . In the Land of the Taj Mahal , Henry Holt ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5299 - 2 . Saksena , Banarsi Prasad History of Shahjahan of Dihli ( Allahabad : The Indian Press Ltd . ) 1932 . Spiller , R ( 1994 ) . `` Agricultural Sites of the Taj Mahal '' , Chronicle Books . Stall , B ( 1995 ) . Agra and Fathepur Sikri , Millennium . Stierlin , Henri ( editor ) & Volwahsen , Andreas ( 1990 ) . Architecture of the World : Islamic India , Taschen . Tillitson , G.H.R. ( 1990 ) . Architectural Guide to Mughal India , Chronicle Books . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Taj Mahal Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Taj Mahal . Media related to Taj Mahal at Wikimedia Commons Official website of the Taj Mahal Description of the Taj Mahal at the Archaeological Survey of India Profile of the Taj Mahal at UNESCO Tourist attractions in Agra World Heritage Sites Agra Fort Fatehpur Sikri Taj Mahal Mughal architecture Chini Ka Rauza Gyarah Sidi Itmad - Ud - Daulah Mariam 's Tomb Sikandra Mosques Jama Masjid Moti Masjid Other religious places Bateshwar Guru ka Tal Mankameshwar Temple Swamibagh Shopping Kinari Bazaar Loha Mandi Raja ki mandi Sadar Bazaar Sanjay Place Gardens Mehtab Bagh Paliwal Park Ram Bagh Wildlife sanctuaries Keetham Lake National Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary Patna Bird Sanctuary Fairs Ram Barat Taj Mahotsav World Heritage Sites in India North Agra Fort The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier Fatehpur Sikri Great Himalayan National Park Humayun 's Tomb Keoladeo National Park Khajuraho Group of Monuments Kalka - Shimla Railway Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks Qutub Minar and its Monuments Red Fort Complex Taj Mahal East Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Kaziranga National Park Mahabodhi Temple Complex Nalanda Manas Wildlife Sanctuary Sun Temple at Konark Sundarbans National Park Khangchendzonga National Park South Great Living Chola Temples Group of Monuments at Hampi Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram Group of Monuments at Pattadakal Nilgiri Mountain Railway Western Ghats West Historic City of Ahmadabad Ajanta Caves Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka Champaner - Pavagadh Archaeological Park Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Churches and convents of Goa Elephanta Caves Ellora Caves Hill Forts of Rajasthan Jantar Mantar of Jaipur Rani ki vav Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Western Ghats Mughal Empire Emperors Babur Humayun Akbar Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzeb ( Alamgir ) Muhammad Azam Shah Bahadur Shah I Jahandar Shah Farrukhsiyar Rafi ud - Darajat Shah Jahan II Muhammad Shah Ahmad Shah Bahadur Alamgir II Shah Jahan III Shah Alam II Akbar II Bahadur Shah II Battles and conflicts Battle of Panipat ( 1526 ) Gujarat conquest Battle of Khanwa Battle of Ghaghra Siege of Sambhal Battle of Panipat ( 1556 ) Battle of Thanesar Siege of Chittorgarh Siege of Ranthambore Battle of Tukaroi Battle of Raj Mahal Battle of Haldighati Battle of Bhuchar Mori Siege of Kandahar Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1622 -- 23 ) Siege of Orchha Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1649 -- 53 ) Battle of Samugarh Battle of Khajwa Suppression of Tilpat rebellion Ahom -- Mughal conflicts Siege of Purandhar Tibet -- Ladakh -- Mughal War Mughal -- Maratha Wars Siege of Bijapur Siege of Jinji Child 's War Siege of Golconda Battle of Karnal Third Battle of Panipat Battle of Buxar Siege of Delhi Architecture Taj Mahal Gardens of Babur Fatehpur Sikri Tomb of Salim Chishti Humayun 's Tomb Red Fort Lahore Fort Jahangir Mahal Lalbagh Fort Akbar 's Tomb Agra Fort Chawk Mosque Shalimar Gardens Achabal Gardens Jahangir 's Tomb Bibi Ka Maqbara Badshahi Mosque Shahi Bridge Shah Jahan Mosque , Thatta Sheesh Mahal Sunehri Masjid Tipu Sultan Mosque Wazir Khan Mosque more Adversaries Ibrahim Lodi Rana Sanga Sher Shah Suri Hemu Maharana Pratap Malik Ambar Gokula Pratapaditya Shivaji Lachit Borphukan Khushal Khattak Sir Josiah Child Guru Gobind Singh Henry Every Bajirao I Nader Shah Hector Munro Provinces Bengal Subah See also Art Cuisine Culture Flag Gardens Language Military Painting Persians Tribe Weapons Timurid dynasty family tree Successor states Maratha Empire Rajput states Jats Sikh Empire Nawabs of Bengal Awadh Nizam of Hyderabad Carnatic Kingdom of Mysore Rohilkhand VIAF : 252149894 LCCN : sh85132019 GND : 4086583 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taj_Mahal&oldid=800751238 '' Categories : Buildings and structures completed in 1654 Buildings and structures in Agra Domes Iranian architecture Islamic architecture Mausoleums in Uttar Pradesh Mughal architecture Mughal funerary gardens in India Persian gardens in India Taj Mahal Tourist attractions in Agra World Heritage Sites in India Marble buildings Tourism in India 1654 establishments in the Mughal Empire Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use Indian English from July 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from November 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული कॉशुर / کٲشُر Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 12 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj%20Mahal

where did the word spam mail come from

Electronic spamming is the use of electronic messaging systems to send an unsolicited message ( spam ) , especially advertising , as well as sending messages repeatedly on the same site . While the most widely recognized form of spam is email spam , the term is applied to similar abuses in other media : instant messaging spam , Usenet newsgroup spam , Web search engine spam , spam in blogs , wiki spam , online classified ads spam , mobile phone messaging spam , Internet forum spam , junk fax transmissions , social spam , spam mobile apps , television advertising and file sharing spam . It is named after Spam , a luncheon meat , by way of a Monty Python sketch about a restaurant that has Spam in every dish and where patrons annoyingly chant `` Spam ! '' over and over again .

Spamming

spamming

Electronic spamming is the use of electronic messaging systems to send an unsolicited message ( spam ) , especially advertising , as well as sending messages repeatedly on the same site . While the most widely recognized form of spam is email spam , the term is applied to similar abuses in other media : instant messaging spam , Usenet newsgroup spam , Web search engine spam , spam in blogs , wiki spam , online classified ads spam , mobile phone messaging spam , Internet forum spam , junk fax transmissions , social spam , spam mobile apps , television advertising and file sharing spam . It is named after Spam , a luncheon meat , by way of a Monty Python sketch about a restaurant that has Spam in every dish and where patrons annoyingly chant `` Spam ! '' over and over again .

Spamming remains economically viable because advertisers have no operating costs beyond the management of their mailing lists , servers , infrastructures , IP ranges , and domain names , and it is difficult to hold senders accountable for their mass mailings . The costs , such as lost productivity and fraud , are borne by the public and by Internet service providers , which have been forced to add extra capacity to cope with the volume . Spamming has been the subject of legislation in many jurisdictions . A person who creates electronic spam is called a spammer . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-Internet 2.2 History 3 In different media 3.1 Email 3.2 Instant messaging 3.3 Newsgroup and forum 3.4 Mobile phone 3.5 Social networking spam 3.6 Social spam 3.7 Online game messaging 3.8 Blog , wiki , and guestbook 3.9 Spam targeting video sharing sites 3.10 SPIT 3.11 Academic search 3.12 Mobile apps 4 Noncommercial forms 5 Geographical origins 6 Trademark issues 7 Cost -- benefit analyses 7.1 General costs 8 In crime 9 Political issues 10 Court cases 10.1 United States 10.2 United Kingdom 10.3 New Zealand 10.4 Bulgaria 11 Newsgroups 12 See also 13 References 13.1 Notes 13.2 Sources 14 Further reading 15 External links Etymology ( edit ) The term spam is derived from the 1970 Spam sketch of the BBC television comedy series Monty Python 's Flying Circus . The sketch is set in a cafe where nearly every item on the menu includes Spam canned luncheon meat . As the waitress recites the Spam - filled menu , a chorus of Viking patrons drowns out all conversations with a song repeating `` Spam , Spam , Spam , Spam ... Spammity Spam ! Wonderful Spam ! '' , hence spamming the dialogue . The excessive amount of Spam mentioned references the preponderance of it and other imported canned meat products in the United Kingdom after World War II , as the country struggled to rebuild its agricultural base . Spam captured a large slice of the British market within the lower classes , and became a byword among British children of the 1960s for low - grade fodder due to its commonality , monotonous taste and low price , leading to the humour of the Python sketch . In the 1980s the term was adopted to describe certain abusive users who frequented BBSs and MUDs , who would repeat `` Spam '' a huge number of times to scroll other users ' text off the screen . In early chat rooms services like PeopleLink and the early days of Online America ( later known as America Online or AOL ) , they actually flooded the screen with quotes from the Monty Python Spam sketch . With internet connections over phone lines , typically running at 1200 or even 300 bit / s , it could take an enormous amount of time for a spammy logo , drawn in ASCII art to scroll to completion on a viewer 's terminal . Sending an irritating , large , meaningless block of text in this way was called spamming . This was used as a tactic by insiders of a group that wanted to drive newcomers out of the room so the usual conversation could continue . It was also used to prevent members of rival groups from chatting -- for instance , Star Wars fans often invaded Star Trek chat rooms , filling the space with blocks of text until the Star Trek fans left . This act , previously called flooding or trashing , later became known as spamming . The term was soon applied to a large amount of text broadcast by many users . It later came to be used on Usenet to mean excessive multiple posting -- the repeated posting of the same message . The unwanted message would appear in many , if not all newsgroups , just as Spam appeared in nearly all the menu items in the Monty Python sketch . The first usage of this sense was by Joel Furr in the aftermath of the ARMM incident of March 31 , 1993 , in which a piece of experimental software released dozens of recursive messages onto the news. admin. policy newsgroup . This use had also become established -- to spam Usenet was flooding newsgroups with junk messages . The word was also attributed to the flood of `` Make Money Fast '' messages that clogged many newsgroups during the 1990s . In 1998 , the New Oxford Dictionary of English , which had previously only defined `` spam '' in relation to the trademarked food product , added a second definition to its entry for `` spam '' : `` Irrelevant or inappropriate messages sent on the Internet to a large number of newsgroups or users . '' There was also an effort to differentiate between types of newsgroup spam . Messages that were crossposted to too many newsgroups at once -- as opposed to those that were posted too frequently -- were called velveeta ( after a cheese product ) . But this term did n't persist . History ( edit ) Pre-internet ( edit ) In the late 19th Century Western Union allowed telegraphic messages on its network to be sent to multiple destinations . The first recorded instance of a mass unsolicited commercial telegram is from May 1864 , when some British politicians received an unsolicited telegram advertising a dentist . History ( edit ) The earliest documented spam ( although the term had not yet been coined ) was a message advertising the availability of a new model of Digital Equipment Corporation computers sent by Gary Thuerk to 393 recipients on ARPANET in 1978 . Rather than send a separate message to each person , which was the standard practice at the time , he had an assistant , Carl Gartley , write a single mass email . Reaction from the net community was fiercely negative , but the spam did generate some sales . Spamming had been practiced as a prank by participants in multi-user dungeon games , to fill their rivals ' accounts with unwanted electronic junk . The first major commercial spam incident started on March 5 , 1994 , when a husband and wife team of lawyers , Laurence Canter and Martha Siegel , began using bulk Usenet posting to advertise immigration law services . The incident was commonly termed the `` Green Card spam '' , after the subject line of the postings . Defiant in the face of widespread condemnation , the attorneys claimed their detractors were hypocrites or `` zealouts '' , claimed they had a free speech right to send unwanted commercial messages , and labeled their opponents `` anti-commerce radicals '' . The couple wrote a controversial book entitled How to Make a Fortune on the Information Superhighway . An early example of nonprofit fundraising bulk posting via Usenet also occurred in 1994 on behalf of CitiHope , an NGO attempting to raise funds to rescue children at risk during the Bosnian War . However , as it was a violation of their terms of service , the ISP Panix deleted all of the bulk posts from Usenet , only missing three copies . Within a few years , the focus of spamming ( and anti-spam efforts ) moved chiefly to email , where it remains today . By 1999 , Khan C. Smith , a well known hacker at the time , had begun to commercialize the bulk email industry and rallied thousands into the business by building more friendly bulk email software and providing internet access illegally hacked from major ISPs such as Earthlink and Botnets . By 2009 , the majority of spam sent around the World was in the English language ; spammers began using automatic translation services to send spam in other languages . In different media ( edit ) Email ( edit ) Main article : Email spam Email spam , also known as unsolicited bulk email ( UBE ) , junk mail , or unsolicited commercial email ( UCE ) , is the practice of sending unwanted email messages , frequently with commercial content , in large quantities . Spam in email started to become a problem when the Internet was opened up to the general public in the mid-1990s . It grew exponentially over the following years , and by 2007 it composed some 80 to 85 percent of all e-mail , by a conservative estimate . Pressure to make email spam illegal has resulted in legislation in some jurisdictions , but less so in others . The efforts taken by governing bodies , security systems and email service providers seem to be helping to reduce the volume of email spam . According to `` 2014 Internet Security Threat Report , Volume 19 '' published by Symantec Corporation , spam volume dropped to 66 % of all email traffic . An industry of email address harvesting is dedicated to collecting email addresses and selling compiled databases . Some of these address - harvesting approaches rely on users not reading the fine print of agreements , resulting in their agreeing to send messages indiscriminately to their contacts . This is a common approach in social networking spam such as that generated by the social networking site Quechup . Instant messaging ( edit ) Main article : Messaging spam Instant messaging spam makes use of instant messaging systems . Although less ubiquitous than its e-mail counterpart , according to a report from Ferris Research , 500 million spam IMs were sent in 2003 , twice the level of 2002 . As instant messaging tends to not be blocked by firewalls , it is an especially useful channel for spammers . This is very common on many instant messaging systems such as Skype . Newsgroup and forum ( edit ) Main article : Newsgroup spam Newsgroup spam is a type of spam where the targets are Usenet newsgroups . Spamming of Usenet newsgroups actually pre-dates e-mail spam . Usenet convention defines spamming as excessive multiple posting , that is , the repeated posting of a message ( or substantially similar messages ) . The prevalence of Usenet spam led to the development of the Breidbart Index as an objective measure of a message 's `` spamminess '' . Main article : Forum spam Forum spam is the creation of advertising messages on Internet forums . It is generally done by automated spambots . Most forum spam consists of links to external sites , with the dual goals of increasing search engine visibility in highly competitive areas such as weight loss , pharmaceuticals , gambling , pornography , real estate or loans , and generating more traffic for these commercial websites . Some of these links contain code to track the spambot 's identity ; if a sale goes through , the spammer behind the spambot works on commission . Mobile phone ( edit ) Main article : Mobile phone spam Mobile phone spam is directed at the text messaging service of a mobile phone . This can be especially irritating to customers not only for the inconvenience , but also because of the fee they may be charged per text message received in some markets . To comply with CAN - SPAM regulations in the US , SMS messages now must provide options of HELP and STOP , the latter to end communication with the advertiser via SMS altogether . Despite the high number of phone users , there has not been so much phone spam , because there is a charge for sending SMS . Social networking spam ( edit ) Main article : Social networking spam Facebook and Twitter are not immune to messages containing spam links . Most insidiously , spammers hack into accounts and send false links under the guise of a user 's trusted contacts such as friends and family . As for Twitter , spammers gain credibility by following verified accounts such as that of Lady Gaga ; when that account owner follows the spammer back , it legitimizes the spammer and allows him or her to proliferate . Twitter has studied what interest structures allow their users to receive interesting tweets and avoid spam , despite the site using the broadcast model , in which all tweets from a user are broadcast to all followers of the user . Spammers , out of malicious intent , post either unwanted ( or irrelevant ) information or spread misinformation on social media platforms . Social spam ( edit ) Spreading beyond the centrally managed social networking platforms , user - generated content increasingly appears on business , government , and nonprofit websites worldwide . Fake accounts and comments planted by computers programmed to issue social spam can infiltrate these websites . Well - meaning and malicious human users can break websites ' policies by submitting profanity , insults , hate speech , and violent messages . Online game messaging ( edit ) Many online games allow players to contact each other via player - to - player messaging , chat rooms , or public discussion areas . What qualifies as spam varies from game to game , but usually this term applies to all forms of message flooding , violating the terms of service contract for the website . This is particularly common in MMORPGs where the spammers are trying to sell game - related `` items '' for real - world money , chiefly among them being in - game currency . In gameplay terms , spamming also refers to the repetitive use of the same combat skills as a cheap tactic ( e.g. `` to defeat the blue dragon , just spam fireballs '' ) . Blog , wiki , and guestbook ( edit ) Main article : Spam in blogs Blog spam is spamming on weblogs . In 2003 , this type of spam took advantage of the open nature of comments in the blogging software Movable Type by repeatedly placing comments to various blog posts that provided nothing more than a link to the spammer 's commercial web site . Similar attacks are often performed against wikis and guestbooks , both of which accept user contributions . Another possible form of spam in blogs is the spamming of a certain tag on websites such as Tumblr . Spam targeting video sharing sites ( edit ) Screenshot from a spam video on YouTube claiming that the film in question has been deleted from the site , and can only be accessed on the link posted by the spambot in the video description ( if the video were actually removed by YouTube , the description would be inaccessible , and the deletion notification would look different ) . Video sharing sites , such as YouTube , are now frequently targeted by spammers . The most common technique involves spammers ( or spambots ) posting links to sites , most likely pornographic or dealing with online dating , on the comments section of random videos or user profiles . With the addition of a `` thumbs up / thumbs down '' feature , groups of spambots may constantly `` thumbs up '' a comment , getting it into the top comments section and making the message more visible . Yet another kind is actual video spam , giving the uploaded movie a name and description with a popular figure or event that is likely to draw attention , or within the video has a certain image timed to come up as the video 's thumbnail image to mislead the viewer , such as a still image from a feature film , purporting to be a part - by - part piece of a movie being pirated , e.g. Big Buck Bunny Full Movie Online - Part 1 / 10 HD , a link to a supposed keygen , trainer , ISO file for a video game , or something similar . The actual content of the video ends up being totally unrelated , a Rickroll , offensive , or simply on - screen text of a link to the site being promoted . In some cases , the link in question may lead to an online survey site , a password - protected archive file with instructions leading to the aforementioned survey ( though the survey , and the archive file itself , is worthless and does n't contain the file in question at all ) , or in extreme cases , malware . Others may upload videos presented in an infomercial - like format selling their product which feature actors and paid testimonials , though the promoted product or service is of dubious quality and would likely not pass the scrutiny of a standards and practices department at a television station or cable network . Spit ( edit ) SPIT ( SPam over Internet Telephony ) is VoIP ( Voice over Internet Protocol ) spam , usually using SIP ( Session Initiation Protocol ) . This is nearly identical to telemarketing calls over traditional phone lines . When the user chooses to receive the spam call , a pre-recorded spam message or advertisement is usually played back . This is generally easier for the spammer as VoIP services are cheap and easy to anonymize over the Internet , and there are many options for sending mass number of calls from a single location . Accounts or IP addresses being used for VoIP spam can usually be identified by a large number of outgoing calls , low call completion and short call length . Academic search ( edit ) Academic search engines enable researchers to find academic literature and are used to obtain citation data for calculating performance metrics such as the H - index and impact factor . Researchers from the University of California , Berkeley and OvGU demonstrated that most ( web - based ) academic search engines , especially Google Scholar , are not capable of identifying spam attacks . The researchers manipulated the citation counts of articles , and managed to make Google Scholar index complete fake articles , some containing advertising . Mobile apps ( edit ) Spamming in mobile app stores include ( i ) apps that were automatically generated and as a result do not have any specific functionality or a meaningful description ; ( ii ) multiple instances of the same app being published to obtain increased visibility in the app market ; and ( iii ) apps that make excessive use of unrelated keywords to attract users through unintended searches . Non-commercial forms ( edit ) E-mail and other forms of spamming have been used for purposes other than advertisements . Many early Usenet spams were religious or political . Serdar Argic , for instance , spammed Usenet with historical revisionist screeds . A number of evangelists have spammed Usenet and e-mail media with preaching messages . A growing number of criminals are also using spam to perpetrate various sorts of fraud . Geographical origins ( edit ) In 2011 the origins of spam were analyzed by Cisco Systems . They provided a report that shows spam volume originating from countries worldwide . Rank Country Spam volume ( % ) India 13.7 Russia 9.0 Vietnam 7.9 ( tie ) South Korea 6.0 Indonesia 6.0 6 China 4.7 7 Brazil 4.5 8 United States 3.2 Trademark issues ( edit ) Hormel Foods Corporation , the maker of SPAM luncheon meat , does not object to the Internet use of the term `` spamming '' . However , they did ask that the capitalized word `` Spam '' be reserved to refer to their product and trademark . By and large , this request is obeyed in forums that discuss spam . Cost -- benefit analyses ( edit ) The European Union 's Internal Market Commission estimated in 2001 that `` junk email '' cost Internet users € 10 billion per year worldwide . The California legislature found that spam cost United States organizations alone more than $13 billion in 2007 , including lost productivity and the additional equipment , software , and manpower needed to combat the problem . Spam 's direct effects include the consumption of computer and network resources , and the cost in human time and attention of dismissing unwanted messages . Large companies who are frequent spam targets utilize numerous techniques to detect and prevent spam . The cost to providers of search engines is significant : `` The secondary consequence of spamming is that search engine indexes are inundated with useless pages , increasing the cost of each processed query '' . The costs of spam also include the collateral costs of the struggle between spammers and the administrators and users of the media threatened by spamming . Email spam exemplifies a tragedy of the commons : spammers use resources ( both physical and human ) , without bearing the entire cost of those resources . In fact , spammers commonly do not bear the cost at all . This raises the costs for everyone . In some ways spam is even a potential threat to the entire email system , as operated in the past . Since email is so cheap to send , a tiny number of spammers can saturate the Internet with junk mail . Although only a tiny percentage of their targets are motivated to purchase their products ( or fall victim to their scams ) , the low cost may provide a sufficient conversion rate to keep the spamming alive . Furthermore , even though spam appears not to be economically viable as a way for a reputable company to do business , it suffices for professional spammers to convince a tiny proportion of gullible advertisers that it is viable for those spammers to stay in business . Finally , new spammers go into business every day , and the low costs allow a single spammer to do a lot of harm before finally realizing that the business is not profitable . Some companies and groups `` rank '' spammers ; spammers who make the news are sometimes referred to by these rankings . General costs ( edit ) In all cases listed above , including both commercial and non-commercial , `` spam happens '' because of a positive cost - benefit analysis result ; if the cost to recipients is excluded as an externality the spammer can avoid paying . Cost is the combination of Overhead : The costs and overhead of electronic spamming include bandwidth , developing or acquiring an email / wiki / blog spam tool , taking over or acquiring a host / zombie , etc . Transaction cost : The incremental cost of contacting each additional recipient once a method of spamming is constructed , multiplied by the number of recipients ( see CAPTCHA as a method of increasing transaction costs ) . Risks : Chance and severity of legal and / or public reactions , including damages and punitive damages . Damage : Impact on the community and / or communication channels being spammed ( see Newsgroup spam ) . Benefit is the total expected profit from spam , which may include any combination of the commercial and non-commercial reasons listed above . It is normally linear , based on the incremental benefit of reaching each additional spam recipient , combined with the conversion rate . The conversion rate for botnet - generated spam has recently been measured to be around one in 12,000,000 for pharmaceutical spam and one in 200,000 for infection sites as used by the Storm botnet . The authors of the study calculating those conversion rates noted , `` After 26 days , and almost 350 million e-mail messages , only 28 sales resulted . '' In crime ( edit ) Spam can be used to spread computer viruses , trojan horses or other malicious software . The objective may be identity theft , or worse ( e.g. , advance fee fraud ) . Some spam attempts to capitalize on human greed , while some attempts to take advantage of the victims ' inexperience with computer technology to trick them ( e.g. , phishing ) . On May 31 , 2007 , one of the world 's most prolific spammers , Robert Alan Soloway , was arrested by US authorities . Described as one of the top ten spammers in the world , Soloway was charged with 35 criminal counts , including mail fraud , wire fraud , e-mail fraud , aggravated identity theft , and money laundering . Prosecutors allege that Soloway used millions of `` zombie '' computers to distribute spam during 2003 . This is the first case in which US prosecutors used identity theft laws to prosecute a spammer for taking over someone else 's Internet domain name . In an attempt to assess potential legal and technical strategies for stopping illegal spam , a study cataloged three months of online spam data and researched website naming and hosting infrastructures . The study concluded that : 1 ) half of all spam programs have their domains and servers distributed over just eight percent or fewer of the total available hosting registrars and autonomous systems , with 80 percent of spam programs overall being distributed over just 20 percent of all registrars and autonomous systems ; 2 ) of the 76 purchases for which the researchers received transaction information , there were only 13 distinct banks acting as credit card acquirers and only three banks provided the payment servicing for 95 percent of the spam - advertised goods in the study ; and , 3 ) a `` financial blacklist '' of banking entities that do business with spammers would dramatically reduce monetization of unwanted e-mails . Moreover , this blacklist could be updated far more rapidly than spammers could acquire new banking resources , an asymmetry favoring anti-spam efforts . Political issues ( edit ) Some of the possible means used to stop spamming may lead to political side effects , such as increased government control over the Internet , loss of privacy , barriers to free expression , and the commercialization of e-mail . An ongoing concern expressed by parties such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation and the American Civil Liberties Union has to do with so - called `` stealth blocking '' , a term for ISPs employing aggressive spam blocking without their users ' knowledge . These groups ' concern is that ISPs or technicians seeking to reduce spam - related costs may select tools that ( either through error or design ) also block non-spam e-mail from sites seen as `` spam - friendly '' . Few object to the existence of these tools ; it is their use in filtering the mail of users who are not informed of their use that draws fire . Even though it is possible in some jurisdictions to treat some spam as unlawful merely by applying existing laws against trespass and conversion , some laws specifically targeting spam have been proposed . In 2004 , United States passed the CAN - SPAM Act of 2003 that provided ISPs with tools to combat spam . This act allowed Yahoo ! to successfully sue Eric Head who settled the lawsuit for several thousand U.S. dollars in June 2004 . But the law is criticized by many for not being effective enough . Indeed , the law was supported by some spammers and organizations that support spamming , and opposed by many in the anti-spam community . Court cases ( edit ) See also : E-mail spam legislation by country United States ( edit ) Earthlink won a $25 million judgment against one of the most notorious and active `` spammers '' Khan C. Smith in 2001 for his role in founding the modern spam industry which dealt billions in economic damage and established thousands of spammers into the industry . His email efforts were said to make up more than a third of all Internet email being sent from 1999 until 2002 . Sanford Wallace and Cyber Promotions were the target of a string of lawsuits , many of which were settled out of court , up through a 1998 Earthlink settlement that put Cyber Promotions out of business . Attorney Laurence Canter was disbarred by the Tennessee Supreme Court in 1997 for sending prodigious amounts of spam advertising his immigration law practice . In 2005 , Jason Smathers , a former America Online employee , pleaded guilty to charges of violating the CAN - SPAM Act . In 2003 , he sold a list of approximately 93 million AOL subscriber e-mail addresses to Sean Dunaway who , in turn , sold the list to spammers . In 2007 , Robert Soloway lost a case in a federal court against the operator of a small Oklahoma - based Internet service provider who accused him of spamming . U.S. Judge Ralph G. Thompson granted a motion by plaintiff Robert Braver for a default judgment and permanent injunction against him . The judgment includes a statutory damages award of about $10 million under Oklahoma law . In June 2007 , two men were convicted of eight counts stemming from sending millions of e-mail spam messages that included hardcore pornographic images . Jeffrey A. Kilbride , 41 , of Venice , California was sentenced to six years in prison , and James R. Schaffer , 41 , of Paradise Valley , Arizona , was sentenced to 63 months . In addition , the two were fined $100,000 , ordered to pay $77,500 in restitution to AOL , and ordered to forfeit more than $1.1 million , the amount of illegal proceeds from their spamming operation . The charges included conspiracy , fraud , money laundering , and transportation of obscene materials . The trial , which began on June 5 , was the first to include charges under the CAN - SPAM Act of 2003 , according to a release from the Department of Justice . The specific law that prosecutors used under the CAN - Spam Act was designed to crack down on the transmission of pornography in spam . In 2005 , Scott J. Filary and Donald E. Townsend of Tampa , Florida were sued by Florida Attorney General Charlie Crist for violating the Florida Electronic Mail Communications Act . The two spammers were required to pay $50,000 USD to cover the costs of investigation by the state of Florida , and a $1.1 million penalty if spamming were to continue , the $50,000 was not paid , or the financial statements provided were found to be inaccurate . The spamming operation was successfully shut down . Edna Fiedler , 44 , of Olympia , Washington , on June 25 , 2008 , pleaded guilty in a Tacoma court and was sentenced to 2 years imprisonment and 5 years of supervised release or probation in an Internet $1 million `` Nigerian check scam . '' She conspired to commit bank , wire and mail fraud , against US citizens , specifically using Internet by having had an accomplice who shipped counterfeit checks and money orders to her from Lagos , Nigeria , the previous November . Fiedler shipped out $609,000 fake check and money orders when arrested and prepared to send additional $1.1 million counterfeit materials . Also , the U.S. Postal Service recently intercepted counterfeit checks , lottery tickets and eBay overpayment schemes with a face value of $2.1 billion . In a 2009 opinion , Gordon v. Virtumundo , Inc. , 575 F. 3d 1040 , the Ninth Circuit assessed the standing requirements necessary for a private plaintiff to bring a civil cause of action against spam senders under the CAN - SPAM Act of 2003 , as well as the scope of the CAN - SPAM Act 's federal preemption clause . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the first successful case of its kind , Nigel Roberts from the Channel Islands won £ 270 against Media Logistics UK who sent junk e-mails to his personal account . In January 2007 , a Sheriff Court in Scotland awarded Mr. Gordon Dick £ 750 ( the then maximum sum that could be awarded in a Small Claim action ) plus expenses of £ 618.66 , a total of £ 1368.66 against Transcom Internet Services Ltd. for breaching anti-spam laws . Transcom had been legally represented at earlier hearings , but were not represented at the proof , so Gordon Dick got his decree by default . It is the largest amount awarded in compensation in the United Kingdom since Roberts v Media Logistics case in 2005 . Despite the statutory tort that is created by the Regulations implementing the EC Directive , few other people have followed their example . As the Courts engage in active case management , such cases would probably now be expected to be settled by mediation and payment of nominal damages . Bulleted list item New Zealand ( edit ) In October 2008 , an international internet spam operation run from New Zealand was cited by American authorities as one of the world 's largest , and for a time responsible for up to a third of all unwanted e-mails . In a statement the US Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) named Christchurch 's Lance Atkinson as one of the principals of the operation . New Zealand 's Internal Affairs announced it had lodged a $200,000 claim in the High Court against Atkinson and his brother Shane Atkinson and courier Roland Smits , after raids in Christchurch . This marked the first prosecution since the Unsolicited Electronic Messages Act ( UEMA ) was passed in September 2007 . The FTC said it had received more than three million complaints about spam messages connected to this operation , and estimated that it may be responsible for sending billions of illegal spam messages . The US District Court froze the defendants ' assets to preserve them for consumer redress pending trial . U.S. co-defendant Jody Smith forfeited more than $800,000 and faces up to five years in prison for charges to which he pleaded guilty . Bulgaria ( edit ) While most countries either outlaw or at least ignore spam , Bulgaria is the first and until now only one to legalize it . According to the Bulgarian E-Commerce act ( Чл. 5 , 6 ) anyone can send spam to mailboxes published as owned by a company or organization , as long as there is a `` clear and straight indication that the message is unsolicited commercial e-mail '' ( `` да осигури ясното и недвусмислено разпознаване на търговското съобщение като непоискано '' ) in the message body . This made lawsuits against Bulgarian ISP 's and public e-mail providers with antispam policy possible , as they are obstructing legal commerce activity and thus violate Bulgarian antitrust acts . While there are no such lawsuits until now , several cases of spam obstruction are currently awaiting decision in the Bulgarian Antitrust Commission ( Комисия за защита на конкуренцията ) and can end with serious fines for the ISP 's in question . The law contains other dubious provisions -- for example , the creation of a nationwide public electronic register of e-mail addresses that do not want to receive spam . It is usually abused as the perfect source for e-mail address harvesting , because publishing invalid or incorrect information in such a register is a criminal offense in Bulgaria . Newsgroups ( edit ) news. admin. net - abuse. email See also ( edit ) Internet portal Address munging ( avoidance technique ) Advance fee fraud ( Nigerian spam ) Anti-spam techniques Bacn Cold email E-mail fraud Identity theft Image spam Internet troll Job scams Junk mail Junk Mail Digital Media List of spammers Malware Network Abuse Clearinghouse Phishing Pump and dump Scad ( scam ad ) Confidence trick Social networking spam Social spam SORBS Spam ( food ) Spam Lit SpamCop Spamhaus Spamigation VoIP spam Spoetry Sporgery Suppression list Virus ( computer ) Vishing History Howard Carmack Make money fast Sanford Wallace Spam King Usenet Death Penalty UUnet References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Developer Policy Center -- Intellectual Property , Deception , and Spam '' . play.google.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Spam '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary ( definition & more ) . 2012 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Monty Python ( 2009 - 01 - 13 ) , Spam - Monty Python 's The Flying Circus , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ `` The Definition of Spam '' . The Spamhaus Project . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Gyöngyi , Zoltan ; Garcia - Molina , Hector ( 2005 ) . `` Web spam taxonomy '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Adversarial Information Retrieval on the Web ( AIRWeb ) , 2005 in The 14th International World Wide Web Conference ( WWW 2005 ) May 10 , ( Tue ) -- 14 ( Sat ) , 2005 , Nippon Convention Center ( Makuhari Messe ) , Chiba , Japan ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) . New York , NY : ACM Press . ISBN 1 - 59593 - 046 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` RFC 2635 - DON \ x27T SPEW A Set of Guidelines for Mass Unsolicited Mailings and Postings ( spam * ) : '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Origin of the word ' Spam ' : '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Origin of the term `` spam '' to mean net abuse `` . Templetons.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Myshele . `` The Origins of Spam '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Spamming ? ( rec. games. mud ) - Google Groups USENET archive , 1990 - 09 - 26 ^ Jump up to : Thuerk , Gary ; Furr , Joel , At 30 , Spam Going Nowhere Soon ( interviews ) , NPR . Jump up ^ Darren Waters ( 31 March 2008 ) . `` Spam blights e-mail 15 years on '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` velveeta '' , The Jargon File ( 4.4. 7 ed . ) , CatB . Jump up ^ `` Getting the message , at last '' . The Economist. 2007 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Zeller , Tom ( 1 June 2003 ) . `` Ideas & Trends ; Spamology '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Reaction to the DEC Spam of 1978 '' . Templetons . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Abate , Tom ( May 3 , 2008 ) . `` A very unhappy birthday to spam , age 30 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Conway , Andrew . `` Twenty Years of Spam '' . Cloudmark . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Danchev , Dancho . `` Spammers go multilingual , use automatic translation services . '' ZDNet . July 28 , 2009 . Retrieved on August 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Email Metrics Report '' ( PDF ) . MAAWG . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Internet Security Threat Report , Volume 19 '' ( PDF ) . Symantec Corporation . Retrieved 7 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FileOn List Builder - Extract URL , MetaTags , Email , Phone , Fax from www - Optimized Webcrawler '' . List DNA . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Hansell , Saul ( September 13 , 2007 ) , `` Social network launches worldwide spam campaign '' , The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Marketers need to build trust as spam hits social networks '' , Grace Bello , Direct Marketing News , June 1 , 2012 Jump up ^ Understanding and Combating Link Farming in the Twitter Social Network , Max Planck Centre for Computer Science Jump up ^ On the Precision of Social and Information Networks Jump up ^ Gupta , Arushi ; Kaushal , Rishabh . `` Improving spam detection in Online Social Networks '' . www.ieee.org . IEEE . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Dan Tynan ( 3 April 2012 ) . `` Social spam is taking over the Internet '' . ITworld . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Professor : Social media can fuel spread of racial slurs , hate speech '' . sentinelandenterprise.com . Jump up ^ The ( Evil ) Genius of Comment Spammers - Wired Magazine , March 2004 Jump up ^ Fabrício Benevenuto , Tiago Rodrigues , Virgílio Almeida , Jussara Almeida and Marcos Gonçalves . Detecting Spammers and Content Promoters in Online Video Social Networks . In ACM SIGIR Conference , Boston , MA , USA , July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Story 3 movie scam warning '' . Web User magazine . Archived from the original on 11 May 2012 . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Joeran Beel and Bela Gipp . Academic search engine spam and google scholar 's resilience against it . Journal of Electronic Publishing , 13 ( 3 ) , December 2010 . PDF Jump up ^ Seneviratne , Suranga ( Apr 2017 ) . `` Spam Mobile Apps : Characteristics , Detection , and in the Wild Analysis '' . ACM Transactions on the Web ( TWEB ) . 11 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ See : Advance fee fraud Jump up ^ Cisco 2011 Annual Security Report ( PDF ) Jump up ^ `` Hormel Foods Corp. v. Jim Henson Prods '' . Harvard University . 73 F. 3d 497 ( 2d Cir. 1996 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Data protection : `` Junk '' email costs internet users 10 billion a year worldwide -- Commission study `` . Europa . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` California business and professions code '' . Spamlaws . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Spam Cost Calculator : Calculate enterprise spam cost ? '' . Commtouch . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Ghosemajumder , Shuman ( 18 March 2008 ) . `` Using data to help prevent fraud '' . Google Blog . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Thank the Spammers - William R. James 2003 - 03 - 10 Jump up ^ Economics of Spam , Journal of Economic Perspectives Jump up ^ Spamhaus ' `` TOP 10 spam service ISPs '' Jump up ^ `` The 10 Worst ROKSO Spammers '' . Spamhaus . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Kanich , C. ; C. Kreibich ; K. Levchenko ; B. Enright ; G. Voelker ; V. Paxson ; S. Savage ( 2008 - 10 - 28 ) . `` Spamalytics : An Empirical Analysis of Spam Marketing Conversion '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of Conference on Computer and Communications Security ( CCS ) . Alexandria , VA , USA . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Lombardi , Candace . `` Alleged ' Seattle Spammer ' arrested - CNET '' . News.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Claburn , Thomas . `` ' Spam King ' Robert Alan Soloway Pleads Guilty '' . InformationWeek.com ( 1 ) , 3 / 17 / 2008 . Jump up ^ Levchenko , Kirill ; et . al. ( 2011 ) . `` Click Trajectories : End - to - End Analysis of the Spam Value Chain '' ( PDF ) . 2011 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy : 431 -- 446 . doi : 10.1109 / SP. 2011.24 . Jump up ^ Template : Cite url = http://www.anti-abuse.org/rbl-criticism/ Jump up ^ Credeur , Mary . `` Staff Writer '' . BizJournals.com . BizJournals.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` On the dark side of the planet temperatures average 110amp160K '' . www.brechtweigelhaus.de . Jump up ^ U.S. v Jason Smathers and Sean Dunaway , amended complaint , US District Court for the Southern District of New York ( 2003 ) . Retrieved 7 March 2007 , from `` Pair Nabbed In AOL Spam Scheme '' . thesmokinggun.com . Jump up ^ Ex-AOL employee pleads guilty in spam case . ( 2005 , February 4 ) . CNN . Retrieved 7 March 2007 , from `` Ex-AOL employee pleads guilty in spam case '' . CNN.com . February 5 , 2005 . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Braver v. Newport Internet Marketing Corporation et al. - U.S. District Court - Western District of Oklahoma ( Oklahoma City ) , 2005 - 02 - 22 Jump up ^ `` Two Men Sentenced for Running International Pornographic Spamming Business '' . United States Department of Justice . October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Gaudin , Sharon , Two Men Convicted Of Spamming Pornography InformationWeek , June 26 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Crist Announces First Case Under Florida Anti-Spam Law '' . Office of the Florida Attorney General . Archived from the original on 15 January 2009 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Crist : Judgment Ends Duo 's Illegal Spam , Internet Operations '' . Office of the Florida Attorney General . Archived from the original on 15 January 2009 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Woman gets prison for ' Nigerian ' scam '' . upi.com . Jump up ^ `` Woman Gets Two Years for Aiding Nigerian Internet Check Scam ( PC World ) '' . PC World . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gordon v. Virtumundo , Inc. , 575 F. 3d 1040 ( 9th Cir. 2009 ) . Jump up ^ `` Businessman wins e-mail spam case '' . BBC News . 27 December 2005 . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gordon Dick v Transcom Internet Service Ltd '' . Scotchspam.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Article 13 - Unsolicited communications '' . Eur-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Kiwi spam network was ' World 's biggest ' '' . Stuff.co.nz. 16 October 2008 . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Court Orders Australia - based Leader of International Spam Network to Pay $15.15 Million '' . Ftc.gov. 2011 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Закон За Електронната Търговия '' . Lex.bg. 2011 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Регистър на юридическите лица , които не желаят да получават непоискани търговски съобщения '' . Kzp.bg . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Sources ( edit ) Specter , Michael ( 2007 - 08 - 06 ) . `` Damn Spam '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . Further reading ( edit ) Brunton , Finn . Spam : A Shadow History of the Internet ( MIT Press ; 2013 ) 304 pages ; $27.95 ) . A cultural and technological history Sjouwerman , Stu ; Posluns , Jeffrey , `` Inside the spam cartel : trade secrets from the dark side '' , Elsevier / Syngress ; 1st edition , November 27 , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932266 - 86 - 3 Brown , Bruce Cameron `` How to stop e-mail spam , spyware , malware , computer viruses , and hackers from ruining your computer '' Atlantic Publishing Group , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 601383 - 03 - 7 Dunne , Robert `` Computers and the law : an introduction to basic legal principles and their application in cyberspace '' Cambridge University Press , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521886 - 50 - 5 The Spam Archive Spamdex `` Spam Archive list of spam from traceable sources '' , 2014 - 15 ( including 2008 - 2013 ) over 35,000 spam emails listed External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electronic spam . 1 December 2009 : arrest of a major spammer Anti-Spam Consumer Resources and Information Cybertelecom : : Federal spam law and policy Federal Trade Commission page with spam reduction tips and reporting Malware City - The Spam Omelette BitDefender 's weekly report on spam trends and techniques . Reaction to the DEC Spam of 1978 Overview and text of the first known internet e-mail spam . Slamming Spamming Resource on Spam Spamtrackers SpamWiki : a peer - reviewed spam information and analysis resource . Why am I getting all this spam ? CDT Spamming Protocols Email spam Address munging Bulk email software Directory Harvest Attack Joe job DNSBL DNSWL Spambot Pink contract Other Auto dialer / Robocall Cold calling Flyposting Junk fax Messaging Mobile phone Newsgroup Telemarketing VoIP Anti-spam Disposable email address Email authentication SORBS SpamCop Spamhaus List poisoning Naive Bayes spam filtering Network Abuse Clearinghouse Distributed Checksum Clearinghouse Spamdexing Keyword stuffing Google bomb Scraper site Link farm Cloaking Doorway page URL redirection Spam blogs Sping Forum spam Blog spam Social spam Referrer spam Parasite hosting Internet fraud Advance - fee fraud Lottery scam Make Money Fast Phishing Vishing Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spamming&oldid=855654714 '' Categories : Spamming Cybercrime E-commerce Ethically disputed business practices History of computing Internet ethics Internet terminology Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon ייִדיש 粵語 中文 61 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 22 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamming

who plays the mom in the conjuring 2

The Conjuring 2

the conjuring 2

The Conjuring 2 is a 2016 American horror film directed by James Wan . The screenplay is by Chad Hayes , Carey W. Hayes , Wan and David Leslie Johnson . It is the sequel to 2013 's The Conjuring and the third installment in The Conjuring series . Patrick Wilson and Vera Farmiga reprise their roles as paranormal investigators and authors Ed and Lorraine Warren from the first film . The film follows the Warrens as they travel to England to assist the Hodgson family , who are experiencing poltergeist activity at their Enfield council house in 1977 which later became referred to as the Enfield Poltergeist .

The Conjuring 2 was released in North America on June 10 , 2016 . The film received positive reviews from critics and has grossed over $320 million worldwide . A spin - off prequel film , The Nun , is scheduled to be released in 2018 with Peter Safran and Wan producing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 4 Music 5 Distribution 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Theatrical release 5.3 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Future 7.1 Sequel 8 Spin - off films 8.1 The Nun 8.2 The Crooked Man 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1976 , paranormal investigators Ed and Lorraine Warren document the Amityville murders at the Amityville house , to determine if a demonic presence was truly responsible for Ronald DeFeo Jr. murdering his family on November 13 , 1974 , and the subsequent haunting incident involving the Lutz family . During a seance , Lorraine is drawn into a vision where she relives the murders . A demonic nun figure appears and lures her to the basement , where she witnesses Ed being impaled before breaking out of the vision . In 1977 , the Hodgson family begins to experience strange occurrences in their home in the London suburb of Enfield . Janet , the second oldest of four children , is seen sleepwalking and conversing in her dreams with an entity in the form of an angry elderly man , who insists that the house is his . Eventually , all the Hodgson siblings and their mother Peggy witness paranormal events occurring right before their eyes , forcing them to seek refuge with their neighbors . When the media attempts to interview the Hodgsons , Janet is possessed by the spirit of the elderly man , Bill Wilkins , who is revealed to have previously lived and died in the house . During the possession , Wilkins states that he enjoys tormenting the family and wants to reclaim his home . As Janet begins to show more signs of demonic possession , the story eventually reaches the Warrens , and their assistance is requested to assist the local church in an investigation to prove whether or not Janet 's possession is a hoax . Lorraine , fearful that her vision of Ed 's death may become reality , warns him not to get too involved in the case , but she reluctantly agrees to travel to London with him . She has yet another vision of the demonic nun in Ed 's study wherein the demon says its name , which Lorraine scribbles in her Bible . While staying at the Hodgson residence , Ed and Lorraine consult with other paranormal investigators , including Maurice Grosse and Anita Gregory , on the legitimacy of the case . They also attempt to communicate with Wilkins ' spirit , hoping to convince him to stop haunting the family . One night , after the Hodgsons witness Janet being possessed , Gregory presents video evidence of Janet purposely wrecking the kitchen as if for a practical joke , thereby discrediting the haunting . Based on this discovery , Ed and Lorraine feel they have no choice but to leave the family on their own but soon discover that the spirit of Wilkins is only a pawn being manipulated by the demonic nun , to haunt Janet and break her will . Lorraine then realizes that her abilities have been blocked by the demonic nun , preventing her from grasping the truth of Janet 's possession . Ed and Lorraine quickly return to the Hodgson residence , only to find Janet being possessed once more and the rest of the Hodgsons locked outside the house . Ed ventures inside the house alone . A lightning strike hits a tree near the house , leaving a jagged stump resembling the object that impaled Ed in Lorraine 's vision . Ed finds Janet standing near the window , ready to leap onto the stump and commit suicide . He manages to grab Janet in time , but finds himself holding onto a curtain that is being torn from its rings by his and Janet 's weight . Lorraine remembers that she wrote the demon 's name -- Valak -- in her Bible . She enters the house and confronts Valak , addressing it by name and successfully condemns it back to Hell . Janet is freed of its possession , and Lorraine pulls her and Ed to safety . After returning home to the United States , Ed adds an item to his and Lorraine 's collection -- `` The Crooked Man '' zoetrope toy owned by Peggy 's youngest child Billy -- placing it near April 's music box and the Annabelle doll . Cast ( edit ) Patrick Wilson as Ed Warren Vera Farmiga as Lorraine Warren Madison Wolfe as Janet Hodgson Frances O'Connor as Peggy Hodgson Lauren Esposito as Margaret Hodgson Benjamin Haigh as Billy Hodgson Patrick McAuley as Johnny Hodgson Simon McBurney as Maurice Grosse Maria Doyle Kennedy as Peggy Nottingham Simon Delaney as Vic Nottingham Franka Potente as Anita Gregory Bob Adrian as Bill Wilkins Robin Atkin Downes as Demon Voice Bonnie Aarons as Valak ( Demon Nun ) Javier Botet as Crooked Man Steve Coulter as Father Gordon Abhi Sinha as Harry Whitmark Chris Royds as Graham Morris Sterling Jerins as Judy Warren Kent Allen as Daniel Wolfe Annie Young as Constable Heeps Elliot Joseph as Constable Joseph Cory English as Skeptic Kaplan Joseph Bishara as Demon Shannon Kook as Drew Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In July 2013 , prior to The Conjuring 's release , Variety reported that New Line Cinema was already in the early stages of development of a sequel , following the positive test screenings and reviews of the first film . The film deals with the case of the Enfield Poltergeist , which took place in the London Borough of Enfield from 1977 to 1979 , and involved the alleged haunting of two sisters , aged 11 and 13 , at their mother 's council house . The Conjuring 2 also touches on the Warrens ' most famous and most documented case , The Amityville Horror . Pre-production ( edit ) I 've been working very heavily on the script , and the idea of continuing the saga of Ed and Lorraine Warren is actually very exciting . So the idea of going back to kind of nurture my baby that I created is part of the reason why I 'm going back to do The Conjuring 2 . -- James Wan , explaining his reasons for returning to direct the sequel . In July 2013 , it was reported that Vera Farmiga and Patrick Wilson had signed on to reprise their roles from The Conjuring . This was confirmed in February 2014 . On October 21 , 2014 , it was announced that James Wan would return to direct the sequel , and production would begin in the summer of 2015 . In early July 2015 , lead actors Farmiga and Wilson visited Lorraine Warren at the New England Paranormal Research Center in Connecticut in preparation for their roles . On July 28 , 2015 , Wan officially began pre-production for the film . In August 2015 , the film was granted $5.6 million in tax credits from the California Film Commission for bringing the production to the state . On September 13 , 2015 , Don Burgess was confirmed as the film 's director of photography . In September 2015 , Frances O'Connor , Simon McBurney , newcomer Lauren Esposito , and Madison Wolfe joined the cast . Franka Potente , Simon Delaney , Maria Doyle Kennedy , and newcomers Patrick McAuley and Benjamin Haigh were also reported to have been cast in late September 2015 . In November 2015 , it was announced that Abhi Sinha had joined the cast of the film . On December 1 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Sterling Jerins would reprise her role as the Warrens ' daughter Judy . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for The Conjuring 2 began on September 21 , 2015 , in Los Angeles , California . Due to an inexplicable series of events during production of the first film , a priest from the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santa Fe was brought in to bless the set of the sequel by the film 's producers . Production moved to London on November 18 , 2015 , with filming taking place in and around The Warrington , a pub in the residential district of Maida Vale . On November 22 , filming took place at Marylebone station . Filming concluded on December 1 , 2015 . Production lasted for 50 days , with 40 days filming on sound stages at Warner Bros. Studios , Burbank , and 10 days on location in London . Music ( edit ) The original musical score for The Conjuring 2 was written by Joseph Bishara and was released on June 3 , 2016 , by WaterTower Music . Bishara , a recurring collaborator of director James Wan , composed the score after having previously written the music for The Conjuring and the Insidious film series . Lead actor Patrick Wilson performs Elvis Presley 's `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' on a guitar in the film , while songs such as The Clash 's `` London Calling '' , Bee Gees 's `` I Started A Joke '' and the traditional nursery rhyme `` This Old Man '' are also featured . Composer Mark Isham 's family themes from the first film , `` Photograph '' and `` Happy Family '' , were also used in The Conjuring 2 . Distribution ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) In December 2015 , Entertainment Weekly released the first image from the film , introducing the character portrayed by Madison Wolfe . On January 6 , 2016 , James Wan posted a teaser clip to his social media accounts revealing that the first official trailer would debut the following day . Also on January 6 , Yahoo ! Movies exclusively released two stills from the film , featuring Vera Farmiga and Patrick Wilson . On March 26 , 2016 , Wan premiered the full - length trailer at WonderCon . In the weeks leading up to the film 's premiere , TV spots began airing . This was followed by a featurette titled Strange Happenings in Enfield , in which the Hodgson sisters and Lorraine Warren discuss their experiences with the case . Two weeks prior to The Conjuring 2 's premiere , fans were given the opportunity to take a 360 - degree virtual reality tour of the film 's Enfield house setting . Following that , another featurette was released , titled Audio Recordings , which featured a recording of the demon that inspired the film . Theatrical release ( edit ) The Conjuring 2 was originally scheduled to be released on October 23 , 2015 , but in October 2014 , Warner Bros. pulled the film from the schedule and set the film for an unspecified 2016 release date . In November 2014 , the film was set a release date for June 10 , 2016 . The Conjuring 2 had its red carpet world premiere at the TCL Chinese Theatre on June 7 , 2016 , as part of the Los Angeles Film Festival 's program , three days prior to its wide release . On June 17 , 2016 , a 65 - year - old man died of a heart attack while watching the film at a cinema in Tiruvannamalai , India . Home media ( edit ) The Conjuring 2 was released as a digital download on August 30 , 2016 , and on DVD and Blu - ray on September 13 , 2016 . Bonus features include behind the scenes footage , featurettes , and deleted scenes . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Conjuring 2 became a huge financial success like its predecessor , grossing $102.5 million in the United States and Canada and $217.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total gross of $320.3 million . Although it earned less in North America than the first film , it fared better internationally and overall , making 0.5 % more than the first film . The film was the highest grossing horror film of the year and the second highest - grossing horror film overall of all time , behind only 1973 's The Exorcist ( $441.3 million ) . It was partly credited for the success of fellow Warner Bros. horror film Lights Out , which was released a month later . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $98.3 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the 14th most profitable release of 2016 . In North America , the film opened on June 10 , 2016 , alongside Warcraft and Now You See Me 2 , and was projected to gross $35 -- 40 million from 3,343 theaters in its opening weekend . The film grossed $3.4 million from its Thursday night previews , besting the $3.3 million made by its predecessor , and $16.4 million in its first day . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $40.4 million from 3,434 theaters ( almost matching its predecessor 's $41.9 million opening ) , making it the biggest opening for a horror film since the original film in 2013 , the biggest ever for the month of June ( breaking The Purge 's record ) , and the fifth biggest for a horror film of all time , behind the first film , the second and third installments in the Paranormal Activity franchise ( $40.6 million and $52.5 million respectively ) , and Friday the 13th ( $40.6 million ) . Following a first - place finish in its first weekend of release , the film faced a steep decline of 63.2 % in its second weekend ( earning $14.8 million from 3,356 theaters ) ; this was a much larger drop than The Conjuring ( 46.9 % ) and Annabelle ( 57.3 % ) . As a result , it slipped to third place behind newcomers Finding Dory and Central Intelligence , another film from New Line Cinema . It began to lose a considerable number of theaters by its third weekend as a result of numerous newly released films . Forbes magazine noted that The Conjuring 2 was falling faster than the previous film , but had already made more than Insidious : Chapter 2 , Annabelle , and both The Purge and The Purge : Anarchy had done at that point in their releases . Unlike its predecessor , The Conjuring 2 proved to be more front - loaded , earning 2.5 times its opening weekend , compared to the original film earning 3.22 times its debut numbers . Outside North America , the film has been released across 60 countries . It became a big hit in Latin America and performed exceptionally well in other Catholic countries due to its spiritual themes , while it also did well in the U.K. , where the film is set . It was released across 44 countries the same weekend as its United States release , and grossed $51.5 million in its opening weekend from 10,400 screens , debuting in second place behind Warcraft . It added another $43.1 million in its second weekend from a total of 57 countries as well as passing the $100 million threshold . However , it still remained in second place at the international box office , behind then - newcomer Finding Dory . It recorded the biggest opening day of all time for a horror film in 24 markets , including Mexico ( $1.6 million ) , Brazil ( $735,000 ) , Australia ( $401,000 ) , and all of Latin America . Moreover , in terms of opening weekend , the film scored the biggest opening for a horror film in 26 markets , including Mexico ( $9 million ) , Brazil ( $4.1 million ) , and Australia ( $3 million ) . In Argentina , the film scored the second biggest opening for Warner Bros. with $2.85 million , behind only Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . In South Korea , the film opened to $4 million , France to $3.7 million , Spain to $1.85 million , Russia to $1.75 million , and Italy to $1.1 million . The film faced stiff competition against Central Intelligence in Germany , making $2.1 million in its opening weekend , placing in second behind the aforementioned film . In the United Kingdom , the film earned an opening weekend of £ 4.6 million ( $6.8 million ) from 504 theaters , over twice its predecessor 's opening ( $3.3 million ) . In terms of total earnings , its biggest markets outside of North America were in Mexico ( $20.3 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $15.3 million ) , South Korea ( $11.5 million ) and India ( $11.5 million ) . It has become the highest - grossing Warner Bros. film in Chile with a total gross of $5.4 million . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 79 % based on 222 reviews , with an average rating of 6.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Conjuring 2 ca n't help but lose a bit of its predecessor 's chilly sting through familiarity , but what remains is still a superior ghost story told with spine - tingling skill . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 65 out of 100 , based on 38 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale , the same grade earned by its predecessor . In her review for The Hollywood Reporter , Sheri Linden praised the film , saying , `` Three years after The Conjuring rattled the multiplex with old - school horror , director James Wan ups the ante with an excellent sequel . '' Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a mixed review , writing , `` On one level , The Conjuring 2 is just a not - bad megaplex funhouse movie , no more and no less , but on another level it offers its potential fans a helping of reassurance to go along with the fear . If there are ghost demons out there , then God must be out there as well . Audiences , it was long ago proven , will pay to see both . '' TheWrap 's Alonso Duralde gave the film a positive review , stating , `` Frightening rarely strikes twice in the same place , despite the efforts of so many horror sequels , but even if The Conjuring 2 does n't deliver the delightful jolts of its predecessor , it maintains a consistent chill throughout , with a slow and steady dread that creeps up on you over time . '' In a mixed review , Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - , writing , `` There are some solid scares ( Wan is too gifted in the dark art of gotcha manipulation to not make you leap a few times ) , but there 's nothing on par with the first film 's brilliant hide - and - clap scene with Lili Taylor . '' Jacob Wilkins of The Cavalier Daily lauded the film , calling Wan a `` master of horror '' and remarked that the film was `` fresh , original and unsettling '' . Pete Hammond of Deadline.com wrote that he was `` pleasantly surprised '' by the sequel and what Wan has accomplished with the film , stating , `` Wan knows the tricks of this trade ( heightened sound effects , moving furniture , dark corners ) but somehow miraculously he really puts a fresh spin on it all here . It 's riveting stuff , even if in a familiar cinematic environment . '' He added , `` It is one hell of a movie . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of Ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Empire Awards March 19 , 2017 Best Horror The Conjuring 2 Nominated Golden Tomato Awards January 12 , 2017 Best Horror Movie of 2016 5th Place Golden Trailer Awards May 4 , 2016 Best Horror New Line Cinema Nominated Best Horror TV Spot Won People 's Choice Awards January 18 , 2017 Favorite Thriller Movie The Conjuring 2 Nominated Saturn Awards June 28 , 2017 Best Horror Film Nominated Future ( edit ) Main article : The Conjuring ( film series ) Sequel ( edit ) Wan has stated on further potential sequels , `` There could be many more ( Conjuring ) movies because the Warrens have so many stories '' . Screenwriters Chad and Carey Hayes have also expressed interest in working on a story for another sequel . However , Wan stated that he may be unable to direct the film due to his commitments to other projects . He stated to Collider.com , `` Assuming we are lucky enough to have a third chapter , there are other filmmakers that I would love to sort of continue on the Conjuring world , if we are lucky enough '' . Wan has also stated that , if a third film was to be made , it would ideally take place in the 1980s . Wan later stated that the sequel could include lycanthropy , `` Maybe we can go and do it like a classic American Werewolf in London style . That would be awesome ! The Warrens set against the backdrop of The Hound of Baskerville '' . In May 2017 , Safran said it would be unlikely that a third installment would be a `` haunted house '' film . In June 2017 , it was announced a third installment was in development , with The Conjuring 2 co-writer David Leslie Johnson hired to write the screenplay . In August 2017 , Wan told Entertainment Weekly that the filmmakers have `` been working hard on The Conjuring 3 , and that `` we 're in the midst of working on the script , and still hashing ( it ) out . We want to make sure that the script is in a really good place . With how much people have loved the first two ( Conjuring films ) , I do n't want to rush in to the third one if possible '' . Spin - off films ( edit ) The Nun ( edit ) Main article : The Nun ( 2018 film ) On June 15 , 2016 , it was reported that a spin - off film titled The Nun , focusing on the `` Demon Nun '' character Valak , was in development with Johnson writing the script . Safran and Wan are producing . Corin Hardy was hired to direct the film , with a screenplay by Wan and Gary Dauberman . It is scheduled to be released on July 13 , 2018 , with Demián Bichir and Taissa Farmiga cast in the lead roles . Bonnie Aarons will reprise her role in the film , and Charlotte Hope , Jonas Bloquet , and Ingrid Bisu are set to co-star . Filming began in May 2017 in Bucharest , Romania . The Crooked Man ( edit ) On May 31 , 2017 , Peter Safran said there was a possibility of a Crooked Man film . On June 14 , 2017 , it was reported that a spin - off film titled The Crooked Man , featuring the character of the same name from The Conjuring 2 , was in development with Mike Van Waes writing the screenplay from a story by James Wan , with Safran and Wan set to produce the project . See also ( edit ) List of horror films List of horror films of 2016 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE CONJURING 2 ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Conjuring 2 ' to Ward Off ' Warcraft , ' ' Now You See Me 2 ' '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : `` The Conjuring 2 ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Conjuring 2 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` ' Conjuring ' Sequel in Development at New Line ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Haynes , Britt ( January 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Conjuring 2 ' Getting a Rewrite From ' The Walking Dead ' and ' Orphan ' Scribe '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cook , Tommy ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Conjuring 2 ' : James Wan Reveals the Sequel 's Amityville Connection at WonderCon '' . Collider.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` FURIOUS 7 Director James Wan Talks THE CONJURING 2 and the Prospect of Helming a DC Superhero Movie '' . Collider.com . Jump up ^ `` ( Comic - Con ' 13 ) Vera Farmiga and Patrick Wilson Already Signed For ' The Conjuring ' Sequel ! # SDCC '' . Bloody Disgusting . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Patrick Wilson , Vera Farmiga Returning for ' Conjuring ' Sequel '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` James Wan Back At New Line For ' The Conjuring 2 ' And Overall Producing Deal '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Wilson teases the return of Ed & Lorraine Warren in The Conjuring 2 ! '' . Rhino 's Horror . July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` James Wan Begins Pre-Production on The Conjuring 2 : The Enfield Poltergeist '' . Dread Central . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` California Film Tax Credits Go to ' Conjuring 2 , ' ' Chicken Soup for the Soul ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Caranicas , Peter ( September 13 , 2015 ) . `` Agencies Book Artisans on ' Code Black , ' ' Sea of Trees , ' ' Conjuring 2 , ' ' Benghazi ' and other projects '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Frances O'Connor Joins ' The Conjuring 2 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Actor Simon McBurney Joins ' Conjuring 2 ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Conjuring 2 ' Summons Newcomer Lauren Esposito For Co-Starring Role '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' True Detective ' Actress Nabs Lead in ' Conjuring 2 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` James Wan Begins Shooting New Line Cinema 's Highly Anticipated `` The Conjuring 2 '' `` . Business Wire . September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Verhoven , Beatrice ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Social Network ' Star Abhi Sinha Cast in James Wan 's ' Conjuring 2 ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Sterling Jerins Joins HBO 's ' Divorce ' ; Kirby Howell - Baptiste In ' Downward Dog ' Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Owen ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` First Pictures From The Conjuring 2 's Set '' . Empire . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` The Conjuring 2 Filming Begins ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Polowy , Kevin ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` First Look : ' The Conjuring 2 ' Cast on Why They Needed an Exorcist on Set This Time '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Conjuring 2 ' Set Photos Take James Wan to London '' . Collider.com . Jump up ^ Northmore , Henry ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Casting call for James Wan 's The Conjuring 2 '' . The List . Jump up ^ Wan , James ( @ creepypuppet ) ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` And that 's a wrap on # conjuring2 ! Thank you so much to the amazing London crew ! We shot thru rain , wind & snow ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Conjuring 2 Filmed On A Notoriously Haunted Sound Stage '' . Cinema Blend . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Conjuring 2 ' : 13 Things to Know About James Wan 's Horror Sequel '' . Collider.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Conjuring 2 ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . May 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Joseph Bishara 's ' The Conjuring 2 ' Score Now Available '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Bishara to Return for ' The Conjuring 2 ' '' . Film Music Reporter . January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Conjuring 2 ( 2016 ) : Soundtrack and Complete List of Songs '' . WhatSong . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EW First Look : Exclusive Sneak Peeks at 2016 's Hottest Movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 30 , 2015 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Watch : First Trailer for Vera Farmiga 's ' Conjuring 2 ' Promises Plenty of Scares '' . Variety . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` The Conjuring 2 Trailer Debuts at WonderCon 2016 '' . IGN . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cranswick , Amie ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` New TV spot for horror sequel The Conjuring 2 '' . FlickeringMyth.com . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( May 15 , 2016 ) . `` The Conjuring 2 featurette introduces the real family behind the horror story '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Rosie ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Take a 360 degree VR tour of The Conjuring 2 house '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Truong , Peggy ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Listen to a Recording of the Demon That Inspired `` The Conjuring 2 '' ( and the Nightmares You 'll Have Later ) `` . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros Scheduling Spree Continues With ' The Conjuring 2 ' , ' Mean Moms ' , 2 Others '' . Deadline.com . February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Conjuring ' Sequel Pushed Back to 2016 '' . Variety . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Conjuring 2 ' Set for June 10 , 2016 '' . Variety . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Jonas Cuaron 's ' Desierto ' to Close LA Film Festival '' . Variety . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` The Conjuring 2 : Man dies while watching new horror film , his body goes missing '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Conjuring 2 ' Blu - ray Boasts Cool Extra Features , Including Deleted Scenes ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` The Conjuring 2 Comes Home in September '' . Dread Central . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Summer Box - Office Revenue Hits $4.48 B Against the Odds : `` It 's Tough Out There '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Summer Movie Box Office Wrap - Up : Smaller Hits , Bigger Bombs And Disappointment For All '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Conjuring 2 ' Crosses $300 M & Becomes Third - Highest - Grossing Horror Franchise '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Conjuring 2 ' Tops $300 Million at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Summer Box - Office Winners and Losers : From ' Finding Dory ' to ' Ben - Hur ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : How ' The Conjuring 2 ' Helped Make ' Lights Out ' A Horror Hit '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' $30 M Debut ; ' Lights Out ' $8.5 M ; Jackie Chan 's ' Skiptrace ' Nails $64 M Bow -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` No. 14 ' The Conjuring 2 ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` $160 Million - Budgeted ' Warcraft ' Faces Tough Battle at Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Conjuring ' Scares Up $3.4 Million ; ' Warcraft ' Marches to $3.1 Million Thursday '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Conjuring 2 ' Dominating Box Office with $39 Million '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Conjuring 2 ' Conjures Scary - Good $40 Million Debut '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Conjuring 2 ' Scares Off Sequelitis With $40.4 M ; Largest Horror Opening Since First Film -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Drowns Animated Box Office Records With $136 Million Opening '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Warcraft ' Crosses $400 M Global , ' Finding Dory ' Tops Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Do n't Breathe ' Cements 2016 As The Year Of The Leggy Horror Movie '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tarzan ' Takes $19.3 M In First Offshore Swing ; ' Resurgence ' Rises To $175.8 M ; China Shells Out For ' TMNT2 ' Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Conjuring 2 ' Soars to $40.4 M ; ' Warcraft ' Bombs in U.S. With $24.4 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Warcraft ' At $300 M+ WW Through Monday With $156 M China Weekend ; ' Conjuring 2 ' Scares Up $51.5 M -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Splashes Out With $50.7 M Offshore Opening ; ' Warcraft ' Crosses $200 M In China -- Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Warcraft ' At $144.7 M In China Through Saturday ; Offshore Headed Past $250 M ; ' Conjuring 2 ' Scares Up Strong Start '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Warcraft ' Cumes $261.7 M Overseas With $156 M China Weekend ; ' Conjuring 2 ' Scares Up $50 M -- Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Independence Day Resurgence ' Lands With $100 M Overseas Start ; ' Dory ' Nears $400 M WW -- Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gant , Charles ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` The Conjuring 2 puts the frighteners on gods and turtles at the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ice Age ' Leads Studio Pics Overseas As Chinese Summer & Salman Khan 's ' Sultan ' Kick Into Gear -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Conjuring 2 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Conjuring 2 ' Screams Up $37 M+ , ' Warcraft ' Spoils At $26 M+ , ' Now You See Me 2 ' At $22 M + '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Linden , Sheri ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Conjuring 2 ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Conjuring 2 ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Conjuring 2 ' Review : Vera Farmiga and Patrick Wilson Scare Up a Chilly British Haunting '' . TheWrap . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Conjuring 2 : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilkins , Jacob ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` The Conjuring 2 '' provides twice the scares `` . The Cavalier Daily . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Conjuring 2 ' Review : Sequel Has Genuine Scares , But Why Does n't This Family Just Move ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pape , Danny ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One Leads Empire Awards 2017 Nominations '' . FlickReel.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Tomato Awards -- Best of 2016 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 17th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Spotlight ' Trailer Wins Best of Show at Golden Trailer Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees Set '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Conjuring 2 ' Director James Wan : ' There Could Be Many More Movies ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` James Wan may not have the time to direct The Conjuring 3 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` James Wan on ' The Conjuring 2 , ' Superheroes , and His Guilty Pleasure Movies '' . Collider.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` James Wan Already Has an Idea For The Conjuring 3 '' . IGN . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( June 2016 ) . `` Could The Conjuring 3 Be About Werewolves ? Here 's What James Wan Thinks '' . Cinema Blend . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Producer Says ' The Conjuring 3 ' Will Be a Very Different Film '' . Bloody Disgusting . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Conjuring 3 ' Is Summoned By New Line ; David Leslie Johnson Hired To Script '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins , Clark ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` James Wan gives update on The Conjuring 3 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Conjuring 2 ' Spinoff ' The Nun ' in the Works ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Corin Hardy Takes Vow To Helm ' The Nun , ' New Line 's ' Conjuring ' Spinoff '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Conjuring ' Spinoff ' The Nun ' Finds Summer 2018 Date '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Demian Bichir to Star in ' Conjuring 2 ' Spinoff ' The Nun ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Taissa Farmiga Set For New Line 's ' The Nun ' ; Spinoff of Sister Vera 's ' The Conjuring ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Bonnie Aarons to Return as the Demon Sister in ' The Nun ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Actor Charlotte Hope Joins New Line 's ' The Nun ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Jonas Bloquet Joins New Line 's ' The Nun ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Toni Erdmann ' Star Ingrid Bisu Joins Horror - Thriller ' The Nun ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cureton , Sean ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Conjuring : Nun Spinoff Begins Filming This Week '' . Screen Rant . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Conjuring 2 ' Universe Producer Talks Potential Crooked Man Spinoff '' . Bloody Disgusting . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Conjuring 2 ' Spinoff ' The Crooked Man ' in the Works ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . External links ( edit ) Official website The Conjuring 2 on IMDb The Conjuring 2 at AllMovie The Conjuring 2 at Box Office Mojo The Conjuring 2 at Metacritic The Conjuring 2 at Rotten Tomatoes Horror portal 2010s portal Film portal The Conjuring The Conjuring films The Conjuring ( 2013 ) The Conjuring 2 ( 2016 ) Annabelle films Annabelle ( 2014 ) Annabelle : Creation ( 2017 ) Other films The Nun ( 2018 ) Short films The Nurse ( 2017 ) James Wan Films directed Saw ( 2003 ) Saw ( 2004 ) Dead Silence ( 2007 ) Death Sentence ( 2007 ) Insidious ( 2011 ) The Conjuring ( 2013 ) Insidious : Chapter 2 ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) The Conjuring 2 ( 2016 ) Aquaman ( 2018 ) Films produced Annabelle ( 2014 ) Demonic ( 2015 ) Insidious : Chapter 3 ( 2015 ) Lights Out ( 2016 ) Annabelle : Creation ( 2017 ) Insidious : The Last Key ( 2018 ) The Nun ( 2018 ) Comics written Malignant Man ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Conjuring_2&oldid=805401106 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 horror films 2010s sequel films American films American horror films American horror thriller films American sequel films Films about exorcism Films directed by James Wan Films set in 1976 Films set in 1977 Films set in Long Island Films set in London Films shot in London Films shot in Los Angeles Ghost films Haunted house films Horror films based on actual events New Line Cinema films Religious horror films Spirit possession in fiction Supernatural horror films Warner Bros. films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 03 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Conjuring%202

how did the us get control of the philippines

History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 )

history of the philippines ( 1898 - - 1946 )

Neolithic age

Callao and Tabon peoples Arrival of the Negritos Austronesian expansion Angono Petroglyphs Lal - lo and Gattaran Shell Middens Jade culture Iron age Sa Huyun Culture Society of the Igorot Ancient barangays Events / Artifacts Balangay grave goods Manunggul Jar Prehistoric gems Sa Huyun - Kalanay Complex Maitum Anthropomorphic Pottery Archaic epoch ( 900 -- 1565 ) ( show ) Historically documented city - states / polities ( by geography from North to South ) Samtoy chieftaincy Caboloan Tondo Namayan Rajahnate of Maynila Ma - i Madja - as Chiefdom of Taytay Rajahnate of Cebu Kedatuan of Dapitan Rajahnate of Butuan Sultanate of Maguindanao Lanao confederacy Sultanate of Sulu Legendary Suwarnapumi Chryse Ophir Tawalisi Wāḳwāḳ Sanfotsi Zabag kingdom Ten Bornean Datus Events / Artifacts Maragtas Laguna Copperplate Inscription Butuan Ivory Seal Limestone tombs Batanes citadels Golden Tara Gold Kinnara Ticao Stone Inscription Butuan Silver Paleograph Buddhist art Majapahit conflict Brunei War Colonial period ( 1521 -- 1946 ) ( show ) Spanish era First Mass in the Philippines Catholic Church in the Philippines Santo Niño de Cebú Battle of Mactan Sandugo Spanish capture of Manila New Spain Captaincy General Spanish East Indies Manila galleon Revolts and uprisings Chinese invasion Castilian War Sulu Sea pirates Doctrina Christiana Dutch invasions Brunei Civil War Bohol secession British Invasion Silang Revolt Confradia de San Jose Florante at Laura Dutch invasions Brunei Civil War Bohol secession British Invasion Florante at Laura Propaganda Movement Gomburza Noli me tangere La Solidaridad El filibusterismo La Liga Filipina Katipunan Cry of Pugad Lawin Philippine Revolution Execution of Rizal Tejeros Convention Execution of Bonifacio Republic of Biak - na - Bato Spanish -- American War Battle of Manila Bay American capture of Manila Declaration of Independence Siege of Baler Malolos Congress First Republic Philippine -- American War Assassination of Gen. Antonio Luna Death of Gen. Gregorio del Pilar Capture of Pres . Aguinaldo American colonial period Tagalog Republic Negros Republic Zamboanga Republic Moro Rebellion Iglesia Filipina Independiente Execution of Sakay Philippine Constabulary Insular Government Philippine Assembly Flag Act of 1907 Rizal Monument Iglesia ni Cristo Bayan Ko Jones Law Tydings -- McDuffie Act Commonwealth Japanese occupation Establishment of Hukbalahap Fall of Bataan and Corregidor Bataan Death March Second Republic Return of Gen. Douglas MacArthur Battle of Leyte Gulf Destruction of Manila Post-colonial period ( 1946 -- 1986 ) ( show ) Treaty of Manila Third Republic Cold War Hukbalahap Rebellion SEATO Bandung Conference Magsaysay plane crash Filipino First policy Agricultural Land Reform Code North Borneo dispute Jabidah massacre Marcos dictatorship ASEAN Declaration CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Moro Conflict Spratly islands dispute Vietnamese boat people Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr . Escalante massacre 1986 Snap Presidential Elections Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) ( show ) People Power Revolution 1986 -- 90 coup attempts MV Doña Paz Tragedy Pinatubo eruption Sarmenta - Gomez Rape - slay case Execution of Flor Contemplacion Ozone Disco Tragedy Sarah Balabagan case 1997 Asian financial crisis 2000 All - out war against MILF Second EDSA Revolution EDSA III War on Terror Oakwood mutiny Hello Garci scandal 2006 state of national emergency Manila Peninsula siege NBN -- ZTE deal MV Princess of the Stars Tragedy South China Sea disputes Death of Corazon Aquino Tropical Storm Ondoy Maguindanao massacre Manila hostage crisis Corona Impeachment case K + 12 Program Pork barrel scam Super Typhoon Yolanda Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement Mamasapano massacre Mary Jane Veloso case Valenzuela factory fire Philippine Drug War Battle of Marawi Shooting of Kian delos Santos Davao City mall fire Death of Joanna Demafelis By topic ( show ) Arts Languages Cuisine Demographic Ancient religions Rulers List of Queen consorts Military History Honorifics Military Science and technology Political Communications Transportation Timeline Archaeology Philippines portal Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Native Americans Polish American By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women United States portal The history of the Philippines from 1898 to 1946 covers the period of American rule in the Philippines and began with the outbreak of the Spanish -- American War in April 1898 , when the Philippines was still part of the Spanish East Indies , and concluded when the United States formally recognised the independence of the Republic of the Philippines on July 4 , 1946 . With the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10 , 1898 , Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States . The interim U.S. military government of the Philippine Islands experienced a period of great political turbulence , characterised by the Philippine -- American War . Beginning in 1901 , the military government was replaced by a civilian government -- the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands -- with William Howard Taft serving as its first Governor - General . From 1901 to 1906 there also existed a series of revolutionary governments that lacked significant international diplomatic recognition . Following the passage of the Philippine Independence Act in 1934 , a Philippine presidential election was held in 1935 . Manuel L. Quezon was elected and inaugurated second President of the Philippines on November 15 , 1935 . The Insular Government was dissolved and the Commonwealth of the Philippines was brought into existence . The Commonwealth of the Philippines was intended to be a transitional government in preparation for the country 's full achievement of independence in 1946 . After the Japanese invasion and subsequent occupation of the Philippines during World War II , the United States and Philippine Commonwealth military recaptured the Philippines in 1945 . According to the terms of the Philippine Independence Act , the United States formally recognised the independence of the Republic of the Philippines on July 4 , 1946 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical perspective 2 Spanish -- American War period ( 1898 ) 2.1 Battle of Manila Bay 2.2 U.S. preparation for land - based operations 2.3 Philippine declaration of independence and establishment of Philippine governments 2.4 Tensions between U.S. and revolutionary forces 2.5 Peace protocol between the U.S. and Spain 2.6 Capture of Manila 2.7 U.S. military government 2.8 U.S. and insurgents clash 2.9 Philippine elections , Malolos Congress , Constitutional government 2.10 Spanish -- American War ends 2.11 Benevolent assimilation 3 Philippine -- American War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) 3.1 Tensions escalate 3.2 Outbreak of general hostilities 3.3 War 3.4 First Philippine Commission 3.5 Second Philippine Commission 3.6 Establishment of civil government 3.7 Official end to the war 3.8 Post-1902 hostilities 4 Insular Government ( 1901 -- 35 ) 5 Commonwealth era ( 1935 -- 1946 ) 6 Japanese occupation and World War II ( 1941 -- 45 ) 7 Independence ( 1946 ) 7.1 World War II veteran benefits 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Citations 9.2 Bibliography 9.3 Primary sources 10 Further reading Historical perspective ( edit ) Main article : Philippine Revolution The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896 and ended with the Pact of Biak - na - Bato , a ceasefire between the Spanish colonial Governor - General Fernando Primo de Rivera and the revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo which was signed on December 15 , 1897 . The terms of the pact called for Aguinaldo and his militia to surrender . Other revolutionary leaders were given amnesty and a monetary indemnity by the Spanish government in return for which the rebel government agreed to go into exile in Hong Kong . Spanish -- American war period ( 1898 ) ( edit ) President Emilio Aguinaldo Main articles : Spanish -- American War and Philippine Revolution The failure of Spain to engage in active social reforms in Cuba as demanded by the United States government was the basic cause for the Spanish -- American War . American attention was focused on the issue after the mysterious explosion that sank the American battleship Maine on February 15 , 1898 in Havana Harbor . As public political pressure from the Democratic Party and certain industrialists built up for war , the U.S. Congress forced the reluctant Republican President William McKinley to issue an ultimatum to Spain on April 19 , 1898 . Spain found it had no diplomatic support in Europe , but nevertheless declared war ; the U.S. followed on April 25 with its own declaration of war . Theodore Roosevelt , who was at that time Assistant Secretary of the Navy , ordered Commodore George Dewey , commanding the Asiatic Squadron of the United States Navy : `` Order the squadron ... to Hong Kong . Keep full of coal . In the event of declaration of war Spain , your duty will be to see that the Spanish squadron does not leave the Asiatic coast , and then offensive operations in Philippine Islands . '' Dewey 's squadron departed on April 27 for the Philippines , reaching Manila Bay on the evening of April 30 . Battle of Manila Bay ( edit ) Battle of Manila Bay Main article : Battle of Manila Bay The first battle of the Spanish -- American War took place in the Philippines on May 1 , 1898 . In a matter of hours , Commodore Dewey 's Asiatic Squadron defeated the Spanish squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo . The U.S. squadron took control of the arsenal and navy yard at Cavite . Dewey cabled Washington , stating that although he controlled Manila Bay , he needed 5,000 additional men to seize Manila itself . U.S. preparation for land - based operations ( edit ) The unexpected rapidity and completeness of Dewey 's victory in the first engagement of the war prompted the McKinley administration to make the decision to capture Manila from the Spanish . The United States Army began to assemble the Eighth Army Corps -- a military unit which would consist of 10,844 soldiers under the command of Major General Wesley Merritt -- in preparation for deployment to the Philippines . Thomas M. Anderson While awaiting the arrival of troops from the Eighth Corps , Dewey dispatched the cutter USRC McCulloch to Hong Kong to transport Aguinaldo back to the Philippines . Aguinaldo arrived on May 19 and , after a brief meeting with Dewey , resumed revolutionary activities against the Spanish . On May 24 , Aguinaldo issued a proclamation in which he assumed command of all Philippine forces and announced his intention to establish a dictatorial government with himself as dictator , saying that he would resign in favor of a duly elected president . Public jubilation marked Aguinaldo 's return . Many Filipino enlisted men deserted local Spanish army units to join Aguinaldo 's command and the Philippine Revolution against Spain resumed . Soon , many cities such as Imus , Bacoor , Parañaque , Las Piñas , Morong , Macabebe and San Fernando , as well as some entire provinces such as Laguna , Batangas , Bulacan , Nueva Ecija , Bataan , Tayabas ( now Quezon ) , and the Camarines provinces , were liberated by the Filipinos and the port of Dalahican in Cavite was secured . The first contingent of American troops arrived on 30 June under the command of Brigadier General Thomas McArthur Anderson , commander of Eighth Corps ' 2d Division ( U.S. brigade and division numbers of the era were not unique throughout the army ) . General Anderson wrote to Aguinaldo , requesting his cooperation in military operations against the Spanish forces . Aguinaldo responded , thanking General Anderson for his amicable sentiments , but saying nothing about military cooperation . General Anderson did not renew the request . The 2d Brigade , 2d Division , Eighth Corps arrived on July 17 , under the command of Brigadier General Francis V. Greene . Major General Merritt ( the Commander in Chief of the Philippine Expedition ) and his staff arrived at Cavite on July 25 . The 1st Brigade of the corps ' 2d Division arrived on July 30 , under the command of Brigadier General Arthur MacArthur . Philippine declaration of independence and establishment of Philippine governments ( edit ) Main article : Philippine Declaration of Independence Independence Day held in Aguinaldo Shrine at the back of the old 5 peso bill On 12 June 1898 , Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines at his house in Cavite El Viejo . Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista wrote the Philippine Declaration of Independence , and read this document in Spanish that day at Aguinaldo 's house . On 18 June , Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing his dictatorial government . On June 23 , Aguinaldo issued another decree , this time replacing the dictatorial government with a revolutionary government ( and naming himself as President ) . Marcela Agoncillo Writing retrospectively in 1899 , Aguinaldo claimed that an American naval officer had urged him to return to the Philippines to fight the Spanish and said `` The United States is a great and rich nation and needs no colonies . '' Aguinaldo also wrote that after checking with Dewey by telegraph , U.S. Consul E. Spencer Pratt had assured him in Singapore : `` That the United States would at least recognize the independence of the Philippines under the protection of the United States Navy . The consul added that there was no necessity for entering into a formal written agreement because the word of the Admiral and of the United States Consul were in fact equivalent to the most solemn pledge that their verbal promises and assurance would be fulfilled to the letter and were not to be classed with Spanish promises or Spanish ideas of a man 's word of honour . '' Aguinaldo received nothing in writing . House of Marcela Agoncillo the mother of the Philippine flag On April 28 Pratt wrote to United States Secretary of State William R. Day , explaining the details of his meeting with Aguinaldo : `` `` At this interview , after learning from General Aguinaldo the state of an object sought to be obtained by the present insurrectionary movement , which , though absent from the Philippines , he was still directing , I took it upon myself , whilst explaining that I had no authority to speak for the Government , to point out the danger of continuing independent action at this stage ; and , having convinced him of the expediency of cooperating with our fleet , then at Hongkong , and obtained the assurance of his willingness to proceed thither and confer with Commodore Dewey to that end , should the latter so desire , I telegraphed the Commodore the same day as follows , through our consul - general at Hongkong : -- '' There was no mention in the cablegrams between Pratt and Dewey of independence or indeed of any conditions on which Aguinaldo was to cooperate , these details being left for future arrangement with Dewey . Pratt had intended to facilitate the occupation and administration of the Philippines , and also to prevent a possible conflict of action . In a communication written on July 28 , Pratt made the following statement : `` `` I declined even to discuss with General Aguinaldo the question of the future policy of the United States with regard to the Philippines , that I held out no hopes to him of any kind , committed the government in no way whatever , and , in the course of our confidences , never acted upon the assumption that the Government would cooperate with him -- General Aguinaldo -- for the furtherance of any plans of his own , nor that , in accepting his said cooperation , it would consider itself pledged to recognize any political claims which he might put forward . '' '' Aguinaldo Shrine where the Flag of the Philippines was waved declaring the Philippine independence from Spain On June 16 , Secretary Day cabled Consul Pratt : `` Avoid unauthorized negotiations with the Philippine insurgents , '' and later on the same day : `` The Department observes that you informed General Aguinaldo that you had no authority to speak for the United States ; and , in the absence of the fuller report which you promise , it is assumed that you did not attempt to commit this Government to any alliance with the Philippine insurgents . To obtain the unconditional personal assistance of General Aguinaldo in the expedition to Manila was proper , if in so doing he was not induced to form hopes which it might not be practicable to gratify . This Government has known the Philippine insurgents only as discontented and rebellious subjects of Spain , and is not acquainted with their purposes . While their contest with that power has been a matter of public notoriety , they have neither asked nor received from this Government any recognition . The United States , in entering upon the occupation of the islands , as the result of its military operations in that quarter , will do so in the exercise of the rights which the state of war confers , and will expect from the inhabitants , without regard to their former attitude toward the Spanish Government , that obedience which will be lawfully due from them . If , in the course of your conferences with General Aguinaldo , you acted upon the assumption that this Government would co-operate with him for the furtherance of any plan of his own , or that , in accepting his co-operation , it would consider itself pledged to recognize any political claims which he may put forward , your action was unauthorized and can not be approved . '' Filipino scholar Maximo Kalaw wrote in 1927 : `` A few of the principal facts , however , seem quite clear . Aguinaldo was not made to understand that , in consideration of Filipino cooperation , the United States would extend its sovereignty over the Islands , and thus in place of the old Spanish master a new one would step in . The truth was that nobody at the time ever thought that the end of the war would result in the retention of the Philippines by the United States . '' Tensions between U.S. and revolutionary forces ( edit ) Felipe Agoncillo was the Filipino lawyer representative to the negotiations in Paris that led to the Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) , ending the Spanish -- American War and achieving him the title of `` outstanding first Filipino diplomat . '' On July 9 General Anderson informed Major General Henry Clark Corbin , the Adjutant General of the U.S. Army , that Aguinaldo `` has declared himself Dictator and President , and is trying to take Manila without our assistance '' , opining that that would not be probable but , if done , would allow him to antagonize any U.S. attempt to establish a provisional government . On July 15 , Aguinaldo issued three organic decrees assuming civil authority of the Philippines . Felipe Agoncillo house On July 18 , General Anderson wrote that he suspected Aguinaldo to be secretly negotiating with the Spanish authorities . In a 21 July letter to the Adjutant General , General Anderson wrote that Aguinaldo had `` put in operation an elaborate system of military government , under his assumed authority as Dictator , and has prohibited any supplies being given us , except by his order , '' and that Anderson had written to Aguinaldo that the requisitions on the country for necessary items must be filled , and that he must aid in having them filled . On July 24 , Aguinaldo wrote a letter to General Anderson in effect warning him not to disembark American troops in places conquered by the Filipinos from the Spaniards without first communicating in writing the places to be occupied and the object of the occupation . Murat Halstead , official historian of the Philippine Expedition , writes that General Merritt remarked shortly after his arrival on 25 June , `` As General Aguinaldo did not visit me on my arrival , nor offer his services as a subordinate military leader , and as my instructions from the President fully contemplated the occupation of the islands by the American land forces , and stated that ' the powers of the military occupant are absolute and supreme and immediately operate upon the political condition of the inhabitants , ' I did not consider it wise to hold any direct communication with the insurgent leader until I should be in possession of the city of Manila , especially as I would not until then be in a position to issue a proclamation and enforce my authority , in the event that his pretensions should clash with my designs . '' U.S. commanders suspected that Aguinaldo and his forces were informing the Spanish of American movements . U.S. Army Major John R.M. Taylor later wrote , after translating and analyzing insurgent documents , `` The officers of the United States Army who believed that the insurgents were informing the Spaniards of the American movements were right . Sastrón has printed a letter from Pío del Pilar , dated July 30 , to the Spanish officer commanding at Santa Ana , in which Pilar said that Aguinaldo had told him that the Americans would attack the Spanish lines on August 2 and advised that the Spaniards should not give way , but hold their positions . Pilar added , however , that if the Spaniards should fall back on the walled city and surrender Santa Ana to himself , he would hold it with his own men . Aguinaldo 's information was correct , and on August 2 eight American soldiers were killed or wounded by the Spanish fire . '' On the evening of August 12 , on orders of General Merritt , General Anderson notified Aguinaldo to forbid the insurgents under his command from entering Manila . On 13 August , unaware of the peace protocol signing , U.S. forces assaulted and captured the Spanish positions in Manila . Insurgents made an independent attack of their own , as planned , which promptly led to trouble with the Americans . At 0800 that morning , Aguinaldo received a telegram from General Anderson , sternly warning him not to let his troops enter Manila without the consent of the American commander , who was situated on the south side of the Pasig River . General Anderson 's request was ignored , and Aguinaldo 's forces crowded forward alongside the American forces until they directly confronted the Spanish troops . Although the Spanish were waving a flag of truce , the insurgents fired on the Spanish forces , provoking return fire . 19 American soldiers were killed , and 103 more were wounded in this action . General Anderson sent Aguinaldo a telegram , later that day , which read : `` Dated Ermita Headquarters 2nd Division 13 to Gen. Aguinaldo . Commanding Filipino Forces. -- Manila , taken . Serious trouble threatened between our forces . Try and prevent it . Your troops should not force themselves in the city until we have received the full surrender then we will negotiate with you . - Anderson , commanding . '' Aguinaldo however demanded joint occupation of Manila . On August 13 Admiral Dewey and General Merritt informed their superiors of this and asked how far they might proceed in enforcing obedience in the matter . General Merritt received news of the August 12 peace protocol on August 16 , three days after the surrender of Manila . Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were informed by a telegram dated August 17 that the President of the United States had directed : `` That there must be no joint occupation with the Insurgents . The United States in the possession of Manila city , Manila bay and harbor must preserve the peace and protect persons and property within the territory occupied by their military and naval forces . The insurgents and all others must recognize the military occupation and authority of the United States and the cessation of hostilities proclaimed by the President . Use whatever means in your judgment are necessary to this end . '' General Gregorio del Pilar Insurgent forces were looting the portions of the city which they occupied , and were not confining their attacks to Spaniards , but were assaulting their own people and raiding the property of foreigners as well . U.S. commanders pressed Aguinaldo to withdraw his forces from Manila . Negotiations proceeded slowly and , on August 31 , General Elwell Otis ( General Merritt being unavailable ) wrote , in a long letter to Aguinaldo : `` ... I am compelled by my instructions to direct that your armed forces evacuate the entire city of Manila , including its suburbs and defences , and that I shall be obliged to take action with that end in view within a very short space of time should you decline to comply with my Government 's demands ; and I hereby serve notice on you that unless your troops are withdrawn beyond the line of the city 's defences before Thursday , the 15th instant , I shall be obliged to resort to forcible action , and that my Government will hold you responsible for any unfortunate consequences which may ensue . '' After further negotiation and exchanges of letters , Aguinaldo wrote on September 16 : `` On the evening of the 15th the armed insurgent organizations withdrew from the city and all of its suburbs , ... '' Peace protocol between the U.S. and Spain ( edit ) On August 12 , 1898 , The New York Times reported that a peace protocol had been signed in Washington that afternoon between the U.S. and Spain , suspending hostilities between the two nations . The full text of the protocol was not made public until November 5 , but Article III read : `` The United States will occupy and hold the City , Bay , and Harbor of Manila , pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace , which shall determine the control , disposition , and government of the Philippines . '' After conclusion of this agreement , U.S. President McKinley proclaimed a suspension of hostilities with Spain . Capture of Manila ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Manila ( 1898 ) By June , U.S. and Filipino forces had taken control of most of the islands , except for the walled city of Intramuros . Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were able to work out a bloodless solution with acting Governor - General Fermín Jáudenes . The negotiating parties made a secret agreement to stage a mock battle in which the Spanish forces would be defeated by the American forces , but the Filipino forces would not be allowed to enter the city . This plan minimized the risk of unnecessary casualties on all sides , while the Spanish would also avoid the shame of possibly having to surrender Intramuros to the Filipino forces . On the eve of the mock battle , General Anderson telegraphed Aguinaldo , `` Do not let your troops enter Manila without the permission of the American commander . On this side of the Pasig River you will be under fire '' . On August 13 , with American commanders unaware that a ceasefire had already been signed between Spain and the U.S. on the previous day , American forces captured the city of Manila from the Spanish in the Battle of Manila . The battle started when Dewey 's ships bombarded Fort San Antonio Abad , a decrepit structure on the southern outskirts of Manila , and the virtually impregnable walls of Intramuros . In accordance with the plan , the Spanish forces withdrew while U.S. forces advanced . Once a sufficient show of battle had been made , Dewey hoisted the signal `` D.W.H.B. '' ( meaning `` Do you surrender ? ) , whereupon the Spanish hoisted a white flag and Manila was formally surrendered to U.S. forces . General Antonio Luna This battle marked the end of Filipino - American collaboration , as the American action of preventing Filipino forces from entering the captured city of Manila was deeply resented by the Filipinos . This later led to the Philippine -- American War , which would prove to be more deadly and costly than the Spanish -- American War . U.S. military government ( edit ) On August 14 , 1898 , two days after the capture of Manila , the U.S. established a military government in the Philippines , with General Merritt acting as military governor . During military rule ( 1898 -- 1902 ) , the U.S. military commander governed the Philippines under the authority of the U.S. president as Commander - in - Chief of the United States Armed Forces . After the appointment of a civil Governor - General , the procedure developed that as parts of the country were pacified and placed firmly under American control , responsibility for the area would be passed to the civilian . General Merritt was succeeded by General Otis as military governor , who in turn was succeeded by General MacArthur . Major General Adna Chaffee was the final military governor . The position of military governor was abolished in July 1902 , after which the civil Governor - General became the sole executive authority in the Philippines . Under the military government , an American - style school system was introduced , initially with soldiers as teachers ; civil and criminal courts were reestablished , including a supreme court ; and local governments were established in towns and provinces . The first local election was conducted by General Harold W. Lawton on May 7 , 1899 , in Baliuag , Bulacan . U.S. and insurgents clash ( edit ) Main article : Philippine -- American War In a clash at Cavite between United States soldiers and insurgents on August 25 , 1898 , George Hudson of the Utah regiment was killed , Corporal William Anderson was mortally wounded , and four troopers of the Fourth Cavalry were slightly wounded . This provoked General Anderson to send Aguinaldo a letter saying , `` In order to avoid the very serious misfortune of an encounter between our troops , I demand your immediate withdrawal with your guard from Cavite . One of my men has been killed and three wounded by your people . This is positive and does not admit of explanation or delay . '' Internal insurgent communications reported that the Americans were drunk at the time . Halstead writes that Aguinaldo expressed his regret and promised to punish the offenders . In internal insurgent communications , Apolinario Mabini initially proposed to investigate and punish any offenders identified . Aguinaldo modified this , ordering , `` ... say that he was not killed by your soldiers , but by them themselves ( the Americans ) since they were drunk according to your telegram '' . An insurgent officer in Cavite at the time reported on his record of services that he : `` took part in the movement against the Americans on the afternoon of the 24th of August , under the orders of the commander of the troops and the adjutant of the post . '' Philippine elections , Malolos Congress , constitutional government ( edit ) Elections were held by the Revolutionary Government between June and September 10 , resulting in Emilio Aguinaldo being seated as President in the seating of a legislature known as the Malolos Congress . In a session between September 15 and November 13 , 1898 , the Malolos Constitution was adopted . It was promulgated on January 21 , 1899 , creating the First Philippine Republic . Spanish -- American war ends ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) Article V of the peace protocol signed on August 12 had mandated negotiations to conclude a treaty of peace to begin in Paris not later than October 1 , 1898 . President McKinley sent a five - man commission , initially instructed to demand no more than Luzon , Guam , and Puerto Rico ; which would have provided a limited U.S. empire of pinpoint colonies to support a global fleet and provide communication links . In Paris , the commission was besieged with advice , particularly from American generals and European diplomats , to demand the entire Philippine archipelago . The unanimous recommendation was that `` it would certainly be cheaper and more humane to take the entire Philippines than to keep only part of it . '' On October 28 , 1898 , McKinley wired the commission that `` cessation of Luzon alone , leaving the rest of the islands subject to Spanish rule , or to be the subject of future contention , can not be justified on political , commercial , or humanitarian grounds . The cessation must be the whole archipeligo or none . The latter is wholly inadmissible , and the former must therefore be required . '' The Spanish negotiators were furious over the `` immodist demands of a conqueror '' , but their wounded pride was assuaged by an offer of twenty million dollars for `` Spanish improvements '' to the islands . The Spaniards capitulated , and on December 10 , 1898 , the U.S. and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris , formally ending the Spanish -- American War . In Article III , Spain ceded the Philippine archipelago to the United States , as follows : `` Spain cedes to the United States the archipelago known as the Philippine Islands , and comprehending the islands lying within the following line : ( ... geographic description elided ... ) . The United States will pay to Spain the sum of twenty million dollars ( $20,000,000 ) within three months after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty . '' 1898 US political cartoon . U.S. President William McKinley is shown holding the Philippines , depicted as a native child , as the world looks on . The implied options for McKinley are to keep the Philippines , or give it back to Spain , which the cartoon compares to throwing a child off a cliff . In the U.S. , there was a movement for Philippine independence ; some said that the U.S. had no right to a land where many of the people wanted self - government . In 1898 Andrew Carnegie , an industrialist and steel magnate , offered to offered to pay the U.S. government $20 million to give the Philippines its independence . On November 7 , 1900 , Spain and the U.S. signed the Treaty of Washington , clarifying that the territories relinquished by Spain to the United States included any and all islands belonging to the Philippine Archipelago , but lying outside the lines described in the Treaty of Paris . That treaty explicitly named the islands of Cagayan Sulu and Sibutu and their dependencies as among the relinquished territories . Benevolent Assimilation ( edit ) Main article : Benevolent assimilation U.S. President McKinley 's December 21 , 1898 proclamation of Benevolent Assimilation was announced in the Philippines on January 4 , 1899 . Referring to the Treaty of Paris , it said that as a result of the victories of American arms , the future control , disposition , and government of the Philippine Islands are ceded to the United States . It enjoined the military commander ( General Otis ) to make known to the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands that in succeeding to the sovereignty of Spain , the authority of the United States is to be exerted for the securing of the persons and property of the people of the islands and for the confirmation of all their private rights and relations . It specified that it will be the duty of the commander of the forces of occupation to announce and proclaim in the most public manner that we come , not as invaders or conquerors , but as friends , to protect the natives in their homes , in their employments , and in their personal and religious rights . On January 6 , 1899 , General Otis was quoted in The New York Times as expressing himself as convinced that the U.S. government intends to seek the establishment of a liberal government , in which the people will be as fully represented as the maintenance of law and order will permit , susceptible of development , on lines of increased representation , and the bestowal of increased powers , into a government as free and independent as is enjoyed by the most favored provinces in the world . Philippine -- American war ( 1899 -- 1902 ) ( edit ) Main article : Philippine -- American War Tensions escalate ( edit ) Gregorio del Pilar and his troops , around 1898. jpg The Spanish had yielded Iloilo to the insurgents in 1898 for the purpose of troubling the Americans . On January 1 , 1899 , news had come to Washington from Manila that American forces which had been sent to Iloilo under the command of General Marcus Miller had been confronted by 6,000 armed Filipinos , who refused them permission to land . A Filipino official styling himself Presidente Lopez of the Federal Government of the Visayas informed Miller that `` foreign troops '' would not be landed `` without express orders from the central government of Luzon '' On December 21 , 1898 , President McKinley issued a Proclamation of Benevolent Assimilation . General Otis delayed its publication until January 4 , 1899 , then publishing an amended version edited so as not to convey the meanings of the terms `` sovereignty '' , `` protection '' , and `` right of cessation '' which were present in the unabridged version . Unknown to Otis , the War Department had also sent an enciphered copy of the Benevolent Assimilation proclamation to General Marcus Miller in Iloilo for informational purposes . Miller assumed that it was for distribution and , unaware that a politically bowdlerized version had been sent to Aguinaldo , published it in both Spanish and Tagalog translations which eventually made their way to Aguinaldo . Even before Aguinaldo received the unaltered version and observed the changes in the copy he had received from Otis , he was upset that Otis had altered his own title to `` Military Governor of the Philippines '' from `` ... in the Philippines . '' Aguinaldo did not miss the significance of the alteration , which Otis had made without authorization from Washington . Battle of Quingua , April 23 , 1899 Philippine -- American War On January 5 , Aguinaldo issued a counter-proclamation summarizing what he saw as American violations of the ethics of friendship , particularly as regards the events in Iloilo . The proclamation concluded as follows : `` Such procedures , so foreign to the dictates of culture and the usages observed by civilized nations , gave me the right to act without observing the usual rules of intercourse . Nevertheless , in order to be correct to the end , I sent to General Otis commissioners charged to solicit him to desist from his rash enterprise , but they were not listened to . My government can not remain indifferent in view of such a violent and aggressive seizure of a portion of its territory by a nation which arrogated to itself the title champion of oppressed nations . Thus it is that my government is disposed to open hostilities if the American troops attempt to take forcible possession of the Visayan Islands . I denounce these acts before the world , in order that the conscience of mankind may pronounce its infallable verdict as to who are the true oppressors of nations and the tormentors of human kind . '' Battle before Caloocan After some copies of that proclamation had been distributed , Aguinaldo ordered the recall of undistributed copies and issued another proclamation , which was published the same day in El Heraldo de la Revolucion , the official newspaper of the Philippine Republic . There , he said partly , `` As in General Otis 's proclamation he alluded to some instructions edited by His Excellency the President of the United States , referring to the administration of the matters in the Philippine Islands , I in the name of God , the root and fountain of all justice , and that of all the right which has been visibly granted to me to direct my dear brothers in the difficult work of our regeneration , protest most solemnly against this intrusion of the United States Government on the sovereignty of these islands . I equally protest in the name of the Filipino people against the said intrusion , because as they have granted their vote of confidence appointing me president of the nation , although I do n't consider that I deserve such , therefore I consider it my duty to defend to death its liberty and independence . '' Battle of Santa Cruz Otis , taking these two proclamations as a call to arms , strengthened American observation posts and alerted his troops . In the tense atmosphere , some 40,000 Filipinos fled Manila within a period of 15 days . Meanwhile , Felipe Agoncillo , who had been commissioned by the Philippine Revolutionary Government as Minister Plenipotentiary to negotiate treaties with foreign governments , and who had unsuccessfully sought to be seated at the negotiations between the U.S. and Spain in Paris , was now in Washington . On January 6 , he filed a request for an interview with the President to discuss affairs in the Philippines . The next day the government officials were surprised to learn that messages to General Otis to deal mildly with the rebels and not to force a conflict had become known to Agoncillo , and cabled by him to Aguinaldo . At the same time came Aguinaldo 's protest against General Otis signing himself `` Military Governor of the Philippines . '' On January 8 , Agoncillo gave out this statement : `` In my opinion the Filipino people , whom I represent , will never consent to become a colony dependency of the United States . The soldiers of the Filipino army have pledged their lives that they will not lay down their arms until General Aguinaldo tells them to do so , and they will keep that pledge , I feel confident . '' The Filipino committees in London , Paris and Madrid about this time telegraphed to President McKinley as follows : American troops guarding the bridge over the River Pasig `` We protest against the disembarkation of American troops at Iloilo . The treaty of peace still unratified , the American claim to sovereignty is premature . Pray reconsider the resolution regarding Iloilo . Filipinos wish for the friendship of America and abhor militarism and deceit . '' Young 's Scouts , including Marcus W. Robertson ( 2nd from right , front row squating ) , Richard Moses Longfellow ( 4th from right , front row squating ) , Medal of Honor recipients . Picture taken in Philippines . On January 8 , Aguinaldo received the following message from Teodoro Sandiko : `` To the President of the Revolutionary Government , Malolos , from Sandico , Manila . 8 Jan. , 1899 , 9.40 p.m.. : In consequence of the order of General Rios to his officers , as soon as the Filipino attack begins the Americans should be driven into the Intramuros district and the walled city should be set on fire . Pipi . '' The New York Times reported on January 8 , that two Americans who had been guarding a waterboat in Iloilo had been attacked , one fatally , and that insurgents were threatening to destroy the business section of the city by fire ; and on January 10 that a peaceful solution to the Iloilo issues may result but that Aguinaldo had issued a proclamation threatening to drive the Americans from the islands . Attack on the barracks of Company C of the 13th Minnesota Volunteers by Filipino forces during the Tondo Fire in Manila , 1899 By January 10 , insurgents were ready to assume the offensive , but desired , if possible , to provoke the Americans into firing the first shot . They made no secret of their desire for conflict , but increased their hostile demonstrations and pushed their lines forward into forbidden territory . Their attitude is well illustrated by the following extract from a telegram sent by Colonel Cailles to Aguinaldo on January 10 , 1899 : `` Most urgent . An American interpreter has come to tell me to withdraw our forces in Maytubig fifty paces . I shall not draw back a step , and in place of withdrawing , I shall advance a little farther . He brings a letter from his general , in which he speaks to me as a friend . I said that from the day I knew that Maquinley ( McKinley ) opposed our independence I did not want any dealings with any American . War , war , is what we want . The Americans after this speech went off pale . '' Aguinaldo approved the hostile attitude of Cailles , for there is a reply in his handwriting which reads : `` I approve and applaud what you have done with the Americans , and zeal and valour always , also my beloved officers and soldiers there . I believe that they are playing us until the arrival of their reinforcements , but I shall send an ultimatum and remain always on the alert. -- E.A. Jan. 10 , 1899 . '' On 31 January 1899 , The Minister of Interior of the revolutionary First Philippine Republic , Teodoro Sandiko , signed a decree saying that President Aguinaldo had directed that all idle lands be planted to provide food for the people , in view of impending war with the Americans . Outbreak of General hostilities ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Manila ( 1899 ) Worcester writes that General Otis ' account of the opening of active hostilities was as follows : Emilio Aguinaldo 's quarters in Manila following his capture by the Americans . `` `` On the night of February 2 they sent in a strong detachment to draw the fire of our outposts , which took up a position immediately in front and within a few yards of the same . The outpost was strengthened by a few of our men , who silently bore their taunts and abuse the entire night . This was reported to me by General MacArthur , whom I directed to communicate with the officer in command of the insurgent troops concerned . His prepared letter was shown me and approved , and the reply received was all that could be desired . However , the agreement was ignored by the insurgents and on the evening of February 4 another demonstration was made on one of our small outposts , which occupied a retired position at least 150 yards within the line which had been mutually agreed upon , an insurgent approaching the picket and refusing to halt or answer when challenged . The result was that our picket discharged his piece , when the insurgent troops near Santa Mesa opened a spirited fire on our troops there stationed . `` The insurgents had thus succeeded in drawing the fire of a small outpost , which they had evidently labored with all their ingenuity to accomplish , in order to justify in some way their premeditated attack . It is not believed that the chief insurgent leaders wished to open hostilities at this time , as they were not completely prepared to assume the initiative . They desired two or three days more to perfect their arrangements , but the zeal of their army brought on the crisis which anticipated their premeditated action . They could not have delayed long , however , for it was their object to force an issue before American troops , then en route , could arrive in Manila . '' Thus began the Insurgent attack , so long and so carefully planned for . We learn from the Insurgent records that the shot of the American sentry missed its mark . There was no reason why it should have provoked a hot return fire , but it did . The result of the ensuing combat was not at all what the Insurgents had anticipated . The Americans did not drive very well . It was but a short time before they themselves were routed and driven from their positions . Aguinaldo of course promptly advanced the claim that his troops had been wantonly attacked . The plain fact is that the Insurgent patrol in question deliberately drew the fire of the American sentry , and this was just as much an act of war as was the firing of the shot . Whether the patrol was acting under proper orders from higher authority is not definitely known . '' Surrendered President Aguinaldo boards the U.S.S Vicksburg , 1900 . Other sources name the two specific U.S. soldiers involved in the first exchange of fire as Privates William Grayson and Orville Miller of the Nebraska Volunteers . Subsequent to the conclusion of the war , after analyzing captured insurgent papers , Major Major J.R.M. Taylor wrote , in part , `` An attack on the United States forces was planned which should annihilate the little army in Manila , and delegations were appointed to secure the interference of foreign powers . The protecting cloak of pretense of friendliness to the United States was to be kept up until the last . While commissioners were appointed to negotiate with General Otis , secret societies were organized in Manila pledged to obey orders of the most barbarous character to kill and burn . The attack from without and the attack from within was to be on a set day and hour . The strained situation could not last . The spark was applied , either inadvertently or by design , on the 4th of February by an insurgent , willfully transgressing upon what , by their own admission , was within the agreed limits of the holding of the American troops . Hostilities resulted and the war was an accomplished fact . '' Filipino casualties War ( edit ) On February 4 , Aguinaldo declared `` That peace and friendly relations with the Americans be broken and that the latter be treated as enemies , within the limits prescribed by the laws of war . '' On June 2 , 1899 , the Malolos Congress enacted and ratified a declaration of war on the United States , which was publicly proclaimed on that same day by Pedro Paterno , President of the Assembly . As before when fighting the Spanish , the Filipino rebels did not do well in the field . Aguinaldo and his provisional government escaped after the capture of Malolos on March 31 , 1899 and were driven into northern Luzon . Peace feelers from members of Aguinaldo 's cabinet failed in May when the American commander , General Ewell Otis , demanded an unconditional surrender . In 1901 , Aguinaldo was captured and swore allegiance to the United States , marking one end to the war . First Philippine Commission ( edit ) Main article : Schurman Commission President McKinley had appointed a five - person group headed by Dr. Jacob Schurman , president of Cornell University , on January 20 , 1899 , to investigate conditions in the islands and 1899 political cartoon by Winsor McCay . Uncle Sam ( representing the United States ) , gets entangled with rope around a tree labelled `` Imperialism '' while trying to subdue a bucking colt or mule labeled `` Philippines '' while a figure representing Spain walks off over the horizon carrying a bag labeled `` $20,000,000 '' . make recommendations . The three civilian members of the Philippine Commission arrived in Manila on March 4 , 1899 , a month after the Battle of Manila which had begun armed conflict between U.S. and revolutionary Filipino forces . The commission published a proclamation containing assurances that the U.S. `` ... is anxious to establish in the Philippine Islands an enlightened system of government under which the Philippine people may enjoy the largest measure of home rule and the amplest liberty . '' After meetings in April with revolutionary representatives , the commission requested authorization from McKinley to offer a specific plan . McKinley authorized an offer of a government consisting of `` a Governor - General appointed by the President ; cabinet appointed by the Governor - General ; ( and ) a general advisory council elected by the people . '' The Revolutionary Congress voted unanimously to cease fighting and accept peace and , on May 8 , the revolutionary cabinet headed by Apolinario Mabini was replaced by a new `` peace '' cabinet headed by Pedro Paterno . At this point , General Antonio Luna arrested Paterno and most of his cabinet , returning Mabini and his cabinet to power . After this , the commission concluded that `` ... The Filipinos are wholly unprepared for independence ... there being no Philippine nation , but only a collection of different peoples . '' In the report that they issued to the president the following year , the commissioners acknowledged Filipino aspirations for independence ; they declared , however , that the Philippines was not ready for it . `` On November 2 , 1899 , The commmision issued a preliminary report containing the following statement : Should our power by any fatality be withdrawn , the commission believe that the government of the Philippines would speedily lapse into anarchy , which would excuse , if it did not necessitate , the intervention of other powers and the eventual division of the islands among them . Only through American occupation , therefore , is the idea of a free , self - governing , and united Philippine commonwealth at all conceivable . And the indispensable need from the Filipino point of view of maintaining American sovereignty over the archipelago is recognized by all intelligent Filipinos and even by those insurgents who desire an American protectorate . The latter , it is true , would take the revenues and leave us the responsibilities . Nevertheless , they recognize the indubitable fact that the Filipinos can not stand alone . Thus the welfare of the Filipinos coincides with the dictates of national honour in forbidding our abandonment of the archipelago . We can not from any point of view escape the responsibilities of government which our sovereignty entails ; and the commission is strongly persuaded that the performance of our national duty will prove the greatest blessing to the peoples of the Philippine Islands . '' William Howard Taft Governor general of the Philippines riding a carabao Specific recommendations included the establishment of civilian government as rapidly as possible ( the American chief executive in the islands at that time was the military governor ) , including establishment of a bicameral legislature , autonomous governments on the provincial and municipal levels , and a system of free public elementary schools . Second Philippine Commission ( edit ) Main article : Taft Commission The Second Philippine Commission ( the Taft Commission ) , appointed by McKinley on March 16 , 1900 , and headed by William Howard Taft , was granted legislative as well as limited executive powers . On September 1 , the Taft Commission began to exercise legislative functions . Between September 1900 and August 1902 , it issued 499 laws , established a judicial system , including a supreme court , drew up a legal code , and organized a civil service . The 1901 municipal code provided for popularly elected presidents , vice presidents , and councilors to serve on municipal boards . The municipal board members were responsible for collecting taxes , maintaining municipal properties , and undertaking necessary construction projects ; they also elected provincial governors . Establishment of civil government ( edit ) Governor General William Howard Taft addressing the audience at the Philippine Assembly in the Manila Grand Opera House On March 3 , 1901 the U.S. Congress passed the Army Appropriation Act containing ( along with the Platt Amendment on Cuba ) the Spooner Amendment which provided the President with legislative authority to establish of a civil government in the Philippines . Up until this time , the President been administering the Philippines by virtue of his war powers . On July 1 , 1901 , civil government was inaugurated with William H. Taft as the Civil Governor . Later , on February 3 , 1903 , the U.S. Congress would change the title of Civil Governor to Governor - General . A highly centralized public school system was installed in 1901 , using English as the medium of instruction . This created a heavy shortage of teachers , and the Philippine Commission authorized the Secretary of Public Instruction to bring to the Philippines 600 teachers from the U.S.A. -- the so - called Thomasites . Free primary instruction that trained the people for the duties of citizenship and avocation was enforced by the Taft Commission per instructions of President McKinley . Also , the Catholic Church was disestablished , and a considerable amount of church land was purchased and redistributed . Official end to the war ( edit ) The Philippine Organic Act of July 1902 approved , ratified , and confirmed McKinley 's Executive Order establishing the Philippine Commission , and also stipulated that the bicameral Philippine Legislature would be established composed of an elected lower house , the Philippine Assembly and the appointed Philippine Commission as the upper house . The act also provided for extending the United States Bill of Rights to the Philippines . On July 2 , 1902 the Secretary of War telegraphed that the insurrection against the sovereign authority of the U.S. having come to an end , and provincial civil governments having been established , the office of Military Governor was terminated . On July 4 , Theodore Roosevelt , who had succeeded to the U.S. Presidency after the assassination of President McKinley on September 5 , 1901 proclaimed a full and complete pardon and amnesty to all persons in the Philippine archipelago who had participated in the conflict . On April 9 , 2002 , Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo proclaimed that the Philippine -- American War had ended on April 16 , 1902 with the surrender of General Miguel Malvar , and declared the centennial anniversary of that date as a national working holiday and as a special non-working holiday in the Province of Batangas and in the Cities of Batangas , Lipa and Tanaun . Post-1902 hostilities ( edit ) Some sources have suggested that the war unofficially continued for nearly a decade , since bands of guerrillas , quasi-religious armed groups and other resistance groups continued to roam the countryside , still clashing with American Army or Philippine Constabulary patrols . American troops and the Philippine Constabulary continued hostilities against such resistance groups until 1913 . Some historians consider these unofficial extensions to be part of the war . Insular government ( 1901 -- 35 ) ( edit ) Main article : Insular Government Tranvia in Manila Philippines during American Era with Bahay na Bato house The 1902 Philippine Organic Act was a constitution for the Insular Government , as the U.S. civil administration was known . This was a form of territorial government that reported to the Bureau of Insular Affairs . The act provided for a Governor - General appointed by the U.S. president and an elected lower house , the Philippine Assembly . It also disestablished the Catholic Church as the state religion . The United States government , in an effort to resolve the status of the friars , negotiated with the Vatican . The church agreed to sell the friars ' estates and promised gradual substitution of Filipino and other non-Spanish priests for the friars . It refused , however , to withdraw the religious orders from the islands immediately , partly to avoid offending Spain . In 1904 the administration bought for $7.2 million the major part of the friars ' holdings , amounting to some 166,000 hectares ( 410,000 acres ) , of which one - half was in the vicinity of Manila . The land was eventually resold to Filipinos , some of them tenants but the majority of them estate owners . Manila , known as the Paris of the Asia was pushed forward even more by Daniel Burnham the Manila Urban planner In socio - economic terms , the Philippines made solid progress in this period . Foreign trade had amounted to 62 million pesos in 1895 , 13 % of which was with the United States . By 1920 , it had increased to 601 million pesos , 66 % of which was with the United States . A health care system was established which , by 1930 , reduced the mortality rate from all causes , including various tropical diseases , to a level similar to that of the United States itself . The practices of slavery , piracy and headhunting were suppressed but not entirely extinguished . Economy rose as reflected to the great edifices of the cities Two years after completion and publication of a census , a general election was conducted for the choice of delegates to a popular assembly . An elected Philippine Assembly was convened in 1907 as the lower house of a bicameral legislature , with the Philippine Commission as the upper house . Every year from 1907 the Philippine Assembly and later the Philippine Legislature passed resolutions expressing the Filipino desire for independence . Philippine nationalists led by Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña enthusiastically endorsed the draft Jones Bill of 1912 , which provided for Philippine independence after eight years , but later changed their views , opting for a bill which focused less on time than on the conditions of independence . The nationalists demanded complete and absolute independence to be guaranteed by the United States , since they feared that too - rapid independence from American rule without such guarantees might cause the Philippines to fall into Japanese hands . The Jones Bill was rewritten and passed Congress in 1916 with a later date of independence . Busy street of early American - era Manila View of Binondo from Jones Bridge The law , officially the Philippine Autonomy Act but popularly known as the Jones Law , served as the new organic act ( or constitution ) for the Philippines . Its preamble stated that the eventual independence of the Philippines would be American policy , subject to the establishment of a stable government . The law maintained the Governor - General of the Philippines , appointed by the President of the United States , but established a bicameral Philippine Legislature to replace the elected Philippine Assembly ( lower house ) ; it replaced the appointive Philippine Commission ( upper house ) with an elected senate . Americans and Filipinos choose to preserve Spanish - era buildings for historical , tourism and urban purposes . The Filipinos suspended their independence campaign during the First World War and supported the United States against Germany . After the war they resumed their independence drive with great vigor . On March 17 , 1919 , the Philippine Legislature passed a `` Declaration of Purposes '' , which stated the inflexible desire of the Filipino people to be free and sovereign . A Commission of Independence was created to study ways and means of attaining liberation ideal . This commission recommended the sending of an independence mission to the United States . The `` Declaration of Purposes '' referred to the Jones Law as a veritable pact , or covenant , between the American and Filipino peoples whereby the United States promised to recognize the independence of the Philippines as soon as a stable government should be established . U.S. Governor - General of the Philippines Francis Burton Harrison had concurred in the report of the Philippine legislature as to a stable government . With Manila 's Filipino Hispanic roots , Daniel Burnham developed the Urban planning of Manila through the City Beautiful Movement ; Neo-Classical architecture of Paris through Manila 's Government buildings , Canals of Venice through the Esteros of Manila , Sunset view of Naples through Manila Bay and Winding River of Paris through Pasig River . a fine example of the Burnham plan is the Manila Central Post Office and Jones Bridge Manila circa 1930s . The central façade of the Legislative Building The Philippine legislature funded an independence mission to the U.S. in 1919 . The mission departed Manila on February 28 and met in the U.S. with and presented their case to Secretary of War Newton D. Baker . U.S. President Woodrow Wilson , in his 1921 farewell message to Congress , certified that the Filipino people had performed the condition imposed on them as a prerequisite to independence , declaring that , this having been done , the duty of the U.S. is to grant Philippine independence . The Republican Party then controlled Congress and the recommendation of the outgoing Democratic president was not heeded . After the first independence mission , public funding of such missions was ruled illegal . Subsequent independence missions in 1922 , 1923 , 1930 , 1931 1932 , and two missions in 1933 were funded by voluntary contributions . Numerous independence bills were submitted to the U.S. Congress , which passed the Hare - Hawes - Cutting Bill on December 30 , 1932 . U.S. President Herbert Hoover vetoed the bill on January 13 , 1933 . Congress overrode the veto on January 17 , and the Hare -- Hawes -- Cutting Act became U.S. law . The law promised Philippine independence after 10 years , but reserved several military and naval bases for the United States , as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports . The law also required the Philippine Senate to ratify the law . Manuel L. Quezon urged the Philippine Senate to reject the bill , which it did . Quezon himself led the twelfth independence mission to Washington to secure a better independence act . The result was the Tydings -- McDuffie Act of 1934 which was very similar to the Hare - Hawes - Cutting Act except in minor details . The Tydings - McDuffie Act was ratified by the Philippine Senate . The law provided for the granting of Philippine independence by 1946 . The Tydings -- McDuffie Act provided for the drafting and guidelines of a Constitution , for a 10 - year `` transitional period '' as the Commonwealth of the Philippines before the granting of Philippine independence . On May 5 , 1934 , the Philippines legislature passed an act setting the election of convention delegates . Governor - General Frank Murphy designated July 10 as the election date , and the convention held its inaugural session on July 30 . The completed draft constitution was approved by the convention on February 8 , 1935 , approved by U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt on March 23 , and ratified by popular vote on May 14 . The first election under the constitution was held on September 17 , and on November 15 , 1935 , the Commonwealth was put into place . Commonwealth era ( 1935 -- 1946 ) ( edit ) Manuel Quezon y Molina once the 1st President of the Senate of the Philippines was elected to become the President of the Philippines during the commonwealth era of American colonization and occupation Main article : Commonwealth of the Philippines Manila before the war It was planned that the period 1935 -- 1946 would be devoted to the final adjustments required for a peaceful transition to full independence , a great latitude in autonomy being granted in the meantime . Instead there was war with Japan . On May 14 , 1935 , an election to fill the newly created office of President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines was won by Manuel L. Quezon ( Nacionalista Party ) and a Filipino government was formed on the basis of principles superficially similar to the U.S. Constitution . The Commonwealth as established in 1935 featured a very strong executive , a unicameral national assembly , and a supreme court composed entirely of Filipinos for the first time since 1901 . The new government embarked on an ambitious agenda of establishing the basis for national defense , greater control over the economy , reforms in education , improvement of transport , the colonization of the island of Mindanao , and the promotion of local capital and industrialization . The Commonwealth however , was also faced with agrarian unrest , an uncertain diplomatic and military situation in South East Asia , and uncertainty about the level of United States commitment to the future Republic of the Philippines . In 1939 -- 40 , the Philippine Constitution was amended to restore a bicameral Congress , and permit the reelection of President Quezon , previously restricted to a single , six - year term . During the Commonwealth years , Philippines sent one elected Resident Commissioner to the United States House of Representatives , as Puerto Rico currently does today . Japanese troops on Bataan , Philippine Islands , circa 1942 . Captured Japanese photograph . - NARA - 531353 Japanese occupation and World war II ( 1941 -- 45 ) ( edit ) Main article : Second Philippine Republic Surrender of Filipino and American troops at Corregidor , Philippine Islands , May 1942 . See also : Military history of the Philippines during World War II A few hours after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , the Japanese launched air raids in several cities and US military installations in the Philippines on December 8 , and on December 10 , the first Japanese troops landed in Northern Luzon . Filipino pilot Captain Jesús A. Villamor , leading a flight of three P - 26 `` Peashooter '' fighters of the 6th Pursuit Squadron , distinguished himself by attacking two enemy formations of 27 planes each and downing a much - superior Japanese Zero , for which he was awarded the U.S. Distinguished Service Cross . The two other planes in that flight , flown by Lieutenants César Basa and Geronimo Aclan were shot down . General Douglas MacArthur , commander of the United States Armed Forces in the Far East ( USAFFE ) , was forced to retreat to Bataan . Manila was occupied by the Japanese on January 2 , 1942 . The fall of Bataan was on April 9 , 1942 with Corregidor Island , at the mouth of Manila Bay , surrendering on May 6 . Meeting of Jorge B. Vargas , a secretary of President Manuel Quezon and Homma Masaharu , a general Lieutenant of Imperial Japanese Army on February , 20th 1943 José P. Laurel Became the President of the Philippines during the Japanese occupation General Tomoyuki Yamashita surrenders to the Filipino soldiers and guerrillas in the presence of Generals Jonathan Wainwright and Arthur Percival . The Commonwealth government by then had exiled itself to Washington , DC , upon the invitation of President Roosevelt ; however many politicians stayed behind and collaborated with the occupying Japanese . The main general headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army was stationed and moved in the province was our enemy against the Japanese Occupation . The Philippine Commonwealth Army continued to fight the Japanese in a guerrilla war and were considered auxiliary units of the United States Army . Several Philippine Commonwealth military awards , such as the Philippine Defense Medal , Independence Medal , and Liberation Medal , were awarded to both the United States and Philippine Armed Forces . Gen. Douglas MacArthur wades ashore during initial landings at Leyte , Philippine Islands . As the Japanese forces advanced , Manila was declared an open city to prevent it from destruction , meanwhile , the government was moved to Corregidor . In March 1942 , General MacArthur and President Quezon fled the country . Guerrilla units harassed the Japanese when they could , and on Luzon native resistance was strong enough that the Japanese never did get control of a large part of the island . An anti-Japanese Army consisting of peasants known as the Huks did most of the fighting . The Huks forces resisted invaders and punished the people who collaborated with the Japanese , but they did n't have a well - disciplined organization , and were later seen as a threat to the Manila government . Before MacArthur came back , the effectiveness of the guerilla movement had decimated the control of Japan - limited to only 12 out of the 48 provinces . In October 1944 , MacArthur had gathered enough additional troops and supplies to begin the retaking of the Philippines , landing with Sergio Osmeña who had assumed the Presidency after Quezon 's death . The Philippine Constabulary went on active service under the Philippine Commonwealth Army on October 28 , 1944 during liberation under the Commonwealth regime . The battles entailed long fierce fighting ; some of the Japanese continued to fight until the official surrender of the Empire of Japan on September 2 , 1945 . After their landing , Filipino and American forces also undertook measures to suppress the Huk movement , which was founded to fight the Japanese Occupation . The Filipino and American forces removed local Huk governments and imprisoned many high - ranking members of the Philippine Communist Party . While these incidents happened , there was still fighting against the Japanese forces and , despite the American and Philippine measures against the Huk , they still supported American and Filipino soldiers in the fight against the Japanese . Over a million Filipinos ( including regular and constable soldiers , recognized guerrillas and non-combatant civilians ) had been killed in the war . The 1947 final report of the High Commissioner to the Philippines documents massive damage to most coconut mills and sugar mills ; inter-island shipping had all been destroyed or removed ; concrete highways had been broken up for use on military airports ; railways were inoperative ; Manila was 80 percent destroyed , Cebu 90 percent , and Zamboanga 95 percent . Independence ( 1946 ) ( edit ) Philippine Independence , July 4 , 1946 from all the Colonizers . The Flag of the United States of America is lowered while the Flag of the Philippines is raised . Philippine independence came on July 4 , 1946 , with the signing of the Treaty of Manila between the governments of the United States and the Philippines . The treaty provided for the recognition of the independence of the Republic of the Philippines and the relinquishment of American sovereignty over the Philippine Islands . From 1946 to 1961 , Independence Day was observed on July 4 . On 12 May 1962 , President Macapagal issued Presidential Proclamation No. 28 , proclaiming Tuesday , June 12 , 1962 as a special public holiday throughout the Philippines . In 1964 , Republic Act No. 4166 changed the date of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12 and renamed the July 4 holiday as Philippine Republic Day . World war II veteran benefits ( edit ) During World War II , over 200,000 Filipinos fought in defense of the United States against the Japanese in the Pacific theater of military operations , where more than half died . As a commonwealth of the United States before and during the war , Filipinos were legally American nationals . With American nationality , Filipinos were promised all the benefits afforded to those serving in the armed forces of the United States . In 1946 , Congress passed the Rescission Act ( 38 U.S.C. § 107 ) which stripped Filipinos of the benefits they were promised . Since the passage of the Rescission Act , many Filipino veterans have traveled to the United States to lobby Congress for the benefits promised to them for their service and sacrifice . Over 30,000 of such veterans live in the United States today , with most being United States citizens . Sociologists introduced the phrase `` Second Class Veterans '' to describe the plight of these Filipino Americans . Beginning in 1993 , numerous bills titled Filipino Veterans Fairness Act were introduced in Congress to return the benefits taken away from these veterans , only to die in committee . The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 , signed into law on February 17 , 2009 , included provisions to pay benefits to the 15,000 remaining veterans . On January 6 , 2011 Jackie Speier ( D - CA ) , U.S. Representative for California 's 12th congressional district , serving since 2008 , introduced a bill seeking to make Filipino WW - II veterans eligible for the same benefits available to U.S. veterans . In a news conference to outline the bill , Speier estimated that approximately 50,000 Filipino veterans survive . See also ( edit ) Moro Rebellion Negros Revolution Republic of Negros Republic of Zamboanga References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain ; December 10 , 1898 '' . The Avalon Project . New Haven , Connecticut : Lillian Goldman Law Library , Yale Law School . 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Corpus Juris ( 2014 ) , `` Tydings - McDuffie Act '' , Constitutions , Manila , Philippines : Corpus Juris , retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 Jump up ^ Aguinaldo 1899 Ch. 1 Jump up ^ Aguinaldo 1899 Ch. 2 Jump up ^ Kalaw 1927 , pp. 92 -- 94 Ch. 5 Jump up ^ Trask 1996 , pp. 56 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Beede 1994 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Howland , Harold ( 1921 ) . Theodore Roosevelt and his times : a chronicle of the progressive movement . p. 245 . ISBN 978 - 1279815199 . ^ Jump up to : Battle of Manila Bay , 1 May 1898 Archived 14 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , Department of the Navy -- Naval Historical Center . Retrieved on October 10 , 2007 Jump up ^ Dewey , George ( 2003 ) . `` The Battle of Manila Bay '' . Archives : Eyewitness Accounts . The War Times Journal . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Titherington 1900 , pp. 357 -- 8 Jump up ^ Agoncillo 1990 , pp. 192 -- 4 ^ Jump up to : Worcester 1914 , p. 57 Ch. 3 Jump up ^ Halstead 1898 , p. 95 ch. 10 Jump up ^ Guevara , Sulpicio , ed. ( 2005 ) , `` Philippine Declaration of Independence '' , The laws of the first Philippine Republic ( the laws of Malolos ) 1898 -- 1899 , Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Library ( published 1972 ) , retrieved January 2 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Philippine History '' . DLSU - Manila . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2006 . Retrieved August 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kalaw 1927 , pp. 413 -- 417 Appendix A Jump up ^ Guevara 1972 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Kalaw 1927 , pp. 423 -- 429 Appendix C . Jump up ^ Guevara 1972 , p. 35 ^ Jump up to : Aguinaldo 1899 Ch. 3 Jump up ^ Worcester 1914 , p. 19 Ch. 2 Jump up ^ Worcester 1914 , p. 21 Ch. 2 Jump up ^ Halstead 1898 , p. 311 Ch. 28 Jump up ^ Kalaw 1927 , pp. 100 Ch. 5 ^ Jump up to : Worcester 1914 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Worcester 1914 , p. 154 Ch. 7 Jump up ^ Worcester 1914 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Halstead 1898 , p. 97 Ch. 10 Jump up ^ Worcester 1914 , p. 63 Ch. 3 Jump up ^ Worcester 1914 , p. 55 Ch. 3 Jump up ^ Halstead 1898 , p. 105 Ch. 10 ^ Jump up to : Worcester 1914 , p. 69 Ch. 3 Jump up ^ Halstead 1898 , p. 108 Ch. 10 Jump up ^ Wrocester 1914 , p. 77 Ch. 3 Jump up ^ Wrocester 1914 , p. 79 Ch. 3 Jump up ^ WAR SUSPENDED , PEACE ASSURED ; President Proclaims a Cessation of Hostilities , The New York Times , August 12 , 1898 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 06 Jump up ^ Halstead 1898 , p. 177 Ch. 15 Jump up ^ `` Protocol of Peace : Embodying the Terms of a Basis for the Establishment of Peace Between the Two Countries '' . August 12 , 1898 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation 422 - Suspension of Hostilities with Spain '' . American Presidency Project . University of California . August 12 , 1898 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1990 , p. 123 Jump up ^ Agoncillo 1990 , p. 196 Jump up ^ The World of 1898 : The Spanish -- American War , U.S. Library of Congress , retrieved 2014 - 06 - 15 Jump up ^ The World of 1898 : the Spanish -- American War , U.S. Library of Congress , retrieved October 10 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Our flag is now waving over Manila '' , San Francisco Chronicle , retrieved December 20 , 2008 Jump up ^ Trask 1996 , p. 419 Jump up ^ Karnow 1990 , pp. 123 -- 4 , Wolff 2006 , p. 119 Jump up ^ Lacsamana 2006 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Halstead 1898 , pp. 110 -- 112 Jump up ^ Elliott 1917 , p. 509 . ^ Jump up to : `` GENERAL AMNESTY FOR THE FILIPINOS ; Proclamation Issued by the President '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . July 4 , 1902 . Jump up ^ Otis , Elwell Stephen ( 1899 ) . `` Annual report of Maj. Gen. E.S. Otis , U.S.V. , commanding Department of the Pacific and 8th Army Corps , military governor in the Philippine Islands '' . Annual Report of the Major - General Commanding the Army . 2 . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office . p. 146 . Jump up ^ Zaide 1994 , p. 279Ch. 21 ^ Jump up to : Halstead 1898 , p. 315 Ch. 28 ^ Jump up to : Taylor 1907 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Taylor 1907 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Worcester 1914 , p. 83 Ch. 4 Jump up ^ Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1927 ) . The Development of Philippine Politics . Oriental commercial . p. 132 . Jump up ^ Halstead 1898 , pp. 176 -- 178 Ch. 15 ^ Jump up to : Miller 1984 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Miller 1984 , pp. 20 -- 1 Jump up ^ Miller 1984 , p. 24 Jump up ^ Kalaw 1927 , pp. 430 -- 445 Appendix D Jump up ^ Price , Matthew C. ( 2008 ) . The Advancement of Liberty : How American Democratic Principles Transformed the Twentieth Century . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34618 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` TREATY BETWEEN SPAIN AND THE UNITED STATE FOR CESSION OF OUTLYING ISLANDS OF THE PHILIPPINES '' ( PDF ) . University of the Philippines . November 7 , 1900 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ President William McKinley ( December 21 , 1898 ) , McKinley 's Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation , msc.edu.ph , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 10 Jump up ^ `` PRESIDENT TO FILIPINOS ; Order Expressing His Intentions Proclaimed to Them '' , The New York Times , January 6 , 1899 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 10 ^ Jump up to : Halstead 1898 , p. 316 ^ Jump up to : Miller 1984 , p. 50 Jump up ^ The text of the amended version published by General Otis is quoted in its entirety in José Roca de Togores y Saravia ; Remigio Garcia ; National Historical Institute ( Philippines ) ( 2003 ) . Blockade and siege of Manila . National Historical Institute . pp. 148 -- 50 . ISBN 978 - 971 - 538 - 167 - 3 . See also Wikisource : Letter from E.S. Otis to the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands , January 4 , 1899 . Jump up ^ Wolff 2006 , p. 200 Jump up ^ Miller 1984 , p. 52 Jump up ^ Agoncillo 1997 , pp. 356 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Agoncillo 1997 , p. 357 . Jump up ^ Agoncillo 1997 , pp. 357 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Taylor 1907 , p. 39 Jump up ^ `` BLOODSHED AT ILOILO ; Two Americans Attacked and One Fatally Wounded by Natives . '' , The New York Times , January 8 , 1899 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 10 Jump up ^ `` THE PHILIPPINE CLIMAX ; Peaceful Solution of the Iloilo Issue May Result To - day . AGUINALDO 'S SECOND ADDRESS He Threatened to Drive the Americans from the Islands -- Manifesto Was Recalled '' ( PDF ) , The New York Times , January 10 , 1899 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 10 ^ Jump up to : Worcester 1914 , p. 93 Ch. 4 Jump up ^ Guevara 1972 , p. 124 Jump up ^ Worcester 1914 , p. 96 Ch. 4 Jump up ^ Blitz 2000 , p. 32 , Blanchard 1996 , p. 130 Jump up ^ Taylor 1907 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Halstead 1918 , p. 318 Ch. 28 Jump up ^ Kalaw 1927 , pp. 199 -- 200 Ch. 7 Jump up ^ Golay 1997 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Golay 1997 , pp. 50 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Worcester 1914 , p. 199 Ch. 9 Jump up ^ `` The Philippines : As viewed by President McKinley 's Special Commissioners '' . The Daily Star . 7 ( 2214 ) . Fredricksburg , Va . November 3 , 1899 . Jump up ^ Report Philippine Commission , Vol . I , p. 183 . ^ Jump up to : Seekins 1993 Jump up ^ Kalaw 1927 , p. 453 Appendix F Jump up ^ Zaide 1994 , p. 280Ch. 21 Jump up ^ Chronology for the Philippine Islands and Guam in the Spanish -- American War , U.S. Library of Congress , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 16 Jump up ^ Piedad - Pugay , Chris Antonette . `` The Philippine Bill of 1902 : Turning Point in Philippine Legislation '' . National Historical Commission of the Philippines . Retrieved 9 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Jernegan 2009 , pp. 57 -- 58 Jump up ^ Zaide 1994 , p. 281Ch. 21 Jump up ^ Historical Perspective of the Philippine Educational System , RP Department of education , archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 , retrieved 2008 - 03 - 11 Jump up ^ The Philippine Bill of July 1902 , Chan Robles law library , July 1 , 1902 , retrieved 2010 - 07 - 31 Jump up ^ Worcester 1914 , p. 180 Ch. 9 Jump up ^ `` Presidential Proclamation No. 173 S. 2002 '' . Official Gazette. April 9 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` PNP History '' , Philippine National Police , Philippine Department of Interior and Local Government , archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 17 , retrieved 29 August 2009 Jump up ^ Constantino 1975 , pp. 251 -- 3 Jump up ^ Reyes , Jose ( 1923 ) . Legislative history of America 's economic policy toward the Philippines . Studies in history , economics and public law . 106 ( 2 ed . ) . Columbia University . pp. 192 of 232 . Jump up ^ Wong Kwok Chu , `` The Jones Bills 1912 - 16 : A Reappraisal of Filipino Views on Independence , '' Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 1982 13 ( 2 ) : 252 - 269 Jump up ^ Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 ( Jones Law ) Jump up ^ Zaide 1994 , p. 312Ch. 24 Jump up ^ Zaide 1994 , pp. 312 -- 313Ch. 24 ^ Jump up to : Zaide 1994 , p. 313 Jump up ^ Kalaw 1921 , pp. 144 -- 146 Jump up ^ Zaide 1994 , pp. 314 -- 5Ch. 24 Jump up ^ Zaide 1994 , pp. 315 -- 9Ch. 24 Jump up ^ Brands 1992 , pp. 158 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Zaide 1994 , p. 325Ch. 25 Jump up ^ Zaide 1994 , pp. 329 -- 31Ch. 25 Jump up ^ Hunt , Michael ( 2004 ) . The World Transformed . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 937102 - 0 . Jump up ^ Zaide 1994 , pp. 323 -- 35Ch. 25 Jump up ^ J.L. Vellut , `` Japanese reparations to the Philippines , '' Asian Survey 3 ( Oct. 1993 ) : 496 - 506 . Jump up ^ TREATY OF GENERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES . SIGNED AT MANILA , ON 4 JULY 1946 ( PDF ) , United Nations , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 23 , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 Jump up ^ Diosdado Macapagal , Proclamation No. 28 Declaring June 12 as Philippine Independence Day , Philippine History Group of Los Angeles , archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 12 , retrieved 2009 - 11 - 11 Jump up ^ Manuel S. Satorre Jr. , President Diosdado Macapagal set RP Independence Day on June 12 , . positivenewsmedia.net , archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 24 , retrieved 2008 - 12 - 10 Jump up ^ AN ACT CHANGING THE DATE OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE DAY FROM JULY FOUR TO JUNE TWELVE , AND DECLARING JULY FOUR AS PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC DAY , FURTHER AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE SECTION TWENTY - NINE OF THE REVISED ADMINISTRATIVE CODE , Chanrobles Law Library , August 4 , 1964 , retrieved 2009 - 11 - 11 ^ Jump up to : The Filipino Veterans Movement , pbs.org , retrieved 2007 - 11 - 14 Jump up ^ Josh Levs ( February 23 , 2009 ) , U.S. to pay ' forgotten ' Filipino World War II veterans , CNN Jump up ^ Seeks To Extend Military Benefits To Filipino WWII Vets , CBS San Francisco , January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Summary & Status : H.R. 210 - 112 , The Library of Congress : Thomas . Bibliography ( edit ) Agoncillo , Teodoro Andal ( 1990 ) , `` 11 . The Revolution Second Phase '' , History of the Filipino People ( Eighth ed . ) , University of the Philippines , pp. 187 -- 198 , ISBN 971 - 8711 - 06 - 6 Agoncillo , Teodoro Andal ( 1997 ) , Malolos : The Crisis of the Republic , University of the Philippines Press , ISBN 978 - 971 - 542 - 096 - 9 Beede , Benjamin R. ( 1994 ) , The War of 1898 , and U.S. interventions , 1898 -- 1934 : an encyclopedia , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5624 - 7 Blanchard , William H. ( 1996 ) , `` 9 . Losing Stature in the Philippines '' , Neocolonialism American Style , 1960 -- 2000 , Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 0 - 313 - 30013 - 5 Blitz , Amy ( 2000 ) , `` Conquest and Coercion : Early U.S. Colonalism , 1899 -- 1916 '' , The Contested State : American Foreign Policy and Regime Change in the Philippines , Rowman & Littlefield , ISBN 0 - 8476 - 9935 - 8 Brands , Henry William ( 1992 ) , Bound to empire : the United States and the Philippines , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507104 - 7 questia.com Burns , Adam D. `` Adapting to Empire : William H. Taft , Theodore Roosevelt , and the Philippines , 1900 - 08 , '' Comparative American Studies 11 ( Dec. 2013 ) , 418 - 33 . Constantino , Renato ( 1975 ) , The Philippines : A Past Revisited , ISBN 971 - 8958 - 00 - 2 Elliott , Charles Burke ( 1917 ) , The Philippines : To the End of the Commission Government , a Study in Tropical Democracy Golay , Frank H. ( 1997 ) , Face of empire : United States - Philippine relations , 1898 -- 1946 , Ateneo de Manila University Press , ISBN 978 - 971 - 550 - 254 - 2 . Halstead , Murat ( 1898 ) , `` XXVIII . Battles with the Filipinos before Manila '' , The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions , Including the Ladrones , Hawaii , Cuba and Porto Rico Jernegan , Prescott F ( 2009 ) , The Philippine Citizen , BiblioBazaar , LLC , ISBN 978 - 1 - 115 - 97139 - 3 Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1921 ) , The Present Government of the Philippines , Oriental commercial , ISBN 1 - 4067 - 4636 - 3 , retrieved 2008 - 03 - 12 ( Note : 1 . The book cover incorrectly lists author as `` Maximo M Lalaw '' , 2 . Originally published in 1921 by The McCullough Printing Co. , Manila ) Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1927 ) , `` V . The Katipunan revolt under Bonifacio and Aguinaldo '' , The Development of Philippine Politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 69 -- 98 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1927 ) , `` VI . The Revolutionary Government '' , The Development of Philippine Politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 99 -- 163 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1927 ) , `` VII . The Opposition to American Sovereignty ( 1898 -- 1901 ) '' , The Development of Philippine Politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 99 -- 163 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1927 ) , `` Appendix A. Act of the Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino People '' , The Development of Philippine Politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 413 -- 417 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 ( English translation by the author . Original in Spanish ) Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1927 ) , `` Appendix C. Aguinaldo 's Proclamation of June 23 , 1898 , Establishing the Revolutionary Government '' , The Development of Philippine Politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 423 -- 429 , retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1927 ) , `` Appendix D . The Political Constitution of the Philippine Republic '' , The Development of Philippine Politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 430 -- 445 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 ( English translation by the author . Original in Spanish ) Kalaw , Maximo M. ( 1927 ) , `` Appendix F : President McKinley 's Instructions to the Taft Commission '' , The development of Philippine politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 452 -- 459 , retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 Karnow , Stanley ( 1990 ) , In Our Image , Century , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7126 - 3732 - 9 Lacsamana , Leodivico Cruz ( 2006 ) , Philippine history and government , Phoenix Publishing House , ISBN 978 - 971 - 06 - 1894 - 1 Miller , Stuart Creighton ( 1984 ) , Benevolent Assimilation : The American Conquest of the Philippines , 1899 -- 1903 ( 4th edition , reprint ed . ) , Yale University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 03081 - 5 Seekins , Donald M. ( 1993 ) , `` The First Phase of United States Rule , 1898 -- 1935 '' , in Dolan , Ronald E. , Philippines : A Country Study ( 4th ed . ) , Washington , D.C. : Federal Research Division , Library of Congress , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 25 Trask , David F. ( 1996 ) , The war with Spain in 1898 , University of Nebraska Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 9429 - 5 Taylor , John R.M. , ed. ( 1907 ) , `` Chapter I. Telegraphic Correspondence of Emilio Aguinaldo , July 15 , 1898 to February 28 , 1899 , Annotated '' ( PDF ) , Compilation of Philippine Insurgent Records , Arms Research Library , originally from War Department , Bureau of Insular Affairs , retrieved 2012 - 06 - 02 External link in publisher = ( help ) Thayer , William Roscoe ( 1919 ) , `` VII . The Rough Rider '' , Theodore Roosevelt ; an intimate biography , Boston : Houghton Mifflin Titherington , Richard Handfield ( 1900 ) , A history of the Spanish -- American War of 1898 , D. Appleton and Company ( republished by ( 1 ) ) Wolff , Leon ( 2006 ) , Little brown brother : how the United States purchased and pacified the Philippine Islands at the century 's turn , History Book Club ( published 2005 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58288 - 209 - 3 ( Introduction , Decolonizing the History of the Philippine -- American War , by Paul A. Kramer dated December 8 , 2005 ) Worcester , Dean Conant ( 1914 ) , `` II . Was independence promised ? '' , The Philippines : Past and Present ( vol. 1 of 2 ) , Macmillan , pp. 39 -- 43 , ISBN 1 - 4191 - 7715 - X , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Worcester , Dean Conant ( 1914 ) , `` III . Insurgent `` Coöperation '' `` , The Philippines : Past and Present ( vol. 1 of 2 ) , Macmillan , pp. 43 -- 74 , ISBN 1 - 4191 - 7715 - X , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Worcester , Dean Conant ( 1914 ) , `` IV . The Premeditated Insurgent Attack '' , The Philippines : Past and Present ( vol. 1 of 2 ) , Macmillan , pp. 75 -- 89 , ISBN 1 - 4191 - 7715 - X , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Worcester , Dean Conant ( 1914 ) , `` IX , The conduct of the war '' , The Philippines : Past and Present ( vol. 1 of 2 ) , Macmillan , pp. 168 -- 184 , ISBN 1 - 4191 - 7715 - X , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Zaide , Sonia M. ( 1994 ) , The Philippines : A Unique Nation , All - Nations Publishing Co. , ISBN 971 - 642 - 071 - 4 Primary sources ( edit ) Aguinaldo , Don Emilio y Famy , `` Chapter I . The Revolution of 1896 '' , True Version of the Philippine Revolution , Authorama : Public Domain Books , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Aguinaldo , Don Emilio y Famy , `` Chapter II . The Treaty of Biak - na - bató '' , True Version of the Philippine Revolution , Authorama : Public Domain Books , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Aguinaldo , Don Emilio y Famy , `` Chapter III . Negotiations '' , True Version of the Philippine Revolution , Authorama : Public Domain Books , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Guevara , Sulpico , ed. ( 2005 ) , The laws of the first Philippine Republic ( the laws of Malolos ) 1898 -- 1899. , Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Library ( published 1972 ) , retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . ( English translation by Sulpicio Guevara ) Further reading ( edit ) Abinales , Patricio N. ; Amoroso , Donna J. ( 2005 ) , State and Society in the Philippines , Philippines : Anvil Publishing , U.S. : Rowman and Littlefield , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 1024 - 7 Agoncillo , Teodoro Andal ( 1974 ) , Introduction to Filipino History , Garotech publishing , ISBN 971 - 8711 - 05 - 8 Alcantra , Teresita A. ( 2002 ) , Arcella , Lydia , ed. , Views on Philippine Revolution , I , Quezon City : University of the Philippines , ISBN 971 - 92410 - 1 - 2 Alcantra , Teresita A. ( 2002 ) , Arcella , Lydia , ed. , Views on Philippine Revolution , II , Quezon City : University of the Philippines , ISBN 971 - 92410 - 1 - 2 Arcilla , José S. ( 1994 ) , An introduction to Philippine history ( Fourth , enlarged ed . ) , Atoneo De Mamila University Press , ISBN 971 - 550 - 261 - X Gates , John M. ( Summer 1985 ) , `` The Official Historian and the Well - Placed Critic : James A. LeRoy 's Assessment of John R.M. Taylor 's `` The Philippine Insurrection against the United States '' `` , The Public Historian , 7 ( 3 ) : 57 -- 67 , doi : 10.2307 / 3377127 , JSTOR 3377127 Richard W. Stewart , ed. ( 2005 ) , `` 16 . Change , and the Road to war , 1902 -- 1917 '' , American Military History , Volume I : The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation , 1775 -- 1917 , Center of Military History , United States Army , ISBN 0 - 16 - 072362 - 0 Zuleta , Francisco M. ; Nebres , Abriel M. ( 2007 ) , Philippine History and Government Through the Years , National Bookstore , ISBN 971 - 08 - 6344 - 4 Philippines . Civil Service Board ( 1906 ) . Annual Report of the Philippine Civil Service Board to the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands , Issue 5 . Contributors United States . Philippine Commission ( 1900 -- 1916 ) , United States . Bureau of Insular Affairs . Bureau of Public Printing . ISBN 9715501680 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . ( hide ) Philippines articles History Timeline Prehistory ( Pre-900 ) Archaic Era ( 900 -- 1521 ) Colonial era ( 1521 -- 1946 ) Spanish period ( 1521 -- 1898 ) American period ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Postcolonial era ( 1946 -- 1986 ) Third Republic ( 1946 -- 65 ) Marcos dictatorship ( 1965 -- 86 ) Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) By topic Archaeology Demographic Discoveries Economic history Inventions Military Geography Bays Biosphere reserves Climate Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Extreme points Island groups islands Lakes Landmarks Mountains National parks Protected areas Ramsar sites Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics Government Executive President Executive Office Cabinet Civil service National Police Legislature Congress Senate Senate President President pro tem House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Supreme Court Judiciary Court of Appeals Law Constitution Philippine legal codes Human rights Intelligence National Bureau of Investigation National Counter-Terrorism Action Group National Intelligence Coordinating Agency Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency Uniformed Armed Forces of the Philippines Philippine Air Force Philippine Army Philippine Navy Philippine Marine Corps Philippine Coast Guard Administrative divisions Elections Foreign relations Political parties Economy Agriculture Business process outsourcing Central Bank Energy Fiscal policy National debt Labor Peso Stock Exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Science and technology Water and Sanitation Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Income inequality Languages Poverty Provinces by HDI Refugees Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Cultural Properties Dance Fashion and clothing Festivals Historical Markers Literature Media Music Mythology Public holidays Psychology Sexuality Sports Traditional games Value system Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Arnis Flag Name Narra Philippine eagle Sampaguita Book Philippines portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898 -- 1946 ) &oldid = 831741758 '' Categories : History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) History of the Philippines by period Former colonies in Asia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Español Bahasa Indonesia Português Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 00 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Philippines%20%281898%25E2%2580%25931946%29

who is the highest ranked american tennis player

List of highest ranked tennis players per country

list of highest ranked tennis players per country

This article lists the professional tennis players who reached the highest ranking among their compatriots during the Open Era . The rankings used are ATP Rankings for men and WTA Rankings for women .

On 11 September 2017 , Garbiñe Muguruza and Rafael Nadal made Spain the first country since the United States 14 years ago to simultaneously top both the ATP and the WTA rankings , with Muguruza making her debut in the No. 1 spot . The most recent previous such pair were Serena Williams and Andre Agassi , 28 April to 11 May , 2003 . Contents 1 Singles 1.1 Men 1.2 Women 2 Doubles 2.1 Men 2.2 Women 3 Footnotes 4 References Singles ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Nation Ranking Player ( s ) Date reached Algeria 114 Lamine Ouahab 21 September 2009 Argentina Guillermo Vilas 30 April 1975 Armenia 38 Sargis Sargsian 12 January 2004 Australia John Newcombe Patrick Rafter Lleyton Hewitt 3 June 1974 26 July 1999 19 November 2001 Austria Thomas Muster 12 February 1996 Bahamas 96 Mark Knowles 24 June 1996 Barbados 106 Darian King 8 May 2017 Belarus 18 Max Mirnyi 18 August 2003 Belgium 7 David Goffin 20 November 2017 Bolivia 35 Mario Martinez 12 September 1983 Bosnia and Herzegovina 23 Damir Džumhur 2 July 2018 Brazil Gustavo Kuerten 4 December 2000 Bulgaria Grigor Dimitrov 20 November 2017 Canada Milos Raonic 21 November 2016 Chile Marcelo Ríos 30 March 1998 China 140 Wu Di 25 April 2016 Chinese Taipei 33 Lu Yen - hsun 1 November 2010 Colombia 28 Santiago Giraldo 29 September 2014 Croatia Goran Ivanišević 4 July 1994 Cyprus 8 Marcos Baghdatis 21 August 2006 Czech Republic Ivan Lendl 28 February 1983 Denmark 41 Kenneth Carlsen 7 June 1993 Dominican Republic 43 Víctor Estrella 13 July 2015 Ecuador Andrés Gómez 11 June 1990 Egypt 34 Ismail El Shafei 8 April 1975 El Salvador 139 Marcelo Arévalo 2 July 2018 Estonia 71 Jürgen Zopp 10 September 2012 Finland 13 Jarkko Nieminen 10 July 2006 France Yannick Noah 7 July 1986 Georgia 9 Alex Metreveli 3 July 1974 Germany Boris Becker 28 January 1991 Greece 15 Stefanos Tsitsipas 13 August 2018 Guatemala 275 Christopher Díaz Figueroa 30 September 2013 Haiti 22 Ronald Agénor 8 May 1989 Hong Kong 778 Wong Hong Kit 30 October 2017 Hungary 12 Balázs Taróczy 5 April 1982 India 16 Vijay Amritraj 7 July 1980 Indonesia 241 Christopher Rungkat April 8 , 2013 Iran 192 Mansour Bahrami 9 May 1988 Ireland 146 James McGee 22 June 2015 Israel 18 Amos Mansdorf 16 November 1987 Italy Adriano Panatta 24 August 1976 Jamaica 64 Dustin Brown 10 October 2016 Japan Kei Nishikori 2 March 2015 Kazakhstan 33 Andrey Golubev 4 October 2010 Latvia 10 Ernests Gulbis 9 June 2014 Lithuania 50 Ričardas Berankis 23 May 2016 Luxembourg 21 Gilles Müller 31 July 2017 Mexico Raúl Ramírez 7 November 1976 Macedonia 510 Tomislav Jotovski 15 June 2015 Moldova 81 Radu Albot 17 April 2017 Monaco 84 Jean - René Lisnard 27 January 2003 Montenegro 236 Goran Tošić 7 June 2010 Morocco 14 Younes El Aynaoui 11 March 2003 Netherlands Tom Okker 2 March 1974 New Zealand 19 Chris Lewis 16 April 1984 Nigeria 52 Nduka Odizor 11 June 1984 Norway 39 Christian Ruud 9 October 1995 Pakistan 44 Haroon Rahim 2 July 1977 Paraguay 9 Víctor Pecci 21 April 1980 Peru 18 Jaime Yzaga 30 October 1989 Philippines 72 Cecil Mamiit 11 October 1999 Poland 10 Wojciech Fibak 25 July 1977 Portugal 28 João Sousa 16 May 2016 Romania Ilie Năstase 23 August 1973 Russia Yevgeny Kafelnikov Marat Safin 3 May 1999 20 November 2000 Senegal 74 Yahiya Doumbia 19 September 1988 Serbia Novak Djokovic 4 July 2011 Slovakia Miloslav Mečíř 22 February 1988 Slovenia 43 Grega Žemlja Aljaž Bedene 15 July 2013 19 February 2018 South Africa 5 Kevin Curren 22 July 1985 South Korea 19 Chung Hyeon 2 April 2018 Spain Carlos Moyà Juan Carlos Ferrero Rafael Nadal 15 March 1999 8 September 2003 18 August 2008 Sweden Björn Borg Mats Wilander Stefan Edberg 23 August 1977 12 September 1988 13 August 1990 Switzerland Roger Federer 2 February 2004 Thailand 9 Paradorn Srichaphan 12 May 2003 Tunisia 47 Malek Jaziri 13 February 2017 Turkey 77 Marsel İlhan 2 March 2015 Ukraine Andriy Medvedev 16 May 1994 United Kingdom Andy Murray 7 November 2016 United States Jimmy Connors John McEnroe Jim Courier Pete Sampras Andre Agassi Andy Roddick 29 July 1974 3 March 1980 10 February 1992 12 April 1993 10 April 1995 3 November 2003 Uruguay 19 Pablo Cuevas 15 August 2016 Uzbekistan 33 Denis Istomin 13 August 2012 Venezuela 74 Nicolás Pereira 22 July 1996 Vietnam 462 Lý Hoàng Nam 25 September 2017 Zimbabwe 22 Byron Black 29 April 1996 Women ( edit ) Nation Ranking Player ( s ) Date reached Albania 1061 Daniela Islamaj 21 June 2010 Algeria 381 Feriel Esseghir 8 April 2002 Angola 373 Helga Vieira 16 July 2001 Argentina Gabriela Sabatini 27 February 1989 Armenia 422 Ani Amiraghyan 12 August 2003 Australia Evonne Goolagong Cawley 26 April 1976 Austria 7 Barbara Schett 13 September 1999 Azerbaijan 1141 Kamilla Farhad 7 November 2011 Bahamas 953 Simone Pratt 29 October 2012 Belarus Victoria Azarenka 30 January 2012 Belgium Kim Clijsters Justine Henin 11 August 2003 20 October 2003 Bolivia 187 María Fernanda Álvarez Terán 28 September 2009 Bosnia and Herzegovina 99 Mervana Jugić - Salkić 21 June 2004 Brazil 43 Teliana Pereira 19 October 2015 Bulgaria Magdalena Maleeva 29 January 1996 Cambodia 585 Andrea Ka 21 May 2017 Canada 5 Eugenie Bouchard 20 October 2015 Chile 162 Daniela Seguel 28 July 2018 China Li Na 17 February 2014 Chinese Taipei 23 Hsieh Su - wei 25 February 2013 Colombia 16 Fabiola Zuluaga 17 January 2005 Croatia Iva Majoli 5 February 1996 Cuba 722 Yanet Núñez Mojarena 14 October 2002 Czech Republic Karolína Plíšková 17 July 2017 Denmark Caroline Wozniacki 11 October 2010 Dominican Republic 424 Francesca Segarelli 15 June 2015 Ecuador 669 Doménica González 5 November 2012 Egypt 379 Sandra Samir 27 June 2016 El Salvador 805 Liz Cruz 26 April 2004 Estonia 15 Kaia Kanepi 20 August 2012 Finland 50 Emma Laine 7 August 2006 France Amelie Mauresmo 13 September 2004 Georgia 12 Leila Meskhi 5 August 1991 Germany Steffi Graf Angelique Kerber 17 August 1984 12 September 2016 Greece 14 Eleni Daniilidou 12 May 2003 Guatemala 808 Melissa Morales 20 August 2007 Haiti 397 Neyssa Etienne 14 June 2004 Hong Kong 184 Zhang Ling 12 September 2011 Hungary 7 Andrea Temesvári 23 January 1984 India 27 Sania Mirza 27 August 2007 Indonesia 19 Yayuk Basuki 6 October 1997 Ireland 181 Kelly Liggan 15 September 2003 Israel 11 Shahar Pe'er 31 January 2011 Italy Francesca Schiavone 31 January 2011 Jamaica 724 Alanna Broderick 1 November 2004 Japan Kimiko Date - Krumm Naomi Osaka 13 November 1995 8 October 2018 Kazakhstan 25 Yaroslava Shvedova 29 October 2012 Kyrgyzstan 163 Ksenia Palkina Ulukan 16 March 2009 Latvia 5 Jeļena Ostapenko 19 March 2018 Liechtenstein 137 Stephanie Vogt 24 February 2014 Lithuania 197 Lina Stančiūtė 28 September 2009 Luxembourg 18 Anne Kremer 29 July 2002 Macedonia 180 Lina Gjorcheska 15 May 2017 Madagascar 44 Dally Randriantefy 11 April 2005 Malaysia 329 Khoo Chin - bee 15 September 2003 Malta 1034 Kimberley Cassar 8 November 2010 Mauritius 233 Marinne Giraud 9 February 2009 Mexico 34 Angélica Gavaldón 1 January 1996 Moldova 406 Alexandra Perper 25 June 2018 Montenegro 46 Danka Kovinić 22 February 2016 Morocco 139 Bahia Mouhtassine 24 June 2002 Namibia 879 Lesedi Sheya Jacobs 23 May 2016 Netherlands 5 Betty Stöve 3 July 1977 New Zealand 17 Belinda Cordwell 4 December 1989 Nigeria 1010 Melissa Ifidzhen 26 June 2016 Norway 209 Ulrikke Eikeri 6 October 2014 Oman 362 Fatma Al Nabhani 4 October 2010 Pakistan 943 Ushna Suhail 12 December 2016 Papua New Guinea 276 Abigail Tere - Apisah 6 August 2018 Paraguay 51 Rossana de los Ríos 12 November 2001 Peru 14 Laura Arraya 4 March 1990 Philippines 386 Francesca La'o 7 November 1994 Poland Agnieszka Radwańska 9 July 2012 Portugal 76 Michelle Larcher de Brito 6 July 2009 Puerto Rico 27 Kristina Brandi Monica Puig 4 December 2000 26 September 2016 Romania Simona Halep 9 October 2017 Russia Maria Sharapova Dinara Safina 22 August 2005 20 April 2009 Samoa 662 Steffi Carruthers 13 October 2014 San Marino 448 Francesca Guardigli 4 August 1997 Serbia Ana Ivanovic Jelena Janković 9 June 2008 11 August 2008 Singapore 438 Stefanie Tan 15 May 2017 Slovakia Dominika Cibulková 20 March 2017 Slovenia 6 Mima Jausovec 22 March 1982 South Africa Amanda Coetzer 3 November 1997 South Korea 45 Cho Yoon - jeong 14 July 2003 Spain Arantxa Sánchez Vicario Garbiñe Muguruza 6 February 1995 11 September 2017 Sri Lanka 268 Lihini Weerasuriya 15 February 1993 Sweden 10 Catarina Lindqvist 15 April 1985 Switzerland Martina Hingis 31 March 1997 Thailand 19 Tamarine Tanasugarn 13 May 2002 Trinidad and Tobago 905 Yolande Leacock 18 April 2011 Tunisia 75 Selima Sfar 16 July 2001 Turkey 60 Çağla Büyükakçay 12 September 2016 Turkmenistan 536 Anastasiya Prenko 3 May 2010 Ukraine Elina Svitolina 11 September 2017 Uruguay 222 Daniela Olivera 16 April 2001 United Kingdom Virginia Wade 3 November 1975 United States Chris Evert Martina Navratilova Tracy Austin Monica Seles Lindsay Davenport Jennifer Capriati Venus Williams Serena Williams 3 November 1975 10 July 1978 7 April 1980 11 March 1991 12 October 1998 15 October 2001 25 February 2002 8 July 2002 Uzbekistan 16 Iroda Tulyaganova 17 June 2002 Venezuela 26 María Vento - Kabchi 19 July 2004 Vietnam 876 Huỳnh Phương Đài Trang 12 April 2010 Zimbabwe 31 Cara Black 15 March 1999 Doubles ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Nation Ranking Player ( s ) Date reached Australia Paul McNamee John Fitzgerald Todd Woodbridge Mark Woodforde 25 May 1981 8 July 1991 6 July 1992 16 November 1992 Bahamas Mark Knowles 24 June 2002 Belarus Max Mirnyi 9 June 2003 Belgium 10 Dick Norman 26 April 2010 Brazil Marcelo Melo 2 November 2015 Canada Grant Connell Daniel Nestor 15 November 1993 3 November 2002 Croatia Mate Pavić 21 May 2018 Czech Republic Tomáš Šmíd 17 December 1984 Ecuador Andrés Gómez 15 September 1986 Finland Henri Kontinen 3 April 2017 France Yannick Noah Nicolas Mahut 25 August 1986 6 June 2016 India Mahesh Bhupathi Leander Paes 26 April 1999 21 June 1999 Indonesia 98 Christopher Rungkat 21 May 2018 Mexico Raúl Ramírez 12 April 1976 Netherlands Tom Okker Paul Haarhuis Jacco Eltingh 5 February 1979 31 January 1994 16 January 1995 Romania Horia Tecău 23 November 2015 Serbia Slobodan Živojinović Nenad Zimonjić 8 September 1986 17 November 2008 South Africa Bob Hewitt Frew McMillan Danie Visser Pieter Aldrich 1 March 1976 25 April 1977 29 January 1990 23 July 1990 Spain Emilio Sánchez 3 April 1989 Sweden Anders Järryd Stefan Edberg Jonas Björkman 12 August 1985 9 June 1986 9 July 2001 Switzerland 8 Marc Rosset 2 November 1992 United Kingdom Jamie Murray 4 April 2016 United States John McEnroe Stan Smith Peter Fleming Robert Seguso Ken Flach Jim Grabb Jim Pugh Rick Leach David Pate Kelly Jones Richey Reneberg Patrick Galbraith Jonathan Stark Jared Palmer Alex O'Brien Donald Johnson Bob Bryan Mike Bryan 27 April 1981 2 March 1981 1 February 1982 9 September 1985 14 October 1985 12 June 1989 19 June 1989 26 March 1990 14 January 1991 12 October 1992 1 February 1993 18 October 1993 1 August 1994 20 March 2000 8 May 2000 28 January 2002 8 September 2003 8 September 2003 Zimbabwe Byron Black 14 February 1994 Women ( edit ) Nation Ranking Player ( s ) Date reached Argentina Paola Suárez Gisela Dulko 9 September 2002 1 November 2010 Australia Rennae Stubbs Samantha Stosur 21 August 2000 6 February 2006 Belarus Natasha Zvereva 7 October 1991 Canada 6 Jill Hetherington 27 March 1989 Belgium Kim Clijsters 4 August 2003 China Peng Shuai 17 February 2014 Chinese Taipei Hsieh Su - wei Latisha Chan 12 May 2014 23 October 2017 Croatia 19 Mirjana Lučić - Baroni 26 October 1998 Czech Republic Helena Suková Jana Novotná Květa Peschke Lucie Šafářová 5 February 1990 27 August 1990 4 July 2011 21 August 2017 France Julie Halard - Decugis 11 September 2000 Hungary Tímea Babos 20 August 2018 India Sania Mirza 13 April 2015 Indonesia 9 Yayuk Basuki 6 July 1998 Italy Flavia Pennetta Sara Errani Roberta Vinci 28 February 2011 10 September 2012 15 October 2012 Japan Ai Sugiyama 23 October 2000 Kazakhstan Yaroslava Shvedova 23 February 2016 Latvia Larisa Neiland 27 January 1992 Macedonia 137 Lina Gjorcheska 31 October 2016 Montenegro 67 Danka Kovinić 20 June 2016 Peru 27 Laura Arraya 28 March 1988 Poland 16 Agnieszka Radwańska 10 October 2011 Romania 11 Monica Niculescu 2 April 2018 Russia Anna Kournikova Ekaterina Makarova Elena Vesnina 22 November 1999 11 June 2018 11 June 2018 Serbia 19 Jelena Janković 9 June 2014 Slovakia Janette Husárová 21 April 2003 Slovenia Katarina Srebotnik 4 July 2011 South Africa Liezel Huber 4 July 2005 Spain Arantxa Sánchez Vicario Virginia Ruano Pascual 19 October 1992 8 September 2003 Sweden 27 Johanna Larsson 24 October 2016 Switzerland Martina Hingis 8 June 1998 Thailand 15 Tamarine Tanasugarn 13 September 2004 Turkey 53 İpek Şenoğlu 19 October 2009 Ukraine 9 Elena Tatarkova Kateryna Bondarenko 5 July 1999 20 October 2008 United States Martina Navratilova Pam Shriver Gigi Fernández Lindsay Davenport Corina Morariu Lisa Raymond Liezel Huber Serena Williams Venus Williams Bethanie Mattek - Sands 4 September 1984 18 March 1985 4 March 1991 20 October 1997 3 April 2000 12 June 2000 12 November 2007 7 June 2010 7 June 2010 9 January 2017 Zimbabwe Cara Black 17 October 2005 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Matt Doyle ranked world number 56 in 1983 . He represented Ireland in the Davis Cup from 1981 but did not acquire Irish nationality until 1985 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Garbine Muguruza joins Rafael Nadal as World No 1 '' . The Indian Express . 2017 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 26 . Tennis records and statistics Grand Slam Records Champions Men 's singles Chronological Women 's singles Chronological Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Champions by country Singles Singles finals Open Era singles Men 's finals Women 's finals Age of first title Men 's Singles Open Era All - time Misc . ATP Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Singles Doubles Awards No. 1 rankings ATP singles ATP doubles All - time Select players Singles Doubles Open Era Match wins Masters Series Women 's Singles Open Era All - time WTA Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Awards No. 1 rankings WTA singles and doubles All - time Select players Other Notable rivalries Open Era Titles leaders Records Ranking per country Tournaments Singles Doubles Olympics ITF Rankings Champions Match duration Longest Shortest Tiebreaker Golden set Serving Speed Aces Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_highest_ranked_tennis_players_per_country&oldid=864123275 '' Categories : Lists of tennis players Tennis rankings Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 07 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20highest%20ranked%20tennis%20players%20per%20country

bob dylan knock knock knocking on heaven's door

Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door

knockin'on heaven's door

`` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' is a song written and sung by Bob Dylan , for the soundtrack of the 1973 film Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid . Released as a single , it reached No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart . Described by Dylan biographer Clinton Heylin as `` an exercise in splendid simplicity '' , the song , in terms of the number of other artists who have covered it , is one of Dylan 's most popular post-1960s compositions .

Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time . Contents 1 Chart history 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Cover versions 2.1 Eric Clapton version 2.2 Guns N ' Roses versions 2.2. 1 Charts 2.2. 2 Certifications 2.3 Dunblane tribute 2.4 Other cover versions 3 Sampled version 4 Soundtrack inclusions 5 In popular culture 6 References Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 - 74 ) Peak position Australia KMR 10 Canada RPM Top Singles 10 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) 9 Netherlands 51 UK ( OCC ) 14 US Billboard Hot 100 12 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 5 US Cash Box Top 100 10 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Rank Australia 92 Canada 93 US ( Joel Whitburn 's Pop Annual ) 104 Cover versions ( edit ) Eric Clapton version ( edit ) In January 1975 Eric Clapton played on Jamaican singer Arthur Louis ' recording of `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' arranged in a reggae style . Subsequently , Clapton recorded his own reggae - style version of the song which was released in August 1975 , two weeks after Louis 's version was released as a single in July 1975 . Clapton 's single peaked at No. 38 in the UK Singles Chart . The single was less successful in the US , only reaching No. 109 in Cash Box . Clapton 's 1996 boxed set Crossroads 2 : Live in the Seventies features a performance recorded in London in April 1977 . The song was also performed during the Journeyman and One More Car , One More Rider world tours in 1990 and 2003 . Additionally , the song has been included on several Clapton compilation albums , such as Time Pieces : The Best of Eric Clapton , Backtrackin ' , The Cream of Clapton and Complete Clapton . Guns N ' Roses versions ( edit ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' Song by Guns N ' Roses from the album Days of Thunder ( soundtrack ) Released June 26 , 1990 Genre Hard rock , blues rock Length 5 : 36 Label Geffen Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Mike Clink Guns N ' Roses `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' 1992 UK picture sleeve Single by Guns N ' Roses from the album Use Your Illusion II Released Genre Hard rock , blues rock Length 5 : 30 Label Geffen Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Mike Clink Guns N ' Roses Guns N ' Roses singles chronology `` Live and Let Die '' ( 1991 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1992 ) `` November Rain '' ( 1992 ) In 1987 , Guns N ' Roses started including the song in their live sets . A live version of the song was released on the maxi - single of `` Welcome to the Jungle '' the same year . They recorded a studio version in 1990 for the soundtrack of the film Days of Thunder which reached No. 18 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart in 1990 . This version was later slightly modified for the 1991 album Use Your Illusion II ( basically discarding the responses in the second verse ) . Released as the fourth single from the album , it reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart and the New Zealand Singles Chart . Elsewhere , the single topped the charts of Belgium and the Netherlands . In Ireland , where the song also reached No. 1 , it became Guns N ' Roses ' third ( and to date last ) number - one single as well as their ninth consecutive top - five hit . Their performance of the song at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in 1992 was used as the B - side for the single release and was also included on their Live Era : ' 87 -- ' 93 album , released in 1999 . The music video for this version of the song was directed by Andy Morahan . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 12 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 18 Year - end charts Chart ( 1992 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 35 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 20 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Australia ( ARIA ) Gold Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum Dunblane tribute ( edit ) In 1996 and with the consent of Dylan , Scottish musician Ted Christopher wrote a new verse for `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' in memory of the schoolchildren and teacher killed in the Dunblane school massacre . This has been , according to some sources , one of the few times Dylan has officially authorized anybody to add or change the lyrics to one of his songs . This version of the song , including children from the village singing the chorus with guitarist and producer of Dylan 's album Infidels ( 1983 ) , Mark Knopfler , was released on December 9 in the UK and reached No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart and Scottish Singles Chart . The proceeds went to charities for children . The song was featured on the compilation album Hits 97 , where all royalties from the song were given to three separate charities . Other cover versions ( edit ) Two different live versions by Fairport Convention recorded in February 1974 at the Troubadour in Los Angeles were released . One on the Sandy Denny box set Who Knows Where the Time Goes in 1985 , and the other on her anthology A Boxful of Treasures in 2004 . A live version by Cold Chisel appears on their 1981 live album Swingshift . A live version by Television appears on their 1982 album The Blow - Up . Danny & Dusty released a version of the song on their 1985 album The Lost Weekend . Heaven released a version of the song on the group 's 1985 album , Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door . Randy Crawford released a version of this song on her album Rich and Poor in 1989 , featuring Eric Clapton and David Sanborn . Vlado Kreslin released his live version on his album Pikapolonica in 1996 . It was performed by Beltinška banda . S Vremena Na Vreme released a cover on their live album Unplugged in 1997 . The Brazilian singer Zé Ramalho released a Portuguese version of Dylan 's song called `` Batendo na Porta do Céu '' in his 1997 album Antologia Acústica ( Acoustic Anthology ) . Warren Zevon released a version of the song on his 2003 album The Wind , shortly before his death from cancer in September of that year . Avril Lavigne released a cover version on the bonus CD of her My World video release in 2003 , as one of the B - Sides from her single `` Nobody 's Home '' , it was also used in the Olympic soundtrack of Unity : The Official Athens 2004 Olympic Games Album and afterwards as a Japanese bonus track for her 2011 album Goodbye Lullaby . Larry Norman released his cover on his 2004 album Sessions . With the exception of the chorus line , the song has completely original lyrics . Roger Waters released a cover version on his album Flickering Flame : The Solo Years Volume 1 . Wyclef Jean recorded a version of the song , which was used in the 2004 documentary Ghosts of Cité Soleil . Babyface released a version on his 2007 album Playlist . A version by Antony and the Johnsons was included on the Bob Dylan cover album I 'm Not There , which served as the soundtrack for the film of the same name . Both Jerry Garcia Band and the Grateful Dead often covered the song in their live sets , one recorded example being the Jerry Garcia Band live album Do n't Let Go Meir Ariel , an Israeli singer , covered the song with a Hebrew version in a 1998 concert later released as an album , Doors Are Opened By Themselves . The chorus is sung in both Hebrew and English . Bryan Ferry recorded a version of the song on his album Dylanesque . Ján Boleslav Kladivo released a Slovak version on his 1995 debut album Nahá Sampled version ( edit ) Gabrielle 's single `` Rise '' ( 2000 ) sampled from this song . Soundtrack inclusions ( edit ) Film / TV show Year Performer Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid 1973 Bob Dylan Renaldo & Clara 1978 Bob Dylan & Roger McGuinn Lethal Weapon 2 1989 Randy Crawford , Eric Clapton & David Sanborn Days of Thunder 1990 Guns N ' Roses Shake Rattle & Roll 2 ( segment `` Aswang '' ) 1990 Guns N ' Roses Rush 1991 Bob Dylan Total Balalaika Show Leningrad Cowboys and Alexandrov Ensemble Lawn Dogs 1997 Bob Dylan The Dybbuk of the Holy Apple Field 1997 Roger Waters Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door 1997 Selig Treasure Planet 2002 Bob Dylan Windstruck Youme Be Cool 2005 Bob Dylan Las Vegas ( episode 45 , `` Letters , Lawyers and Loose Women '' ) 2005 Bob Dylan Six Feet Under ( episode 61 , `` All Alone '' ) 2005 Bob Dylan ER ( episode 260 , `` Darfur '' ) 2006 Scoob Serious Salvador ( Puig Antich ) 2006 Bob Dylan I 'm Not There 2007 Antony & the Johnsons Supernatural ( episode 35 , `` Houses of the Holy '' ) 2007 Bob Dylan Cold Case ( episode 84 , `` Blood on the Tracks '' ) 2007 Bob Dylan Big Love ( episode 2 - 08 , `` Kingdom Come '' ) 2007 Bob Dylan My Name is Earl 2008 Bob Dylan Come Dio Comanda 2008 Antony & the Johnsons Heaven 's Door 2009 Angela Aki Supernatural ( episode 98 , `` Dark Side of the Moon '' ) Bob Dylan Lifted 2011 Uriah Shelton Blue Bloods ( Season 4 , Episode 7 , `` Drawing Dead '' ) 2013 Rick Devin The 100 2015 RAIGN Sense8 ( episode 9 , `` Death Does n't Let You Say Goodbye '' ) 2015 Antony & the Johnsons Containment , episode 5 , `` Like a Sheep Among Wolves '' 2016 RAIGN Misty 2018 KLANG In popular culture ( edit ) Nick Talevski used the title for his book , Knocking On Heaven 's Door : Rock Obituaries . A version of this song was performed by Raign for the TV show `` The 100 '' An alternate name for the 24th episode of Neon Genesis Evangelion is `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . The title is used as the name of Rohan Kishibe 's Stand , `` Heaven 's Door '' , in the fourth part of the manga `` Jojo 's Bizarre Adventure '' , Diamond is Unbreakable . The title was used for the 12th episode of Angel Beats ! and Bob Dylan along with the song was mentioned in the episode by T.K. and Hinata Covered by The Jenerators , the song was used during a tribute to the death of cast member Miguel Ferrer of NCIS : Los Angeles at the end of the Season 8 Episode 16 `` New Tricks '' , broadcast on March 5 , 2017 . Ferrer was a member of The Jenerators . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heylin , Clinton ( 2009 ) . Revolution in the Air : The Songs of Bob Dylan , 1957 - 1973 . Chicago Review Press . p. 434 . Jump up ^ Western Writers of America ( 2010 ) . `` The Top 100 Western Songs '' . American Cowboy . Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1973 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 77 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , November 10 , 1973 Jump up ^ `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1999 ) . Pop Annual . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 142 - X . Jump up ^ Schumacher , Michael . Crossroads : The Life and Music of Eric Clapton . Hyperion Press . p. 373 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Clapton discography '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Gun N ' Roses discography '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Alex S. `` mvdbase.com - Guns ' n ' Roses - `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's door ( live ) '' `` . Music Video DataBase . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo . Sisältää hitin : levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Otava Publishing Company Ltd , 2003 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 21053 - X Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 27 , 1992 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . VG - lista . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Singles 1992 '' . ARIA . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JAHRESHITPARADE 1992 '' ( in German ) . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1992 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JAAROVERZICHTEN - Single 1992 '' ( in Dutch ) . MegaCharts . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1992 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SWISS YEAR - END CHARTS 1992 '' ( in German ) . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dunblane Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . bannockburnband.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Dunblane against Guns '' . 1997 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 15 December 1996 - 21 December 1996 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 15 December 1996 - 21 December 1996 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door CD '' . BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Fairport Convention : Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . Mainly Norfolk : English Folk and Other Good Music . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Adrian Zupp . `` Swingshift - Cold Chisel '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Heaven '' . Australian Music History . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Janjatović , Petar ( 2007 ) . Ex YU rock enciklopedija 1960 - 2006 . Belgrade : self - released . p. 218 . Jump up ^ `` DONATIONS - The Solid Rock Shop '' . Solid Rock . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Bloods Music - S4E7 : `` Drawing Dead '' `` . TuneFind . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 미스티 Special OST ( Misty Special OST ) '' . Melon . kakao M Corporation . Jump up ^ Televski , Nick , Knocking On Heaven 's Door : Rock Obituaries , Omnibus Press , London 2006 Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/news/ncis-la-recap-granger-miguel-ferrer/ Bob Dylan singles discography 1962 `` Mixed - Up Confusion '' / `` Corrina , Corrina '' 1963 `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' / `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' 1965 `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' / `` Honey , Just Allow Me One More Chance '' `` Maggie 's Farm '' / `` On the Road Again '' `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' / `` She Belongs to Me '' `` Like a Rolling Stone '' / `` Gates of Eden `` Positively 4th Street '' / `` From a Buick 6 '' `` Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window ? '' / `` Highway 61 Revisited '' 1966 `` One of Us Must Know ( Sooner or Later ) '' / `` Queen Jane Approximately '' `` Rainy Day Women ♯ 12 & 35 '' / `` Pledging My Time '' `` I Want You '' / `` Just Like Tom Thumb 's Blues '' ( live with The Hawks ) `` Just Like a Woman '' / `` Obviously 5 Believers '' 1967 `` Leopard - Skin Pill - Box Hat '' / `` Most Likely You Go Your Way And I 'll Go Mine '' `` If You Gotta Go , Go Now '' / `` To Ramona '' ( only in Europe ) 1968 `` Drifter 's Escape '' / `` John Wesley Harding '' `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' 1969 `` I Threw It All Away '' / `` Drifter 's Escape '' `` Lay Lady Lay '' / `` Peggy Day '' `` Tonight I 'll Be Staying Here with You '' / `` Country Pie '' 1970 `` If Not for You '' / `` New Morning '' `` Wigwam '' / `` Copper Kettle '' 1971 `` Watching the River Flow '' / `` Spanish is the Loving Tongue '' `` George Jackson '' ( band version ) / `` George Jackson '' ( acoustic version ) 1973 `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' / `` Turkey Chase '' ( instrumental from Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid ) `` A Fool Such as I '' / `` Lily of the West '' `` On a Night Like This '' / `` You Angel You '' `` Something There Is About You '' / `` Tough Mama '' `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( live with The Band ) `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` It Ai n't Me Babe '' `` Tangled Up in Blue '' / `` If You See Her , Say Hello '' `` Million Dollar Bash '' / `` Tears of Rage '' `` Hurricane '' ( Part 1 ) / `` Hurricane '' ( Part 2 ) 1976 `` Mozambique '' / `` Oh Sister '' `` Stuck Inside of Mobile With the Memphis Blues Again '' ( live ) / `` Rita May '' 1978 `` Baby , Stop Crying '' / `` We Better Talk This Over '' `` Changing of the Guards '' / `` Señor ( Tales of Yankee Power ) '' `` Is Your Love In Vain ? '' / `` We Better Talk This Over '' 1979 `` Maggie 's Farm ( live ) / `` All Along the Watchtower '' `` Forever Young '' ( live ) / `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` I Want You '' `` Man Gave Names to All the Animals '' / `` When You Gonna Wake Up ? '' `` Gotta Serve Somebody '' / `` Trouble in Mind '' `` Precious Angel '' / `` Trouble in Mind '' 1980 `` Slow Train '' / `` Do Right to Me Baby '' `` Solid Rock '' / `` Covenant Woman '' `` Saved '' / `` Are You Ready ? '' 1981 `` Heart of Mine '' / `` Let It Be Me '' `` Dead Man , Dead Man '' / `` Lenny Bruce '' `` Union Sundown '' / `` Angel Flying too Close to the Ground '' `` I and I '' / `` Angel Flying too Close to the Ground '' `` Sweetheart Like You '' / `` Union Sundown '' 1984 `` Jokerman '' / `` Isis '' 1985 `` Tight Connection to My Heart ( Has Anybody Seen My Love ) '' / `` We Better Talk this Over '' `` When the Night Comes Falling from the Sky '' / `` Emotionally Yours '' 1986 `` Band of the Hand '' / `` Joe 's Death '' ( Michael Rubini ) `` Got My Mind Made Up '' / `` The Usual '' `` Silvio '' / `` Driftin ' too Far from the Shore '' 1989 `` Everything Is Broken '' / `` Death is Not the End '' `` Slow Train '' ( live with The Grateful Dead ) 1990 `` Political World '' / `` Ring Them Bells '' ( only in the UK and Australia ) `` Most of the Time '' / `` Most of the Time ( edit piece ) `` Unbelievable '' / `` 10,000 Men '' 1991 `` Series of Dreams '' / `` Seven Curses '' `` Blind Willie McTell '' / `` It Takes a Lot to Laugh , It Takes a Train to Cry '' ( from The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 - 3 ) `` Step it Up and Go '' -- ( no b - side ) `` My Back Pages '' ( with Roger McGuinn , Tom Petty , Neil Young , Eric Clapton , George Harrison ) -- ( no b - side ) 1995 `` Dignity '' ( live on MTV Unplugged ) / `` A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' ( live version ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' / `` John Brown '' ( both live on MTV Unplugged ) 1998 `` Not Dark Yet '' / `` Tombstone Blues '' ( live ) / `` Ballad of a Thin Man '' ( live ) / `` Boots of Spanish Leather '' ( live ) `` Love Sick '' / `` Tombstone Blues '' ( live ) 2000 `` Things Have Changed '' / `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( live ) / `` Hurricane '' / `` Song to Woody '' ( live ) 2006 `` Someday Baby '' / `` Someday Baby '' ( edit piece ) `` Rollin ' and Tumblin ' '' / `` Not Dark Yet '' / `` High Water ( for Charley Patton ) '' 2007 `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( Mark Ronson remix version ) / `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( album version ) 2008 `` Dreamin ' of You '' ( edit piece ) / `` Dreamin ' of You '' ( album version ) 2009 `` Beyond Here Lies Nothin ' '' / `` Down Along the Cove '' ( live ) `` I Feel a Change Comin ' On '' / `` I Feel a Change Comin ' On '' ( edit piece ) `` Must Be Santa '' / `` ' Twas the Night Before Christmas '' `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' ( demo version ) / `` Like a Rolling Stone '' 2012 `` Duquesne Whistle '' 2013 `` Wigwam '' ( demo version ) / `` Thirsty Boots '' Guns N ' Roses Axl Rose Duff McKagan Slash Dizzy Reed Richard Fortus Frank Ferrer Melissa Reese Tracii Guns Izzy Stradlin Ole Beich Rob Gardner Steven Adler Matt Sorum Gilby Clarke Paul Tobias Robin Finck Josh Freese Tommy Stinson Chris Pitman Buckethead Bryan `` Brain '' Mantia Ron `` Bumblefoot '' Thal DJ Ashba Studio albums Appetite for Destruction G N ' R Lies Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' Chinese Democracy Live albums Live Era ' 87 -- ' 93 Appetite for Democracy 3D Extended plays Live ? ! * @ Like a Suicide Guns N ' Roses The `` Civil War '' EP Compilation albums Use Your Illusion Greatest Hits Appetite for Destruction : Locked N ' Loaded edition Singles `` It 's So Easy '' `` Welcome to the Jungle '' `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' `` Paradise City '' `` Patience '' `` Nightrain '' `` You Could Be Mine '' `` Do n't Cry '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' `` November Rain '' `` Yesterdays '' `` Civil War '' `` Ai n't It Fun '' `` Estranged '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Sympathy for the Devil '' `` Chinese Democracy '' `` Shadow of Your Love '' Promo singles `` Mr. Brownstone '' `` My Michelle '' `` 14 Years '' `` Pretty Tied Up '' `` So Fine '' `` Dead Horse '' `` Garden of Eden '' `` Hair of the Dog '' `` New Rose '' `` Oh My God '' `` Better '' `` Street of Dreams '' `` Welcome to the Jungle ( 1986 Sound City Session ) '' `` Move to The City ( 1988 Acoustic Version ) '' `` November Rain ( Piano Version / 1986 Sound City Session ) '' Other songs `` Think About You '' `` Rocket Queen '' `` Used to Love Her '' `` One in a Million '' `` Coma '' `` Get in the Ring '' `` The Garden '' `` Shackler 's Revenge '' `` Madagascar '' `` Prostitute '' Videos and DVDs Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II Garden of Eden : Strictly Limited Edition Welcome to the Videos Appetite for Democracy 3D Tours The Early Days of Guns N ' Roses Appetite for Destruction Tour Use Your Illusion Tour Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour Chinese Democracy Tour Up Close and Personal Tour Appetite for Democracy Not in This Lifetime ... Tour Related Articles Discography Members Songs Awards and nominations Del James West Arkeen Guns N ' Roses Pinball Riverport Riot Watch You Bleed : The Saga of Guns N ' Roses The Roots of Guns N ' Roses Uzi Suicide Bands Slash 's Snakepit The Dead Daisies Hollywood Rose Kings of Chaos L.A. Guns Neurotic Outsiders Road Crew Velvet Revolver Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knockin%27_on_Heaven%27s_Door&oldid=857013546 '' Categories : 1973 singles 1973 songs 1970s ballads 1992 singles The Alarm songs Bob Dylan songs Columbia Records singles Geffen Records singles Eric Clapton songs European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Scotland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Grateful Dead songs Guns N ' Roses songs Music videos directed by Andy Morahan Rock ballads Roger Waters songs Songs about death Songs written for films Songs written by Bob Dylan Warren Zevon songs Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 00 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockin%2527%20on%20Heaven%2527s%20Door

michael jackson video where he turns into a panther

Controversy was generated concerning the last four minutes of the original music video . Jackson walks out of the studio as a black panther and then morphs into himself . Then he walks outside to perform some of his most physically complicated dance techniques , in a similar way to `` Billie Jean '' . The scene is also very similar to that of a commercial Jackson appeared in for L.A. Gear in 1989 . This part contained sexually suggestive scenes when Jackson starts to grab his crotch , and then zips his pants up . In the original version , Jackson is seen smashing windows , destroying a car and causing an inn ( called the `` Royal Arms '' ) to explode . Jackson later apologized saying that the violent and suggestive behavior was an interpretation of the animal instinct of a black panther , and MTV and other music video networks removed the last four minutes from subsequent broadcasts . To make the vandalism and violence more understandable to viewers , an altered version was produced , with racial messages added via CGI graffiti to the windows Jackson breaks . The version included in the box set Michael Jackson 's Vision is the aired , televised version without the graffiti , and does not include the `` prejudice is ignorance '' title card .

Black or White

black or white

`` Black or White '' is a single by American singer and songwriter Michael Jackson . The song was released by Epic Records on November 11 , 1991 as the first single from Jackson 's eighth studio album , Dangerous . It was written , composed and produced by Michael Jackson and Bill Bottrell .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Reception 4 Remixes 5 Music video 6 Controversy and censorship 7 Track listings 8 Covers and cultural impact 9 Charts and certifications 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 9.3 Decade - end charts 9.4 Certifications 10 Personnel 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) `` Black or White '' was written , composed and produced by Michael Jackson and Bill Bottrell , and was picked as the first single from the album Dangerous . An alternate version was first heard by Sony executives on a plane trip to Neverland , as the third track of the promotional CD acetate . It began to be promoted on radio stations the first week of November 1991 in New York and Los Angeles . `` Black or White '' was officially released one week later , on November 5 , 1991 . Composition ( edit ) The song has elements of dance , rap and hard rock music such as Bill Bottrell 's guitars and Jackson 's vocal style . This song is played in the key of E major , with Jackson 's vocal spanning from E3 to B4 , and its tempo is measured at 115 BPM . The song 's main riff is often incorrectly attributed to Guns N ' Roses guitarist Slash . His guitar playing is actually heard in the skit that precedes the album version of the song . Slash also played the main riff in live performances of this song . The vocal melody of the verses has been compared to that of the Duran Duran song ' Hungry Like The Wolf ' . Reception ( edit ) To prepare the audience for the special occasion of the televised premiere of the `` Black or White '' video , Epic records released the song ( without the accompanying images ) to radio stations just two days in advance . In a period of twenty - four hours , `` Black or White '' , described by the record company as `` a rock ' n ' roll dance song about racial harmony '' , had been added to the playlists of 96 percent of 237 of the United States of America 's top forty radio stations the first day of release . `` Black or White '' entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 35 . A week later it shot up to number three and in its third week , December 7 , 1991 , it ascended to number one , making it the fastest chart topper since The Beatles ' `` Get Back '' , which also won the Hot 100 in just three weeks in 1969 . It closed the year at number one , and remained at the top of the singles chart into 1992 for a total of seven weeks , making Michael Jackson the first artist to have number one popular hits in the 1970s , 1980s and 1990s . In the UK , the single became the first single by an American to go into the singles chart at number one since 1960 , when `` It 's Now or Never '' by Elvis Presley did in the same manner . Around the world , `` Black or White '' hit number one in 20 countries , including the US , the UK , Canada , Mexico , Cuba , Turkey , Zimbabwe , Australia , New Zealand , Belgium , Denmark , Finland , France , Ireland , Israel , Italy , Norway , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland and the Eurochart Hot 100 , number two in Germany and Austria and number three in the Netherlands . The single was certified platinum in the US , selling over one million copies and became the second best selling single of the year . Reviews of the song were generally favorable . David Browne praised : `` He still knows how to fashion a hook that will take up permanent residence in your brain ( away from its video , Black or White is spare and effortless ) '' Rolling Stone 's Allan Light in his Dangerous review , compares the song unfavourably to `` Beat It '' : `` Neither this slow - burn solo nor the Stones - derived riff on ' Black or White ' offers the catharsis of Eddie Van Halen 's blazing break on ' Beat It ' '' . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic highlighted the song . The prestigious Pazz & Jop critics ' poll ranked `` Black or White '' at number 19 . Remixes ( edit ) The Clivillés & Cole remixes for `` Black or White '' , released as a promotional single in 1992 , also charted on many European countries . In the UK , it reached number 14 , and in Ireland , number 11 . The promotional single also surprisingly peaked at number 18 in Australia . Despite the favourable European response to this remix , it was never included on a Michael Jackson album or compilation , except on the third disc of the French & UK versions of Jackson 's greatest hits album King of Pop . Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` Black or White '' was first broadcast on MTV , BET , VH1 , and Fox ( giving them their highest Nielsen ratings ever ) as well as the BBC 's Top of the Pops in the UK on November 14 , 1991 . Along with Jackson , it featured Macaulay Culkin , Tess Harper , and George Wendt . The video was directed by John Landis , who previously directed Thriller . It was choreographed by Vincent Paterson . It premiered simultaneously in 27 countries , with an audience of 500 million viewers , the most ever for a music video . The first few minutes of the video feature an extended version of the song 's intro . During this interlude ( sometimes compared to Marty Callner 's 1984 `` We 're Not Gonna Take It '' video for Twisted Sister ) an 11 - year - old kid ( Macaulay Culkin ) is dancing to rock music in his bedroom at night , causing four baseball team bobbleheads ( from left to right , the Giants , the Pirates , the Dodgers , and the Rangers ) to bobble . This attracts the attention of his grouchy father ( George Wendt ) , who furiously orders him to stop playing the music and go to bed . After his father storms out and slams the door behind him ( causing a Michael Jackson poster on the door to fall off and its glass frame to smash ) , the boy retaliates by setting up large speaker cabinets ( with levels of `` LOUD '' , `` LOUDER '' , and `` ARE YOU NUTS ! ? ! '' , respectively ; with the dial turned up all the way to `` ARE YOU NUTS ! ? ! '' ) behind his father 's reclining chair , donning leather gloves and sunglasses , strapping on a Wolfgang guitar and playing a power chord , and telling the father to `` Eat this ! '' . The sound then shatters and destroys the house windows and sends his father ( seated in the chair ) halfway around the world , where the actual song begins . The kid 's mother ( Tess Harper ) , comments that his father will be very upset when he gets back . The album version of the song does not feature Culkin 's nor Wendt 's voice ; they are replaced by voice actors performing a similar intro . The boy 's father crashes in Africa , and Jackson sings `` Black or White '' , surrounded by various cultures scene - by - scene . The video shows scenes in which African hunters begin dancing by using moves from West African dance , with Jackson following their moves and them mirroring his ; as do , in sequence , traditional Thai dancers , Plains Native Americans ( located at the Vasquez Rocks formation in California ) , an Odissi dancer from India and a group of Russians ( wearing Ukrainian clothing and dancing Hopak ) . Jackson walks through visual collages of fire ( defiantly declaring `` I ai n't scared of no sheets ; I ai n't scared of nobody '' ) , referring to KKK torch ceremonies before a mock rap scene shared with Culkin and other children . The group collectively states , `` I 'm not gon na spend my life being a color . '' The final verse is performed by Jackson on a large sculpted torch , which the camera pans out to reveal as the Statue of Liberty . Jackson is seen singing on Lady Liberty 's torch surrounded by other famous world edifices including The Giza Sphinx , Hagia Sophia , Pamukkale , The Parthenon , Taj Mahal , St. Basil 's Cathedral , Pyramids of Giza , Golden Gate Bridge , Big Ben and the Eiffel Tower . At the end of the song , several different people , of differing races and nationalities , including actor Glen Chin , model Tyra Banks , actress Khrystyne Haje , actor Jeffrey Anderson - Gunter , and voice actress and singer Cree Summer dance as they morph into one another ( shown as `` talking heads '' ) . This technique , previously executed without digital assistance in the Godley & Creme video for `` Cry '' , known as morphing , had been previously used only in films such as Willow and Terminator 2 . The morphing visual effects were created by Pacific Data Images . The music video of the song appears on the video albums : Dangerous : The Short Films ( long version ) , Video Greatest Hits -- HIStory ( long version , without graffiti on VHS version but with graffiti on DVD version ) , Number Ones ( short version ) , and Michael Jackson 's Vision ( long version without graffiti ) . Controversy and censorship ( edit ) A comparison between the two versions of Michael Jackson 's `` Black or White '' music video : the original version and the computer - altered racist graffiti version ( with the messages reading `` Hitler Lives '' with `` swastika '' , `` Nigger Go Home '' , `` No More Wetbacks '' and `` KKK Rules '' ) . Coincidentally , the `` Nigger Go Home '' message has the G 's made to look like the number 6 to make the content a little less offending to viewers , hence referencing the Illuminati and the 666 . Controversy was generated concerning the last four minutes of the original music video . Jackson walks out of the studio as a black panther and then morphs into himself . Then he walks outside to perform some of his most physically complicated dance techniques , in a similar way to `` Billie Jean '' . The scene is also very similar to that of a commercial Jackson appeared in for L.A. Gear in 1989 . This part contained sexually suggestive scenes when Jackson starts to grab his crotch , and then zips his pants up . In the original version , Jackson is seen smashing windows , destroying a car and causing an inn ( called the `` Royal Arms '' ) to explode . Jackson later apologized saying that the violent and suggestive behavior was an interpretation of the animal instinct of a black panther , and MTV and other music video networks removed the last four minutes from subsequent broadcasts . To make the vandalism and violence more understandable to viewers , an altered version was produced , with racial messages added via CGI graffiti to the windows Jackson breaks . The version included in the box set Michael Jackson 's Vision is the aired , televised version without the graffiti , and does not include the `` prejudice is ignorance '' title card . To date , the uncut version has generally been seen in the United States on MTV2 only between the hours of 01 : 00 and 04 : 00 , as part of their special uncensored airing of the `` Most Controversial Music Videos '' of all time . The extended version is also available on Jackson 's DVDs . The original version ( without graffiti ) is available on the DVD releases of Video Greatest Hits -- HIStory with the VHS and Laserdisc release containing the aired version , and online at MTVMusic.com . It was still shown in its entirety for some years in Europe . Indeed , UK channel MTV Classic aired the full video at 14 : 00 on April 11 , 2010 , including the brief cameo by Bart Simpson and Homer Simpson before the `` prejudice is ignorance '' image . MTV Classic have continued to air the full video post-watershed and recently aired in September 2012 . The uncut version was shown in Australia at 11 : 45 pm AEST on Saturday June 2 , 2012 as the first song on the weekly late night , guest - programmed music video show Rage , on ABC1 . The first version made available in the iTunes Store contains neither the panther scene nor The Simpsons ' cameo , and is cut after the morphing sequence . Since then , a new version has been released with the graffiti and The Simpsons cameo called `` Black or White ( Michael Jackson 's Vision ) . '' Starting in 1992 , Nocturne Video Productions began playing the `` Panther Segment '' of the video as an interlude during Michael 's Dangerous world tour . The clip is 20 seconds shorter than the original , omitting all the violence and the sexually suggestive scenes . The scene of the pants re-zipping was retained . In predominantly Islamic countries during the HIStory Tour , the scene was replaced with the Carmina Burana `` Brace Yourself '' montage originally used as the intro in the previous Dangerous Tour . On March 28 , 2009 , the Australian Broadcasting Corporation 's music video program Rage aired the uncensored , original graffiti version in its entirety in a 720p digital broadcast . Even though the short , censored version continues to air periodically to this day , some television channels still broadcast the complete racist messages version . Track listings ( edit ) Maxi CD `` Black or White '' ( single version ) -- 3 : 22 `` Black or White '' ( instrumental ) -- 3 : 22 `` Smooth Criminal '' -- 4 : 13 7 '' single and 3 '' CD `` Black or White '' ( single version ) -- 3 : 22 `` Black or White '' ( instrumental ) -- 3 : 22 12 '' single `` Black or White '' ( The Clivilles & Cole House / Club Mix ) -- 7 : 36 `` Black or White '' ( The Clivilles & Cole House / Dub Mix ) -- 6 : 34 `` Black or White '' ( House with Guitar Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 53 `` Black or White '' ( single version ) -- 3 : 22 `` Black or White '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 22 `` Black or White '' ( Tribal Beats ) -- 3 : 38 The Clivillés & Cole Remixes `` Black or White '' ( The Clivillés & Cole House / Club Mix ) -- 7 : 36 `` Black or White '' ( The Clivillés & Cole House / Dub Mix ) -- 6 : 34 `` Black or White '' ( The Underground Club Mix ) -- 7 : 29 `` Black or White '' ( House With Guitar Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 53 `` Black or White '' ( Tribal Beats ) -- 3 : 38 UK PAL VHS promo `` Black or White '' ( Extended Version ) ( Music Video ) - 6 : 23 Visionary CD side `` Black or White '' ( single version ) -- 3 : 22 `` Black or White '' ( Clivillés & Cole House Guitar Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 53 Visionary DVD side `` Black or White '' ( Music Video ) -- 11 : 00 Covers and cultural impact ( edit ) This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this article to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( October 2013 ) `` Black or White '' has been covered by some artists since its release . In 1991 , `` Weird Al '' Yankovic recorded a parody of `` Black or White '' titled `` Snack All Night '' , which was never released . Although Jackson was a long - time supporter of Yankovic 's work and had approved past parodies , he told Yankovic that he was reluctant to approve a parody of `` Black or White '' because of the message of the song . Yankovic believes that Jackson 's rejection of the parody was ultimately for the best , because he was unsatisfied with the quality of the song and its scrapping left room on his next album for `` Smells Like Nirvana '' , one of his biggest hits . As with other rejected parodies , Yankovic has performed `` Snack All Night '' during his concerts . In 2009 , singer Adam Lambert performed the song on the 8th season of American Idol during the Michael Jackson episode , which was re-aired on June 29 , in a tribute to the death of Jackson on June 25 . In the early 1990s , the children 's show Sesame Street also spoofed the song with a song called `` Wet or Dry '' . Little Chrissy responds to the question of what makes him happy : he likes having fun `` no matter if he 's wet or dry '' , and demonstrates by playing his piano on both a stage and underwater ( surrounded by fish ) . `` Wet '' and `` dry '' are further demonstrated with several kids , Mr. Handford , and Maria getting buckets of water dumped on them . Both the song and video spoof `` Black or White '' . In 2013 , as the new rules in the COP for rhythmic gymnastics allowed music with words . The Georgian gymnast Salome Phajava used a shortened version for her ribbon routine . In 2013 , the song was featured on a heavy metal tribute album as a tribute to Jackson 's memory and legacy . The cover song featured Lajon Witherspoon of Sevendust on vocals and Bruce Kulick , formerly of KISS , on guitar . The music video , particularly the `` Panther Segment '' , have been referenced or parodied by television shows and artists . The video , including the `` Panther Segment '' was parodied by the sketch comedy TV show In Living Color , in which Tommy Davidson appeared as Jackson , but instead of a panther , Davidson morphs from a tiny black kitten . At the end of the video , Jackson is arrested , and as he is being led off by the police , he muses , `` I guess I really am black . '' The `` Panther Segment '' was also parodied by the popular American sketch comedy television series MADtv . In 1991 , English rock band Genesis parodied the `` Black or White '' video in the ending of their video for `` I Ca n't Dance '' , in which member Phil Collins imitates Michael Jackson 's `` panther '' fit in front of a stark white background . The `` face morphing '' portion of the video was satirized in a music video spoof `` Garfield Rap '' on a 1993 episode of Garfield and Friends . In 2011 , Brooklyn hip hop group Das Racist released a music video for their song , titled `` Michael Jackson '' , parodying the `` Black or White '' video . The song is features on the group 's album Relax . In 2012 , the television show Glee covered the song in the episode `` Michael '' , it features primary voices from Kevin McHale , Lea Michele , Chris Colfer and Naya Rivera , and backing vocals from the rest of the cast . Jenna Ushkowitz and Darren Criss are not featured in the song or the performance . This cover debuted and peaked at number 64 on the Billboard Hot 100 , number 42 at Billboard Digital Songs , and number 69 at Billboard Canadian Hot 100 chart at the week of February 18 , 2012 . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 -- 92 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Canadian RPM 10 Dance Canadian RPM Top Singles Cuba Singles Chart Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Eurochart Hot 100 Singles Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Irish Singles Chart Israel Singles Chart Italy ( FIMI ) Mexico ( Mexican Airplay ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) Turkish Singles Chart UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 23 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) Zimbabwean Singles Chart Chart ( 1992 ) ( Clivilles & Coles remixes ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 18 Irish Singles Chart 11 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 14 Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 64 Irish Singles Chart 22 Italy ( FIMI ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 24 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) UK ( Official Charts Company ) 18 Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 17 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 22 European Hot 100 Singles 25 France ( SNEP ) 9 Hot Canadian Digital Singles 8 Italy ( FIMI ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 21 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 16 Norway ( VG - lista ) 18 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 22 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 11 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 25 US Billboard Hot Digital Songs 13 Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position Hungary ( MAHASZ ) 6 Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 64 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 34 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 19 End of year chart ( 1992 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 83 US Billboard Hot 100 14 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 39 Belgium Belgian Entertainment Association ( BEA ) 77 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Sales Australia 2 × Platinum 140,000 Canada Gold 50,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 125,000 Germany Gold 250,000 New Zealand Platinum 15,000 United Kingdom Silver 200,000 United States Platinum 1,000,000 Personnel ( edit ) Written and composed by Michael Jackson Rap lyrics by Bill Bottrell Produced by Michael Jackson and Bill Bottrell Recorded and mixed by Bill Bottrell Bryan Loren : Drums Brad Buxer and Bill Bottrell : Percussion Bryan Loren ( moog ) and Terry Jackson ( bass guitar ) : Bass Brad Buxer , John Barnes and Jasun Martz : Keyboards Bill Bottrell : Guitar Tim Pierce : Heavy metal guitar Michael Boddicker , Kevin Gilbert : Speed sequencer Morphing Sound Effect : Scott Frankfurt Rap performance by L.T.B. ( pseudonym for Bill Bottrell ) `` Intro '' : Composed by Bill Bottrell Directed by Michael Jackson Engineering and sound design : Matt Forger References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Michael ( 1991 ) . Dangerous booklet . Epic records . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Lisa ( 1993 ) . Michael Jackson : The King of Pop . Branden Books . p. 301 . ISBN 0 - 8283 - 1957 - X . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Black or White > Overview '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Black or White - Michael Jackson Digital Sheet Music ( Digital Download ) '' . MusicNotes.com . Alfred Publishing Co. Inc . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sony Music ( 2001 ) . `` Michael Jackson Dangerous Review '' . Sony Music Entertainment . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2005 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jeans ( 1993 ) . `` Peligroso regreso '' . Michael Jackson : Un mito indescifrable ( in Spanish ) . Revista Jeans . p. 7 . En `` Black or white '' ... el resultado es una mezcla de hard rock , dance y rap access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Halstead , Craig ; Cadman , Chris ( 2003 ) . Michael Jackson the Solo Years . Authors On Line Ltd. p. 40 . ISBN 0 - 7552 - 0091 - 8 . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Andersen , Christopher P. ( 1994 ) . Michael Jackson : unauthorized . Simon & Schuster . p. 105 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 89239 - 8 . Retrieved May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Michael Jackson Thriller Review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dekel , Jonathan ( March 11 , 2010 ) . `` Slash Calls Michael Jackson Guitar Riff ' Gay ' at Canadian Music Week Keynote '' . Spinner . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ SLASH -- TALKS RAY CHARLES & MICHAEL JACKSON -- CMW 2010 INTERVIEW on YouTube ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson -- Black or White -- Listen and discover music at '' . Last.fm . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Halstead , Craig ; Cadman , Chris ( 2003 ) . Michael Jackson the Solo Years . Authors On Line Ltd. p. 99 . ISBN 0 - 7552 - 0091 - 8 . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Lisa ( 1993 ) . Michael Jackson : The King of Pop . Branden Books . p. 302 . ISBN 0 - 8283 - 1957 - X . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Adrian Grant ( 2009 ) . Music Sales Group , ed . Michael Jackson : The Visual Documentary . ISBN 978 - 0857122124 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Dangerous Review Music Reviews and News '' . EW.com. 1991 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Light , Allan ( January 9 , 1992 ) . `` Michael Jackson Dangerous Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived May 23 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Pazz & Jop , 1991 '' . Robert Christgau . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hung Medien . `` Black or white ( The Clivillés & Cole ( C&C ) remixes ) in Australian Chart '' . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pareles , Jon ( November 16 , 1991 ) . `` Review / Rock , New Video Opens the Jackson Blitz '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Interviews by Dave ( 2014 - 02 - 04 ) . `` How we made Top of the Pops '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Phalen , Tom ( November 16 , 1991 ) . `` Jackson alters his new video '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Alex. `` Michael Jackson `` Black or white '' `` . mvdbase . Retrieved June 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` It Ai n't Stealing , It 's Video Homage '' . EW.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Weingarten , Christopher R. ( 11 October 2012 ) . `` ' Weird Al ' Yankovic Looks Back At 20 Years Of ' Smells Like Nirvana ' SPIN '' . SPIN . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Weird Al '' Yankovic : Concert Set Lists `` . Weirdal.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ 03 / 10 / 2009 ( June 30 , 2009 ) . `` American Idol Season 8 -- Top 13 Performance : Adam Lambert , Alexis Grace , Allison Iraheta , Anoop Desai , Danny Gokey , Jasmine Murray , Jorge Nunez , Kris Allen , Lil Rounds , Matt Giraud , Megan Corkrey , Michael Sarver , Scott MacIntyre '' . mjsbigblog . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Parody -- In Living Color -- Am I Black Or White ( Complete ) '' . Yostuff.com . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2013 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Garfield And Friends Show # 89 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Das Racist 's `` Michael Jackson '' Video = MJ 's `` Black or White '' Video -- Flavorwire `` . Flavorwire.com. 2011 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( February 10 , 2012 ) . `` Weekly Chart Notes : Madonna , Michael Jackson , ' Godspell ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Black Or White '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . ^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- Michael Jackson -- Black Or White '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Michael Jackson -- Black Or White '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Black or white in Canadian Adult Contemporary Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Black or white in Canadian 10 Dance Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Black or white in Canadian Top Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Nyman , Jake ( 2005 ) . Suomi soi 4 : Suuri suomalainen listakirja ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 951 - 31 - 2503 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Black Or White '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Michael Jackson -- Black Or White '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . ^ Jump up to : `` Black or white in Irish Chart '' . IRMA . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2010 . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Only results when searching `` Black or white '' Jump up ^ `` The best - selling singles of 1991 in Italy '' . HitParadeItalia ( it ) . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . 3 . Black or white - Michael Jackson ( # 1 , 1991 / 92 ) Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Michael Jackson search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Michael Jackson -- Black Or White '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Michael Jackson -- Black Or White '' . Top 40 Singles . ^ Jump up to : `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Black Or White '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Black Or White '' . Singles Top 100 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Black Or White '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ Craig Halstead , Chris Cadman ( 2003 ) . Authors On Line Ltd , ed . Michael Jackson the Solo Years . p. 99 . ISBN 978 - 0755200917 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Michael Jackson . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Michael Jackson . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Michael Jackson . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dangerous awards on Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Michael Jackson . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Italiancharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Black Or White '' . Top Digital Download . ^ Jump up to : `` Spanishcharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Black Or White '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Black Or White '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` European Hot 100 '' . Billboard . July 25 , 2009 . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Download French Single Top 50 '' . France . lescharts . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Hungarian Singles Chart Archives '' . Mahasz . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1991 '' . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 -- 1992 '' . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Geoff Mayfield ( December 25 , 1999 ) . 1999 The Year in Music Totally ' 90s : Diary of a Decade -- The listing of Top Pop Albums of the ' 90s & Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.ultratop.be/nl/ultratop_nineties_500.asp?page=2 ^ Jump up to : `` Aria 50 Top Singles Charts '' . Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . July 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2011 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Music Canada '' . November 29 , 1991 . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Les Singles / Titres Certifiés `` Argent '' '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Les Singles / Titres Certifiés `` Argent '' . / Singles / Téléchargement '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) . July 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Chart : Charts Facts '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) . July 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Taete , Jamie Lee Curtis ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Meet the Mystery Man Who Rapped on Michael Jackson 's ' Black or White ' '' . Vice . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` I 'm Too Sexy '' by Right Said Fred Australian ARIA Singles Chart number - one single November 30 , 1991 -- January 18 , 1992 Succeeded by `` Let 's Talk About Sex '' by Salt - n - Pepa Preceded by `` Dizzy '' by Vic Reeves and The Wonder Stuff UK number - one single November 23 -- 30 , 1991 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' by George Michael and Elton John Preceded by `` Set Adrift on Memory Bliss '' by P.M. Dawn Billboard Hot 100 number - one single December 7 , 1991 -- January 18 , 1992 Succeeded by `` All 4 Love '' by Color Me Badd Preceded by `` Song of Ocarina '' by Jean - Philippe Audin and Diego Modena French ( SNEP ) number one single January 25 , 1992 -- February 2 , 1992 Succeeded by `` Song of Ocarina '' by Jean - Philippe Audin and Diego Modena ( hide ) Michael Jackson songs Discography Got to Be There `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Got to Be There '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' Ben `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' Music & Me `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music & Me '' Forever , Michael `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' Off the Wall `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Workin ' Day and Night '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' Thriller `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' Bad `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' Dangerous `` Jam '' `` In the Closet '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Black or White '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' HIStory `` Scream '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. '' `` Come Together '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Childhood '' `` Tabloid Junkie '' `` HIStory '' `` Smile '' Blood on the Dance Floor `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' `` Ghosts '' `` Is It Scary '' Invincible `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` You Rock My World '' `` Butterflies '' `` Speechless '' `` Cry '' Michael `` Hold My Hand '' `` Hollywood Tonight '' `` ( I Like ) The Way You Love Me '' `` Monster '' `` Breaking News '' `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' `` Behind the Mask '' Xscape `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Chicago '' `` Loving You '' `` A Place with No Name '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Blue Gangsta '' Other `` We Are the World '' `` Twenty - Five Miles '' `` On the Line '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` One More Chance '' `` Cheater '' `` Fall Again '' `` This Is It '' `` Mind Is the Magic '' `` Do n't Be Messin ' ' Round '' `` Price of Fame '' Featured `` Night Time Lover '' `` Say Say Say '' `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' `` Tell Me I 'm Not Dreamin ' ( Too Good to Be True ) '' `` Get It '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` Do the Bartman '' `` Whatzupwitu '' `` Why '' `` I Need You '' `` We Be Ballin ' '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` All in Your Name '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' Book Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_or_White&oldid=806830006 '' Categories : 1991 singles Songs written by Michael Jackson Michael Jackson songs American rock songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one dance singles in Canada Number - one singles in France Music videos directed by John Landis Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Spain Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland Songs against racism and xenophobia RPM Top Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Song recordings produced by Michael Jackson Songs written by Bill Bottrell Song recordings produced by Bill Bottrell 1991 songs Epic Records singles Music video controversies Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2011 Articles containing Finnish - language text CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use mdy dates from October 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from July 2017 Articles needing cleanup from October 2013 All pages needing cleanup Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from October 2013 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Certification Table Entry usages for France Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Kiswahili Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 12 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20or%20White

how much atp does each stage of cellular respiration yield

Step coenzyme yield ATP yield Source of ATP Glycolysis preparatory phase − 2 Phosphorylation of glucose and fructose 6 - phosphate uses two ATP from the cytoplasm . Glycolysis pay - off phase Substrate - level phosphorylation 2 NADH 3 or 5 Oxidative phosphorylation : Each NADH produces net 1.5 ATP ( instead of usual 2.5 ) due to NADH transport over the mitochondrial membrane Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate 2 NADH 5 Oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle Substrate - level phosphorylation 6 NADH 15 Oxidative phosphorylation 2 FADH Oxidative phosphorylation Total yield 30 or 32 ATP From the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced coenzymes .

Cellular respiration

cellular respiration

Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , and then release waste products . The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions , which break large molecules into smaller ones , releasing energy in the process , as weak so - called `` high - energy '' bonds are replaced by stronger bonds in the products . Respiration is one of the key ways a cell releases chemical energy to fuel cellular activity . Cellular respiration is considered an exothermic redox reaction which releases heat . The overall reaction occurs in a series of biochemical steps , most of which are redox reactions themselves . Although technically , cellular respiration is a combustion reaction , it clearly does not resemble one when it occurs in a living cell because of the slow release of energy from the series of reactions .

Nutrients that are commonly used by animal and plant cells in respiration include sugar , amino acids and fatty acids , and the most common oxidizing agent ( electron acceptor ) is molecular oxygen ( O ) . The chemical energy stored in ATP ( its third phosphate group is weakly bonded to the rest of the molecule and is cheaply broken allowing stronger bonds to form , thereby transferring energy for use by the cell ) can then be used to drive processes requiring energy , including biosynthesis , locomotion or transportation of molecules across cell membranes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Aerobic respiration 1.1 Glycolysis 1.2 Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate 1.3 Citric acid cycle 1.4 Oxidative phosphorylation 2 Efficiency of ATP production 3 Fermentation 4 Anaerobic respiration 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Aerobic respiration Aerobic respiration ( red arrows ) is the main means by which both fungi and animals utilize chemical energy in the form of organic compounds that were previously created through photosynthesis ( green arrow ) . Aerobic respiration requires oxygen ( O ) in order to create ATP . Although carbohydrates , fats , and proteins are consumed as reactants , it is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondria in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle . The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water , but the energy transferred is used to break bonds in ADP as the third phosphate group is added to form ATP ( adenosine triphosphate ) , by substrate - level phosphorylation , NADH and FADH Simplified reaction : C H O ( s ) + 6 O ( g ) → 6 CO ( g ) + 6 H O ( l ) + heat ΔG = − 2880 kJ per mol of C H O The negative ΔG indicates that the reaction can occur spontaneously . The potential of NADH and FADH is converted to more ATP through an electron transport chain with oxygen as the `` terminal electron acceptor '' . Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation . This works by the energy released in the consumption of pyruvate being used to create a chemiosmotic potential by pumping protons across a membrane . This potential is then used to drive ATP synthase and produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate group . Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidised glucose molecule during cellular respiration ( 2 from glycolysis , 2 from the Krebs cycle , and about 34 from the electron transport system ) . However , this maximum yield is never quite reached because of losses due to leaky membranes as well as the cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix , and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose . Aerobic metabolism is up to 15 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism ( which yields 2 molecules ATP per 1 molecule glucose ) . However some anaerobic organisms , such as methanogens are able to continue with anaerobic respiration , yielding more ATP by using other inorganic molecules ( not oxygen ) as final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain . They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation . The post-glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells , and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells . Glycolysis Out of the cytoplasm it goes into the Krebs cycle with the acetyl CoA . It then mixes with CO and makes 2 ATP , NADH , and FADH . From there the NADH and FADH go into the NADH reductase , which produces the enzyme . The NADH pulls the enzyme 's electrons to send through the electron transport chain . The electron transport chain pulls H ions through the chain . From the electron transport chain , the released hydrogen ions make ADP for an end result of 32 ATP . O attracts itself to the left over electron to make water . Lastly , ATP leaves through the ATP channel and out of the mitochondria . Main article : Glycolysis Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that takes place in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms . This pathway can function with or without the presence of oxygen . In humans , aerobic conditions produce pyruvate and anaerobic conditions produce lactate . In aerobic conditions , the process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate ( pyruvic acid ) , generating energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP . Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced , however , two are consumed as part of the preparatory phase . The initial phosphorylation of glucose is required to increase the reactivity ( decrease its stability ) in order for the molecule to be cleaved into two pyruvate molecules by the enzyme aldolase . During the pay - off phase of glycolysis , four phosphate groups are transferred to ADP by substrate - level phosphorylation to make four ATP , and two NADH are produced when the pyruvate are oxidized . The overall reaction can be expressed this way : Glucose + 2 NAD + 2 P + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H + 2 H O + heat Starting with glucose , 1 ATP is used to donate a phosphate to glucose to produce glucose 6 - phosphate . Glycogen can be converted into glucose 6 - phosphate as well with the help of glycogen phosphorylase . During energy metabolism , glucose 6 - phosphate becomes fructose 6 - phosphate . An additional ATP is used to phosphorylate fructose 6 - phosphate into fructose 1 , 6 - disphosphate by the help of phosphofructokinase . Fructose 1 , 6 - diphosphate then splits into two phosphorylated molecules with three carbon chains which later degrades into pyruvate . Glycolysis can be literally translated as `` sugar splitting '' . Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate Main article : Pyruvate decarboxylation Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl - CoA and CO by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ( PDC ) . The PDC contains multiple copies of three enzymes and is located in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes . In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl - CoA , one molecule of NADH and one molecule of CO is formed . Citric acid cycle Main article : Citric acid cycle This is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle . When oxygen is present , acetyl - CoA is produced from the pyruvate molecules created from glycolysis . Once acetyl - CoA is formed , aerobic or anaerobic respiration can occur . When oxygen is present , the mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle . However , if oxygen is not present , fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur . In the presence of oxygen , when acetyl - CoA is produced , the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle ( Krebs cycle ) inside the mitochondrial matrix , and is oxidized to CO while at the same time reducing NAD to NADH . NADH can be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP as part of oxidative phosphorylation . To fully oxidize the equivalent of one glucose molecule , two acetyl - CoA must be metabolized by the Krebs cycle . Two waste products , H O and CO , are created during this cycle . The citric acid cycle is an 8 - step process involving 18 different enzymes and co-enzymes . During the cycle , acetyl - CoA ( 2 carbons ) + oxaloacetate ( 4 carbons ) yields citrate ( 6 carbons ) , which is rearranged to a more reactive form called isocitrate ( 6 carbons ) . Isocitrate is modified to become α - ketoglutarate ( 5 carbons ) , succinyl - CoA , succinate , fumarate , malate , and , finally , oxaloacetate . The net gain of high - energy compounds from one cycle is 3 NADH , 1 FADH , and 1 GTP ; the GTP may subsequently be used to produce ATP . Thus , the total yield from 1 glucose molecule ( 2 pyruvate molecules ) is 6 NADH , 2 FADH , and 2 ATP . Oxidative phosphorylation Main articles : Oxidative phosphorylation , Electron transport chain , Electrochemical gradient , and ATP synthase In eukaryotes , oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondrial cristae . It comprises the electron transport chain that establishes a proton gradient ( chemiosmotic potential ) across the boundary of inner membrane by oxidizing the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle . ATP is synthesized by the ATP synthase enzyme when the chemiosmotic gradient is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP . The electrons are finally transferred to exogenous oxygen and , with the addition of two protons , water is formed . Efficiency of ATP production The table below describes the reactions involved when one glucose molecule is fully oxidized into carbon dioxide . It is assumed that all the reduced coenzymes are oxidized by the electron transport chain and used for oxidative phosphorylation . Step coenzyme yield ATP yield Source of ATP Glycolysis preparatory phase − 2 Phosphorylation of glucose and fructose 6 - phosphate uses two ATP from the cytoplasm . Glycolysis pay - off phase Substrate - level phosphorylation 2 NADH 3 or 5 Oxidative phosphorylation : Each NADH produces net 1.5 ATP ( instead of usual 2.5 ) due to NADH transport over the mitochondrial membrane Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate 2 NADH 5 Oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle Substrate - level phosphorylation 6 NADH 15 Oxidative phosphorylation 2 FADH Oxidative phosphorylation Total yield 30 or 32 ATP From the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced coenzymes . Although there is a theoretical yield of 38 ATP molecules per glucose during cellular respiration , such conditions are generally not realized because of losses such as the cost of moving pyruvate ( from glycolysis ) , phosphate , and ADP ( substrates for ATP synthesis ) into the mitochondria . All are actively transported using carriers that utilize the stored energy in the proton electrochemical gradient . Pyruvate is taken up by a specific , low Km transporter to bring it into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex . The phosphate carrier ( PiC ) mediates the electroneutral exchange ( antiport ) of phosphate ( H PO ; P ) for OH or symport of phosphate and protons ( H ) across the inner membrane , and the driving force for moving phosphate ions into the mitochondria is the proton motive force . The ATP - ADP translocase ( also called adenine nucleotide translocase , ANT ) is an antiporter and exchanges ADP and ATP across the inner membrane . The driving force is due to the ATP ( − 4 ) having a more negative charge than the ADP ( − 3 ) , and thus it dissipates some of the electrical component of the proton electrochemical gradient . The outcome of these transport processes using the proton electrochemical gradient is that more than 3 H are needed to make 1 ATP . Obviously this reduces the theoretical efficiency of the whole process and the likely maximum is closer to 28 -- 30 ATP molecules . In practice the efficiency may be even lower because the inner membrane of the mitochondria is slightly leaky to protons . Other factors may also dissipate the proton gradient creating an apparently leaky mitochondria . An uncoupling protein known as thermogenin is expressed in some cell types and is a channel that can transport protons . When this protein is active in the inner membrane it short circuits the coupling between the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis . The potential energy from the proton gradient is not used to make ATP but generates heat . This is particularly important in brown fat thermogenesis of newborn and hibernating mammals . Stoichiometry of aerobic respiration and most known fermentation types in eucaryotic cell . Numbers in circles indicate counts of carbon atoms in molecules , C6 is glucose C H O , C1 carbon dioxide CO . Mitochondrial outer membrane is omitted . According to some of newer sources the ATP yield during aerobic respiration is not 36 -- 38 , but only about 30 -- 32 ATP molecules / 1 molecule of glucose , because : ATP : NADH + H and ATP : FADH ratios during the oxidative phosphorylation appear to be not 3 and 2 , but 2.5 and 1.5 respectively . Unlike in the substrate - level phosphorylation , the stoichiometry here is difficult to establish . ATP synthase produces 1 ATP / 3 H. However the exchange of matrix ATP for cytosolic ADP and Pi ( antiport with OH or symport with H ) mediated by ATP -- ADP translocase and phosphate carrier consumes 1 H / 1 ATP as a result of regeneration of the transmembrane potential changed during this transfer , so the net ratio is 1 ATP : 4 H . The mitochondrial electron transport chain proton pump transfers across the inner membrane 10 H / 1 NADH + H ( 4 + 2 + 4 ) or 6 H / 1 FADH ( 2 + 4 ) . So the final stoichiometry is 1 NADH + H : 10 H : 10 / 4 ATP = 1 NADH + H : 2.5 ATP 1 FADH : 6 H : 6 / 4 ATP = 1 FADH : 1.5 ATP ATP : NADH + H coming from glycolysis ratio during the oxidative phosphorylation is 1.5 , as for FADH , if hydrogen atoms ( 2H + 2e ) are transferred from cytosolic NADH + H to mitochondrial FAD by the glycerol phosphate shuttle located in the inner mitochondrial membrane . 2.5 in case of malate - aspartate shuttle transferring hydrogen atoms from cytosolic NADH + H to mitochondrial NAD So finally we have , per molecule of glucose Substrate - level phosphorylation : 2 ATP from glycolysis + 2 ATP ( directly GTP ) from Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation 2 NADH + H from glycolysis : 2 × 1.5 ATP ( if glycerol phosphate shuttle transfers hydrogen atoms ) or 2 × 2.5 ATP ( malate - aspartate shuttle ) 2 NADH + H from the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and 6 from Krebs cycle : 8 × 2.5 ATP 2 FADH from the Krebs cycle : 2 × 1.5 ATP Altogether this gives 4 + 3 ( or 5 ) + 20 + 3 = 30 ( or 32 ) ATP per molecule of glucose The total ATP yield in ethanol or lactic acid fermentation is only 2 molecules coming from glycolysis , because pyruvate is not transferred to the mitochondrion and finally oxidized to the carbon dioxide ( CO ) , but reduced to ethanol or lactic acid in the cytoplasm . Fermentation Main article : Fermentation Without oxygen , pyruvate ( pyruvic acid ) is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation . The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion , but remains in the cytoplasm , where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell . This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate . Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD+ so it can be re-used in glycolysis . In the absence of oxygen , fermentation prevents the buildup of NADH in the cytoplasm and provides NAD+ for glycolysis . This waste product varies depending on the organism . In skeletal muscles , the waste product is lactic acid . This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation . In strenuous exercise , when energy demands exceed energy supply , the respiratory chain can not process all of the hydrogen atoms joined by NADH . During anaerobic glycolysis , NAD+ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate . Lactate formation is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase in a reversible reaction . Lactate can also be used as an indirect precursor for liver glycogen . During recovery , when oxygen becomes available , NAD+ attaches to hydrogen from lactate to form ATP . In yeast , the waste products are ethanol and carbon dioxide . This type of fermentation is known as alcoholic or ethanol fermentation . The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate - level phosphorylation , which does not require oxygen . Fermentation is less efficient at using the energy from glucose : only 2 ATP are produced per glucose , compared to the 38 ATP per glucose nominally produced by aerobic respiration . This is because the waste products of fermentation still contain chemical potential energy that can be released by oxidation . Ethanol , for example , can be burned in an internal combustion engine like gasoline . Glycolytic ATP , however , is created more quickly . For prokaryotes to continue a rapid growth rate when they are shifted from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic environment , they must increase the rate of the glycolytic reactions . For multicellular organisms , during short bursts of strenuous activity , muscle cells use fermentation to supplement the ATP production from the slower aerobic respiration , so fermentation may be used by a cell even before the oxygen levels are depleted , as is the case in sports that do not require athletes to pace themselves , such as sprinting . Anaerobic respiration Main article : Anaerobic respiration Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidised in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor ( such as oxygen ) to produce large amounts of energy , to drive the bulk production of ATP . Anaerobic respiration is used by some microorganisms in which neither oxygen ( aerobic respiration ) nor pyruvate derivatives ( fermentation ) is the final electron acceptor . Rather , an inorganic acceptor such as sulfate or nitrate is used . Such organisms are typically found in unusual places such as underwater caves or near hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean . See also Maintenance respiration : maintenance as a functional component of cellular respiration Pasteur point Respirometry : research tool to explore cellular respiration Tetrazolium chloride : cellular respiration indicator Complex 1 : NADH : ubiquinone oxidoreductes References Jump up ^ Bailey , Regina . `` Cellular Respiration '' . ^ Jump up to : Rich , P.R. ( 2003 ) . `` The molecular machinery of Keilin 's respiratory chain '' . Biochemical Society Transactions . 31 ( Pt 6 ) : 1095 -- 1105 . PMID 14641005 . doi : 10.1042 / BST0311095 . Jump up ^ Reece1 Urry2 Cain3 Wasserman4 Minorsky5 Jackson6 , Jane1 Lisa2 Michael3 Steven4 Peter5 Robert6 ( 2010 ) . Campbell Biology Ninth Edition . Pearson Education , Inc. p. 168 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cellular Respiration '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Porter , R. ; Brand , M. ( 1 September 1995 ) . `` Mitochondrial proton conductance and H+ / O ratio are independent of electron transport rate in isolated hepatocytes '' . The Biochemical Journal ( Free full text ) . 310 ( Pt 2 ) : 379 -- 382 . ISSN 0264 - 6021 . PMC 1135905 . PMID 7654171 . doi : 10.1042 / bj3100379 . ^ Jump up to : Stryer , Lubert ( 1995 ) . Biochemistry ( fourth ed . ) . New York -- Basingstoke : W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 978 - 0716720096 . External links A detailed description of respiration vs. fermentation Kimball 's online resource for cellular respiration Cellular Respiration and Fermentation at Clermont College `` The template below ( Library resources box ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Library resources about Cellular respiration Resources in your library Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism map Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_respiration&oldid=793442384 '' Categories : Cellular respiration Metabolism Plant physiology Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2017 , at 19 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20respiration

guns n' roses - shadow of your lov

Shadow of Your Love

shadow of your love

Shadow of Your Love may refer to :

Shadows of Your Love `` , a song by J.M. Silk from Hold on to Your Dream `` '' Shadow of Your Love '' ( Guns N ' Roses song ) , a song by American rock band Hollywood Rose , later performed by Guns N ' Roses `` Shadow of Your Love '' , a song from Mystery ( RAH Band album ) `` Shadow of Your Love '' , a song by The Temptations from the album Power Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Shadow of Your Love . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shadow_of_Your_Love&oldid=845697449 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : Disambiguation pages with short description All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 14 : 48 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow%20of%20Your%20Love

who worked as vice president under three president

Ansari worked as an ambassador and served as the Vice-Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University from 2000 to 2002 . Later he was Chairman of the National Commission for Minorities from 2006 to 2007 . He was elected as the Vice-President of India on 10 August 2007 and took office on 11 August 2007 . He was reelected on 7 August 2012 and was sworn - in by Pranab Mukherjee , the President of India . The oath taking ceremony was conducted at Rashtrapati Bhavan on 11 August 2012 . His second term ended in August 2017 since he was not offered another term , he decided not to run for a third term in the 2017 vice-presidential election . Upon the inauguration of Ram Nath Kovind as President of India in 2017 , Ansari became the first Indian Vice-President to serve during the terms of three presidents . He was the longest serving chairman of Rajya Sabha .

Mohammad Hamid Ansari

mohammad hamid ansari

His Excellency Mohammad Hamid Ansari 12th Vice President of India In office 11 August 2007 -- 11 August 2017 President Pratibha Patil Pranab Mukherjee Ram Nath Kovind Preceded by Bhairon Singh Shekhawat Succeeded by Venkaiah Naidu Personal details ( 1937 - 04 - 01 ) 1 April 1937 ( age 81 ) Calcutta , Bengal Presidency , British India Spouse ( s ) Salma Ansari Children 1 daughter 2 sons Relatives Mukhtar Ansari Sibakatullah Ansari Afzal Ansari Alma mater University of Calcutta Aligarh Muslim University Mohammad Hamid Ansari ( pronunciation ( help info ) ; born 1 April 1937 ) is an Indian politician who served as the 12th Vice-President of India from 2007 to 2017 . He has also served as an Indian ambassador and is ex-chairman of Rajya Sabha . Ansari was the first person to be re-elected as Indian VP after Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan in 1957 . He served as President of the Indian Institute of Public Administration , Chancellor of Panjab University , Delhi University , Pondicherry University and the President of the Indian Council of World Affairs in his capacity as vice president Ansari worked as an ambassador and served as the Vice-Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University from 2000 to 2002 . Later he was Chairman of the National Commission for Minorities from 2006 to 2007 . He was elected as the Vice-President of India on 10 August 2007 and took office on 11 August 2007 . He was reelected on 7 August 2012 and was sworn - in by Pranab Mukherjee , the President of India . The oath taking ceremony was conducted at Rashtrapati Bhavan on 11 August 2012 . His second term ended in August 2017 since he was not offered another term , he decided not to run for a third term in the 2017 vice-presidential election . Upon the inauguration of Ram Nath Kovind as President of India in 2017 , Ansari became the first Indian Vice-President to serve during the terms of three presidents . He was the longest serving chairman of Rajya Sabha . Contents 1 Personal life 2 Early career 3 Vice-President 4 Views and quotes 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links Personal life ( edit ) Ansari was born on 1 April 1937 at Calcutta , Bengal Presidency ( present day Kolkata in the state of West Bengal ) to Mohammad Abdul Aziz Ansari and Aasiya Begum . Though his ancestral home is in the city of Ghazipur of the Uttar Pradesh state , he spent his formative years in Kolkata . He is a grand - nephew of former Indian National Congress president and freedom fighter Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari . He is also related to the Uttar Pradeshi politicians Mukhtar Ansari , Afzal Ansari and Sibakatullah Ansari . Ansari did his schooling from St. Edward 's School of Shimla . After attending the St. Xavier 's College of Kolkata , he pursued his Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy degree from the Aligarh Muslim University . He is married to Salma Ansari , fathering two sons and one daughter . Early career ( edit ) Joining the Indian Foreign Service in 1961 , Ansari subsequently served Indian missions in Baghdad , Rabat , Brussels and Jeddah . From 1976 to 1980 , he served as the Indian Ambassador to the United Arab Emirates . Mohan Jashanmal , the Chairman of Indian Business and Professionals Group said that `` Ansari was instrumental to get land for the Indian School from His Highness Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan '' . He has also served as the Indian ambassador to Australia ( 1985 -- 1989 ) , Afghanistan ( 1989 -- 1990 ) , Iran ( 1990 -- 1992 ) , Saudi Arabia ( 1995 -- 1999 ) . He also served as the Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations from 1993 to 1995 . His deputy T.P. Sreenivasan wrote that while Ansari 's stint as the Permanent Representative , he refuted Pakistan 's allegations of human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir by `` the horns and subdued it whenever necessary '' . He also wrote that appointing Ansari for this post at a time when `` Pakistan went all out to bring Kashmir to the centre of international attention after the end of the Cold War '' showed India 's secular credentials . After serving as a visiting professor of the West Asian and African Studies Department of Jawaharlal Nehru University from 1999 to 2000 , Ansari was appointed as the vice-chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University on 23 May 2000 . After leaving the post in 2002 , he served as a visiting professor of the Academy for Third World Studies Department of the Jamia Milia Islamia from 2003 to 2005 . Ansari became the chairman of India 's National Commission for Minorities ( NCM ) on 6 March 2006 . In June 2007 , Ansari , in his capacity as NCM chairman , upheld the decision of St. Stephen 's College , Delhi to earmark a small percentage of seats for Dalit Christians . He resigned as NCM chairman soon after his nomination for the post of India 's Vice-President . Vice-President ( edit ) Ansari along with the Prime Minister of India , Governor of Gujarat , and other Supreme Court of India Judges at the Gujarat National Law University On 20 July 2007 , Ansari was named by the UPA - Left , the ruling coalition in India , as its candidate for the post of Vice-President for the upcoming election . When asked , Ansari said he felt `` humbled '' over the UPA - Left decision naming him as their candidate . `` I am humbled by the confidence reposed in me '' . Ansari refused to say more when asked about his prospects in the August 2007 Vice-Presidential election . Ansari secured 455 votes , and won the election by a margin of 233 votes against his nearest rival Najma Heptullah . In 2012 VP election , the Congress - led UPA re-appointed Ansari as their candidate for the post of VP . The NDA nominated Jaswant Singh , former Finance , External Affairs and Defence minister as well as former Leader of Opposition . The NDA cited Ansari 's conduct in the Rajya Sabha during The Lokpal Bill , 2011 debate when he had abruptly adjourned the House sine die . Hamid Ansari was re-elected for the second term on 7 August 2012 , defeating the NDA 's nominee Jaswant Singh by a margin of 252 votes . According to the Constitution of India , Ansari , as Vice-President of the Republic , also serves ex officio as Chairman of the Rajya Sabha . Views and quotes ( edit ) Ansari is a West Asia scholar and has written on the Palestinian issue and taken positions inconvenient to the Indian official line on Iraq and Iran . He questioned India 's vote in the International Atomic Energy Agency on Iran 's nuclear programme where India voted against Iran . He said that though the Indian Government claimed to have acted on `` its own judgement , '' this was not borne out by facts . He was the chairman of a working group on `` Confidence building measures across segments of society in the State , '' established by the Second round Table Conference of the Prime Minister on Jammu and Kashmir in 2006 . The report of the working group was adopted by the Third round Table in April 2007 . Among other things , the report advocates recognizing the right of Kashmiri Pandits to return to `` places of their original residence '' . This right , it argued , should be recognized without any ambiguity and made a part of state policy . Ansari feels that there is a sense of unease among Indian Muslims . He said this on the last day of his tenure as the Vice President of India , one of the highest constitutional posts in the country . Ansari 's comment was met with a gibe by India 's prime minister Narendra Modi . Ansari quoted , `` The language used by the Pope sounds like that of his 12th - Century counterpart who ordered the crusades ... It surprises me because the Vatican has a very comprehensive relationship with the Muslim world . '' -- 15 September 2006 , as Chairman of the Minorities Commission of India , on the Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy . `` No citizen is apolitical ; as a citizen , by definition , has to take interest in public affairs . '' -- 10 August 2007 , after being elected Vice-President , on being asked whether he is apolitical . `` There is no shame in acknowledging the faults and the lacunae that exist in the policies and institutions pertaining to Human Rights . '' - 26 September 2013 , addressing the First Convocation of Central University of Bihar . See also ( edit ) List of Vice-Presidents of India Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mohammad Hamid Ansari Biography - Vice President of India '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ansari almost missed V-C post in AMU '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 12 May 2012 . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Business Standard ( 11 August 2012 ) . `` Hamid Ansari sworn - in as Vice President for second term '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Mohammed Hamid Ansari ? '' . NDTV. 7 August 2012 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 3 brothers , 5 seats , jail : no getting away from the Ansaris of Poorvanchal '' . Indian Express . 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hamid Ansari sworn in as vice-president '' . DNA India . 11 August 2012 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sh . M. Hamid Ansari '' . Vice President of India . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hamid Ansari : Seasoned diplomat and scholar , respected leader '' . Two Circles. 14 July 2012 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ansari cherishes UAE experience '' . Gulf News . 23 July 2007 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India 's vice president to visit Uganda '' . New Vision . 16 February 2017 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ T.P. Sreenivasan ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Hamid Ansari : an intellectual liberated '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Former diplomat named new AMU Vice-Chancellor '' . The Hindu . 23 May 2000 . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NCM website -- current commission '' . Archived from the original on 28 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` St Stephens reservation row '' . newspostindia.com . Jump up ^ `` Ansari named UPA - Left candidate for Vice President Poll '' . ibnlive.com . Jump up ^ `` VP Poll : Jaswant Singh Vs Hamid Ansari '' . Outlook India . 16 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 17 July 2012 . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Andrew MacAskill and Bibhudatta Pradhan ( 30 December 2011 ) . `` Singh Caps ' Annus Horribilis ' With Anti-Graft Law Stymied by Upper House '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hamid Ansari retained seat as Vice President '' . 7 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hamid Ansari : versatile scholar , statesman '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Asserting Your Nationalism Day In , Day Out Is Unnecessary : Hamid Ansari -- The Wire ( full transcript ) '' . The Wire . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The unfinished Partition of India and Pakistan '' . The Economist. 17 August 2017 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In quotes : Muslim reaction to Pope '' . BBC News . Retrieved 13 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Anticipation , trepidation , says Ansari '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 13 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hamid Ansari defeats Jaswant Singh , re-elected as the Vice President '' . bengalnewz.com . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Full Text of Vice President Hamid Ansari 's Speech at Convocation of Central University of Bihar '' . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mohammad Hamid Ansari . Profile at Indian Government website Iran Today : Twenty -- five Years after the Islamic Revolution ( Rupa , New Delhi , 2005 ) ( ISBN 81 - 291 - 0774 - 0 ) Hamid Ansari : versatile scholar , statesman Goof up leaves Ansari fuming Academic offices Preceded by Mahmoodur Rahman Vice Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University 2000 -- 2002 Succeeded by Naseem Ahmad Political offices Preceded by Bhairon Singh Shekhawat Vice President of India 2007 -- 2017 Succeeded by Venkaiah Naidu Vice-President of India ( List ) Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Zakir Hussain V.V. Giri Gopal Swarup Pathak B.D. Jatti Mohammad Hidayatullah R. Venkataraman Shankar Dayal Sharma K.R. Narayanan Krishan Kant Bhairon Singh Shekhawat Mohammad Hamid Ansari Venkaiah Naidu Aligarh Muslim University History Syed Ahmad Khan Muhammadan Anglo - Oriental College Aga Khan III Mohammad Ali Mohammad Khan Aligarh Movement Pakistan Movement All India Muhammadan Educational Conference Scientific Society of Aligarh Aligarh Institute Gazette Tehzeeb - ul - Akhlaq Faculty & departments Faculty of Arts Faculty of Law Faculty of Theology Faculty of Social Sciences Colleges & schools Minto Circle Ahmadi School for the Visually Challenged Women 's College Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College Libraries Maulana Azad Library Clubs & societies Cricket Club Horse Riding Club Siddons Union Club Aligarh Muslim University Students ' Union Arts & culture Moinuddin Ahmad Art Gallery Filmsaaz Halls Aftab Hall Campus Aligarh Fort Sir Syed Masjid People Mahendra Pratap Jai Kishan Das Mufaddal Saifuddin Zameer Uddin Shah Syed Zafarul Hasan Notable alumni ( category ) WorldCat Identities ISNI : 0000 0000 6708 0608 SUDOC : 109311671 VIAF : 66195656 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Hamid_Ansari&oldid=862269766 '' Categories : 1937 births 20th - century Indian educational theorists 20th - century Indian politicians 21st - century Indian educational theorists 21st - century Indian politicians Aligarh Muslim University alumni Ambassadors of India to Afghanistan Ambassadors of India to Iran Ambassadors of India to Saudi Arabia Ambassadors of India to the United Arab Emirates High Commissioners of India to Australia Indian civil servants Indian diplomats Indian Foreign Service officers Indian Muslims Living people People from Kolkata Permanent Representatives of India to the United Nations Politicians from Kolkata Recipients of the Padma Shri in civil service Scholars from Kolkata St. Xavier 's College , Calcutta alumni University of Calcutta alumni Vice-Chancellors of the Aligarh Muslim University Vice-Presidents of India Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2011 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা भोजपुरी Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2018 , at 08 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad%20Hamid%20Ansari

what is the coldest temperature ever recorded in alaska

The highest and lowest recorded temperatures in Alaska are both in the Interior . The highest is 100 ° F ( 37.8 ° C ) in Fort Yukon on June 27 , 1915 . The lowest Alaska temperature is − 80 ° F ( − 62.2 ° C ) in Prospect Creek on January 23 , 1971 , 1 ° F ( 0.6 ° C ) above the lowest temperature recorded in continental North America ( in Snag , Yukon , Canada ) . Alaska also holds the extreme US record low temperatures for every month except July and August .

− 80 ° F ( − 62.2 ° C )

Climate of Alaska

climate of alaska

The climate of Alaska is determined by average temperatures and precipitation received statewide over many years . The extratropical storm track runs along the Aleutian Island chain , across the Alaska Peninsula , and along the coastal area of the Gulf of Alaska which exposes these parts of the state to a large majority of the storms crossing the North Pacific . The climate in Juneau and the southeast panhandle is a mid-latitude oceanic climate ( Köppen Cfb ) in the southern sections and a subarctic oceanic climate ( Köppen Cfc ) in the northern parts . The climate in Southcentral Alaska is a subarctic climate ( Köppen Dfc ) due to its short , cool summers . The climate of the interior of Alaska is best described as extreme and is the best example of a true subarctic climate , as the highest and lowest recorded temperatures in Alaska have both occurred in the interior . The climate in the extreme north of Alaska is an Arctic climate ( Köppen ET ) with long , cold winters , and cool summers where snow is possible year - round .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Temperature 1.1 Southeast 1.2 South 1.3 West 1.4 Interior 1.5 North 1.6 Northern 1.7 Temperature comparison 1.8 Extremes 2 Precipitation 3 References Temperature ( edit ) Southeast ( edit ) Further information : Climate change in southeast Alaska Köppen climate types in SE Alaska The climate in Juneau and the southeast panhandle is a mid-latitude oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfb ) in the southern sections and an oceanic , marine subpolar climate ( Köppen Cfc ) in the northern parts . Much of the southern parts are temperate rainforest . On an annual basis , southern portions are both the wettest and warmest part of Alaska , with milder temperatures in the winter and high precipitation throughout the year . Average monthly precipitation is generally highest in the autumn months , especially October , and lowest in May or June . This is also the only region in Alaska in which the average daytime high temperature is above freezing during the winter months . There are even a few regions in the far southeast Alaska where the average temperature is warm enough to grow some cold - hardy palm trees . South ( edit ) The climate in south central Alaska , with Anchorage as a typical city , is mild by Alaskan standards . This is due in large part to its proximity to the coast . While it does not get nearly as much rain as the southeast of Alaska , it does get more snow , although days tend to be clearer here . It is a subarctic climate ( Köppen Dfc ) due to its short , cool summers . There are frequent , strong southeast winds known as the Knik wind in the vicinity of Palmer , especially in the winter months . West ( edit ) The climate of Western Alaska is determined largely by the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska . It is a subarctic oceanic climate in the southwest and a continental subarctic climate farther north . The temperature is somewhat moderate considering how far north the area is . This area has a tremendous amount of variety , especially when considering precipitation . The northern side of the Seward Peninsula is technically a desert with less than 10 inches ( 254 mm ) of precipitation annually , while some locations between Dillingham and Bethel average around 100 inches ( 2,540 mm ) of precipitation . Interior ( edit ) The climate of the interior of Alaska is best described as extreme and is an excellent example of a true continental subarctic climate . Some of the hottest and coldest temperatures in Alaska occur around the area near Fairbanks . The summers can have temperatures reaching into the 90s ° F ( near 34 ° C ) , while in the winter , the temperature can fall below − 50 ° F ( − 45.6 ° C ) , and in rare cases , below − 60 ° F ( − 51.1 ° C ) . Precipitation is generally sparse around the year , peaking during the summer months , and virtually all precipitation between October and April falls as snow . Ice fog is a significant hazard during especially cold periods between November and March . North ( edit ) The climate in the extreme north of Alaska is what would be expected for an area north of the Arctic Circle . It is an Arctic climate ( Köppen ET ) with long , very cold winters and short , cool summers . The sun does not rise at all during some weeks in the winter , and is out for 24 hours during some weeks in the summer . However , despite 24 hours of sunshine in the summertime , the average low temperature is barely above freezing in Barrow in July , at 34 ° F ( 1.1 ° C ) and snow may fall any month of the year. North Alaska is the coldest region in Alaska . Northern ( edit ) Temperature comparison ( edit ) Anchorage Barrow Fairbanks Juneau Nome Unalaska Monthly average highs and lows for various cities and towns in Alaska in Fahrenheit and Celsius City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Anchorage 21 / 10 ( − 6 / − 12 ) 28 / 16 ( − 2 / − 9 ) 34 / 18 ( 1 / − 8 ) 46 / 29 ( 8 / − 2 ) 57 / 39 ( 14 / 4 ) 64 / 47 ( 18 / 8 ) 66 / 51 ( 19 / 11 ) 64 / 49 ( 18 / 9 ) 56 / 41 ( 13 / 5 ) 42 / 31 ( 6 / − 1 ) 27 / 17 ( − 3 / − 8 ) 24 / 13 ( − 4 / − 11 ) Barrow − 7 / − 20 ( − 22 / − 29 ) − 11 / − 23 ( − 24 / − 31 ) − 8 / − 21 ( − 22 / − 29 ) 7 / − 7 ( − 14 / − 22 ) 25 / 15 ( − 4 / − 9 ) 39 / 30 ( 4 / − 1 ) 46 / 34 ( 8 / 1 ) 43 / 34 ( 6 / 1 ) 35 / 28 ( 2 / − 2 ) 21 / 12 ( − 6 / − 11 ) 6 / − 5 ( − 14 / − 21 ) − 4 / − 16 ( − 20 / − 27 ) Fairbanks − 1 / − 19 ( − 18 / − 28 ) 9 / − 14 ( − 13 / − 26 ) 24 / − 3 ( − 4 / − 19 ) 43 / 20 ( 6 / − 7 ) 60 / 38 ( 16 / 3 ) 71 / 49 ( 22 / 9 ) 72 / 52 ( 22 / 11 ) 66 / 47 ( 19 / 8 ) 55 / 36 ( 13 / 2 ) 32 / 17 ( 0 / − 8 ) 11 / − 5 ( − 12 / − 21 ) 2 / − 15 ( − 17 / − 26 ) Juneau 33 / 24 ( 1 / − 4 ) 37 / 27 ( 3 / − 3 ) 40 / 30 ( 4 / − 1 ) 49 / 35 ( 9 / 2 ) 56 / 42 ( 13 / 6 ) 62 / 48 ( 17 / 9 ) 64 / 51 ( 18 / 11 ) 63 / 50 ( 17 / 10 ) 57 / 45 ( 14 / 7 ) 49 / 39 ( 9 / 4 ) 40 / 31 ( 4 / − 1 ) 36 / 27 ( 2 / − 3 ) Nome 13 / − 2 ( − 11 / − 19 ) 14 / − 3 ( − 10 / − 19 ) 17 / − 0 ( − 8 / − 18 ) 27 / 12 ( − 3 / − 11 ) 43 / 30 ( 6 / − 1 ) 53 / 40 ( 12 / 4 ) 57 / 45 ( 14 / 7 ) 56 / 44 ( 13 / 7 ) 49 / 37 ( 9 / 3 ) 34 / 23 ( 1 / − 5 ) 23 / 10 ( − 5 / − 12 ) 14 / − 1 ( − 10 / − 18 ) Unalaska 37 / 28 ( 3 / − 2 ) 37 / 28 ( 3 / − 2 ) 39 / 28 ( 4 / − 2 ) 41 / 31 ( 5 / − 1 ) 46 / 37 ( 8 / 3 ) 52 / 42 ( 11 / 6 ) 57 / 46 ( 14 / 8 ) 59 / 48 ( 15 / 9 ) 54 / 44 ( 12 / 7 ) 47 / 37 ( 8 / 3 ) 43 / 32 ( 6 / 0 ) 39 / 30 ( 4 / − 1 ) Extremes ( edit ) The highest and lowest recorded temperatures in Alaska are both in the Interior . The highest is 100 ° F ( 37.8 ° C ) in Fort Yukon on June 27 , 1915 . The lowest Alaska temperature is − 80 ° F ( − 62.2 ° C ) in Prospect Creek on January 23 , 1971 , 1 ° F ( 0.6 ° C ) above the lowest temperature recorded in continental North America ( in Snag , Yukon , Canada ) . Alaska also holds the extreme US record low temperatures for every month except July and August . ( hide ) Climate data for Alaska Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 66 ( 19 ) 66 ( 19 ) 71 ( 22 ) 82 ( 28 ) 92 ( 33 ) 100 ( 38 ) 99 ( 37 ) 99 ( 37 ) 88 ( 31 ) 74 ( 23 ) 67 ( 19 ) 64 ( 18 ) 100 ( 38 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 80 ( − 62 ) − 75 ( − 59 ) − 68 ( − 56 ) − 50 ( − 46 ) − 25 ( − 32 ) − 1 ( − 18 ) 16 ( − 9 ) 8 ( − 13 ) − 13 ( − 25 ) − 50 ( − 46 ) − 61 ( − 52 ) − 72 ( − 58 ) − 80 ( − 62 ) Source : http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0930150.html Precipitation ( edit ) Juneau averages over 50 inches ( 1,270 mm ) of precipitation a year , while some other areas in southeast Alaska receive as much as 275 inches ( 6,980 mm ) . Average monthly precipitation generally peaks in September or October , and is lowest in May and June . Owing to the rain shadow of the coastal mountains , south - central Alaska does not get nearly as much rain as the southeast of Alaska , though it does get more snow with up to 300 inches ( 7.62 m ) at Valdez and much more in the mountains . On average , Anchorage receives 16 inches ( 410 mm ) of precipitation a year , with around 75 inches ( 1.91 m ) of snow . The northern coast of the Gulf of Alaska receives up to 150 inches ( 3,810.0 mm ) of precipitation annually . Across western sections of the state , the northern side of the Seward Peninsula is a desert with less than 10 inches ( 250 mm ) of precipitation annually , while some locations between Dillingham and Bethel average around 100 inches ( 2,540 mm ) of precipitation . Inland , often less than 10 inches ( 254 mm ) falls a year and on the North Slope as little as 4 inches ( 100 mm ) of rainfall equivalent and 30 inches ( 0.76 m ) of snow is typical , but what snow falls during the winter tends to stay throughout the season . Thunderstorms are fairly rare in most of Alaska , but do occur in the interior in the summer with some frequency and may cause wildfires . Anchorage gets a thunderstorm every few years . There has even been the rare thunderstorm in Barrow on the Arctic coast . While weak tornadoes and waterspouts , while extremely rare , do sometimes occur , Alaska is considered the least tornado - prone state in the United States . La Niña events lead to drier than normal conditions , while El Niño events do not have a correlation towards dry or wet conditions . Precipitation increases by 10 -- 40 % when the Pacific decadal oscillation is positive . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.florida-palm-trees.com/alaska-palm-trees/ Jump up ^ Null , Jan . `` Wind Names '' . Golden Gate Weather Services . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mean Annual Precipitation in Alaska - Yukon Archived 2007 - 06 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... Oregon Climate Service at Oregon State University . Retrieved on 2006 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ History for Barrow , Alaska . Monthly Summary for July 2006 . Weather Underground . Last accessed 23 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards Information - Alaska Weather Interesting Facts and Records '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` State Extremes '' . Western Regional Climate Center , Desert Research Institute . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` SD Weather History and Trivia for May : May 1 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ ALASKA - Frequently Asked Questions About Alaska : Weather '' . Statewide Library Electronic Doorway , University of Alaska Fairbanks. 2005 - 01 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Ned Rozell ( 2003 - 01 - 23 ) . `` The Coldest Place in North America '' . Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska Fairbanks . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Western Regional Climate Center . Climate of Alaska . Retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.john-daly.com/thunder/index.htm Jump up ^ John Papineau , Ph. D. Understanding Alaska 's Climate Variation . Retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 19 . Climate of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands State of Alaska Juneau ( capital ) Topics Index Geography Earthquakes Climate Wildlife History People Transportation Government Delegations Music Society Crime Demographics Economy Education Rural dentistry Politics Sports Regions Alaska Peninsula Aleutian Islands Arctic The Bush Inside Passage Interior Kenai Peninsula Mat ‐ Su Valley North Slope Seward Peninsula Southcentral Southeast Southwest Tanana Valley Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Largest cities Anchorage Badger Utqiaġvik Bethel Dillingham Fairbanks Homer Juneau Kenai Ketchikan Kodiak Kotzebue Nome Palmer Petersburg Seward Sitka Soldotna Unalaska Valdez Wasilla Boroughs Aleutians East Anchorage Bristol Bay Denali Fairbanks North Star Haines Juneau Kenai Peninsula Ketchikan Gateway Kodiak Island Lake and Peninsula Matanuska ‐ Susitna North Slope Northwest Arctic Petersburg Sitka Skagway Wrangell Yakutat Unorganized Census Areas Aleutians West Bethel Dillingham Hoonah -- Angoon Kusilvak Nome Prince of Wales -- Hyder Southeast Fairbanks Valdez -- Cordova Yukon -- Koyukuk Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Alaska&oldid=843253657 '' Categories : Climate of Alaska Climate of the United States by state Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 22 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20of%20Alaska

who is the st louis cardinals pitching coach

Derek Lilliquist

derek lilliquist

As player

Atlanta Braves ( 1989 -- 1990 ) San Diego Padres ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Cleveland Indians ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Boston Red Sox ( 1995 ) Cincinnati Reds ( 1996 ) As coach St. Louis Cardinals ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Washington Nationals ( 2018 -- present ) Career highlights and awards World Series champion ( 2011 ) Derek Jansen Lilliquist ( born February 20 , 1966 ) is a former professional baseball pitcher and the current pitching coach for the Washington Nationals of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . The Atlanta Braves selected him in the first round of the 1987 MLB draft from the University of Georgia ( UGA ) . In his MLB career , Lilliquist played for the Braves ( 1989 -- 90 ) , San Diego Padres ( 1990 -- 91 ) , Cleveland Indians ( 1992 -- 94 ) , Boston Red Sox ( 1995 ) and the Cincinnati Reds ( 1996 ) . He coached in the Cardinals organization since 2002 , and began serving on the major league staff in 2011 . On October 3 , 2017 , it was announced that Lilliquist would not be back with the team for the 2018 season . While playing for UGA , Lilliquist was selected as Baseball America 's Pitcher of the Year and was an All - American in 1987 . In the major leagues , he functioned primarily as a relief pitcher . With Cleveland in 1992 , he posted career lows in earned run average ( 2.25 ) , hits per nine innings ( 5.7 ) , and walks plus hits per inning pitched ( 0.924 ) while appearing in a career - high 71 games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and amateur career 2 Professional playing career ( 1987 -- 96 ) 3 Pitching statistics 4 Coaching career ( 2002 -- present ) 5 Personal life 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life and amateur career ( edit ) Derek Lilliquist graduated from Sarasota High School in Sarasota , Florida in 1984 . He played college baseball for the Georgia Bulldogs . In 1987 , Lilliquist was an All - American selection according to both the American Baseball Coaches Association and Baseball America ( BA ) . He was also BA 's Pitcher of the Year for that season . He helped lead to UGA to their first - ever Southeastern Conference title and trip to the College World Series . In three seasons at UGA , Lilliquist posted a 31 -- 12 won -- loss record and 3.30 earned run average ( ERA ) . Professional playing career ( 1987 -- 96 ) ( edit ) The Atlanta Braves selected Lilliquist as the sixth overall pick in the 1987 Major League Baseball draft and assigned him to the Gulf Coast League Braves in the Rookie League of Minor League Baseball that same season . There he made two starts , totaling 13 innings pitched ( IP ) , allowing just three hits and no runs . He was promoted to the Durham Bulls of the Carolina League , where he made three starts , totaling 25 IP , two complete games and a 2.88 ERA . The next season , the Braves again promoted him , this time to the AAA Richmond Braves of the International League , where he spent the entire season . Lilliquist started all 28 games in which he appeared , posting a 3.38 ERA in a professional - high ​ 170 ⁄ IP . While striking out just 80 batters , he also allowed just 36 bases on balls ( BB ) . Facing the San Diego Padres at Jack Murphy Stadium in San Diego in his MLB debut on April 13 , 1989 , Lilliquist pitched the Braves to a 4 -- 1 victory . In ​ 7 ⁄ IP , he allowed just the run on three hits while earning the win . For the season , he pitched his MLB career - high ​ 165 ⁄ innings and allowed a 3.97 ERA . However , he also allowed 202 hits for an average of 11.0 hits per nine innings pitched ( H / 9 ) . He finished second in the National League ( NL ) in bases on balls per 9 innings pitched ( BB / 9 ) with 1.847 and fourth in the NL Rookie of the Year voting . On May 1 , 1990 , at Atlanta in Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium , Lilliquist become of the few pitchers to have a multi-homer game when he hit two home runs off Ron Darling in a Braves ' 5 -- 2 victory over the New York Mets . His batting statistics for the Braves that season included eight hits in 23 at bats for a . 348 batting average , two home runs and three runs batted in with a . 609 slugging percentage . However , his pitching had declined since his rookie year . With a 6.28 ERA and two wins and eight losses in 11 starts , the Braves traded Lilliquist to the San Diego Padres for Mark Grant on July 12 , 1990 . Lilliquist 's only career MLB complete game and shutout occurred on August 12 , 1990 , in a 9 -- 0 defeat of the Houston Astros . He allowed four hits while striking out three . With the Padres that season , he fared better , posting a 4.33 ERA . Spending most of the 1991 season in the minor leagues , the Padres assigned Lilliquist to the Las Vegas Stars of the Pacific Coast League . Here , he allowed 142 hits in 105 IP and 33 games for 5.38 ERA , contributing as both a starter and reliever . With the Padres , he allowed 14 earned runs in ​ 14 ⁄ IP for a 8.79 ERA . The Cleveland Indians claimed Lilliquist off waivers from the Padres on November 22 , 1991 . He converted to full - time relief duty in 1992 . Here , he posted some of his career - best numbers , including ERA , H / 9 , and walks plus hits per inning pitched ( WHIP ) . In 71 games , he pitched ​ 61 ⁄ innings , allowed just 39 hits for 5.7 H / 9 , 0.924 WHIP and a 2.25 ERA . His 71 appearances placed fourth in the American League ( AL ) among pitchers . He also finished 22 games and saved six . Continuing on his success in 1993 , Lilliquist appeared in 56 games , posting a 2.25 ERA , 1.297 WHIP while saving ten games and finishing 28 . His final year in Cleveland saw his ERA rise to 4.91 in 1994 . He signed as a free agent with the Boston Red Sox before the 1995 season , but could not replicate his success in Cleveland . He appeared in 28 games while posting a 6.26 ERA . The Red Sox released him in July , making him a free agent . The Los Angeles Dodgers signed Lilliquist on August 1 , 1995 , and assigned him to their AAA minor league affiliate , the Albuquerque Dukes . They never called him up to the major leagues . He again became a free agent following the season and signed with the Cincinnati Reds for the 1996 season . The Reds assigned him to their AA minor league affiliate , the Indianapolis Indians , where he appeared in 47 games -- all as a reliever -- and posted a 2.60 ERA . The Reds called Lilliquist up to the major leagues , where he appeared in five games . His last MLB game was on September 6 , 1996 , against the San Francisco Giants , where he faced one batter and gave up a hit . Pitching statistics ( edit ) 262 games 25 wins 34 losses 261 strikeouts 4.13 ERA Coaching career ( 2002 -- present ) ( edit ) After retiring as a player , Lilliquist coached for Vero Beach High School in Vero Beach , Florida , from 1998 to 2001 . Next , he became a coach in the St. Louis Cardinals organization . In 2002 , he served as the pitching coach for the Johnson City Cardinals of the Rookie League , where his pitching staff posted a 5.04 ERA and 7.8 strikeouts per 9 innings pitched ( K / 9 ) in 67 games . The next season , he handled the same role for the Class A Peoria Chiefs . This team posted a 3.48 ERA and 5.8 K / 9 in 138 games . Lilliquist spent the next four seasons as the pitching coach for the Class A Palm Beach Cardinals of the Florida State League ( FSL ) in Jupiter , Florida . His clubs twice made the playoffs . Palm Beach won the 2005 FSL Championship as the pitching staff registered the league 's second - best ERA at 3.94 . He then contributed as the Cardinals ' pitching coordinator from 2008 -- 10 , helping to rehabilitate injured pitchers at the club 's spring training complex in Jupiter . The Cardinals named Lilliquist as the Cardinals major league bullpen coach on November 2 , 2010 . Late in the Cardinals ' 2011 World Series -- championship season , he temporarily replaced incumbent pitching coach Dave Duncan , who took a leave of absence for family reasons . On January 6 , 2012 , the Cardinals announced that Lilliquist would permanently replace Duncan , whose future remained uncertain . On October 3 , 2017 , it was announced that Lilliquist would not be back with the team for the 2018 season . The Nationals named Lilliquist as the Nationals major league pitching coach on November 9 , 2017 . Personal life ( edit ) During the offseason , Lilliquist resides in Vero Beach . He is married to Claudia Ferrari Lilliquist . He has two children with his former wife Julie Lilliquist , Derek and Alexandra . See also ( edit ) List of St. Louis Cardinals coaches References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Derek Lilliquist # 34 '' . stlouis.cardinals.mlb.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Baseball Award Winners '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Lilliquist minor league statistics & history '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` April 3 , 1989 Atlanta Braves at San Diego Padres box score and play by play '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tomasik , Mark ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` How Derek Lilliquist slugged two homers against Mets '' . Society of American Baseball Research . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` August 12 , 1990 San Diego Padres at Houston Astros box score and play by play '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` September 6 , 1996 San Francisco Giants at Cincinnati Reds play by play and box score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Johnson City Cardinals statistics -- Minor Leagues '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Peoria Chiefs statistics -- Minor Leagues '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Browne , Ian ( November 2 , 2010 ) . `` Cardinals finalize 2011 coaching staff '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leach , Matthew ( January 6 , 2012 ) . `` Cardinals ' Duncan taking leave of absence : Lilliquist to serve as pitching coach ; Miller named bullpen coach '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.stltoday.com/sports/baseball/professional/birdland/cardinals-part-ways-with-pitching-coach-lilliquist-will-try-new/article_0d1a7f72-0a03-513f-8e3a-b9dbfe8273d2.html Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/2017/11/09/nats-hire-hale-as-bench-coach-lilliquist-as-pitching-coach/107501750/ External links ( edit ) Career statistics and player information from Baseball - Reference hide Sporting positions Preceded by unknown Johnson City Cardinals pitching coach 2002 Succeeded by Al Holland Preceded by Gary Buckels Peoria Chiefs pitching coach 2003 Succeeded by Bryan Eversgerd Preceded by unknown Palm Beach Cardinals pitching coach 2004 - 2007 Succeeded by Dennis Martinez Preceded by Marty Mason St. Louis Cardinals bullpen coach 2011 Succeeded by Dyar Miller Preceded by Dave Duncan St. Louis Cardinals pitching coach 2012 - 2017 Succeeded by Mike Maddux Preceded by Mike Maddux Washington Nationals pitching coach 2018 - present Succeeded by Incumbent St. Louis Cardinals 2011 World Series champions 3 Ryan Theriot 4 Yadier Molina 5 Albert Pujols 7 Matt Holliday 8 Nick Punto 12 Lance Berkman 13 Gerald Laird 15 Rafael Furcal 19 Jon Jay 21 Allen Craig 22 Edwin Jackson 23 David Freese ( NLCS & World Series MVP ) 26 Kyle Lohse 28 Octavio Dotel 29 Chris Carpenter 30 Jason Motte 33 Daniel Descalso 34 Marc Rzepczynski 35 Jake Westbrook 41 Mitchell Boggs 53 Arthur Rhodes 54 Jaime García 55 Skip Schumaker 56 Adron Chambers 59 Fernando Salas 62 Lance Lynn Manager 10 Tony La Russa Bench Coach 49 Joe Pettini 1st Base Coach 39 Dave McKay 3rd Base Coach 11 José Oquendo Hitting Coach 25 Mark McGwire Pitching Coach 18 Dave Duncan Bullpen Coach 36 Derek Lilliquist Bullpen Catcher 58 Jeff Murphy Regular season National League Division Series National League Championship Series Atlanta Braves first - round draft picks 1965 : Grant 1966 : Santorini 1967 : Finlay 1968 : Moore 1969 : Holbert 1970 : Broaddus 1971 : Duncan 1972 : Hanna 1973 : Rockett 1974 : Murphy 1975 : Young 1976 : Smith 1977 : Cole 1978 : Horner 1979 : Komminsk 1980 : Dayley , Acker 1981 : Roberts 1982 : Ward 1983 : None 1984 : Denson 1985 : Greene 1986 : Mercker 1987 : Lilliquist 1988 : Avery 1989 : Houston 1990 : C. Jones 1991 : Kelly 1992 : Arnold 1993 : None 1994 : Shumate 1995 : Hutchinson 1996 : Zapp , Marquis 1997 : Cameron 1998 : None 1999 : None 2000 : Wainwright , Thorman , K. Johnson , Herr 2001 : McBride , Burrus , Lewis 2002 : Francoeur , Meyer 2003 : Atilano , Saltalamacchia 2004 : None 2005 : Devine , B. Jones 2006 : C. Johnson , Rasmus , Evarts 2007 : Heyward , Gilmore 2008 : DeVall 2009 : Minor 2010 : Lipka 2011 : Gilmartin 2012 : Sims 2013 : Hursh 2014 : Davidson 2015 : Allard , Soroka 2016 : Anderson 2017 : Wright 1987 Major League Baseball Draft First Round Selections Ken Griffey Jr . Mark Merchant Willie Banks Mike Harkey Jack McDowell Derek Lilliquist Chris Myers Dan Opperman Kevin Appier Kevin Garner Lee Tinsley Delino DeShields Bill Spiers Cris Carpenter Brad DuVall Mike Remlinger Alex Sanchez Jack Armstrong Brian Bohanon Bill Henderson Steve Pegues Craig Biggio Bill Haselman Chris Donnels John Orton Reggie Harris Pete Harnisch Tyrone Kingwood Mark Petkovsek Travis Fryman David Holdridge Bob Zupcic 1987 College Baseball All - America Team selections P Curt Krippner P Richie Lewis P Derek Lilliquist P Gregg Olson P Mike Remlinger P Anthony Telford C Craig Biggio C Darrin Fletcher 1B Marteese Robinson 2B Torey Lovullo 3B Robin Ventura SS Mike Benjamin SS Dave Silvestri O Riccardo Ingram O Ted Wood O Tim Raley O Brian Cisarik DH Jim Ifland DH Scott Livingstone U Mike Willes Washington Nationals current roster Active roster 1 Wilmer Difo 3 Michael A. Taylor 5 Adrián Sánchez 6 Anthony Rendon 7 Trea Turner 14 Mark Reynolds 15 Matt Adams 21 Brandon Kintzler 22 Juan Soto 26 Trevor Gott 27 Shawn Kelley 29 Pedro Severino 31 Max Scherzer 34 Bryce Harper 36 Sammy Solís 37 Stephen Strasburg 45 Andrew Stevenson 47 Gio González 51 Wander Suero 55 Tim Collins 57 Tanner Roark 58 Jeremy Hellickson 60 Justin Miller 62 Sean Doolittle 64 Spencer Kieboom Inactive roster 9 Rafael Bautista 16 Víctor Robles 19 Matt Reynolds 23 Erick Fedde 50 Austin Voth 68 Jefry Rodríguez 70 Austin L. Adams 71 José Marmolejos 73 Kelvin Gutiérrez Disabled list 2 Adam Eaton 8 Brian Goodwin 11 Ryan Zimmerman 12 Howie Kendrick 20 Daniel Murphy 30 Koda Glover 32 Matt Wieters 33 Matt Grace 41 Joe Ross 44 Ryan Madson 53 Joaquín Benoit 66 Jhonatan Solano Restricted list 65 Raudy Read Coaching staff Manager 4 Dave Martinez Bench 10 Chip Hale First base 24 Tim Bogar Third base 13 Bob Henley Hitting 54 Kevin Long Assistant Hitting 25 Joe Dillon Pitching 38 Derek Lilliquist Bullpen 35 Henry Blanco Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derek_Lilliquist&oldid=841651330 '' Categories : 1966 births Living people Major League Baseball pitchers Major League Baseball pitching coaches Baseball players from Florida Atlanta Braves players Cleveland Indians players Georgia Bulldogs baseball players San Diego Padres players Boston Red Sox players Cincinnati Reds players St. Louis Cardinals coaches Washington Nationals coaches Sportspeople from Winter Park , Florida Gulf Coast Braves players Durham Bulls players Richmond Braves players Las Vegas Stars ( baseball ) players Albuquerque Dukes players Indianapolis Indians players Sarasota High School alumni Sportspeople from Sarasota , Florida All - American college baseball players Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 04 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek%20Lilliquist

who played mike cutter on law and order

Michael `` Mike '' Cutter is a fictional character on the long - running NBC series Law & Order and its spinoff Law & Order : Special Victims Unit played by Linus Roache . The character debuted in the eighteenth season premiere of Law & Order , broadcast on January 2 , 2008 , and remained until its series finale `` Rubber Room '' on May 24 , 2010 . The character returned to television in the thirteenth season premiere of Special Victims Unit , broadcast on September 21 , 2011 . He has appeared in sixty - three episodes of L&O and four episodes of SVU .

Linus Roache

Michael Cutter

michael cutter

Michael `` Mike '' Cutter is a fictional character on the long - running NBC series Law & Order and its spinoff Law & Order : Special Victims Unit played by Linus Roache . The character debuted in the eighteenth season premiere of Law & Order , broadcast on January 2 , 2008 , and remained until its series finale `` Rubber Room '' on May 24 , 2010 . The character returned to television in the thirteenth season premiere of Special Victims Unit , broadcast on September 21 , 2011 . He has appeared in sixty - three episodes of L&O and four episodes of SVU .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Character overview 1.1 Appearances 1.1. 1 Law & Order 1.1. 2 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit 1.2 Personality 1.2. 1 Legal tactics 1.3 Personal life 2 References Character overview ( edit ) Appearances ( edit ) Law & Order ( edit ) Within the continuity of Law & Order , Cutter is an Executive Assistant District Attorney , following the appointment of his predecessor Jack McCoy ( Sam Waterston ) to the New York County District Attorney seat vacated by Arthur Branch ( Fred Dalton Thompson ) . He works closely with Connie Rubirosa ( Alana de la Garza ) , the Assistant District Attorney who had previously aided McCoy . Because of this , he has occasionally discussed McCoy with her -- usually with complaints -- in an attempt to understand his new boss . As evidenced by his first appearance , he is familiar with former District Attorney Arthur Branch , having apparently been in Branch 's office on at least one occasion . In the episode `` Executioner '' , he reveals that he supports the death penalty . In the L&O episode `` By Perjury '' , he is almost murdered in the bathroom of the courthouse before being saved at the last moment by detectives Cyrus Lupo ( Jeremy Sisto ) and Kevin Bernard ( Anthony Anderson ) . In the episode `` Innocence '' , Cutter 's former Hudson University law professor raises an issue regarding Cutter 's qualification to practice law . Although he did the required undergraduate work , a few college credits were not recorded into his academic record . As a result of the missing credits , Cutter never received an undergraduate degree , a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) . Despite the lack of an undergraduate degree , he attended and graduated from law school ; however , he `` perpetuated '' the oversight to the Bar Overseers by misrepresenting to them that he had received a BA and was admitted to the New York State Bar . He made the same misrepresentation when he applied for a position with the Manhattan District Attorney 's Office . At the end of the episode , he receives a letter of reprimand from the Bar Overseers which also states that the flaw in his academic background does not prejudice his past convictions . The letter is published in the Law Journal the next day , and he is able to retain his law license . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( edit ) In 2011 , the character was introduced into the continuity of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . In the show 's universe , Cutter is promoted at the District Attorney 's office to Bureau Chief ADA , where he oversees the assistant district attorneys assigned to the Special Victims Unit , most notably longtime Special Victims ADA 's Alexandra Cabot ( Stephanie March ) and Casey Novak ( Diane Neal ) . He is introduced as SVU 's Bureau Chief in the episode `` Scorched Earth '' , where an Italian diplomat is accused of raping a hotel maid . He works with Cabot to prosecute the case . When he tells her that they are dropping the charges , she protests his decision , saying `` All I ever heard was how Mike Cutter was a crusader for justice . '' The case goes to trial , but the jury deadlocks on the rape charge . In the episode `` True Believers '' , Cutter takes the lead on a case when Cabot is unavailable where a college music student ( Sofia Vassilieva ) is raped at gunpoint by a drug dealer . Powerful defense attorney Bayard Ellis ( Andre Braugher ) uses issues of race in his defense and Cutter fails to get a guilty verdict on the case . Cutter 's strong handed tactics do not sit well with the SVU detectives , especially Detective Nick Amaro ( Danny Pino ) , who has to be calmed by Sergeant John Munch ( Richard Belzer ) when Cutter asks him a question about the legality of their arrest . Cutter is last seen in the episode `` Father 's Shadow '' , in which he prosecutes a reality show producer for raping an aspiring actress . Personality ( edit ) Legal tactics ( edit ) Roache describes his character as follows : `` Sometimes he 's a little dangerous ; he 's not necessarily a comfortable kind of guy . '' ( ... ) `` He cares about justice ... but he sometimes takes these leaps out - of - the - box and is kind of non-linear . '' Like his predecessor , Jack McCoy , Cutter is dogged in his pursuit of justice . Also , he appears willing to bend or break rules to secure a conviction . In L&O 's `` Darkness '' , detectives find the likely hideout of a kidnapping victim who had been threatened with death . When the presiding judge is approached for a search warrant , he refuses to execute the warrant without further evidence such as computerized police records which , because the city is experiencing a power blackout , are inaccessible . Gambling that he could be able to justify the actions later , Cutter tells the detectives to enter the premises anyway . In L&O 's `` Quit Claim '' , he nearly suborns perjury . In L&O 's `` Tango '' , he realizes one of the jurors is attracted to his ADA , Connie Rubirosa ( Alana de la Garza ) . He makes no mention of this to her , and encourages her to cross-examine witnesses in his stead . When she learns the truth , she feels Cutter `` pimped ( her ) out to the jury '' . Regardless , subsequent episodes have portrayed a stable working and friendly relationship . In L&O 's `` Brilliant Disguise '' , Cutter talks about his actions while cross-examining the defendant in an attempt to elicit incriminating testimony , but claimed that he 'd ordered her to instead of tricked her , much to her displeasure , by the end of the episode , he apologizes to Connie , she responds naturally and without friction . Cutter has been known to manipulate potential witnesses to get them to testify . Near the end of `` Darkness '' , Cutter uses a man 's daughter to make him testify . In another episode , he convinces a young girl that her relative may face serious charges unless she talks . He even once intimidated a defendant in L&O 's `` Bogeyman '' ; by implying that he is a member of a Scientology - like group called `` Systemotics , '' Cutter exploits the defendant 's paranoia to earn a plea bargain . In the episode `` Skate or Die '' , Cutter pretends to be a Russian spy to provoke a mentally ill witness into headbutting him in front of Dr. Elizabeth Olivet ( Carolyn McCormick ) and demonstrate to her that the witness is a threat to himself and to others , leaving her no choice but to order him to take anti-psychotic medication . Cutter benefits from his provocation because the medicated witness is now able to provide coherent testimony . In the L&O season 19 finale `` The Drowned and the Saved '' , McCoy agrees not to bring criminal charges against Governor Donald Shalvoy ( Tom Everett Scott ) in exchange for testifying against his wife as part of a plea deal in a case involving prostitution and murder . After McCoy leaves the room , however , Cutter shows a piece of paper to Shalvoy purporting to contain a list of call girls the governor visited , and demands that he resign at the threat of exposing the list . Later , after Shalvoy publicly resigns , Cutter reveals that the piece of paper is blank . In the L&O season 20 episode `` Immortal '' , when Cutter questions Lt. Anita Van Buren ( S. Epatha Merkerson ) , he uses her ongoing cancer treatment to win his case . Van Buren later confronts him outside of court , accusing him of using her and violating her privacy . At the end of the episode , the two are implied to be on non-speaking terms . Personal life ( edit ) Cutter is pro-life . It is implied in several episodes that Cutter has romantic feelings for Rubirosa . McCoy , despite experiencing controversy due to his own relationships with various former ADAs , appears to understand how Cutter feels . In the episode `` For the Defense '' , it is hinted that Rubirosa is aware of his attraction , but her own feelings are left ambiguous . Cutter 's parents divorced when he was 10 years old , and since then , he has had very little contact with his father . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Q&A : ' Law & Order 's ' Linus Roache Makes A Welcome Return Jump up ^ `` Called Home '' . Law & Order . Season 18 . Episode 1 . January 2 , 2008 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Executioner '' . Law & Order . Season 18 . Episode 9 . February 20 , 2008 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Innocence '' . Law & Order . Season 20 . Episode 16 . February 20 , 2008 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Scorched Earth '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 13 . Episode 1 . September 21 , 2011 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` True Believers '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 13 . Episode 6 . November 2 , 2011 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Father 's Shadow '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 13 . Episode 18 . February 8 , 2012 . NBC . Jump up ^ Starr , Michael ( 2007 - 10 - 04 ) . `` The New DA '' . New York Post . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Dignity '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 20 . Episode 5 . October 23 , 2009 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` For the Defense '' . Law & Order . Season 20 . Episode 9 . November 13 , 2009 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 20 . Episode 18 . March 29 , 2010 . NBC . Law & Order Characters Police Sgt . Max Greevey Sgt . Phil Cerreta Lennie Briscoe Joe Fontana Ed Green Cyrus Lupo Mike Logan Rey Curtis Nick Falco Nina Cassady Kevin Bernard Captain Donald Cragen Lieutenant Anita Van Buren District attorneys Benjamin Stone Jack McCoy Michael Cutter Paul Robinette Claire Kincaid Jamie Ross Abbie Carmichael Serena Southerlyn Alexandra Borgia Connie Rubirosa Adam Schiff Nora Lewin Arthur Branch Recurring characters Elizabeth Olivet , Ph. D . Emil Skoda , M.D. Elizabeth Rodgers , M.D. Danielle Melnick Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Notable episodes `` Prescription for Death '' `` Everybody 's Favorite Bagman '' `` Manhood '' `` Aftershock '' `` Empire '' `` Mother 's Day '' `` Sunday in the Park with Jorge '' `` Public Service Homicide '' `` Burn Card '' `` The Drowned and the Saved '' `` Dignity '' `` Fed '' `` Blackmail '' `` Steel - Eyed Death '' `` Boy on Fire '' `` Rubber Room '' TV film Exiled : A Law & Order Movie See also Episodes Cast Law & Order franchise Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Characters Detectives Elliot Stabler Olivia Benson John Munch Monique Jeffries Fin Tutuola Chester Lake Nick Amaro Amanda Rollins Dominick Carisi Jr . Commanding officers Donald Cragen Olivia Benson Assistant District Attorneys Alexandra Cabot Casey Novak Kim Greylek Rafael Barba Doctors George Huang Melinda Warner Other characters Barry Moredock Brian Cassidy Elizabeth Donnelly Michael Cutter Sonya Paxton Jack McCoy Seasons Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Notable episodes `` Payback '' `` 911 '' `` Authority '' `` Cold '' `` Zebras '' `` Behave '' `` Smoked '' `` Scorched Earth '' `` Justice Denied '' `` Father Dearest '' `` Rhodium Nights '' `` Lost Reputation '' `` Above Suspicion '' `` Acceptable Loss '' `` Manhattan Vigil '' `` Comic Perversion '' `` Glasgowman 's Wrath '' `` Chicago Crossover '' See also Cast members Awards and nominations Law & Order franchise Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Cutter&oldid=815164779 '' Categories : Law & Order characters Law & Order : Special Victims Unit characters Fictional lawyers Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Crossover characters in television Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Hrvatski 日本 語 Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 04 : 31 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Cutter

who sang i'm going to hire a wino to decorate our home

`` I 'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home '' is a song written by Dewayne Blackwell and recorded by American country music artist David Frizzell . It was released in April 1982 as the first single from the album The Family 's Fine , But This One 's All Mine . `` I 'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home '' was David Frizzell 's only number one on the country chart as a solo artist . The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of 14 weeks in country music 's top 40 .

American country music artist David Frizzell

I 'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home

i'm gonna hire a wino to decorate our home

`` Another Honky - Tonk Night on Broadway '' ( 1982 ) `` I 'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home '' ( 1982 ) `` I Just Came Here to Dance '' ( 1982 ) `` I 'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home '' is a song written by Dewayne Blackwell and recorded by American country music artist David Frizzell . It was released in April 1982 as the first single from the album The Family 's Fine , But This One 's All Mine . `` I 'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home '' was David Frizzell 's only number one on the country chart as a solo artist . The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of 14 weeks in country music 's top 40 . The song also became an unexpected mainstream pop hit in Canada , peaking at No. 20 on the RPM Top Singles chart ( in addition to peaking at No. 3 on the magazine 's Top Country Tracks chart ) . Contents 1 Content 2 Charts 3 References 4 External links Content ( edit ) The song talks of a wife who grows tired of her husband 's barhopping ( and spending his entire paycheck doing so ) . But instead of ending the marriage , she comes up with a unique plan -- she decides to redecorate their house into a bar , and play the part of bartender / waitress as an inducement to get her husband to stay at home ( and possibly bring his friends along with him , so they can spend their paychecks ) . While he recovers from his hangover the following morning , she will deposit the proceeds in their bank account . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks Canadian RPM Top Singles 20 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 128 . Jump up ^ `` David Frizzell Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics David Frizzell Notable singles `` L.A. International Airport '' `` I Just Ca n't Help Believing '' `` I 'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home '' `` Lost My Baby Blues '' Singles with Shelly West `` You 're the Reason God Made Oklahoma '' `` A Texas State of Mind '' `` Husbands and Wives '' `` Another Honky - Tonk Night on Broadway '' `` I Just Came Here to Dance '' Related articles Lefty Frizzell This 1982 country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_Gonna_Hire_a_Wino_to_Decorate_Our_Home&oldid=847328231 '' Categories : 1982 singles David Frizzell songs Songs written by Dewayne Blackwell Song recordings produced by Snuff Garrett Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Warner Bros. Records singles 1982 songs 1982 country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 June 2018 , at 14 : 57 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%2527m%20Gonna%20Hire%20a%20Wino%20to%20Decorate%20Our%20Home

what is the meaning of 9 of swords in tarot

Nine of Swords

nine of swords

The Nine of Swords is a Minor Arcana tarot card , also known as the Lord of Cruelty . In many countries around Europe it is used as a game card . This card has the numerical value of nine .

In many countries Tarot cards are believed to tell the future , or have a divination usage . In these countries it is a very negative sign to have this card be turned . It is believed that it being turned can be instigated by others , as it might be coming up to show that one has been cruel to someone nearby . Card appearance ( edit ) This card has a lot to do with someone 's mind and their doubts and pain . The card shows a person , most often a woman , lying down or sitting up but they are or were sleeping . When this card is reversed it can be about real or imagined doubts or pain , just as dreams can be about real or imagined parts of our life . Most often the person on the card is on a bridge symbolizing a person between the worlds of dreaming and reality or also the worlds of life and death . Above the person lies their fears , hanging above them in an airy or dreamy way ; this can be represented through demons , devils or even a heavily agitated night sky . Often there are sharp objects such as swords or knives , representing that a persons fears may pierce or stab through them . The swords could also mean that they are there to help the person cut through their own difficulties . Divination usage ( edit ) If this card is shown in an upright position , it can mean deception , premonitions and bad dreams , suffering and depression , cruelty , disappointment , violence , loss and scandal . However , all of these may be overcome through faith and calculated inaction . This is the card of the martyr and with it comes new life out of suffering . This card can represent being plagued by fear , guilt , doubt , and worries that are to a large extent , unfounded . Chances are the person in question is dealing with a problematic situation or a difficult decision , but his or her worst fear is unlikely to materialize . If the card is shown in an ill - dignified or reversed manner then it has a different meaning . When turned this way it means distrust , suspicion , despair , misery or malice . Total isolation away from comfort and help : institutionalization , suicide , imprisonment and isolation . However , in a generally positive spread , the reversed meaning of this card can also indicate that the nightmare may be ending . The Nine of Swords reversed can actually be a hopeful card , counseling faith in the future and the promise of better days ahead . References ( edit ) Occult tarot Occultists Antoine Court de Gébelin Etteilla Éliphas Levi Arthur Edward Waite Manly P. Hall Paul Foster Case Major Arcana Trump cards The Fool I The Magician II The High Priestess III The Empress IV The Emperor V The Hierophant VI The Lovers VII The Chariot VIII ( XI ) Justice IX The Hermit X Wheel of Fortune XI ( VIII ) Strength XII The Hanged Man XIII Death XIV Temperance XV The Devil XVI The Tower XVII The Star XVIII The Moon XIX The Sun XX Judgement XXI The World Minor Arcana Suit cards Coins / Pentacles / Diamonds Ace Two Three Four Five Seven Six Eight Nine Ten Page Knight Queen King Wands / Staves / Rods / Clubs Ace Two Three Four Five Seven Six Eight Nine Ten Page Knight Queen King Cups / Goblets / Hearts Ace Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Page Knight Queen King Swords / Spades Ace Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Page Knight Queen King Knight Decks ( Latin suits ) Marseilles Rider - Waite Swiss 1JJ Thoth Related articles Cartomancy Hermetic Qabalah Tarot cards ( incl . those only used for card games ) WikiProject Occult This tarot - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nine_of_Swords&oldid=670322838 '' Categories : Suit of Swords Tarot stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from August 2008 All articles lacking sources All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 July 2015 , at 06 : 50 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine%20of%20Swords

what is the highest recorded temperature in palm springs california

Palm Springs has a hot desert climate , with over 300 days of sunshine and around 4.83 inches ( 122.7 mm ) of rain annually . The winter months are warm , with a majority of days reaching 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) and in January and February days often see temperatures of 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) and on occasion reach over 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) , while , on average , there are 17 nights annually dipping to or below 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) ; freezing temperatures occur in less than half of years . The lowest temperature recorded is 19 ° F ( − 7 ° C ) , on January 22 , 1937 . Summer often sees daytime temperatures above 110 ° F ( 43 ° C ) coupled with warm overnight lows remaining above 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) . The mean annual temperature is 74.6 ° F ( 23.7 ° C ) . There are 180 days with a high reaching 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) , and 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) can be seen on 116 days . The highest temperature on record in Palm Springs is 123 ° F ( 51 ° C ) , most recently achieved on July 28 and 29 , 1995 .

123 ° F ( 51 ° C )

Palm Springs , California

palm springs, california

City in California in California , United States Palm Springs , California City in California City of Palm Springs Downtown Palm Springs Location in Riverside County , California Coordinates : 33 ° 49 ′ 49 '' N 116 ° 32 ′ 43 '' W  /  33.83028 ° N 116.54528 ° W  / 33.83028 ; - 116.54528 Coordinates : 33 ° 49 ′ 49 '' N 116 ° 32 ′ 43 '' W  /  33.83028 ° N 116.54528 ° W  / 33.83028 ; - 116.54528 Country United States State California County Riverside Incorporated April 20 , 1938 Government Mayor Robert Moon Area Total 94.98 sq mi ( 245.99 km ) Land 94.12 sq mi ( 243.78 km ) Water 0.85 sq mi ( 2.21 km ) 0.90 % Elevation 479 ft ( 146 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 44,552 Estimate ( 2016 ) 47,689 Density 506.66 / sq mi ( 195.62 / km ) Time zone Pacific ( UTC − 8 ) Summer ( DST ) PDT ( UTC − 7 ) ZIP codes 92262 -- 92264 Area codes 442 / 760 FIPS code 06 - 55254 GNIS feature IDs 1652768 , 2411357 Website palmsprings-ca.gov Palm Springs ( Cahuilla : Se - Khi ) is a desert resort city in Riverside County , California , United States , within the Coachella Valley . It is located approximately 55 mi ( 89 km ) east of San Bernardino , 107 mi ( 172 km ) east of Los Angeles , 123 mi ( 198 km ) northeast of San Diego , and 268 mi ( 431 km ) west of Phoenix , Arizona . The population was 44,552 as of the 2010 census . Palm Springs covers approximately 94 square miles ( 240 km ) , making it the largest city in the county by land area . Biking , golf , hiking , horseback riding , swimming , and tennis in the nearby desert and mountain areas are major forms of recreation in Palm Springs . The city is also known for its mid-century modern architecture , design elements , and arts and cultural scene . Contents 1 History 1.1 Founding 1.1. 1 Pre-colonial history 1.1. 2 Mexican explorers 1.1. 3 Later 19th century 1.1. 3.1 Early names and European settlers 1.1. 3.2 Land development and drought 1.2 20th century 1.2. 1 Resort development 1.2. 2 World War II 1.2. 3 Post World War II 1.2. 4 Year - round living 1.2. 4.1 Spring break 1.3 Today 2 Geography and environment 2.1 Climate 2.2 Ecology 2.3 Neighborhoods 2.3. 1 Movie Colony neighborhoods 2.3. 2 El Rancho Vista Estates 2.3. 3 Warm Sands 2.3. 4 The Mesa 2.3. 5 Tahquitz River Estates 2.3. 6 Sunmor Estates 2.3. 7 Historic Tennis Club 2.3. 8 Las Palmas neighborhoods 2.3. 9 Racquet Club Estates 2.3. 10 Deepwell Estates 3 Demographics 3.1 2010 3.2 2000 3.3 Same - sex couples 4 Economy 4.1 Notable businesses 5 Arts and culture 5.1 Annual cultural events 5.2 Ongoing cultural events 5.3 Public art 5.4 Museums and other points of interest 6 Sports 6.1 Baseball 6.2 Tennis 6.3 Golf 6.4 Soccer 6.5 American football 7 Parks and recreation 7.1 City parks 7.2 Recreation 8 Government 8.1 City 8.2 County 8.3 State 8.4 Federal 9 Education 9.1 Public schools 9.2 Private schools 9.3 Post-secondary education 10 Media 10.1 Radio and television 10.2 Newspapers and magazines 11 Infrastructure 11.1 Libraries 11.2 Transportation 11.3 Cemeteries 12 Notable people 13 Modern architecture 14 Palm Springs in popular culture 15 Wildlife 16 See also 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links History ( edit ) Founding ( edit ) Pre-colonial History ( edit ) The first humans to settle here were the Cahuilla people , 2,000 years ago . Cahuilla Indians lived here in isolation from other cultures for hundreds of years prior to European contact . They spoke Ivilyuat , which is a dialect of the Uto - Aztecan language family . Numerous prominent and powerful Cahuilla leaders were from Palm Springs , including Cahuilla Lion ( Chief Juan Antonio ) . While Palm Canyon was occupied during winter months , they often moved to cooler Chino Canyon during the summer months . The Cahuilla Indians had several permanent settlements in the canyons of Palm Springs , due to the abundance of water and shade . Various hot springs were used during wintertime . The Cahuilla hunted rabbit , mountain goat and quail , while also trapping fish in nearby lakes and rivers . While men were responsible for hunting , women were responsible for collecting berries , acorns and seeds . They also made tortillas from mesquite beans . While the Cahuillas often spent the summers in Indian Canyons , the current site of Spa Resort Casino in downtown was often used during winter due to its natural hot springs . Native - American petroglyphs can be seen in Tahquitz - , Chino - and Indian Canyons . The Cahuilla 's irrigation ditches , dams and house pits can also be seen here . Ancient petroglyphs , pictographs and mortar holes can be seen in Andreas Canyon . The mortar holes were used to grind acorns into meals . The Agua Caliente ( `` Hot Water '' ) Reservation was established in 1876 and consists of 31,128 acres . 6,700 acres are located by Downtown Palm Springs . The Native - American land is on long lease land and next to one of California 's highend communities , making the tribe one of the wealthiest in California . The first name for Palm Springs was given by the native Cahuilla : `` Se - Khi '' ( boiling water ) . When the Agua Caliente Reservation was established by the United States government in 1876 , the reservation land was composed of alternating sections ( 640 acres ) of land laid out across the desert in a checkerboard pattern . The alternating non-reservation sections were granted to the Southern Pacific Railroad as an incentive to bring rail lines through the Sonoran desert . A number of streets and areas in Palm Springs are named for Native - American notables , including Andreas , Arenas , Amado , Belardo , Lugu , Patencio , Saturnino and Chino . All of these are common Cahuilla surnames . Presently the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians are composed of several smaller bands who live in the modern day Coachella Valley and San Gorgonio Pass . The Agua Caliente Reservation occupies 32,000 acres ( 13,000 ha ) , of which 6,700 acres ( 2,700 ha ) lie within the city limits , making the Agua Caliente natives the city 's largest landowners . ( Tribal enrollment as of 2010 is 410 people . ) Mexican explorers ( edit ) As of 1821 Mexico was independent of Spain and in March 1823 the Mexican Monarchy ended . That same year ( in December ) Mexican diarist José María Estudillo and Brevet Captain José Romero were sent to find a route from Sonora to Alta California ; on their expedition they first recorded the existence of `` Agua Caliente '' at Palm Springs , California . With the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo after the Mexican - American war , the region became part of the United States in 1848 . Later 19th century ( edit ) Early Names and European settlers ( edit ) One possible origin of palm in the place name comes from early Spanish explorers who referred to the area as La Palma de la Mano de Dios or `` The Palm of God 's hand '' . The earliest use of the name `` Palm Springs '' is from United States Topographical Engineers who used the term in 1853 maps . According to William Bright , when the word `` palm '' appears in Californian place names , it usually refers to the native California fan palm , Washingtonia filifera , which is abundant in the Palm Springs area . Other early names were `` Palmetto Spring '' and `` Big Palm Springs '' . The first European resident in Palm Springs itself was Jack Summers , who ran the stagecoach station on the Bradshaw Trail in 1862 . Fourteen years later ( 1876 ) , the Southern Pacific railroad was laid 6 miles to the north , isolating the station . In 1880 , local Indian Pedro Chino was selling parcels near the springs to William Van Slyke and Mathew Bryne in a series of questionable transactions ; they in turn brought in W.R. Porter to help market their property through the `` Palm City Land and Water Company '' . By 1885 , when San Francisco attorney ( later known as `` Judge '' ) John Guthrie McCallum began buying property in Palm Springs , the name was already in wide acceptance . The area was named `` Palm Valley '' when McCallum incorporated the `` Palm Valley Land and Water Company '' with partners O.C. Miller , H.C. Campbell , and James Adams , M.D. Land development and drought ( edit ) McCallum , who had brought his ill son to the dry climate for health , brought in irrigation advocate Dr. Oliver Wozencroft and engineer J.P. Lippincott to help construct a canal from the Whitewater River to fruit orchards on his property . He also asked Dr. Welwood Murray to establish a hotel across the street from his residence . Murray did so in 1886 ( he later became a famous horticulturalist ) . The crops and irrigation systems suffered flooding in 1893 from record rainfall , and then an 11 - year drought ( 1894 -- 1905 ) caused further damage . 20th century ( edit ) Resort development ( edit ) A 1950s postcard publicizing one of the many hotels sprouting in Palm Springs during the early to mid-20th century The city became a fashionable resort in the 1900s when health tourists arrived with conditions that required dry heat . Because of the heat , however , the population dropped markedly in the summer months . In 1906 naturalist and travel writer George Wharton James ' two volume The Wonders of the Colorado Desert described Palm Springs as having `` great charms and attractiveness '' and included an account of his stay at Murray 's hotel . As James also described , Palm Springs was more comfortable in its microclimate because the area was covered in the shadow of Mount San Jacinto to the west and in the winter the mountains block cold winds from the San Gorgonio pass . Early illustrious visitors included John Muir and his daughters , U.S. Vice President Charles Fairbanks , and Fanny Stevenson , widow of Robert Louis Stevenson ; still , Murray 's hotel was closed in 1909 and torn down in 1954 . Nellie N. Coffman and her physician husband Harry established The Desert Inn as a hotel and sanitarium in 1909 . It was expanded as a modern hotel in 1927 and continued on until 1967 . Coffman herself was a `` driving force '' in the city 's tourism industry until her death in 1950 . James ' Wonders of the Colorado Desert was followed in 1920 by J. Smeaton Chase 's Our Araby : Palm Springs and the Garden of the Sun , which also served to promote the area . In 1924 Pearl McCallum ( daughter of Judge McCallum ) returned to Palm Springs and built the Oasis Hotel with her husband Austin G. McManus ; the Modern / Art Deco resort was designed by Lloyd Wright and featured a 40 - foot tower . The San Jacinto Mountains border Palm Springs to the west . The next major hotel was the El Mirador , a large and luxurious resort that attracted the biggest movie stars ; opening in 1927 , its prominent feature was a 68 - foot tall Renaissance style tower . Silent film star Fritzi Ridgeway 's 100 - room Hotel del Tahquitz was built in 1929 , next to the `` Fool 's Folly '' mansion built by Chicago heiress Lois Kellogg . Golfing was available at the O'Donnell 9 hole course ( 1926 ) and the El Mirador ( 1929 ) course ( see Golf below ) . Hollywood movie stars were attracted by the hot dry , sunny weather and seclusion -- they built homes and estates in the Warm Sands , The Mesa , and Historic Tennis Club neighborhoods ( see Neighborhoods below ) . About 20,000 visitors came to the area in 1922 . Palm Springs became popular with movie stars in the 1930s and estate building expanded into the Movie Colony neighborhoods , Tahquitz River Estates , and Las Palmas neighborhoods . Actors Charles Farrell and Ralph Bellamy opened the Racquet Club in 1934 and Pearl McCallum opened the Tennis Club in 1937 . Nightclubs were set up as well , with Al Wertheimer opening The Dunes outside of Palm Springs in 1934 and the Chi Chi nightclub opening in 1936 . Besides the gambling available at the Dunes Club , other casinos included The 139 Club and The Cove Club outside of the city . Southern California 's first self - contained shopping center was established in Palm Springs as the Plaza Shopping Center in 1936 . Pre-World War II Coachella Valley Resorts and Hotels Name City Year Established Year Closed / Demolished Notes and references Agua Caliente Bathhouse Palm Springs 1880s Present day Commercial use since the 1880s ; bathhouse constructed 1916 ; site is now the Agua Caliente Spa Resort Casino , built in 1963 Southern Pacific Indio depot Indio 1880s Burned down in 1966 Contained a `` rough resort / hotel '' Hotel and tent houses Palm Springs 1910s Unknown Operated by David Manley Blanchard ( tent houses in the late 1800s ) Hotel Indio Indio 1925 2004 ( Burned ) Opened by E.R. Cooper ; had 60 rooms ( 40 with baths ) La Quinta Hotel La Quinta 1927 Present day Built by William Morgan ; designed by Gordon Kaufmann ; now the La Quinta Resort and Club Goff Hotel Palm Springs 1928 ( circa ) -- Pepper Tree Inn Palm Springs 1924 -- Also described as the Dr. Reid 's Sanitarium / Matthews - Andrea - Pepper Tree Inn Ramona Hotel Palm Springs 1910s -- Renamed in 1921 as the Palm Springs Hotel by the Foldesy family , although not related to original Palm Spring Hotel Sunshine Court Palm Springs 1920s 2000s ( Razed ) Built by Dr. J.J. Crocker and used by golfers at the O'Donnell Golf Club Hotel La Palma Palm Springs 1910s -- Depicted on Palm Canyon Drive in late teens / early 1920s ; later became the El Ray Hotel , and then razed when Chi Chi nightclub was built in 1936 The Orchid Tree Inn Palm Springs 1934 Present day 45 rooms Estrella Resort and Spa Palm Springs 1933 Present day Now the Viceroy Palm Springs ; 74 rooms Ingleside Inn Palm Springs 1935 Present day Original estate built in the 1920s , and operated as the Ingleside Inn by Ruth Hardy . It was later owned and operated by Mel Haber , who died on October 25 , 2016 , and is now owned and managed by PlumpJack Investment Group , started by Lt. Governor Gavin Newsom in 1992 . It is currently overseen by Newsom 's sister Hilary . Palm Springs Tennis Club Palm Springs 1937 Present day Area is now the Tennis Club Condominiums La Bella Villas Palm Springs 1939 Present day Six Southwest - style villas Desert Hot Springs Mineral Bathhouse Desert Hot Springs 1941 Demolished Developed by L.W. & Lillian T. Coffee ; burned in 1947 and rebuilt The Oasis Hotel Palm Springs 1925 Present day Built on grounds owned by the late John Gutherie McCallum ; concrete structure designed by Lloyd Wright Hotel del Tahquitz Palm Springs 1929 1958 Built by movie star Fritzi Ridgeway ; had 100 rooms Deep Well Guest Ranch Palm Springs 1929 1948 Operated by Frank and Melba Bennet ; converted to housing development Smoke Tree Ranch Palm Springs 1925 -- Monte Vista Apartments Palm Springs 1921 2005 Operated as a hotel by John and Freda Miller , and then their sons , Frank and John . El Mirador Hotel Palm Springs 1927 ( Converted ) Had 200 + rooms ; went bankrupt in 1930 , bought by new owners ; taken over as US Army Torney General Hospital in 1942 ; reopened as hotel in 1952 ; became the Desert Regional Medical Center in 1972 The Desert Inn Palm Springs 1909 1967 Built by Nellie Coffman ; originally a tent - house resort and sanitarium , developed into 35 buildings and bungalows ; owned by actress Marion Davies from 1955 to 1960 ; original building demolished in 1960 ; officially closed in 1953 . Child actress Shirley Temple was a frequent and publicized guest . Colonial House Palm Springs 1936 Present day With 56 rooms , was built by Purple Gang member Al Wertheimer with a reputed speakeasy and brothel ; once known as the Howard Manor ; now the Colony Palms Hotel Welwood Murray 's Palm Springs Hotel Palm Springs 1886 1909 Demolished in 1954 World war II ( edit ) When the United States entered World War II , Palm Springs and the Coachella Valley were important in the war effort . The original airfield near Palm Springs became a staging area for the Air Corps Ferrying Command 's 21st Ferrying Group in November 1941 and a new airfield was built 1⁄2 mile from the old site . The new airfield , designated Palm Springs Army Airfield , was completed in early 1942 . Personnel from the Air Transport Command 560th Army Air Forces Base Unit stayed at the La Paz Guest Ranch and training was conducted at the airfield by the 72nd and 73rd Ferrying Squadrons . Later training was provided by the IV Fighter Command 459th Base Headquarters and Air Base Squadron . Eight months before Pearl Harbor Day , the El Mirador Hotel was fully booked and adding new facilities . After the war started , the U.S. government bought the hotel from owner Warren Phinney for $750,000 and converted it into the Torney General Hospital , with Italian prisoners of war serving as kitchen help and orderlies in 1944 and 1945 . Through the war it was staffed with 1,500 personnel and treated some 19,000 patients . General Patton 's Desert Training Center encompassed the entire region , with its headquarters in Camp Young at the Chiriaco Summit and an equipment depot maintained by the 66th Ordnance in present - day Palm Desert . Post World war II ( edit ) Kaufmann Desert House , Palm Springs , by Richard Neutra Architectural modernists flourished with commissions from the stars , using the city to explore architectural innovations , new artistic venues , and an exotic back - to - the - land experiences . Inventive architects designed unique vacation houses , such as steel houses with prefabricated panels and folding roofs , a glass - and - steel house in a boulder - strewn landscape , and a carousel house that turned to avoid the sun 's glare . In 1946 Richard Neutra designed the Edgar and Liliane Kaufmann House . A modernist classic , this mostly glass residence incorporated the latest technological advances in building materials , using natural lighting and floating planes and flowing space for proportion and detail . In recent years an energetic preservation program has protected and enhanced many classic buildings . Culver ( 2010 ) argues that Palm Springs architecture became the model for mass - produced suburban housing , especially in the Southwest . This `` Desert Modern '' style was a high - end architectural style featuring open - design plans , wall - to - wall carpeting , air - conditioning , swimming pools , and very large windows . As Culver concludes , `` While environmentalists might condemn desert modern , the masses would not . Here , it seemed , were houses that fully merged inside and outside , providing spaces for that essential component of Californian -- and indeed middle - class American -- life : leisure . While not everyone could have a Neutra masterpiece , many families could adopt aspects of Palm Springs modern . '' A 1960s postcard of Palm Springs with Mt . San Jacinto in the background . Hollywood values permeated the resort as it combined celebrity , health , new wealth , and sex . As Culver ( 2010 ) explains : `` The bohemian sexual and marital mores already apparent in Hollywood intersected with the resort atmosphere of Palm Springs , and this new , more open sexuality would gradually appear elsewhere in national tourist culture . '' During this period , the city government , stimulated by real estate developers systematically removed and excluded poor people and Indians . Palm Springs was pictured by the French photographer Robert Doisneau in November 1960 as part of an assignment for Fortune on the construction of golf courses in this particularly dry and hot area of the Colorado desert . Doisneau submitted around 300 slides following his ten - day stay depicting the lifestyle of wealthy retirees and Hollywood stars in the 1960s . At the time , Palm Springs counted just 19 courses , which had grown to 125 by 2010 . Year - round living ( edit ) A postcard of Palm Canyon Dr. through Palm Springs ' downtown village in the 1950s Similar to the pre-war era , Palm Springs remained popular with the rich and famous of Hollywood , as well as retirees and Canadian tourists . Between 1947 and 1965 , the Alexander Construction Company built some 2,200 houses in Palm Springs effectively doubling its housing capacity . As the 1970s drew to a close , increasing numbers of retirees moved to the Coachella Valley . As a result , Palm Springs began to evolve from a virtual ghost town in the summer to a year - round community . Businesses and hotels that used to close for the months of July and August instead remained open all summer . As commerce grew , so too did the number of families with children . The recession of 1973 -- 1975 affected Palm Springs as many of the wealthy residents had to cut back on their spending . Later in the 1970s numerous Chicago mobsters invested $50 million in the Palm Springs area , buying houses , land , and businesses . While Palm Springs faced competition from the desert cities to the east in the later 1980s , it has continued to prosper into the 21st century . Spring Break ( edit ) Since the early 1950s the city had been a popular spring break resort . Glamorized as a destination in the 1963 movie Palm Springs Weekend , the number of visitors grew and at times the gatherings had problems . In 1969 an estimated 15,000 people had gathered for a concert at the Palm Springs Angel Stadium and 300 were arrested for drunkenness or disturbing the peace . In the 1980s 10,000 + college students would visit the city and form crowds and parties -- and another rampage occurred in 1986 when Palm Springs Police in riot gear had to put down the rowdy crowd . In 1990 , due to complaints by residents , mayor Sonny Bono and the city council closed the city 's Palm Canyon Drive to Spring Breakers and the downtown businesses lost money normally filled by the tourists . Today ( edit ) Tourism is a major factor in the city 's economy with 1.6 million visitors in 2011 . The city has over 130 hotels and resorts , numerous bed and breakfasts and over 100 restaurants and dining spots . Following the 2008 recession , Palm Springs is revitalizing its Downtown or `` the Village '' . Rebuilding started with the demolition of the Bank of America building in January 2012 , with the Desert Fashion Plaza scheduled for demolition later in 2012 . The movement behind Mid-Century modern architecture ( 1950s / 60s era ) in Palm Springs is backed by architecture enthusiasts , artistic designers and local historians to preserve many of Central Palm Springs ' buildings and houses of famous celebrities , businessmen and politicians . Geography and environment ( edit ) Palm Springs is located at 33 ° 49 ′ 26 '' N 116 ° 31 ′ 49 '' W  /  33.82389 ° N 116.53028 ° W  / 33.82389 ; - 116.53028 ( 33.823990 , − 116.530339 ) in the Sonoran Desert . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 95.0 square miles ( 246 km ) , of which 94.1 square miles ( 244 km ) is land and 0.9 square miles ( 2.3 km ) ( 1 % ) is water . Located in the Coachella Valley desert region , Palm Springs is sheltered by the San Bernardino Mountains to the north , the Santa Rosa Mountains to the south , by the San Jacinto Mountains to the west and by the Little San Bernardino Mountains to the east . Climate ( edit ) Palm Springs has a hot desert climate , with over 300 days of sunshine and around 4.83 inches ( 122.7 mm ) of rain annually . The winter months are warm , with a majority of days reaching 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) and in January and February days often see temperatures of 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) and on occasion reach over 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) , while , on average , there are 17 nights annually dipping to or below 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) ; freezing temperatures occur in less than half of years . The lowest temperature recorded is 19 ° F ( − 7 ° C ) , on January 22 , 1937 . Summer often sees daytime temperatures above 110 ° F ( 43 ° C ) coupled with warm overnight lows remaining above 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) . The mean annual temperature is 74.6 ° F ( 23.7 ° C ) . There are 180 days with a high reaching 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) , and 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) can be seen on 116 days . The highest temperature on record in Palm Springs is 123 ° F ( 51 ° C ) , most recently achieved on July 28 and 29 , 1995 . hide Climate data for Palm Springs Fire Station 2 , California ( 1981 -- 2010 normals ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 95 ( 35 ) 99 ( 37 ) 104 ( 40 ) 112 ( 44 ) 116 ( 47 ) 122 ( 50 ) 123 ( 51 ) 123 ( 51 ) 121 ( 49 ) 116 ( 47 ) 102 ( 39 ) 93 ( 34 ) 123 ( 51 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 70.8 ( 21.6 ) 74.0 ( 23.3 ) 80.4 ( 26.9 ) 87.7 ( 30.9 ) 95.7 ( 35.4 ) 103.7 ( 39.8 ) 108.1 ( 42.3 ) 107.3 ( 41.8 ) 101.9 ( 38.8 ) 91.2 ( 32.9 ) 78.5 ( 25.8 ) 69.2 ( 20.7 ) 89.0 ( 31.7 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 45.4 ( 7.4 ) 48.0 ( 8.9 ) 52.2 ( 11.2 ) 57.4 ( 14.1 ) 64.3 ( 17.9 ) 70.8 ( 21.6 ) 77.5 ( 25.3 ) 77.6 ( 25.3 ) 71.9 ( 22.2 ) 62.3 ( 16.8 ) 51.6 ( 10.9 ) 44.1 ( 6.7 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 19 ( − 7 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 34 ( 1 ) 36 ( 2 ) 44 ( 7 ) 54 ( 12 ) 52 ( 11 ) 46 ( 8 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 23 ( − 5 ) 23 ( − 5 ) 19 ( − 7 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 1.15 ( 29.2 ) 1.11 ( 28.2 ) 0.53 ( 13.5 ) 0.06 ( 1.5 ) 0.02 ( 0.5 ) 0.02 ( 0.5 ) 0.13 ( 3.3 ) 0.29 ( 7.4 ) 0.23 ( 5.8 ) 0.24 ( 6.1 ) 0.32 ( 8.1 ) 0.87 ( 22.1 ) 4.97 ( 126.2 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 3.1 3.2 1.6 0.6 0.2 0 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.9 14.4 Source : NOAA ( extremes 1917 -- present ) Ecology ( edit ) The Sonoran desert Gateway to Palm Springs , California , as observed from above highway 62 in the Morongo Basin A wind farm in Palm Springs The locale features a variety of native Low Desert flora and fauna . A notable tree occurring in the wild and under cultivation is the California Fan Palm , Washingtonia filifera . Neighborhoods ( edit ) View through the San Jacinto Mountains to Palm Springs The City of Palm Springs has developed a program to identify distinctive neighborhoods in the community . Of the 33 neighborhoods , 7 have historical and cultural significance . Movie Colony neighborhoods ( edit ) The Movie Colony is just east of Palm Canyon Drive . The Movie Colony East neighborhood extends further east from the Ruth Hardy Park . These areas started growing in the 1930s as Hollywood movie stars built their smaller getaways from their Los Angeles area estates . Bob Hope , Frank Sinatra , Estée Lauder , and Bing Crosby built homes in these neighborhoods . El Rancho Vista Estates ( edit ) In the 1960s , Robert Fey built 70 homes designed by Donald Wexler and Ric Harrison in the El Rancho Vista Estates . Noted residents included Jack LaLanne and comic Andy Dick . Warm Sands ( edit ) Historic homes in the Warm Sands area date from the 1920s and many were built from adobe . It also includes small resorts and the Ramon Mobile Home Park . Noted residents have included screenwriter Walter Koch , artist Paul Grimm , activist Cleve Jones and actor Wesley Eure . The Mesa ( edit ) The Mesa started off as a gated community developed in the 1920s near the Indian Canyons . Noted residents have included King Gillette , Zane Grey , Clark Gable , Carole Lombard , Suzanne Somers , Herman Wouk , Henry Fernandez , Barry Manilow and Trina Turk . Distinctive homes include Donald Wexler 's `` butterfly houses '' and the `` Streamline Moderne Ship of the Desert '' . Tahquitz River Estates ( edit ) Tahquitz Canyon Way Some of the homes in this neighborhood date from the 1930s . The area was owned by Pearl McCallum McManus and she started building homes in the neighborhood after World War II ended . Dr. William Scholl ( Dr. Scholl 's foot products ) owned a 10 - acre estate here . Today the neighborhood is the largest neighborhood organization with 600 homes and businesses within its boundaries . Sunmor Estates ( edit ) During World War II , the original Sunmor Estates area was the western portion the Palm Springs Army Airfield . Homes here were developed by Robert Higgins and the Alexander Construction Company . Actor and former mayor Frank Bogert bought his home for $16,000 and lived there for more than 50 years . Historic Tennis Club ( edit ) Impoverished artist Carl Eytel first set up his cabin on what would become the Tennis Club in 1937 . Another artist in the neighborhood , who built his Moroccan - style `` Dar Marrac '' estate in 1924 , was Gordon Coutts . Other estates include Samuel Untermyer 's Mediterranean style villa ( now The Willows Historic Palm Springs Inn ) , the Casa Cody Inn , built by Harriet and Harold William Cody ( cousin of Buffalo Bill Cody ) and the Ingleside Inn , built in the 1920s by the Humphrey Birge family . The neighborhood now has about 400 homes , condos , apartments , inns and restaurants . Las Palmas neighborhoods ( edit ) To the west of Palm Canyon Drive are the Vista Las Palmas , Old Las Palmas , and Little Tuscany neighborhoods . These areas also feature distinctive homes and celebrity estates . Racquet Club Estates ( edit ) Historic Racquet Club Estates , located north of Vista Chino , is home to over five hundred mid-century modern homes from the Alexander Construction Company . `` Meiselman '' homes , and the famed Donald Wexler steel homes ( having Class One historic designation ) are also prominent in the area . Racquet Club Estates was Palm Springs ' first middle income neighborhood . Deepwell Estates ( edit ) Deepwell Estates , the eastern portion of the square mile defined by South / East Palm Canyon , Mesquite , and Sunrise , contains around 370 homes , including notable homes architecturally and of celebrity figures . Among the celebrities who lived in the neighborhood are Jerry Lewis , Loretta Young , Liberace , and William Holden . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1940 3,434 -- 1950 7,660 123.1 % 1960 13,468 75.8 % 1970 20,936 55.4 % 1980 32,359 54.6 % 40,181 24.2 % 2000 42,807 6.5 % 44,552 4.1 % Est. 2016 47,689 7.0 % U.S. Decennial Census The 2010 United States Census reported that Palm Springs had a population of 44,552 . The population density was 469.1 people per square mile ( 181.1 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of Palm Springs was 33,720 ( 75.7 % ) White ( 63.6 % Non-Hispanic White ) , 1,982 ( 4.4 % ) African American , 467 ( 1.0 % ) Native American , 1,971 ( 4.4 % ) Asian , 71 ( 0.2 % ) Pacific Islander , 4,949 ( 11.1 % ) from other races , and 1,392 ( 3.1 % ) from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11,286 persons ( 25.3 % ) . The Census reported that 44,013 people ( 98.8 % of the population ) lived in households , 343 ( 0.8 % ) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters , and 196 ( 0.4 % ) were institutionalized . There were 22,746 households , out of which 3,337 ( 14.7 % ) had children under the age of 18 living in them , 5,812 ( 25.6 % ) were opposite - sex married couples living together , 1,985 ( 8.7 % ) had a female householder with no husband present , 868 ( 3.8 % ) had a male householder with no wife present . There were 1,031 ( 4.5 % ) unmarried opposite - sex partnerships , and 2,307 ( 10.1 % ) same - sex married couples or partnerships . 10,006 households ( 44.0 % ) were made up of individuals and 4,295 ( 18.9 % ) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 1.93 . There were 8,665 families ( 38.1 % of all households ) ; the average family size was 2.82 . The population was spread out with 6,125 people ( 13.7 % ) under the age of 18 , 2,572 people ( 5.8 % ) aged 18 to 24 , 8,625 people ( 19.4 % ) aged 25 to 44 , 15,419 people ( 34.6 % ) aged 45 to 64 , and 11,811 people ( 26.5 % ) who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 51.6 years . For every 100 females , there were 129.3 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 133.8 males . There were 34,794 housing units at an average density of 366.3 per square mile ( 141.4 / km2 ) , of which 13,349 ( 58.7 % ) were owner - occupied , and 9,397 ( 41.3 % ) were occupied by renters . The homeowner vacancy rate was 6.7 % ; the rental vacancy rate was 15.5 % . 24,948 people ( 56.0 % of the population ) lived in owner - occupied housing units and 19,065 people ( 42.8 % ) lived in rental housing units . During 2009 -- 2013 , Palm Springs had a median household income of $45,198 , with 18.2 % of the population living below the federal poverty line . 2000 ( edit ) A view of Palm Springs from the Museum Trail As of the census of 2000 , there were 42,807 people , 20,516 households , and 9,457 families residing in the city . The population density was 454.2 people per square mile ( 175.4 / km ) . There were 30,823 housing units at an average density of 327.0 per square mile ( 126.3 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 78.3 % White , 3.9 % African American , 0.9 % Native American , 3.8 % Asian , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 9.8 % from other races , and 3.1 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 23.7 % of the population . There were 20,516 out of which 16.3 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 34.0 % were married couples living together , 8.5 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 53.9 % were non-families. 41.6 % of all households were made up of individuals and 18.3 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.1 and the average family size was 2.9 . In the city , the population was spread out with 17.0 % under the age of 18 , 6.1 % from 18 to 24 , 24.2 % from 25 to 44 , 26.4 % from 45 to 64 , and 26.2 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 47 years . For every 100 females , there were 107.8 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 107.4 males . The median income for a household in the city was $35,973 and the median income for a family was $45,318 . Males had a median income of $33,999 versus $27,461 for females . The per capita income for the city was $25,957 . About 11.2 % of families and 15.1 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 28.2 % of those under age 18 and 6.8 % of those age 65 or over . Same - sex couples ( edit ) Palm Springs has one of the highest concentrations of same - sex couples of any community in the United States . In the city , 7.2 % of households belong to a same - sex couple compared to the national average of 1 % . Palm Springs has the fifth - highest percentage of same - sex households in the nation . Former mayor Ron Oden estimated that about a third of Palm Springs is gay . Over various times , the city has catered to LGBT tourists . Palm Springs is host to the Greater Palm Springs Pride Celebration . This celebration , held every year in November , includes events such as the Palm Springs Pride Golf Classic , the Stonewall Equality Concert , and a Broadway in Drag Pageant . The city also held same sex wedding ceremonies at the iconic ' Forever Marilyn ' statue located downtown , before its relocation in 2014 . Economy ( edit ) Palm Springs Official Visitors Center is located in the historic Tramway Gas Station building designed by Albert Frey . Though celebrities still retreat to Palm Springs , many today establish residences in other areas of the Coachella Valley . The city 's economy now relies on tourism , and local government is largely supported by related retail sales taxes and the TOT ( transient occupancy tax ) . It is a city of numerous festivals , conventions , and international events including the Palm Springs International Film Festival . The world 's largest rotating aerial tramcars ( cable cars ) can be found at the Palm Springs Aerial Tramway . These cars , built by Von Roll Tramways , ascend from Chino Canyon two - and - a-half miles up a steep incline to the station at 8,516 feet ( 2,596 m ) . The San Jacinto Wilderness is accessible from the top of the tram and there is a restaurant with notable views . The Palm Springs Convention Center underwent a multimillion - dollar expansion and renovation under Mayor Will Kleindienst . The City Council Sub-Committee of Mayor Kleindienst and City Council Member Chris Mills selected Fentress Bradburn Architects from Denver , Colorado for the redesign . Numerous hotels , restaurants and attractions cater to tourists , while shoppers can find a variety of high - end boutiques in downtown and uptown Palm Springs . The city is home to 20 clothing - optional resorts including many catering to gay men . Notable businesses ( edit ) Ace Hotel & Swim Club -- a renovated mid-20th century motel . Bird Medical Technologies Colony Palms Hotel -- opened in 1936 as The Colonial House by Las Vegas casino owner Al Wertheimer . KQTM , LGBT - themed television station . Raven Productions -- a television production company based in Palm Springs . Hello Paradise -- a weekly television magazine about the Palm Springs area produced by Raven . Earth Trek -- a travel and adventure program produced by Raven . In the 1980s , Silver Eagle Records had its business in Palm Springs , while it 's studio is in Hollywood , Los Angeles . Arts and culture ( edit ) Annual cultural events ( edit ) The Palm Springs International Film Festival and Palm Springs International Festival of Short Films ( `` ShortFest '' ) present movie star - filled , red - carpet affairs in January and June respectively . Modernism Week , in February , is an 11 - day event featuring mid-century modern architecture through films , lectures , tours and its Modernism Show & Sale . A four - day Modernism Week Preview is held in mid-October . The Palm Springs Black History Committee celebrates Black History Month with a parade and town fair every February . Agua Caliente Cultural Museum presents its annual Festival of Native Film & Culture at the Camelot Theaters in central Palm Springs . Village Fest in Palm Springs The Club Skirts Dinah Shore Weekend , known as `` The Dinah '' , is a LGBT event billed as the `` Largest Girl Party in the World '' held each March . A circuit White Party is held in April , attracting 10,000 visitors . The Arthur Lyons Film Noir Festival , co-sponsored by the Palm Springs Cultural Center , is held in May with screenings at the Camelot Theater . Palm Springs Desert Resorts Restaurant Week is held every June , featuring 10 days of dining at over 100 restaurants in the Coachella Valley . The Caballeros , a gay men 's chorus and member of GALA Choruses , has presented concerts since 1999 . The following three parades , held on Palm Canyon Drive , were created by former Mayor Will Kleindienst : Palm Springs Annual Homecoming Parade is held on the Wednesday prior to the Friday night Palm Springs High School Homecoming Game . The city sponsors a Veterans Day parade , concert and fireworks display since 1996 . It is one of 54 US Department of Veterans Affairs designated Regional Sites for the national observance of Veterans Day . Since 1992 the Palm Springs Festival of Lights Parade is held on the first Saturday of December . Ongoing cultural events ( edit ) For many years , The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies was a stage - show at the historic Plaza Theatre featuring performers over the age of 55 . Still Kicking : The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies is a 1997 Mel Damski short documentary film about the Follies . The Palm Springs Follies closed for good after the 2013 - 14 season . Starting in 2004 , the city worked with downtown businesses to develop the weekly Palm Springs VillageFest . The downtown street fair has been a regular Thursday evening event , drawing tourists and locals alike to Palm Canyon Drive to stroll amid the food and craft vendors . Events related to films and film - craft are sponsored by the Desert Film Society . Public Art ( edit ) The city council has established a 7 - member commission to promote art in the city . The commission has sponsored several notable public art projects in the city , including : `` Red Echo '' ( 2010 ) by Konstantin Demopoulos . Ramon Road and Gene Autry Trail `` Male Figure of Balzac '' ( 2009 ) by Christopher Georgesco. Palm Canyon Blvd. and Andreas Road `` Gene Autry , America 's Favorite Singing Cowboy '' ( 2007 ) by DeL'Esprie `` Squeeze '' ( 2007 ) by John Clement. 538 N. Palm Canyon Drive `` Agua Caliente Women '' ( 1994 ) by Doug Hyde , corner of Tahquitz and Indian Canyon Way `` A Personal History of Palm Springs '' by Tony Berlant diptych mural , Convention Center lobby `` The Batter '' by Bill Arms , Baseball stadium `` Standing Woman '' by Felipe Castaneda , Palm Canyon in front of the Historical Society `` Flight '' by Damian Priour , entrance to Bird Medical Technologies on Gene Autry Drive `` Daimaru XII '' by Michael Todd . Convention Center ; on lease from the Palm Springs Art Museum `` Lucy Ricardo '' by Emmanuil Snitkovsky . Tahquitz Canyon at Palm Canyon `` Desert Highland Mural Project '' by Richard Wyatt . Desert Highland Unity Center , Tramview Road `` Desert Reflections '' by Phill Evans . City Dog Park `` Nines and Elevens '' by James Jared Taylor III . Demuth Park `` Charlie Farrell '' by George Montgomery . Palm Springs International Airport `` Rainmaker '' by David Morris . Fountain , Frances Stevens Park `` Lawn Chair '' by Blue McRight . Pepper Tree Inn `` Whirlwind '' by Gary Slater . Ruth Hardy Park `` Wave Rhythms '' by John Mishler . Sunrise Park Museums and other points of Interest ( edit ) Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians Agua Caliente Cultural Museum ( presently located downtown at the Village Green ) Indian Canyons ( Palm Canyon , Andreas Canyon , Murray Canyon ) Tahquitz Canyon , wildlife area and one - time staging place for the outdoor `` Desert Plays '' in the 1920s Tahquitz Falls , 60 foot waterfall used as a scene in Frank Capra 's 1937 film , Lost Horizon . Agua Caliente Casino in Rancho Mirage Spa Resort Casino , which is based on the original hot springs of the town Forever Marilyn sculpture by Seward Johnson in downtown Palm Springs ( presently in New Jersey for a Seward Johnson exhibition ) Moorten Botanical Garden and Cactarium Palm Springs Historical Society Museums ( and Village Green ) Miss Cornelia White 's `` Little House '' ( railroad ties from the defunct Palmdale Railroad were used to build the house ) The McCallum Adobe -- the oldest remaining building , built in 1884 Ruddy 's General Store Museum -- a 1930s general store Palm Springs Air Museum -- located at the Palm Springs International Airport Palm Springs Art Museum -- originally developed as the Desert Museum Annenberg Theater Palm Springs Walk of Stars San Jacinto Mountains Cactus to Clouds Trail -- leads from the Art Museum to San Jacinto Peak Mount San Jacinto State Park Palm Springs Aerial Tramway Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument Children 's Discovery Museum of the Desert -- in Rancho Mirage Living Desert Zoo and Gardens -- in Palm Desert , California Joshua Tree National Park Little San Bernardino Mountains Numerous galleries and studios are located in the city and region . The California Art Club has a chapter in Palm Springs . The Desert Art Center of Coachella Valley was established in Palm Springs in 1950 . Delos Van Earle 's `` Jungle Red '' ( Warm Sands neighborhood ) Sports ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) O'Donnell Golf Club in Palm Springs Baseball ( edit ) Palm Springs is home to the Palm Springs POWER , a semi-pro collegiate league baseball team composed of college all - stars of the Southern California Collegiate Baseball Association . It has a winter league baseball team , the POWER winter team and Palm Springs Chill of the California Winter League ( 2010 ) consists of 12 other teams as of 2016 . The League plays its games in Palm Springs Stadium and also on the baseball field in nearby Palm Springs High School . Both sites feature 6 teams of the Palm Springs Collegiate League in the summer . The Palm Springs stadium was once the spring training site of the Major League Baseball California Angels ( now the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) of the American League from 1961 to 1993 . The stadium also hosted spring training of the Chicago White Sox in the late 1940s - 1950s , the Oakland A 's in the 1970s , and the 1950s minor league Seattle Rainiers of the Pacific Coast League also trained there . Tennis ( edit ) The Palm Springs area features a number of sporting events including the BNP Paribas Open , one of the most significant tennis events in the world , after the four Grand Slam tournaments . The Easter Bowl , sponsored by the United States Tennis Association for Juniors has been held in the Palm Springs area in 2008 , 2009 , and 2010 . Golf ( edit ) Aerial view overlooking the O'Donnell Golf Club during the 1960s With more golf courses than any other region in California , Coachella Valley is the most popular golf vacation destination in California . Early golf courses in Palm Springs were the O'Donnell Golf Club ( built by oil magnate Thomas A. O'Donnell ) and the El Mirador Hotel course , both of which opened in the 1920s . After the Cochran - Odlum ( Indio ) and Shadow Mountain pitch and putt courses were built after World II , the first 18 - hole golf course in the area was the Thunderbird Country Club , established 1951 in Rancho Mirage . Thunderbird was designed by golf course architects Lawrence Hughes and Johnny Dawson and in 1955 it hosted the 11th Ryder Cup championship . In the 1970s the area had over 40 courses and in 2001 the 100th course was opened . The area is also home to the PGA Tour 's Humana Challenge in partnership with the Clinton Foundation ( formerly the Bob Hope Chrysler Classic ) , the LPGA 's ANA Inspiration and the Canadian Tour 's Desert Dunes Classic . Soccer ( edit ) The Palm Springs AYSO Region 80 plays in Section 1H of the American Youth Soccer Organization . American Football ( edit ) The Desert Fire Cats women 's football team plays in Palm Springs . They were scheduled to play in the Independent Women 's Football League in 2011 , but the team 's season was cancelled and they moved to play as an affiliate team in the Women 's Spring Football League . Parks and recreation ( edit ) City parks ( edit ) City parks include : Baristo Park DeMuth Park Desert Healthcare ( Wellness ) Park James O. Jessie Desert Highland Unity Center Dog Park ( behind city hall ) Frances Stevens Park Ruth Hardy Park Sunrise Park Victoria Park Recreation ( edit ) The Palm Springs Desert Ice Palace ice skating rink opened in nearby Cathedral City in October 2011 . Boomers ! is a family entertainment center in Cathedral City . A city skatepark was designed after the noted Nude Bowl . CNL Financial Group operates the Wet'n'Wild Palm Springs water park in the summer . ( Formerly operated as Knott 's Soak City by Cedar Fair Entertainment Company . ) In 1931 the Desert Riders was established . Starting off as a social organization for the cream of Palm Springs society , the group sponsors horseback riding and trail building for equestrians , hikers , and bicyclists . The Desert Riders were also significant in providing combination chuckwagon meals and rides through nearby canyons to hotel guests as Palm Springs developed its tourist industry . Government ( edit ) City ( edit ) See also : List of Mayors of Palm Springs , California Business owners in the village first established a Palm Springs Board of Trade in 1918 , followed by a chamber of commerce ; the City itself was established by election in 1938 and converted to a charter city , with a charter adopted by the voters in 1994 . Presently the city has a council - manager type government , with a five - person city council that hires a city manager and city attorney . The mayor is directly elected and serves a four - year term . The other four council members also serve four - year terms , with staggered elections . The city is considered a full - service city , in that it staffs and manages its own police and fire departments including parks and recreation programs , public library , sewer system and wastewater treatment plant , international airport , and planning and building services . The city government is a member of the Southern California Association of Governments . The current mayor is Robert Moon , elected in 2015 . Mr. Moon is the City 's third openly gay mayor in the city 's history . Palm Springs ' longest - tenured mayor was Frank Bogert ( 1958 -- 66 and 1982 -- 88 ) , but the best - known mayor in the city 's history was Sonny Bono . Bono served from 1988 to 1992 and was eventually elected to the U.S. Congress . County ( edit ) Palm Springs is in Supervisorial District 4 of Riverside County . State ( edit ) In the California State Legislature , Palm Springs is in the 28th Senate District , represented by Republican Jeff Stone , and in the 42nd Assembly District , represented by Republican Chad Mayes . Federal ( edit ) In the United States House of Representatives , Palm Springs is in California 's 36th congressional district , represented by Democrat Raul Ruiz . Education ( edit ) Public schools ( edit ) Public education in Palm Springs is under the jurisdiction of the Palm Springs Unified School District , an independent district with five board members . The Palm Springs High School is the oldest school in the district , built in 1938 . Originally it was a K -- 12 school in the 1920s and had the College of the Desert campus from 1958 to 1964 . And Raymond Cree Middle School in its current site since the mid 1960s . Elementary schools in Palm Springs include : Cahuilla Elementary School Cielo Vista Charter School ( received a U.S. Department of Education National Blue Ribbon award in 2011 , and U.S. Department of Education National Gold Ribbon Award in 2016 ) Katherine Finchy Elementary School ( received a U.S. Department of Education National Blue Ribbon award in 2011 , and U.S. Department of Education National Gold Ribbon Award in 2016 ) Vista del Monte Elementary School Alternative education is provided by the Ramon Alternative Center . Private schools ( edit ) Private schools in Palm Springs and nearby communities include Desert Chapel Christian School ( K - 12 ) , Desert Adventist Academy ( K -- 8 ) , Sacred Heart School ( PS - 8 ) , St. Theresa ( PreK -- 8 ) , King 's School -- formerly known as Palm Valley School ( K -- 8 ) , Desert Christian ( K -- 12 ) , Marywood - Palm Valley School , and The Academy . In 2006 the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Bernardino built the Xavier College Preparatory High School in Palm Desert . Post-secondary Education ( edit ) The Desert Community College District , headquartered with its main campus , College of the Desert , is located in Palm Desert . California State University , San Bernardino and University of California , Riverside used to have satellite campuses available within the College of the Desert campus , but now have their own buildings in Palm Desert . Private post-secondary education institutions include Brandman University ( branch in Palm Desert ) , California Desert Trial Academy College of Law ( in Indio ) , Kaplan College ( Palm Springs ) , University of Phoenix ( Palm Desert ) , Mayfield College ( Cathedral City ) , and California Nurses Educational Institute ( Palm Springs ) . Media ( edit ) Radio and television ( edit ) Further information : List of television stations in California § LPTV stations Palm Springs is the 144th largest TV market as defined by AC Nielsen . The Palm Springs DMA is unique among TV markets as it is entirely located within only a small portion of Riverside County . Also , while most areas received their first local television stations during the 1950s , Palm Springs did not receive its first TV stations until October 1968 when stations KPLM - TV ( now KESQ ) and KMIR - TV debuted . Prior to that time , Palm Springs was served by TV stations from the Los Angeles market , which were carried on the local cable system that began operations in the 1950s and which predated the emergence of local broadcast stations by more than a decade . TV stations serving the Palm Springs and Coachella Valley area include : KESQ - TV ABC , Channel 42 ( Channel 3 on cable ) KMIR - TV NBC , Channel 36 ( Channel 13 on cable ) KPSP - CD CBS , Channel 38 ( Channel 2 on cable ) The CW , Fox , MyNetworkTV , PBS and other networks are covered by low power TV stations in the market . Additionally , Palm Springs and the surrounding area are served by AM and FM radio stations including the following : KCLB - FM KCOD KCRI KCWQ - LP KDES - FM KDGL KESQ ( AM ) KEZN KGAM ( AM ) KHCS KHCV KKGX KKUU KLOB KMRJ KNWZ / KNWQ KPLM KPSC ( FM ) KPSH KPSI - FM KRCK - FM KRHQ KSUT KUNA - FM KVGH KVLA - FM KWXY KXPS Newspapers and magazines ( edit ) The Desert Sun is the local daily newspaper serving Palm Springs and the Coachella Valley region . Desert Magazine is a monthly lifestyle magazine delivered to 40,000 homes . The Desert Star Weekly ( formerly the Desert Valley Star ) is published in Desert Hot Springs , California . The Desert Daily Guide is a weekly LGBT periodical . Palm Springs Life is a monthly magazine ; it also has publications on El Paseo Drive shopping in Palm Desert , desert area entertainment , homes , health , culture and arts , golf , plus annual issues on weddings and dining out . The Palm Springs Villager was published in the early 20th century until 1959 . The Palm Canyon Times was published from 1993 -- 1996 . The Desert Post Weekly -- Cathedral City . The Public Record -- Palm Desert , is a business and public affairs weekly . Infrastructure ( edit ) Libraries ( edit ) The city 's library was started in 1924 and financed by Martha Hitchcock . It expanded in 1940 on land donated to the newly incorporated city by Dr. Welwood Murray and was financed through the efforts of Thomas O'Donnell . The present site now operates as a branch library , research library for the Palm Springs Historical Society , and tourism office for the Palm Springs Bureau of Tourism . Transportation ( edit ) One of the first transportation routes for Palm Springs was on the Bradshaw Trail , an historic overland stage coach route from San Bernardino to La Paz , Arizona . The Bradshaw Trail operated from 1862 to 1877 . In the 1870s the Southern Pacific Railroad expanded its lines into the Coachella Valley . Modern transportation services include : Palm Springs International Airport serves Palm Springs and the Coachella Valley . Historical note : during World War II it was operated as the Palm Springs Army Airfield . SunLine Transit Agency provides bus service in the Coachella Valley . Morongo Basin Transit Authority provides bus service to and from Morongo Basin communities . Amtrak 's Sunset Limited and Texas Eagle form a single train which stops thrice weekly at the Palm Springs Amtrak station . Amtrak 's Thruway Motorcoach connects Palm Springs to Bakersfield , Claremont , Indio , La Crescenta , Ontario , Pasadena , Riverside and San Bernardino . A city curbside Thruway bus stop is located at 3400 East Tahquitz Canyon Way . Historical note : the Southern Pacific Railroad Argonaut served Palm Springs from 1926 to 1961 . Greyhound Bus Lines has a stop ( no ticketing ) at the Palm Springs Amtrak station . Highways include : SR 111 -- California State Route 111 , which intersects the city . I - 10 -- Interstate 10 runs north of the city . SR 74 -- The Pines to Palms Scenic Byway ( California State Route 74 ) runs from the coast , over the San Jacinto Mountains to nearby Palm Desert . SR 62 -- California State Route 62 ( a Blue Star Memorial Highway ) intersects I - 10 north - west of the city and runs north to San Bernardino County and the Colorado River . Cemeteries ( edit ) In 1890 , the Jane Augustine Patencio Cemetery was established on Tahquitz Way with the burial of Jane Augustine Patencio . It is maintained by the Agua Caliente Tribe . The Welwood Murray Cemetery was started by hotel operator Welwood Murray in 1894 when his son died . It is maintained by the Palm Springs Cemetery District , which also maintains the Desert Memorial Park in Cathedral City . Also in Cathedral City is the Forest Lawn Cemetery , maintained by Forest Lawn Memorial - Parks & Mortuaries . Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Palm Springs , California Over 300 Palm Springs residents have been recognized on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars . Modern architecture ( edit ) Mid-century modern house in Palm Springs Miller House , by Richard Neutra Main article : Mid-Century modern § Mid-century modern in Palm Springs Besides its tradition of mid-century modern architecture , Palm Springs and the region features numerous noted architects . Other ( non-Mid - Century Modern ) include Edward H. Fickett , Haralamb H. Georgescu , Howard Lapham , and Karim Rashid . Palm Springs in popular culture ( edit ) Main article : Palm Springs in popular culture See also : List of films and TV series set in Palm Springs , California and List of films shot in Palm Springs , California The Palm Springs area has been a filming location , topical setting , and storyline subject for many films , television shows , and literature . Wildlife ( edit ) The fauna of Palm Springs is mostly species adapted to desert , temperature extremes and to lack of moisture . It is located within the Nearctic faunistic realm in a region containing an assemblage of species similar to Northern Africa . Native fauna includes Pronghorns , Desert Bighorn Sheep , Desert Tortoise , Kit Fox , Desert Iguanas , Horned Lizards , Chuckwalla , Bobcats , Mountain lions and Gila Monsters . Other animals include ground squirrels , rock squirrels , porcupines , skunks , cactus mice , kangaroo rats , pocket gophers and raccoons . Desert birds here include the iconic Roadrunner , which can run at speeds exceeding 15 mp / h . Other avifauna includes the Ladder - backed woodpecker , flycatchers , elf owls , great horned owls , sparrow hawks and a variety of raptors . The Sonoran Desert has more species of rattlesnakes ( 11 ) than anywhere else in the world . The most common species is the extremely venomous Mojave rattler , which is considered the world 's most dangerous rattlesnake . The largest rattle snake species here is the Western diamondback rattlesnake , while other species include the Black - tailed rattlesnake , Tiger rattler and Sidewinder rattler. Palm Springs is home to Tarantulas and various Scorpion species , including the Vinegaroon . American black bear Although Black bears are not common in the Coachella Valley , bears have been observed in Palm Springs and other parts of California . Today , Jaguars roam the northern Mexican dry - lands , however , they were previously common throughout the Coachella Valley . The last documented Jaguar sighting in Palm Springs , was in 1860 . See also ( edit ) Inland Empire portal Leonore Annenberg and Walter Annenberg -- Rancho Mirage residents involved in Palm Springs activities . Their Sunnylands estate hosted many dignitaries and celebrities . History of the Jews in the U.S. -- Palm Springs -- for information about the Jewish community in Palm Springs . Pumilia novaceki -- an extinct iguanid from the Palm Springs area . United States cities by crime rate ( 40,000 -- 60,000 ) -- for a comparative table on crime rates in Palm Springs References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Palm Springs '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California Cities by Incorporation Date '' . California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions . Archived from the original ( Word ) on November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Moon '' ( PDF ) . City of Palm Springs . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jun 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Palm Springs ( city ) QuickFacts '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2012 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wilkerson , Lyn ( 2009 ) . Slow Travels -- California . Lulu Press , Inc. p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0557088072 . ^ Jump up to : Wares , Donna ( 2008 ) . Great Escapes : Southern California . The Countryman Press . p. 99 . ISBN 978 - 0881507799 . Jump up ^ `` Parks & Recreation '' . City of Palm Springs . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Baker , Christopher P. ( 2008 ) . Explorer 's Guide Palm Springs & Desert Resorts : A Great Destination . The Countryman Press . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 1581570489 . ^ Jump up to : Vechten , Ken Van ( 2010 ) . Insider 's Guide to Palm Springs . Roman & Littlefield . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0762761579 . Jump up ^ Smolinski , Dick and Craig A. Doherty ( 1994 ) . The Cahuilla . Rourke Publications . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0866255271 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Roger C. ( 2012 ) . Palm Springs . Arcadia Publishing . p. ix . ISBN 978 - 0738589138 . Jump up ^ Gray - Kanatiiosh , Barbara A. ( 2010 ) . Cahuilla . ABDO Publishing Company . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 1617849077 . Jump up ^ Niemann , Greg ( 2006 ) . Palm Springs Legends : Creation of a Desert Oasis . Sunbelt Publications , Inc. p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 0932653741 . Jump up ^ Bean , Lowell L. ( 1974 ) . Mukat 's People : The Cahuilla Indians of Southern California . University of California Press . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 0520026278 . Jump up ^ Baker , Christopher P. ( 2008 ) . Explorer 's Guide Palm Springs & Desert Resorts : A Great Destination . The Countryman Press . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 1581570489 . Jump up ^ Whitley , David S. ( 1996 ) . A Guide to Rock Art Sites : Southern California and Southern Nevada . Mountain Press Publishing . pp. 94 -- 96 . ISBN 978 - 0878423323 . Jump up ^ Baker , Christopher P. ( 2008 ) . Explorer 's Guide Palm Springs & Desert Resorts : A Great Destination . The Countryman Press . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 1581570489 . Jump up ^ Niemann , Greg ( 2006 ) . Palm Springs Legends : Creation of a Desert Oasis . Sunbelt Publications , Inc. p. 259 . ISBN 978 - 0932653741 . Jump up ^ Eargle , Dolan H. ( 2008 ) . Native California : An Introductory Guide to the Original Peoples From Earliest to Modern Times . Trees Company Press . p. 278 . ISBN 978 - 0937401118 . Jump up ^ https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2010/cph-t/t-6tables/TABLE%20(1).pdf ^ Jump up to : Niemann , Greg ( 2006 ) . Palm Springs Legends : creation of a desert oasis . San Diego , CA : Sunbelt Publications . p. 286 . ISBN 978 - 0932653741 . OCLC 61211290 . ( here for Table of Contents ) ^ Jump up to : Lech , Steve ( 2004 ) . Along the Old Roads : A History of the Portion of Southern California that became Riverside County : 1772 -- 1893 . Riverside , CA : Steve Lech . p. 902 . OCLC 56035822 . Jump up ^ Gittens , Roberta ( November 1992 ) . `` A Palm - filled Oasis : Palm Springs and the Desert Communities of the Coachella Valley '' . Art of California . Napa , CA : Art Institute of California . 5 ( 5 ) : 45 . ISSN 1045 - 8913 . OCLC 19009782 . Jump up ^ `` City of Palm Springs : History '' . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2010 . Retrieved August 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bright , William ( 1998 ) . Fifteen Hundred California Place Names . University of California Press . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 0520212718 . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gudde , Erwin Gustav ; Bright , William ( 1998 ) . California Place Names : The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names ( 4th ed . ) . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . p. 277 . ISBN 0520242173 . LCCN 97043168 . ' The fine large trees which mark the course of the run have furnished the name ... ' ( Whipple 1849 : 7 -- 8 ) . The place is shown as Big Palm Springs on the von Leicht - Craven map of 1874 . ^ Jump up to : Wild , Peter ( 2007 ) . Tipping the Dream : A Brief History of Palm Springs . Johannesburg , CA : The Shady Myrick Research Project . p. 228 . OCLC 152590848 . ^ Jump up to : Colacello , Bob ( June 1999 ) . Becker , Jonathan ( photographs ) . `` Palm Springs Weekends '' ( PDF ) . Vanity Fair : 192 -- 211 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Palm Valley Land Co. ( c. 1888 ) . Views in Palm Valley ... : The earliest fruit region in the state ... now on sale by Biggs , Fergusson & Co . San Francisco . OCLC 82950785 . Jump up ^ Two early , but fictional , visitors were six - year - old Mary and her cousin Jack . See : Foster , Ethel T. ( 1913 ) . `` A Visit to Palm Springs '' . Little Tales of the Desert . Villa , Hernando G. ( illustrations ) . Los Angeles , CA : Kingsley , Mason and Collins Co. p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 1176787933 . LCCN 13025440 . OCLC 3726918 . Just beyond ( the Indian village ) was Palm Springs settlement itself , with lots of tents , several houses , a store and ( Dr. Murray 's Hotel ) ... They visited the funny little cottages with their roofs and sides all covered with big palm leaves instead of boards . Then they went up to the hot springs . Jump up ^ Brown , Renee ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Palm Springs History : Pioneers survived summer '' . The Desert Sun . Palm Springs , CA : Gannett . Jump up ^ James , George Wharton ; Eytel , Carl ( illustrator ) ( 1906 ) . The Wonders of the Colorado Desert ( Southern California ) . Boston : Little , Brown and Company . p. 547 . ISBN 978 - 1103733613 . LCCN 06043916 . OCLC 2573290 . ( Available as a pdf file through the HathiTrust Digital Library . ) Wonders is illustrated with over 300 drawings by desert artist Carl Eytel . Many of those drawings , including the Title Page figure , are used throughout Steve Lech 's extensive history of early Riverside County . See : Along the Old Roads ( cited above ) . Jump up ^ Reviews of Wonders included : Adams , Cyrus C. ( March 2 , 1907 ) . `` Wonders of the Far West : George Wharton James 's New Book on the Colorado Desert '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times Saturday Review of Books . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . `` A Guide to the New Books '' . The Literary Digest . New York and London : Funk & Wagnalls . XXXIV ( 7 ) : 263 -- 64 . February 16 , 1907 . This elaborate treatise is a distinct contribution to the literature of the natural wonders of our country . Gilmour , John Hamilton ( February 3 , 1907 ) . `` The Wonders of the Colorado Desert , California '' . San Francisco Call . 101 ( 65 ) : Magazine , 3 . He has written admirably and knowingly ... and this ... is in line with his previous works . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin ( 1997 ) . `` 1 . Good Times on the Coast : Affluence and the Anti-Depression '' . The Dream Endures : California Enters the 1940s . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . p. 512 . ISBN 978 - 0195100792 . Jump up ^ Desert Inn ( 1923 ) . The Desert Inn : Where Desert and Mountains Meet , Palm Springs , California . Los Angeles , CA : Times - Mirror Print & Binding House . p. 24 . OCLC 82839637 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Sites : Desert Inn '' . Palm Springs Life . County of Riverside Historical Marker No. 044 ; 123 North Palm Canyon ( image of marker with 1908 date ) Jump up ^ Bright , Marjorie Belle ( 1981 ) . Nellie 's Boardinghouse : a dual biography of Nellie Coffman and Palm Springs . Palm Springs , CA : ETC Pub . p. 247 . Jump up ^ Janss , Betty ; Frashers Inc ( 1933 ) . Palm Springs California : presented with the compliments of the Desert Inn . Palm Springs , CA : Desert Inn . p. 34 . OCLC 427216166 . Jump up ^ Brown , Renee ( March 28 , 2015 ) . `` Nellie Coffman 's hospitality helped Palm Springs grow '' . The Desert Sun . Gannett . Jump up ^ Chase , J. Smeaton ( 1987 ) ( 1920 ) . Our Araby : Palm Springs and the Garden of the Sun . Pasadena , CA : Star - News Publishing Co. p. 83 . ISBN 0961872403 . LCCN 24010428 . OCLC 6169840 . ^ Jump up to : Bowhart , W.H. ; Hector , Julie ; McManus , Sally Mall ; Coffman Kieley , Elizabeth ( April 1984 ) . `` The McCallum Centennial -- Palm Springs ' founding family '' . Palm Springs Life . Palm Springs , CA : Desert Publications . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . ; and , Ainsworth , Katherine ( 1996 ) ( 1973 ) . The McCallum Saga : The Story of the Founding of Palm Springs . Palm Springs , CA : Palm Springs Public Library . p. 245 . ISBN 0961872411 . LCCN 96052785 . OCLC 799840 . Jump up ^ During World War II , the hotel was taken over and operated as a United States Army General Hospital , named in honor of Surgeon General George H. Torney . Jump up ^ Wild , Peter ( 2011 ) . Heiress of Doom : Lois Kellogg of Palm Springs . Tucson , AZ : Estate of Peter Wild . p. 449 . OCLC 748583736 . ^ Jump up to : Palmer , Roger C. ( 2011 ) . Palm Springs ( Then & Now ) . Charleston , SC : Arcadia . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0738589138 . LCCN 2011932500 . OCLC 785786600 . Jump up ^ Brown , Renee ( May 21 , 2016 ) . `` Movie stars began flocking to Palm Springs in the 1930s '' . The Desert Sun . Palm Springs , CA . Gannett . Jump up ^ Rippingale , Sally Presley ( 1984 ) . The History of the Racquet Club of Palm Springs . Yucaipa , CA : US Business Specialties . p. 146 . LCCN 85226534 . OCLC 13526611 ... Also see : Turner , Mary L. and Turner , Cal A. ( photography ) ( 2006 ) . The Beautiful People of Palm Springs . Sedona , AZ : Gene Weed . pp. 154 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4116 - 3488 - 6 OCLC 704086361 . The Racquet Club would cater to the Hollywood elite for decades . ^ Jump up to : Carr , Jim ( 1989 ) . Palms Springs and the Coachella Valley . Helena , MT : American Geographic Publishing . p. 112 . ISBN 0938314688 . LCCN 91166185 . OCLC 25026437 . Jump up ^ Kleinschmidt , Janet ( September 2005 ) . `` Remembering The Chi Chi : ' A hip little place to come for wealthy people . ' '' . Palm Springs Life. ; and , Johns , Howard ( September 2007 ) . `` In the Swing : Dinner clubs and lounges echo the days ( and nights ) of Palm Springs ' famed Chi Chi club '' . Palm Springs Life . Jump up ^ Meeks , Eric G. ( 2012 ) . The Best Guide Ever to Palm Springs Celebrity Homes . Horatio Limburger Oglethorpe . pp. 206 -- 07 . ISBN 978 - 1479328598 . Jump up ^ Fessier , Bruce . `` Mob looks to win big with casinos in valley '' . The Desert Sun . Gannett . Jump up ^ Brown , Renee ( April 9 , 2016 ) . `` Gambling in desert was ' economic driver ' in 1930s '' . The Desert Sun . Palm Springs , CA : Gannett . Jump up ^ Howser , Huell ; Bogert , Frank ; McManus , Sally ; Pitts , Larry ( September 27 , 2010 ) . `` Palm Springs Plaza Update -- Palm Springs Week ( 35 ) '' . California 's Gold . Chapman University Huell Howser Archive . Jump up ^ Except where noted , most data is from : Lech , Steve ( 2005 ) . `` Six : Palm Springs , Desert Hot Springs , Indio , and La Quinta '' . Resorts of Riverside County . Charleston , SC : Arcadia . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 0738530789 . OCLC 62790503 . ^ Jump up to : Bogert , Frank M. ( 1987 ( republished 2003 ) ) . Palm Springs : First Hundred Years . Palm Springs , CA : Palm Springs Library . p. 288 . ISBN 096187242X . OCLC 17171891 . Check date values in : year = ( help ) Jump up ^ Coachella Valley History Museum : Exhibits ^ Jump up to : Nordland , Ole J. ( 1978 ) ( 1968 ) . Coachella Valley 's Golden Years : History of the Coachella Valley County Water District ( PDF ) . Coachella , CA : Coachella Valley Water District . p. 120 . OCLC 4511277 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Desert Memories : Historic Images of the Coachella Valley . Palm Springs , CA : The Desert Sun . 2002 . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 1932129014 . OCLC 50674171 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Nancy ( 1992 ) . Palm Springs History Handbook . Palm Springs , CA : Palm Springs Public Library . p. 41 . OCLC 31595834 . ^ Jump up to : Henderson , Moya ; Palm Springs Historical Society ( 2009 ) . Images of America : Palm Springs . Charleston , SC : Arcadia Publishing . p. 127 . ISBN 978 - 0738559827 . LCCN 2008931760 . OCLC 268792707 . Jump up ^ `` Ingleside Inn Purchased '' . Jump up ^ `` Desert Hot Springs '' ( PDF ) ( Brochure ) . Desert Hot Springs Historical Society . 1952 . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abbott , Maggie . `` Jerry Skuse '' . Desert Hot Springs Historical Society . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Palm Springs Life : Palm Spring Historical Sites -- Building and Land Markers -- Oasis Hotel Jump up ^ Palm Springs , California . Palm Springs , CA : The Hotels. 1929 . p. 34 . WorldCat note : sponsored and distributed by the four leading hotels of Palm Springs : the Desert Inn , El Mirador , the Oasis , Deep Well Guest Ranch ; OCLC 29907656 , 228699240 Jump up ^ Brown , Renee ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` History : Torney general hospital 's contribution in WWII '' . The Desert Sun . Palm Springs , CA : Gannett . Jump up ^ The 1918 flu pandemic produced an influx of patients . Pyle , Ernie ( March 27 , 1942 ) . `` Palatial Palm Springs Monument To the Faith and Work of One Woman '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 6 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . In 1917 the new crop of war millionaires looked afield for vacation places , and came to Palm Springs ... But the flu epidemic filled the place up . Jump up ^ Wenzell , Nicolette ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` Palm Springs History : Shirley Temple tap - danced into our hearts '' . The Desert Sun . Gannett . Jump up ^ Holmes , Elmer Wallace ; Bird , Jessica ( 1912 ) . `` XX : San Gorgonio Pass '' . History of Riverside County , California . Los Angeles , CA : Historic Record Company . p. 783 . OCLC 7951260 . Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Palm Springs Army Air Field ( historical ) Jump up ^ `` Palm Springs Visitors Set Fashion Pace : Desert Resort Hotels And Clubs Are Crowded To Capacity '' . The Pittsburgh Press . March 26 , 1941 . p. 28 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Erskine ( December 18 , 1949 ) . `` Palm Springs An Odd Place '' . The Pittsburgh Press . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Torney General Hospital '' . Historic California Posts . The California State Military Museum . Jump up ^ Wills , Eric ( May / June 2008 ) . `` Palm Springs Eternal '' , Preservation , Vol. 60 , Issue 3 , pp. 38 -- 45 Jump up ^ Goldberger , Paul ( May -- June 2008 ) . `` The Modernist Manifesto '' . Preservation. 60 ( 3 ) : 30 -- 35 . ^ Jump up to : Culver , Lawrence ( 2010 ) . `` Chapter 5 : The Oasis of Leisure -- Palm Springs before 1941 ; and Chapter 6 : Making of Desert Modern -- Palm Springs after World War II '' . The Frontier of Leisure : Southern California and the Shaping of Modern America . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . p. 317 . ISBN 978 - 0195382631 . LCCN 2009053932 . OCLC 620294456 , 464581464 Jump up ^ Kray , Ryan M. ( February 2004 ) . `` The Path to Paradise : Expropriation , Exodus and Exclusion in the Making of Palm Springs '' . Pacific Historical Review . 73 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 126 . doi : 10.1525 / phr. 2004.73. 1.85 . ISSN 0030 - 8684 . JSTOR 10.1525 / phr. 2004.73. 1.85 . OCLC 4635437946 , 361566392 ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Kray , Ryan M. ( 2009 ) . Second - class Citizenship at a First - class Resort : Race and Public Policy in Palm Springs . Irvine , CA : University of California ( Ph. D. thesis ) . p. 407 . ISBN 978 - 1109197983 . OCLC 518520550 . Jump up ^ `` Palm Springs : Green and Grows the Desert '' ( PDF ) . Fortune : 122 -- 27 . February 1961 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 06 - 29 . Before President Eisenhower went to Palm Springs ... in 1954 , ( it ) was only a regional resort . Overnight it became a winter resort with national drawing power . Jump up ^ A book of Doisneau 's photographs was published in 2010 . Doisneau , Robert ; Dubois , Jean - Paul ( Forward ) ( 2010 ) . Palm Springs 1960 . Paris : Flammarion . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 2080301291 . LCCN 2010442384 . OCLC 491896174 . Jump up ^ See : Amory , Cleveland ( March 12 , 1961 ) . `` Palm Springs Is Really An Incredible Place '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . It is Hollywood without the wood . Beverly Hills without the hills and Los Angeles without the -- well , freeways . `` Palm Springs Now Top Desert Resort '' . The Sun . Vancouver , Canada . January 5 , 1968 . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . One finds 21 golf courses sprinkled across the golden sands of the desert . More than 3,650 swimming pools dot the landscape . `` Palm Springs : Outdoors Paradise '' . St. Petersburg Independent . St. Petersburg , FL . January 11 , 1972 . p. 4 - D. Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Moonlight steak ( horseback ) rides , breakfast rides and group rides are a way of life in the ... desert resort . Fix , Jack V. ( June 9 , 1977 ) . `` Palm Springs Place Where Rich Retire '' . The Pittsburgh Press . UPI . p . B - 1 . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . This desert town ... with 5,000 private swimming pools , 38 golf courses and homes selling for ' only $250,000 down ' is probably the most wealthy retirement community in the world . Yet it is an area of 37 mobile home parks and senior citizens , 32 per cent of whom ... reported an income of less than $4,000 a year . Eichenbaum , Marlene ( June 9 , 1979 ) . `` Palm Springs : It 's a plush resort for rich and poor alike '' . The Gazette . Montreal , Canada . p . T - 2 . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 ... it has long been a haven for the rich and famous ... it ( also ) offers a wide choice of moderately - priced accommodations ... von Sorge , Helmut ( April 30 , 1984 ) . `` Palm Springs -- das Goldene Kaff '' . Der Spiegel ( in German ) . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Braid , Don ( January 9 , 1985 ) . `` Palm Springs : Where the rich meet to greet '' . The Gazette . Montreal , Canada . p . B - 3 . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . The whole place is flamboyant , bold , obscenely rich , ... It 's so utterly un-Canadian that Canadian ( tourists ) ca n't resist it , even when they ca n't afford it . Miller , Judith ( December 16 , 1990 ) . `` Palm Springs ai n't what she used to be '' . Deseret News . Salt Lake City , UT . NY Times News Service . p. 2P . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . The metropolitan area , which includes nine cities , has 187,000 year - round residents and plays host to 2 million visitors each year . It has 7,645 swimming pools , more than 100 tennis courts and 101 golf courses ... Jump up ^ `` Recession Comes to Posh Palm Springs '' . Lewiston Evening Journal . AP . March 6 , 1975 . p. 7 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yates , Ronald ; Koziol , Ronald ( May 9 , 1978 ) . `` Elite Palm Springs Becomes A Gangsters ' Playground '' . The Evening Independent . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . ( Palm Springs ) has become Our Town for such Chicago luminaries as Anthony `` Big Tuna '' Accardo , Joey `` The Dove '' Aiuppa , James `` The Turk '' Torello , and Frank `` The Horse '' Buccieri . Also , Vincent Dominic Caci bought a home in Palm Springs . Jump up ^ See : Sahagun , Louis ( March 16 , 1986 ) . `` Palm Springs takes pains to gloss up its faded star image '' . The Pittsburgh Press . The Los Angeles Times . pp. G1 , G4 . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Now , big spenders , tourists and developers are sidestepping this 50 - year - old resort community , gravitating instead toward the towns that have blossomed east of here in the Coachella Valley over the last 10 years . `` Palm Springs , Calif. ; A $100 Million Resort Hotel '' . New York Times . February 19 , 1989 . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . But while the city of Palm Springs has won national recognition as a resort area , the lower Coachella Valley cities ... have benefited most from the new hotels . Jump up ^ For international coverage , see : Werb , Helmut ( April 27 , 2006 ) . `` Palm Springs : Die Wüste lebt ! ( Living Desert ) '' ( in German ) . stern.de . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . QMI Agency ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` Palm Springs , la princesse du désert ( Desert Princess ) '' ( in French ) . Quebec , Canada : canoë.ca . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Is party over for Palm Springs ? '' . Lodi News - Sentinel . Associated Press . April 9 , 1993 . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . For 40 years , this desert city endured an Easter week invasion of student revelers ... Jump up ^ Gianoulis , Tina ( 2000 ) . `` Spring Break . '' St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture . Gale . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 from HighBeam Research Jump up ^ `` Palm Springs Lowers Lid On Disorderly Students : Jails Crammed in Crackdown : Spring Vacations Marked By Violence '' . The Blade . Toledo , OH . AP . April 3 , 1969 . p. 6 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Palm Springs quiet as youths leave '' . The Milwaukee Journal . AP . March 31 , 1986 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hubler , Shawn ( February 8 , 1991 ) . `` Palm Springs Votes to Tone Down Easter Break '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Hubler , Shawn ( March 31 , 1991 ) . `` Palm Springs Sees a Kinder and Gentler Spring Break : Crackdown : City officials call the week the most orderly and successful in years . But merchants catering to the young say it was a financial disaster '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Brooks , Ken ( December 16 , 2010 ) . `` A Palm Springs Break '' . Payson Roundup . Payson , AZ . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . There are spas , golf courses , famed hotels and resorts , tennis , swimming , sunning , shopping , museums , restaurants and an extensive list of amenities and attractions . Jump up ^ Monroe , Angela ( January 26 , 2012 ) . `` The Road Ahead for the Desert Fashion Plaza '' . KMIR - TV , KMIR6 News ^ Jump up to : `` Monthly Normals for Palm Springs , CA -- Temperature and Precipitation '' . NOAA . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Averages for Palm Springs , CA -- Temperature and Precipitation '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hogan , C. Michael ; Stromberg , Nicklas ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . California Fan Palm : Washingtonia filifera , GlobalTwitcher.com Archived September 30 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Palm Springs Office of Neighborhood Involvement Jump up ^ Palm Springs Historic Neighborhoods by The Desert Sun feature writer Judith Salkin Jump up ^ The Movie Colony : History Jump up ^ Movie Colony East Jump up ^ El Rancho Vista Estates : History Archived May 4 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Warm Sands Neighborhood Organization : Profile Jump up ^ The Mesa Neighborhood : History Jump up ^ Palm Springs Preservation Foundation : Then and Now Jump up ^ Treno : About Jump up ^ Sunmor Neighborhood Organization ; and , Sunmor Estates : Neighborhood History Archived March 13 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gordon Coutts ; the Dar Marrac is now operated as the Mediterranean - style Korakia Pensione Jump up ^ The Willows : history Clark Gable and Carole Lombard enjoyed their honeymoon at the Willows . Palmeri , Christopher ( September 3 , 2000 ) . `` Palm Springs : An Oasis of Nostalgia in the Desert '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Jump up ^ Robinson , Rita ( 1996 ) . Umbrella Guide to Grand Old Hotels of Southern and Central California . Kenmore , WA : Epicenter Press . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0945397472 . LCCN 97116800 . Jump up ^ Historic Tennis Club Neighborhood Organization : History Archived October 20 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Las Palmas Neighborhood Organization Jump up ^ Old Las Palmas Neighborhood : History Jump up ^ Hart , Lisa Marie ( September 2015 ) . `` The Real Steel '' . Palm Springs Life . Jump up ^ `` Deepwell Estates Neighborhood Organization '' . www.ourdeepwell.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Deepwell Estates Neighborhood Organization ( DENO ) Palm Springs Villager '' . www.ourdeepwell.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Interactive Population Search : CA -- Palm Springs city '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Gates , Gary ; Ost , Jason ( 2004 ) . The Gay and Lesbian Atlas . Washington , DC : The Urban Institute . p. 241 . ISBN 0877667217 . ( data summarized at Urban Institute Factsheet Jump up ^ Wallace , David ( 2008 ) . A City Comes Out : How Celebrities Made Palm Springs a Gay and Lesbian Paradise . Fort Lee , NJ : Barricade Books . p. 192 . ISBN 978 - 1569803493 . LCCN 2008022210 . OCLC 209646547 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Body : African - American HIV / AIDS Resource Center : Interview with Ron Oden Jump up ^ Palm Springs Bureau of Tourism ( 2005 ) . Palm Springs : official gay & lesbian visitors guide . Palm Springs , CA : Pride National Network . p. 62 . OCLC 64229593 . ; `` Gay pocket guide : Palm Springs , Cathedral City & the entire Coachella Valley '' . Hollywood , CA : GHighway . OCLC 74711792 . ; The Bottom Line . Palm Springs , CA : Su - Go Ltd. 1978 -- . OCLC 45909832 . Check date values in : year = ( help ) ; Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Palm Springs Aerial Tramway news release , January 5 , 2005 Archived September 3 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Fentress Bradburn : Convention Center remodeling Archived March 25 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sone , Tamara ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` They all thought I was nuts '' . The Desert Sun . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Designed by the Los Angeles design firm Commune . Nakano , Craig ( August 11 , 2012 ) `` L.A. firm Commune leaves fingerprints across Japan for a cause '' Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ Company Overview of Bird Medical Technologies , Bloomberg Businessweek Jump up ^ Modernism Week Jump up ^ PS Black History Committee : Calendar Jump up ^ ACC Museum : Film Festival Jump up ^ Jeffrey Sanker , White Party sponsor Jump up ^ Arthur Lyons Film Noir Festival Jump up ^ Palm Springs Cultural Center Jump up ^ Palm Springs Restaurant Week Jump up ^ The Gay Men 's Chorus of Palm Springs : About Jump up ^ City of Palm Springs : PSHS Homecoming ; and , KESQ.com PSHS Homecoming Parade Jump up ^ City of Palm Springs Veterans Day Parade Jump up ^ VA Department : Regional Sites Jump up ^ City of Palm Springs Event Calendar : Veterans Day Jump up ^ Palm Springs Festival of Lights ; and , `` 2011 Palm Springs Festival of Lights Parade '' ( December 3 , 2011 ) . mydesert.com ( Desert Sun ) Jump up ^ `` The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies to Close its Doors for Good '' . www.palmspringslife.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Palm Springs VillageFest Jump up ^ Desert Film Society -- Palm Springs Jump up ^ City of Palm Springs : Boards and Commissions Jump up ^ City of Palm Springs : Art in Public Places History Jump up ^ ACC Museum Jump up ^ The visitor 's center for Palm Canyon was named `` Hermit 's Haven '' and `` Hermit 's Bench '' after early `` hippie '' William Pester who had a cabin overlooking the canyon . See : Lech , Steve ( 2012 ) . For Tourism and a Good Night 's Sleep . Riverside , CA : Steve Lech . p. 230 . ISBN 978 - 0983750017 . , citing `` Hermit Haven is Next to Nature '' ( December 2 , 1917 ) . Los Angeles Times ; U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Palm Canyon ; and , Wild , Peter ( 2008 ) . William Pester : The Hermit of Palm Springs . Johannesburg , CA : The Shady Myrick Research Project . p. 161 . OCLC 234084689 . Jump up ^ Agua Caliente Indian Canyons Jump up ^ Tahquitz Canyon Jump up ^ Brown , Renee ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Desert Plays ' performed in Tahquitz Canyon in 19202 '' . The Desert Sun . Palm Springs , CA : Gannett . Jump up ^ Lost Horizon at the American Film Institute Catalog Jump up ^ Agua Caliente Spa Resort Casino Jump up ^ Mendoza , Mariecar ( May 5 , 2012 ) . `` Marilyn Monroe returning to Palm Springs in a big way '' . The Desert Sun . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ PSHS About Jump up ^ Palm Springs Historical Society Village Green Heritage Center Jump up ^ Schenden , Laurie K. ( n.d. ) . `` Ruddy 's General Store Museum '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . ; and , Palm Springs heritage Jump up ^ Palm Springs Art Museum : Annenberg Theater Jump up ^ `` Children 's Discovery Museum of the Desert : About '' . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2012 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Art Palm Springs.com : Gallery , Studio , Museum , Festival , Event Guide Jump up ^ CAC Chapters Jump up ^ Desert Art Center : History Jump up ^ Biller , Steven ( Winter -- Spring 2006 ) . `` In the Studio -- Delos Van Earl : Hide and Seek '' . Palm Springs Life . Art + Culture . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Warm Sands Sculpture Project '' . Palms Springs Office of Neighborhood Involvement . Jump up ^ http://palmspringspowerbaseball.com/tickets/palm-springs-stadium/ Jump up ^ http://www.hometeamsonline.com/teams/?u=PALMSPRINGSCOLLEGIAT&s=baseball Jump up ^ https://www.halosheaven.com/2018/1/25/16933408/angels-spring-training-history Jump up ^ https://www.springtrainingonline.com/teams/chicago-white-sox.htm Jump up ^ USTA Easter Bowl ITF Jump up ^ USTA Easter Bowl Wrap - Ups Jump up ^ Dean , Terry ; Dickinson , Judy . O'Donnell Golf Club : Jewel of the Desert for 65 Years . p. 52 . OCLC 810251995 . Jump up ^ Thunderbird Country Club : Mission and History Jump up ^ The Thunderbird Country Club had started off as a dude ranch in 1956 . Howser , Huell ; Bogert , Frank ; Dawson , Velma ; Windeler , Robert ( September 29 , 2002 ) . `` Thunderbird Country Club -- Palm Springs ( 32 ) '' . California 's Gold . Chapman University Huell Howser Archive . ; Windeler , Robert ( 2002 ) . Thunderbird Country Club : from desert to oasis . New York , NY : Bluefin Press . p. 184 . OCLC 60860787 . Jump up ^ Best , Hugh ( 1988 ) . Thunderbird Country Club . pp. 128 . OCLC 41519919 ASIN B002I5PBH2 Jump up ^ CANTOUR 2012 Season ( Desert Hot Springs ) For more information on golf courses in the region , see : Wexler , Daniel ( 2011 ) . The Black Book : Palm Springs Area Golf Guide . CreateSpace . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 1467975643 . , covers Riverside , San Bernardino , and Imperial Counties . Ryder , Jay ( 1989 ) . The Greater Palm Springs Golf Guide : a Comprehensive Reference Guide to Playing the Desert 's Finest Gold Courses. Palm Desert , CA : Ryder Publications . p. 156 . LCCN 90115597 . Jump up ^ AYSO Region 80 Jump up ^ AYSO Section 1H Jump up ^ PS Parks & Recreation Jump up ^ City of Palm Springs , James O. Jessie Desert Highland Unity Center Jump up ^ PS Parks & Recreation : Dog Park Jump up ^ Vacation Palm Springs : Desert Ice Palace Jump up ^ KESQ.COM , `` Ice Skating Rink Slated To Open In Cathedral City '' , April 29 , 2010 , retrieved February 27 , 2012 Jump up ^ Boomers ! Palm Springs : Directions Jump up ^ City of Palm Springs , Skate Park and Swim Center Jump up ^ Hicks , John David ( 1973 ) . History of the Desert Riders . pp. 24 . OCLC 19766413 Jump up ^ Patten , Carolyn ( March 1995 ) . `` The Desert Riders '' . Palm Springs Life . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Doni ( 1991 ) . Favorite Trails of Desert Riders . Redwood City , CA : Hoofprints . p. 239 . OCLC 26698066 . Jump up ^ `` Incorporation Wins '' . The Desert Sun . XI ( 36 ) . April 12 , 1938 . Jump up ^ Charter of the City of Palm Springs , Approved by the people June 7 , 1994 ; effective July 12 , 1994 . OCLC 30622447 Jump up ^ Weiss , Henry ( c. 1999 ) . At Sunrise : the History of the Palm Springs Public Library . Palm Springs , CA : Palm Springs Public Library . p. 121 . LCCN 2002510928 . Jump up ^ SCAG : Member cities Jump up ^ County of Riverside , 2011 Supervisoral Districts Jump up ^ `` Statewide Database '' . UC Regents . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California 's 36th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map '' . Civic Impulse , LLC . Jump up ^ PSUSD Home Page Jump up ^ PSUSD : Palm Springs High School ; and , PSHS Homepage Jump up ^ Palm Springs Unified School District : Cahuilla Elementary School Cielo Vista Charter School Katherine Finchy Elementary School Vista del Monte Elementary School ^ Jump up to : US DOE 2011 National Blue Ribbon Schools Jump up ^ The school is named after an early teacher in Palm Springs . Galon , Buddy ; et al. ( 1980 ) . The Little School House : the Life of Miss Katherine Finchy. Palm Springs , CA : Lyceum of the Desert , pp. 80 . OCLC 7374555 Jump up ^ PSUSD Alternative Education Jump up ^ Xavier Prep home page Jump up ^ Brandman University : Coachella Valley Programs Jump up ^ DeBenedictis , Don J. ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` New law school to focus on advocacy '' . Los Angeles Daily Journal . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Kaplan College Palm Springs Jump up ^ University of Phoenix , Palm Desert Jump up ^ Mayfield College Jump up ^ Council on Occupational Education Accredited Membership Jump up ^ Desert Daily Guide . P.S. Pairing Partners . OCLC 54477925 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ DDG Archived February 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Palm Springs Life publications Jump up ^ LCCN 52 - 17796 Jump up ^ Palm Springs Villager . Village Publishing Company . OCLC 11990550 . America 's most beautiful desert magazine Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ OCLC 44505524 Jump up ^ The Public Record : About Us ISSN 0744 - 205X OCLC 8101482 , 252439622 Jump up ^ Brown , Renee ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Welwood Murray library has storied past , future '' . The Desert Sun . Gannett . Jump up ^ `` Welwood Murray Memorial Library '' . City of Palm Springs , CA . Jump up ^ Goolsby , Denise ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` Southern Pacific Railroad made path through the wild '' . The Desert Sun . Palm Springs , CA : Gannett . Jump up ^ Amtrak California Trains and Thruways map ; and , Thruway motorcoach service is available only in connection with an Amtrak rail trip . Jump up ^ Palm Springs ( city ) curbside bus stop ( Thruway ) Jump up ^ Greyhound.com Locations : California Jump up ^ Jane Augustine Patencio Cemetery Find A Grave Jump up ^ Welwood Murray Cemetery Find A Grave . Some famous burials ( Palm Springs Cemetery District `` Interments of Interest '' and Find A Grave : Famous Burials at Welwood Murray include : J. Smeaton Chase ( author ) J. Smeaton Chase at Find a Grave Charles Farrell ( actor ) Albert Frey ( architect ) Hugo Montenegro ( orchestra leader ) Jackie Saunders ( silent film actress ) Herbert E. Toor ( philanthropist ) `` Herbert Tour , 88 ; Furniture Retailer '' . Los Angeles Times . October 15 , 1988 . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . Virginia Valli ( stage and film actress , manager of the Palm Springs Racquet Club , and spouse of Charles Farrell ) Jump up ^ Palm Springs Life , `` Palm Spring Historical Sites -- Building and Land Markers '' accessed October 10 , 2011 Jump up ^ Palm Springs Cemetery District Jump up ^ City of Rancho Mirage Historic Preservation Commission `` Architect Bios '' Jump up ^ `` Sci Fi -- Futuristic Bungalow by Karim Rashid '' . Best Home News . June 29 , 2010 . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 ... bungalow is created specifically for the Sci Fi channel and Morongo Casino . Jump up ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/616563/United-States/77969/Animal-life Jump up ^ Baker , Christopher P. ( 2008 ) . Explorer 's Guide Palm Springs & Desert Resorts : A Great Destination . The Countryman Press . pp. 22 - 28 . ISBN 9781581570489 . Jump up ^ http://wc.pima.edu/~bfiero/tucsonecol109/boxes/rattlesnake.htm Jump up ^ Baker , Christopher P. ( 2008 ) . Explorer 's Guide Palm Springs & Desert Resorts : A Great Destination . The Countryman Press . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 1581570489 . Jump up ^ Baker , Christopher P. ( 2008 ) . Explorer 's Guide Palm Springs & Desert Resorts : A Great Destination . The Countryman Press . pp. 29 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 1581570489 . Jump up ^ http://www.desertsun.com/story/news/environment/2017/05/15/bear-sighting-indio-la-verne-rare/323126001/ Jump up ^ Jameson , Everlett Williams and Hans J. Peeters ( 1988 ) . California Mammals . University of California Press . p. 21 . ISBN 9780520053915 . Further reading ( edit ) Palm Springs in general , history , culture , and city Berk , Heather Lynn ( 1994 ) . Times of Change : The Growth of Palm Springs from Village to Suburbia , 1945 -- 1955 . Claremont McKenna College Senior Thesis X190 . p. 114 . OCLC 33434649 . Block , Charles ( 1989 ) . Canyon Palms : a Desert Tribute. C. Block . p. 64 . LCCN 89090703 . OCLC 22984922 . Bogert , Frank M. ( 2006 ) . View From the Saddle : Characters Who Crossed My Trail. Palm Springs , CA : ETC Publications . p. 232 . ISBN 0882801589 . OCLC 62110026 . Churchwell , Mary Jo ( 2001 ) . Palm Springs : the Landscape , the History , the Lore. Palm Springs , CA : Ironwood . p. 234 . ISBN 978 - 0971301603 . LCCN 2001118347 . OCLC 48484360 . Dutcher , LC ( Lee Carlton ) ; Bader , John S. ( 1963 ) . Geology and Hydrology of Agua Caliente Springs , Palm Springs . Washington , DC : GPO . p. 43 . LCCN gs63000220 . OCLC 9026608 . Gunther , Jane Davies ( 1984 ) . Riverside County , California , Place Names : Their Origins and Their Stories . Riverside , CA . p. 634 . LCCN 84072920 . OCLC 12103181 . Haber , Mel ( 2010 ) ( 1996 ) . Bedtime Stories of the Ingleside Inn . BearManor Media . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 1593935337 . LCCN 96143705 . OCLC 34068259 . Haber , Mel ; Terrill , Marshall ( 2008 ) . Palm Springs a la Carte : The Colorful World of the Caviar Crowd at Their Favorite Desert Hideaway . Fort Lee , NJ : Barricade Books . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 1569803530 . LCCN 2008020745 . OCLC 221149085 . Jensen , Thomas Arden ( 1954 ) . Palm Springs , California : its evolution and functions . Los Angeles : University of California , Los Angeles . p. 221 . LCCN mic58006446 . OCLC 14691400 , 17345784 Lawson , Greg ( 1989 ) . Palm Springs Oasis . Translated by Fabienne S. Chauderlot ; Margaret M. Posner ; Roselinde Konrad . El Cajon , CA : First Choice Publishers . p. 63 . ISBN 091625139X . LCCN 89085067 . OCLC 21541845 . McKinney , Marshall Glenn ( 1996 ) . Vanishing footprints from the hot desert sand : remembrances of a 90 year old Palm Springs pioneer : horse and wagon days on the southern California desert : a historical autobiography . Sonoma , CA : McKinney . p. 245 . LCCN 96094678 . OCLC 36017354 . Moruzzi , Peter ( 2009 ) . Palm Springs Holiday : A Vintage Tour from Palm Springs to the Salton Sea . Salt Lake City , UT : Gibbs Smith . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 1423604761 . LCCN 2009000539 . OCLC 298470746 . This is the story of the Coachella Valley -- home of Palm Springs , Rancho Mirage , Palm Desert , La Quinta , Indio , and other desert cities -- as experienced by the average tourist who vacationed here from the 1910s through the 1960s . Moruzzi , Peter ( 2006 ) . `` Palm Springs Holiday : A Vintage Postcard Tour from Palm Springs to the Salton Sea '' . Palm Springs , CA : Palm Springs Modern Committee . OCLC 666527235 ( DVD ) Navez , Ren ( 2006 ) . Palm Springs : California 's Desert Gem . Englewood , CO : Westcliffe . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 1565795525 . LCCN 2005024385 . OCLC 61458191 . Nelson , John ( Feb -- May 1948 ) . `` The History of Palm Springs '' . Palm Springs Villager. Palm Springs , CA : The Villager . OCLC 14691205 . Presley , Sally ( 1993 ) . Facts and legends : the village of Palm Springs . Palm Springs , CA : Almost Publishers and Mee . p. 25 . LCCN 94203576 . OCLC 31331501 . Reynolds , Christopher ( December 6 , 2009 ) . `` A visit to 1959 Palm Springs : The year was a seminal one for the desert resort town ; 50 years on it 's still a swingin ' time '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Richards , Elizabeth W. ( 1981 ) . Palm Springs -- the Early Years . Palm Springs , CA : Palm Springs Savings and Loan . p. 37 . OCLC 7395533 . ( Originally published in 1961 as A Look into Palm Springs ' Past by Santa Fe Federal Savings & Loan Assoc . LCC F869 P18 R5 ) Ringwald , George ( 1960 ) . `` Legend , Feuding and Tragedy : A Story of Palm Springs ' Beginnings '' . Palm Springs Life , 1960 -- 1961 : Annual Pictorial : 19 -- 39 . Saeks , Diane Dorrans ( 2007 ) . Palm Springs Living . David Glomb ( photographs ) . Rizzoli . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 0847827664 . LCCN 2007921705 . OCLC 159649838 . Thompson , Gail Borden ; Don R. Peterson ( c. 1987 ) . Palm Springs Galaxy . Springfield , MN : Mardo Copr . LCCN 88120371 . OCLC 18292008 . Wild , Peter ( 2007 ) . The Grumbling Gods : a Palm Springs Reader . Salt Lake City , UT : University of Utah Press . p. 251 . ISBN 978 - 0874808995 . LCCN 2007015086 . OCLC 122974473 . covers the city 's history Wild , Peter ( 1999 ) . `` Chapter 9 : J. Smeaton Chase -- Our Araby '' . The Opal Desert : Explorations of Fantasy and Reality in the American Southwest . Austin , TX : University of Texas Press . p. 219 . ISBN 978 - 0292791299 . OCLC 40762502 , 649978425 ( print and on - line ) The Palm Springs and Desert Resort Area Story . Palm Springs , CA : Chamber of Commerce . 1955 . p. 80 . OCLC 8463129 . Cahuilla Indian further reading Ainsworth , Ed ( 1965 ) . Golden Checkerboard . Palm Desert , CA : Desert - Southwest . p. 195 . LCCN 66000811 . OCLC 4391736 . About the mid-20th century economic conditions of the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians ; its title comes from the layout of alternating land parcels shared between the Southern Pacific Railroad and Agua Caliente Band of Mission Indians . Brumgardt , John R. ( 1981 ) . People of the magic waters : the Cahuilla Indians of Palm Springs . Palm Springs , CA : ETC Publications . p. 122 . ISBN 0882800604 . LCCN 78016023 . Fischer , Mille Wolfe ( c. 1995 ) . Footprints Through the Palms . p. 36 . OCLC 40422476 . Hooper , Lucile ( April 10 , 1920 ) . `` The Cahuilla Indians '' . University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology . Kessinger Publishing Rare Reprints . Berkeley , CA . 16 ( 6 ) : 315 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 1417962235 . OCLC 225133390 . Ortner , Vyola J. ; du Pont , Diana C. ( 2012 ) . You Ca n't Eat Dirt , Leading America 's First All - Women Tribal Council and How We Changed Palm Springs . Fan Palm Research Project . p. 264 . ISBN 978 - 0615495590 . LCCN 2011939660 . OCLC 801995611 . Patencio , Chief Francisco ; Boynton , Margaret ( 1943 ) . Stories and Legends of the Palm Springs Indians . Times - Mirror . Los Angeles . p. 33 . LCCN 44018350 . OCLC 4020904 . Ringwald , George ( 1968 ) . The Agua Caliente Indians and Their Guardians . Riverside , CA : Press - Enterprise . p. 36 . OCLC 3094608 , 14015139 A reprint of Ringwald 's Pulitzer Prize -- winning articles concerning the scandal of Section 14 of the Agua Caliente Indian Reservation . Shaw , Rachel Dayton ( 1999 ) . `` Evolving Ecoscape : An Environmental and Cultural History of Palm Springs , California , and the Agua Caliente Indian Reservation , 1877 -- 1939 '' . San Diego , CA : University of California ( Ph. D. thesis ) . p. 374 . ISBN 0599379804 . OCLC 41942987 , 43734890 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palm Springs , California . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Palm Springs . Official website Palm Springs Bureau of Tourism page Palm Springs Preservation Foundation Palm Springs at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) `` Palm Springs , California '' . C - SPAN Cities Tour . June 2013 . Greater Palm Springs Convention & Visitors Bureau Places adjacent to Palm Springs , California Whitewater Cabazon Morongo Valley North Palm Springs Desert Hot Springs Chino Canyon San Jacinto Mountains Palm Springs Cathedral City Idyllwild - Pine Cove Mountain Center San Jacinto Mountains Agua Caliente Indian Canyons Rancho Mirage Inland Empire Counties Riverside San Bernardino Major cities Riverside San Bernardino Cities and towns 100k+ Corona Fontana Moreno Valley Murrieta Ontario Rancho Cucamonga Temecula Victorville Cities and towns 25k -- 100k Apple Valley Banning Beaumont Cathedral City Chino Chino Hills Coachella Colton Desert Hot Springs Eastvale Hemet Hesperia Highland Indio Jurupa Valley Lake Elsinore Menifee Montclair Norco Palm Desert Palm Springs Perris Redlands Rialto Rubidoux San Jacinto Twentynine Palms Upland Valle Vista Wildomar Yucaipa Cities and towns 10k -- 25k Adelanto Barstow Big Bear City Bloomington Blythe Cabazon Canyon Lake Crestline Glen Avon Grand Terrace La Quinta Loma Linda Mira Loma Pedley Rancho Mirage Twentynine Palms Yucca Valley Cities and towns under 10k Big Bear Lake Calimesa Devore El Cerrito Oak Glen Highgrove Home Gardens Indian Wells Joshua Tree Lake Arrowhead Landers Mentone Muscoy Needles Romoland San Antonio Heights Sunnyslope Wrightwood Woodcrest Regions Coachella Valley Cucamonga Valley Elsinore Trough High Desert Morongo Basin Perris Plain Plains of Leon San Bernardino Mountains San Bernardino Valley San Jacinto Mountains San Jacinto Valley Santa Ana Mountains Temescal Mountains Victor Valley Municipalities and communities of Riverside County , California , United States County seat : Riverside Cities Banning Beaumont Blythe Calimesa Canyon Lake Cathedral City Coachella Corona Desert Hot Springs Eastvale Hemet Indian Wells Indio Jurupa Valley La Quinta Lake Elsinore Menifee Moreno Valley Murrieta Norco Palm Desert Palm Springs Perris Rancho Mirage Riverside San Jacinto Temecula Wildomar CDPs Aguanga Anza Bermuda Dunes Cabazon Cherry Valley Coronita Crestmore Heights Desert Center Desert Edge Desert Palms East Hemet El Cerrito El Sobrante French Valley Garnet Glen Avon Good Hope Green Acres Highgrove Home Gardens Homeland Idyllwild - Pine Cove Indio Hills Lake Mathews Lake Riverside Lakeland Village Lakeview March ARB Mead Valley Meadowbrook Mecca Mesa Verde Mira Loma Mountain Center North Shore Nuevo Oasis Pedley Ripley Romoland Rubidoux Sky Valley Sunnyslope Temescal Valley Thermal Thousand Palms Valle Vista Vista Santa Rosa Warm Springs Whitewater Winchester Woodcrest Unincorporated communities Alberhill Alessandro Arcilla Arnold Heights B Bar H Ranch Belltown Biskra Palms Bly Bonnie Bell Box Springs Cactus City Cahuilla Cahuilla Hills Chiriaco Summit Desert Beach East Blythe Edgemont El Cariso Gilman Hot Springs La Cresta Lost Lake Mortmar North Palm Springs Pinyon Pines Radec Rancho Capistrano River Bend Lodge Sage Snow Creek Village Sun City Palm Desert Valerie Indian reservations Agua Caliente Band Augustine Band Cabazon Band Cahuilla Band Colorado River Indian Reservation Los Coyotes Band Morongo Band Pechanga Band Ramona Band Santa Rosa Band Soboba Band Torres - Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians Twenty - Nine Palms Band Ghost towns Alamo Bonito Auld Bergman Bradshaw 's Ferry Caleb Dos Palmas Eagle Mountain Hell La Placita Leon Linda Rosa Midland Olive City Pinacate Saahatpa Temescal Terra Cotta Willard Willow Springs Station Television stations in Palm Springs , California and the Coachella Valley of the Inland Empire Local stations KCWQ - LD ( 2.3 CW+ ) KAKZ - LD 4 ( Azteca ) KEVC - CD 5 ( UniMás ) KPOM - LP 6 ( Spanish - language religious ) KVPS - LP 8 ( Silent ) KYAV - LD 12 ( AccuWeather ) KUNA - LP 15 ( TMD ) KODG - LP ( 17.1 PBS - HD , 17.2 OC , 17.3 DS , 17.4 World , 17.5 Kids ) KJHP - LP 18 / K09XW ( 24.1 PBS , 24.2 FNX , 24.3 PBS Desert Cities , 24.4 Create ) K21DO - D 21 `` KNDO '' ( 3ABN ) KSHT - LD ( 22.1 Ind . ) KVMD ( 23.1 Ind . / A1 ) KPDC 25 ( A1 ) KDFX - CD ( 33.2 Fox ) KMIR ( 36.1 NBC , 36.2 MeTV , 36.3 Movies ! ) KPSP - CD ( 38.1 CBS ) KVER - CA 40 / KVES - LP 28 also on 27 ( UNI ) KESQ ( 42.1 ABC , 42.2 CBS , 42.4 Fox , 42.7 TMD , 42.8 CW+ , 42.9 AccuWX ) KRET - CD ( 45.1 H&I , 45.2 This TV , 45.3 Estrella TV , 45.4 Antenna TV ) KIJR - LP 47 ( Ind . / Religious ) K49HV 49 ( SBN ) KPSE - LD ( 50.1 MNTV ) Translator stations K15FC ( KESQ ABC ) , subchannels of KCWQ , KDFX , KPSP and KUNA . Adjacent locals ( translators and cable service ) KCBS - TV 2 / over-air 29 ( CBS ) Los Angeles KNBC 4 / over-air 44 ( NBC ) Los Angeles KTLA 5 / over-air 01 ( CW ) Los Angeles KABC - TV 7 / over-air 22 ABC ) Los Angeles KCAL - TV 9 / K16AA ( Ind . ) Los Angeles KECY 9 ( Fox / ABC ) El Centro , CA -- Yuma , AZ KTTV 11 / K14AB ( Fox ) Los Angeles KYMA 11 ( NBC ) El Centro , CA -- Yuma , AZ KCOP - TV 13 / over-air 48 ( MNTV ) Los Angeles KSWT 13 ( CBS ) El Centro , CA -- Yuma , AZ XHBM - TV 14 ( Televisa ) Mexicali KWHY - TV 22 ( Ind . ) Los Angeles XHAQ - TV 1.1 / over-air 28 ( Azteca ) Mexicali XHMEE - TV 5.1 / over-air 44 ( Canal 5 ) Mexicali KTBN - TV 33 ( TBN ) Santa Ana XHBC - TV 3 / over-air 34 ( Televisa ) Mexicali KOCE 50 / K41CB ( PBS ) Huntington Beach Cable channels KCET Desert Cities / K35LA ( Public Independent ) Defunct KLPS - LP 19 ( Spanish - language religious ) K20HZ 20 ( LAT TV / HSN ) K27DS Yucca Valley KDUO - LP 43 ( Evine Live ) KPSG - LP 50 ( UPN / MNTV ) California television Bakersfield Chico -- Redding Eureka Fresno Las Vegas NV Los Angeles Medford OR Monterey Inland Empire ( Palm Springs ) Reno NV Sacramento San Diego San Francisco Santa Barbara El Centro CA / Yuma AZ See also Phoenix TV Radio stations in the Palm Springs , California market By AM frequency 920 970 1010 1140 1200 1270 1340 1400 1450 By FM frequency 88.1 88.5 89.3 90.3 90.9 91.7 92.1 92.3 92.7 93.7 94.3 94.7 95.3 95.9 96.7 97.1 97.7 98.1 98.5 99.5 100.5 101.5 102.3 103.1 103.5 104.3 105.1 106.1 106.9 107.3 By callsign K232CX K297BO KAJI - LP KCLB - FM KCOD KCRI KDES - FM KDGL KESQ KEZN KHCS KHCV KJJZ KKCM KKGX KKUU KLOB KLXB KMRJ KNWQ KNWZ KPLM KPSC KPSF KPSH KPSI - FM KPST - FM KRCK - FM KRHQ KRTM KUNA - FM KVGH KVLA - FM KWXY KXCP - LP KXPS Defunct KBFR ( 101.1 FM ) - revived as FM simulcast of KPSF . Nearby radio markets Imperial Valley Inland Empire Laughlin - Needles - Lake Havasu City Los Angeles San Diego Victor Valley See also List of radio stations in California Gay villages in the United States Atlanta ( Midtown , Piedmont Avenue ) Austin Baltimore Boston ( Jamaica Plain , South End ) Buffalo Charlotte Chicago ( Boystown , Edgewater ) Cincinnati Columbus ( The Short North , Victorian Village ) Dallas Detroit Denver Eugene Fire Island ( Fire Island Pines , Cherry Grove ) Fort Lauderdale Guerneville , California Houston ( Hyde Park , Montrose ) Hudson Valley ( Albany , Hudson ) Jersey Shore ( Asbury Park , Ocean Grove ) Los Angeles ( Broadway Corridor , Sunset Junction , Silver Lake , West Hollywood ) Miami ( South Beach , Wilton Manors ) New Hope , Pennsylvania New York City ( Chelsea , Christopher Street , Greenwich Village ) Ogunquit , Maine Oklahoma City Palm Springs Philadelphia ( Gayborhood , East Passyunk Crossing ) Phoenix ( Alhambra , Encanto ) Portland Provincetown Rehoboth Beach , Delaware Sacramento Saint Petersburg , Florida San Diego San Francisco ( Castro District , SoMa ) San Jose Saugatuck , Michigan Seattle Shreveport Stonewall Nation Syracuse Trenton Western Massachusetts ( Northampton , Springfield ) Washington , D.C. ( Dupont Circle , Logan Circle , U Street ) BNF : cb150839043 ( data ) GND : 4140870 - 6 LCCN : n80028568 NARA : 10045782 VIAF : 140714700 Jump up ^ https://www.cactushugs.com/alternative-radio-returns-palm-springs-alt-101-5/ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_Springs,_California&oldid=854610735 '' Categories : Palm Springs , California 1938 establishments in California Cities in Riverside County , California Coachella Valley Gay villages in California Incorporated cities and towns in California Populated places established in 1896 Populated places established in 1938 Populated places in the Colorado Desert Sandboarding locations Spa towns in California Bradshaw Trail Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 errors : dates Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Find a Grave template with ID not in Wikidata Use mdy dates from September 2014 Articles with short description Infobox settlement pages with bad settlement type Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from February 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Malagasy Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Volapük Winaray 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 16 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm%20Springs%2C%20California

when did the okc thunder become a team

The team was originally established as the Seattle SuperSonics , an expansion team that joined the NBA for the 1967 -- 68 season . The SuperSonics moved in 2008 after a settlement was reached between the ownership group led by Clay Bennett and lawmakers in Seattle , Washington following a lawsuit . In Seattle , the SuperSonics qualified for the NBA playoffs 22 times , won their division six times , and won the 1979 NBA Championship . In Oklahoma City , the Thunder qualified for their first playoff berth during the 2009 -- 10 season . They won their first division title as the Thunder in the 2010 -- 11 season and their first Western Conference championship as the Thunder in the 2011 -- 12 season , appearing in the NBA Finals for the fourth time in franchise history and first since 1996 , when the club was based in Seattle .

Oklahoma City Thunder

oklahoma city thunder

The Oklahoma City Thunder are an American professional basketball team based in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . The Thunder competes in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Northwest Division . The team plays its home games at Chesapeake Energy Arena .

The Thunder 's NBA G League affiliate is the Oklahoma City Blue , which it owns . The Thunder are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues based in the state of Oklahoma . The team was originally established as the Seattle SuperSonics , an expansion team that joined the NBA for the 1967 -- 68 season . The SuperSonics moved in 2008 after a settlement was reached between the ownership group led by Clay Bennett and lawmakers in Seattle , Washington following a lawsuit . In Seattle , the SuperSonics qualified for the NBA playoffs 22 times , won their division six times , and won the 1979 NBA Championship . In Oklahoma City , the Thunder qualified for their first playoff berth during the 2009 -- 10 season . They won their first division title as the Thunder in the 2010 -- 11 season and their first Western Conference championship as the Thunder in the 2011 -- 12 season , appearing in the NBA Finals for the fourth time in franchise history and first since 1996 , when the club was based in Seattle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1967 -- 2008 : Seattle SuperSonics 1.2 2008 -- 2009 : Move to Oklahoma and inaugural season 1.3 2009 -- 2011 : Rise to contention 1.4 2011 -- 2013 : First Finals appearance and trading Harden 1.5 2013 -- 2015 : Durant 's MVP campaign and missing the playoffs 1.6 2015 -- 2017 : Durant 's departure and Westbrook 's MVP season 1.7 2017 -- present : The new big 3 era of Westbrook and with the arrivals of George and Anthony 2 Franchise accomplishments 2.1 Single game records 3 Playoffs 4 Home arenas 4.1 Chesapeake Energy Arena ( 2008 -- present ) 5 Mascots 5.1 Rumble the Bison 6 Fanbase 7 Players 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Retained draft rights 7.3 Individual awards 7.4 Former players 7.5 Retired numbers 8 Staff 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Executives 9 Logos and uniforms 10 Television and radio 10.1 Radio 10.2 Television 11 References 12 External links Franchise history ( edit ) 1967 -- 2008 : Seattle SuperSonics ( edit ) Main article : Seattle SuperSonics The Thunder 's previous incarnation , the Seattle SuperSonics , were formed in 1967 . In their 41 seasons in Seattle , the SuperSonics compiled a 1745 -- 1585 (. 524 ) win -- loss record in the regular season and went 107 -- 110 (. 493 ) in the playoffs . The franchise 's titles include three Western Conference championships and one NBA title in 1979 . 2008 -- 2009 : move to Oklahoma and inaugural season ( edit ) Main articles : Seattle SuperSonics relocation to Oklahoma City and 2008 -- 09 Oklahoma City Thunder season In 2006 , former Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz sold the SuperSonics and its Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) sister franchise , the Seattle Storm , for $350 million to the Professional Basketball Club LLC , a group of Oklahoma City investors led by Clay Bennett . The sale of the SuperSonics and Storm was approved by NBA owners the following October . In 2007 , Bennett announced that the franchise would move to Oklahoma City as soon as the lease with KeyArena expired . Chesapeake Energy Arena began hosting the Oklahoma City Thunder in 2008 . In June 2008 , a lawsuit brought by the city of Seattle against Bennett due to his attempts to break the final two years of the Sonics ' lease at KeyArena went to federal court . Nearly a month later , the two sides reached a settlement agreement . The terms awarded the city $45 million to get out of the remaining lease at KeyArena , and would have provided an additional $30 million payment to Seattle in 2013 if certain conditions had been met . The owners agreed to leave the SuperSonics name , logo and colors in Seattle for a possible future NBA franchise ; however , the items would remain the property of the Oklahoma City team along with other `` assets '' , including championship banners and trophies . On September 3 , 2008 , the team name , logo , and colors for the Oklahoma City franchise were revealed to the public . The name `` Thunder '' was chosen in reference to Oklahoma 's location in Tornado Alley and Oklahoma City as the home of the U.S. Army 's 45th Infantry Division , the Thunderbirds . The Thunder participated in the Orlando Pro Summer League featuring their second - year players , potential free agents and rookies . The players wore generic black and white jerseys reading `` OKC - NBA '' against an outline of a basketball . The Thunder 's temporary practice facility was the Sawyer Center at Southern Nazarene University , which had been used by the New Orleans Hornets when they relocated to Oklahoma City after Hurricane Katrina . The Thunder played several preseason games before the 2008 -- 2009 regular season , but only one of those games was in Oklahoma City . The Thunder made their first appearance in Billings , Montana on October 8 , 2008 in an 88 -- 82 preseason loss against the Minnesota Timberwolves . The Thunder played their first Ford Center game on October 14 against the Los Angeles Clippers . Oklahoma City defeated Minnesota on November 2 , 2008 for their first win . In their regular - season home opener , the Thunder faced ( and lost to ) the Milwaukee Bucks . Earl Watson scored the first points of the season with a layup . Three nights later on November 2 , the Thunder won their first game by defeating the Timberwolves , improving their record to 1 -- 3 . The team then went on a 10 - game losing streak before deciding on November 22 to fire head coach P.J. Carlesimo and assistant Paul Westhead . Assistant coach Scott Brooks then took over on an interim basis . Oklahoma City lost its next four games to tie the franchise losing streak of 14 set in Seattle the previous season . But the team managed to prevent history by winning their next game on the road against the Memphis Grizzlies . As the season continued , the Thunder began to improve . After starting 3 -- 29 , the Thunder finished the regular season 20 -- 30 for the remaining fifty games . Not only were they winning more often , they played much more competitively than in the first part of the season . The team brought their record to 23 -- 59 and improved upon their record of 20 -- 62 from the team 's final season in Seattle . The late - season successes of the Thunder contributed to the signing of Scott Brooks as the team 's official head coach . After moving to Oklahoma City from Seattle , the team 's operating situation improved markedly . In December 2008 , Forbes magazine estimated the team 's franchise value at $300 million -- a 12 percent increase from the previous year 's $268 million , when the club was located in Seattle . Forbes also noted an increase in percentage of available tickets sold , from 78 percent in the team 's last season in Seattle to 100 percent in 2008 -- 09 . 2009 -- 2011 : rise to contention ( edit ) Main articles : 2009 -- 10 Oklahoma City Thunder season and 2010 -- 11 Oklahoma City Thunder season After an inaugural season filled with many adjustments , the Thunder hoped to improve during their second season in Oklahoma City . Oklahoma City did not make any major moves in the offseason , other than drafting James Harden from Arizona State University with the third overall pick in the NBA Draft . The Thunder selected Rodrigue Beaubois with the 25th pick in the 2009 draft before immediately trading him to the Dallas Mavericks for the 24th pick , center Byron Mullens from Ohio State University . The team then added veteran center Etan Thomas and guard Kevin Ollie . The last major change to their roster occurred on December 22 , 2009 , when the team traded for Eric Maynor from the Utah Jazz . Maynor immediately supplanted Ollie as the backup point guard . From the outset the young team looked determined and cohesive . The increasing leadership of Kevin Durant , along with the growing experience of the Thunder 's younger players ( including future MVP Russell Westbrook and James Harden ) , were signs of the Thunder 's improvement . The 2009 -- 10 season included several victories over the NBA 's elite teams , including a 28 - point blowout over the Eastern Conference champion Orlando Magic and a 16 - point blowout of the reigning NBA champion Los Angeles Lakers . Road victories over the San Antonio Spurs , Utah Jazz , Miami Heat , Boston Celtics and Dallas Mavericks further enhanced their reputation . Though they hovered around . 500 for the first half of the season , they went on a 9 - game winning streak that sent them into serious playoff contention . Kevin Durant became the youngest player in league history to win the scoring title , averaging 30.1 points per game while playing in all 82 games . Kevin Durant Russell Westbrook James Harden The Thunder finished 50 -- 32 , more than doubling their win total from the previous season . The 50 -- 32 record tied the 2008 Denver Nuggets for the most wins by an 8th seed in the modern Playoffs era . The Oklahoma City Thunder also had the same record as the Boston Celtics in this season . They finished fourth in the Northwest Division and eighth in the Western Conference playoff standings , and earned a spot in the 2010 NBA Playoffs . On April 22 , the team secured their first playoff win in Oklahoma City when they defeated the defending - champion Los Angeles Lakers 101 -- 96 . This was also the Thunder 's first playoff win at the Ford Center . However , the Thunder tied the series at 2 games each , but the Lakers won the last 2 games in the series to win it 4 - 2 . Oklahoma City ranked twelfth in overall attendance in the NBA , and seventh in percentage of available seats occupied ( 98 percent , including 28 sellouts in 41 home games ) . The team 's operating situation also continued to improve in 2009 -- 10 . Forbes magazine estimated the team 's franchise value at $310 million ( an increase of $10 million over the prior year ) with an estimated operating profit of $12.7 million ( the first operating profit in years for the franchise ) . Financially , the Thunder organization continued to build on the positive returns experienced from relocating from Seattle to Oklahoma City . In January 2011 , Forbes magazine estimated the franchise 's worth at $329 million , up six percent from 2009 -- 10 and ranking No. 18 in the NBA . The magazine also estimated the franchise 's revenue at $118 million and operating profit at $22.6 million -- up 6.3 percent and 78 percent , respectively , from the previous year . The Thunder finished the 2010 -- 2011 season with a 55 -- 27 record , a five - win increase from their breakout season the previous year . The team also captured their first division title since moving to Oklahoma City , and seventh in franchise history . In the wake of a fourth - seed versus fifth - seed match - up against the Denver Nuggets , Kevin Durant scored 41 points in Game 1 to set a new career playoff high . In the final game of the series , he again scored 41 and forward Serge Ibaka nearly tied the record for most blocks in a playoff game ( 10 , set by Mark Eaton , Hakeem Olajuwon and Andrew Bynum ) with 9 blocks . The Thunder won the series 4 games to 1 and were set to face off against the Memphis Grizzlies who achieved an eight - seed upset over the San Antonio Spurs just days before . The Thunder advanced to the Western Conference Finals with a seven - game series triumph over the Grizzlies . Durant was again the star , scoring 39 points in the clinching Game 7 , while Russell Westbrook also had a triple - double . Despite hard - fought battles with the eventual NBA champs , the Thunder fell to the Dallas Mavericks 4 -- 1 in the Western Conference Finals . The Thunder had a chance to tie the series in Game 4 , but they were unable to hold a 15 - point lead with five minutes remaining in the fourth quarter . They ended up losing in overtime by the score of 112 -- 105 . 2011 -- 2013 : first Finals appearance and trading Harden ( edit ) Main articles : 2011 -- 12 Oklahoma City Thunder season and 2012 -- 13 Oklahoma City Thunder season During the extended lockout , Thunder players played in exhibition games and even local pickup games to stay in shape . When the abbreviated training camp began , Oklahoma City started with an intact roster and all players , except for Russell Westbrook . In addition , Kendrick Perkins lost more than 30 pounds during the lockout . The Thunder made their two pre-season appearances , after the lockout , against the Dallas Mavericks , winning both games . They won their first regular - season game against Orlando at home and went on a five - game winning streak . Kevin Durant became the sixth player to score 30 or more points in four consecutive games at the start of a season . In addition , the Thunder was the first to sweep their back - to - back - to - back games , winning a home - and - home series with the Houston Rockets , then routing the San Antonio Spurs . Thunder players Durant , Westbrook , Harden , Perkins , and Ibaka made it onto the 2012 All - Star ballots . After the Thunder 's win over the Utah Jazz on February 11 , 2012 , Scott Brooks was named as the head coach for the Western Conference All - Star squad for the 2012 NBA All - Star Game in Orlando , Florida . In the 2012 NBA Playoffs , the Thunder swept the defending champion Dallas Mavericks in the first round to advance and face off against their first - round foes from 2010 , the Los Angeles Lakers . They defeated the Lakers in five games and advanced to play the San Antonio Spurs in the Western Conference Finals . The Thunder lost the first two games against the Spurs but won the next three including a Game 5 road win , to take a commanding 3 -- 2 game lead in the series . In Game 6 , the Thunder defeated the Spurs 107 -- 99 and advanced to the 2012 NBA Finals . Durant led the way with 34 points , playing all of regulation time in the game . In the 2012 NBA Finals against the Miami Heat , the Thunder won the first game at home but then lost four in a row and lost the series in five games . In the 2012 NBA draft , the Thunder selected Baylor University forward Perry Jones III with the 28th overall pick . The Thunder also signed free agents Hasheem Thabeet and Daniel Orton , and signed guards Andy Rautins and DeAndre Liggins . They re-signed forward Serge Ibaka to a four - year , $48 million extension . After failing to sign James Harden to an extension that was reportedly worth four years and $52 million , the team decided to trade Harden rather than having to pay the luxury tax penalty . On October 27 , 2012 , the Thunder traded Harden along with center Cole Aldrich and forwards Daequan Cook and Lazar Hayward to the Houston Rockets for Kevin Martin , Jeremy Lamb , first - round draft picks from Toronto and Dallas , and one second - round draft pick . Martin took over Harden 's sixth - man role for the season . The Thunder finished with a 60 -- 22 regular season , taking both the Northwest division title and top seed of the Western Conference . In the first round of the playoffs , they faced the 8th - seeded Houston Rockets , featuring former team member James Harden . In game 2 of the series , Russell Westbrook was struck by Rockets point guard Patrick Beverley , and fell down with an injury and missed the rest of the playoffs after having knee surgery . Without the team 's second - leading scorer , the Thunder , who had a 3 -- 0 lead , lost the next two games to bring the series to 3 -- 2 . In game 6 , the Thunder defeated the Rockets to advance to the second round , facing a rematch of the 2011 second round , with the Memphis Grizzlies . The Thunder lost the series 4 -- 1 , losing four straight games after winning Game 1 at home . 2013 -- 2015 : Durant 's MVP campaign and missing the playoffs ( edit ) Main articles : 2013 -- 14 Oklahoma City Thunder season and 2014 -- 15 Oklahoma City Thunder season In the 2013 NBA draft , the Thunder selected 12th pick Steven Adams , traded for the 26th pick Andre Roberson , and selected 47th pick Grant Jerrett . Kevin Martin 's contract expired , and he soon signed with the Timberwolves . In addition to Oklahoma City 's off - season movements , they signed free agent Ryan Gomes and re-signed Derek Fisher . The team finished second in the conference to San Antonio with a 59 -- 23 record . They met the Memphis Grizzlies for the third time in the playoffs . It also sparked a news article which reportedly called Durant `` Mr. Unreliable '' . The series set a record for most consecutive overtimes in a series with four . OKC prevailed in seven games to play for the first time the Los Angeles Clippers , whom they defeated in six games . Their final playoff opponent , in the Western Conference Finals , was the San Antonio Spurs , with the Spurs winning , 4 -- 2 . With the 21st and 29th picks in the NBA draft , the Thunder selected Mitch McGary from Michigan and Josh Huestis from Stanford . `` He brings energy , passion , and great basketball IQ and toughness what we value '' said Presti on drafting McGary . Oklahoma City also signed Semaj Christon in the draft . On July 3 , the Thunder signed Sebastian Telfair . But they lost shooting guard Thabo Sefolosha as his contract expired and he agreed to a three - year , $12 million contract with the Atlanta Hawks . Several weeks before the season started , the Thunder suffered a setback as Durant was diagnosed with a Jones fracture in his right foot and missed the first 17 games of the season . During the opening game against the Portland Trail Blazers , Westbrook scored 38 points , but found himself sidelined due to a small fracture in his right hand . He missed 16 games , during which Oklahoma City went 4 -- 12 . During the middle of the season Westbrook and Durant both came back , and similarly suffered more injuries . Durant was ruled out of the rest of the season in March , deciding to have foot surgery . Westbrook also had to undergo surgery in early March , to repair a fracture in the zygomatic arch bone of his right cheek . Several days later he returned and recorded several triple - doubles on his way to Western Conference Player of the Month honors from February to April . He also won the 2014 -- 2015 NBA scoring title . However , despite the effort , the Thunder missed the playoffs due to a tiebreaker with the New Orleans Pelicans , and Westbrook fell short of the MVP award , finishing fourth in voting . They finished with a 45 -- 37 record . On April 22 , 2015 , Scott Brooks was fired as the Thunder head coach . Billy Donovan was hired on April 30 , 2015 . This was Donovan 's first major NBA coaching job , after he initially accepted and then left the Orlando Magic job in 2007 . 2015 -- 2017 : Durant 's departure and Westbrook 's MVP season ( edit ) Main articles : 2015 -- 16 Oklahoma City Thunder season and 2016 -- 17 Oklahoma City Thunder season With the 14th and the 48th picks in the 2015 NBA draft , the Thunder selected Cameron Payne from Murray State and Dakari Johnson from Kentucky . With Billy Donovan as the team 's head coach the Thunder won the Northwest Division and clinched the third seed in the Western Conference . The team reached the Western Conference Finals for the fourth time in a span of six seasons , but was eliminated by the Golden State Warriors in seven games , after being up 3 -- 1 . After the season Kevin Durant left the team in free agency for the Warriors . The move was not well received by the public or NBA analysts , in fact Kevin Durant 's newest nickname is SNAKE . Many comparing the move to LeBron James ' 2010 off - season departure from Cleveland to join the Miami Heat . On July 7 , he was officially introduced by the Warriors organization and signed a two - year , $54.3 million contract , with a player option after the first year . On August 4 , 2016 , Westbrook agreed to a 3 - year extension to remain with the Thunder . With an average of 31.6 points , 10.4 assists , and 10.7 rebounds , Westbrook is the first player since Oscar Robertson to average a triple double for an entire NBA regular season , and only the second in NBA history ( the other being Robertson ) . On April 2 , 2017 , Westbrook tied Oscar Robertson 's record for most triple doubles in an NBA season ( 41 ) ; he broke the record on April 9 against the Denver Nuggets , marking his 42nd triple double of the season . Westbrook , in that game , also hit the game winning buzzer beater from 36 feet , ending the Nuggets playoffs hopes and securing the Thunder 's 3rd seed matchup with the Houston Rockets in the NBA playoffs . Unfortunately , Oklahoma City lost the playoff series in the first round to the Houston Rockets 4 -- 1 . Even though OKC lost the series , Westbrook averaged a + 14 while on the court and a triple double during the series . Westbrook was named league MVP after the season . 2017 -- present : the new big 3 era of Westbrook and with the arrivals of George and Anthony ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 Oklahoma City Thunder season To further bolster the roster and improve Westbrook 's supporting cast , the Thunder 's front office made a series of aggressive moves to reshape the team . On July 6 , 2017 , the Thunder acquired four - time All - Star forward Paul George in a trade with the Indiana Pacers in exchange for guard Victor Oladipo and forward Domantas Sabonis . The team then signed veteran point guard Raymond Felton and sharp - shooting power forward Patrick Patterson in free agency on July 10 . Finally , on September 25 , the Thunder acquired ten - time All - Star forward Carmelo Anthony from the New York Knicks in exchange for center Enes Kanter , forward Doug McDermott , and a 2018 second - round draft pick they had previously acquired from the Chicago Bulls in the Cameron Payne trade . Franchise accomplishments ( edit ) Main articles : List of Oklahoma City Thunder accomplishments and records and Seattle SuperSonics § High points Single game records ( edit ) Points : 58 ( 2 times ) , by Fred Brown vs. Golden State Warriors , March 23 , 1974 and Russell Westbrook vs. Portland Trailblazers , March 8 , 2017 Rebounds : 30 , Jim Fox vs. Los Angeles Lakers , December 26 , 1973 Assists : 25 , by Nate McMillan vs. Los Angeles Clippers , February 23 , 1987 Steals : 10 ( 2 times ) , by Gus Williams vs. New Jersey Nets , February 22 , 1978 and Fred Brown vs. Philadelphia 76ers , December 3 , 1976 Blocks : 11 , by Serge Ibaka vs. Denver Nuggets , February 19 , 2012 Playoffs ( edit ) Season Record Seed First Round Conference Semifinals Conference Finals NBA Finals Notes 2009 -- 10 50 -- 32 8th Los Angeles Lakers ( Lost 4 -- 2 ) -- -- -- 2010 -- 11 † 55 -- 27 4th Denver Nuggets ( Won 4 -- 1 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( Won 4 -- 3 ) Dallas Mavericks ( Lost 4 -- 1 ) -- 2011 -- 12 † 47 -- 19 2nd Dallas Mavericks ( Won 4 -- 0 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( Won 4 -- 1 ) San Antonio Spurs ( Won 4 -- 2 ) Miami Heat ( Lost 4 -- 1 ) 2012 -- 13 † 60 -- 22 1st Houston Rockets ( Won 4 -- 2 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( Lost 4 -- 1 ) -- -- 2013 -- 14 † 59 -- 23 2nd Memphis Grizzlies ( Won 4 -- 3 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( Won 4 -- 2 ) San Antonio Spurs ( Lost 4 -- 2 ) -- 2015 -- 16 † 55 -- 27 3rd Dallas Mavericks ( Won 4 -- 1 ) San Antonio Spurs ( Won 4 -- 2 ) Golden State Warriors ( Lost 4 -- 3 ) -- 2016 -- 17 47 -- 35 6th Houston Rockets ( Lost 4 -- 1 ) † Denotes Division championship Home arenas ( edit ) Note : All arenas used before 2008 were used by the defunct Seattle SuperSonics franchise . Seattle arenas had hosted two NBA All - Star Games ; the 1974 game in Seattle Center Coliseum and the 1987 game in the Kingdome , where SuperSonics forward Tom Chambers grabbed MVP honors . Seattle Center Coliseum 1967 -- 1978 ( occasionally used during the Kingdome years when the latter was unavailable due to either Mariners or Seahawks games ) Kingdome 1978 -- 1985 Seattle Center Coliseum 1985 -- 1994 Tacoma Dome 1994 -- 1995 ( During Seattle Center Coliseum renovation ) KeyArena ( the remodeled and renamed Seattle Center Coliseum ) 1995 -- 2008 Chesapeake Energy Arena ( 2008 -- present ) ( edit ) Main article : Chesapeake Energy Arena Opened in 2002 as the Ford Center , Chesapeake Energy Arena was built without luxury accommodations , but designed to accommodate luxury `` buildouts '' should a professional sports franchise make the Chesapeake Energy Arena their home arena . A plan for such build - out improvements began in 2007 . It came in the wake of the acquisition of the Seattle SuperSonics by an Oklahoma City - based ownership group the previous October . A city ballot initiative approved by a 62 percent margin on March 4 , 2008 , extended a prior one - cent city sales tax for a period of 15 months in order to fund $101 million in budgeted improvements to the arena and a separate $20 million practice facility for a relocated franchise . Renovation work on the arena was delayed by a sales tax - receipts shortfall during the 2008 -- 10 economic crisis . Revised plans limited the size of a new glass entryway and eliminated a practice court to accommodate the shortfall . Major construction work on the arena expansion was also delayed from the summer of 2010 to the summer of 2011 . Seating capacity of the stadium is 18,203 for professional NBA basketball games . Similar revisions were made to the plans for the Thunder 's separate practice facility , for a total cost savings of approximately $14 million . The Thunder 's practice facility completion date was pushed back to approximately March 2011 . Mascots ( edit ) Note : All mascots used before 2008 were used by the defunct Seattle SuperSonics franchise . Wheedle , 1978 -- 1985 Squatch , 1993 -- 2008 Rumble the Bison ( edit ) Main article : Rumble the Bison On February 17 , 2009 , Rumble the Bison was introduced as the new Oklahoma City Thunder mascot during halftime of a game against the New Orleans Hornets . Rumble was the winner of the 2008 -- 2009 NBA Mascot of the Year . Fanbase ( edit ) During the 2012 NBA Finals , sportswriter Bill Simmons published a piece on the team 's fan base in his ESPN - sponsored Web outlet , Grantland.com , in which he noted the unusual enthusiasm of the city for its team : `` With the possible exception of Portland , no NBA team means more to its city . This goes beyond having the loudest fans . There 's genuine devotion here . These people arrived a good 45 minutes early for last night 's Game 1 -- and by `` these people '' I mean `` everyone with a ticket '' -- then clapped their way through pregame warm - ups with such infectious enthusiasm that I remember saying to a friend , `` No way these yahoos keep this up for three hours , they 're going to burn out . '' Wrong . You know what burned out ? My eardrums . My head is still ringing . '' Simmons speculated that the Oklahoma City bombing played a major part in the team 's culture , noting that Thunder general manager Sam Presti has every new Thunder player visit the Oklahoma City National Memorial , and encourages players to look into the stands and consider that many of the team 's fans were personally affected by the event . He also noted , however , that the fact that the Thunder is the only team from Oklahoma City ( or indeed the state of Oklahoma ) in one of the nation 's four major leagues contributes mightily to the city 's devotion . Thunder fans are also reportedly much more likely to attend major home games than most other NBA fanbases . According to a source in the ticket industry , only five percent of tickets to the 2012 NBA conference finals listed for sale on secondary market sites such as StubHub were for Thunder home games , and for every ticket listed for a Thunder home game in the 2012 NBA Finals , 10 tickets for Heat home games were listed . The team and its fanbase regularly use the slogan `` Thunder Up ! '' which was prominently displayed on T - shirts during the 2012 playoffs . Players ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) Oklahoma City Thunder roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 1.5 ! G 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Abrines , Álex 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1993 -- 08 -- 01 Spain 6.0 ! C 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Adams , Steven 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1993 -- 07 -- 20 Pittsburgh 4.0 ! F 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Anthony , Carmelo 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1984 -- 05 -- 29 Syracuse 4.0 ! F 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Brewer , Corey 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 186 lb ( 84 kg ) 1986 -- 03 -- 05 Florida 4.0 ! F 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Collison , Nick 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1980 -- 10 -- 26 Kansas 1.5 ! G 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Dozier , P.J. ( TW ) 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1996 -- 10 -- 25 South Carolina 1.5 ! G 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Felton , Raymond 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1984 -- 06 -- 26 North Carolina 1.5 ! G 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Ferguson , Terrance 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 184 lb ( 83 kg ) 1998 -- 05 -- 17 Advanced Prep International ( TX ) 4.0 ! F 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 George , Paul 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1990 -- 05 -- 02 Fresno State 4.0 ! F 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Grant , Jerami 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1994 -- 03 -- 12 Syracuse 1.5 ! G 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Hamilton , Daniel ( TW ) 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 1995 -- 08 -- 08 Connecticut 4.0 ! F 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Huestis , Josh 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1991 -- 12 -- 19 Stanford 6.0 ! C 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Johnson , Dakari 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1995 -- 09 -- 22 Kentucky 4.0 ! F 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 Patterson , Patrick 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1989 -- 03 -- 14 Kentucky 1.5 ! G 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Roberson , André 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1991 -- 12 -- 04 Colorado 4.0 ! F 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Singler , Kyle 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 228 lb ( 103 kg ) 1988 -- 05 -- 04 Duke 1.5 ! G 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Westbrook , Russell ( C ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1988 -- 11 -- 12 UCLA Head coach Billy Donovan Assistant coach ( es ) Vin Bhavnani Mark Bryant Maurice Cheeks Adrian Griffin Royal Ivey Darko Rajaković Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2018 -- 03 -- 31 Retained draft rights ( edit ) The Thunder hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref 2008 50 Hardin , DeVon DeVon Hardin F / C United States Free agent 2006 53 Halperin , Yotam Yotam Halperin Israel Hapoel Bank Yahav Jerusalem ( Israel ) 2003 34 Schortsanitis , Sofoklis Sofoklis Schortsanitis Greece Trikala Aries ( Greece ) Acquired from the Los Angeles Clippers ( via Atlanta ) 2003 35 Szewczyk , Szymon Szymon Szewczyk F / C Poland Anwil Włocławek ( Poland ) Acquired from the Milwaukee Bucks 2003 50 Morlende , Paccelis Paccelis Morlende France Hermine de Nantes Atlantique ( France ) Acquired from the Philadelphia 76ers Individual awards ( edit ) For details on Seattle SuperSonics history , see Seattle SuperSonics records . NBA Most Valuable Player Kevin Durant -- 2014 Russell Westbrook -- 2017 NBA All - Star head coach Lenny Wilkens -- 1979 , 1980 George Karl -- 1994 , 1996 , 1998 Scott Brooks -- 2012 , 2014 NBA Coach of the Year Scott Brooks -- 2010 NBA Sixth Man of the Year James Harden -- 2012 NBA Community Assist Award Russell Westbrook -- 2015 NBA scoring champion Kevin Durant -- 2010 -- 2012 , 2014 Russell Westbrook -- 2015 , 2017 All - NBA First Team Kevin Durant -- 2010 -- 2014 Russell Westbrook -- 2016 , 2017 All - NBA Second Team Russell Westbrook -- 2011 -- 2013 , 2015 Kevin Durant -- 2016 NBA All - Defensive First Team Serge Ibaka -- 2012 -- 2014 NBA All - Defensive Second Team Thabo Sefolosha -- 2010 Andre Roberson -- 2017 NBA Rookie of the Year Kevin Durant -- 2008 NBA All - Rookie First Team Kevin Durant -- 2008 Russell Westbrook -- 2009 NBA All - Rookie Second Team James Harden -- 2010 Steven Adams - 2014 NBA All - Star Team Kevin Durant -- 2010 -- 2016 Russell Westbrook -- 2011 -- 2013 , 2015 -- 2018 Paul George - 2018 NBA All Star Game Most Valuable Player Kevin Durant -- 2012 Russell Westbrook -- 2015 , 2016 Former players ( edit ) For the complete list of Seattle SuperSonics players see : Seattle SuperSonics all - time roster . Retired numbers ( edit ) As the Oklahoma City Thunder 's original iteration , the Seattle SuperSonics retired six numbers . In addition , the SuperSonics awarded an honorary microphone to longtime broadcaster Bob Blackburn , who had called the majority of the team 's games from 1967 through 1992 . Oklahoma City Thunder retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure N ° Retirement Gus Williams 1977 -- 1984 March 26 , 2004 10 Nate McMillan 1986 -- 1998 March 24 , 1999 19 Lenny Wilkens 1968 -- 1972 October 19 , 1979 24 Spencer Haywood 1970 -- 1975 February 26 , 2007 32 Fred Brown 1971 -- 1984 November 6 , 1986 43 Jack Sikma 1977 -- 1986 November 21 , 1992 Bob Blackburn Broadcaster 1967 -- 1992 Notes : Head coach from 2000 to 2005 . Head coach during 1969 -- 1972 and 1977 -- 1985 . Staff ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Oklahoma City Thunder head coaches Executives ( edit ) 1967 -- 1968 : Don Richman 1968 -- 1969 : Dick Vertlieb 1969 -- 1973 : Bob Houbregs 1973 -- 1977 : Bill Russell 1977 -- 1983 : Zollie Volchok 1985 -- 1986 : Lenny Wilkens 1986 -- 1994 : Bob Whitsitt 1994 -- 2001 : Wally Walker 2001 -- 2007 : Rick Sund 2007 -- present : Sam Presti Logos and uniforms ( edit ) The Oklahoma City Thunder unveiled their first logo on September 3 , 2008 . According to majority owner Clay Bennett , the team 's logo takes several of its elements from other Oklahoma sports teams , such as the University of Oklahoma Sooners and Oklahoma State University Cowboys . The uniform design was unveiled on September 29 , 2008 . An alternate uniform was unveiled on November 8 , 2012 , featuring only navy blue and white colors . Unlike their regular uniforms , the wordmarks on the alternate are written vertically . A second alternate uniform was unveiled on March 1 , 2015 . A white uniform with sleeves , it features the Thunder partial logo in the center of the chest , and the shorts showcase bolts in light blue and sunset colors . A third alternate uniform was unveiled on September 25 , 2015 . A sunset - colored uniform , it features the Oklahoma City abbreviation `` OKC '' in navy block letters trimmed in white . On the back of the jersey , player names sit below the numbers . The shorts display a sunset base with navy panels down the side showcasing the Thunder partial logo on each leg . The Thunder wore the sunset alternates for 18 games in the 2015 - 2016 season , including all 13 of its Sunday games . Television and radio ( edit ) Radio ( edit ) All Thunder games are broadcast on the Thunder Radio Network , fronted by flagship stations WWLS - FM 98.1 and KWPN AM 640 in Oklahoma City . Matt Pinto is the radio voice of the Thunder . Television ( edit ) For their first two seasons , the Thunder 's TV broadcasts were split between Fox Sports Oklahoma ( a regional fork of Fox Sports Southwest ) , which broadcast most of the games , and independent station KSBI ( channel 52 ) , with around 65 Thunder games airing during the season and more than half of the games available in HD on Fox Sports Oklahoma , along with other team - related programming such as pre-game shows . Around 15 to 20 regular - season games were broadcast over the air on KSBI , which had a network of re-broadcasters spanning the entire state . All televised games are called by Brian Davis on play - by - play and Michael Cage as color commentator . During the 2009 -- 10 season , KSBI telecast all Thunder games it aired in high definition ( KSBI had previously aired in HD the first regular - season game played at the Ford Center -- against the Milwaukee Bucks on October 29 , 2008 -- while all other games during the 2008 -- 09 season were telecast on KSBI in standard definition ) . On August 3 , 2010 , the Thunder signed a new exclusive multi-year agreement with Fox Sports Oklahoma , beginning with the 2010 -- 11 season , ending the team 's broadcasts on KSBI . On October 22 , 2012 , the Thunder announced that Lesley McCaslin would be the new Thunder sideline reporter . On July 21 , 2014 , the Thunder announced that Long would not return to be its TV color commentator on Fox Sports Oklahoma . On September 17 , 2014 , the Oklahoma City Thunder announced that 15 - year NBA veteran Michael Cage would be the new color analyst , joining Brian Davis on television and Matt Pinto on the radio when the game is not on Fox Sports Oklahoma . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2017 -- 18 . National Basketball Association . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- Oklahoma City Thunder seasons '' . National Basketball Association . October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` General Information '' ( PDF ) . 2017 -- 18 Oklahoma City Thunder Media Guide . NBA Properties , Inc . October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma City Thunder Reproduction and Usage Guideline Sheet '' . NBA Properties , Inc . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Professional Basketball Club , LLC '' . NBA.com/Thunder . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What do the NBA finals have to do with a grammatical nightmare ? '' . Dictionary.com . June 18 , 2012 . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mayberry , Darnell ( April 21 , 2008 ) . `` Sonics will stay in division '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Art ( November 19 , 2008 ) . `` Western Conference Insider : Realigning the West '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` City Preparing Ford Center For NBA Team '' . KOCO - TV . July 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma City Franchise To Purchase Tulsa 66ers Of NBA D - League '' ( Press release ) . NBA D - League . July 31 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2008 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mayberry , Darnell ( August 1 , 2008 ) . `` OKC 's NBA franchise buys Tulsa 's D - League team '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved August 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Thunder Hits Oklahoma City Wednesday '' . Oklahoma City Thunder . October 27 , 2008 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball Club of Seattle Announces Sale of Sonics & Storm '' . National Basketball Association . July 18 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2006 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Allen , Percy ( October 24 , 2006 ) . `` NBA board approves sale of Sonics , Storm '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved October 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` NBA approves sale of Sonics , Storm '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 24 , 2006 . Retrieved July 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johns , Greg ( November 2 , 2007 ) . `` Bennett says Sonics going to Oklahoma '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` THE PROFESSIONAL BASKETBALL CLUB , LLC AND CITY OF SEATTLE SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT '' ( PDF ) . Seattle.gov ( Press release ) . City of Seattle , Washington . July 2 , 2008 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SuperSonics , Seattle reach last - minute settlement '' . ESPN . July 2 , 2008 . Retrieved July 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Allen , Percy ( July 6 , 2008 ) . `` Seattle and Oklahoma City will share the Sonics ' franchise history '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oklahoma City will be named Thunder , wear blue , orange , yellow '' . ESPN . September 4 , 2008 . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Rolls Into Oklahoma City '' . Oklahoma City Thunder . September 3 , 2008 . Retrieved September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sawyer Center '' . Southern Nazarene Crimson Storm . December 1 , 2010 . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sites , Phil ( 2008 - 10 - 08 ) . `` T'Wolves Play Spoiler '' . Billings Gazette . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Mayberry , Darnell ( August 13 , 2008 ) . `` Oklahoma City NBA team to face hectic pace in preseason '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( 2008 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Carlesimo fired ; Brooks to take over Thunder in interim '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder snap 14 - game losing streak behind Durant 's 30 '' . USA Today . Associated Press . November 22 , 2008 . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Team Valuations '' . Forbes . December 3 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma City Thunder '' . Forbes . December 3 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Pimentel , Roger . `` NBA Playoffs in Numbers : Eight Statistics You Were n't Expecting '' . How To Watch Sports . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 2010 NBA Attendance '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Team Valuations '' . Forbes . Forbes.com Mobile . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` # 18 Oklahoma City Thunder '' . Forbes . Forbes.com Mobile . January 27 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Mayberry , Darnell ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` Thunder beats Clippers to wrap up Northwest Division title '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( 2011 - 04 - 28 ) . `` Durant 's epic performance in Game 5 is what legends are made of '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Torres , Adry ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Kevin Durant scores 66 at Rucker Park '' . ESPNNewYork.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Lockout added water to grass roots '' . ESPNLosAngeles.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant , Washington win city battle '' . ESPN . August 21 , 2011 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Weidie , Kyle ( August 21 , 2011 ) . `` Drew - Goodman game lives up to hype '' . ESPNLosAngeles.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Names Billy Donovan Head Coach '' ( Press release ) . Oklahoma City Thunder. April 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Thunder hire Billy Donovan as coach '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Pat ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Kevin Durant 's move to leave Thunder for Warriors is worse than LeBron James ' ' Decision ' : That 's Debatable '' . nydailynews.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Sign Free Agent Forward Kevin Durant '' . NBA.com . July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant to sign with Warriors '' . ESPN . July 4 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Janie ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Splash ! Kevin Durant finalizes two - year deal with Warriors '' . Yahoo.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.todaysfastbreak.com/fastbreak-news/russell-westbrook-reportedly-working-toward-contract-extension/ Jump up ^ `` Thunder Acquires All - Star Forward Paul George '' . NBA.com . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Signs Raymond Felton '' . NBA.com . July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thunder Signs Patrick Patterson Jump up ^ `` Thunder Acquires All - Star Forward Carmelo Anthony '' . NBA.com . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls acquire Payne , Morrow , and Lauvergne from Thunder '' . NBA.com . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Individual Records '' ( PDF ) . 2015 -- 16 Oklahoma City Thunder Media Guide . Oklahoma City Thunder . October 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knapp , Adam . `` Ford Center Arena Improvement Plan '' . About.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` MAPS 3 Citizens Advisory Board Presentation '' ( PDF ) . City of Oklahoma City . August 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rohde , John ( August 8 , 2010 ) . `` Ford Center practice gym eliminated from renovations '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma City might save as much as $14 million on Ford Center renovations , practice facility '' . The Oklahoman . July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Rohde , John ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` Thunder practice facility set for March completion '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Rumble the Bison Debuts as Thunder Mascot '' . Oklahoma City Thunder . February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rumble the Bison Named NBA Mascot of the Year '' ( Press release ) . Oklahoma City Thunder . August 13 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Simmons , Bill ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Thunder Family Values '' . Grantland.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ -- 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . If the player is already under contract to , or signs a contract with a non-NBA team , the team retains the player 's draft rights for one year after the player 's obligation to the non-NBA team ends . Essentially , the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA . Jump up ^ Allen , Percy ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Sonics take UCLA 's Russell Westbrook with the No. 4 draft pick '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Record - tying 84 international players on opening - night rosters '' . NBA.com . October 31 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Acquires Schortsanitis and Trade Exception '' . NBA.com . July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Acquires Trade Exception '' . NBA.com . July 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hanging From the Rafters '' . National Basketball Association . August 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Raley , Dan ( February 14 , 2006 ) . `` Where Are They Now ? Blackburn gave Sonics a voice '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Mike ( September 4 , 2008 ) . `` Sky blue will be the color '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Jerseys Available for Presale '' ( Press release ) . Oklahoma City Thunder . September 30 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2009 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Mike ( September 30 , 2008 ) . `` The uniform : Thunder players turn models '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder ' flashes ' new uniforms '' . KWTV - DT . September 22 , 2008 . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dwyer , Kelly ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` The Oklahoma City Thunder unveil alternate uniforms , to mild local acclaim '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Alternate Uniform , November 9 , 2012 '' . Oklahoma City Thunder . November 9 , 2012 . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Thunder Uniform Reflects Hometown Spirit '' ( Press release ) . Oklahoma City Thunder . March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Unveils New Alternate Uniform for 2015 - 16 '' ( Press release ) . Oklahoma City Thunder . September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Radio Network '' . Oklahoma City Thunder . March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bracht , Mel ( September 29 , 2008 ) . `` FS Oklahoma to air Thunder games '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved September 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bracht , Mel . `` KSBI to air Thunder games '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Signs Exclusive Television Agreement with FOX Sports Southwest '' . Oklahoma City Thunder . August 3 , 2010 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bracht , Mel ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` OKC Thunder : Lesley McCaslin named team 's courtside reporter '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mayberry , Darnell ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` Oklahoma City Thunder TV analyst Grant Long resigns from position '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Cage to Join Thunder Broadcast Team '' . Oklahoma City Thunder . September 17 , 2014 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oklahoma City Thunder . National Basketball Association portal Official website Oklahoma City Thunder at Basketball-Reference.com Oklahoma City Thunder Founded in 1967 Formerly the Seattle SuperSonics ( 1967 -- 2008 ) Based in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Franchise History 1967 Expansion Draft All - time rosters SuperSonics Thunder Draft history Franchise achievements Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas KeyArena at Seattle Center Kingdome Tacoma Dome Chesapeake Energy Arena General Managers Richman Vertlieb Houbregs Russell Volchok Habegger Wilkens Whitsitt Walker Sund Presti G League affiliate Oklahoma City Blue Administration Owner Professional Basketball Club ( Clay Bennett , Chairman ) Executive Vice President & General Manager Sam Presti Head coach Billy Donovan Retired numbers 10 19 24 32 43 MIC NBA Championships ( 1 ) 1979 Western Conference Championships ( 4 ) 1978 1979 2012 Culture and lore Seattle SuperSonics relocation to Oklahoma City Howard Schultz Wheedle Squatch Rumble the Bison `` Supersonics '' Sonicsgate Thunderstruck `` Thunder Up '' `` Ca n't Hold Us '' Media TV Fox Sports Oklahoma Radio The Sports Animal ( 98.1 FM ) 640 ESPN Radio Announcers Brian Davis Michael Cage Matt Pinto Links to related articles Seattle SuperSonics -- Oklahoma City Thunder seasons Franchise History Seasons 1960s 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1970s 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1980s 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Bold indicates NBA Finals victory Relocated National Basketball Association teams Tri-Cities Blackhawks -- Milwaukee Hawks ( 1951 ) Milwaukee Hawks -- St. Louis Hawks ( 1955 ) Fort Wayne Pistons -- Detroit Pistons ( 1957 ) Rochester Royals -- Cincinnati Royals ( 1957 ) Minneapolis Lakers -- Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 ) Philadelphia Warriors -- San Francisco Warriors ( 1962 ) Chicago Zephyrs -- Baltimore Bullets ( 1963 ) Syracuse Nationals -- Philadelphia 76ers ( 1963 ) St. Louis Hawks -- Atlanta Hawks ( 1968 ) San Diego Rockets -- Houston Rockets ( 1971 ) Cincinnati Royals -- Kansas City -- Omaha Kings ( 1972 ) Baltimore Bullets -- Capital Bullets ( 1973 ) Kansas City -- Omaha Kings -- Kansas City Kings ( 1975 ) Buffalo Braves -- San Diego Clippers ( 1978 ) New Orleans Jazz -- Utah Jazz ( 1979 ) San Diego Clippers -- Los Angeles Clippers ( 1984 ) Kansas City Kings -- Sacramento Kings ( 1985 ) Vancouver Grizzlies -- Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 ) New Orleans Hornets -- New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2005 ) New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets -- New Orleans Hornets ( 2007 ) Seattle SuperSonics -- Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2008 ) National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season Sports teams based in Oklahoma Baseball PCL Oklahoma City Dodgers TL Tulsa Drillers Basketball NBA Oklahoma City Thunder G League Oklahoma City Blue Hockey ECHL Tulsa Oilers WSHL Oklahoma City Jr . Blazers Roller derby WFTDA Enid Roller Girls Oklahoma City Roller Derby Oklahoma Victory Dolls Soccer USL OKC Energy FC Tulsa Roughnecks FC NPSL Tulsa Athletic WPSL Oklahoma City FC Tulsa Spirit City of Oklahoma City Bombing Climate Education People History Timeline Mayors Media Transportation Streetcar Districts Adventure District Asia District Capitol Hill Downtown Eastside Midtown Paseo 39th Street Uptown Western Avenue Professional sports teams Oklahoma City Thunder Oklahoma City Blue Oklahoma City Dodgers Oklahoma City Energy FC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_Thunder&oldid=834414346 '' Categories : Oklahoma City Thunder National Basketball Association teams Seattle SuperSonics Sports in Oklahoma City Basketball teams established in 1967 Basketball teams established in 2008 2008 establishments in Oklahoma Relocated National Basketball Association teams Basketball teams in Oklahoma Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced quotes Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2016 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Vèneto Volapük Yorùbá 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 16 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma%20City%20Thunder

how many recipients of the medal of honor

Medal of Honor

medal of honor

The Medal of Honor is the United States of America 's highest and most prestigious personal military decoration that may be awarded to recognize U.S. military service members who have distinguished themselves by acts of valor . The medal is normally awarded by the President of the United States in the name of the U.S. Congress . Because the medal is presented `` in the name of Congress '' , it is often referred to informally as the `` Congressional Medal of Honor '' . However , the official name of the current award is `` Medal of Honor . '' Within United States Code the medal is referred to as the `` Medal of Honor '' , and less frequently as `` Congressional Medal of Honor '' . U.S. awards , including the Medal of Honor , do not have post-nominal titles , and while there is no official abbreviation , the most common abbreviations are `` MOH '' and `` MH '' .

There are three versions of the medal , one for the Army , one for the Navy , and one for the Air Force . Personnel of the Marine Corps and Coast Guard receive the Navy version . The Medal of Honor was introduced for the Navy in 1861 , soon followed by an Army version in 1862 . The Medal of Honor is the oldest continuously issued combat decoration of the United States armed forces . The President normally presents the Medal of Honor at a formal ceremony in Washington , D.C. , that is intended to represent the gratitude of the U.S. people , with posthumous presentations made to the primary next of kin . According to the Medal of Honor Historical Society of the United States , there have been 3522 Medals of Honor awarded to the nation 's soldiers , sailors , airmen , Marines , and Coast Guardsmen since the decoration 's creation , with just less than half of them awarded for actions during the four years of the American Civil War . In 1990 , Congress designated March 25 annually as `` National Medal of Honor Day '' . Due to its prestige and status , the Medal of Honor is afforded special protection under U.S. law against any unauthorized adornment , sale , or manufacture , which includes any associated ribbon or badge . Contents 1 History 1.1 Medal of Honor 2 Appearance 2.1 Army Medal of Honor 2.2 Navy Medal of Honor 2.3 Air Force Medal of Honor 2.4 Historical versions 3 Neck ribbon , service ribbon , and lapel button 4 Devices 5 Medal of Honor flag 6 Presenting 6.1 Evolution of criteria 7 Authority and privileges 7.1 Privileges and courtesies 7.2 Saluting 8 Legal protection 8.1 Enforcement 9 Duplicate medals 10 Recipients 10.1 Double recipients 10.2 Related recipients 10.3 Late awards 11 27th Maine and other revoked awardings 12 Similar named American decorations 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) The modern day Medal of Honor had a number of precursors . The first medal for military service in the United States was issued in 1780 , after its creation in the same year by the Continental Congress . Known as the Fidelity Medallion , it was a small medal worn on a chain around the neck , similar to a religious medal , that was awarded only to three militiamen from New York state . They received it for the capture of John André , a British officer and spy connected directly to General Benedict Arnold during the American Revolutionary War . The capture saved the fort of West Point from the British Army . The first formal system for rewarding acts of individual gallantry by American soldiers was established by George Washington when he issued a field order on August 7 , 1782 , for a Badge of Military Merit to recognize those members of the Continental Army who performed `` any singular meritorious action '' . This decoration is America 's first combat decoration and was preceded only by the Fidelity Medallion , the Congressional medal for Henry Lee awarded in September 1779 in recognition of his attack on the British at Paulus Hook , the Congressional medal for General Horatio Gates awarded in November 1777 in recognition of his victory over the British at Saratoga , and the Congressional medal for George Washington awarded in March 1776 . Although the Badge of Military Merit fell into disuse after the American Revolutionary War , the concept of a military award for individual gallantry by members of the U.S. Armed Forces had been established . After the outbreak of the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 1848 ) a Certificate of Merit ( Meritorious Service Citation Certificate ) was established by Act of Congress on March 3 , 1847 `` to any private soldier who had distinguished himself by gallantry performed in the presence of the enemy '' . 539 Certificates were approved for this period . The certificate was discontinued and reintroduced in 1876 effective from June 22 , 1874 to February 10 , 1892 when it was awarded for extraordinary gallantry by private soldiers in the presence of the enemy . From February 11 , 1892 through July 9 , 1918 ( Certificate of Merit disestablished ) it could be awarded to members of the Army for distinguished service in combat or noncombat ; from January 11 , 1905 through July 9 , 1918 the certificate was granted medal status as the Certificate of Merit Medal ( first awarded to a soldier who was awarded the Certificate of Merit for combat action on August 13 , 1898 ) . This medal was later replaced by the Army Distinguished Service Medal which was established on January 2 , 1918 ( the Navy Distinguished Service Medal was established in 1919 ) . Those Army members who held the Distinguished Service Medal in place of the Certificate of Merit could apply for the Army Distinguished Service Cross ( established 1918 ) effective March 5 , 1934 . Medal of Honor ( edit ) Medal of Honor ( without the suspension ribbon ) awarded to Seaman John Ortega in 1864 ( back view of medal ) At the beginning of the Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) the Certificate of Merit , which was awarded for the Mexican - American War , was not revived and would not be revived until 1876 . In the fall of 1861 , a proposal for a battlefield decoration for valor was submitted to Winfield Scott , the general - in - chief of the army , by Lt. Colonel Edward D. Townsend , an assistant adjutant at the War Department and Scott 's chief of staff . Scott , however , was strictly against medals being awarded , which was the European tradition . After Scott retired in October 1861 , the Secretary of the Navy , Gideon Welles , adopted the idea of a decoration to recognize and honor distinguished naval service . On 9 December 1861 , U.S. Senator ( Iowa ) James W. Grimes , Chairman on the Committee on Naval Affairs , proposed Public Resolution Number 82 ( Bill 82 : 37th Congress , Second Session , 12 Stat. 329 ) `` to promote the efficiency of the Navy '' which included a provision for a Navy Medal of Honor which was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on December 21 , 1861 , `` to be bestowed upon such petty officers , seamen , landsmen , and marines as shall most distinguish themselves by their gallantry and other seamen - like qualities during the present war . '' Secretary Welles directed the Philadelphia Mint to design the new military decoration . On May 15 , 1862 , the United States Navy Department ordered 175 medals ( $1.85 each ) with the words `` Personal Valor '' on the back from the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia . Senator Henry Wilson , the chairman of the Senate Committee on Military Affairs , introduced a resolution on February 15 , 1862 for an Army Medal of Honor . The resolution ( 37th Congress , Second Session , 12 Stat. 623 ) was approved by Congress and signed into law on July 12 , 1862 ( `` Medals of Honor '' were established for enlisted men of the Army ) . This measure provided for awarding a medal of honor `` to such non-commissioned officers and privates as shall most distinguish themselves by their gallantry in action and other soldier - like qualities during the present insurrection . '' During the war , Townsend would have some medals delivered to some recipients with a letter requesting acknowledgement of the `` Medal of Honor '' . The letter written and signed by Townsend on behalf of the Secretary of War , stated that the resolution was `` to provide for the presentation of medals of honor to the enlisted men of the army and volunteer forces who have distinguished or may distinguish themselves in battle during the present rebellion . '' By mid-November the War Department contracted with Philadelphia silversmith William Wilson and Son , who had been responsible for the Navy design , to prepare 2,000 Army medals ( $2.00 each ) to be cast at the mint . The Army version had `` The Congress to '' written on the back of the medal . Both versions were made of copper and coated with bronze , which `` gave them a reddish tint '' . 1863 : Congress made the Medal of Honor a permanent decoration . On March 3 , Medals of Honor were authorized for officers of the Army ( 37th Congress , Third Session , 12 Stat. 751 ) . The Secretary of War first presented the Medal of Honor to six Union Army volunteers on March 25 , 1863 in his office . 1890 : On April 23 , the Medal of Honor Legion is established in Washington , D.C. 1896 : The ribbon of the Army version of the Medal of Honor was redesigned with all stripes being vertical . 1904 : The planchet of the Army version of the Medal of Honor was redesigned by General George Lewis Gillespie . The purpose of the redesign was to help distinguish the Medal of Honor from other medals , particularly the membership insignia issued by the Grand Army of the Republic . 1915 : On March 3 , Navy , Marine Corps , and Coast Guard officers became eligible for the Medal of Honor . 1917 : Based on the report of the Medal of Honor Review Board , established by Congress in 1916 , 911 recipients were stricken off the Medal of Honor roll because the medal had been awarded inappropriately . Among them were Buffalo Bill and Mary Edwards Walker . Some medals were restored in 1977 . 1963 : A separate Coast Guard medal was authorized in 1963 , but not yet designed or awarded . 1965 : A separate design for a version of the medal for the U.S. Air Force was created in 1956 , authorized in 1960 , and officially adopted on April 14 , 1965 . Previously , members of the U.S. Air Force received the Army version of the medal . Appearance ( edit ) There are three versions of the Medal of Honor , one for each of the military departments of the Department of Defense : Army , Navy , and Air Force . Members of the Marine Corps and Coast Guard are eligible to receive the Navy version . Each is constructed differently and the components are made from gilding metals and red brass alloys with some gold plating , enamel , and bronze pieces . The United States Congress considered a bill in 2004 which would require the Medal of Honor to be made with 90 % gold , the same composition as the lesser - known Congressional Gold Medal , but the measure was dropped . Army Medal of Honor ( edit ) Army version The Army version is described by the Institute of Heraldry as `` a gold five pointed star , each point tipped with trefoils , 1 ⁄ inches ( 3.8 cm ) wide , surrounded by a green laurel wreath and suspended from a gold bar inscribed VALOR , surmounted by an eagle . In the center of the star , Minerva 's head surrounded by the words UNITED STATES OF AMERICA . On each ray of the star is a green oak leaf . On the reverse is a bar engraved THE CONGRESS TO with a space for engraving the name of the recipient . '' The pendant and suspension bar are made of gilding metal , with the eye , jump rings , and suspension ring made of red brass . The finish on the pendant and suspension bar is hard enameled , gold plated , and rose gold plated , with polished highlights . Navy Medal of Honor ( edit ) Navy version The Navy version is described as `` a five - pointed bronze star , tipped with trefoils containing a crown of laurel and oak . In the center is Minerva , personifying the United States , standing with left hand resting on fasces and right hand holding a shield blazoned with the shield from the coat of arms of the United States . She repulses Discord , represented by snakes . The medal is suspended from the flukes of an anchor . '' It is made of solid red brass , oxidized and buffed . Air Force Medal of Honor ( edit ) Air Force version The Air Force version is described as `` within a wreath of green laurel , a gold five - pointed star , one point down , tipped with trefoils and each point containing a crown of laurel and oak on a green background . Centered on the star , an annulet of 34 stars is a representation of the head of the Statue of Liberty . The star is suspended from a bar inscribed with the word VALOR above an adaptation of the thunderbolt from the Air Force Coat of Arms . '' The pendant is made of gilding metal . The connecting bar , hinge , and pin are made of bronze . The finish on the pendant and suspension bar is hard enameled , gold plated , and rose gold plated , with buffed relief . Historical versions ( edit ) Main article : Tiffany Cross Medal of Honor The Medal of Honor has evolved in appearance over time . The upside - down star design of the Navy version 's pendant adopted in early 1862 has not changed since its inception . The Army 1862 version followed and was identical to the Navy version except an eagle perched atop cannons was used instead of an anchor to connect the pendant to the suspension ribbon . In 1896 , the Army version changed the ribbon 's design and colors due to misuse and imitation by nonmilitary organizations . In 1904 , the Army `` Gillespie '' version introduced a smaller redesigned star and the ribbon was changed to the light blue pattern with white stars seen today . In 1913 , the Navy version adopted the same ribbon pattern . After World War I , the Navy decided to separate the Medal of Honor into two versions , one for combat and one for non-combat . The original upside - down star was designated as the non-combat version and a new pattern of the medal pendant , in cross form , was designed by the Tiffany Company in 1919 . It was to be presented to a sailor or marine who `` in action involving actual conflict with the enemy , distinguish ( es ) himself conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty '' Despite the `` actual conflict '' guidelines -- the Tiffany Cross was awarded to Navy CDR ( later RADM ) Richard E. Byrd and Floyd Bennett for arctic exploration . The Tiffany Cross itself was not popular . In 1942 , the Navy returned to using only the original 1862 inverted 5 - point star design , and ceased issuing the award for non-combat action . In 1944 , the suspension ribbons for both the Army and Navy version were replaced with the now familiar neck ribbon . When the Air Force version was designed in 1956 , it incorporated similar elements and design from the Army version . It used a larger star with the Statue of Liberty image in place of Minerva on the medal and changed the connecting device from an eagle to an heraldic thunderbolt flanked with wings as found on the service seal . 1862 -- 95 Army version 1896 -- 1903 Army version 1904 -- 44 Army version Post 1944 Army version 1862 -- 1912 Navy version 1913 -- 42 Navy version 1919 -- 42 Navy `` Tiffany Cross '' version Post 1942 Navy version Neck ribbon , service ribbon , and lapel button ( edit ) Service ribbon Lapel button Since 1944 , the Medal of Honor has been attached to a light blue colored moiré silk neck ribbon that is 1 ⁄ in ( 30 mm ) in width and 21 ⁄ in ( 550 mm ) in length . The center of the ribbon displays thirteen white stars in the form of three chevron . Both the top and middle chevrons are made up of 5 stars , with the bottom chevron made of 3 stars . The Medal of Honor is one of only two United States military awards suspended from a neck ribbon . The other is the Commander 's Degree of the Legion of Merit , and is usually awarded to individuals serving foreign governments . On May 2 , 1896 , Congress authorized a `` ribbon to be worn with the medal and ( a ) rosette or knot to be worn in lieu of the medal . '' The service ribbon is light blue with five white stars in the form of an `` M '' . It is placed first in the top position in the order of precedence and is worn for situations other than full - dress military uniform . The lapel button is a ⁄ - inch ( 13 mm ) , six - sided light blue bowknot rosette with thirteen white stars and may be worn on appropriate civilian clothing on the left lapel . Devices ( edit ) In 2011 , Department of Defense instructions in regard to the Medal of Honor were amended to read `` for each succeeding act that would otherwise justify award of the Medal of Honor , the individual receiving the subsequent award is authorized to wear an additional Medal of Honor ribbon and / or a ' V ' device on the Medal of Honor suspension ribbon '' ( the `` V '' device is a ⁄ - inch - high ( 6.4 mm ) bronze miniature letter `` V '' with serifs that denotes valor ) . The Medal of Honor was the only decoration authorized the use of the `` V '' device ( none were ever issued ) to designate subsequent awards in such fashion . Nineteen individuals , all now deceased , were double Medal of Honor recipients . In July 2014 , DoD instructions were changed to read , `` A separate MOH is presented to an individual for each succeeding act that justified award . '' As of 2014 , no attachments are authorized for the Medal of Honor . Medal of Honor flag ( edit ) Medal of Honor flag On October 23 , 2002 , Pub. L. 107 -- 248 was enacted , modifying 36 U.S.C. § 903 , authorizing a Medal of Honor flag to be presented to each person whom a Medal of Honor is awarded . In the case of a posthumous award , the flag will be presented to whomever the Medal of Honor is presented to , which in most cases will be the primary next of kin of the deceased awardee . The flag was based on a concept by retired U.S. Army Special Forces First Sergeant Bill Kendall of Jefferson , Iowa , who in 2001 , designed a flag to honor Medal of Honor recipient Captain Darrell Lindsey , a B - 26 pilot from Jefferson who was killed in action during World War II . Kendall 's design of a light blue field emblazoned with 13 white five - pointed stars was nearly identical to that of Sarah LeClerc 's of the Institute of Heraldry . LeClerc 's gold fringed flag , ultimately accepted as the official flag , does not include the words `` Medal of Honor '' as written on Kendall 's flag . The color of the field and the 13 white stars , arranged in the form of a three - bar chevron , consisting of two chevrons of five stars and one chevron of three stars , emulate the suspension ribbon of the Medal of Honor . The flag has no set proportions . The first Medal of Honor flag recipient was U.S. Army Sergeant First Class Paul R. Smith , who was presented the flag posthumously . President George W. Bush presented the Medal of Honor and flag to the family of Smith during the award ceremony for him in the White House on April 4 , 2005 . A special Medal of Honor Flag presentation ceremony was held for over 60 living Medal of Honor recipients on board the USS Constitution in September 2006 . Presenting ( edit ) President Calvin Coolidge bestowing the Medal of Honor upon Henry Breault , March 8 , 1924 There are two distinct protocols for awarding the Medal of Honor . The first and most common is nomination and approval through the chain of command of the service member . The second method is nomination by a member of the U.S. Congress , generally at the request of a constituent . In both cases , if the proposal is outside the time limits for the recommendation , approval to waive the time limit requires a special Act of Congress . The Medal of Honor is presented by the President on behalf of , and in the name of , the Congress . Since 1980 , nearly all Medal of Honor recipients -- or in the case of posthumous awards , the next of kin -- have been personally decorated by the Commander - in - Chief . Since 1941 , more than half of the Medals of Honor have been awarded posthumously . Evolution of criteria ( edit ) 19th century : Several months after President Abraham Lincoln signed Public Resolution 82 into law on December 21 , 1861 , for a Navy medal of honor , a similar resolution was passed in July 1862 for an Army version of the medal . Six U.S. Army soldiers who hijacked a Confederate locomotive named The General in 1862 , were the first Medal of Honor recipients ; James J. Andrews led the raid . He was caught and hanged as a U.S. spy , but as a civilian , he was not eligible to receive the medal . Many Medals of Honor awarded in the 19th century were associated with `` saving the flag '' ( and country ) , not just for patriotic reasons , but because the U.S. flag was a primary means of battlefield communication at the time . Because no other military decoration was authorized during the Civil War , some seemingly less exceptional and notable actions were recognized by a Medal of Honor during that conflict . 20th century : Early in the twentieth century , the Navy awarded many Medals of Honor for peacetime bravery . For instance , in 1901 , John Henry Helms aboard the USS Chicago ( CA - 14 ) was awarded the medal for saving the ship 's cook from drowning . Seven sailors aboard the USS Iowa ( BB - 4 ) were awarded the medal after the ship 's boiler exploded on January 25 , 1904 . Richard Byrd and Floyd Bennett were awarded the medal -- combat ( `` Tiffany '' ) version despite the existence then of a non-combat form of the Navy medal -- for the 1926 flight they claim reached the North Pole . And Admiral Thomas J. Ryan was awarded the medal for saving a woman from the burning Grand Hotel in Yokohama , Japan , following the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake . Between 1919 and 1942 , the Navy issued two separate versions of the Medal of Honor , one for acts related to combat and one for non-combat bravery . The criteria for the award tightened during World War I for the Army version of the Medal of Honor , while the Navy version retained a non-combat provision until 1963 . In an Act of Congress of July 9 , 1918 , the War Department version of the medal required that the recipient `` distinguish himself conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty '' , and also required that the act of valor be performed `` in action involving actual conflict with an enemy '' . This was in reaction to the results of the Army Medal of Honor Review Board , which struck 911 medals from the Medal of Honor Roll in February 1917 for lack of basic prerequisites . These included the members of the 27th Maine erroneously awarded the medal for reenlisting to guard the capital during the Civil War , 29 members of Abraham Lincoln 's funeral detail , and six civilians , including Buffalo Bill Cody ( restored along with four other scouts in 1989 ) and Mary Edwards Walker ( though the latter 's was restored posthumously in 1977 ) . World War II : As a result of lawsuits , the Navy requested the Congress expressly authorize non-combat medals in the text of the authorizing statute , since the Navy had been awarding non-combat medals with questionable legal backing that had caused the department much embarrassment . The last non-combat Navy Medal of Honor was awarded in 1945 , although the Navy attempted to award a non-combat Medal of Honor as late as the Korean War . Official accounts vary , but generally , the Medal of Honor for combat was known as the `` Tiffany Cross '' , after the company that designed the medal . The Tiffany Cross was first awarded in 1919 , but was unpopular partly because of its design as well as a lower gratuity than the Navy 's original medal . The Tiffany Cross Medal of Honor was awarded at least three times for non-combat . By a special authorized Act of Congress , the medal was presented to Byrd and Bennett ( see above ) . In 1942 , the United States Navy reverted to a single Medal of Honor , although the statute still contained a loophole allowing the award for both `` action involving actual conflict with the enemy '' or `` in the line of his profession '' . Arising from these criteria , approximately 60 percent of the medals earned during and after World War II have been awarded posthumously . Public Law 88 - 77 , July 25 , 1963 : The requirements for the Medal of Honor were standardized among all the services , requiring that a recipient had `` distinguished himself conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty . '' Thus , the act removed the loophole allowing non-combat awards to Navy personnel . The act also clarified that the act of valor must occur during one of three circumstances : While engaged in action against an enemy of the United States While engaged in military operations involving conflict with an opposing foreign force . While serving with friendly foreign forces engaged in an armed conflict against an opposing armed force in which the United States is not a belligerent party . Congress drew the three permutations of combat from President Kennedy 's executive order of April 25 , 1962 , which previously added the same criteria to the Purple Heart . On August 24 , Kennedy added similar criteria for the Bronze Star Medal . The amendment was necessary because Cold War armed conflicts did not qualify for consideration under previous statutes such as the 1918 Army Medal of Honor Statute that required valor `` in action involving actual conflict with an enemy '' , since the United States has not formally declared war since World War II as a result of the provisions of the United Nations Charter . According to congressional testimony by the Army 's Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel , the services were seeking authority to award the Medal of Honor and other valor awards retroactive to July 1 , 1958 , in areas such as Berlin , Lebanon , Quemoy and Matsu Islands , Taiwan Straits , Congo , Laos , Vietnam , and Cuba . Authority and privileges ( edit ) Medal of Honor monument and Medal of Honor headstones of the Civil War recipients of `` Andrews Raid '' at the Chattanooga National Cemetery in Chattanooga , Tennessee . Medal of Honor gravemarker of Jimmie W. Monteith at the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial Medal of Honor headstone of James H. Robinson at the Memphis National Cemetery The four specific authorizing statutes amended July 25 , 1963 : Army : 10 U.S.C. § 3741 Navy and Marine Corps : 10 U.S.C. § 6241 Air Force : 10 U.S.C. § 8741 Coast Guard : 14 U.S.C. § 491 A version is authorized but it has never been awarded . The President may award , and present in the name of Congress , a medal of honor of appropriate design , with ribbons and appurtenances , to a person who while a member of the ( Army ) ( naval service ) ( Air Force ) ( Coast Guard ) , distinguished himself conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty . Privileges and courtesies ( edit ) The Medal of Honor confers special privileges on its recipients . By law , recipients have several benefits : Each Medal of Honor recipient may have his or her name entered on the Medal of Honor Roll ( 38 U.S.C. § 1560 ) . Each person whose name is placed on the Medal of Honor Roll is certified to the United States Department of Veterans Affairs as being entitled to receive a monthly pension above and beyond any military pensions or other benefits for which they may be eligible . The pension is subject to cost - of - living increases ; as of December 1 , 2014 , it is $1,299.61 a month . Enlisted recipients of the Medal of Honor are entitled to a supplemental uniform allowance . Recipients receive special entitlements to air transportation under the provisions of DOD Regulation 4515.13 - R . This benefit allows the recipient to travel as he or she deems fit across geographical locations , and allows the recipient 's dependents to travel either Overseas - Overseas , Overseas - Continental US , or Continental US - Overseas when accompanied by the recipient . Special identification cards and commissary and exchange privileges are provided for Medal of Honor recipients and their eligible dependents . Recipients are granted eligibility for interment at Arlington National Cemetery , if not otherwise eligible . Fully qualified children of recipients are eligible for admission to the United States service academies without regard to the nomination and quota requirements . Recipients receive a 10 percent increase in retired pay . Those awarded the medal after October 23 , 2002 , receive a Medal of Honor Flag . The law specified that all 103 living prior recipients as of that date would receive a flag . Recipients receive an invitation to all future presidential inaugurations and inaugural balls . As with all medals , retired personnel may wear the Medal of Honor on `` appropriate '' civilian clothing . Regulations specify that recipients of the Medal of Honor are allowed to wear the uniform `` at their pleasure '' with standard restrictions on political , commercial , or extremist purposes ( other former members of the armed forces may do so only at certain ceremonial occasions ) . Most states ( 40 ) offer a special license plate for certain types of vehicles to recipients at little or no cost to the recipient . The states that do not offer Medal of Honor specific license plate offer special license plates for veterans for which recipients may be eligible . Saluting ( edit ) Admiral Eric T. Olson salutes Sergeant First Class Leroy Petry at a ceremony at The Pentagon . Although not required by law or military regulation , members of the uniformed services are encouraged to render salutes to recipients of the Medal of Honor as a matter of respect and courtesy regardless of rank or status , whether or not they are in uniform . This is one of the few instances where a living member of the military will receive salutes from members of a higher rank . Legal protection ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( December 2016 ) 1904 : The Army redesigned its Medal of Honor . To prevent the making of copies of the medal , Brigadier General George Gillespie , Jr. , a Medal of Honor recipient from the Civil War , applied for and obtained a patent for the new design . General Gillespie received the patent on November 22 , 1904 , and he transferred it the following month to the Secretary of War at the time , William Howard Taft . 1923 : Congress enacted a statute ( the year before the 20 - year term of the patent would expire ) -- which would later be codified at 18 U.S.C. § 704 -- prohibiting the unauthorized wearing , manufacturing , or sale of military medals or decorations . In 1994 , Congress amended the statute to permit an enhanced penalty if the offense involved the Medal of Honor . 2005 : Congress enacted the Stolen Valor Act of 2005 . ( Section 1 of the Act provided that the law could be cited as the `` Stolen Valor Act of 2005 '' , but the bill received final passage and was signed into law in 2006 . ) The law amended 18 U.S.C. § 704 to make it a federal criminal offense for a person to deliberately state falsely that he or she had been awarded a military decoration , service medal , or badge . The law also permitted an enhanced penalty for someone who falsely claimed to have been awarded the Medal of Honor . June 28 , 2012 : In the case of United States v. Alvarez , the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Stolen Valor Act of 2005 's criminalization of the making of false claims of having been awarded a military medal , decoration , or badge was an unconstitutional violation of the First Amendment 's guarantee of free speech . The case involved an elected official in California , Xavier Alvarez , who had falsely stated at a public meeting that he had been awarded the Medal of Honor , even though he had never served in any branch of the armed forces . The Supreme Court 's decision did not specifically address the constitutionality of the older portion of the statute which prohibits the unauthorized wearing , manufacturing , or sale of military medals or decorations . Under the law , the unauthorized wearing , manufacturing , or sale of the Medal of Honor is punishable by a fine of up to $100,000 and imprisonment of up to one year . June 3 , 2013 : President Barack Obama signed into law a revised version of the Stolen Valor Act , making it a federal offense for someone to represent themselves as awardees of medals for valor in order to receive benefits or other privileges ( such as grants , educational benefits , housing , etc . ) that are set aside for veterans and other service members . U.S. Army Medal of Honor of Leonard C. Brostrom on display at the LDS Church History Library in downtown Salt Lake City , Utah . A number of veteran support organizations and private companies devote themselves to exposing those who falsely claim to have received the Medal of Honor . Enforcement ( edit ) 1996 : HLI Lordship Industries Inc. , a former Medal of Honor contractor , was fined for selling 300 medals for US $75 each . 1996 : Fort Lauderdale , Florida , resident Jackie Stern was convicted of wearing a Medal of Honor to which he was not entitled . A federal judge sentenced him to serve one year of probation and to write a letter of apology to each of the then - living 171 recipients of the medal . His letter was published in the local newspaper . 2003 : Edward Fedora and Gisela Fedora were charged with violating 18 U.S.C. § 704 ( b ) , Unlawful Sale of a Medal of Honor , for selling medals awarded to U.S. Navy sailor Robert Blume ( for action in the Spanish -- American War ) and to U.S. Army First Sergeant George Washington Roosevelt ( for action in the Civil War ) to an FBI agent . Edward Fedora pleaded guilty and was sentenced to prison . Duplicate medals ( edit ) Medal of Honor recipients may apply in writing to the headquarters of the service branch of the medal awarded for a replacement or display Medal of Honor , ribbon , and appurtenance ( Medal of Honor flag ) without charge . Primary next of kin may also do the same and have any questions answered in regard to the Medal of Honor that was awarded . Recipients ( edit ) Main article : List of Medal of Honor recipients The first Army Medals of Honor were awarded by and presented to six `` Andrews Raiders '' on March 25 , 1863 , by Secretary of War Edwin Stanton , in his office in the War Department . Private Jacob Parrott , a U.S. Army volunteer from Ohio , became the first recipient of the medal , awarded for his volunteering for and participation in a raid on a Confederate train in Big Shanty , Georgia on April 12 , 1862 during the American Civil War . The six decorated raiders met privately afterward with President Lincoln in his office , in the White House . The first Navy Medal of Honor was awarded by Secretary of War Stanton to 41 sailors on April 4 , 1863 ( 17 for action during the Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip ) . The first Marine awarded the Navy Medal of Honor was John F. Mackie on July 10 , 1863 , for his rifle action aboard the USS Galena on May 15 , 1862 . The only coast guardsman to be awarded the Medal of Honor was Signalman First Class Douglas Munro ( posthumously ) on May 27 , 1943 , for evacuating 500 Marines under fire on September 27 , 1942 during the Battle of Guadalcanal . Munro was a Canadian - born , naturalized U.S. citizen . The only woman awarded the Army Medal of Honor is Mary Edwards Walker , who was a civilian Army surgeon during the American Civil War . She received the award in 1865 for the First Battle of Bull Run ( July 21 , 1861 ) and a series of battles to the Battle of Atlanta in Sept. 1864 ... `` for usual medal of honor meritorious services . '' The 1917 Medal of Honor Board deleted 911 awards , but only 910 names from the Army Medal of Honor Roll , including awards to Dr. Mary Edwards Walker , William F. `` Buffalo Bill '' Cody and the first of two awards issued February 10 , 1887 , to George W. Midil , who retained his award issued October 25 , 1893 . None of the 910 `` deleted '' recipients were ordered to return their medals , although on the question of whether the recipients could continue to wear their medals , the Judge Advocate General advised the Medal of Honor Board the Army was not obligated to police the matter . Walker continued to wear her medal until her death . Although some sources claim that President Jimmy Carter formally restored her medal posthumously in 1977 , this action was actually taken unilaterally by the Army 's Board for Correction of Military Records , which probably was unlawful because the Board lacks the authority to directly contradict federal statutes , and has no authority to award Medals of Honor on its own . The Army Board for Correction of Military Records also restored the Medals of Honor of Buffalo Bill and four other civilian scouts in 1989 , although the Board still apparently lacked this authority . 61 Canadians who served in the United States Armed Forces , mostly during the American Civil War . Since 1900 , four Canadians have received the medal . The only Canadian - born , naturalized U.S. citizen to receive the medal for heroism during the Vietnam War was Peter C. Lemon . While the governing statute for the Army Medal of Honor ( 10 U.S.C. § 6241 ) , beginning in 1918 , explicitly stated that a recipient must be `` an officer or enlisted man of the Army '' , `` distinguish himself conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty '' , and perform an act of valor `` in action involving actual conflict with an enemy '' , exceptions have been made : Charles Lindbergh , 1927 , civilian pilot , and U.S. Army Air Corps reserve officer . Lindbergh 's medal was authorized by a special act of Congress that directly contradicted the July 1918 act of Congress that required that all Army recipients be `` in action involving actual conflict with an enemy '' . The award was based on the previous acts authorizing the Navy medal to Byrd and Bennett ( see above ) . Some congressmen objected to Lindbergh 's award because it contradicted the 1918 statute , but Representative Snell reportedly quelled this dissent by explaining that `` it was and it was n't the Congressional Medal of Honor which Lindbergh would receive under his bill ; that the Lindbergh medal would be entirely distinct from the valor award for war service . '' Major General ( Retired ) Adolphus Greely was awarded the medal in 1935 , on his 91st birthday , `` for his life of splendid public service '' . The result of a special act of Congress similar to Lindbergh 's , Greely 's medal citation did not reference any acts of valor . Foreign unknown recipients include the Belgian Unknown Soldier , the British Unknown Warrior , the French Unknown Soldier , the Italian Unknown Soldier , and the Romanian Unknown Soldier . U.S. unknown recipients include the Unknowns of World War I , World War II , Korea , and Vietnam . The Vietnam Unknown was later identified as Air Force 1st Lt. Michael J. Blassie through the use of DNA identification . Blassie 's family asked for his Medal of Honor , but the Department of Defense denied the request in 1998 . According to Undersecretary of Defense Rudy de Leon , the medal was awarded symbolically to all Vietnam unknowns , not to Blassie specifically . Conflict Date Medal count ( 3,522 ) List article Civil War 1861 -- 1865 1,523 American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients Indian Wars 1865 -- 1891 426 Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars Korean Expedition 1871 15 Medal of Honor recipients in Korea Spanish -- American War 1898 110 Medal of Honor recipients for the Spanish -- American War Second Samoan Civil War 1899 Medal of Honor recipients for the Samoan Civil War Philippine -- American War 1899 -- 1902 86 Philippine -- American War Medal of Honor recipients Boxer Rebellion 1899 -- 1901 59 Medal of Honor recipients for the Boxer Rebellion Occupation of Veracruz 1914 56 Medal of Honor recipients for Veracruz United States occupation of Haiti 1915 -- 1934 8 Medal of Honor recipients for Haiti Dominican Republic Occupation 1916 -- 1924 Medal of Honor recipients for the Occupation of the Dominican Republic World War I 1914 -- 1918 126 Medal of Honor recipients for World War I Occupation of Nicaragua 1912 -- 1933 Medal of Honor recipients for Occupation of Nicaragua World War II 1939 -- 1945 472 Medal of Honor recipients for World War II Korean War 1950 -- 1953 145 Korean War Medal of Honor recipients Vietnam War 1955 -- 1975 261 Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War USS Liberty incident 1967 Medal of Honor recipients for the USS Liberty incident Battle of Mogadishu Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Mogadishu Iraq War 2003 -- 2011 Medal of Honor recipients for the Iraq War War in Afghanistan 2001 -- 2014 17 Medal of Honor recipients for the War in Afghanistan Peacetime 193 Medal of Honor recipients during peacetime Unknown soldiers 9 Unknown Medal of Honor recipients Awards by military branch Army Navy Marine Corps Air Force Coast Guard Total 2,454 748 300 19 3,522 Double recipients ( edit ) Nineteen men have been awarded the Medal of Honor twice . The first two - time Medal of Honor recipient was Thomas Custer ( brother of George Armstrong Custer ) for two separate actions that took place several days apart during the American Civil War . Five `` double recipients '' were awarded both the Army and Navy Medal of Honor for the same action ; all five of these occurrences took place during World War I. Since February 1919 , no single individual can be awarded more than one Medal of Honor for the same action , although a member of one branch of the armed forces can receive the Medal of Honor from another branch if the actions for which it was awarded occurred under the authority of the second branch . To date , the maximum number of Medals of Honor earned by any service member has been two . The last living individual to be awarded two Medals of Honor was John J. Kelly 3 Oct 1918 ; the last individual to receive two Medals of Honor for two different actions was Smedley Butler , in 1914 and 1915 . § Rank refers to rank held at time of Medal of Honor action . Name Service Rank War ( s ) Notes Baldwin Frank Baldwin Army First Lieutenant , Captain American Civil War , Indian Wars Butler Smedley Butler Marine Corps Major Veracruz , Haiti Cooper John Cooper Navy Coxswain American Civil War Cukela Louis Cukela Marine Corps Sergeant World War I Awarded both Navy and Army versions for same action . Custer Thomas Custer Army Second Lieutenant American Civil War Battle of Namozine Church on 3 April and Battle of Sayler 's Creek on 6 April 1865 . Daly Daniel Daly Marine Corps Private , Gunnery Sergeant Boxer Rebellion , Haiti Hogan Henry Hogan Army First Sergeant Indian Wars Janson Ernest A. Janson Marine Corps Gunnery Sergeant World War I Both awarded for same action . Received the Army MOH under the name Charles F. Hoffman . Kelly John J. Kelly Marine Corps Private World War I Both awarded for same action . King John King Navy Water tender Peacetime 1901 and 1909 Kocak Matej Kocak Marine Corps Sergeant World War I Both awarded for same action . Lafferty John Lafferty Navy Fireman , First Class Fireman American Civil War , peacetime McCloy John C. McCloy Navy Coxswain , Chief Boatswain Boxer Rebellion , Veracruz Mullen Patrick Mullen Navy Boatswain 's Mate American Civil War Pruitt John H. Pruitt Marine Corps Corporal World War I Both awarded for same action . Sweeney Robert Sweeney Navy Ordinary Seaman Peacetime 1881 and 1883 Weisbogel Albert Weisbogel Navy Captain of the Mizzen Top Peacetime 1874 and 1876 Williams Louis Williams Navy Captain of the Hold Peacetime 1883 and 1884 . Also known as Ludwig Andreas Olsen . Wilson William Wilson Army Sergeant Indian Wars Related recipients ( edit ) Arthur MacArthur , Jr. and Douglas MacArthur are the first father and son to be awarded the Medal of Honor . The only other such pairing is Theodore Roosevelt ( awarded in 2001 ) and Theodore Roosevelt , Jr . Five pairs of brothers have received the Medal of Honor : John and William Black , in the American Civil War . The Blacks are the first brothers to be so honored . Charles and Henry Capehart , in the American Civil War , the latter for saving a drowning man while under fire . Antoine and Julien Gaujot . The Gaujots also have the unique distinction of receiving their medals for actions in separate conflicts , Antoine in the Philippine -- American War and Julien when he crossed the Mexican border to rescue Mexicans and Americans in a Mexican Revolution skirmish . Harry and Willard Miller , during the same naval action in the Spanish -- American War . Allen and James Thompson , in the same American Civil War action . Another notable pair of related recipients are Admiral Frank Friday Fletcher ( rear admiral at the time of award ) and his nephew , Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher ( lieutenant at the time of award ) , both awarded for actions during the United States occupation of Veracruz . Late awards ( edit ) Since 1979 , 86 late Medal of Honor awards have been presented for actions from the Civil War to the Vietnam War . In addition , five recipients whose names were not included on the Army Medal of Honor Roll in 1917 had their awards restored . A 1993 study commissioned by the U.S. Army investigated `` racial disparity '' in the awarding of medals . At the time , no Medals of Honor had been awarded to American soldiers of African descent who served in World War II . After an exhaustive review , the study recommended that ten Distinguished Service Cross recipients be awarded the Medal of Honor . On January 13 , 1997 , President Bill Clinton presented the Medal of Honor to seven of these World War II veterans , six of them posthumously and one to former Second Lieutenant Vernon Baker . In 1998 , a similar study of Asian Americans resulted in President Bill Clinton presenting 22 Medals of Honor in 2000 . Twenty of these medals went to American soldiers of Japanese descent of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team ( 442nd RCT ) who served in the European Theater of Operations during World War II . One of these Medal of Honor recipients was Senator Daniel Inouye , a former U.S. Army officer in the 442nd RCT . In 2005 , President George W. Bush presented the Medal of Honor to Tibor Rubin , a Hungarian - born American Jew who was a Holocaust survivor of World War II and enlisted U.S. infantryman and prisoner of war in the Korean War , whom many believed to have been overlooked because of his religion . On April 11 , 2013 , President Obama presented the Medal of Honor posthumously to Army chaplain Captain Emil Kapaun for his actions as a prisoner of war during the Korean War . This follows other awards to Army Sergeant Leslie H. Sabo , Jr. for conspicuous gallantry in action on May 10 , 1970 , near Se San , Cambodia , during the Vietnam War and to Army Private First Class Henry Svehla and Army Private First Class Anthony T. Kahoʻohanohano for their heroic actions during the Korean War . As a result of a Congressionally mandated review to ensure brave acts were not overlooked due to prejudice or discrimination , on March 18 , 2014 President Obama upgraded Distinguished Service Crosses to Medals of Honor for 24 Hispanic , Jewish , and African American individuals -- the `` Valor 24 '' -- for their actions in World War II , the Korean War and the Vietnam War . Three were still living at the time of the ceremony . 27th Maine and other revoked awardings ( edit ) A Medal of Honor monument at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin , Texas During the Civil War , Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton promised a Medal of Honor to every man in the 27th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment who extended his enlistment beyond the agreed - upon date . The Battle of Gettysburg was imminent , and 311 men of the regiment volunteered to serve until the battle was resolved . The remaining men returned to Maine , but with the Union victory at Gettysburg the 311 volunteers soon followed . The volunteers arrived back in Maine in time to be discharged with the men who had earlier returned . Since there seemed to be no official list of the 311 volunteers , the War Department exacerbated the situation by forwarding 864 medals to the commanding officer of the regiment . The commanding officer only issued the medals to the volunteers who stayed behind and retained the others on the grounds that , if he returned the remainder to the War Department , the War Department would try to reissue the medals . In 1916 , a board of five Army generals on the retired list convened under act of law to review every Army Medal of Honor awarded . The board was to report on any Medals of Honor awarded or issued for any cause other than distinguished service . The commission , led by Nelson A. Miles , identified 911 awards for causes other than distinguished service . This included the 864 medals awarded to members of the 27th Maine regiment ; 29 servicemen who served as Abraham Lincoln 's funeral guard ; six civilians , including Mary Edwards Walker and Buffalo Bill Cody ; and 12 others . Walker 's medal was restored by President Jimmy Carter in 1977 . Cody and four other civilian scouts who rendered distinguished service in action , and who were therefore considered by the board to have fully earned their medals , had theirs restored in 1989 . The report was endorsed by the Judge Advocate General , who also advised that the War Department should not seek the return of the revoked medals from the recipients identified by the board . In the case of recipients who continued to wear the medal , the War Department was advised to take no action to enforce the statute . Similar named American decorations ( edit ) The following decorations , in one degree or another , bear similar names to the Medal of Honor , but are entirely separate awards with different criteria for issuance : Cardenas Medal of Honor : decoration of the United States Revenue Cutter Service , which was later merged into the United States Coast Guard Chaplain 's Medal for Heroism : awarded posthumously for a single action to four recipients Congressional Gold Medal : the highest civilian honor bestowed by the United States ( along with the Presidential Medal of Freedom ) Congressional Space Medal of Honor : intended for issuance to astronauts , but despite its name , it is not equal to the Medal of Honor Presidential Medal of Freedom : the highest civilian honor bestowed by the United States ( along with the Congressional Gold Medal ) Several United States law enforcement decorations bear the name `` Medal of Honor '' . The Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor , established by Congress in 2001 and stated to be `` the highest National award for valor by a public safety officer '' , is also awarded by the President of the United States . See also ( edit ) Military of the United States portal List of Medal of Honor recipients Distinguished Intelligence Cross Kentucky Medal of Honor Memorial Medal of Honor Memorial ( Indianapolis ) Military awards and decorations Home of the Heroes , a recognition of Pueblo , Colorado for being the hometown of four Medal of Honor recipients ( claimed to be more recipients per capita than any other city in the United States ) Texas Medal of Honor Memorial References ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ U.S. Coast Guard Signalman First Class Douglas Albert Munro was posthumously awarded the Navy version of the Medal of Honor for bravery at Guadalcanal on September 27 , 1942 . Citations ^ Jump up to : Department of the Army ( July 1 , 2002 ) . `` Section 578.4 Medal of Honor '' . Code of Federal Regulations Title 32 , Volume 2 . United States Government Publishing Office . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ As amended by Act of July 25 , 1963 Jump up ^ https://www.defense.gov/explore/story/Article/1665242/vietnam-vet-gets-medal-of-honor-after-50-year-wait/ ^ Jump up to : `` Medal of Honor '' . Mohhsus.com . Medal of Honor Historical Society of the United States . Retrieved 17 October 2018 . as of October 17 , 2018 , there have been 3,522 Medals of Honor awarded . Jump up ^ `` Department of Defense Manual 1348.33 , Volume 1 '' ( PDF ) . Defense Technical Information Center . p. 4 . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ DoD Award Manual , Nov. 23 , 2010 , 1348 . 33 , P. 31 , 8 . c. ( 1 ) ( a ) Tucker , Spencer C. ; Arnold , James ; Wiener , Roberta ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars , 1607 -- 1890 : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . p. 879 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 697 - 8 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . The Congressional Medal of Honor Society is so designated because that was the name it was given in an act of Congress that was signed into law by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower on August 5 , 1958 , as Title 36 , Chapter 33 of the U.S. Code ( see `` The Congressional Medal of Honor Society 's History '' . Official Site . Congressional Medal of Honor Society . Retrieved October 1 , 2006 . ) . The law authorizing the society has since been transferred to Title 36 , Chapter 405 of the U.S. Code . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 1134a 10 U.S.C. § 3741 10 U.S.C. § 3744 10 U.S.C. § 3745 10 U.S.C. § 3747 10 U.S.C. § 3754 10 U.S.C. § 3755 10 U.S.C. § 6241 10 U.S.C. § 6256 10 U.S.C. § 6257 10 U.S.C. § 8741 10 U.S.C. § 8745 10 U.S.C. § 8747 10 U.S.C. § 8755 14 U.S.C. § 491 14 U.S.C. § 504 14 U.S.C. § 505 Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. § 704 36 U.S.C. § 793 Jump up ^ http://www.defense.gov/News/Special-Reports/MOH-Special http://www.cmohs.org/ and `` MEDAL OF HONOR ( MH ) '' . awards.navy.mil . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Medal of Honor Society '' . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History -- The Medal of Honor '' . U.S. Department of Defense . Archived from the original on 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Borch , F. , The Silver Star : A history of America 's third highest award for combat valor , Borch and Westlake Pub ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ `` Department of Defense Manual 1348.33 , Volume 1 '' ( PDF ) . Defense Technical Information Center . p. 19 . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Pullen , John J. ( 1997 ) . A Shower of Stars : The Medal of Honor and the 27th Maine . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . pp. preface p2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 0075 - 7 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ SECNAVINST 1650.1 H , P. 2 -- 20 , 224 . 2. , Aug 22 , 2006 Jump up ^ Public Law 101 - 564 , Nov. 15 , 1990 Jump up ^ `` 18 USC 704 - Sec. 704 . Military medals or decorations '' . Us-code.vlex.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Infamous Benedict Arnold - Selling West Point Jump up ^ United States Army Center of Military History . `` The Badge Of Military Merit / The Purple Heart '' . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2006 . Retrieved July 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Dept. of the Army Public Information Division , The Medal of Honor of the United States Army ( Washington , DC : US Government Printing Office , 1948 ) , 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Zabecki , David T. ( 2008 ) . American Artillery and the Medal of Honor . Lulu.com . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4357 - 5541 - 3 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mears , The Medal of Honor , 18 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Featured Bio James Grimes ( Iowa ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Above and Beyond '' , P. 5 , 1985 , Boston Publishing Company Jump up ^ Mears , The Medal of Honor , 13 Jump up ^ ' Stealing the General : Great Locomotive Chase and The First Medal of Honor `` , P. 308 , ISBN 1 - 59416 - 033 - 3 , 2006 , by Russell S. Bonds Jump up ^ `` Two Chief Engineers Were Medal of Honor Recipients ? '' . Did You Know ? . U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2006 . Retrieved July 29 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Mikaelian & Wallace 2003 , p. xviii ^ Jump up to : `` Types of the Medal of Honor : 1862 To Present '' . Congressional Medal of Honor Society . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Above and Beyond '' : A History of the Medal of Honor and the Civil War , P. 5 , These medals were made of copper and coated with bronze , ISBN 0 - 939526 - 19 - 0 , by the editors of Boston Publishing Company in cooperation with the CMOH Society , 1985 . Jump up ^ `` Above and Beyond '' , by Boston Publishing Company , 2006 Jump up ^ Quote is from what is written on War Dept . return receipt letter dated March 1865 signed by asst . adjutant Edward Townsend that accompanied the Medal of Honor delivered to Private Franklin Johndro for his act on Sept. 30 , 1864 , capturing 49 armed Confederate soldiers . Jump up ^ `` Above and Beyond '' , by Boston Publishing Company , P. 5 , 2nd paragraph , 1985 Jump up ^ `` Stealing the General , The Great Locomotive Chase and the First Medal of Honor , by Russell S. Bonds , 2006 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59416 - 033 - 2 , P. 309 : `` The medal of honor is bronze , of neat device , and is highly prized by those of whom it has been bestowed '' , `` Townsend wrote in a 1864 report . Its original design , embodied first in the Navy Medal , was an inverted , five - pointed star ... '' Jump up ^ `` Above and Beyond : A History of the Medal of Honor from the Civil War to Vietnam '' , P. 5 , The medals were made of copper and coated with bronze , which gave them a reddish tint . ISBN 0 - 939526 - 19 - 0 , 1985 , by the editors of the Boston Publishing Company in cooperation with the CMOH Society Jump up ^ `` Above and Beyond '' , 1985 , p. 5 Jump up ^ `` An Act Making Appropriations for Sundry Civil Expenses of the Government for the Year Ending June Thirty , Eighteen Hundred and Sixty - four , and for the Year Ending the 30 ( th ) of June , 1863 , and for Other Purposes '' , 12 Stat 751 , Sec. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Great Locomotive Chase and the First Medal of Honor '' , 2006 , by Russell S. Bonds Jump up ^ Murphy , Edward F. ( 2010 ) . Vietnam Medal of Honor Heroes . Random House Digital , Inc. p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 77617 - 4 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Doug Sterner ( 2013 ) . `` History '' . cmohs.org . Congressional Medal of Honor Society . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Legion of Valor History '' . legionofvalor.com . Legion of Valor. 2013 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2002 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hargis , Robert ( 20 August 2012 ) . World War II Medal of Honor Recipients ( 2 ) : Army & Air Corps . Osprey Publishing . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78200 - 207 - 9 . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Mollan , Mark C. ( Summer 2001 ) . `` The Army Medal of Honor : The First Fifty - five Years '' . Prologue Magazine . 33 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Further depreciating the value of the medal , the Grand Army of the Republic and other veterans groups began giving out their own medals , some of which looked conspicuously similar to the Medal of Honor . Jump up ^ Comerford , Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Tim ( 20 December 2013 ) . `` A Matter of Honor -- History of the Medal of Honor '' . navylive.dodlive.mil . Navy Office of Information . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . According to Frank , the Army redesigned its medal because other organizations had medals that looked similar . For example , the Grand Army of the Republic had a medal that , from far away , looked like a MoH . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet on the Medal of Honor '' ( PDF ) . Pritzker Military Library . 17 January 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams ( U.S. Marine Corps ) , Colonel Dion ( 1919 ) . `` War Decorations '' . Proceedings . 45 ( 4 ) : 1094 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` When the Army Took Back the Congressional Medal of Honor '' . 2015 - 09 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Medal of Honor , Frequently Asked Questions '' . Navy.mil . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mikaelian & Wallace 2003 , p. xxvi Jump up ^ Martin , John ( 5 February 2004 ) . `` Medal of Honor : Gold or Brass ? '' . ABC News . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Medal of Honor '' . US Government . The Institute of Heraldry . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Defense Standardization Program Office . `` Detail Specification Sheet MIL - DTL - 3943 / 1G , Revision G , dated 29 May 2007 ( PDF Document ) '' . Assistdocs.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Defense Standardization Program Office . `` Detail Specification Sheet MIL - DTL - 3943 / 2H , Revision H , dated 29 May 2007 ( PDF Document ) '' . Assistdocs.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Defense Standardization Program Office . `` Detail Specification Sheet MIL - DTL - 3943 / 3G , Revision G , dated 29 May 2007 ( PDF Document ) '' . Assistdocs.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Naval History & Heritage Command ( 23 January 2008 ) . `` The Medal of Honor -- Navy Medals of Honor , 1861 -- 1941 -- The `` Tiffany Cross '' pattern `` . Department of the Navy . Archived from the original on 22 August 2010 . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Birnie , Michael ( 27 April 2003 ) . `` '' Tiffany '' Medal of Honor Comes to Navy Museum `` . The Navy Museum Public Affairs . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor History '' . Exhibits . State Historical Society of Iowa . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Robert F. Dorr ; Fred L. Borch ( 4 November 2005 ) . `` History in Blue '' . Air Force Times . Archived from the original on 15 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Institute of Heraldry , Bluebird 67117 '' . Tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Medal '' . Congressional Medal of Honor Society . Retrieved July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Freeman , George A. ( 2008 ) . The Forgotten 500 : The Untold Story of the Men Who Risked All for the Greatest Rescue Mission of World War II . Penguin . p. 269 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 22495 - 8 . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Seventh in the order of precedence of military decorations , the Legion of Merit is one of only two U.S. decorations to be issued as a `` neck order '' , meaning it is worn on a ribbon around the neck . The other is the esteemed Medal of Honor . Zabecki , David T. ( 26 April 2010 ) . `` Ask MHQ : Any Reason the U.S. Legion of Merit Looks Like the French Legion of Honor ? '' . historynet.com . Weider History . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . For the degree of Commander , the badge is worn from a neck ribbon . ( The Medal of Honor is the only other American decoration worn from the neck . ) Jump up ^ `` Legion of Merit '' . Awards . Institute of Heraldry . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2012 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Legion of Merrit '' . afpc.af.mil . United States Air Force . 3 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 15 September 2012 . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . The degrees of chief commander and commander are conferred on members of foreign governments only and are awarded for services comparable to those for which the Distinguished Service Medal is given to members of the United States armed forces . Jump up ^ Congressional Medal of Honor site , History of the Medal of Honor , May 2 , 1896 ( `` 20 Stat. 473 '' ) Jump up ^ `` Double Recipients '' . Congressional Medal of Honor Society . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Defense Manual 1348.33 , Volume 1 '' ( PDF ) . Defense Technical Information Center . p. 10 . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Defense Manual 1348.33 , Volume 1 '' ( PDF ) . Defense Technical Information Center . p. 20 . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20161126140245/http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Catalog/Heraldry.aspx?HeraldryId=15743&CategoryId=9360&grp=2&menu=Uniformed%20Services&ps=24&p=0 Jump up ^ `` Special Forces veteran 's idea leads to new Medal of Honor flag '' . Army News Service . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2006 . Retrieved July 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor Flag '' . The Institute of Heraldry . US Army . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2006 . Retrieved July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Cramer , Eric W. ( March 29 , 2005 ) . `` First Medal of Honor flag to be presented '' . Army News Service . US Army . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2006 . Retrieved July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` '' Old Ironsides '' Hosts Medal of Honor Recipients `` . Navy Newsstand . US Navy . 2006 . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2006 . Retrieved October 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor Citations '' . History.army.mil . June 4 , 2008 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ron Owens . Medal of Honor : historical facts and figures , Turner , 2004 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 68162 - 240 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor Recipients Tell Their Stories '' . C - SPAN . National Cable Satellite Corporation . 21 November 2012 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2013 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . The Medal of Honor is the highest U.S. military honor and is usually presented by the President of the United States . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 3752 Jump up ^ Jeff Schogol ; Leoo Shane III ( 12 January 2007 ) . `` Marine posthumously awarded Medal of Honor '' . Stars and Stripes . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . At the ceremony , Bush noted that more than half of the Medal of Honor recipients since World War II have died earning it . Jump up ^ Mikaelian & Wallace 2003 , p. xvii Jump up ^ argis , Robert H ; Sinton , Starr ( 2003 ) . World War II Medal of Honor recipients ( 1 ) : Navy & USMC . Osprey Publishing . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 613 - 3 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor Recipients , Interim Awards 1920 -- 1940 '' . United States Army Center of Military History . Retrieved July 23 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Act of July 9 , 1918 , 40 Stat. 870 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bill 's Medal Restored '' . The New York Times . 9 July 1989 . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Medal of Honor '' . CMOHS.org . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mears , The Medal of Honor , 94 Jump up ^ Mears , The Medal of Honor , 97 - 98 Jump up ^ Mears , The Medal of Honor , 84 Jump up ^ Tillman , Barrett ( 2003 ) . Above and Beyond : The Aviation Medals of Honor . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia Virginia '' . Encyclopedia Virginia . February 19 , 1927 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` An Act to Amend the Act Approved February 4 , 1919 ( 40 Stat. 1056 ) '' , August 7 , 1942 , Public Law 702 , 56 Stat. 743 - 45 . '' Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor Statistics '' . United States Army Center of Military History . May 2003 . Retrieved July 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` An Act to Amend Titles 10 , 14 , and 38 , United States Code , with Respect to the Award of Certain Medals and the Medal of Honor Roll '' , July 25 , 1956 , HR 2998 , Public Law 88 - 77 , 77 Stat. 93 . Jump up ^ DoD Awards Manual 1348.33 , V1 , Oct. 12 , 2011 ( Nov. 23 , 2010 ) . p. 31 -- 32 , 8 . Medal of Honor ( 1 ) ( a ) 1. , 2. , 3 . ( k ) , p. 10 , Title 10 US Code sections 3741 , 6241 , and 8741 ( Titles 14 & 38 not referenced by DoD ) ^ Jump up to : `` An Act to Amend Titles 10 , 14 , and 38 , United States Code , with Respect to the Award of Certain Medals and the Medal of Honor Roll '' , July 25 , 1963 , HR 2998 , Public Law 88 -- 77 , 77 Stat. 93 . Jump up ^ DoD Manual 1348.33 , V1 , Oct. 12 . 2011 ( Nov. 23 , 2010 ) , p. 31 & 32 , 8 . Medal of Honor ( 1 ) ( a ) 3 . ( k ) , p. 10 , Title 10 US Code sections 3741 , 6241 , and 8741 ( Title 14 & 38 not referenced By DoD ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Subcommittee No. 2 Consideration of HR2998 , A Bill to Amend Titles 10 , 14 , and 38 , United States Code , with Respect to the Award of Certain Medals and the Medal of Honor Roll '' , House of Representatives , Committee of Armed Services , June 6 , 1963 . Jump up ^ Executive order 11046 - DoD Awards Manual 1348.33 , V3 , Oct. 12 , 2011 ( Nov. 23 , 2010 ) , pp. 19 -- 21 , 4 . Bronze Star Medal ( Title 10 & 37 is referenced by DoD , Titles 14 & 38 is not referenced by DoD ) Jump up ^ `` An Act Making Appropriations for the Support of the Army for the Fiscal Year Ending June Thirtieth , Nineteen Hundred and Nineteen '' , July 9 , 1918 , HR12281 , Public Law 193 , 40 Stat. 870 . Jump up ^ `` Sec. 3741 . Medal of honor : award '' . Cornell University . January 26 , 1998 . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor Recipients '' . Tricare . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Special Benefits and Allowances Table '' . Dept. of Veterans Affairs . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2006 . Retrieved July 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Veterans Affairs Special Benefit Allowances Rates : 2016 '' . Jump up ^ 32 U.S.C. § 578.9 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 11 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) - Page 85 Jump up ^ `` Process '' . Medal of Honor . United States Army . 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ 32 CFR 553.15 ( d ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` USNA . Admissions '' . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 3991 Jump up ^ 14 U.S.C. § 505 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Larry ( February 8 , 2011 ) . `` America 's newest Medal of Honor recipient is leaving the Army '' . CNN . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Even though he 's leaving the Army , Giunta is entitled to a number of special benefits reserved for Medal of Honor recipients , including a monthly Veterans Affairs pension of more than $1,237 a month for life as well as an invitation to every presidential inauguration and inauguration party . Jump up ^ `` Wear and Appearance of Army Uniforms and Insignia '' ( PDF ) . Department of the Army . p. 316 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 6 , 2015 . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Application for Valor Specific License Plate '' ( PDF ) . Delaware Division of Motor Vehicles . State of Delaware . March 2001 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Military License Plate '' . Pennsylvania Department of Transportation . Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . `` Military personnel '' . Motor Vehicle Commission . State of New Jersey . 31 January 2011 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` § 40 - 2 - 68 - Special license plates for Medal of Honor winners '' . Georgia Statutes . Laws.com. 2010 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` State / Territory Benefits - Connecticut '' . My Army Benefits . United States Army . 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Congressional Medal of Honor Plates '' . Massachusetts Department of Transportation . Commonwealth of Massachusetts . 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Military Related Plates '' . Department of Transportation . State of Maryland . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Plate Galleries '' . South Carolina Department of Motor Vehicles . State of South Carolina . 2007 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . `` Special Plates : Plate Information '' . Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles . Commonwealth of Virginia . 2012 . Archived from the original on 24 November 2010 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Custom Plate Gallery - Military and Veterans '' . New York State Department of Motor Vehicles . State of New York . 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Military / Veteran 's Registration Plate Application '' ( PDF ) . North Carolina Division of Motor Vehicles . State of North Carolina . January 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` State / Territory Benefits - Kentucky '' . My Army Benefits . United States Army . 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Specialty License Plates - Military / Memorial '' . Department of Revenue . State of Tennessee . Archived from the original on 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Congressional Medal of Honor '' . Ohio Bureau of Motor Vehicles . State of Ohio . Archived from the original on 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Congressional Medal of Honor License Plates '' . Office of Motor Vehicles . State of Louisiana . 1 December 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` BMV news '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Motor Vehicles . State of Indiana . 20 December 2011 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Section 32 - 6 - 231.1 '' . 2009 Alabama Code . Justia.com. 2009 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Maine License Plates '' . Secretary of State . State of Maine . 2007 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Application for Missouri Military Personalized License Plates '' ( PDF ) . Missouri Department of Revenue . State of Missouri . 20 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Military Speciality Plates and Placards '' . Arkansas Department of Finance and Administration . State of Arkansas . 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 June 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Medal of Honor '' . Department of State . State of Michigan . 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Military License Plates '' . Florida Department of Highway Safety & Motor Vehicles . State of Florida . 2011 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Sec . 504.001 '' . Transportation Code . State of Texas . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Personalized and specialty plates '' . Iowa Department of Transportation . State of Iowa . 2012 . Archived from the original on 23 January 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Medal of Honor license plates '' . Wisconsin Department of Transportation . State of Wisconsin . 20 March 2009 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Special Recognition License Plates '' . California Department of Motor Vehicles . State of California . 2011 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Minnesota Veteran , Military and related license plates '' . Minnesota Department of Veterans Affairs . State of Minnesota . 2010 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Veteran & Military Service - related License Plates '' . Oregon DMV . State of Oregon . Archived from the original on 11 February 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Kansas Medal of Honor Plate '' . Kansas Department of Revenue . State of Kansas . 2012 . Archived from the original on 25 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Special License Plates '' . West Virginia Department of Transportation . State of West Virginia . 2013 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Veterans License Plates '' . Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles . State of Nevada . 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Military Plates '' . Department of Revenue . State of California . 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Congressional Medal of Honor License Plates '' . South Dakota Department of Revenue . State of South Dakota . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Medal of Honor plates '' . Washington State Department of Licensing . State of Washington . 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Idaho Code 49 - 415A - Congressional Medal Of Honor License Plates '' . Vehicle Registration . LawServer Online , Inc. 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` State Benefits '' . Oklahoma Department of Veterans . State of Oklahoma . 7 November 2012 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` License Plates Details '' . New Mexico Motor Vehicle Department . State of New Mexico . 2011 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` Plates and Placards '' . Arizona Department of Transportation . State of Arizona . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` State / Territory Benefits - New Hampshire '' . My Army Benefits . United States Army . 25 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 2 February 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` State / Territory Benefits - Rhode Island '' . My Army Benefits . United States Army . 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` State / Territory Benefits - Vermont '' . My Army Benefits . United States Army . 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` State / Territory Benefits - Nebraska '' . My Army Benefits . United States Army . 11 November 2010 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` State / Territory Benefits - North Dakota '' . My Army Benefits . United States Army . 23 September 2010 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` State / Territory Benefits - Montana '' . My Army Benefits . United States Army . 5 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` State / Territory Benefits - Wyoming '' . My Army Benefits . United States Army . 30 December 2011 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . `` State / Territory Benefits - Utah '' . My Army Benefits . United States Army . 28 June 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` State / Territory Benefits - Alaska '' . My Army Benefits . United States Army . 29 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . `` State / Territory Benefits - Hawaii '' . My Army Benefits . United States Army . 6 December 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ United States Army . The Soldier 's Guide Archived 2012 - 09 - 03 at the Wayback Machine ... 2003 . Chapter 4 . Jump up ^ `` USCG CG - 5421 Web Site - Customs & Courtesy '' . Uscg.mil . February 18 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Types of Medals of Honor From the website of the Congressional Medal of Honor Society . Retrieved on July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patent number : D37236 '' . 1904 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ See Notes to 18 U.S.C. § 704 , citing 42 Stat. 1286 . Retrieved on June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 103 - 322 , The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 , § 320109 ( page 318 of the PDF version ) . Retrieved on June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 109 - 437 , The Stolen Valor Act of 2005 . Retrieved on June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Id . at 1 . Jump up ^ Id ... Jump up ^ `` S. 1998 : Stolen Valor Act of 2005 '' . 109th U.S. Congress ( 2005 -- 2006 ) . GovTrak.us . Retrieved March 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : 18 U.S.C. § 704 Jump up ^ United States v. Alvarez ( slip opinion ) , 567 U.S. ___ ( 2012 ) . Retrieved on June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. § 704 . See also 18 U.S.C. § 3571 ( b ) ( 5 ) ( specifying the permissible fine for a federal Class A misdemeanor not resulting in death ) , and 18 U.S.C. § 3559 ( a ) ( 6 ) ( defining a federal Class A misdemeanor ) . Retrieved on June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Bryant ( 3 June 2013 ) . `` Obama Signs New Stolen Valor Act '' . Military.com . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Chozick , Amy ( May 6 , 2005 ) . `` Veterans ' Web Sites Expose Pseudo Heroes , Phony Honors '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Company fined for selling fake Medals of Honor '' . CNN . December 4 , 1996 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2006 . Retrieved July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Man wears medal without Honor '' . CNN . December 4 , 1996 . Retrieved September 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Defendants Charged With Conspiracy to Sell Several Congressional Medals of Honor '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . July 9 , 2003 . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2006 . Retrieved July 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Honoring Our Veterans '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . May 28 , 2004 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2006 . Retrieved July 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ DoD Manual 1348.33 , Nov. 10 , 2010 , Vol. 1 , P. 29 , 6. , a. , ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) & P. 35 , i . Jump up ^ Stealing the General : Great Locomotive Chase and The First Medal of Honor , ISBN 1 - 59416 - 033 - 3 , 2006 , by Russell S. Bonds Jump up ^ Collier & Del Calzo 2006 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Duane Vachon ( 15 September 2012 ) . `` '' Did they get off ? '' - Signalman First Class Douglas A. Munro , U.S. Coast Guard , Medal of Honor , WWII , Guadalcanal ( 1919 -- 1942 ) `` . Hawaii Reporter . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mikaelian & Wallace 2003 , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : `` About Whitman - Walker Clinic '' . Our History / Our Namesakes . Whitman - Walker Clinic . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mears , Medal of Honor , 171 Jump up ^ Mears , Medal of Honor , 175 Jump up ^ `` Canada honours winners of top U.S. medal '' . CBC News . July 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2007 . Retrieved July 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Thousands of Canadians , including a Medal of Honor winner , served with the U.S. military in Vietnam '' . Veterans With a Mission . July 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2007 . Retrieved July 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` An Act Authorizing the President of the United States to present in the name of Congress a medal of honor to Colonel Charles A. Lindbergh '' , December 14 , 1927 , HR 3190 , Public Law 1 , 45 Stat. 1 Jump up ^ C.B. Allen , `` Bravey vs. Ballyhoo : How America Honors Her Heroes of the Air '' , Outlook and Independent , January 7 , 1931 , 13 . Jump up ^ William Putnam , Arctic Superstars : The Scientific Exploration and Study of High Mountain Elevations and of the Regions Lying Within or about the Arctic and Antarctic Circles ( Boulder , CO : American Alpine Club , 2001 ) , 171 . Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor Recipients - Authorized by Special Acts of Congress '' . History.army.mil . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ War Department General orders , No. 59 , 13 December 1921 , Sec . I Jump up ^ Approved March 9 , 1948 , Public Law 438 , Eightieth Congress Jump up ^ Approved August 31 , 1957 , Public Law 85 - 251 Eighty - fifth Congress Jump up ^ Approved May 25 , 1984 , Public Law 98 - 301 , Ninety - eighth Congress Jump up ^ `` Medal Of Honor Wo n't Join Once - unknown Pilot '' , Chicago Tribune , August 23 , 1998 . Jump up ^ The total 3522 includes the award presented by President Trump on October 17 , 2018 . The U.S. Army total includes five First World War Army medals awarded to U.S. marines who were later awarded the Naval Medal of Honor for the same deed . However , the award to marine Fred Stockman , who was only awarded the Army Medal of Honor is counted in the USMC total . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_W._Stockham Jump up ^ Tucker 2012 , p. 2,359 Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor Recipients : Thomas W. Custer '' . United States Army Center of Military History . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor Statistics '' . History.army.mil . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 1919 Supplement to United States Complied Statutes , 1918 . West Publishing Company . 1919 . pp. 30 , 49 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scott , Stephen W . '' , ( 2009 ) Sergeant Major Dan Daly ; The Most Outstanding Marine of all Time . Publishamerica Publishers . ISBN 1 - 60836 - 465 - 8 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service , Medal of Honor Recipients : 1979 -- 2014 , Anne Leland , Information Research Specialist , December 2 , 2014 , https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL30011.pdf . The report lists the late awards until the end of 2014 . six additional late awards have been presented at the White House , three by President Obama in 2015 and 2016 and three by President Trump in 2017 and 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WWII African American MOH recipients '' . United States Army Center of Military History . Retrieved July 20 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Collier & Del Calzo 2006 , p. 25 ^ Jump up to : Rudi Williams ( 28 June 2000 ) . `` 22 Asian Americans Inducted into Hall of Heroes '' . American Forces Press Service . United States Department of Defense . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Gregg K. Kakesako ( 21 June 2000 ) . `` Today , an old wrong is righted as 22 Asian - American heroes are awarded the nation 's highest honor for bravery in battle '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Nguyen Huy Vu ( 18 October 2005 ) . `` Medal of Honor recipient just did duty '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Tom Tugend ( 16 May 2002 ) . `` Pentagon Reviews Jewish Veteran Files '' . Jewish Journal . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . `` Corporal Tibor Rubin , Korean War Veteran '' . Medal of Honor Corporal Tibor Rubin . United States Army . 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Barack Obama ( 2013 ) . Army Chaplain Gets Posthumous Medal of Honor . Associated Press . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . `` Medal of Honor for US Army chaplain Father Kapaun '' . BBC News . 11 April 2013 . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . Krissah Thompson ( 11 April 2013 ) . `` Obama awards Kapaun Medal of Honor '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GI killed in Vietnam War receives Medal of Honor '' . CBS News . May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Wendell ( May 2 , 2011 ) . `` Two Korean War vets receive Medal of Honor posthumously '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Valor 24 / Medal of Honor / World War II Korean War Vietnam War '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Army Combined Arms Center . March 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 3 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . List with basic details is at U.S. Army 's List of Recipients . Jump up ^ Mikaelian & Wallace 2003 , p. xix Jump up ^ Mikaelian & Wallace 2003 , p. xxv Jump up ^ Collier & Del Calzo 2006 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Collier & Del Calzo 2006 , p. 16 Jump up ^ 66th Congress 1st Session , Document 58 , General Staff and Medals of Honor , ordered to be printed 23 July 1919 . Jump up ^ `` Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor '' . Bureau of Justice Assistance . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Works cited This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History . Broadwater , Robert P. ( 2007 ) . Civil War Medal of Honor Recipients : A Complete Illustrated Record . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3223 - 3 . OCLC 144767966 . Collier , Peter ; Del Calzo , Nick ( 2006 ) . Medal of Honor : Portraits of Valor Beyond the Call of Duty ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Workman Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57965 - 314 - 9 . OCLC 852666368 . Collier , Peter ; Del Calzo , Nick ( 2011 ) . Medal of Honor : Portraits of Valor Beyond the Call of Duty ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Artisan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57965 - 462 - 7 . OCLC 712124011 . Curtis , Arthur S. ( 1969 ) . 37 Greatest Navy Heroes : Including the Story of Marvin Shields , First Seabee Medal of Honor Hero ( Vietnam ) . Washington , D.C. OCLC 10660663 . DeKever , Andrew J. ( 2008 ) . Here Rests in Honored Glory : Life Stories of Our Country 's Medal of Honor Recipients . Bennigton , Vermont : Merriam Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4357 - 1749 - 7 . OCLC 233835859 . Foster , Frank C. ( 2002 ) . A Complete Guide to All United States Military Medals , 1939 to Present . Fountain Inn , S.C. : MOA Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 884452 - 18 - 5 . OCLC 54755134 . Hanna , Charles W. ( 2010 ) . African American Recipients of the Medal of Honor : A Biographical Dictionary , Civil War Through Vietnam War . Jefferson , N.C. : Mcfarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4911 - 8 . OCLC 476156919 . Johnson , John L. ( 2007 ) . Every Night & Every Morn : Portraits of Asian , Hispanic , Jewish , African - American , and Native - American Recipients of the Congressional Medal of Honor . Winston - Salem , NC : Tristan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9799572 - 0 - 8 . OCLC 180773640 . Mears , Dwight S. ( 2018 ) . The Medal of Honor : The Evolution of America 's Highest Military Decoration . Lawrence , KS : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 9780700626656 . OCLC 1032014828 . Mikaelian , Allen ; Wallace , Mike ( 2003 ) . Medal of Honor : Profiles of America 's Military Heroes from the Civil War to the Present . New York : Hyperion Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 8576 - 3 . Tucker , Spencer ( 2012 ) . Almanac of American Military History . 1 . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 530 - 3 . Willbanks , James H. ( 2011 ) . America 's Heroes : Medal of Honor Recipients from the Civil War to Afghanistan . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 394 - 1 . OCLC 662405903 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Medal of Honor . Congressional Medal of Honor Society U.S. Army Medal of Honor Submarine Force Medal of Honor Recipients . Submarine Force Museum website List of Native Americans who have received the Medal of Honor History , Legend and Myth : Hollywood and the Medal of Honor ( Medal of Honor recipients depicted on film ) National Medal of Honor Museum of Military History in Chattanooga , Tennessee American Valor PBS / WETA . Loubat , J.F. and Jacquemart , Jules , Illustrator , The Medallic History of the United States of America 1776 -- 1876 . U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry : Medal of Honor Pritzker Military Museum & Library Highest military awards for gallantry List of highest military decorations Current Argentine Nation to the Heroic Valour in Combat Cross ( Argentina ) National Hero of Armenia ( Armenia ) National Hero of Azerbaijan title ( Azerbaijan ) Bir Sreshtho ( Bangladesh ) Hero of Belarus title ( Belarus ) Order of Bravery ( Bulgaria ) Order of Heroic Exemplar ( China ) Valour Cross ( Denmark ) Cross of Liberty ( Estonia ) Mannerheim Cross ( Finland ) Légion d'honneur ( France ) Cross of Honour for Valour ( Germany ) Cross of Valour ( Greece ) Param Vir Chakra ( India ) Order of Fat'h ( Iran ) Military Medal for Gallantry ( Ireland ) Medal of Valor ( Israel ) Gold Medal of Military Valour ( Italy ) Seri Pahlawan Gagah Perkasa ( Malaysia ) Military William Order ( Netherlands ) War Cross ( Norway ) Nishan - e-Haider ( Pakistan ) Medal of Valor ( Philippines ) War Order Virtuti Militari ( wartime ) / Order Krzyża Wojskowego peacetime ( Poland ) Order of the Tower and Sword ( Portugal ) Order of Michael the Brave ( Romania ) Hero of the Russian Federation title ( Russian Federation ) Order of Karađorđe 's Star ( Serbia ) Nkwe ya Gauta ( South Africa ) Laureate Cross of St. Ferdinand ( Spain ) Parama Weera Vibhushanaya ( Sri Lanka ) Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword ( Sweden ) Order of Rama ( Thailand ) Order of Katonga ( Uganda ) Order of the Gold Star ( Ukraine ) Victoria Cross ( United Kingdom Australia Canada New Zealand ) Medal of Honor ( United States ) Obsolete Order of Saint Louis ( Kingdom of France ) Military Order of Maria Theresa ( Austria - Hungary ) Medal of Bravery ( Kingdom of Hungary ) Pour le Mérite ( Kingdom of Prussia ) Military Order of Max Joseph ( Kingdom of Bavaria ) Military Order of St. Henry ( Kingdom of Saxony ) Military Merit Order ( Kingdom of Württemberg ) Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross ( Nazi Germany ) Order of the Golden Kite ( Empire of Japan ) Order of Lāčplēsis ( Latvia ) Grand Cross of Valour ( Rhodesia ) Laureate Plate of Madrid ( Second Spanish Republic ) Castle of Good Hope Decoration ( South Africa ) Vietnam Military Merit Medal ( South Vietnam ) Hero of the Soviet Union ( Soviet Union ) Order of the Karađorđe 's Star with Swords ( Kingdom of Yugoslavia ) Order of Freedom ( SFR Yugoslavia ) Inter-service awards and decorations of the United States military Federal military decorations Medal of Honor Silver Star Medal Legion of Merit Distinguished Flying Cross Bronze Star Medal Purple Heart Meritorious Service Medal Air Medal Department level military decorations Defense Distinguished Service Homeland Security Distinguished Service Medal Defense Superior Service Defense Meritorious Service Joint Service Commendation Joint Service Achievement Joint Meritorious Unit Federal service medals Prisoner of War National Defense Service Medal Antarctica Service Korean Service Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal Vietnam Service Southwest Asia Service Kosovo Campaign Afghanistan Campaign Medal Iraq Campaign Medal Inherent Resolve Campaign Medal Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal Global War on Terrorism Service Medal Korea Defense Service Armed Forces Service Medal Humanitarian Service Medal Outstanding Volunteer Service Armed Forces Reserve Awards and decorations of the United States Army Decorations Distinguished Service Cross Distinguished Service Medal Soldier 's Medal Army Commendation Army Achievement Good conduct Army Good Conduct Reserve Achievement Unit awards Presidential Unit Citation Valorous Unit Meritorious Unit Commendation Superior Unit Service ribbons Sea Duty NCO Professional Development Army Service Overseas Service Reserve Overseas Training Awards and decorations of the United States Department of the Navy Personal decorations Navy Cross Navy Distinguished Service Navy and Marine Corps Medal Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Combat Action Unit awards Presidential Unit Citation Navy Unit Commendation Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation Navy E Ribbon Good Conduct medals Navy Good Conduct Marine Corps Good Conduct Naval Reserve Meritorious Service Selected Marine Corps Reserve Expeditionary medals Navy Expeditionary Marine Corps Expeditionary Service ribbon awards Sea Service Naval Reserve Sea Service Arctic Service Antarctica Service Overseas Service Navy Recruiting Service Marine Corps Recruiting Service Navy Accession Training Service Ribbon Marine Corps Drill Instructor Marine Corps Security Guard Marine Corps Combat Instructor Navy Ceremonial Duty Navy Basic Military Training Honor Graduate Marksmanship Navy Expert Rifleman Medal Navy Sharpshooter Rifle Ribbon Navy Rifle Marksmanship Ribbon Navy Expert Pistol Shot Medal Navy Sharpshooter Pistol Shot Ribbon Navy Pistol Marksmanship Ribbon Awards and decorations of the United States Air Force Decorations Air Force Cross Air Force Distinguished Service Airman 's Medal Aerial Achievement Air Force Commendation Air Force Achievement Service medals Air Force Combat Action Combat Readiness Good Conduct Air and Space Campaign Nuclear Deterrence Operations Service Medal Unit awards Presidential Unit Citation Gallant Unit Citation Air Force Meritorious Unit Outstanding Unit Organizational Excellence Service ribbons Outstanding Airman of the Year Air Force Recognition Overseas Service Short Tour Overseas Service Long Tour Air Force Expeditionary Service Air Force Longevity Air Force Special Duty NCO PME Graduate Basic Training Honor Graduate Marksmanship Air Force Training Awards and decorations of the United States Coast Guard Decorations Coast Guard Cross Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal Coast Guard Medal Commendation Medal Achievement Medal Commandant 's Letter of Commendation Ribbon Lifesaving Medals Gold Lifesaving Medal Silver Lifesaving Medal Unit Awards Presidential Unit Citation Coast Guard Unit Commendation Meritorious Unit Commendation Meritorious Team Commendation Coast Guard E Ribbon Conduct Medals Good Conduct Medal Reserve Good Conduct Medal Service Awards Combat Action Ribbon Enlisted Person of the Year Ribbon Coast Guard Arctic Service Medal Special Operations Service Ribbon Sea Service Ribbon Restricted Duty Ribbon Overseas Service Ribbon Basic Training Honor Graduate Ribbon Recruiting Service Ribbon Marksmanship Distinguished Marksman Medal Distinguished Pistol Shot Medal Silver Excellence - in - Competition Rifle Medal Silver Pistol Excellence - in - Competition Medal Bronze Excellence - in - Competition Rifle Medal Bronze Pistol Excellence - in - Competition Medal Expert Rifle Medal Expert Pistol Medal Sharpshooter Rifle Ribbon Sharpshooter Pistol Ribbon Rifle Marksmanship Ribbon Pistol Marksmanship Ribbon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medal_of_Honor&oldid=864818145 '' Categories : Military awards and decorations of the United States Medal of Honor Courage awards Awards and decorations of the United States Department of Defense Awards and decorations of the United States Air Force Awards and decorations of the United States Army Awards and decorations of the United States Coast Guard Awards and decorations of the United States Marine Corps Awards and decorations of the United States Navy Awards established in 1862 1862 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Army Center of Military History Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2018 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 17 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal%20of%20Honor

where was the movie 47 m down filmed

47 Meters Down

47 meters down

47 Meters Down is a 2017 British survival horror film directed by Johannes Roberts , written by Roberts and Ernest Riera , and starring Claire Holt and Mandy Moore .

The plot follows two sisters who go on holiday in Mexico , and are invited to cage dive and see sharks up close . When the cable holding the cage breaks and it plummets to the ocean floor with the two girls trapped inside , they must find a way to escape , with their air supplies running low and great white sharks stalking nearby . It was released in the United States on 16 June 2017 and in the United Kingdom on 26 July 2017 . The film received mixed reviews but was a box office success , grossing over $61 million worldwide against a budget of $5.5 million . A sequel , titled 48 Meters Down , is scheduled for a release on June 28 , 2019 Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Sequel 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Lisa ( Mandy Moore ) and Kate ( Claire Holt ) are sisters on holiday in Mexico . Lisa 's boyfriend broke up with her because `` she made the relationship boring '' . Kate tries to cheer Lisa up and takes her out drinking and dancing at 1 : 00 am . The sisters meet a pair of local men at a bar and they convince them to go out with them on their boat to watch sharks from a diving cage . Lisa hesitates but Kate persuades her saying it would show Lisa 's boyfriend that she is n't boring and make him regret breaking up with her . The sisters arrive at the boat dock . At first sight , the boat is lackluster and Lisa is immediately wary of it and its owner , Captain Taylor . Upon meeting the girls , the captain asks if the sisters are experienced divers . Kate is a certified diver but Lisa is new to diving , so they lie and say they are both experienced . The dive cage is old and rusty and hangs from a thin chains from an old crane , adding further to Lisa 's apprehensions . As they reach the diving spot , Captain Taylor baits the sharks . Lisa is skeptical about the entire dive , but Captain Taylor dismisses her concerns . The locals dive first in the cage . Unbeknownst to everyone on the boat , the cable supporting the cage starts to fray . The men return to the surface and Captain Taylor prepares to send Lisa and Kate down . When Lisa and Kate are in the cage , the cable breaks and the cage sinks to the bottom , some 47 meters below the surface and out of communication range with the boat . Kate swims up seven meters to resume communications with Captain Taylor , who tells her Javier ( Chris J. Johnson ) will be coming down with a spare winch to pull them up . He also advises them to stay in the cage as the sharks are circling . Both women are quickly running out of air , but they wait in the cage until they see a torch in the distance . Thinking that Javier can not see them , Lisa swims out to get him , as Kate 's air is lower due to the previous swim . Lisa swims towards the light , close to the bottom to avoid shark attacks from the below . A shark tries to attack Lisa but she swims into a small grotto to avoid it . Continuing to go towards the light , she comes to a crevasse with no bottom in sight . Swimming over the cliff towards the light she finds the torch but not Javier . While looking around , she gets confused about her distance from the cage and Kate . Just as Javier appears and attempts to usher her back towards safety , he is attacked and killed by a shark . Lisa takes Javier 's spear gun and the spare winch , and swims back towards the cage . With the newly acquired torch as well as the spear gun , Lisa swims up and notifies Taylor to pull them up . Disaster strikes as they are being winched to safety : The replacement winch line also snaps and the cage sinks back to the bottom . The cage lands on Lisa 's leg , pinning her down . Lisa and Kate panic as they realize they are now both out of options and air . Kate swims back up to communication range to tell Taylor they are low on air and that Lisa is pinned down . Taylor sends some air tanks down and tells them the Mexican coast guard is an hour out . He also warns her that the second tank may cause nitrogen narcosis which can lead to hallucinations . Kate finds the air tanks just as her original tank runs empty . She also finds three flares to signal the coast guard . As she returns to the cage , Kate is attacked and dragged away by a shark . Lisa , still pinned and running low on air , uses the spear from the spear gun to pull the tank towards her . In the process , the spear cuts her hand . She dons the new tank , and then hears Kate over the radio . Kate is injured and low on air , and her blood is attracting more sharks . Lisa says she will find her , and uses her BCD to lift up the cage , freeing her leg . After Lisa finds Kate , Taylor tells them the coast guard is still some time out and they need to get back in the cage . Lisa adamantly refuses due to the nature of Kate 's wounds , and they decide to swim to the surface . As they swim to the surface , they use one of the three flares to scare the sharks . At the 20 - meter mark , they are reminded by Taylor they must wait five minutes to decompress and avoid nitrogen narcosis . As the first flare burns out , Kate tries to light the second flare but drops it and it sinks to the bottom . As she lights the third flare she sees 3 sharks close in front of her . The sisters are now surrounded by sharks and must rush to the surface . Taylor yells for them to drop their gear and make a break for the surface . They swim as fast as they can towards the surface close to the boat . As they cling to a life ring to get to the boat , one of the sharks bites Lisa 's leg and pulls her back down into the water . Lisa hits the shark and gouges its eye out and the shark releases her . Captain Taylor and the other men pull Lisa and Kate onto the boat and begin administering first aid . However , as Lisa stares at her hand on the deck of the boat , she realizes she has been hallucinating due to nitrogen narcosis . She realizes she is still at the bottom with her leg pinned by the cage . She laughs and imagines that she is talking to Kate on the boat deck . The coast guard comes to rescue her and carries Lisa to the surface without Kate . Lisa , as she is slowly and cautiously being brought to the surface , comes out of her hallucination , and realizes her sister is not with her . She starts to cry and call out to Kate , who has been dead since the shark attacked and dragged her away . Cast ( edit ) Mandy Moore as Lisa , the older sister Claire Holt as Kate , the younger sister Chris J. Johnson as Javier Yani Gellman as Louis Santiago Segura as Benjamin Matthew Modine as Captain Taylor Mayra Juarez as Sammie Axel Mansilla as Band Leader Production ( edit ) Principal photography began in July 2015 and concluded the following month . Additional photography took place in January 2016 . Release ( edit ) Original distributor Dimension Films had initially set a North American DVD and VOD release date for 2 August 2016 . However , on 25 July 2016 , Variety reported that Dimension had sold the rights to Entertainment Studios . Entertainment Studios cancelled the 2 August home release and instead committed to a theatrical release in the United States in summer 2017 . The working title for the film was 47 Meters Down , which Dimension had changed to In the Deep for their home release , but upon acquiring the film Entertainment Studios reverted to the original title . Dimension had already sent out screeners and shipped DVDs to retailers before the deal took place . The DVDs , under the title In the Deep , were recalled ; however , several retailers broke the street date , and a handful of physical copies were sold and have since turned up on eBay as collectors ' items . After the purchase , Entertainment Studios reverted to the original title 47 Meters Down . The film was released theatrically in the United States on 16 June 2017 , and spent about $30 million on promotion and advertisement . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) 47 Meters Down grossed $44.3 million in the United States and Canada and $17.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $61.7 million , against a production budget of $5.5 million . In North America , 47 Meters Down was released alongside All Eyez on Me , Rough Night and Cars 3 , and was initially projected to gross around $5 million from 2,300 theatres in its opening weekend . It made $4.5 million on its first day ( including $735,000 from Thursday night previews ) , increasing weekend estimates to $11 million . It went on to debut to $11.5 million , finishing 5th at the box office . In its second weekend , the film dropped 34 % , grossing $7.4 million and finishing 4th at the box office . It was the one of the highest - grossing indie films of 2017 . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 55 % based on 135 reviews , with an average rating of 5.4 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` 47 Meters Down does n't take its terrifying premise quite as far as it should , but its toothy antagonists still offer a few thrills for less demanding genre enthusiasts . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating , the film has a score of 52 out of 100 , based on 24 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences gave the film an average grade of `` C '' on an A+ to F scale at CinemaScore , and a 55 % overall positive score according to comScore . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Saturn Awards June 2018 Best Horror Film 47 Meters Down Pending Sequel ( edit ) On September 8 , 2017 , it was announced that production studio , The Fyzz Facility , is working on a sequel titled 48 Meters Down , in which Roberts , Riera , and Harris will both return as director / writer , co-writer , and producer , respectively . The sequel will take place in Brazil and center around a group of young women who decide to explore some hidden underwater ruins located off - the - beaten trail . Production will be overseen by Altitude Film Sales , with potential buyers currently being sought in Toronto . Entertainment Studios will once again handle distribution for the film , with a planned release of June 28 , 2019 . See also ( edit ) List of killer shark films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 47 Meters Down ( 2017 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 47 Meters Down ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 47 Meters Down ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Selcke , Dan ( 7 May 2015 ) . `` Mandy Moore to be trapped in a cage surrounded by sharks in 47 Metres Down '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Miska , Brad ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` ' 47 Metres Down ' is Hitting Theaters During `` Shark Week '' ! `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Tinta , Mark ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` In Theaters : 47 METERS DOWN ( 2017 ) '' . Good Efficient Butchery . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 25 July 2016 ) . `` Mandy Moore 's Shark Tale ' 47 Meters Down ' Bought From Weinsteins '' . Variety . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Cars 3 ' $53 M+ Is Third Best Debut For Pixar Series ; ' Wonder Woman ' Still Wows With $40 M+ ; ' All Eyez on Me ' Solid '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pixar 's ' Cars 3 ' should unseat ' Wonder Woman ' at the box office '' . Los Angeles Times . 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why ' Transformers ' Is Screaming For Reboot After $69 M Start ; ' Wonder Woman ' & ' Cars 3 ' Fight Over 2nd Place '' . Deadline.com. 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Kate . `` The 20 Highest Grossing Indies of 2017 ( A Running List ) -- IndieWire '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 47 Meters Down ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 47 Meters Down Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Byron Allen 's Entertainment Studios Buys ' 47 Meters Down ' Sequel '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . Penske Business Media , LLC . ISSN 0042 - 2738 . OCLC 810134503 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cureton , Sean ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` 47 Meters Down is Getting a Sequel From the Same Director '' . Screenrant . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Byron Allen 's Entertainment Studios Will Distribute Indie Sequel ' 48 Meters Down ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : 47 Meters Down 47 Meters Down on IMDb 47 Meters Down at Rotten Tomatoes Stewart , Sara ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` Why Mandy Moore 's Shark Movie Hired a ' Broccoli Wrangler ' '' . New York Post . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . ( hide ) Films directed by Johannes Roberts Hellbreeder ( 2003 ) Forest of the Damned ( 2005 ) F ( 2010 ) Roadkill ( 2011 ) Storage 24 ( 2012 ) The Other Side of the Door ( 2016 ) 47 Meters Down ( 2017 ) The Strangers : Prey at Night ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=47_Meters_Down&oldid=834518914 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films British films Films about survivors of seafaring accidents or incidents Survival films Films with underwater settings Films about sharks Films about solitude Films set on beaches Films set on islands Films set in the Dominican Republic Films set in 2016 Killer shark films Seafaring films British adventure films British drama films British horror films British thriller films 2010s adventure films 2010s drama films 2017 horror films 2010s thriller films Natural horror films Horror adventure films Sea adventure films The Weinstein Company films Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 03 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47%20Meters%20Down

kuch rang pyar ke aise bhi characters name

Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi

kuch rang pyar ke aise bhi

Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi ( English : A few colors of love can be like this too ) was an Indian romance television series , which originally aired on Sony TV from February 29 , 2016 , to November 2 , 2017 , lasting two seasons .

Shaheer Sheikh , Erica Fernandes and Supriya Pilgaonkar play the lead roles . The series is a realistic take on the romantic relationship between Dev and Sonakshi . Their love story and how it will impact the unique , close - knit relationship between Dev and his mother is the main theme of the show . Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi has been dubbed in Tamil as Ini Ellam Vasanthame ( Hereafter Only Spring ) and broadcast on Polimer TV , and in Telugu as Amma Nenu O Ammayi ( Mom , Me & One Girl ) Gemini TV . It is also dubbed in Malayalam as Pranayavarnangal ( Colours Of Love ) and is currently airing on Kairali TV . It is dubbed in Arabic as well as وجوه الحب ( The Faces of Love ) and airs on MBC Bollywood . Due to Sheikh 's popularity in Indonesia , the show has also been dubbed in Bahasa as Dev & Sona and airs on ANTV . The series has received positive critical response , with some praise directed at Sheikh 's performance and his chemistry with Erica Fernandes . In late November 2016 , there were reports stating that the show is going to go off air giving way to historical drama Peshwa Bajirao , but rejecting the reports the channel briefed that , `` Kuch Rang is one of our best shows . It is doing great on the TRP charts and also has a dedicated fan following . People love the characters . There 's no question of ending the show . '' In January 2017 , after Dev and Sonakshi 's separation in the show a 7 - year leap was introduced . Dev was shown as a person who cares only about himself and Sonakshi turned into a mature businesswoman and a single mother . The show became the most popular feature show on Indian Television on the basis of The Times of India 's conducted poll on Twitter in late March 2017 . On 31 August 2017 , the channel announced that because of viewer demand the show would be brought back , with an estimated air date in mid-September 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest stars 3 Production 4 Season overview 5 Soundtracks 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The show is set in Delhi , and revolves around Mr. Devrath Dixit , a business tycoon and Dr. Sonakshi Bose , a nutritionist . Dev is a successful business tycoon who lives with his mother Ishwari , whom he 's devoted to and his three beloved sisters , Neha , Nikki and Riya , his uncle , aunt and their son Vicky . Sonakshi , on the other hand is a consulting nutritionist , who hails from a middle class Bengali family of five , and is appointed by Dev as Ishwari 's permanent consulting nutritionist . Initially , both Ishwari and Dev are indifferent to Sonakshi but gradually form a bond with her . After a near death experience with a car accident , Sona falls for Dev but Dev has become engaged to business partner Natasha . Just before his engagement , Dev realises his love for Sona and they confess their feelings to each other . Meanwhile , Dev 's sister Neha gets married to Ranveer , her English tutor who is from a lower - middle - class family . Ishwari finds out about Dev and Sonakshi 's relationship and reluctantly agrees to their alliance but soon succumbs to depression finding it hard to make room for another woman in her son 's life . Sensing his mother 's disapproval , Dev breaks up with Sona . Dev and Sona fail to move on in their lives and seeing Dev 's condition , Ishwari agrees to their marriage . Dev 's aunt Radha Rani , manipulates her sister - in - law Ishwari to have Dev make her son Vicky a project head at the office . Their marriage on the rocks , Ranveer files a harassment case against Neha , leading to their divorce . Sona 's cousin Elena elopes with Vicky shocking the Bose family . Dev resolves Bose family 's financial crisis . Sona comes to know from Dev that she has only a 7 % chance of conceiving . Sona agrees to undergo fertility treatment as decided by Ishwari . Dev 's aunt continues stoking fires and misrepresents how Dev helped Sona 's brother with a huge loan leading to tensions between the Dixit and Bose families . A number of misunderstandings initially conducted by Radharani and Vicky leads Dev and Sonakshi to separate and she leaves Delhi . A seven - year leap is introduced in the story line . Sonakshi is now the mother of her and Dev 's daughter , six - year old Suhana , and has become a successful businesswoman in her field . The family returns to Delhi from Kolkata due to Sonakshi 's work , and Sonakshi tells Suhana that her father lives in Delhi . Elena and Vicky are now the parents of six - year old Golu . Sonakshi and Dev meet after years at an award function , and as fate has it , Suhana and Golu study in the same school . Soon , Dev realizes that Suhana is his daughter , and he reveals his identity to her . After much hesitation , the girl accepts Dev as her father . For their daughter , Dev and Sonakshi make a deal to live together , while Saurabh gets married to Ronita . Gradually , Dev 's love for his ex-wife starts rekindling . Sonakshi becomes involved in dealing with a dangerous man called Khatri who had been blackmailing Ishwari . Ishwari starts liking Sona and realizes her mistake . Dev and Sonakshi soon reunite as they realize their love for each other . Season 1 ends with Sonakshi giving birth to Shubh , her and Dev 's son , while Saurabh and Ronita gives birth to a girl , Sonita . Season 2 starts with a leap of six months . Dev and Sonakshi are finding it difficult to handle the kids and work simultaneously . Ishwari , being tensed about the upbringing of the children tells Sonakshi to quit her job and stay at home to look after Shubh and Suhana . However , Dev is well aware of Sonakshi 's love for her work , so he tells her to resume her job . He himself stops working and stays at home to manage the household . Initially there is a lot of conflict seen among the members of the family and other people but Dev and Sonakshi leave no stone unturned to justify their decision . Finally , after a lot of struggle , people understand their point and Dev is immensely praised by his family and others . Season 2 ends on a happy note with Shubh speaking his first words ' Papa ' , ' Ma ' , and everyone is overwhelmed . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Shaheer Sheikh as Devrath `` Dev '' Dixit Erica Fernandes as Dr. Sonakshi `` Sona '' Dixit née Bose Supriya Pilgaonkar as Ishwari Dixit , Dev 's mother Recurring cast ( edit ) Aaliya Shah as Suhana `` Soha '' Dixit / Suhana sonakshi Bose , Dev and Sona 's daughter Vidvaan Sharma as Shubh Dixit , Dev and Sona 's son Pragyaj Jain as Ronit `` Golu '' Dixit , Vicky and Elena 's son Aashika Bhatia as Nikki Dixit , Dev 's youngest sister Ankita Bahuguna as Riya Dixit , Dev 's second younger sister Chestha Bhagat as Neha Dixit , Dev 's younger sister Mushtaq Khan as Baldev Tripathi , Dev 's uncle / Ishwari 's elder brother Alka Mogha as Radha Baldev Tripathi / Radharani , Dev 's aunt / Baldev 's wife Vaibhav Singh as Vikram Baldev Tripathi / Vicky , Dev 's cousin / Baldev and Radha 's son Prerna Panwar as Elena Vikram Tripathi née Bose , Sonakshi 's cousin , Vicky 's wife Jagat Rawat as Bijoy Bose , Sonakshi 's father Moon Banerrjee as Asha Bijoy Bose , Sonakshi 's mother Rina Chakraborty as Dadi , Sonakshi 's grandmother Alpesh Dhakan as Saurabh Bijoy Bose , Sonakshi 's elder brother Khushbu Thakkar as Ronita Bose née Mandal , Saurabh 's wife Vishesh Bansal as Young Devrath Dixit Salman Shaikh as Inspector Prakash and Dev 's good friend Anju Jadhav / Ekroop Bedi as Tina , Dev 's Personal Secretary Mohit Sinha as Bunty Makhija , Dev 's friend Arjun Aneja as Ranveer Chaudhary , Neha 's ex-husband Geeta Saroha as Ranveer 's sister - in - law Karmveer Choudhary as Khatri , Ishwari 's colleague and blackmailer Ankit Gupta as Jatin Roy , Sonakshi 's childhood friend and business partner Ashwini Koul as Lakshya , Nikki 's boyfriend and live - in partner , Ishwari 's boss Guest stars ( edit ) Hemant Choudhary as Dr. Sinha , Sonakshi 's former boss Roop Durgapal as Natasha Gujral , Dev 's ex-fiancé Pawan Chopra as Mr. Gujral , Natasha 's father Romit Sharma as Kushal Roy , Sonakshi 's prospective fiancé Udit Gaur as Neil Lakhotia , Sonakshi 's fake boyfriend Jay Soni as Dr. Ritwick Naveen Sen , Sonakshi 's ex-fiancé Pankaj Kalra as Naveen Sen , Ritwick 's father Amita Udgata as Dev 's grand aunt Arpit Chaudhary as Ayaan Vashishth , Riya 's ex-fiancé Aradhana Uppal as Mrs. Vashishth , Ayaan 's mother Faruqh Saeed as Mr. Vashishth , Ayaan 's father Jhumma Mitra as Tara Mandal , Ronita 's mother Ashiesh Roy as Shankar Mandal , Ronita 's father Twinkle Vashisht as Payal , Dev 's prospective fiancé Asma Badar as Nisha , Dev 's ex-fiancé Dimcy Aggarwal as Kajal , Malathi / Memsaab 's daughter Armaan Tahil as Thakkar , Dev 's business rival Production ( edit ) After successful completion of one year of the TV series , Yash Patnaik , Chairman and Managing Director of Beyond Dreams Entertainment known for showcasing `` simple yet strong story telling '' shows stated that he is happy as viewers quickly accepted the `` experiment with conviction '' show . He further said that the positive way of showing the `` simplicity clubbed with beauty '' series along with a slight gambling with characters , plots and story telling paid off in the end . Thanking Sony TV 's management for giving the show one - year extension , he said the credit goes to his wife , Mamta Yash A Patnaik , Producer , Chief Creative Director of Entertainment and co-founder of Beyond Dreams Entertainment for being the actual person behind the show 's success . Season overview ( edit ) Season No. of episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 388 29 February 2016 24 August 2017 26 25 September 2017 2 November 2017 Soundtracks ( edit ) On 10 February 2017 the channel released a compilation of show 's romantic songs on YouTube as Valentine 's Day special . `` Tu Mujhme Mujhse Zyaada Hai ( Duet ) '' is one of the `` Most Romantic Hindi Title Songs '' among the shows telecasted by the channel . No . Title Length 1 . `` Ye Lamhe Hazar Se '' 3 : 17 2 . `` Rang Rahi Hoon Ye Kaise Rang Mein '' 1 : 33 3 . `` Badle Se Din Aur Badli Se Raatein ( Duet ) '' 4 : 26 4 . `` Badle Se Din Aur Badli Se Raatein ( Female ) '' 2 : 08 5 . `` Tu Mujhme Mujhse Zyaada Hai ( Male ) '' 2 : 10 6 . `` Tu Mujhme Mujhse Zyaada Hai ( Female ) '' 2 : 27 7 . `` Tu Mujhme Mujhse Zyaada Hai ( Duet ) '' 4 : 04 8 . `` Kismat Ke Likhe Khel Kisne Dekhe '' 3 : 08 9 . `` Kyun Is Dafa Tu Mujhse Yun Khafa Hai '' 2 : 00 10 . `` Waqt Ne Kiya Kya Haseen Sitam '' ( Recreated by music directors Adil - Prashant ) N / A Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result 2016 Zee Gold Awards Best Female Debut Erica Fernandes Nominated Best Supporting Actress Supriya Pilgaonkar Best Onscreen Jodi Shaheer Sheikh and Erica Fernandes Best Television Show Inspire Films Asiavision Awards Star Of The Year Shaheer Sheikh Won Asian Viewers Television Awards Soap of the Year Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi Won Female Actor of the Year Erica Fernandes Male Actor of the Year Shaheer Sheikh Nominated India News Awards Best Jodi of the Year Shaheer Sheikh and Erica Fernandes Won 2017 Lions Gold Awards Favourite Jodi ( Popular ) Shaheer Sheikh and Erica Fernandes Won Favourite Best Actor ( Supporting Role ) Mushtaq Khan Favourite Best Actress ( Supporting Role ) Supriya Pilgaonkar References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Even though she spoke English , we Could hardly understand each other 's emotions : Shaheer Sheikh '' . The Times of India . 14 January 2016 . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Saraswati Datar ( 14 March 2016 ) . `` TV series review : Kuch Rang Pyaar Ke Aise Bhi - old crayons , new picture '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi written update of finale episode , August 24 , 2017 : Dev and Sona are blessed with a baby boy ; the entire family reunites '' . The Times of India . 25 August 2017 . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi Season 2 25 September 2017 Written Update Full Episode : Sonakshi To Take Up A Government Project , Ishwari Gives Green Signal '' . india.com. 25 September 2017 . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shaheer Sheikh to play lead in Sony 's new show ' Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi '' . ABP Live . 13 January 2016 . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Tanvi Trivedi ( 25 February 2016 ) . `` Why Shaheer does not want to be a part of mythologicals '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi ' all set to air in Indonesia - Times of India '' . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yash Patnaik 's Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi is gearing up for twist - Times of India '' . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 5 reasons why we love ' Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi ' lead pair Sonakshi , Dev '' . The Times Of India . 16 June 2016 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi going off air ? Well , this is what the channel has to say '' . The Indian Express . 21 November 2016 . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kuch Rang Pyaar Ke Aise Bhi to take a 7 year leap : Dev and Sonakshi 's looks will be to watch out for - Times of India '' . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi takes 7 - year leap . Dev becomes casanova , Sonakshi is a mother '' . 17 January 2017 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kuch Rang Pyar Ke wins maximum votes for Best Feature Show on TV '' . 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shaheer Sheikh - Erica Fernandes ' Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi to make a comeback '' . The Indian Express . 31 August 2017 . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi completes one year , show 's producer shares big plans '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ SET India ( 9 September 2017 ) . `` Kuch Rang Pyaar Ke Aise Bhi Season 2 promo '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Kuch Rang Pyaar ke Aise Bhi season 2 shoot begins , some behind the scene pics '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ SET India ( 10 February 2017 ) . `` Valentine 's Day Special Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi - All Romantic Songs Compilation '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ SET India ( 10 February 2017 ) . `` VALENTINE 'S DAY SPECIAL Most Romantic Hindi Title Songs - SET India '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ SET India ( 6 April 2016 ) . `` Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi - कुछ रंग प्यार के ऐसे भी - Episode 28 - 6th April , 2016 '' . Retrieved 30 June 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ SET India ( 2 May 2016 ) . `` Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi - कुछ रंग प्यार के ऐसे भी - Episode 46 - 2nd May , 2016 '' . Retrieved 15 July 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ SET India ( 29 June 2016 ) . `` Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi - Badle Se Din Aur Badli Se Raatein - Song '' . Sony TV . Retrieved 30 June 2016 -- via Facebook . Jump up ^ SET India ( 20 June 2016 ) . `` Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi - Tere Rangon Mein Kuch Rang Hai - Song '' . Retrieved 30 June 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ SET India ( 16 June 2016 ) . `` Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi - Tu mujhme mujhse zyaada hai - Song '' . Retrieved 30 June 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ SET India ( 22 June 2016 ) . `` Song Tu Mujhme Mujhse Zyada Hai - Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi '' . Retrieved 30 June 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ SET India ( 29 June 2016 ) . `` Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi - Tu Mujh Mein Mujhse Jyada Hai - Song '' . Retrieved 30 June 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ SET India ( 21 August 2016 ) . `` Sonakshi and Dev Break Up - Kuch Rang Pyaar Ke Aise Bhi - Song '' . Retrieved 22 August 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ SET India ( 14 September 2016 ) . `` Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi - कुछ रंग प्यार के ऐसे भी - Maha Episode - Episode 140 - 12th September , 2016 '' . Retrieved 8 October 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Review Of First Episode After Leap ! '' . fuzionproductions.com . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Awards 2016 Nomination List : Divyanka Tripathi , Sriti Jha , Varun Kapoor & Others Nominated '' . 25 May 2016 . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's why Kuch Rang Pyar Ke 's Erica Fernandez is super happy for onscreen lover Shaheer Sheikh - Times of India '' . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` AVTA 2016 : Winners list - BizAsia Media - The UK 's only Asian media news site '' . BizAsia . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shaheer Sheikh And Erica Fernandes Win The Best Jodi Award For 2016 ! '' . fuzionproductions.com . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 23rd SOL LIONS GOLD AWARDS Winner List '' . spicystarsmumbai.com . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi on IMDb hide Current broadcasts on Sony Entertainment Television India Mystery CID Crime Patrol Reality and comedy 10 Ka Dum Zindagi Ke Crossroads Drama Dil Hi Toh Hai Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai History and mythology Mere Sai Porus Prithvi Vallabh - Itihaas Bhi , Rahasya Bhi Vighnaharta Ganesha List of former shows Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuch_Rang_Pyar_Ke_Aise_Bhi&oldid=845352559 '' Categories : 2016 Indian television series debuts 2017 Indian television series endings 2010s Indian television series Indian television soap operas Indian drama television series Hindi - language television programs Sony Entertainment Television series Television shows set in Delhi Hidden categories : Use Indian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from September 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia मैथिली Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 06 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuch%20Rang%20Pyar%20Ke%20Aise%20Bhi

which schedule of reinforcement is the most reinforcing

Reinforcement

reinforcement

Diagram of operant conditioning In behavioral psychology , reinforcement is a consequence applied that will strengthen an organism 's future behavior whenever that behavior is preceded by a specific antecedent stimulus . This strengthening effect may be measured as a higher frequency of behavior ( e.g. , pulling a lever more frequently ) , longer duration ( e.g. , pulling a lever for longer periods of time ) , greater magnitude ( e.g. , pulling a lever with greater force ) , or shorter latency ( e.g. , pulling a lever more quickly following the antecedent stimulus ) . Rewarding stimuli , which are associated with `` wanting '' and `` liking '' ( desire and pleasure , respectively ) and appetitive behavior , function as positive reinforcers ; the converse statement is also true : positive reinforcers provide a desirable stimulus . Reinforcement does not require an individual to consciously perceive an effect elicited by the stimulus . Thus , reinforcement occurs only if there is an observable strengthening in behavior . However , there is also negative reinforcement , which is characterized by taking away an undesirable stimulus . An ibuprofen is a negative reinforcer because it takes away pain . In most cases , the term `` reinforcement '' refers to an enhancement of behavior , but this term is also sometimes used to denote an enhancement of memory ; for example , `` post-training reinforcement '' refers to the provision of a stimulus ( such as food ) after a learning session in an attempt to increase the retained breadth , detail , and duration of the individual memories or overall memory just formed . The memory - enhancing stimulus can also be one whose effects are directly rather than only indirectly emotional , as with the phenomenon of `` flashbulb memory , '' in which an emotionally highly intense stimulus can incentivize memory of a set of a situation 's circumstances well beyond the subset of those circumstances that caused the emotionally significant stimulus , as when people of appropriate age are able to remember where they were and what they were doing when they learned of the assassination of John F. Kennedy or of the September 11 , 2001 , terrorist attacks . Reinforcement is an important part of operant or instrumental conditioning . Contents 1 Terminology 2 Introduction 3 Brief history 4 Operant conditioning 4.1 Positive reinforcement 4.2 Negative reinforcement 4.3 Reinforcement versus punishment 4.4 Further ideas and concepts 4.5 Primary reinforcers 4.6 Secondary reinforcers 4.7 Other reinforcement terms 5 Natural and artificial 6 Intermittent reinforcement schedules 6.1 Simple schedules 6.1. 1 Effects of different types of simple schedules 6.2 Compound schedules 6.3 Superimposed schedules 6.4 Concurrent schedules 7 Shaping 8 Chaining 9 Persuasive communication and the reinforcement theory 10 Mathematical models 11 Criticisms 11.1 History of the terms 12 Applications 12.1 Addiction and dependence 12.2 Animal training 12.3 Child behaviour -- parent management training 12.4 Economics 12.5 Gambling -- variable ratio scheduling 12.6 Nudge theory 12.7 Praise 12.8 Psychological manipulation 12.9 Traumatic bonding 12.10 Video games 12.11 Workplace culture of fear 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Terminology ( edit ) Addiction and dependence glossary addiction -- a brain disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequences addictive behavior -- a behavior that is both rewarding and reinforcing addictive drug -- a drug that is both rewarding and reinforcing dependence -- an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus ( e.g. , drug intake ) drug sensitization or reverse tolerance -- the escalating effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose drug withdrawal -- symptoms that occur upon cessation of repeated drug use physical dependence -- dependence that involves persistent physical -- somatic withdrawal symptoms ( e.g. , fatigue and delirium tremens ) psychological dependence -- dependence that involves emotional -- motivational withdrawal symptoms ( e.g. , dysphoria and anhedonia ) reinforcing stimuli -- stimuli that increase the probability of repeating behaviors paired with them rewarding stimuli -- stimuli that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive and desirable or as something to approach sensitization -- an amplified response to a stimulus resulting from repeated exposure to it substance use disorder -- a condition in which the use of substances leads to clinically and functionally significant impairment or distress tolerance -- the diminishing effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose Main section : Reinforcement # Operant conditioning In the behavioral sciences , the terms `` positive '' and `` negative '' refer when used in their strict technical sense to the nature of the action performed by the conditioner rather than to the responding operant 's evaluation of that action and its consequence ( s ) . `` Positive '' actions are those that add a factor , be it pleasant or unpleasant , to the environment , whereas `` negative '' actions are those that remove or withhold from the environment a factor of either type . In turn , the strict sense of `` reinforcement '' refers only to reward - based conditioning ; the introduction of unpleasant factors and the removal or withholding of pleasant factors are instead referred to as `` punishment , '' which when used in its strict sense thus stands in contradistinction to `` reinforcement . '' Thus , `` positive reinforcement '' refers to the addition of a pleasant factor , `` positive punishment '' refers to the addition of an unpleasant factor , `` negative reinforcement '' refers to the removal or withholding of an unpleasant factor , and `` negative punishment '' refers to the removal or withholding of a pleasant factor . This usage is at odds with some non-technical usages of the four term combinations , especially in the case of the term `` negative reinforcement , '' which is often used to denote what technical parlance would describe as `` positive punishment '' in that the non-technical usage interprets `` reinforcement '' as subsuming both reward and punishment and `` negative '' as referring to the responding operant 's evaluation of the factor being introduced . By contrast , technical parlance would use the term `` negative reinforcement '' to describe encouragement of a given behavior by creating a scenario in which an unpleasant factor is or will be present but engaging in the behavior results in either escaping from that factor or preventing its occurrence , as in Martin Seligman 's experiments involving dogs ' learning processes regarding the avoidance of electric shock . Introduction ( edit ) B.F. Skinner was a well - known and influential researcher who articulated many of the theoretical constructs of reinforcement and behaviorism . Skinner defined reinforcers according to the change in response strength ( response rate ) rather than to more subjective criteria , such as what is pleasurable or valuable to someone . Accordingly , activities , foods or items considered pleasant or enjoyable may not necessarily be reinforcing ( because they produce no increase in the response preceding them ) . Stimuli , settings , and activities only fit the definition of reinforcers if the behavior that immediately precedes the potential reinforcer increases in similar situations in the future ; for example , a child who receives a cookie when he or she asks for one . If the frequency of `` cookie - requesting behavior '' increases , the cookie can be seen as reinforcing `` cookie - requesting behavior '' . If however , `` cookie - requesting behavior '' does not increase the cookie can not be considered reinforcing . The sole criterion that determines if a stimulus is reinforcing is the change in probability of a behavior after administration of that potential reinforcer . Other theories may focus on additional factors such as whether the person expected a behavior to produce a given outcome , but in the behavioral theory , reinforcement is defined by an increased probability of a response . The study of reinforcement has produced an enormous body of reproducible experimental results . Reinforcement is the central concept and procedure in special education , applied behavior analysis , and the experimental analysis of behavior and is a core concept in some medical and psychopharmacology models , particularly addiction , dependence , and compulsion . Brief history ( edit ) Laboratory research on reinforcement is usually dated from the work of Edward Thorndike , known for his experiments with cats escaping from puzzle boxes . A number of others continued this research , notably B.F. Skinner , who published his seminal work on the topic in The Behavior of Organisms , in 1938 , and elaborated this research in many subsequent publications . Notably Skinner argued that positive reinforcement is superior to punishment in shaping behavior . Though punishment may seem just the opposite of reinforcement , Skinner claimed that they differ immensely , saying that positive reinforcement results in lasting behavioral modification ( long - term ) whereas punishment changes behavior only temporarily ( short - term ) and has many detrimental side - effects . A great many researchers subsequently expanded our understanding of reinforcement and challenged some of Skinner 's conclusions . For example , Azrin and Holz defined punishment as a `` consequence of behavior that reduces the future probability of that behavior , '' and some studies have shown that positive reinforcement and punishment are equally effective in modifying behavior . Research on the effects of positive reinforcement , negative reinforcement and punishment continue today as those concepts are fundamental to learning theory and apply to many practical applications of that theory . Operant conditioning ( edit ) Main article : Operant conditioning The term operant conditioning was introduced by B.F. Skinner to indicate that in his experimental paradigm the organism is free to operate on the environment . In this paradigm the experimenter can not trigger the desirable response ; the experimenter waits for the response to occur ( to be emitted by the organism ) and then a potential reinforcer is delivered . In the classical conditioning paradigm the experimenter triggers ( elicits ) the desirable response by presenting a reflex eliciting stimulus , the Unconditional Stimulus ( UCS ) , which he pairs ( precedes ) with a neutral stimulus , the Conditional Stimulus ( CS ) . Reinforcement is a basic term in operant conditioning . For the punishment aspect of operant conditioning -- see punishment ( psychology ) . Positive reinforcement ( edit ) Positive reinforcement occurs when a desirable event or stimulus is presented as a consequence of a behavior and the behavior increases . Example : Whenever a rat presses a button , it gets a treat . If the rat starts pressing the button more often , the treat serves to positively reinforce this behavior . Example : A father gives candy to his daughter when she picks up her toys . If the frequency of picking up the toys increases , the candy is a positive reinforcer ( to reinforce the behavior of cleaning up ) . Example : A company enacts a rewards program in which employees earn prizes dependent on the number of items sold . The prizes the employees receive are the positive reinforcement if they increase sales . Negative reinforcement ( edit ) Negative reinforcement occurs when the rate of a behavior increases because an aversive event or stimulus is removed or prevented from happening . Example : A child cleans his or her room , and this behavior is followed by the parent stopping `` nagging '' or asking the child repeatedly to do so . Here , the nagging serves to negatively reinforce the behavior of cleaning because the child wants to remove that aversive stimulus of nagging . Example : A person puts ointment on a bug bite to soothe an itch . If the ointment works , the person will likely increase the usage of the ointment because it resulted in removing the itch , which is the negative reinforcer . Example : A company has a policy that if an employee completes their assigned work by Friday , they can have Saturday off . Working Saturday is the negative reinforcer , the employee 's productivity will be increased as they avoid experiencing the negative reinforcer . Reinforcement versus punishment ( edit ) Reinforcers serve to increase behaviors whereas punishers serve to decrease behaviors ; thus , positive reinforcers are stimuli that the subject will work to attain , and negative reinforcers are stimuli that the subject will work to be rid of or to end . The table below illustrates the adding and subtracting of stimuli ( pleasant or aversive ) in relation to reinforcement vs. punishment . Rewarding ( pleasant ) stimulus Aversive ( unpleasant ) stimulus Adding / Presenting Positive Reinforcement Positive Punishment Removing / Taking Away Negative Punishment Negative Reinforcement Further ideas and concepts ( edit ) Distinguishing between positive and negative can be difficult and may not always be necessary ; focusing on what is being removed or added and how it is being removed or added will determine the nature of the reinforcement . Negative reinforcement is not punishment . The two , as explained above , differ in the increase ( negative reinforcement ) or decrease ( punishment ) of the future probability of a response . In negative reinforcement , the stimulus removed following a response is an aversive stimulus ; if this stimulus were presented contingent on a response , it may also function as a positive punisher . The form of a stimulus is separate from its function in terms of whether it will reinforce or punish behavior . An event that may punish behavior for some may serve to reinforce behavior for others . Example : A child is repeatedly given detention for acting up in school , but the frequency of the bad behavior increases . Thus , the detention may be a reinforcer ( could be positive or negative ) ; perhaps the child now gets one - on - one attention from a teacher or perhaps they now avoid going home where they are often abused . Some reinforcement can be simultaneously positive and negative , such as a drug addict taking drugs for the added euphoria ( a positive feeling ) and eliminating withdrawal symptoms ( which would be a negative feeling ) . Or , in a warm room , a current of external air serves as positive reinforcement because it is pleasantly cool and as negative reinforcement because it removes uncomfortable hot air . Reinforcement in the business world is essential in driving productivity . Employees are constantly motivated by the ability to receive a positive stimulus , such as a promotion or a bonus . Employees are also driven by negative reinforcement . This can be seen when employees are offered Saturdays off if they complete the weekly workload by Friday . Though negative reinforcement has a positive effect in the short term for a workplace ( i.e. encourages a financially beneficial action ) , over-reliance on a negative reinforcement hinders the ability of workers to act in a creative , engaged way creating growth in the long term . Both positive and negative reinforcement increase behavior . Most people , especially children , will learn to follow instruction by a mix of positive and negative reinforcement . Primary reinforcers ( edit ) A primary reinforcer , sometimes called an unconditioned reinforcer , is a stimulus that does not require pairing with a different stimulus in order to function as a reinforcer and most likely has obtained this function through the evolution and its role in species ' survival . Examples of primary reinforcers include food , water , and sex . Some primary reinforcers , such as certain drugs , may mimic the effects of other primary reinforcers . While these primary reinforcers are fairly stable through life and across individuals , the reinforcing value of different primary reinforcers varies due to multiple factors ( e.g. , genetics , experience ) . Thus , one person may prefer one type of food while another avoids it . Or one person may eat lots of food while another eats very little . So even though food is a primary reinforcer for both individuals , the value of food as a reinforcer differs between them . Secondary reinforcers ( edit ) A secondary reinforcer , sometimes called a conditioned reinforcer , is a stimulus or situation that has acquired its function as a reinforcer after pairing with a stimulus that functions as a reinforcer . This stimulus may be a primary reinforcer or another conditioned reinforcer ( such as money ) . An example of a secondary reinforcer would be the sound from a clicker , as used in clicker training . The sound of the clicker has been associated with praise or treats , and subsequently , the sound of the clicker may function as a reinforcer . Another common example is the sound of people clapping -- there is nothing inherently positive about hearing that sound , but we have learned that it is associated with praise and rewards . When trying to distinguish primary and secondary reinforcers in human examples , use the `` caveman test . '' If the stimulus is something that a caveman would naturally find desirable ( e.g. , candy ) then it is a primary reinforcer . If , on the other hand , the caveman would not react to it ( e.g. , a dollar bill ) , it is a secondary reinforcer . As with primary reinforcers , an organism can experience satiation and deprivation with secondary reinforcers . Other reinforcement terms ( edit ) A generalized reinforcer is a conditioned reinforcer that has obtained the reinforcing function by pairing with many other reinforcers and functions as a reinforcer under a wide - variety of motivating operations . ( One example of this is money because it is paired with many other reinforcers ) . In reinforcer sampling , a potentially reinforcing but unfamiliar stimulus is presented to an organism without regard to any prior behavior . Socially - mediated reinforcement ( direct reinforcement ) involves the delivery of reinforcement that requires the behavior of another organism . The Premack principle is a special case of reinforcement elaborated by David Premack , which states that a highly preferred activity can be used effectively as a reinforcer for a less - preferred activity . Reinforcement hierarchy is a list of actions , rank - ordering the most desirable to least desirable consequences that may serve as a reinforcer . A reinforcement hierarchy can be used to determine the relative frequency and desirability of different activities , and is often employed when applying the Premack principle . Contingent outcomes are more likely to reinforce behavior than non-contingent responses . Contingent outcomes are those directly linked to a causal behavior , such a light turning on being contingent on flipping a switch . Note that contingent outcomes are not necessary to demonstrate reinforcement , but perceived contingency may increase learning . Contiguous stimuli are stimuli closely associated by time and space with specific behaviors . They reduce the amount of time needed to learn a behavior while increasing its resistance to extinction . Giving a dog a piece of food immediately after sitting is more contiguous with ( and therefore more likely to reinforce ) the behavior than a several minute delay in food delivery following the behavior . Noncontingent reinforcement refers to response - independent delivery of stimuli identified as reinforcers for some behaviors of that organism . However , this typically entails time - based delivery of stimuli identified as maintaining aberrant behavior , which decreases the rate of the target behavior . As no measured behavior is identified as being strengthened , there is controversy surrounding the use of the term noncontingent `` reinforcement '' . Natural and artificial ( edit ) In his 1967 paper , Arbitrary and Natural Reinforcement , Charles Ferster proposed classifying reinforcement into events that increase frequency of an operant as a natural consequence of the behavior itself , and events that are presumed to affect frequency by their requirement of human mediation , such as in a token economy where subjects are `` rewarded '' for certain behavior with an arbitrary token of a negotiable value . In 1970 , Baer and Wolf created a name for the use of natural reinforcers called `` behavior traps '' . A behavior trap requires only a simple response to enter the trap , yet once entered , the trap can not be resisted in creating general behavior change . It is the use of a behavioral trap that increases a person 's repertoire , by exposing them to the naturally occurring reinforcement of that behavior . Behavior traps have four characteristics : They are `` baited '' with virtually irresistible reinforcers that `` lure '' the student to the trap Only a low - effort response already in the repertoire is necessary to enter the trap Interrelated contingencies of reinforcement inside the trap motivate the person to acquire , extend , and maintain targeted academic / social skills They can remain effective for long periods of time because the person shows few , if any , satiation effects As can be seen from the above , artificial reinforcement is in fact created to build or develop skills , and to generalize , it is important that either a behavior trap is introduced to `` capture '' the skill and utilize naturally occurring reinforcement to maintain or increase it . This behavior trap may simply be a social situation that will generally result from a specific behavior once it has met a certain criterion ( e.g. , if you use edible reinforcers to train a person to say hello and smile at people when they meet them , after that skill has been built up , the natural reinforcer of other people smiling , and having more friendly interactions will naturally reinforce the skill and the edibles can be faded ) . Intermittent reinforcement schedules ( edit ) Much behavior is not reinforced every time it is emitted , and the pattern of intermittent reinforcement strongly affects how fast an operant response is learned , what its rate is at any given time , and how long it continues when reinforcement ceases . The simplest rules controlling reinforcement are continuous reinforcement , where every response is reinforced , and extinction , where no response is reinforced . Between these extremes , more complex `` schedules of reinforcement '' specify the rules that determine how and when a response will be followed by a reinforcer . Specific schedules of reinforcement reliably induce specific patterns of response , irrespective of the species being investigated ( including humans in some conditions ) . However , the quantitative properties of behavior under a given schedule depend on the parameters of the schedule , and sometimes on other , non-schedule factors . The orderliness and predictability of behavior under schedules of reinforcement was evidence for B.F. Skinner 's claim that by using operant conditioning he could obtain `` control over behavior '' , in a way that rendered the theoretical disputes of contemporary comparative psychology obsolete . The reliability of schedule control supported the idea that a radical behaviorist experimental analysis of behavior could be the foundation for a psychology that did not refer to mental or cognitive processes . The reliability of schedules also led to the development of applied behavior analysis as a means of controlling or altering behavior . Many of the simpler possibilities , and some of the more complex ones , were investigated at great length by Skinner using pigeons , but new schedules continue to be defined and investigated . Simple schedules ( edit ) A chart demonstrating the different response rate of the four simple schedules of reinforcement , each hatch mark designates a reinforcer being given Ratio schedule -- the reinforcement depends only on the number of responses the organism has performed . Continuous reinforcement ( CRF ) -- a schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of the instrumental response ( desired response ) is followed by the reinforcer . Lab example : each time a rat presses a bar it gets a pellet of food . Real - world example : each time a dog defecates outside its owner gives it a treat ; each time a person puts $1 in a candy machine and presses the buttons he receives a candy bar . Simple schedules have a single rule to determine when a single type of reinforcer is delivered for a specific response . Fixed ratio ( FR ) -- schedules deliver reinforcement after every nth response . An FR 1 schedule is synonymous with a CRF schedule . Example : FR 2 = every second desired response the subject makes is reinforced . Lab example : FR 5 = rat 's bar - pressing behavior is reinforced with food after every 5 bar - presses in a Skinner box . Real - world example : FR 10 = Used car dealer gets a $1000 bonus for each 10 cars sold on the lot . Variable ratio schedule ( VR ) -- reinforced on average every nth response , but not always on the nth response . Lab example : VR 4 = first pellet delivered on 2 bar presses , second pellet delivered on 6 bar presses , third pellet 4 bar presses ( 2 + 6 + 4 = 12 ; 12 / 3 = 4 bar presses to receive pellet ) . Real - world example : slot machines ( because , though the probability of hitting the jackpot is constant , the number of lever presses needed to hit the jackpot is variable ) . Fixed interval ( FI ) -- reinforced after n amount of time . Example : FI 1 - s = reinforcement provided for the first response after 1 second . Lab example : FI 15 - s = rat 's bar - pressing behavior is reinforced for the first bar press after 15 seconds passes since the last reinforcement . Real - world example : FI 30 - min = a 30 - minute washing machine cycle . Variable interval ( VI ) -- reinforced on an average of n amount of time , but not always exactly n amount of time . Example : VI 4 - min = first pellet delivered after 2 minutes , second delivered after 6 minutes , third is delivered after 4 minutes ( 2 + 6 + 4 = 12 ; 12 / 3 = 4 ) . Reinforcement is delivered on the average after 4 minutes . Lab example : VI 10 - s = a rat 's bar - pressing behavior is reinforced for the first bar press after an average of 10 seconds passes since the last reinforcement . Real - world example : VI 30 - min = Going fishing -- you might catch a fish after 10 minutes , then have to wait an hour , then have to wait 20 minutes . Fixed time ( FT ) -- Provides a reinforcing stimulus at a fixed time since the last reinforcement delivery , regardless of whether the subject has responded or not . In other words , it is a non-contingent schedule . Lab example : FT 5 - s = rat gets food every 5 seconds regardless of the behavior . Real - world example : FT 30 - d = a person gets an annuity check every month regardless of behavior between checks Variable time ( VT ) -- Provides reinforcement at an average variable time since last reinforcement , regardless of whether the subject has responded or not . Simple schedules are utilized in many differential reinforcement procedures : Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior ( DRA ) - A conditioning procedure in which an undesired response is decreased by placing it on extinction or , less commonly , providing contingent punishment , while simultaneously providing reinforcement contingent on a desirable response . An example would be a teacher attending to a student only when they raise their hand , while ignoring the student when he or she calls out . Differential reinforcement of other behavior ( DRO ) -- Also known as omission training procedures , an instrumental conditioning procedure in which a positive reinforcer is periodically delivered only if the participant does something other than the target response . An example would be reinforcing any hand action other than nose picking . Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior ( DRI ) -- Used to reduce a frequent behavior without punishing it by reinforcing an incompatible response . An example would be reinforcing clapping to reduce nose picking Differential reinforcement of low response rate ( DRL ) -- Used to encourage low rates of responding . It is like an interval schedule , except that premature responses reset the time required between behavior . Lab example : DRL 10 - s = a rat is reinforced for the first response after 10 seconds , but if the rat responds earlier than 10 seconds there is no reinforcement and the rat has to wait 10 seconds from that premature response without another response before bar pressing will lead to reinforcement . Real - world example : `` If you ask me for a potato chip no more than once every 10 minutes , I will give it to you . If you ask more often , I will give you none . '' Differential reinforcement of high rate ( DRH ) -- Used to increase high rates of responding . It is like an interval schedule , except that a minimum number of responses are required in the interval in order to receive reinforcement . Lab example : DRH 10 - s / FR 15 = a rat must press a bar 15 times within a 10 - second increment to get reinforced . Real - world example : `` If Lance Armstrong is going to win the Tour de France he has to pedal x number of times during the y - hour race . '' Effects of different types of simple schedules ( edit ) Fixed ratio : activity slows after reinforcer is delivered , then response rates increase until the next reinforcer delivery ( post-reinforcement pause ) . Variable ratio : rapid , steady rate of responding ; most resistant to extinction . Fixed interval : responding increases towards the end of the interval ; poor resistance to extinction . Variable interval : steady activity results , good resistance to extinction . Ratio schedules produce higher rates of responding than interval schedules , when the rates of reinforcement are otherwise similar . Variable schedules produce higher rates and greater resistance to extinction than most fixed schedules . This is also known as the Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect ( PREE ) . The variable ratio schedule produces both the highest rate of responding and the greatest resistance to extinction ( for example , the behavior of gamblers at slot machines ) . Fixed schedules produce `` post-reinforcement pauses '' ( PRP ) , where responses will briefly cease immediately following reinforcement , though the pause is a function of the upcoming response requirement rather than the prior reinforcement . The PRP of a fixed interval schedule is frequently followed by a `` scallop - shaped '' accelerating rate of response , while fixed ratio schedules produce a more `` angular '' response . fixed interval scallop : the pattern of responding that develops with fixed interval reinforcement schedule , performance on a fixed interval reflects subject 's accuracy in telling time . Organisms whose schedules of reinforcement are `` thinned '' ( that is , requiring more responses or a greater wait before reinforcement ) may experience `` ratio strain '' if thinned too quickly . This produces behavior similar to that seen during extinction . Ratio strain : the disruption of responding that occurs when a fixed ratio response requirement is increased too rapidly . Ratio run : high and steady rate of responding that completes each ratio requirement . Usually higher ratio requirement causes longer post-reinforcement pauses to occur . Partial reinforcement schedules are more resistant to extinction than continuous reinforcement schedules . Ratio schedules are more resistant than interval schedules and variable schedules more resistant than fixed ones . Momentary changes in reinforcement value lead to dynamic changes in behavior . Compound schedules ( edit ) Compound schedules combine two or more different simple schedules in some way using the same reinforcer for the same behavior . There are many possibilities ; among those most often used are : Alternative schedules -- A type of compound schedule where two or more simple schedules are in effect and whichever schedule is completed first results in reinforcement . Conjunctive schedules -- A complex schedule of reinforcement where two or more simple schedules are in effect independently of each other , and requirements on all of the simple schedules must be met for reinforcement . Multiple schedules -- Two or more schedules alternate over time , with a stimulus indicating which is in force . Reinforcement is delivered if the response requirement is met while a schedule is in effect . Example : FR4 when given a whistle and FI6 when given a bell ring . Mixed schedules -- Either of two , or more , schedules may occur with no stimulus indicating which is in force . Reinforcement is delivered if the response requirement is met while a schedule is in effect . Example : FI6 and then VR3 without any stimulus warning of the change in schedule . Concurrent schedules -- A complex reinforcement procedure in which the participant can choose any one of two or more simple reinforcement schedules that are available simultaneously . Organisms are free to change back and forth between the response alternatives at any time . Real - world example : changing channels on a television . Concurrent - chain schedule of reinforcement -- A complex reinforcement procedure in which the participant is permitted to choose during the first link which of several simple reinforcement schedules will be in effect in the second link . Once a choice has been made , the rejected alternatives become unavailable until the start of the next trial . Interlocking schedules -- A single schedule with two components where progress in one component affects progress in the other component . In an interlocking FR 60 FI 120 - s schedule , for example , each response subtracts time from the interval component such that each response is `` equal '' to removing two seconds from the FI schedule . Chained schedules -- Reinforcement occurs after two or more successive schedules have been completed , with a stimulus indicating when one schedule has been completed and the next has started Example : On an FR 10 schedule in the presence a red light , a pigeon pecks a green disc 10 times ; then , a yellow light indicates an FR 3 schedule is active ; after the pigeon pecks a yellow disc 3 times , a green light to indicates a VI 6 - s schedule is in effect ; if this were the final schedule in the chain , the pigeon would be reinforced for pecking a green disc on a VI 6 - s schedule ; however , all schedule requirements in the chain must be met before a reinforcer is provided . Tandem schedules -- Reinforcement occurs when two or more successive schedule requirements have been completed , with no stimulus indicating when a schedule has been completed and the next has started . Example : VR 10 , after it is completed the schedule is changed without warning to FR 10 , after that it is changed without warning to FR 16 , etc . At the end of the series of schedules , a reinforcer is finally given . Higher - order schedules -- completion of one schedule is reinforced according to a second schedule ; e.g. in FR2 ( FI10 secs ) , two successive fixed interval schedules require completion before a response is reinforced . Superimposed schedules ( edit ) The psychology term superimposed schedules of reinforcement refers to a structure of rewards where two or more simple schedules of reinforcement operate simultaneously . Reinforcers can be positive , negative , or both . An example is a person who comes home after a long day at work . The behavior of opening the front door is rewarded by a big kiss on the lips by the person 's spouse and a rip in the pants from the family dog jumping enthusiastically . Another example of superimposed schedules of reinforcement is a pigeon in an experimental cage pecking at a button . The pecks deliver a hopper of grain every 20th peck , and access to water after every 200 pecks . Superimposed schedules of reinforcement are a type of compound schedule that evolved from the initial work on simple schedules of reinforcement by B.F. Skinner and his colleagues ( Skinner and Ferster , 1957 ) . They demonstrated that reinforcers could be delivered on schedules , and further that organisms behaved differently under different schedules . Rather than a reinforcer , such as food or water , being delivered every time as a consequence of some behavior , a reinforcer could be delivered after more than one instance of the behavior . For example , a pigeon may be required to peck a button switch ten times before food appears . This is a `` ratio schedule '' . Also , a reinforcer could be delivered after an interval of time passed following a target behavior . An example is a rat that is given a food pellet immediately following the first response that occurs after two minutes has elapsed since the last lever press . This is called an `` interval schedule '' . In addition , ratio schedules can deliver reinforcement following fixed or variable number of behaviors by the individual organism . Likewise , interval schedules can deliver reinforcement following fixed or variable intervals of time following a single response by the organism . Individual behaviors tend to generate response rates that differ based upon how the reinforcement schedule is created . Much subsequent research in many labs examined the effects on behaviors of scheduling reinforcers . If an organism is offered the opportunity to choose between or among two or more simple schedules of reinforcement at the same time , the reinforcement structure is called a `` concurrent schedule of reinforcement '' . Brechner ( 1974 , 1977 ) introduced the concept of superimposed schedules of reinforcement in an attempt to create a laboratory analogy of social traps , such as when humans overharvest their fisheries or tear down their rainforests . Brechner created a situation where simple reinforcement schedules were superimposed upon each other . In other words , a single response or group of responses by an organism led to multiple consequences . Concurrent schedules of reinforcement can be thought of as `` or '' schedules , and superimposed schedules of reinforcement can be thought of as `` and '' schedules . Brechner and Linder ( 1981 ) and Brechner ( 1987 ) expanded the concept to describe how superimposed schedules and the social trap analogy could be used to analyze the way energy flows through systems . Superimposed schedules of reinforcement have many real - world applications in addition to generating social traps . Many different human individual and social situations can be created by superimposing simple reinforcement schedules . For example , a human being could have simultaneous tobacco and alcohol addictions . Even more complex situations can be created or simulated by superimposing two or more concurrent schedules . For example , a high school senior could have a choice between going to Stanford University or UCLA , and at the same time have the choice of going into the Army or the Air Force , and simultaneously the choice of taking a job with an internet company or a job with a software company . That is a reinforcement structure of three superimposed concurrent schedules of reinforcement . Superimposed schedules of reinforcement can create the three classic conflict situations ( approach -- approach conflict , approach -- avoidance conflict , and avoidance -- avoidance conflict ) described by Kurt Lewin ( 1935 ) and can operationalize other Lewinian situations analyzed by his force field analysis . Other examples of the use of superimposed schedules of reinforcement as an analytical tool are its application to the contingencies of rent control ( Brechner , 2003 ) and problem of toxic waste dumping in the Los Angeles County storm drain system ( Brechner , 2010 ) . Concurrent schedules ( edit ) In operant conditioning , concurrent schedules of reinforcement are schedules of reinforcement that are simultaneously available to an animal subject or human participant , so that the subject or participant can respond on either schedule . For example , in a two - alternative forced choice task , a pigeon in a Skinner box is faced with two pecking keys ; pecking responses can be made on either , and food reinforcement might follow a peck on either . The schedules of reinforcement arranged for pecks on the two keys can be different . They may be independent , or they may be linked so that behavior on one key affects the likelihood of reinforcement on the other . It is not necessary for responses on the two schedules to be physically distinct . In an alternate way of arranging concurrent schedules , introduced by Findley in 1958 , both schedules are arranged on a single key or other response device , and the subject can respond on a second key to change between the schedules . In such a `` Findley concurrent '' procedure , a stimulus ( e.g. , the color of the main key ) signals which schedule is in effect . Concurrent schedules often induce rapid alternation between the keys . To prevent this , a `` changeover delay '' is commonly introduced : each schedule is inactivated for a brief period after the subject switches to it . When both the concurrent schedules are variable intervals , a quantitative relationship known as the matching law is found between relative response rates in the two schedules and the relative reinforcement rates they deliver ; this was first observed by R.J. Herrnstein in 1961 . Matching law is a rule for instrumental behavior which states that the relative rate of responding on a particular response alternative equals the relative rate of reinforcement for that response ( rate of behavior = rate of reinforcement ) . Animals and humans have a tendency to prefer choice in schedules . Shaping ( edit ) Main article : Shaping ( psychology ) Shaping is reinforcement of successive approximations to a desired instrumental response . In training a rat to press a lever , for example , simply turning toward the lever is reinforced at first . Then , only turning and stepping toward it is reinforced . The outcomes of one set of behaviours starts the shaping process for the next set of behaviours , and the outcomes of that set prepares the shaping process for the next set , and so on . As training progresses , the response reinforced becomes progressively more like the desired behavior ; each subsequent behaviour becomes a closer approximation of the final behaviour . Chaining ( edit ) Main article : Chaining Chaining involves linking discrete behaviors together in a series , such that each result of each behavior is both the reinforcement ( or consequence ) for the previous behavior , and the stimuli ( or antecedent ) for the next behavior . There are many ways to teach chaining , such as forward chaining ( starting from the first behavior in the chain ) , backwards chaining ( starting from the last behavior ) and total task chaining ( in which the entire behavior is taught from beginning to end , rather than as a series of steps ) . An example is opening a locked door . First the key is inserted , then turned , then the door opened . Forward chaining would teach the subject first to insert the key . Once that task is mastered , they are told to insert the key , and taught to turn it . Once that task is mastered , they are told to perform the first two , then taught to open the door . Backwards chaining would involve the teacher first inserting and turning the key , and the subject then being taught to open the door . Once that is learned , the teacher inserts the key , and the subject is taught to turn it , then opens the door as the next step . Finally , the subject is taught to insert the key , and they turn and open the door . Once the first step is mastered , the entire task has been taught . Total task chaining would involve teaching the entire task as a single series , prompting through all steps . Prompts are faded ( reduced ) at each step as they are mastered . Persuasive communication and the reinforcement theory ( edit ) Persuasive communication Persuasion influences any person the way they think , act and feel . Persuasive skill tells about how people understand the concern , position and needs of the people . Persuasion can be classified into informal persuasion and formal persuasion . Informal persuasion This tells about the way in which a person interacts with colleagues and customers . The informal persuasion can be used in team , memos as well as e-mails . Formal persuasion This type of persuasion is used in writing customer letter , proposal and also for formal presentation to any customer or colleagues . Process of persuasion Persuasion relates how you influence people with your skills , experience , knowledge , leadership , qualities and team capabilities . Persuasion is an interactive process while getting the work done by others . Here are examples for which you can use persuasion skills in real time . Interview : you can prove your best talents , skills and expertise . Clients : to guide your clients for the achievement of the goals or targets . Memos : to express your ideas and views to coworkers for the improvement in the operations . Resistance identification and positive attitude are the vital roles of persuasion . Persuasion is a form of human interaction . It takes place when one individual expects some particular response from one or more other individuals and deliberately sets out to secure the response through the use of communication . The communicator must realize that different groups have different values . In instrumental learning situations , which involve operant behavior , the persuasive communicator will present his message and then wait for the receiver to make a correct response . As soon as the receiver makes the response , the communicator will attempt to fix the response by some appropriate reward or reinforcement . In conditional learning situations , where there is respondent behavior , the communicator presents his message so as to elicit the response he wants from the receiver , and the stimulus that originally served to elicit the response then becomes the reinforcing or rewarding element in conditioning . Mathematical models ( edit ) A lot of work has been done in building a mathematical model of reinforcement . This model is known as MPR , short for mathematical principles of reinforcement . Peter Killeen has made key discoveries in the field with his research on pigeons . Criticisms ( edit ) The standard definition of behavioral reinforcement has been criticized as circular , since it appears to argue that response strength is increased by reinforcement , and defines reinforcement as something that increases response strength ( i.e. , response strength is increased by things that increase response strength ) . However , the correct usage of reinforcement is that something is a reinforcer because of its effect on behavior , and not the other way around . It becomes circular if one says that a particular stimulus strengthens behavior because it is a reinforcer , and does not explain why a stimulus is producing that effect on the behavior . Other definitions have been proposed , such as F.D. Sheffield 's `` consummatory behavior contingent on a response '' , but these are not broadly used in psychology . Increasingly understanding of the role reinforcers play is moving away from a `` strengthening '' effect to a `` signalling '' effect . That is , the view that reinforcers increase responding because they signal the behaviours that a likely to result in reinforcement . While in most practical applications , the effect of any given reinforcer will be the same regardless of whether the reinforcer is signalling or strengthening , this approach helps to explain a number of behavioural phenomenon including patterns of responding on intermittent reinforcement schedules ( fixed interval scallops ) and the differential outcomes effect . History of the terms ( edit ) In the 1920s Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov may have been the first to use the word reinforcement with respect to behavior , but ( according to Dinsmoor ) he used its approximate Russian cognate sparingly , and even then it referred to strengthening an already - learned but weakening response . He did not use it , as it is today , for selecting and strengthening new behaviors . Pavlov 's introduction of the word extinction ( in Russian ) approximates today 's psychological use . In popular use , positive reinforcement is often used as a synonym for reward , with people ( not behavior ) thus being `` reinforced '' , but this is contrary to the term 's consistent technical usage , as it is a dimension of behavior , and not the person , which is strengthened . Negative reinforcement is often used by laypeople and even social scientists outside psychology as a synonym for punishment . This is contrary to modern technical use , but it was B.F. Skinner who first used it this way in his 1938 book . By 1953 , however , he followed others in thus employing the word punishment , and he re-cast negative reinforcement for the removal of aversive stimuli . There are some within the field of behavior analysis who have suggested that the terms `` positive '' and `` negative '' constitute an unnecessary distinction in discussing reinforcement as it is often unclear whether stimuli are being removed or presented . For example , Iwata poses the question : `` ... is a change in temperature more accurately characterized by the presentation of cold ( heat ) or the removal of heat ( cold ) ? '' Thus , reinforcement could be conceptualized as a pre-change condition replaced by a post-change condition that reinforces the behavior that followed the change in stimulus conditions . Applications ( edit ) Reinforcement and punishment are ubiquitous in human social interactions , and a great many applications of operant principles have been suggested and implemented . Following are a few examples . Addiction and dependence ( edit ) Positive and negative reinforcement play central roles in the development and maintenance of addiction and drug dependence . An addictive drug is intrinsically rewarding ; that is , it functions as a primary positive reinforcer of drug use . The brain 's reward system assigns it incentive salience ( i.e. , it is `` wanted '' or `` desired '' ) , so as an addiction develops , deprivation of the drug leads to craving . In addition , stimuli associated with drug use -- e.g. , the sight of a syringe , and the location of use -- become associated with the intense reinforcement induced by the drug . These previously neutral stimuli acquire several properties : their appearance can induce craving , and they can become conditioned positive reinforcers of continued use . Thus , if an addicted individual encounters one of these drug cues , a craving for the associated drug may reappear . For example , anti-drug agencies previously used posters with images of drug paraphernalia as an attempt to show the dangers of drug use . However , such posters are no longer used because of the effects of incentive salience in causing relapse upon sight of the stimuli illustrated in the posters . In drug dependent individuals , negative reinforcement occurs when a drug is self - administered in order to alleviate or `` escape '' the symptoms of physical dependence ( e.g. , tremors and sweating ) and / or psychological dependence ( e.g. , anhedonia , restlessness , irritability , and anxiety ) that arise during the state of drug withdrawal . Animal training ( edit ) Main article : Animal training Animal trainers and pet owners were applying the principles and practices of operant conditioning long before these ideas were named and studied , and animal training still provides one of the clearest and most convincing examples of operant control . Of the concepts and procedures described in this article , a few of the most salient are : availability of immediate reinforcement ( e.g. the ever - present bag of dog yummies ) ; contingency , assuring that reinforcement follows the desired behavior and not something else ; the use of secondary reinforcement , as in sounding a clicker immediately after a desired response ; shaping , as in gradually getting a dog to jump higher and higher ; intermittent reinforcement , reducing the frequency of those yummies to induce persistent behavior without satiation ; chaining , where a complex behavior is gradually put together . Child behaviour -- parent management training ( edit ) Main article : Parent management training Providing positive reinforcement for appropriate child behaviors is a major focus of parent management training . Typically , parents learn to reward appropriate behavior through social rewards ( such as praise , smiles , and hugs ) as well as concrete rewards ( such as stickers or points towards a larger reward as part of an incentive system created collaboratively with the child ) . In addition , parents learn to select simple behaviors as an initial focus and reward each of the small steps that their child achieves towards reaching a larger goal ( this concept is called `` successive approximations '' ) . They may also use indirect rewards such through progress charts . Economics ( edit ) Main article : Behavioral economics Further information : Consumer demand tests ( animals ) Both psychologists and economists have become interested in applying operant concepts and findings to the behavior of humans in the marketplace . An example is the analysis of consumer demand , as indexed by the amount of a commodity that is purchased . In economics , the degree to which price influences consumption is called `` the price elasticity of demand . '' Certain commodities are more elastic than others ; for example , a change in price of certain foods may have a large effect on the amount bought , while gasoline and other essentials may be less affected by price changes . In terms of operant analysis , such effects may be interpreted in terms of motivations of consumers and the relative value of the commodities as reinforcers . Gambling -- variable ratio scheduling ( edit ) As stated earlier in this article , a variable ratio schedule yields reinforcement after the emission of an unpredictable number of responses . This schedule typically generates rapid , persistent responding . Slot machines pay off on a variable ratio schedule , and they produce just this sort of persistent lever - pulling behavior in gamblers . Because the machines are programmed to pay out less money than they take in , the persistent slot - machine user invariably loses in the long run . Slots machines , and thus variable ratio reinforcement , have often been blamed as a factor underlying gambling addiction . Nudge theory ( edit ) Main article : Nudge theory Nudge theory ( or nudge ) is a concept in behavioural science , political theory and economics which argues that positive reinforcement and indirect suggestions to try to achieve non-forced compliance can influence the motives , incentives and decision making of groups and individuals , at least as effectively -- if not more effectively -- than direct instruction , legislation , or enforcement . Praise ( edit ) Main article : Praise The concept of praise as a means of behavioral reinforcement in humans is rooted in B.F. Skinner 's model of operant conditioning . Through this lens , praise has been viewed as a means of positive reinforcement , wherein an observed behavior is made more likely to occur by contingently praising said behavior . Hundreds of studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of praise in promoting positive behaviors , notably in the study of teacher and parent use of praise on child in promoting improved behavior and academic performance , but also in the study of work performance . Praise has also been demonstrated to reinforce positive behaviors in non-praised adjacent individuals ( such as a classmate of the praise recipient ) through vicarious reinforcement . Praise may be more or less effective in changing behavior depending on its form , content and delivery . In order for praise to effect positive behavior change , it must be contingent on the positive behavior ( i.e. , only administered after the targeted behavior is enacted ) , must specify the particulars of the behavior that is to be reinforced , and must be delivered sincerely and credibly . Acknowledging the effect of praise as a positive reinforcement strategy , numerous behavioral and cognitive behavioral interventions have incorporated the use of praise in their protocols . The strategic use of praise is recognized as an evidence - based practice in both classroom management and parenting training interventions , though praise is often subsumed in intervention research into a larger category of positive reinforcement , which includes strategies such as strategic attention and behavioral rewards . Psychological manipulation ( edit ) Main article : Psychological manipulation Braiker identified the following ways that manipulators control their victims : Positive reinforcement : includes praise , superficial charm , superficial sympathy ( crocodile tears ) , excessive apologizing , money , approval , gifts , attention , facial expressions such as a forced laugh or smile , and public recognition . Negative reinforcement : may involve removing one from a negative situation Intermittent or partial reinforcement : Partial or intermittent negative reinforcement can create an effective climate of fear and doubt . Partial or intermittent positive reinforcement can encourage the victim to persist -- for example in most forms of gambling , the gambler is likely to win now and again but still lose money overall . Punishment : includes nagging , yelling , the silent treatment , intimidation , threats , swearing , emotional blackmail , the guilt trip , sulking , crying , and playing the victim . Traumatic one - trial learning : using verbal abuse , explosive anger , or other intimidating behavior to establish dominance or superiority ; even one incident of such behavior can condition or train victims to avoid upsetting , confronting or contradicting the manipulator . Traumatic bonding ( edit ) Main article : Traumatic bonding Traumatic bonding occurs as the result of ongoing cycles of abuse in which the intermittent reinforcement of reward and punishment creates powerful emotional bonds that are resistant to change . Video games ( edit ) Main article : Compulsion loop Most video games are designed around some type of compulsion loop , adding a type of positive reinforcement through a variable rate schedule to keep the player playing the game , though this can also lead to video game addiction . Main article : Loot box As part of a trend in the monetization of video games in the 2010s , some games offered `` loot boxes '' as rewards or purchasable by real - world funds that offered a random selection of in - game items , distributed by rarity . The practice has been tied to the same methods that slot machines and other gambling devices dole out rewards , as it follows a variable rate schedule . While the general perception that loot boxes are a form of gambling , the practice is only classified as such in a few countries as gambling and otherwise legal . However , methods to use those items as virtual currency for online gambling or trading for real - world money has created a skin gambling market that is under legal evaluation . Workplace culture of fear ( edit ) Main articles : Culture of fear , Organizational culture , Toxic workplace , and Workplace bullying Ashforth discussed potentially destructive sides of leadership and identified what he referred to as petty tyrants : leaders who exercise a tyrannical style of management , resulting in a climate of fear in the workplace . Partial or intermittent negative reinforcement can create an effective climate of fear and doubt . When employees get the sense that bullies are tolerated , a climate of fear may be the result . Individual differences in sensitivity to reward , punishment , and motivation have been studied under the premises of reinforcement sensitivity theory and have also been applied to workplace performance . See also ( edit ) Abusive power and control Applied behavior analysis Behavioral cusp Carrot and stick Child grooming Dog training Idealisation Learned industriousness Overjustification effect Pavlovian - instrumental transfer Punishment Reinforcement learning Reinforcement sensitivity theory Reward system Society for Quantitative Analysis of Behavior Token economy References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schultz W ( July 2015 ) . `` Neuronal Reward and Decision Signals : From Theories to Data '' . Physiological Reviews . 95 ( 3 ) : 853 -- 951 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00023.2014 . PMC 4491543 . PMID 26109341 . Rewards in operant conditioning are positive reinforcers ... Operant behavior gives a good definition for rewards . Anything that makes an individual come back for more is a positive reinforcer and therefore a reward . Although it provides a good definition , positive reinforcement is only one of several reward functions ... Rewards are attractive . They are motivating and make us exert an effort ... Rewards induce approach behavior , also called appetitive or preparatory behavior , and consummatory behavior ... Thus any stimulus , object , event , activity , or situation that has the potential to make us approach and consume it is by definition a reward ... Intrinsic rewards are activities that are pleasurable on their own and are undertaken for their own sake , without being the means for getting extrinsic rewards ... Intrinsic rewards are genuine rewards in their own right , as they induce learning , approach , and pleasure , like perfectioning , playing , and enjoying the piano . Although they can serve to condition higher order rewards , they are not conditioned , higher order rewards , as attaining their reward properties does not require pairing with an unconditioned reward . Jump up ^ Winkielman P , Berridge KC , Wilbarger JL ( January 2005 ) . `` Unconscious affective reactions to masked happy versus angry faces influence consumption behavior and judgments of value '' . Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin . 31 ( 1 ) : 121 -- 35 . doi : 10.1177 / 0146167204271309 . PMID 15574667 . Jump up ^ Mondadori C , Waser PG , Huston JP ( June 1977 ) . `` Time - dependent effects of post-trial reinforcement , punishment or ECS on passive avoidance learning '' . Physiology & Behavior . 18 ( 6 ) : 1103 -- 9 . PMID 928533 . Jump up ^ Gottfried JA , White NM ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter3 : Reward : What is it ? How can it be inferred from behavior . '' . In White NM . Neurobiology of Sensation and Reward . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4200 - 6726 - 2 . PMID 22593908 . Jump up ^ Malenka RC , Nestler EJ , Hyman SE ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 15 : Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders '' . In Sydor A , Brown RY . Molecular Neuropharmacology : A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Medical . pp. 364 -- 375 . ISBN 9780071481274 . Jump up ^ Nestler EJ ( December 2013 ) . `` Cellular basis of memory for addiction '' . Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 15 ( 4 ) : 431 -- 443 . PMC 3898681 . PMID 24459410 . Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors , at its core , drug addiction involves a biological process : the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs , and loss of control over drug use , that define a state of addiction ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1 - type ( nucleus accumbens ) neurons increases an animal 's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self - administration , presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos : as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c - Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug - treated state. ... Moreover , there is increasing evidence that , despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population , exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict . Jump up ^ `` Glossary of Terms '' . Mount Sinai School of Medicine . Department of Neuroscience . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Volkow ND , Koob GF , McLellan AT ( January 2016 ) . `` Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction '' . N. Engl. J. Med. 374 ( 4 ) : 363 -- 371 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra1511480 . PMID 26816013 . Substance - use disorder : A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM - 5 ) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment , such as health problems , disability , and failure to meet major responsibilities at work , school , or home . Depending on the level of severity , this disorder is classified as mild , moderate , or severe . Addiction : A term used to indicate the most severe , chronic stage of substance - use disorder , in which there is a substantial loss of self - control , as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug . In the DSM - 5 , the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance - use disorder . Jump up ^ Thorndike E ( June 1898 ) . `` Some Experiments on Animal Intelligence '' . Science . 7 ( 181 ) : 818 -- 24 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 7.181. 818 . PMID 17769765 . Jump up ^ Skinner , B.F. `` The Behavior of Organisms : An Experimental Analysis '' , 1938 New York : Appleton - Century - Crofts Jump up ^ Skinner BF ( 1948 ) . Walden Two . Toronto : The Macmillan Company . Jump up ^ Honig W ( 1966 ) . Operant Behavior : Areas of Research and Application . New York : Meredith Publishing Company . p. 381 . ^ Jump up to : Flora S ( 2004 ) . The Power of Reinforcement . Albany : State University of New York Press . Jump up ^ D'Amato MR ( 1969 ) . Marx MH , ed . Learning Processes : Instrumental Conditioning . Toronto : The Macmillan Company . Jump up ^ Harter JK ( 2002 ) . Keyes CL , ed . Well - Being in the Workplace and its Relationship to Business Outcomes : A Review of the Gallup Studies ( PDF ) . Washington D.C. : American Psychological Association . Jump up ^ Skinner , B.F. ( 1974 ) . About Behaviorism ^ Jump up to : Miltenberger , R.G. `` Behavioral Modification : Principles and Procedures '' . Thomson / Wadsworth , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tucker M , Sigafoos J , Bushell H ( October 1998 ) . `` Use of noncontingent reinforcement in the treatment of challenging behavior . A review and clinical guide '' . Behavior Modification. 22 ( 4 ) : 529 -- 47 . doi : 10.1177 / 01454455980224005 . PMID 9755650 . Jump up ^ Droleskey RE , Andrews K , Chiarantini L , DeLoach JR ( 1999 ) . `` Use of fluorescent probes for describing the process of encapsulation by hypotonic dialysis '' . Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology . 326 : 73 -- 80 . doi : 10.1901 / jaba. 1999.32 - 237 . PMC 1284187 . Jump up ^ Baer DM , Wolf MM . `` The entry into natural communities of reinforcement '' . In Ulrich R , Stachnik T , Mabry J. Control of human behavior . 2 . Glenview , IL : Scott Foresman . pp. 319 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Kohler FW , Greenwood CR ( 1986 ) . `` Toward a technology of generalization : The identification of natural contingencies of reinforcement '' . The Behavior Analyst. 9 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 26 . PMID 22478644 . Jump up ^ Vollmer TR , Iwata BA ( 1992 ) . `` Differential reinforcement as treatment for behavior disorders : procedural and functional variations '' . Research in Developmental Disabilities . 13 ( 4 ) : 393 -- 417 . PMID 1509180 . Jump up ^ Derenne A , Flannery KA ( 2007 ) . `` Within Session FR Pausing '' . The Behavior Analyst Today . 8 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 86 . Jump up ^ McSweeney FK , Murphy ES , Kowal BP ( 2001 ) . `` Dynamic changes in reinforcer value : Some misconceptions and why you should care '' . The Behavior Analyst Today . 2 ( 4 ) : 341 -- 349 . doi : 10.1037 / h0099952 . Jump up ^ Iversen IH , Lattal KA ( 1991 ) . Experimental Analysis of Behavior . Amsterdam : Elsevier . Jump up ^ Martin TL , Yu CT , Martin GL , Fazzio D ( 2006 ) . `` On Choice , Preference , and Preference For Choice '' . The Behavior Analyst Today . 7 ( 2 ) : 234 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Schacter DL , Gilbert DT , Wegner DM ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 7 : Learning '' . Psychology ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Worth Publishers . pp. 284 -- 85 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3719 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Bettinghaus EP ( 1968 ) . Persuasive Communication . Holt , Rinehart and Winston , Inc . Jump up ^ Skinner BF ( 1938 ) . The Behavior of Organisms . An Experimental Analysis . New York : Appleton - Century - Crofts . Jump up ^ Killeen PR ( 4 February 2010 ) . `` Mathematical principles of reinforcement '' . Behavioral and Brain Sciences . 17 ( 1 ) : 105 . doi : 10.1017 / S0140525X00033628 . Jump up ^ Skinner BF ( 1982 ) . Epstein R , ed . Skinner for the classroom : selected papers . Champaign , Ill. : Research Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87822 - 261 - 2 . Jump up ^ Vaccarino FJ , Schiff BB , Glickman SE ( 1989 ) . Mowrer RR , editor - Klein SB , eds . Contemporary learning theories . Hillsdale , N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89859 - 915 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Cowie S , Davison M , Elliffe D ( July 2011 ) . `` Reinforcement : food signals the time and location of future food '' . Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior . 96 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 86 . doi : 10.1901 / jeab. 2011.96 - 63 . PMC 3136894 . PMID 21765546 . Jump up ^ McCormack J , Arnold - Saritepe A , Elliffe D ( June 2017 ) . `` The differential outcomes effect in children with autism '' . Behavioral Interventions. 32 ( 4 ) : 357 -- 369 . doi : 10.1002 / bin. 1489 . Jump up ^ Michael J ( 2005 ) . `` Positive and negative reinforcement , a distinction that is no longer necessary ; or a better way to talk about bad things '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management . 24 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 207 -- 22 . doi : 10.1300 / J075v24n01_15 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 June 2004 . Jump up ^ Iwata BA ( 1987 ) . `` Negative reinforcement in applied behavior analysis : an emerging technology '' . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis . 20 ( 4 ) : 361 -- 78 . doi : 10.1901 / jaba. 1987.20 - 361 . PMC 1286076 . PMID 3323157 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards S ( 2016 ) . `` Reinforcement principles for addiction medicine ; from recreational drug use to psychiatric disorder '' . Progress in Brain Research . 223 : 63 -- 76 . doi : 10.1016 / bs. pbr. 2015.07. 005 . PMID 26806771 . Abused substances ( ranging from alcohol to psychostimulants ) are initially ingested at regular occasions according to their positive reinforcing properties . Importantly , repeated exposure to rewarding substances sets off a chain of secondary reinforcing events , whereby cues and contexts associated with drug use may themselves become reinforcing and thereby contribute to the continued use and possible abuse of the substance ( s ) of choice ... An important dimension of reinforcement highly relevant to the addiction process ( and particularly relapse ) is secondary reinforcement ( Stewart , 1992 ) . Secondary reinforcers ( in many cases also considered conditioned reinforcers ) likely drive the majority of reinforcement processes in humans . In the specific case of drug ( addiction ) , cues and contexts that are intimately and repeatedly associated with drug use will often themselves become reinforcing ... A fundamental piece of Robinson and Berridge 's incentive - sensitization theory of addiction posits that the incentive value or attractive nature of such secondary reinforcement processes , in addition to the primary reinforcers themselves , may persist and even become sensitized over time in league with the development of drug addiction ( Robinson and Berridge , 1993 ) ... Negative reinforcement is a special condition associated with a strengthening of behavioral responses that terminate some ongoing ( presumably aversive ) stimulus . In this case we can define a negative reinforcer as a motivational stimulus that strengthens such an `` escape '' response . Historically , in relation to drug addiction , this phenomenon has been consistently observed in humans whereby drugs of abuse are self - administered to quench a motivational need in the state of withdrawal ( Wikler , 1952 ) . ^ Jump up to : Berridge KC ( April 2012 ) . `` From prediction error to incentive salience : mesolimbic computation of reward motivation '' . The European Journal of Neuroscience. 35 ( 7 ) : 1124 -- 43 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1460 - 9568.2012. 07990. x . PMC 3325516 . PMID 22487042 . When a Pavlovian CS+ is attributed with incentive salience it not only triggers ' wanting ' for its UCS , but often the cue itself becomes highly attractive -- even to an irrational degree . This cue attraction is another signature feature of incentive salience . The CS becomes hard not to look at ( Wiers & Stacy , 2006 ; Hickey et al. , 2010a ; Piech et al. , 2010 ; Anderson et al. , 2011 ) . The CS even takes on some incentive properties similar to its UCS . An attractive CS often elicits behavioral motivated approach , and sometimes an individual may even attempt to ' consume ' the CS somewhat as its UCS ( e.g. , eat , drink , smoke , have sex with , take as drug ) . ' Wanting ' of a CS can turn also turn the formerly neutral stimulus into an instrumental conditioned reinforcer , so that an individual will work to obtain the cue ( however , there exist alternative psychological mechanisms for conditioned reinforcement too ) . ^ Jump up to : Berridge KC , Kringelbach ML ( May 2015 ) . `` Pleasure systems in the brain '' . Neuron. 86 ( 3 ) : 646 -- 64 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuron. 2015.02. 018 . PMC 4425246 . PMID 25950633 . An important goal in future for addiction neuroscience is to understand how intense motivation becomes narrowly focused on a particular target . Addiction has been suggested to be partly due to excessive incentive salience produced by sensitized or hyper - reactive dopamine systems that produce intense ' wanting ' ( Robinson and Berridge , 1993 ) . But why one target becomes more ' wanted ' than all others has not been fully explained . In addicts or agonist - stimulated patients , the repetition of dopamine - stimulation of incentive salience becomes attributed to particular individualized pursuits , such as taking the addictive drug or the particular compulsions . In Pavlovian reward situations , some cues for reward become more ' wanted ' more than others as powerful motivational magnets , in ways that differ across individuals ( Robinson et al. , 2014b ; Saunders and Robinson , 2013 ) ... However , hedonic effects might well change over time . As a drug was taken repeatedly , mesolimbic dopaminergic sensitization could consequently occur in susceptible individuals to amplify ' wanting ' ( Leyton and Vezina , 2013 ; Lodge and Grace , 2011 ; Wolf and Ferrario , 2010 ) , even if opioid hedonic mechanisms underwent down - regulation due to continual drug stimulation , producing ' liking ' tolerance . Incentive - sensitization would produce addiction , by selectively magnifying cue - triggered ' wanting ' to take the drug again , and so powerfully cause motivation even if the drug became less pleasant ( Robinson and Berridge , 1993 ) . Jump up ^ McGreevy PD , Boakes RA ( 2007 ) . Carrots and sticks : principles of animal training . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 68691 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Kazdin AE ( 2010 ) . Problem - solving skills training and parent management training for oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder . Evidence - based psychotherapies for children and adolescents ( 2nd ed . ) , 211 -- 226 . New York : Guilford Press . Jump up ^ Forgatch MS , Patterson GR ( 2010 ) . Parent management training -- Oregon model : An intervention for antisocial behavior in children and adolescents . Evidence - based psychotherapies for children and adolescents ( 2nd ed . ) , 159 -- 78 . New York : Guilford Press . Jump up ^ Domjan , M. ( 2009 ) . The Principles of Learning and Behavior . Wadsworth Publishing Company . 6th Edition . pages 244 -- 249 . Jump up ^ Lozano Bleda JH , Pérez Nieto MA ( November 2012 ) . `` Impulsivity , intelligence , and discriminating reinforcement contingencies in a fixed - ratio 3 schedule '' . The Spanish Journal of Psychology . 15 ( 3 ) : 922 -- 9 . PMID 23156902 . Jump up ^ Kazdin , Alan ( 1978 ) . History of behavior modification : Experimental foundations of contemporary research . Baltimore : University Park Press . Jump up ^ Baker GL , Barnes HJ ( July 1992 ) . `` Superior vena cava syndrome : etiology , diagnosis , and treatment '' . American Journal of Critical Care . 1 ( 1 ) : 54 -- 64 . doi : 10.1901 / jaba. 1983.16 - 243 . PMC 1307879 . ^ Jump up to : Garland AF , Hawley KM , Brookman - Frazee L , Hurlburt MS ( May 2008 ) . `` Identifying common elements of evidence - based psychosocial treatments for children 's disruptive behavior problems '' . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry . 47 ( 5 ) : 505 -- 14 . doi : 10.1097 / CHI. 0b013e31816765c2 . PMID 18356768 . Jump up ^ Crowell CR , Anderson DC , Abel DM , Sergio JP ( 1988 ) . `` Task clarification , performance feedback , and social praise : Procedures for improving the customer service of bank tellers '' . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis . 21 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 71 . doi : 10.1901 / jaba. 1988.21 - 65 . PMC 1286094 . PMID 16795713 . Jump up ^ Goldman NC ( February 1992 ) . `` Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the external auditory canal '' . Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery . 106 ( 2 ) : 214 -- 5 . doi : 10.1901 / jaba. 1973.6 - 71 . PMC 1310808 . Jump up ^ Brophy J ( 1981 ) . `` On praising effectively '' . The Elementary School Journal . 81 ( 5 ) . JSTOR 1001606 . ^ Jump up to : Simonsen B , Fairbanks S , Briesch A , Myers D , Sugai G ( 2008 ) . `` Evidence - based Practices in Classroom Management : Considerations for Research to Practice '' . Education and Treatment of Children . 31 ( 1 ) : 351 -- 380 . doi : 10.1353 / etc. 0.0007 . Jump up ^ Weisz JR , Kazdin AE ( 2010 ) . Evidence - based psychotherapies for children and adolescents . Guilford Press . ^ Jump up to : Braiker HB ( 2004 ) . Who 's Pulling Your Strings ? How to Break The Cycle of Manipulation . ISBN 0 - 07 - 144672 - 9 . Jump up ^ Dutton DG , Painter S ( 1981 ) . `` Emotional attachments in abusive relationships : a test of traumatic bonding theory '' . Violence and Victims. 8 ( 2 ) : 105 -- 20 . PMID 8193053 . Jump up ^ Sanderson C ( 2008 ) . Counselling survivors of domestic abuse . London : Jessica Kingsley . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84642 - 811 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hopson J ( 27 April 2001 ) . `` Behavioral Game Design '' . Gamasutra . Jump up ^ Hood V ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Are loot boxes gambling ? '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashforth B ( 1994 ) . `` Petty tyranny in organizations '' . Human Relations . 47 ( 7 ) : 755 -- 778 . Jump up ^ Helge H , Sheehan MJ , Cooper CL , Einarsen S ( 2010 ) . `` Organisational Effects of Workplace Bullying '' . In Einarsen S , Hoel H , Zapf D , Cooper C. Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace : Developments in Theory , Research , and Practice ( 2nd ed . ) . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4398 - 0489 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Brechner KC ( 1974 ) . An experimental analysis of social traps ( PhD thesis ) . Arizona State University . Brechner KC ( 1977 ) . `` An experimental analysis of social traps '' . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology . 13 : 552 -- 64 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 1031 ( 77 ) 90054 - 3 . Brechner KC ( 1987 ) . Social Traps , Individual Traps , and Theory in Social Psychology . Bulletin No. 870001 . Pasadena , CA : Time River Laboratory . Brechner KC ( 28 February 2003 ) . `` Superimposed schedules applied to rent control . '' . In Levine DK , Pesendorfer W. Economic and Game Theory . Brechner KC , Linder DE ( 1981 ) . `` A social trap analysis of energy distribution systems '' . In Baum A , Singer JE . Advances in Environmental Psychology . 3 . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum & Associates . Chance P ( 2003 ) . Learning and Behavior ( 5th ed . ) . Toronto : Thomson - Wadsworth . Dinsmoor JA ( November 2004 ) . `` The etymology of basic concepts in the experimental analysis of behavior '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior . 82 ( 3 ) : 311 -- 6 . doi : 10.1901 / jeab. 2004.82 - 311 . PMC 1285013 . PMID 15693525 . Ferster CB , Skinner BF ( 1957 ) . Schedules of reinforcement . New York : Appleton - Century - Crofts . ISBN 0 - 13 - 792309 - 0 . Lewin K ( 1935 ) . A dynamic theory of personality : Selected papers . New York : McGraw - Hill . Skinner BF ( 1938 ) . The behavior of organisms . New York : Appleton - Century - Crofts . Skinner BF ( 1956 ) . `` A case history in scientific method '' . American Psychologist. 11 : 221 -- 33 . doi : 10.1037 / h0047662 . Zeiler MD ( July 1968 ) . `` Fixed and variable schedules of response - independent reinforcement '' . Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior . 11 ( 4 ) : 405 -- 14 . doi : 10.1901 / jeab. 1968.11 - 405 . PMC 1338502 . PMID 5672249 . `` Glossary of reinforcement terms '' . University of Iowa . Harter JK , Shmidt FL , Keyes CL ( 2002 ) . `` Well - Being in the Workplace and its Relationship to Business Outcomes : A Review of the Gallup Studies . '' . In Keyes CL , Haidt J. Flourishing : The Positive Person and the Good Life . Washington D.C. : American Psychological Association . pp. 205 -- 224 . External links ( edit ) An On - Line Positive Reinforcement Tutorial Scholarpedia Reinforcement scienceofbehavior.com Psychological manipulation Rewarding : pleasant ( positive reinforcement ) Attention Bribery Child grooming Flattery Gifts Ingratiation Love bombing Nudging Praise Seduction Smiling Superficial charm Superficial sympathy Aversive : unpleasant ( positive punishment ) Anger Character assassination Crying Emotional blackmail Fearmongering Frowning Glaring Guilt trip Inattention Intimidation Nagging Nit - picking criticism Passive aggression Relational aggression Sadism Shaming Silent treatment Social rejection Swearing Threats Victim blaming Victim playing Yelling Intermittent or partial negative reinforcement Climate of fear Traumatic bonding Other techniques Bait - and - switch Deception Denial Deprogramming Disinformation Distortion Diversion Divide and rule Double bind Entrapment Evasion Exaggeration Gaslighting Good cop / bad cop Indoctrination Low - balling Lying Minimisation Moving the goalposts Pride - and - ego down Rationalization Reid technique Setting up to fail Trojan horse You 're either with us , or against us Contexts Abuse Abusive power and control Advertising Bullying Catholic guilt Confidence trick Guilt culture Interrogation Jewish guilt Jewish mother stereotype Moral panic Media manipulation Mind control Mind games Mobbing Propaganda Salesmanship Scapegoating Shame culture Smear campaign Social engineering ( blagging ) Spin Suggestibility Whispering campaign Related topics Antisocial personality disorder Assertiveness Blame Borderline personality disorder Carrot and stick Dumbing down Enabling Fallacy Femme fatale Gaming the system Gullibility Histrionic personality disorder Impression management Machiavellianism Narcissism Narcissistic personality disorder Personal boundaries Persuasion Popularity Projection Psychopathy Reinforcement disorders : Addiction and Dependence Addiction Drug Alcoholism Amphetamine Cocaine Methamphetamine Methylphenidate Nicotine Opioid Behavioral Financial Gambling Shopping Media Computer Internet Television Video game Palatable food Sex - related Cybersex Intercourse Pornography Cellular mechanisms Transcriptional ΔFosB c - Fos Cdk5 CREB GluR2 NF - κB Epigenetic G9a G9a - like protein HDAC1 HDAC2 HDAC3 HDAC4 HDAC5 HDAC9 HDAC10 SIRT1 SIRT2 ... Dependence Concepts Physical dependence Psychological dependence Withdrawal Disorders Alcoholism Amphetamine Barbiturate Benzodiazepine Caffeine Cannabis Cocaine Nicotine Opioid Treatment and management Behavioral therapies : Cognitive behavioral therapy Relapse prevention Contingency management Community reinforcement approach and family training Motivational interviewing Physical exercise Types of treatment programs : Drug rehab Residential treatment center Low - threshold treatment programs Needle exchange program Twelve - step program Support groups : Addiction recovery groups List of twelve - step groups NoFap See also Category : Addiction Discrimination against drug addicts Dopamine dysregulation syndrome Cognitive control Inhibitory control Harm reduction Motivational salience Incentive salience GND : 4130203 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinforcement&oldid=854406785 '' Categories : Behavior therapy Behavioral concepts Behaviorism Addiction Psychological manipulation Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Use dmy dates from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 03 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement

who did ohio state play in last bowl game

List of Ohio State Buckeyes Bowl games

list of ohio state buckeyes bowl games

The Ohio State Buckeyes football team competes as part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , representing the Ohio State University in the East division of the Big Ten Conference . Since the establishment of the football program in 1890 , the Buckeyes have played in 46 bowl games . Included in these games are 27 appearances in the `` big four '' bowl games ( the Rose , Sugar , Orange , and Fiesta ) , 10 appearances in the Bowl Championship Series , including one national championship victory in the 2003 Fiesta Bowl and two appearances in the BCS National Championship Game , and an appearance in the inaugural College Football Playoff .

Ohio State 's first bowl game came during the 1920 season when , under the leadership of eighth year head coach John Wilce , the team went on to the Rose Bowl where they would be defeated by California 28 -- 0 . Following their first Rose Bowl appearance , the school would not make another bowl appearance until 1949 , when head coach Wes Fesler led the Buckeyes to the Rose Bowl again , this time defeating the California Golden Bears 17 -- 14 . Following Fesler , Woody Hayes took over the position of head coach at Ohio State and during his career would lead the Buckeyes to eleven bowl games and compiling a 5 -- 6 record . The Buckeyes appeared in the Rose Bowl eight times during Hayes ' tenure and would go 4 -- 4 in those games . Hayes would also lead the Buckeyes to one Orange Bowl , one Sugar Bowl , and one Gator Bowl appearance during his time as head coach . Earle Bruce became the head coach of the Ohio State Buckeyes following Woody Hayes in 1979 . Bruce would lead the Buckeyes to the Rose Bowl in his first season , coming one point away from a national championship , losing to the USC Trojans 17 -- 16 . Over Bruce 's career , the Buckeyes would make eight bowl appearances going 5 -- 3 in those games . Ohio State also made two Rose Bowl appearances under Bruce , in which the team went 0 -- 2 . Following Bruce , John Cooper became the head coach of the Buckeyes and would lead the school to ten bowl appearances , including one Rose Bowl victory in 1997 , the school 's first Rose Bowl victory since 1974 . Cooper would lead the Buckeyes to a 3 -- 8 bowl record during his tenure . Cooper would also lead the Buckeyes to the Sugar Bowl in 1999 , the first Bowl Championship Series appearance for Ohio State . Jim Tressel was hired as the head coach of the Buckeyes in 2001 and would remain head coach at the university until 2010 . Under Tressel , Ohio State made a bowl appearance in all his ten seasons as head coach and made eight BCS bowl appearances for a total of nine appearances for the university , the most of any other school . Tressel would also lead the Buckeyes to the national championship game in 2002 , where the Buckeyes defeated the Miami Hurricanes 31 -- 24 in double overtime for their first national championship since 1970 . Tressel compiled an overall bowl record of 5 -- 4 with one vacated victory , including three appearances in the BCS National Championship Game , four appearances in the Fiesta Bowl , one in the Rose Bowl , one in the Sugar Bowl , one in the Outback Bowl , and one in the Alamo Bowl . Ohio State would also reach the Gator Bowl in 2011 under head coach Luke Fickell , which they would lose 24 -- 17 to the Florida Gators . In November 2011 , Urban Meyer was hired as the head coach and has led the Buckeyes to bowl games in three seasons during his time at Ohio State . Meyer led the Buckeyes to their tenth BCS bowl against Clemson in the Orange Bowl . In 2014 , Meyer led the Buckeyes to the inaugural College Football Playoff , where the Buckeyes defeated Alabama in the Sugar Bowl and Oregon in the College Football Playoff National Championship , to win the program 's eighth national championship . In their latest bowl appearance , Ohio State defeated Notre Dame in the Fiesta Bowl . The win in that game brought Ohio State 's overall bowl record to 22 wins and 24 losses . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Bowl games 3 Notes 4 Record by Bowl 5 References Key ( edit ) General Bowl game record attendance Former bowl game record attendance § Denotes College Football Playoff game * Denotes national championship game Results Win Loss Tie Bowl games ( edit ) List of bowl games showing bowl played in , score , date , season , opponent , stadium , location , attendance and head coach # Bowl Score Date Season Opponent Stadium Location Attendance Head coach Rose Bowl L 28 ! L 28 -- 0 000000001921 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1921 1920 California Golden Bears Rose Bowl Pasadena 42,000 Wilce , John John Wilce Rose Bowl W 03 ! W 17 -- 14 000000001950 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1950 1949 California Golden Bears Rose Bowl Pasadena 100,963 Fesler , Wes Wes Fesler Rose Bowl W 13 ! W 20 -- 7 000000001955 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1955 1954 USC Trojans Rose Bowl Pasadena 89,191 Hayes , Woody Woody Hayes Rose Bowl W 03 ! W 10 -- 7 000000001958 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1958 1957 Oregon Ducks Rose Bowl Pasadena 98,202 Hayes , Woody Woody Hayes 5 Rose Bowl W 11 ! W 27 -- 16 000000001969 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1969 1968 USC Trojans Rose Bowl Pasadena 102,063 Hayes , Woody Woody Hayes 6 Rose Bowl L 10 ! L 27 -- 17 000000001971 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1971 1970 Stanford Indians Rose Bowl Pasadena 103,839 Hayes , Woody Woody Hayes 7 Rose Bowl L 25 ! L 42 -- 17 000000001973 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1973 1972 USC Trojans Rose Bowl Pasadena 106,869 Hayes , Woody Woody Hayes 8 Rose Bowl W 21 ! W 42 -- 21 000000001974 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1974 1973 USC Trojans Rose Bowl Pasadena 105,267 Hayes , Woody Woody Hayes 9 Rose Bowl L 01 ! L 18 -- 17 000000001975 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1975 USC Trojans Rose Bowl Pasadena 106,721 Hayes , Woody Woody Hayes 10 Rose Bowl L 13 ! L 23 -- 10 000000001976 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1976 UCLA Bruins Rose Bowl Pasadena 105,464 Hayes , Woody Woody Hayes 11 Orange Bowl W 17 ! W 27 -- 10 000000001977 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1977 1976 Colorado Buffaloes Orange Bowl Miami 65,537 Hayes , Woody Woody Hayes 12 Sugar Bowl L 29 ! L 35 -- 6 000000001978 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 1978 1977 Alabama Crimson Tide Louisiana Superdome New Orleans 76,811 Hayes , Woody Woody Hayes 13 Gator Bowl L 02 ! L 17 -- 15 000000001978 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1978 1978 Clemson Tigers Gator Bowl Jacksonville 72,011 Hayes , Woody Woody Hayes 14 Rose Bowl L 01 ! L 17 -- 16 000000001980 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1980 1979 USC Trojans Rose Bowl Pasadena 105,526 Bruce , Earle Earle Bruce 15 Fiesta Bowl L 12 ! L 31 -- 19 000000001980 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 1980 1980 Penn State Nittany Lions Sun Devil Stadium Tempe 66,738 Bruce , Earle Earle Bruce 16 Liberty Bowl W 03 ! W 31 -- 28 000000001981 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 1981 1981 Navy Midshipmen Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium Memphis 43,216 Bruce , Earle Earle Bruce 17 Holiday Bowl W 30 ! W 47 -- 17 000000001982 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 1982 1982 BYU Cougars Jack Murphy Stadium San Diego 52,533 Bruce , Earle Earle Bruce 18 Fiesta Bowl W 05 ! W 28 -- 23 000000001984 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 1984 Pittsburgh Panthers Sun Devil Stadium Tempe 66,484 Bruce , Earle Earle Bruce 19 Rose Bowl L 03 ! L 20 -- 17 000000001985 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1985 1984 USC Trojans Rose Bowl Pasadena 102,594 Bruce , Earle Earle Bruce 20 Florida Citrus Bowl W 05 ! W 10 -- 7 000000001985 - 12 - 28 - 0000 December 28 , 1985 1985 BYU Cougars Citrus Bowl Orlando 50,920 Bruce , Earle Earle Bruce 21 Cotton Bowl Classic W 16 ! W 28 -- 12 000000001987 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1987 1986 Texas A&M Aggies Cotton Dallas 74,188 Bruce , Earle Earle Bruce 22 Hall of Fame Bowl L 17 ! L 31 -- 14 000000001990 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1990 1989 Auburn Tigers Tampa Stadium Tampa 52,535 John Cooper John Cooper 23 Liberty Bowl L 12 ! L 23 -- 11 000000001990 - 12 - 27 - 0000 December 27 , 1990 1990 Air Force Falcons Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium Memphis 13,144 John Cooper John Cooper 24 Hall of Fame Bowl L 07 ! L 24 -- 17 000000001992 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1992 1991 Syracuse Orangemen Tampa Stadium Tampa 57,789 John Cooper John Cooper 25 Florida Citrus Bowl L 07 ! L 21 -- 14 000000001993 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1993 1992 Georgia Bulldogs Citrus Bowl Orlando 65,816 John Cooper John Cooper 26 Holiday Bowl W 07 ! W 28 -- 21 000000001993 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 1993 1993 BYU Cougars Jack Murphy Stadium San Diego 52,108 John Cooper John Cooper 27 Florida Citrus Bowl L 07 ! L 24 -- 17 000000001995 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 1995 1994 Alabama Crimson Tide Citrus Bowl Orlando 71,195 John Cooper John Cooper 28 Florida Citrus Bowl L 03 ! L 20 -- 14 000000001996 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 1996 1995 Tennessee Volunteers Citrus Bowl Orlando 70,797 John Cooper John Cooper 29 Rose Bowl W 03 ! W 20 -- 17 000000001997 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1997 Arizona State Sun Devils Rose Bowl Pasadena 100,635 John Cooper John Cooper 30 Sugar Bowl L 17 ! L 31 -- 14 000000001998 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1998 1997 Florida State Seminoles Louisiana Superdome New Orleans 67,289 John Cooper John Cooper 31 Sugar Bowl W 10 ! W 24 -- 14 000000001999 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1999 1998 Texas A&M Aggies Louisiana Superdome New Orleans 76,503 John Cooper John Cooper 32 Outback Bowl L 17 ! L 24 -- 7 000000002001 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 2001 2000 South Carolina Gamecocks Raymond James Stadium Tampa 65,299 John Cooper John Cooper 33 Outback Bowl L 03 ! L 31 -- 28 000000002002 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 2002 2001 South Carolina Gamecocks Raymond James Stadium Tampa 66,249 Tressel , Jim Jim Tressel 34 2003 Fiesta Bowl ( BCS National Championship Game ) W 07 ! W 31 -- 24 000000002003 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2003 2002 Miami Hurricanes Sun Devil Stadium Tempe 77,502 Tressel , Jim Jim Tressel 35 Fiesta Bowl W 07 ! W 35 -- 28 000000002004 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2004 2003 Kansas State Wildcats Sun Devil Stadium Tempe 73,425 Tressel , Jim Jim Tressel 36 Alamo Bowl W 26 ! W 33 -- 7 000000002004 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 2004 Oklahoma State Cowboys Alamodome San Antonio 65,265 Tressel , Jim Jim Tressel 37 Fiesta Bowl W 14 ! W 34 -- 20 000000002006 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2006 2005 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Sun Devil Stadium Tempe 76,196 Tressel , Jim Jim Tressel 38 BCS National Championship Game * L 27 ! L 41 -- 14 000000002007 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 2007 2006 Florida Gators University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale 74,628 Tressel , Jim Jim Tressel 39 BCS National Championship Game * L 14 ! L 38 -- 24 000000002008 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 2008 2007 LSU Tigers Louisiana Superdome New Orleans 79,651 Tressel , Jim Jim Tressel 40 Fiesta Bowl L 03 ! L 24 -- 21 000000002009 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 2009 2008 Texas Longhorns University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale 72,047 Tressel , Jim Jim Tressel 41 Rose Bowl W 09 ! W 26 -- 17 000000002010 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 2010 2009 Oregon Ducks Rose Bowl Pasadena 93,963 Tressel , Jim Jim Tressel 42 Sugar Bowl W 05 ! W * 31 -- 26 000000002011 - 01 - 04 - 0000 January 4 , 2011 Arkansas Razorbacks Louisiana Superdome New Orleans 73,879 Tressel , Jim Jim Tressel 43 Gator Bowl L 07 ! L 24 -- 17 000000002012 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2012 2011 Florida Gators EverBank Field Jacksonville 61,312 Fickell , Luke Luke Fickell 44 Orange Bowl L 07 ! L 40 -- 35 000000002014 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2014 2013 Clemson Tigers Sun Life Stadium Miami 72,080 Meyer , Urban Urban Meyer 45 Sugar Bowl § W 07 ! W 42 -- 35 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 2015 2014 Alabama Crimson Tide Mercedes - Benz Superdome New Orleans 74,682 Meyer , Urban Urban Meyer 46 CFP National Championship * W 07 ! W 42 -- 20 000000002015 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2015 2014 Oregon Ducks AT&T Stadium Arlington 85,689 Meyer , Urban Urban Meyer 47 Fiesta Bowl W 016 ! W 44 -- 28 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 2016 2015 Notre Dame Fighting Irish University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale 71,123 Meyer , Urban Urban Meyer 48 Fiesta Bowl § L 31 - 0 December 31 , 2016 2016 Clemson Tigers University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale TBD Urban Meyer Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Statistics correct as of 2011 -- 12 NCAA football bowl games . Jump up ^ Results are sortable first by whether the result was an Ohio State win , loss or tie and then second by the margin of victory . Jump up ^ Links to the season article for the Ohio State team that competed in the bowl for that year . Jump up ^ Links to the season article for the opponent that Ohio State competed against in the bowl for that year when available or to their general page when unavailable . Jump up ^ Ohio State voluntarily vacated their Sugar Bowl victory following NCAA allegations . Record by Bowl ( edit ) Bowl App . Wins Losses Win Pct . Most Recent Result Rose Bowl 14 7 7 . 500 W 26 - 17 vs. Oregon ( 2010 ) Fiesta Bowl 8 5 . 714 L 31 - 0 vs. Clemson ( 2017 ) Sugar Bowl 5 . 500 W 42 - 35 vs. Alabama ( 2015 ) Citrus Bowl . 250 L 14 - 20 vs. Tennessee ( 1995 ) Outback Bowl 0 . 000 L 28 - 31 vs. South Carolina ( 2002 ) Holiday Bowl 0 1.000 W 28 - 21 vs. BYU ( 1993 ) Orange Bowl . 500 L 40 - 45 vs. Clemson ( 2014 ) Liberty Bowl . 500 L 11 - 23 vs. Air Force ( 1990 ) TaxSlayer Bowl 0 . 000 L 17 - 24 vs. Florida ( 2012 ) BCS National Championship Game . 333 L 24 - 38 vs. LSU ( 2008 ) CFP National Championship Game 0 1.000 W 42 - 20 vs. Oregon ( 2014 ) Alamo Bowl 0 1.000 W 33 - 7 vs. Oklahoma State ( 2004 ) Cotton Bowl 0 1.000 W 28 - 12 vs. Texas A&M ( 1987 ) The TaxSlayer Bowl was formerly called the Gator Bowl The Outback Bowl was formerly called the Hall of Fame Bowl Bowl Selector App . Wins Losses Win Pct . Most Recent Result Bowl Championship Series 10 5 * . 556 L 40 - 45 vs. Clemson ( 2014 Orange Bowl ) College Football Playoff . 667 L 0 - 31 vs. Clemson ( 2017 Fiesta Bowl ) Bowl Alliance 0 . 000 L 14 - 31 vs. Florida State ( 1998 Sugar Bowl ) References ( edit ) General National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . `` Bowl / All - Star Game Records '' ( PDF ) . 2011 NCAA Division I Football Records . NCAA.org . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . `` Ohio State Football History : Bowl Records '' ( PDF ) . Ohio State Buckeyes.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` The History of Ohio State Football -- Bowl Games '' ( PDF ) . Ohio State Buckeyes . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rose Bowl 1921 '' . Rose Bowl History . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rose Bowl 1950 '' . Rose Bowl History . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rose Bowl 1980 '' . Rose Bowl History . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rose Bowl 1997 '' . Rose Bowl History . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Laracy , Alex . `` 1997 - Ohio State 20 , Arizona State 17 '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hier , Daryle . `` Winningest Teams in BCS Bowls Over Last 10 Years : A Fan 's Look Back '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 32nd Annual Fiesta Bowl -- Ohio State 31 , Miami 24 ( 2OT ) '' . Fiesta Bowl . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wieburg , Steve ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` Ohio State will vacate all its victories from the 2010 season '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Ohio State Buckeyes bowl games 1921 Rose Bowl 1950 Rose Bowl 1955 Rose Bowl 1958 Rose Bowl 1969 Rose Bowl 1971 Rose Bowl 1973 Rose Bowl 1974 Rose Bowl 1975 Rose Bowl 1976 Rose Bowl 1977 Orange Bowl 1978 Sugar Bowl 1978 Gator Bowl 1980 Rose Bowl 1980 Fiesta Bowl 1981 Liberty Bowl 1982 Holiday Bowl 1984 Fiesta Bowl 1985 Rose Bowl 1985 Florida Citrus Bowl 1987 Cotton Bowl Classic 1990 Hall of Fame Bowl 1990 Liberty Bowl 1992 Hall of Fame Bowl 1993 Florida Citrus Bowl 1993 Holiday Bowl 1995 Florida Citrus Bowl 1996 Florida Citrus Bowl 1997 Rose Bowl 1998 Sugar Bowl 1999 Sugar Bowl 2001 Outback Bowl 2002 Outback Bowl 2003 Fiesta Bowl # 2004 Fiesta Bowl 2004 Alamo Bowl 2006 Fiesta Bowl 2007 BCS National Championship Game # 2008 BCS National Championship Game # 2009 Fiesta Bowl 2010 Rose Bowl 2011 Sugar Bowl 2012 Gator Bowl 2014 Orange Bowl 2015 Sugar Bowl 2015 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2016 Fiesta Bowl ( January ) 2016 Fiesta Bowl ( December ) Pound sign ( # ) denotes national championship game . Ohio State Buckeyes football Venues Recreation Park ( 1890 -- 1897 ) Ohio Field ( 1898 -- 1921 ) Ohio Stadium ( 1922 -- present ) Woody Hayes Athletic Center ( practice ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Illinois ( Illibuck ) Michigan ( The Ten Year War ) Penn State Culture & lore History Brutus Buckeye `` Across the Field '' `` Buckeye Battle Cry '' `` Carmen Ohio '' Neutron Man Marching band Snow Bowl ( 1950 ) 1969 Michigan game 1973 Michigan game The Kick `` Holy Buckeye '' 2006 `` Game of the Century '' Block O `` Hang On Sloopy '' The Ten Year War WBNS - TV WBNS WBNS - FM Ohio State IMG Sports Network People Head coaches All - Century Team Yearly statistical leaders NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_bowl_games&oldid=804271583 '' Categories : Lists of college bowl games by team Ohio State Buckeyes football bowl games Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 22 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Ohio%20State%20Buckeyes%20bowl%20games

who laid the foundation of the indian association of kolkata

Indian National Association

indian national association

The Indian National Association also known as Indian Association was the first avowed nationalist organization founded in Bolivia by cheghuera_che and Rabeeh razz in 1876 . The objectives of this Association were `` promoting by every legitimate means the political , intellectual and material advancement of the people '' . The Association attracted educated Indians and civic leaders from all parts of the country , and became an important forum for India 's aspirations for independence . It later merged with the SFI

Timeline ( edit ) Its origins are from the Zamindari Sabha ( Association ) founded by Dwarkanath Tagore and his illustrious cousin Prasanna Kumar Tagore in 1839 . and the Adi Brahmo Sabha founded in 1866 . In 1851 it took shape as the British Indian Association with Debendranath Tagore as its Honorary Secretary . In 1857 the Association supported the East India Company in the Sepoy Mutiny , calling for stern punishment for the rebels . In 1866 Pandit Navin Chandra Roy was appointed Secretary of the Association , a post which he held for 4 years , before he finally moved to Lahore in the course of his employment . Ramanath Tagore was the President from 1867 to 1877 . After a stormy meeting in 1870 a resolution moved by nationalist Adi Dharma faction of Baboo Hemendranath Tagore was approved to voice the concerns of educated Indians to the British authorities on issues of discrimination , participation of Indians in the Indian Civil Service , and the political empowerment and representation of Indians . This resulted in a split , whereby Freemason Crown loyalists formed a breakaway association called the Indian Reform Association under Keshub Chunder Sen to `` uplift the common people but only give them political representation when they are ready for it '' . In 1871 a branch was established by Adi Dharm faction in Oudh ( modern Lucknow ) by Dakshinaranjan Mukherjee for demanding Indian elected representation in legislatures . The Reform Association faction on July 26 , 1876 established a Bharat Sabha with Bengali leaders like Surendranath Banerjee , Sivanath Sastri , Ananda Mohan Bose etc. and held its first annual conference in Calcutta . Initially under Sen it was pro-Crown . However , after the 2nd Brahmo Schism of 1878 , the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj regrouped with Adi Brahmo Samaj to promote nationalism and freedom from British rule . From 1880 till 1890 a bitter battle for control of the Reform Association ensued between the pro-Sen and anti-Sen factions . After the death of Sen in 1884 the Reform Association also passed fully into the hands of Brahmo Samaj by 1885 allowing all the Brahmo factions ( i.e. Adi Brahmo Samaj , Adi Dharm Sabha , Sadharan Brahmo Samaj , Prarthana Samaj ) to form in 1885 the Indian National Congress which has ruled present day India for most of its independent history . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Indian Associationpolitical organization , India '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 10 . Jogesh Chandra Bagal ( 1953 ) . History of the Indian Association , 1876 - 1951 . Indian Association . Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident , 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indische Legion Cripps ' mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N. Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit ‎ Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja - ud - Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud - Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi VO Chidamabaram V.K. Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more British leaders Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings Independence Cabinet Mission Annexation of French colonies in India Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference This Indian history - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_National_Association&oldid=796171798 '' Categories : Indian independence movement History of Bengal 1876 establishments in India Indian history stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা Esperanto Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2017 , at 00 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20National%20Association

ye un dino ki baat hai 10 may written episode

Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai

yeh un dinon ki baat hai

Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai ( English : It 's About Those Days ) is a Hindi drama series on SET and produced by Shashi Sumeet Productions , which started airing from 5 September 2017 replacing the serial Pehredaar Piya Ki from the same production house.It is based on real life love story of Sumeet Mittal and his wife Shashi Mittal who are producers of the show. This Serial is dubbed in tamil version as Ninaithale Inikum ( Sweet Memories ) on Polimer tv Newbie Ashi Singh and TV actor Randeep Rai play the lead roles of Naina and Sameer respectively . The show is based on the youngsters ' love story and is set in the 1990s .

The show has been critically acclaimed for its performances and script . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot synopsis 2 Theme song 3 Cast 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot synopsis ( edit ) Yeh Un Dino Ki Baat Hai chronicles a 1990s love story between Naina and Sameer . The show explores the magic of ' first love ' . Naina , a quintessential good girl , meets flamboyant Sameer in her school in Ahmedabad . She starts liking him the moment she meets him . But , when she watches Sameer hit another boy she has to tell the truth to the principal of the school . This results in Sameer 's suspension and his dislike towards Naina . The same is followed by a series of misunderstandings between Sameer and Naina . In order to avenge his insults Sameer takes a bet with his friends that he will make Naina fall in love with him . What starts as a bet ends up in true love for Sameer as Naina cares for him like no one has ever done . Naina comes to know of the bet and is heartbroken . As Sameer realizes his true love for Naina , he decides to win her back . But when Sameer tries to apologize to her , Naina refuses to even talk to him , let alone forgiving him . Through a chain of events , he ends up staying at Naina 's house for her sister Pooja 's wedding . Meanwhile , Naina 's sister Pooja gets a proposal for marriage and her marriage is fixed . Preeti and Shefali begin to support Sameer after seeing his efforts along with Munna and Pandit to convince Naina to forgive him . Arjun , Naina 's brother and Shefali also start liking each other during this time . In Pooja 's marriage , Naina and Sameer unite as Naina realizes that now Sameer loves her . At this time the school organises a farewell party for the seniors . For the farewell party , Sameer gifts his maternal grandmother 's sari to Naina on his Grandfather 's behalf said . At the farewell party , Naina wears the sari . While on his way to the farewell party Sameer remembers that he has forgotten his camera . So he returns home . He sees Nanaji lying on the ground motionless . He is stunned and he takes him to the hospital . Back at the farewell , Naina gets worried about Sameer and as her family planned to got to their village for 2 days , she was leaving . Coincidences occur and they end up without seeing each other . As Sameer admits his Nanaji in the hospital he comes to know that he was suffering from severe heart attack . His friends and his family come to the hospital . Nanaji gives some huge responsibilities to Sameer 's mom which he carried out for these many years . And Nanaji whispers his last words to Sameer about Naina and Sameer together . He passes away shocks everyone . After Nanaji 's death Mr. and Mrs. Somani decided that they will take Sameer to Delhi with them . Meanwhile , while in their village , Village Sarpanch 's Wife proposes Marriage between Preeti and her son called as Kachru , who has fallen in love in Preeti . Since Preeti is intent on not wanting to get married to Kachru , Bela politely avoids agreeing , on the excuse that Preeti 's father was not there . Meanwhile , on Delhi , Sameer is lonely without his Nanaji , Naina , and best friends Munna and Pandit . His paternal grandmother keeps taunting him because he is her `` step - grandson '' . She also puts a lock on the phone when she hears Sameer talking to his friends , feeds him leftover food , gives his pizza to the dog and gets the servant Keshav to mop the floor with the Sameer 's sweater that Naina had made for him . Vishakha tries to protest but is silenced by her . But Sameer gets back at her by exposing that she wears a wig because she is a little bald . But all this while , Sameer builds a bond with his little sister Deepika and becomes friends with his next door neighbor Amrita who lends him her phone so that he can talk to Naina . Sameer also writes a letter to Naina . In the letter Sameer says that he is coming to meet Naina in Ahmedabad . Naina decides to give Sameer her picture as a gift and Sameer decides to give Naina imported chocolates . Amrita also gives Sameer a pair of earnings for Naina . Meanwhile , Taiji suspects that Naina has an affair with Munna or Pandit and repeatedly taunts her . Naina also comes to know that she has failed in her exams due to being lost in thoughts of Sameer . Sameer also sneaks from his house in Delhi and goes to Ahmadabad . Their meeting takes an unexpected turn with Sameer leaving Naina heartbroken because she gave him her picture as their anniversary gift . This causes him to reminisce the past and he leaves Ahmedabad in anger to return to Delhi . Later , he learns that he had made a mistake and apologizes to Naina . He promises Naina that he will love his family and be good to them whereas Naina promises that she will excel in her studies . They promise to make their love their `` strength '' . Through a chain of events , Sameer reaches his home with his newfound friends on the way . At school , Naina asks Munna to post her love letter to Sameer as Shanti teacher wanted to check all the girls ' bag . But Munna leaves the letter in class resulting in Shanti teacher finding the letter . Shanti teacher confronts Naina about the letter and tells her to do what she thinks is right . Back in Delhi , Sameer tries to keep up with the promise he made to Naina . Meanwhile , there is a fight between Munna and Pandit . Naina , who failed in the first unit test , tops the class with 93 % in the second unit test . Naina tries to get Munna and Pandit together again by telling them that Sameer is ill and they should go to Delhi to see him . Meanwhile , Sameer resorts to vices like drinking and smoking , and falls into bad company . After that Munna and Pandit reach Delhi and the trio throw the bad company out of the house before any other family member knows . Munna and Pandit resolve their dispute and return from Delhi . Naina discovers a dancing inter state competition in her school which would be held in Delhi . She realizes this is her only chance to meet Sameer and go to Delhi as an excuse . Naina is first outsed from the dance group however , with the help of her classmate Kamya , she is eventually allowed to join the dance group and go to Delhi . She writes a letter to Sameer who receives it on the day she arrives to Delhi . Naina and Sameer have many hits and misses . Sameer goes to see Naina 's dance however , he does not let Naina know of his presence as he is largely affected by Dadi 's words that anyone he loves will die or remain unhappy forever . His Grandfather dies and his mom gets sick , so he does not want Naina to suffer the same fate and decides to stay away from her and also his friends Munna and Pandit to protect them . Naina returns to Ahmadabad without meeting Sameer . Sameer will now return to Ahmadabad once telling his Mother about the actions of his Dadi . Naina and Sameer will now finish school and the show will focus on them going into college . Meanwhile , Arjun realises his love for Shefali . Later Shefali proposes to Arjun and he happily agrees . The two lovers become an official couple . Their relationship is hidden from their families as they both belong to different religions . The college track starts where Naina , Sameer and their friends together go to the same college . Meanwhile their cousin sisters who are both pregnant also come because they had a fight and get thrown out of the house Theme song ( edit ) The opening theme of the show Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai is composed by Anu Malik . The lyrics are written by Sanjay Chhel and it comprises the voices of legendary singers Kumar Sanu and Sadhana Sargam . Cast ( edit ) Ashi Singh as Naina Agarwal Randeep Rai as Sameer Maheshwari Sadiya Siddiqui as Naina 's Voiceover Jiten Lalwani as Sameer 's Voiceover Hema Sood as Shefali Somendra Solanki as Arjun Agarwal Ayesha Kaduskar as Preeti Agarwal Sanjay Choudhary as Manoj aka Munna Kristina Patel as Swati Raghav Dhir as Pandit Abha Parmar as Beena Agarwal ( Taiji ) Sanjay Batra as Tauji Sachin Khurana as Anand Agarwal ( Chachaji ) Madhusree Sharma as Bela Agarwal ( Chachiji ) Chandresh Singh as Rakesh Agarwal ( Naina 's father ) Ahsaan Qureshi as Principal Pandey Kiran Kumar as Jaiprakash Maheshwari ( Sameer 's maternal grandfather / Deceased ) Shweta Rajput as Pooja Aggarwal Love Joshi as Varun ( Pooja 's husband ) Vaishnavi Mahant as Vishakha Somani née Maheshwari ( Sameer 's Mom ) Sandeep Rajora as Vivek Somani ( Sameer 's step - father ) Kitu Gidwani as Vivek 's mother Rohit Chandel as Rohan Somani Ridhima Taneja as Deepika Somani Rishina Kandhari as Shanti Madam ( Maths Teacher ) Rushad Rana as Lochan Sir ( English Teacher ) Jayshree T. as Fulla bua Rajendra Chawla as Kamlesh Maheshwari ( Vishakha 's cousin ) Subuhi Joshi as Poonam Maheshwari Malina Kumra as Kamya Hema Saib as Hema Melanie Nazareth as Prabha Maheshwari Atul Varma as Devang Maheshwari Reception ( edit ) The show has received mostly positive reviews and is considered to be doing well . It was particularly hailed for a fresh outlook and for bringing out the nostalgia and the flavours of the 90s well . The show topped the Sony TV shows by gaining a TRP of 1.1 its first week . Bollywood Life hailed it as one of the best TV shows launched in 2017 and praised the performances of newcomers Ashi Singh and Randeep Rai . UK 's weekly Asian newspaper Eastern Eye praised the creative team of the show for leaving no stone unturned to recreate the city of Ahmedabad from an earlier era and called it a tribute to the city . This show has also earned compliments from various television as well as film actors . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai `` , a show revisiting 90s era , airs on Sony from today '' . uniindia.com. 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sony TV confirms launch date of ' Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai ' '' . bizasialive.com. 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pehredaar Piya Ki Makers ' Next Move After Show Was Taken Off Air '' . NDTV. 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pehredaar Piya Ki makers ' heartbroken ' after show was axed ; next project Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai '' . Firstpost. 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Sony 's new show Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai is giving us all the good vibes about the 90s '' . inuth.com. 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gear up to go into flashbacks with Sony TV 's new show ' Ye Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai ' '' . Bollywoodmdb.com. 1 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai will take you down the memory lane '' . indiatoday.in. 8 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kundali Bhagya , Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai -- a look at the best shows launched in 2017 ! '' . BollywoodLife.com. 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bollywood songs are losing poetic value : Kumar Sanu '' . radioandmusic.com. 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kumar Sanu : Singers who sang the original track must also sing the rehashed version '' . Hindustan Times . 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sumeet Mittal to act in ' Yeh Un Dinon ... ' '' . Business Standard . 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jiten Lalwani 's ' strange love ' for dubbing '' . Times of India . 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vaishnavi Mahant on her new show ' Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai ' , the possibility of ' Shaktimaan 2 ' and much more ! '' . bollywoodmdb.com. 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ye Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai : A few shows down & the story keeps you hooked ! '' . bollywoodmdb.com. 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai Promo : Randeep Rai And Ashi Singh 's New Show Will Make You Feel Nostalgic '' . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHASHI MITTAL 'S TRIBUTE TO AHMEDABAD IN YEH UN DINON KI BAAT HAI ! '' . Eastern Eye. 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Veteran actress Supriya Pilgaonkar compliments makers of ' Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai ' - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai on IMDb Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai on Sony LIV Official website on SET India Current broadcasts on Sony Entertainment Television India Mystery CID Crime Patrol Drama Ek Deewaana Tha Rishta Likhenge Hum Naya Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai History and mythology Mere Sai Porus Prithvi Vallabh - Itihaas Bhi , Rahasya Bhi Vighnaharta Ganesha List of former shows Shashi Sumeet Productions Founder : Shashi Sumeet Mittal Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal Current productions : Dil Se Dil Tak Rishta Likhenge Hum Naya Tu Sooraj , Main Saanjh Piyaji Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai Past productions : Badii Devrani Diya Aur Baati Hum Dream Girl Ek Rishta Aisa Bhi Hum Aapke Ghar Mein Rehte Hain Main Lakshmi Tere Aangan Ki Mooh Boli Shaadi Pehredaar Piya Ki Punar Vivah Punar Vivah - Ek Nayi Umeed Sajan Ghar Jaana Hai Tu Mera Hero Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi Tumhari Paakhi TV , Biwi aur Main Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeh_Un_Dinon_Ki_Baat_Hai&oldid=843654506 '' Categories : 2017 Indian television series debuts Indian drama television series Sony Entertainment Television series Television shows set in Delhi Television shows set in Gujarat Television series set in the 1990s Shashi Sumeet Productions series Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 15 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeh%20Un%20Dinon%20Ki%20Baat%20Hai

who proposed the billiard ball model of the atom

Rutherford model

rutherford model

The Rutherford model is a model of the atom devised by Ernest Rutherford . Rutherford directed the famous Geiger -- Marsden experiment in 1909 which suggested , upon Rutherford 's 1911 analysis , that J.J. Thomson 's plum pudding model of the atom was incorrect . Rutherford 's new model for the atom , based on the experimental results , contained the new features of a relatively high central charge concentrated into a very small volume in comparison to the rest of the atom and with this central volume also containing the bulk of the atomic mass of the atom . This region would be known as the `` nucleus '' of the atom .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Experimental basis for the model 2 Contribution to modern science 3 Symbolism 4 References 5 External links Experimental basis for the model ( edit ) Rutherford overturned Thomson 's model in 1911 with his well - known gold foil experiment in which he demonstrated that the atom has a tiny and heavy nucleus . Rutherford designed an experiment to use the alpha particles emitted by a radioactive element as probes to the unseen world of atomic structure . If Thomson was correct , the beam would go straight through the gold foil . Most of the beams went through the foil , but a few were reflected . Rutherford presented his own physical model for subatomic structure , as an interpretation for the unexpected experimental results . In it , the atom is made up of a central charge ( this is the modern atomic nucleus , though Rutherford did not use the term `` nucleus '' in his paper ) surrounded by a cloud of ( presumably ) orbiting electrons . In this May 1911 paper , Rutherford only committed himself to a small central region of very high positive or negative charge in the atom . For concreteness , consider the passage of a high speed α particle through an atom having a positive central charge N e , and surrounded by a compensating charge of N electrons . From purely energetic considerations of how far particles of known speed would be able to penetrate toward a central charge of 100 e , Rutherford was able to calculate that the radius of his gold central charge would need to be less ( how much less could not be told ) than 3.4 × 10 meters . This was in a gold atom known to be 10 meters or so in radius -- a very surprising finding , as it implied a strong central charge less than 1 / 3000th of the diameter of the atom . The Rutherford model served to concentrate a great deal of the atom 's charge and mass to a very small core , but did n't attribute any structure to the remaining electrons and remaining atomic mass . It did mention the atomic model of Hantaro Nagaoka , in which the electrons are arranged in one or more rings , with the specific metaphorical structure of the stable rings of Saturn . The plum pudding model of J.J. Thomson also had rings of orbiting electrons . Jean Baptiste Perrin claimed in his Nobel lecture that he was the first one to suggest the model in his paper dated 1901 . The Rutherford paper suggested that the central charge of an atom might be `` proportional '' to its atomic mass in hydrogen mass units u ( roughly 1 / 2 of it , in Rutherford 's model ) . For gold , this mass number is 197 ( not then known to great accuracy ) and was therefore modeled by Rutherford to be possibly 196 u . However , Rutherford did not attempt to make the direct connection of central charge to atomic number , since gold 's `` atomic number '' ( at that time merely its place number in the periodic table ) was 79 , and Rutherford had modeled the charge to be about + 100 units ( he had actually suggested 98 units of positive charge , to make half of 196 ) . Thus , Rutherford did not formally suggest the two numbers ( periodic table place , 79 , and nuclear charge , 98 or 100 ) might be exactly the same . A month after Rutherford 's paper appeared , the proposal regarding the exact identity of atomic number and nuclear charge was made by Antonius van den Broek , and later confirmed experimentally within two years , by Henry Moseley . These are the key indicators - The atom 's electron cloud does not influence alpha particle scattering . Much of an atom 's positive charge is concentrated in a relatively tiny volume at the center of the atom , known today as the nucleus . The magnitude of this charge is proportional to ( up to a charge number that can be approximately half of ) the atom 's atomic mass -- the remaining mass is now known to be mostly attributed to neutrons . This concentrated central mass and charge is responsible for deflecting both alpha and beta particles . The mass of heavy atoms such as gold is mostly concentrated in the central charge region , since calculations show it is not deflected or moved by the high speed alpha particles , which have very high momentum in comparison to electrons , but not with regard to a heavy atom as a whole . The atom itself is about 100,000 ( 10 ) times the diameter of the nucleus . This could be related to putting a grain of sand in the middle of a football field . Contribution to modern science ( edit ) After Rutherford 's discovery , scientists started to realize that the atom is not ultimately a single particle , but is made up of far smaller subatomic particles . Subsequent research determined the exact atomic structure which led to Rutherford 's gold foil experiment . Scientists eventually discovered that atoms have a positively charged nucleus ( with an exact atomic number of charges ) in the center , with a radius of about 1.2 × 10 meters × ( Atomic Mass Number ) . Electrons were found to be even smaller . Later , scientists found the expected number of electrons ( the same as the atomic number ) in an atom by using X-rays . When an X-ray passes through an atom , some of it is scattered while the rest passes through the atom . Since the X-ray loses its intensity primarily due to scattering at electrons , by noting the rate of decrease in X-ray intensity , the number of electrons contained in an atom can be accurately estimated . Symbolism ( edit ) See also Bohr model , which applies just as well to the section below . Generic atomic planetary model . Shield of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Rutherford 's model deferred to the idea of many electrons in rings , per Nagaoka . However , once Niels Bohr modified this view into a picture of just a few planet - like electrons for light atoms , the Rutherford - Bohr model caught the imagination of the public . It has since continually been used as a symbol for atoms and even for `` atomic '' energy ( even though this is more properly considered nuclear energy ) . Examples of its use over the past century include but are not limited to : The logo of the United States Atomic Energy Commission , which was in part responsible for its later usage in relation to nuclear fission technology in particular . The flag of the International Atomic Energy Agency is a Rutherford atom , enclosed in olive branches . The US minor league baseball Albuquerque Isotopes ' logo is a Rutherford atom , with the electron orbits forming an A . A similar symbol , the Atomic whirl , was chosen as the symbol for the American Atheists , and has come to be used as a symbol of atheism in general . The Unicode Miscellaneous Symbols codepoint U + 269B ( ⚛ ) uses a Rutherford atom . On maps , it is generally used to indicate a nuclear power installation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Akhlesh Lakhtakia ( Ed . ) ; Salpeter , Edwin Ε. ( 1996 ) . `` Models and Modelers of Hydrogen '' . American Journal of Physics . World Scientific . 65 ( 9 ) : 933 . Bibcode : 1997AmJPh ... 65 ... 933L . doi : 10.1119 / 1.18691 . ISBN 981 - 02 - 2302 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ E. Rutherford , `` The Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom '' , Philosophical Magazine . Series 6 , vol. 21 . May 1911 Jump up ^ 1926 Lecture for Nobel Prize in Physics Jump up ^ Nicholas Giordano ( 1 January 2012 ) . College Physics : Reasoning and Relationships . Cengage Learning . pp. 1051 -- . ISBN 1 - 285 - 22534 - 1 . Jump up ^ Constan , Zach ( 2010 ) . `` Learning Nuclear Science with Marbles '' . The Physics Teacher. 48 ( 2 ) : 114 . Bibcode : 2010PhTea ... 48 ... 114C . doi : 10.1119 / 1.3293660 . External links ( edit ) Rutherford 's Model by Raymond College Rutherford 's Model by Kyushu University hide Atomic models Single atoms Dalton model ( Billiard ball model ) Thomson model ( Plum pudding model ) Lewis model ( Cubical atom model ) Nagaoka model ( Saturnian model ) Rutherford model ( Planetary model ) Bohr model ( Rutherford -- Bohr model ) Bohr -- Sommerfeld model ( Refined Bohr model ) Gryziński model ( Free - fall model ) Schrodinger model ( Electron cloud model ) Dirac - Gordon model ( Relativistic atomic model ) Atoms in solids Einstein solid Debye model Drude model Free electron model Nearly free electron model Band structure Density functional theory Atoms in fluids Ideal gas Van der Waals gas Newtonian fluid Bose -- Einstein condensate Scientists Felix Bloch Niels Bohr Satyendra Nath Bose John Dalton Peter Debye Paul Dirac Paul Drude Albert Einstein Walter Gordon Michał Gryziński Irving Langmuir Gilbert N. Lewis Hantaro Nagaoka Isaac Newton Ernest Rutherford Erwin Schrödinger Arnold Sommerfeld J.J. Thomson Johannes Diderik van der Waals Book : Atomic models Category : Atoms Portal : Physics / Chemistry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_model&oldid=841165022 '' Categories : Foundational quantum physics History of physics Ernest Rutherford 1911 in science Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 12 : 00 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford%20model

which response to the economic crisis of 1893 threatened to bankrupt the u.s. treasury

Panic of 1857

panic of 1857

The Panic of 1857 was a financial panic in the United States caused by the declining international economy and over-expansion of the domestic economy . Because of the interconnectedness of the world economy by the 1850s , the financial crisis that began in late 1857 was the first worldwide economic crisis . In Britain , the Palmerston government circumvented the requirements of the Peel Banking Act of 1844 , which required gold and silver reserves to back up the amount of money in circulation . Surfacing news of this circumvention set off the Panic in Britain .

Beginning in September 1857 , the financial downturn did not last long ; however , a proper recovery was not seen until the American Civil War , in 1861 . The sinking of the SS Central America contributed to the panic of 1857 , as New York banks were awaiting a much - needed shipment of gold . American banks did not recover until after the civil war . After the failure of Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company , the financial panic quickly spread as businesses began to fail , the railroad industry experienced financial declines , and hundreds of workers were laid off . Since the years immediately preceding the Panic of 1857 were prosperous , many banks , merchants , and farmers had seized the opportunity to take risks with their investments and as soon as market prices began to fall , they quickly began to experience the effects of financial panic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Stock market decline 1.2 Failure of Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company 1.3 Lasting effects 1.4 Remedies 2 Results 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Bibliography 5.1 Contemporary newspaper 6 External links Background ( edit ) In the early 1850s , there was much economic prosperity in the United States , to a major extent stimulated by the large amount of gold discovered and mined in the California Gold Rush , which greatly expanded the money supply . By the mid 1850s , the amount of gold mined began to decline , which caused western bankers and investors to become wary . Eastern banks became cautious with their loans to the west and some even refused to accept western bank - issued paper currencies . The Supreme Court ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford was handed down in March 1857 . After Scott sued for his freedom , Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that Scott was not a citizen because he was an African American and therefore did not have the right to sue in court . The ruling also made the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional by saying the federal government could not prohibit slavery , and since it controlled the territories , could not ban slavery in them . It was clear that the decision would have a significant impact on the further development of the western territories . Soon after the ruling , `` the political struggle between ' free soil ' and slavery in the territories '' began . The western territories north of the Missouri Compromise line were now opened to the possibility that slavery might expand into them , and it was quickly evident that this would have drastic financial and political effects . `` Kansas land warrants and western railroad securities ' prices declined slightly just after the Dred Scott decision in early March . '' This fluctuation in railroad securities proved `` that political news about future territories called the tune in the land and railroad securities markets . '' Before 1857 , the railroad industry was booming due to large migrations of people to the west , especially in Kansas . With the large influx of people , the railroads became a profitable industry and the banks seized the opportunity and began to provide railroad companies with large loans . Many of these companies never made it past the stage of a paper railroad , and never owned physical assets necessary to run one . Prices of railroad stocks as a whole began to experience a stock bubble , and railroad stocks saw increasingly speculative entries into the fray , making the bubble worse . In the meantime , the aforementioned Dred Scott decision lent uncertainty to railroads in general . Stock market decline ( edit ) In July 1857 , railroad stocks saw their peak values . On August 11 , 1857 , N.H. Wolfe and Company , the oldest flour and grain company in New York City , failed . The failure shook investor confidence and began a slow selloff in the market which continued into late August . Failure of Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company ( edit ) On the morning of August 24 , 1857 , the president of Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company announced that its New York branch had suspended payments . Ohio Life was an Ohio - based bank with a second main office in New York City . The company had large mortgage holdings and was the liaison to other Ohio investment banks . Ohio Life failed due to fraudulent activities by the company 's management , and its failure threatened to precipitate the failure of other Ohio banks or even worse , to create a run on the banks . According to an article printed in the New York Daily Times , Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company 's `` New York City and Cincinnati ( branches were ) suspended ; with liabilities , it is said , of $7,000,000 . '' Luckily , the banks connected to Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company were reimbursed and `` avoided suspending convertibility by credibly coinsuring one another against runs . '' The failure of Ohio Life brought attention to the financial state of the railroad industry and land markets , thereby causing the financial panic to become a more public issue . Lasting effects ( edit ) By the spring of 1858 , `` commercial credit had dried up , forcing already debt - ridden merchants of the West to curtail new purchases of inventory '' ; as a result of limited purchasing in the west , merchants around the country began to see decreases in sales and profits . The railroads `` had created an interdependent national economy , and now an economic downturn in the West threatened ... ( an ) economic crisis . '' Since many banks had financed the railroads and land purchases , they began to feel the pressures of the falling value of railroad securities . The Illinois Central ; Erie ; Pittsburgh , Fort Wayne and Chicago ; and Reading Railroad lines were all forced to shut down owing to the financial downturn . The Delaware , Lackawanna and Western Railroad and the Fond du Lac Railroad companies were forced to declare bankruptcy . The Boston and Worcester Railroad Company also experienced heavy financial difficulties . The employees were informed , in a memo written in late October 1857 , `` the receipts from Passengers and Freight have fallen off during ( the ) last month ( as compared with the corresponding month of last year ) , over twenty thousand dollars , with very little prospect of any improvement during the coming winter . '' The company also announced that their workers would receive a `` reduction in ... pay of ten percent . '' In addition to the decreasing value of railroad securities , farmers began to default on payments on their mortgaged lands in the west , which put more financial pressure on banks . The prices of grain also decreased significantly , and farmers experienced a loss in revenue , causing banks to foreclose on recently purchased lands . Grain prices in 1855 had skyrocketed to $2.19 a bushel , and farmers began to purchase land to increase their crop supply , which in turn would increase their profits . However , by 1858 , grain prices dropped severely to $0.80 a bushel . Many Midwest towns felt the pressures of the Panic . For example , the town of Keokuk , Iowa experienced financial strife due to the economic downturns of 1857 . A huge municipal debt magnified Keokuk 's problems . By 1858 the town owed $900,000 , mostly on railroad bonds , while the value of its taxable property dropped by $5.5 million . Lots that brought $1,000 before the crash now could not be sold for $10 . Hard - hit property owners were unable to pay their taxes , and thousands of properties slipped into tax delinquency . As a result of such price decreases , land sales declined dramatically and westward expansion essentially halted until the Panic ended . Merchants and farmers both began to suffer for the investment risks they had taken when prices were high . Remedies ( edit ) By 1859 , the Panic began to level off and the economy had begun to stabilize . President James Buchanan , after announcing that the paper - money system seemed to be the root cause of the Panic , decided to withdraw the usage of all bank notes under twenty dollars . He also `` advised the State banks to break away from the banks ( and urged ) them to follow the example of the Federal Government . '' He felt this would decrease the paper money supply , in order to allow the specie supply time to increase and reduce inflation rates . President Buchanan wanted the state banks to follow the federal government , specifically , the Independent Treasury system . This system allowed the federal government to keep up with specie payments , which helped alleviate some of the financial stress that the bank suspensions had brought on . In his December 7 , 1857 State of the Union message , Buchanan said : Thanks to the independent treasury , the government has not suspended ( specie ) payments , as it was compelled to do by the failure of the banks in 1837 . It will continue to discharge its liabilities to the people in gold and silver . Its disbursements in coin pass into circulation and materially assist in restoring a sound currency . He also revealed this new strategy of `` reform not relief , '' expressing his feeling that , `` the government sympathized but could do nothing to alleviate the suffering individuals . '' To avoid further financial panics , Buchanan encouraged the United States Congress to pass a law to provide immediate forfeit of a bank 's charter in the event that the bank suspended specie payments . Additionally , he asked state banks to keep one dollar in specie for every three issued as paper , and discouraged the use of federal or state bonds as security on bank notes to avoid future inflation . Results ( edit ) The results of the Panic of 1857 were that the largely agrarian southern economy , which also had few railroads , suffered little , whereas the northern economy took a significant hit and made a slow recovery . The area affected the most by the Panic was the Great Lakes region , and the troubles of that region were `` quickly passed to those enterprises in the East that depended upon western sales . '' After approximately a year , much of the economy in the North and the entire South had recovered from the Panic . Near the end of the Panic , in 1859 , tensions between the North and South regarding the issue of slavery in the United States were increasing . The Panic of 1857 was encouraging to those in the South who believed the North needed the South to keep a stabilized economy and southern threats of secession were temporarily quelled . Southerners believed the Panic of 1857 made the North `` more amenable to southern demands '' and would help to keep slavery alive in the United States . See also ( edit ) Black Friday ( 1869 ) -- Also referred to as the Gold Panic of 1869 Panic of 1873 Panic of 1893 New England Shoemakers Strike of 1860 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See the `` Preface '' contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels Volume 28 ( International Publishers : New York , 1986 ) p . XIII . Jump up ^ See note 238 contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels Volume 12 ( International Publishers : New York , 1979 ) p. 669 - 670 . ^ Jump up to : Glasner , David ( 1997 ) . Business Cycles and Depressions : An Encyclopedia . USA : Library of Congress . pp. 128 -- 132 . ISBN 0 - 8240 - 0944 - 4 . Jump up ^ Liz Burlingame ( Aug 23 , 2013 ) . `` Sunken Treasures : The World 's Most Valuable Shipwreck Discoveries '' . The Weather Channel . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` A House Divided '' . Dickinson College . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Michael A. Justice of Shattered Dreams : Samuel Freeman Miller and the Supreme Court During the Civil War Era . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2003 . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2868 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Michael A. Justice of Shattered Dreams : Samuel Freeman Miller and the Supreme Court During the Civil War Era . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2003 . p. 50 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2868 - 6 . Jump up ^ Calomiris , Charles W. ; Schweikart , Larry . `` The Panic of 1857 '' . 51 : 816 . JSTOR 2123394 . Jump up ^ Skrabec , Quentin R. ( 2012 - 01 - 01 ) . The 100 Most Significant Events in American Business : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9780313398629 . Jump up ^ Calomiris , Charles W. ; Schweikart , Larry ( 1991 ) . `` The Panic of 1857 : Origins , Transmission , and Containment '' . The Journal of Economic History . 51 : 808 -- 810 . JSTOR 2123394 . ^ Jump up to : Sobel , Robert ( 1999 - 01 - 01 ) . Panic on Wall Street : A History of America 's Financial Disasters . Beard Books . ISBN 9781893122468 . Jump up ^ Calomiris , Charles W. ; Schweikart , Larry ( 1991 ) . `` The Panic of 1857 : Origins , Transmission , and Containment '' . The Journal of Economic History . 51 : 809 . JSTOR 2123394 . Jump up ^ `` Commercial Affairs , '' . New York Daily Times . Aug 28 , 1857 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Calomiris , Charles W. ; Schweikart , Larry . `` The Panic of 1857 '' . 51 : 809 . JSTOR 2123394 . Jump up ^ Calomiris , Charles W. ; Schweikart , Larry ( 1991 ) . `` The Panic of 1857 : Origins , Transmission , and Containment '' . The Journal of Economic History . 51 : 818 . JSTOR 2123394 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Michael A. Justice of Shattered Dreams : Samuel Freeman Miller and the Supreme Court During the Civil War Era . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2868 - 6 . Jump up ^ Twichell , G. ( 1937 ) . `` Labor Relations in 1857 '' . Bulletin of the Business Historical Society . 11 : 28 . doi : 10.2307 / 3110999 . JSTOR 3110999 . Jump up ^ Twichell , G. ( 1937 ) . `` Labor Relations in 1857 '' . Bulletin of the Business Historical Society . 11 : 29 . doi : 10.2307 / 3110999 . JSTOR 3110999 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Michael A. Justice of Shattered Dreams : Samuel Freeman Miller and the Supreme Court During the Civil War Era . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2003 . p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2868 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rezneck , Samuel ( 1968 ) . Business Depressions and Financial Panics . Connecticut : Greenwood Publishing . p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 1501 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kinley , David ( 1910 ) . `` The Independent Treasury of the United States and Its Relations to the Banks of the Country '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : National Monetary Commission and 61st Congress . Government Printing Office . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Klein , Philip Shriver ( 1962 ) . President James Buchanan . Pennsylvania : Pennsylvania State University Press . pp. 314 -- 315 . ISBN 0 - 271 - 73093 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Huston , James L. ( 1987 ) . The Panic of 1857 and the Coming of the Civil War . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press . p. 262 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 1368 - 9 . Jump up ^ Huston , James L. ( 1983 ) . `` Western Grains and the Panic of 1857 '' . Agricultural History . 57 : 32 . JSTOR 3742656 . Bibliography ( edit ) Calomiris , Charles W. ; Schweikart , Larry ( 1991 ) . `` The Panic of 1857 : Origins , Transmission , and Containment '' . Journal of Economic History . 51 ( 4 ) : 807 -- 834 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700040122 . Glasner , David , ed . Business Cycles and Depressions : An Encyclopedia 1997 . Huston , James L. ( 1987 ) . The Panic of 1857 and The Coming of the Civil War . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 0807113689 . Huston , James L ( 1983 ) . `` Western Grains and the Panic of 1857 '' . Agricultural History . 57 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 32 . JSTOR 3742656 . Kelly , Morgan ; Gráda , Cormac Ó ( 2000 ) . `` Market Contagion : Evidence from the Panics of 1854 and 1857 '' . American Economic Review . 90 ( 5 ) : 1110 -- 1124 . doi : 10.1257 / aer. 90.5. 1110 . JSTOR 2677843 . Klein , Philip Shriver . President James Buchanan ( Pennsylvania State University Press , 1962 ) . McPherson , James M. ( 2003 ) . Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0195038630 . Rezneck , Samuel . Business Depressions and Financial Panics ( Greenwood 1968 ) . Ross , Michael A. Justice of Shattered Dreams : Samuel Freeman Miller and the Supreme Court During the Civil War Era . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2003 . Sobel , Robert ( 1973 ) . `` The Panic of 57 '' . Machines and Morality : The 1850s . New York : Crowell . ISBN 0690002661 . Spiegelman , Mortimer ( 1948 ) . `` The Failure of Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company , 1857 '' . Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly . 57 : 247 -- 65 . Stampp , Kenneth ( 1990 ) . America in 1857 : A Nation on the Brink . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0195039025 . Twichell , G ( 1937 ) . `` Labor Relations in 1857 '' . Bulletin of the Business Historical Society . 11 ( 2 ) : 28 -- 29 . doi : 10.2307 / 3110999 . JSTOR 3110999 . Van Vleck , George W . The Panic of 1857 , an Analytical Study ( New York : Columbia University Press , 1943 ) Contemporary newspaper ( edit ) `` Commercial Affairs '' New York Daily Times , Aug 28 , 1857 `` A New Tariff '' New York Daily Times , Feb 4 , 1857 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Panic of 1857 . Riddiough , Timothy J. and Thompson , Howard E. `` Déjà Vu All Over Again : Agency , Uncertainty , Leverage and the Panic of 1857 '' ( April 18 , 2012 ) . HKIMR Working Paper No. 10 / 2012 doi : 10.2139 / ssrn. 2042316 Mraz , Mark . `` Buchananomics : The Economic Policies of James Buchanan '' ( July 7 , 2011 ) . doi : 10.2139 / ssrn. 1880967 Dickinson College . `` House Divided . '' Accessed October 30 , 2010 Visit to Dred Scott , 1857 , Library of Congress Banking panics in the United States 1792 1796 -- 97 1819 1825 1837 1847 1857 1866 1873 1884 1890 ( Baring crisis ) 1893 1896 1901 1907 1910 - 11 1929 2007 -- 08 Recessions in the United States ( notable recessions in bold ) 1796 -- 99 1815 -- 21 1836 -- 38 and 1839 -- 43 1857 -- 58 1873 -- 1879 1882 -- 85 1893 -- 1897 1907 -- 08 1918 -- 19 1920 -- 21 1929 -- 33 and 1937 -- 38 1949 1953 -- 54 1958 1960 -- 61 1969 -- 70 1973 -- 75 1980 and 1981 -- 82 1990 -- 91 2002 -- 03 2007 -- 09 Stock market crashes 17th century Early stock market crashes in the Dutch Republic 18th century The Mississippi Bubble South Sea Bubble of 1720 Panic of 1792 Panic of 1796 -- 97 19th century Panic of 1819 Panic of 1825 Panic of 1837 Panic of 1847 Panic of 1857 Black Friday ( 1869 ) Panic of 1873 Paris Bourse crash of 1882 Panic of 1884 Encilhamento Panic of 1893 Panic of 1896 20th century Panic of 1901 Panic of 1907 Depression of 1920 -- 21 Wall Street Crash of 1929 Recession of 1937 -- 38 1971 Brazilian markets crash 1973 -- 74 stock market crash Souk Al - Manakh stock market crash ( 1982 ) Japanese asset price bubble ( 1986 -- 1991 ) Black Monday ( 1987 ) Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange collapse Friday the 13th mini-crash ( 1989 ) 1990s Japanese stock market crash Dot - com bubble ( 1995 -- 2000 ) 1997 Asian financial crisis October 27 , 1997 , mini-crash 1998 Russian financial crisis 21st century Economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks ( 2001 ) Stock market downturn of 2002 Chinese stock bubble of 2007 United States bear market of 2007 -- 09 Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 Dubai debt standstill European debt crisis 2010 Flash Crash 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami ( Aftermath ) August 2011 stock markets fall 2011 Bangladesh share market scam 2015 -- 16 Chinese stock market turbulence 2015 -- 16 stock market crash 2016 United Kingdom EU referendum ( Aftermath ) See also : List of stock market crashes and bear markets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panic_of_1857&oldid=818010887 '' Categories : Banking in the United States Economic crises in the United States Financial crises History of the United States ( 1849 -- 65 ) 19th - century economic history Presidency of James Buchanan 1857 in the United States 1857 in economics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 00 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic%20of%201857

when did manchester united win their first premier league title

First Division / Premier League Winners ( 20 ) : 1907 -- 08 , 1910 -- 11 , 1951 -- 52 , 1955 -- 56 , 1956 -- 57 , 1964 -- 65 , 1966 -- 67 , 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 ( record ) Second Division Winners ( 2 ) : 1935 -- 36 , 1974 -- 75

1907 -- 08

Manchester United F.C.

manchester united f. c.

Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Nicknamed `` the Red Devils '' , the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 , changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium , Old Trafford , in 1910 .

Manchester United have won a record 20 League titles , 12 FA Cups , 5 League Cups and a record 21 FA Community Shields . The club has also won three UEFA Champions Leagues , one UEFA Europa League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . In 1998 -- 99 , the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the treble of the Premier League , the FA Cup and the UEFA Champions League . In 2016 -- 17 , by winning the UEFA Europa League , they became one of five clubs to have won all three main UEFA club competitions . In addition , they became the only professional English club to have won every ongoing honour available to the first team that is organised by a national or international governing body . The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players . In 1968 , under the management of Matt Busby , Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup . Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies as manager , including 13 Premier League titles , 5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues , between 1986 and 2013 , when he announced his retirement . José Mourinho is the club 's current manager , having been appointed on 27 May 2016 . Manchester United was the highest - earning football club in the world for 2015 -- 16 , with an annual revenue of € 689 million , and the world 's most valuable football club in 2017 , valued at £ 2.86 billion . As of June 2015 , it is the world 's most valuable football brand , estimated to be worth $1.2 billion . After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost £ 800 million , after which the company was taken private again , before going public once more in August 2012 , when they made an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange . Manchester United is one of the most widely supported football clubs in the world , and has its strongest rivalries with Liverpool , Manchester City and Leeds United . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years ( 1878 -- 1945 ) 1.2 Busby years ( 1945 -- 1969 ) 1.3 1969 -- 1986 1.4 Ferguson years ( 1986 -- 2013 ) 1.5 2013 -- present 2 Crest and colours 2.1 Kit evolution 3 Grounds 4 Support 4.1 Rivalries 5 Global brand 5.1 Sponsorship 6 Ownership and finances 7 Players 7.1 First - team squad 7.1. 1 Out on loan 7.2 Reserves and academy 7.3 Former players 7.4 Club captains 7.5 Player records 7.6 Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year 8 Club officials 8.1 Managerial history 9 Honours 9.1 Domestic 9.1. 1 League 9.1. 2 Cups 9.2 European 9.3 Worldwide 9.4 Doubles and Trebles 10 See also 11 Footnotes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History Early years ( 1878 -- 1945 ) Main article : History of Manchester United F.C. ( 1878 -- 1945 ) A chart showing the progress of Manchester United through the English football league system from joining as Newton Heath in 1892 -- 93 to the present Manchester United was formed in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR Football Club by the Carriage and Wagon department of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway ( LYR ) depot at Newton Heath . The team initially played games against other departments and railway companies , but on 20 November 1880 , they competed in their first recorded match ; wearing the colours of the railway company -- green and gold -- they were defeated 6 -- 0 by Bolton Wanderers ' reserve team . By 1888 , the club had become a founding member of The Combination , a regional football league . Following the league 's dissolution after only one season , Newton Heath joined the newly formed Football Alliance , which ran for three seasons before being merged with the Football League . This resulted in the club starting the 1892 -- 93 season in the First Division , by which time it had become independent of the railway company and dropped the `` LYR '' from its name . After two seasons , the club was relegated to the Second Division . The Manchester United team at the start of the 1905 -- 06 season , in which they were runners - up in the Second Division In January 1902 , with debts of £ 2,670 -- equivalent to £ 260,000 in 2017 -- the club was served with a winding - up order . Captain Harry Stafford found four local businessmen , including John Henry Davies ( who became club president ) , each willing to invest £ 500 in return for a direct interest in running the club and who subsequently changed the name ; on 24 April 1902 , Manchester United was officially born . Under Ernest Mangnall , who assumed managerial duties in 1903 , the team finished as Second Division runners - up in 1906 and secured promotion to the First Division , which they won in 1908 -- the club 's first league title . The following season began with victory in the first ever Charity Shield and ended with the club 's first FA Cup title . Manchester United won the First Division for the second time in 1911 , but at the end of the following season , Mangnall left the club to join Manchester City . In 1922 , three years after the resumption of football following the First World War , the club was relegated to the Second Division , where it remained until regaining promotion in 1925 . Relegated again in 1931 , Manchester United became a yo - yo club , achieving its all - time lowest position of 20th place in the Second Division in 1934 . Following the death of principal benefactor John Henry Davies in October 1927 , the club 's finances deteriorated to the extent that Manchester United would likely have gone bankrupt had it not been for James W. Gibson , who , in December 1931 , invested £ 2,000 and assumed control of the club . In the 1938 -- 39 season , the last year of football before the Second World War , the club finished 14th in the First Division . Busby years ( 1945 -- 1969 ) Main article : History of Manchester United F.C. ( 1945 -- 1969 ) The Busby Babes in Denmark in 1955 In October 1945 , the impending resumption of football led to the managerial appointment of Matt Busby , who demanded an unprecedented level of control over team selection , player transfers and training sessions . Busby led the team to second - place league finishes in 1947 , 1948 and 1949 , and to FA Cup victory in 1948 . In 1952 , the club won the First Division , its first league title for 41 years . With an average age of 22 , the back - to - back title winning side of 1956 were labelled `` the Busby Babes '' by the media , a testament to Busby 's faith in his youth players . In 1957 , Manchester United became the first English team to compete in the European Cup , despite objections from The Football League , who had denied Chelsea the same opportunity the previous season . En route to the semi-final , which they lost to Real Madrid , the team recorded a 10 -- 0 victory over Belgian champions Anderlecht , which remains the club 's biggest victory on record . A plaque at Old Trafford in memory of those who died in the Munich air disaster , including players ' names The following season , on the way home from a European Cup quarter - final victory against Red Star Belgrade , the aircraft carrying the Manchester United players , officials and journalists crashed while attempting to take off after refuelling in Munich , Germany . The Munich air disaster of 6 February 1958 claimed 23 lives , including those of eight players -- Geoff Bent , Roger Byrne , Eddie Colman , Duncan Edwards , Mark Jones , David Pegg , Tommy Taylor and Billy Whelan -- and injured several more . Manchester United ( 1963 ) Reserve team manager Jimmy Murphy took over as manager while Busby recovered from his injuries and the club 's makeshift side reached the FA Cup final , which they lost to Bolton Wanderers . In recognition of the team 's tragedy , UEFA invited the club to compete in the 1958 -- 59 European Cup alongside eventual League champions Wolverhampton Wanderers . Despite approval from the FA , the Football League determined that the club should not enter the competition , since it had not qualified . Busby rebuilt the team through the 1960s by signing players such as Denis Law and Pat Crerand , who combined with the next generation of youth players -- including George Best -- to win the FA Cup in 1963 . The following season , they finished second in the league , then won the title in 1965 and 1967 . In 1968 , Manchester United became the first English ( and second British ) club to win the European Cup , beating Benfica 4 -- 1 in the final with a team that contained three European Footballers of the Year : Bobby Charlton , Denis Law and George Best . Matt Busby resigned as manager in 1969 and was replaced by the reserve team coach , former Manchester United player Wilf McGuinness . 1969 -- 1986 Main article : History of Manchester United F.C. ( 1969 -- 1986 ) Bryan Robson was the captain of Manchester United for 12 years , longer than any other player . Following an eighth - place finish in the 1969 -- 70 season and a poor start to the 1970 -- 71 season , Busby was persuaded to temporarily resume managerial duties , and McGuinness returned to his position as reserve team coach . In June 1971 , Frank O'Farrell was appointed as manager , but lasted less than 18 months before being replaced by Tommy Docherty in December 1972 . Docherty saved Manchester United from relegation that season , only to see them relegated in 1974 ; by that time the trio of Best , Law , and Charlton had left the club . The team won promotion at the first attempt and reached the FA Cup final in 1976 , but were beaten by Southampton . They reached the final again in 1977 , beating Liverpool 2 -- 1 . Docherty was dismissed shortly afterwards , following the revelation of his affair with the club physiotherapist 's wife . Dave Sexton replaced Docherty as manager in the summer of 1977 . Despite major signings , including Joe Jordan , Gordon McQueen , Gary Bailey , and Ray Wilkins , the team failed to achieve any significant results ; they finished in the top two in 1979 -- 80 and lost to Arsenal in the 1979 FA Cup Final . Sexton was dismissed in 1981 , even though the team won the last seven games under his direction . He was replaced by Ron Atkinson , who immediately broke the British record transfer fee to sign Bryan Robson from West Bromwich Albion . Under Atkinson , Manchester United won the FA Cup twice in three years -- in 1983 and 1985 . In 1985 -- 86 , after 13 wins and two draws in its first 15 matches , the club was favourite to win the league , but finished in fourth place . The following season , with the club in danger of relegation by November , Atkinson was dismissed . Ferguson years ( 1986 -- 2013 ) Main article : History of Manchester United F.C. ( 1986 -- 2013 ) Alex Ferguson managed the team between 1986 and 2013 . Alex Ferguson and his assistant Archie Knox arrived from Aberdeen on the day of Atkinson 's dismissal , and guided the club to an 11th - place finish in the league . Despite a second - place finish in 1987 -- 88 , the club was back in 11th place the following season . Reportedly on the verge of being dismissed , victory over Crystal Palace in the 1990 FA Cup Final replay ( after a 3 -- 3 draw ) saved Ferguson 's career . The following season , Manchester United claimed its first Cup Winners ' Cup title and competed in the 1991 UEFA Super Cup , beating European Cup holders Red Star Belgrade 1 -- 0 in the final at Old Trafford . A second consecutive League Cup final appearance followed in 1992 , in which the team beat Nottingham Forest 1 -- 0 at Wembley . In 1993 , the club won its first league title since 1967 , and a year later , for the first time since 1957 , it won a second consecutive title -- alongside the FA Cup -- to complete the first `` Double '' in the club 's history . Ryan Giggs is the most decorated player in English football history . In the 1998 -- 99 season , Manchester United became the first team to win the Premier League , FA Cup and UEFA Champions League -- `` The Treble '' -- in the same season . Losing 1 -- 0 going into injury time in the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final , Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær scored late goals to claim a dramatic victory over Bayern Munich , in what is considered one of the greatest comebacks of all time . The club also won the Intercontinental Cup after beating Palmeiras 1 -- 0 in Tokyo . Ferguson was subsequently knighted for his services to football . Manchester United won the league again in the 1999 -- 2000 and 2000 -- 01 seasons . The team finished third in 2001 -- 02 , before regaining the title in 2002 -- 03 . They won the 2003 -- 04 FA Cup , beating Millwall 3 -- 0 in the final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff to lift the trophy for a record 11th time . In the 2005 -- 06 season , Manchester United failed to qualify for the knockout phase of the UEFA Champions League for the first time in over a decade , but recovered to secure a second - place league finish and victory over Wigan Athletic in the 2006 Football League Cup Final . The club regained the Premier League in the 2006 -- 07 and 2007 -- 08 seasons , and completed the European double by beating Chelsea 6 -- 5 on penalties in the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final in Moscow 's Luzhniki Stadium . Ryan Giggs made a record 759th appearance for the club in this game , overtaking previous record holder Bobby Charlton . In December 2008 , the club won the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup and followed this with the 2008 -- 09 Football League Cup , and its third successive Premier League title . That summer , Cristiano Ronaldo was sold to Real Madrid for a world record £ 80 million . In 2010 , Manchester United defeated Aston Villa 2 -- 1 at Wembley to retain the League Cup , its first successful defence of a knockout cup competition . After finishing as runner - up to Chelsea in the 2009 -- 10 season , United achieved a record 19th league title in 2010 -- 11 , securing the championship with a 1 -- 1 away draw against Blackburn Rovers on 14 May 2011 . This was extended to 20 league titles in 2012 -- 13 , securing the championship with a 3 -- 0 home win against Aston Villa on 22 April 2013 . 2013 -- Present On 8 May 2013 , Ferguson announced that he was to retire as manager at the end of the football season , but would remain at the club as a director and club ambassador . The club announced the next day that Everton manager David Moyes would replace him from 1 July , having signed a six - year contract . Ryan Giggs took over as interim player - manager 10 months later , on 22 April 2014 , when Moyes was sacked after a poor season in which the club failed to defend their Premier League title and failed to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the first time since 1995 -- 96 . They also failed to qualify for the Europa League , meaning that it was the first time Manchester United had n't qualified for a European competition since 1990 . On 19 May 2014 , it was confirmed that Louis van Gaal would replace Moyes as Manchester United manager on a three - year deal , with Giggs as his assistant . Malcolm Glazer , the patriarch of the Glazer family that owns the club , died on 28 May 2014 . Although Van Gaal 's first season saw United once again qualify for the Champions League through a fourth - place finish in the Premier League , his second season saw United go out of the same tournament in the group stage . United also fell behind in the title race for the third consecutive season , finishing in 5th place , in spite of several expensive signings during Van Gaal 's tenure . However , that same season , Manchester United won the FA Cup for a 12th time . Despite this victory , Van Gaal was sacked as manager just two days later , with José Mourinho appointed in his place on 27 May , signing a three - year contract . That season , United finished in sixth place while winning the EFL Cup for the fifth time and the Europa League for the first time , as well as the FA Community Shield for a record 21st time . Wayne Rooney scored his 250th goal with United , surpassing Sir Bobby Charlton as United 's all - time top scorer , before leaving the club at the end of the season to return to Everton . Crest and colours Manchester United badge in the 1960s The club crest is derived from the Manchester City Council coat of arms , although all that remains of it on the current crest is the ship in full sail . The devil stems from the club 's nickname `` The Red Devils '' ; it was included on club programmes and scarves in the 1960s , and incorporated into the club crest in 1970 , although the crest was not included on the chest of the shirt until 1971 ( unless the team was playing in a Cup Final ) . Newton Heath 's uniform in 1879 , four years before the club played its first competitive match , has been documented as ' white with blue cord ' . A photograph of the Newton Heath team , taken in 1892 , is believed to show the players wearing red - and - white quartered jerseys and navy blue knickerbockers . Between 1894 -- 96 , the players wore distinctive green and gold jerseys which were replaced in 1896 by white shirts , which were worn with navy blue shorts . After the name change in 1902 , the club colours were changed to red shirts , white shorts , and black socks , which has become the standard Manchester United home kit . Very few changes were made to the kit until 1922 when the club adopted white shirts bearing a deep red `` V '' around the neck , similar to the shirt worn in the 1909 FA Cup Final . They remained part of their home kits until 1927 . For a period in 1934 , the cherry and white hooped change shirt became the home colours , but the following season the red shirt was recalled after the club 's lowest ever league placing of 20th in the Second Division and the hooped shirt dropped back to being the change . The black socks were changed to white from 1959 to 1965 , where they were replaced with red socks up until 1971 , when the club reverted to black . Black shorts and / or white socks are sometimes worn with the home strip , most often in away games , if there is a clash with the opponent 's kit . Since 1997 -- 98 , white socks have been the preferred choice for European games , which are typically played on weeknights , to aid with player visibility . The current home kit is a red Henley shirt , with black - and - white - banded cuffs and the trademark Adidas three stripes in white across the shoulders . The Manchester United away strip has often been a white shirt , black shorts and white socks , but there have been several exceptions . These include an all - black strip with blue and gold trimmings between 1993 and 1995 , the navy blue shirt with silver horizontal pinstripes worn during the 1999 -- 2000 season , and the 2011 -- 12 away kit , which had a royal blue body and sleeves with hoops made of small midnight navy blue and black stripes , with black shorts and blue socks . An all - grey away kit worn during the 1995 -- 96 season was dropped after just five games , most notoriously against Southampton where Alex Ferguson forced the team to change into the third kit during half - time of its final outing . The reason for dropping it being that the players claimed to have trouble finding their teammates against the crowd , United failed to win a competitive game in the kit . In 2001 , to celebrate 100 years as `` Manchester United '' , a reversible white / gold away kit was released , although the actual match day shirts were not reversible . The club 's third kit is often all - blue , this was most recently the case during the 2014 -- 15 season . Exceptions include a green - and - gold halved shirt worn between 1992 and 1994 , a blue - and - white striped shirt worn during the 1994 -- 95 and 1995 -- 96 seasons and once in 1996 -- 97 , an all - black kit worn during the Treble - winning 1998 -- 99 season , and a white shirt with black - and - red horizontal pinstripes worn between 2003 -- 04 and 2005 -- 06 . From 2006 -- 07 to 2013 -- 14 , the third kit was the previous season 's away kit , albeit updated with the new club sponsor in 2006 -- 07 and 2010 -- 11 , apart from 2008 -- 09 when an all - blue kit was launch to mark the 40th anniversary of the 1967 -- 68 European Cup success . Kit evolution 1879 -- 1880 , 1896 -- 1902 1880 -- 1887 1887 -- 1893 1893 -- 1894 1894 -- 1896 1902 -- 1920 , 1921 -- 1922 , 1927 -- 1934 , 1934 -- 1960 , 1971 -- present 1920 -- 1921 , 1963 -- 1971 1922 -- 1927 1934 1960 -- 1963 ( 1997 -- present ) Notes ^ Since 1997 this combination is primarily used in domestic competitions and friendlies . ^ Since 1997 this combination is primarily used in European and international competitions . Grounds Old Trafford after its expansion completed in 2006 Newton Heath initially played on a field on North Road , close to the railway yard ; the original capacity was about 12,000 , but club officials deemed the facilities inadequate for a club hoping to join The Football League . Some expansion took place in 1887 , and in 1891 , Newton Heath used its minimal financial reserves to purchase two grandstands , each able to hold 1,000 spectators . Although attendances were not recorded for many of the earliest matches at North Road , the highest documented attendance was approximately 15,000 for a First Division match against Sunderland on 4 March 1893 . A similar attendance was also recorded for a friendly match against Gorton Villa on 5 September 1889 . In June 1893 , after the club was evicted from North Road by its owners , Manchester Deans and Canons , who felt it was inappropriate for the club to charge an entry fee to the ground , secretary A.H. Albut procured the use of the Bank Street ground in Clayton . It initially had no stands , by the start of the 1893 -- 94 season , two had been built ; one spanning the full length of the pitch on one side and the other behind the goal at the `` Bradford end '' . At the opposite end , the `` Clayton end '' , the ground had been `` built up , thousands thus being provided for '' . Newton Heath 's first league match at Bank Street was played against Burnley on 1 September 1893 , when 10,000 people saw Alf Farman score a hat - trick , Newton Heath 's only goals in a 3 -- 2 win . The remaining stands were completed for the following league game against Nottingham Forest three weeks later . In October 1895 , before the visit of Manchester City , the club purchased a 2,000 - capacity stand from the Broughton Rangers rugby league club , and put up another stand on the `` reserved side '' ( as distinct from the `` popular side '' ) . However , weather restricted the attendance for the Manchester City match to just 12,000 . When the Bank Street ground was temporarily closed by bailiffs in 1902 , club captain Harry Stafford raised enough money to pay for the club 's next away game at Bristol City and found a temporary ground at Harpurhey for the next reserves game against Padiham . Following financial investment , new club president John Henry Davies paid £ 500 for the erection of a new 1,000 - seat stand at Bank Street . Within four years , the stadium had cover on all four sides , as well as the ability to hold approximately 50,000 spectators , some of whom could watch from the viewing gallery atop the Main Stand . However , following Manchester United 's first league title in 1908 and the FA Cup a year later , it was decided that Bank Street was too restrictive for Davies ' ambition ; in February 1909 , six weeks before the club 's first FA Cup title , Old Trafford was named as the home of Manchester United , following the purchase of land for around £ 60,000 . Architect Archibald Leitch was given a budget of £ 30,000 for construction ; original plans called for seating capacity of 100,000 , though budget constraints forced a revision to 77,000 . The building was constructed by Messrs Brameld and Smith of Manchester . The stadium 's record attendance was registered on 25 March 1939 , when an FA Cup semi-final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town drew 76,962 spectators . Bombing in the Second World War destroyed much of the stadium ; the central tunnel in the South Stand was all that remained of that quarter . After the war , the club received compensation from the War Damage Commission in the amount of £ 22,278 . While reconstruction took place , the team played its `` home '' games at Manchester City 's Maine Road ground ; Manchester United was charged £ 5,000 per year , plus a nominal percentage of gate receipts . Later improvements included the addition of roofs , first to the Stretford End and then to the North and East Stands . The roofs were supported by pillars that obstructed many fans ' views , and they were eventually replaced with a cantilevered structure . The Stretford End was the last stand to receive a cantilevered roof , completed in time for the 1993 -- 94 season . First used on 25 March 1957 and costing £ 40,000 , four 180 - foot ( 55 m ) pylons were erected , each housing 54 individual floodlights . These were dismantled in 1987 and replaced by a lighting system embedded in the roof of each stand , which remains in use today . The Taylor Report 's requirement for an all - seater stadium lowered capacity at Old Trafford to around 44,000 by 1993 . In 1995 , the North Stand was redeveloped into three tiers , restoring capacity to approximately 55,000 . At the end of the 1998 -- 99 season , second tiers were added to the East and West Stands , raising capacity to around 67,000 , and between July 2005 and May 2006 , 8,000 more seats were added via second tiers in the north - west and north - east quadrants . Part of the new seating was used for the first time on 26 March 2006 , when an attendance of 69,070 became a new Premier League record . The record was pushed steadily upwards before reaching its peak on 31 March 2007 , when 76,098 spectators saw Manchester United beat Blackburn Rovers 4 -- 1 , with just 114 seats ( 0.15 per cent of the total capacity of 76,212 ) unoccupied . In 2009 , reorganisation of the seating resulted in a reduction of capacity by 255 to 75,957 . Manchester United has the second highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund . Support Manchester United is one of the most popular football clubs in the world , with one of the highest average home attendance in Europe . The club states that its worldwide fan base includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the Manchester United Supporters Club ( MUSC ) , in at least 24 countries . The club takes advantage of this support through its worldwide summer tours . Accountancy firm and sports industry consultants Deloitte estimate that Manchester United has 75 million fans worldwide , while other estimates put this figure closer to 333 million . The club has the third highest social media following in the world among sports teams ( after Barcelona and Real Madrid ) , with over 71 million Facebook fans as of September 2016 . A 2014 study showed that Manchester United had the loudest fans in the Premier League . Supporters are represented by two independent bodies ; the Independent Manchester United Supporters ' Association ( IMUSA ) , which maintains close links to the club through the MUFC Fans Forum , and the Manchester United Supporters ' Trust ( MUST ) . After the Glazer family 's takeover in 2005 , a group of fans formed a splinter club , F.C. United of Manchester . The West Stand of Old Trafford -- the `` Stretford End '' -- is the home end and the traditional source of the club 's most vocal support . Rivalries Main articles : Arsenal F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry , Manchester derby , Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry , and Leeds United F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry Manchester United has rivalries with Arsenal , Leeds United , Liverpool , and Manchester City , against whom they contest the Manchester derby . The rivalry with Liverpool is rooted in competition between the cities during the Industrial Revolution when Manchester was famous for its textile industry while Liverpool was a major port . Manchester United and Liverpool are also the two most successful teams in England and , at many points in their history , they have battled each other for the league title ( most recently in the 2008 -- 09 season ) . Their matches are usually considered by the players and their fans as the biggest in any given season . The `` Roses Rivalry '' with Leeds stems from the Wars of the Roses , fought between the House of Lancaster and the House of York , with Manchester United representing Lancashire and Leeds representing Yorkshire . The rivalry with Arsenal arises from the numerous times the two teams , as well as managers Alex Ferguson and Arsène Wenger , have battled for the Premier League title . With 33 titles between them ( 20 for Manchester United , 13 for Arsenal ) this fixture has become known as one of the finest Premier League match - ups in history . Global brand Aeroflot is an official carrier of the club . Manchester United has been described as a global brand ; a 2011 report by Brand Finance , valued the club 's trademarks and associated intellectual property at £ 412 million -- an increase of £ 39 million on the previous year , valuing it at £ 11 million more than the second best brand , Real Madrid -- and gave the brand a strength rating of AAA ( Extremely Strong ) . In July 2012 , Manchester United was ranked first by Forbes magazine in its list of the ten most valuable sports team brands , valuing the Manchester United brand at $2.23 billion . The club is ranked third in the Deloitte Football Money League ( behind Real Madrid and Barcelona ) . In January 2013 , the club became the first sports team in the world to be valued at $3 billion . Forbes Magazine valued the club at $3.3 billion -- $1.2 billion higher than the next most valuable sports team . They were overtaken by Real Madrid for the next four years , but Manchester United returned to the top of the Forbes list in June 2017 , with a valuation of $3.689 billion . The core strength of Manchester United 's global brand is often attributed to Matt Busby 's rebuilding of the team and subsequent success following the Munich air disaster , which drew worldwide acclaim . The `` iconic '' team included Bobby Charlton and Nobby Stiles ( members of England 's World Cup winning team ) , Denis Law and George Best . The attacking style of play adopted by this team ( in contrast to the defensive - minded `` catenaccio '' approach favoured by the leading Italian teams of the era ) `` captured the imagination of the English footballing public '' . Busby 's team also became associated with the liberalisation of Western society during the 1960s ; George Best , known as the `` Fifth Beatle '' for his iconic haircut , was the first footballer to significantly develop an off - the - field media profile . As the second English football club to float on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club raised significant capital , with which it further developed its commercial strategy . The club 's focus on commercial and sporting success brought significant profits in an industry often characterised by chronic losses . The strength of the Manchester United brand was bolstered by intense off - the - field media attention to individual players , most notably David Beckham ( who quickly developed his own global brand ) . This attention often generates greater interest in on - the - field activities , and hence generates sponsorship opportunities -- the value of which is driven by television exposure . During his time with the club , Beckham 's popularity across Asia was integral to the club 's commercial success in that part of the world . Because higher league placement results in a greater share of television rights , success on the field generates greater income for the club . Since the inception of the Premier League , Manchester United has received the largest share of the revenue generated from the BSkyB broadcasting deal . Manchester United has also consistently enjoyed the highest commercial income of any English club ; in 2005 -- 06 , the club 's commercial arm generated £ 51 million , compared to £ 42.5 million at Chelsea , £ 39.3 million at Liverpool , £ 34 million at Arsenal and £ 27.9 million at Newcastle United . A key sponsorship relationship was with sportswear company Nike , who managed the club 's merchandising operation as part of a £ 303 million 13 - year partnership between 2002 and 2015 . Through Manchester United Finance and the club 's membership scheme , One United , those with an affinity for the club can purchase a range of branded goods and services . Additionally , Manchester United - branded media services -- such as the club 's dedicated television channel , MUTV -- have allowed the club to expand its fan base to those beyond the reach of its Old Trafford stadium . Sponsorship Period Kit manufacturer Shirt sponsor 1945 -- 1975 Umbro -- 1975 -- 1980 Admiral 1980 -- 1982 Adidas 1982 -- 1992 Sharp Electronics 1992 -- 2000 Umbro 2000 -- 2002 Vodafone 2002 -- 2006 Nike 2006 -- 2010 AIG 2010 -- 2014 Aon 2014 -- 2015 Chevrolet 2015 -- Adidas In an initial five - year deal worth £ 500,000 , Sharp Electronics became the club 's first shirt sponsor at the beginning of the 1982 -- 83 season , a relationship that lasted until the end of the 1999 -- 2000 season , when Vodafone agreed a four - year , £ 30 million deal . Vodafone agreed to pay £ 36 million to extend the deal by four years , but after two seasons triggered a break clause in order to concentrate on its sponsorship of the Champions League . To commence at the start of the 2006 -- 07 season , American insurance corporation AIG agreed a four - year £ 56.5 million deal which in September 2006 became the most valuable in the world . At the beginning of the 2010 -- 11 season , American reinsurance company Aon became the club 's principal sponsor in a four - year deal reputed to be worth approximately £ 80 million , making it the most lucrative shirt sponsorship deal in football history . Manchester United announced their first training kit sponsor in August 2011 , agreeing a four - year deal with DHL reported to be worth £ 40 million ; it is believed to be the first instance of training kit sponsorship in English football . The DHL contract lasted for over a year before the club bought back the contract in October 2012 , although they remained the club 's official logistics partner . The contract for the training kit sponsorship was then sold to Aon in April 2013 for a deal worth £ 180 million over eight years , which also included purchasing the naming rights for the Trafford Training Centre . The club 's first kit manufacturer was Umbro , until a five - year deal was agreed with Admiral Sportswear in 1975 . Adidas received the contract in 1980 , before Umbro started a second spell in 1992 . Umbro 's sponsorship lasted for ten years , followed by Nike 's record - breaking £ 302.9 million deal that lasted until 2015 ; 3.8 million replica shirts were sold in the first 22 months with the company . In addition to Nike and Chevrolet , the club also has several lower - level `` platinum '' sponsors , including Aon and Budweiser . On 30 July 2012 , United signed a seven - year deal with American automotive corporation General Motors , which replaced Aon as the shirt sponsor from the 2014 -- 15 season . The new $80 m-a - year shirt deal is worth $559 m over seven years and features the logo of General Motors brand Chevrolet . Nike announced that they would not renew their kit supply deal with Manchester United after the 2014 -- 15 season , citing rising costs . Since the start of the 2015 -- 16 season , Adidas has manufactured Manchester United 's kit as part of a world - record 10 - year deal worth a minimum of £ 750 million . Ownership and finances See also : Glazer ownership of Manchester United Originally funded by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Company , the club became a limited company in 1892 and sold shares to local supporters for £ 1 via an application form . In 1902 , majority ownership passed to the four local businessmen who invested £ 500 to save the club from bankruptcy , including future club president John Henry Davies . After his death in 1927 , the club faced bankruptcy yet again , but was saved in December 1931 by James W. Gibson , who assumed control of the club after an investment of £ 2,000 . Gibson promoted his son , Alan , to the board in 1948 , but died three years later ; the Gibson family retained ownership of the club through James ' wife , Lillian , but the position of chairman passed to former player Harold Hardman . Promoted to the board a few days after the Munich air disaster , Louis Edwards , a friend of Matt Busby , began acquiring shares in the club ; for an investment of approximately £ 40,000 , he accumulated a 54 per cent shareholding and took control in January 1964 . When Lillian Gibson died in January 1971 , her shares passed to Alan Gibson who sold a percentage of his shares to Louis Edwards ' son , Martin , in 1978 ; Martin Edwards went on to become chairman upon his father 's death in 1980 . Media tycoon Robert Maxwell attempted to buy the club in 1984 , but did not meet Edwards ' asking price . In 1989 , chairman Martin Edwards attempted to sell the club to Michael Knighton for £ 20 million , but the sale fell through and Knighton joined the Board of Directors instead . Manchester United was floated on the stock market in June 1991 ( raising £ 6.7 million ) , and received yet another takeover bid in 1998 , this time from Rupert Murdoch 's British Sky Broadcasting Corporation . This resulted in the formation of Shareholders United Against Murdoch -- now the Manchester United Supporters ' Trust -- who encouraged supporters to buy shares in the club in an attempt to block any hostile takeover . The Manchester United board accepted a £ 623 million offer , but the takeover was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission at the final hurdle in April 1999 . A few years later , a power struggle emerged between the club 's manager , Alex Ferguson , and his horse - racing partners , John Magnier and J.P. McManus , who had gradually become the majority shareholders . In a dispute that stemmed from contested ownership of the horse Rock of Gibraltar , Magnier and McManus attempted to have Ferguson removed from his position as manager , and the board responded by approaching investors to attempt to reduce the Irishmen 's majority . In May 2005 , Malcolm Glazer purchased the 28.7 per cent stake held by McManus and Magnier , thus acquiring a controlling interest through his investment vehicle Red Football Ltd in a highly leveraged takeover valuing the club at approximately £ 800 million ( then approx . $1.5 billion ) . Once the purchase was complete , the club was taken off the stock exchange . In July 2006 , the club announced a £ 660 million debt refinancing package , resulting in a 30 per cent reduction in annual interest payments to £ 62 million a year . In January 2010 , with debts of £ 716.5 million ( $1.17 billion ) , Manchester United further refinanced through a bond issue worth £ 504 million , enabling them to pay off most of the £ 509 million owed to international banks . The annual interest payable on the bonds -- which mature on 1 February 2017 -- is approximately £ 45 million per annum . Despite restructuring , the club 's debt prompted protests from fans on 23 January 2010 , at Old Trafford and the club 's Trafford Training Centre . Supporter groups encouraged match - going fans to wear green and gold , the colours of Newton Heath . On 30 January , reports emerged that the Manchester United Supporters ' Trust had held meetings with a group of wealthy fans , dubbed the `` Red Knights '' , with plans to buying out the Glazers ' controlling interest . In August 2011 , the Glazers were believed to have approached Credit Suisse in preparation for a $1 billion ( approx. £ 600 million ) initial public offering ( IPO ) on the Singapore stock exchange that would value the club at more than £ 2 billion . However , in July 2012 , the club announced plans to list its IPO on the New York Stock Exchange instead . Shares were originally set to go on sale for between $16 and $20 each , but the price was cut to $14 by the launch of the IPO on 10 August , following negative comments from Wall Street analysts and Facebook 's disappointing stock market debut in May . Even after the cut , Manchester United was valued at $2.3 billion , making it the most valuable football club in the world . Players First - team squad As of 2 September 2017 Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player GK David de Gea DF Victor Lindelöf DF Eric Bailly DF Phil Jones 5 DF Marcos Rojo 6 MF Paul Pogba 8 MF Juan Mata 9 FW Romelu Lukaku 10 FW Zlatan Ibrahimović 11 FW Anthony Martial 12 DF Chris Smalling 14 MF Jesse Lingard 16 MF Michael Carrick ( captain ) 17 DF Daley Blind No . Position Player 18 MF Ashley Young 19 FW Marcus Rashford 20 GK Sergio Romero 21 MF Ander Herrera 22 MF Henrikh Mkhitaryan 23 DF Luke Shaw 25 DF Antonio Valencia 27 MF Marouane Fellaini 31 MF Nemanja Matić 36 DF Matteo Darmian 38 DF Axel Tuanzebe 39 MF Scott McTominay 40 GK Joel Castro Pereira Out on loan Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player 15 MF Andreas Pereira ( at Valencia until 30 June 2018 ) 24 DF Timothy Fosu - Mensah ( at Crystal Palace until 30 June 2018 ) No . Position Player 32 GK Sam Johnstone ( at Aston Villa until 30 June 2018 ) 43 DF Cameron Borthwick - Jackson ( at Leeds United until 30 June 2018 ) Reserves and academy Further information : Manchester United F.C. Reserves and Academy Former players Further information : List of Manchester United F.C. players and Category : Manchester United F.C. players Club captains Further information : List of Manchester United F.C. players § Club captains Player records Further information : List of Manchester United F.C. records and statistics Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year Further information : Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year Club officials Owner : Glazer family via Red Football Shareholder Limited Honorary president : Martin Edwards Manchester United Limited Co-chairmen : Avram Glazer and Joel Glazer Executive vice chairman : Ed Woodward Group managing director : Richard Arnold Chief financial officer : Cliff Baty Non-executive directors : Bryan Glazer , Kevin Glazer , Edward Glazer , Darcie Glazer Kassewitz , Robert Leitão , John Hooks and Manu Sawhney Manchester United Football Club Directors : David Gill , Michael Edelson , Sir Bobby Charlton , Sir Alex Ferguson Club secretary : John Alexander Club ambassadors : Andy Cole , Gary Neville , Bryan Robson , Peter Schmeichel , Bobby Charlton , Alex Ferguson , Park Ji - sung , Dwight Yorke , Nemanja Vidić Senior club staff Director of Group Operations : Alan Dawson MBE Director of Communications : Phil Townsend Director of Legal and Business Affairs : Patrick Stewart Director of Finance and IT : Steve Deaville Director of Venue : David French Director of Partnerships : Sean Jefferson CEO of Media : Phil Lynch Ticket office manager : Sam Kelleher Safety officer : Charlie Coxon Stadium manager : Ian Collins Grounds manager : Anthony Sinclair Coaching staff Manager : José Mourinho Assistant manager : Rui Faria Coach : Silvino Louro Coach : Ricardo Formosinho Goalkeeping coach : Emilio Alvarez Fitness coach : Carlos Lalin Tactical analyst : Giovanni Cerra Head of first - team development : John Murtough Scouting Staff Chief scout : Jim Lawlor Head of global scouting : Marcel Bout Scouts : Gerado Guzmán , Sandro Orlandelli , Tommy Møller Nielsen , Javier Ribalta Academy coaching staff Director of youth academy : Nicky Butt Academy operations manager : Nick Cox Under - 23 manager : Ricky Sbragia Under - 23s team assistant manager : Tommy Martin Under - 18 head coach : Kieran McKenna Under - 18s coach : John Cooke Under - 18s coach : Colin Little Head of Academy Coaching : Tony Whelan Under - 16 Head Coach : Neil Ryan Under - 12 - 14 Head Coach : Hasney Aljofree Under 12s Head Coach : Lee Unsworth Under 10s Head Coach : Eamon Mulvey Under 9s Head Coach : Eddie Leach Academy goalkeeping coach : Alan Fettis Medical and sports science staff Head of sports medicine and science / club doctor : Dr. Steve McNally Assistant club doctor : Dr. Tony Gill Head first - team physiotherapist : Richard Merron Assistant first team physiotherapist : Jon Picot Head of academy physiotherapy : Neil Hough Senior academy physiotherapist : Mandy Johnson Academy physiotherapist : John Davin Masseurs : Gary Armer , Rod Thornley and Andy Caveney Club dietician : Trevor Lea Head of performance : Tony Strudwick Head of strength and conditioning : Dr. Gary Walker Head of human performance : Dr. Richard Hawkins Managerial history Main article : List of Manchester United F.C. managers Dates Name Notes 1878 -- 1892 Unknown 1892 -- 1900 A.H. Albut 1900 -- 1903 James West 1903 -- 1912 Ernest Mangnall 1912 -- 1914 John Bentley 1914 -- 1921 Jack Robson 1921 -- 1926 John Chapman 1926 -- 1927 Lal Hilditch Player - manager 1927 -- 1931 Herbert Bamlett 1931 -- 1932 Walter Crickmer 1932 -- 1937 Scott Duncan 1937 -- 1945 Walter Crickmer 1945 -- 1969 Matt Busby 1969 -- 1970 Wilf McGuinness 1970 -- 1971 Matt Busby 1971 -- 1972 Frank O'Farrell 1972 -- 1977 Tommy Docherty 1977 -- 1981 Dave Sexton 1981 -- 1986 Ron Atkinson 1986 -- 2013 Alex Ferguson 2013 -- 2014 David Moyes 2014 Ryan Giggs Interim player - manager 2014 -- 2016 Louis van Gaal 2016 -- José Mourinho Honours Winners ' and runners - up medals from Manchester United 's UEFA Champions League final appearances in 2008 , 2009 and 2011 Manchester United are one of the most successful clubs in Europe . The club 's first trophy was the Manchester Cup , which it won as Newton Heath LYR in 1886 . In 1908 , the club won its first league title , and won the FA Cup for the first time the following year . Manchester United won the most trophies in the 1990s ; five league titles , four FA Cups , one League Cup , five Charity Shields ( one shared ) , one UEFA Champions League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup and one Intercontinental Cup . The club holds the record for most top - division titles ( 20 ) -- including a record 13 Premier League titles -- and FA Community Shields ( 21 ) . It was also the first English club to win the European Cup in 1968 , and , as of 2017 , is the only British club to have won the Club World Cup , in 2008 . United also became the sole British club to win the Intercontinental Cup , in 1999 . The club 's most recent trophy came in May 2017 , with the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Europa League . In winning the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Europa League , United became the fifth club in history to have won the `` European Treble '' of European Cup / UEFA Champions League , European Cup Winners ' Cup / UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , and UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League after Juventus , Ajax , Bayern Munich and Chelsea . Domestic League First Division / Premier League Winners ( 20 ) : 1907 -- 08 , 1910 -- 11 , 1951 -- 52 , 1955 -- 56 , 1956 -- 57 , 1964 -- 65 , 1966 -- 67 , 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 ( record ) Second Division Winners ( 2 ) : 1935 -- 36 , 1974 -- 75 Cups FA Cup Winners ( 12 ) : 1908 -- 09 , 1947 -- 48 , 1962 -- 63 , 1976 -- 77 , 1982 -- 83 , 1984 -- 85 , 1989 -- 90 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1998 -- 99 , 2003 -- 04 , 2015 -- 16 Football League Cup Winners ( 5 ) : 1991 -- 92 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2016 -- 17 FA Charity / Community Shield Winners ( 21 ) : 1908 , 1911 , 1952 , 1956 , 1957 , 1965 * , 1967 * , 1977 * , 1983 , 1990 * , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 ( * shared ) ( record ) European European Cup / UEFA Champions League Winners ( 3 ) : 1967 -- 68 , 1998 -- 99 , 2007 -- 08 European Cup Winners ' Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1990 -- 91 UEFA Europa League Winners ( 1 ) : 2016 -- 17 European Super Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1991 Worldwide Intercontinental Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1999 FIFA Club World Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2008 Doubles and trebles Doubles League and FA Cup : 2 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 European Double ( League and European Cup ) : 1 2007 -- 08 League and League Cup : 1 2008 -- 09 League Cup and Europa League : 1 2016 -- 17 Trebles Continental Treble ( League , FA Cup and European Cup ) : 1 1998 -- 99 Especially short competitions such as the Charity / Community Shield , Intercontinental Cup ( now defunct ) , FIFA Club World Cup or UEFA Super Cup are not generally considered to contribute towards a Double or Treble . See also Book : Manchester United F.C. List of Manchester United F.C. records and statistics List of Manchester United F.C. players List of Manchester United F.C. seasons List of Manchester United F.C. managers Association football portal English football portal Greater Manchester portal Footnotes Jump up ^ UK Consumer Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Gregory Clark ( 2016 ) , `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' , MeasuringWorth.com . Jump up ^ Sources are divided on the exact date of the meeting and subsequent name change . Whilst official club sources claim that it occurred on 26 April , the meeting was reported by the Manchester Evening Chronicle in its edition of 25 April , suggesting it was indeed on 24 April . ^ Jump up to : Upon its formation in 1992 , the Premier League became the top tier of English football ; the First and Second Divisions then became the second and third tiers , respectively . The First Division is now known as the Football League Championship and the Second Division is now known as Football League One . References Jump up ^ `` Premier League Handbook Season 2015 / 16 '' ( PDF ) . Premier League . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United -- Stadium '' ( PDF ) . premierleague.com . Premier League . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC ON THIS DAY - 14 - 1969 : Matt Busby retires from Man United '' . bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` The 49 trophies of Sir Alex Ferguson - the most successful managerial career Britain has ever known '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print . 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Rob ( 1 October 2009 ) . `` Sir Alex Ferguson successful because he was given time , says Steve Bruce '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Northcroft , Jonathan ( 5 November 2006 ) . `` 20 glorious years , 20 key decisions '' . The Sunday Times . London : Times Newspapers . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd : Premier League club named world 's leading revenue - generating club '' . BBC Sport. 19 January 2017 . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd back on top of Forbes ' most valuable list at £ 2.86 bn '' . Sky Sports . 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United is ' most valuable football brand ' '' . BBC News ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 8 June 2015 . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Peter J. ( 18 April 2012 ) . `` Manchester United Again The World 's Most Valuable Soccer Team '' . Forbes Magazine . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barça , the most loved club in the world '' . Marca . Retrieved 15 December 2014 ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 8 . Jump up ^ James ( 2008 ) , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Tyrrell & Meek ( 1996 ) , p. 99 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ James ( 2008 ) , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Murphy ( 2006 ) , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 27 April 2005 ) . `` The great Chelsea surrender '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 : United players killed in air disaster '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 6 February 1958 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ White , Jim ( 2008 ) , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Moore , Rob ; Stokkermans , Karel ( 11 December 2009 ) . `` European Footballer of the Year ( '' Ballon d'Or `` ) '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Murphy ( 2006 ) , p. 134 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 : Manchester United sack manager '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 4 July 1977 . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , pp. 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , pp. 148 -- 149 . Jump up ^ `` Arise Sir Alex ? '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 27 May 1999 . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 4 November 2006 ) . `` How Robins saved Ferguson 's job '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Giggs wins 2009 BBC Sports Personality award '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 13 December 2009 . Retrieved 11 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United crowned kings of Europe '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 26 May 1999 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Hoult , Nick ( 28 August 2007 ) . `` Ole Gunnar Solskjaer leaves golden memories '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Magnani , Loris ; Stokkermans , Karel ( 30 April 2005 ) . `` Intercontinental Club Cup '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 8 March 2004 ) . `` Ferguson and Magnier : a truce in the internal warfare at United '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Viduka hands title to Man Utd '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2003 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd win FA Cup '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 22 May 2004 . Retrieved 9 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United 's Champions League exits , 1993 -- 2011 '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . 8 December 2011 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Shuttleworth , Peter ( 21 May 2008 ) . `` Spot - on Giggs overtakes Charlton '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 9 July 2010 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 1 March 2009 ) . `` Man Utd 0 -- 0 Tottenham ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 1 March 2009 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 16 May 2009 ) . `` Man Utd 0 -- 0 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 12 June 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo transfer : World - record deal shows football is booming , says Sepp Blatter '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney the hero as United overcome Villa '' . ESPNsoccernet. 28 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2010 . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Stone , Simon ( 14 May 2011 ) . `` Manchester United clinch record 19th English title '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How Manchester United won the 2012 -- 13 Barclays Premier League '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 22 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2013 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Alex Ferguson to retire as Manchester United manager '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Alex Ferguson to retire this summer , Manchester United confirm '' . Sky Sports . BSkyB. 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Moyes : Manchester United appoint Everton boss '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United confirm appointment of David Moyes on a six - year contract '' . Sky Sports . BSkyB. 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` David Moyes quits as Everton manager to take over at Manchester United '' . guardian.co.uk . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Moyes sacked by Manchester United after just 10 months in charge '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . 22 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Hassan , Nabil ( 11 May 2014 ) . `` Southampton 1 -- 1 Man Utd '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United : Louis van Gaal confirmed as new manager '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 28 May 2014 ) . `` Manchester United owner Malcolm Glazer dies aged 86 '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Jack ( 9 December 2015 ) . `` Wolfsburg 3 - 2 Man Utd : Champions League exit for van Gaal 's men '' . Sky Sports ( BSkyB ) . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alan ( 21 May 2016 ) . `` Crystal Palace 1 - 2 Manchester United ( aet ) : FA Cup final -- as it happened ! '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Stone , Simon ; Roan , Dan ( 23 May 2016 ) . `` Manchester United : Louis van Gaal sacked as manager '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho : Man Utd confirm former Chelsea boss as new manager '' . BBC Sport. 27 May 2016 . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Angus , J. Keith ( 1879 ) . The Sportsman 's Year - Book for 1880 . Cassell , Petter , Galpin & Co. p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 26 August 2011 ) . `` Sir Alex Ferguson 's ability to play the generation game is vital to Manchester United 's phenomenal success '' . The Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas and United launch new 2017 / 18 home kit '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 3 July 2017 . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Devlin ( 2005 ) , p. 157 . Jump up ^ `` Reds unveil new away kit '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 15 July 2011 . Retrieved 16 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Sharpe , Lee ( 15 April 2006 ) . `` 13.04. 96 Manchester United 's grey day at The Dell '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Devlin ( 2005 ) , p. 158 . Jump up ^ `` United reveal blue third kit for 2014 / 15 season '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 29 July 2014 . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Devlin ( 2005 ) , pp. 154 -- 159 . Jump up ^ `` New blue kit for 08 / 09 '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ White , Jim ( 2008 ) p. 21 . Jump up ^ James ( 2008 ) , p. 392 . Jump up ^ Shury & Landamore ( 2005 ) , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Shury & Landamore ( 2005 ) , p. 51 . ^ Jump up to : Shury & Landamore ( 2005 ) , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Shury & Landamore ( 2005 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Shury & Landamore ( 2005 ) , pp. 33 -- 34 . ^ Jump up to : Inglis ( 1996 ) , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Rollin and Rollin , pp. 254 -- 255 . Jump up ^ White , John ( 2007 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 3 -- 0 Birmingham '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 26 March 2006 . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Coppack , Nick ( 31 March 2007 ) . `` Report : United 4 Blackburn 1 '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Morgan ( 2010 ) , pp. 44 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Bartram , Steve ( 19 November 2009 ) . `` OT100 # 9 : Record gate '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Barclays Premier League Stats : Team Attendance -- 2012 -- 13 '' . ESPN FC . ESPN Internet Ventures . 3 May 2013 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` German Bundesliga Stats : Team Attendance -- 2012 -- 13 '' . ESPN FC . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish La Liga Stats : Team Attendance -- 2012 -- 13 '' . ESPN FC . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 6 November 2009 ) . `` Manchester United top of the 25 best supported clubs in Europe '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Local Supporters Clubs '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Cass , Bob ( 15 December 2007 ) . `` United moving down south as fanbase reaches 333 million '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Facebook fan pages '' . FanPageList.com . Retrieved 23 November 2015 Jump up ^ `` Manchester United fans the Premier League 's loudest , says study '' . ESPN FC . ESPN Internet Ventures . 24 November 2014 . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fans ' Forum '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Smith , Martin ( 15 April 2008 ) . `` Bitter rivals do battle '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Stone , Simon ( 16 September 2005 ) . `` Giggs : Liverpool our biggest test '' . Manchester Evening News . Archived from the original on 14 August 2011 . Retrieved 31 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Rohrer , Finlo ( 21 August 2007 ) . `` Scouse v Manc '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Dunning ( 1999 ) , p. 151 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal v Manchester United head - to - head record '' . Arsenal official web . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rivalry between Arsène Wenger and Sir Alex Ferguson unmatched in sport '' . The Guardian . 31 January 2010 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 30 Football Club Brands '' ( PDF ) . Brand Finance . September 2011 . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 16 July 2012 ) . `` Manchester United Tops The World 's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid becomes the first sports team in the world to generate € 400m in revenues as it tops Deloitte Football Money League '' . Deloitte . 2 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2010 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike ( 27 January 2013 ) . `` Manchester United Becomes First Team Valued At $3 Billion '' . Forbes . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike ( 6 June 2017 ) . `` The World 's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 121 . Jump up ^ `` Beckham fever grips Japan '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 18 June 2003 . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 122 . ^ Jump up to : Ducker , James ( 4 June 2009 ) . `` Manchester United show financial muscle after signing record £ 80m shirt contract '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers . Retrieved 9 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Oilinvest to renegotiate Juventus sponsorship '' . SportBusiness ( SBG Companies ) . 7 September 2006 . Retrieved 28 May 2007 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd sign £ 56m AIG shirt deal '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 6 April 2006 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ; Ducker , James ( 3 June 2009 ) . `` Manchester United announce £ 80 million sponsorship deal with Aon '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers . Retrieved 9 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DHL delivers new shirt deal '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 22 August 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United unveils two new commercial deals '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 22 August 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United buy back training kit sponsorship rights from DHL '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . 26 October 2012 . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 7 April 2013 ) . `` Manchester United to sign £ 180m Aon deal to change name of Carrington training base '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Admiral : Heritage '' . Admiral Sportswear . Archived from the original on 28 February 2009 . Retrieved 11 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Devlin ( 2005 ) , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Devlin ( 2005 ) , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 127 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd in £ 300m Nike deal '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 3 November 2000 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Wachman , Richard ( 24 April 2010 ) . `` Manchester United fans call on corporate sponsors to back fight against Glazers '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Edgecliffe , Andrew ( 4 August 2012 ) . `` GM in record Man Utd sponsorship deal '' . FT.com . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chevrolet signs seven year deal '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 30 July 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League : Sportswear giants Nike to end Manchester United sponsorship '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Bray , Chad ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Nike and Manchester United Set to End Equipment Partnership '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` Manchester United sign record 10 - year kit deal with Adidas worth £ 750m '' . theguardian.com . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ De Menezes , Jack ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` Manchester United and adidas announce record £ 75m - per - year deal after Nike pull out '' . independent.co.uk . Independent Print . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Crick & Smith ( 1990 ) , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Crick & Smith ( 1990 ) , p. 92 . Jump up ^ White , Jim ( 2008 ) , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Dobson & Goddard ( 2004 ) , p. 190 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1989 : Man U sold in record takeover deal '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 18 August 1989 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Dobson & Goddard ( 2004 ) , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Bose ( 2007 ) , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Bose ( 2007 ) , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Bose ( 2007 ) , pp. 234 -- 235 . Jump up ^ `` Glazer Man Utd stake exceeds 75 % '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 16 May 2005 . Retrieved 11 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Glazer gets 98 % of Man Utd shares '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 23 June 2005 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Glazers Tighten Grip On United With Debt Refinancing '' . The Political Economy of Football . 8 July 2006 . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United reveal refinancing plans '' . RTÉ ( Raidió Teilifís Éireann ) . 18 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 January 2010 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United debt hits £ 716m '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 20 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United to raise £ 500m '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 11 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Bill ( 22 January 2010 ) . `` Manchester United raise £ 504m in bond issue '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Ian ( 23 January 2010 ) . `` Man Utd 4 -- 0 Hull '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Minister Gordon Brown warns football over debts '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 25 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Hassan , Nabil ; Roan , Dan ( 30 January 2010 ) . `` Wealthy Man Utd fans approach broker about takeover '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 4 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 16 August 2011 ) . `` Manchester United eyes a partial flotation on Singapore stock exchange '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . Jump up ^ 1Hrishikesh , Sharanya ; Pandey , Ashutosh ( 3 July 2012 ) . `` Manchester United picks NYSE for U.S. public offering '' . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Rushe , Dominic ( 10 August 2012 ) . `` Manchester United IPO : share prices cut before US stock market flotation '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Players and Staff - First Team '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 17 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Froggatt , Mark ( 2 September 2017 ) . `` Pereira joins Valencia on season - long loan '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fosu - Mensah joins Crystal Palace on loan '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 14 July 2017 ) . `` Johnstone to spend season at Villa '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Borthwick - Jackson joins Leeds on loan '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 7 August 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Red Football Shareholder Limited : Group of companies ' accounts made up to 30 June 2009 . Downloaded from Companies House UK Jump up ^ Gardner , Neil ( 8 October 2009 ) . `` Martin Edwards voices concerns over Manchester United 's future '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers . Retrieved 11 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Board of Directors '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United appoints Cliff Baty as Chief Financial Officer '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 26 October 2015 . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Sale , Charles ( 21 May 2013 ) . `` Fergie lands £ 100k - a-day deal as United ambassador ... with help from son who champions once vowed never to work with '' . Mail Online . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reds ' new Club Secretary '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 20 December 2009 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Tuck , James ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Cole enjoying club role '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nev 's new role '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 8 April 2011 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United appoint Bryan Robson as global ambassador '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers. 20 March 2008 . Retrieved 11 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New role for Schmeichel '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 27 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sir Alex Ferguson earned more than £ 2m in eight months for £ 100,000 - a-day Manchester United ambassador role and David Moyes was handed pay - off of almost £ 5m '' . Daily Mail . 26 January 2015 . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Park Ji - sung appointed Manchester United club ambassador as retired South Korean returns to Old Trafford for Everton clash '' . Daily Mail . 2 October 2014 . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Former Manchester United striker Dwight Yorke denied entry to the United States '' . The Independent . 17 February 2017 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nemanja Vidic returns to Manchester United in an ambassadorial role '' . The Independent . 23 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Club Directory : Manchester United Football Club Limited '' . Premier League . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho : Man Utd confirm former Chelsea boss as new manager '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 27 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Marshall , Adam ( 7 July 2016 ) . `` Mourinho 's coaching team confirmed '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why Manchester United will not appoint a director of football '' . manchestereveningnews.co.uk . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Jim Lawlor '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United name Marcel Bout as head of global scouting for transfer policy '' . manchestereveningnews.co.uk . MEN Media . 6 October 2016 . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . Jump up ^ AS , Diario ( 31 August 2016 ) . `` Mourinho signs Atlético Madrid 's chief scout Gerardo Guzmán '' . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United boss Jose Mourinho hires Brazilian scout Sandro Orlandelli '' . ibtimes.co.uk . IB Times . 26 August 2016 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United kick off massive overhaul of scouting department by bringing in former Rangers coach Tommy Moller Nielsen '' . dailymail.co.uk . Daily Mail . 8 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United sign Juventus scout Javier Ribalta to boost transfer search '' . Manchester Evening News . 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nicky Butt appointed head of academy '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Archived from the original on 16 February 2016 . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United Appoint Ricky Sbragia '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 1 September 2016 ) . `` McKenna appointed United Under 18s coach '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Bartram , Steve ( 5 November 2015 ) . `` United provide a higher education '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 28 July 2014 ) . `` Keeper focus : Joel Pereira '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reds appoint new club doctor '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 4 July 2006 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Man Utd stars given home comforts by Jose Mourinho '' . 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Hough takes up Academy role '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Club confirm new responsibilities for Strudwick '' . www.ManUtd.com . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Shergold , Adam ( 15 July 2013 ) . `` United 's coaches get tough in training as De Gea and Van Persie return ... so it 's no wonder they needed a sit down afterwards ! '' . Mail Online . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coaching Staff : Richard Hawkins '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Archived from the original on 9 December 2010 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , pp. 54 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Bloomfield , Craig ( 13 August 2015 ) . `` Which club has won the most trophies in Europe ? The most successful clubs from the best leagues revealed '' . talkSPORT . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Shury & Landamore ( 2005 ) , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United win the UEFA Europa League '' . manutd.com. 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Europa League final : Manchester United on the brink of unique achievement no other English club could ever match '' . talkSPORT. 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 20 May 2010 ) . `` Treble treble : The teams that won the treble '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Further reading Andrews , David L. , ed. ( 2004 ) . Manchester United : A Thematic Study . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 33333 - 4 . Barnes , Justyn ; Bostock , Adam ; Butler , Cliff ; Ferguson , Jim ; Meek , David ; Mitten , Andy ; Pilger , Sam ; Taylor , Frank OBE ; Tyrrell , Tom ( 2001 ) ( 1998 ) . The Official Manchester United Illustrated Encyclopedia ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Manchester United Books . ISBN 0 - 233 - 99964 - 7 . Bose , Mihir ( 2007 ) . Manchester Disunited : Trouble and Takeover at the World 's Richest Football Club . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 1 - 84513 - 121 - 5 . Crick , Michael ; Smith , David ( 1990 ) . Manchester United -- The Betrayal of a Legend . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 31440 - 8 . Devlin , John ( 2005 ) . True Colours : Football Kits from 1980 to the Present Day . London : A & C Black . ISBN 0 - 7136 - 7389 - 3 . Dobson , Stephen ; Goddard , John ( 2004 ) . `` Ownership and Finance of Professional Soccer in England and Europe '' . In Fort , Rodney ; Fizel , John . International Sports Economics Comparisons . Westport , CT : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98032 - 4 . Dunning , Eric ( 1999 ) . Sport Matters : Sociological Studies of Sport , Violence and Civilisation . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 09378 - 1 . Hamil , Sean ( 2008 ) . `` Case 9 : Manchester United : the Commercial Development of a Global Football Brand '' . In Chadwick , Simon ; Arth , Dave . International Cases in the Business of Sport . Oxford : Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 8543 - 6 . Inglis , Simon ( 1996 ) ( 1985 ) . Football Grounds of Britain ( 3rd ed . ) . London : CollinsWillow . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218426 - 5 . James , Gary ( 2008 ) . Manchester : A Football History . Halifax : James Ward . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9558127 - 0 - 5 . Morgan , Steve ( March 2010 ) . McLeish , Ian , ed . `` Design for life '' . Inside United . Haymarket Network ( 212 ) . ISSN 1749 - 6497 . Murphy , Alex ( 2006 ) . The Official Illustrated History of Manchester United . London : Orion Books . ISBN 0 - 7528 - 7603 - 1 . Rollin , Glenda ; Rollin , Jack . Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2008 -- 2009 . London : Headline Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7553 - 1820 - 9 . Shury , Alan ; Landamore , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Definitive Newton Heath F.C . SoccerData . ISBN 1 - 899468 - 16 - 1 . Tyrrell , Tom ; Meek , David ( 1996 ) ( 1988 ) . The Hamlyn Illustrated History of Manchester United 1878 -- 1996 ( 5th ed . ) . London : Hamlyn . ISBN 0 - 600 - 59074 - 7 . White , Jim ( 2008 ) . Manchester United : The Biography . London : Sphere . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84744 - 088 - 4 . White , John ( 2007 ) ( 2005 ) . The United Miscellany ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Carlton Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84442 - 745 - 1 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Manchester United F.C. Wikinews has news related to : Manchester United F.C. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manchester United FC . Official website ( in Arabic ) ( in Chinese ) ( in English ) ( in French ) ( in Japanese ) ( in Korean ) ( in Spanish ) Official statistics website Official Manchester United Supporters ' Trust Manchester United F.C. on BBC Sport : Club news -- Recent results -- Upcoming fixtures Manchester United at Sky Sports Manchester United at Premier League Manchester United Football Club Players Managers Reserves & Academy Records & statistics Current season History 1878 -- 1945 1945 -- 1969 1969 -- 1986 1986 -- 2013 Seasons Europe Munich air disaster Munich air disaster Busby Babes United Home stadium North Road ( 1878 -- 1893 ) Bank Street ( 1893 -- 1910 ) Old Trafford ( 1910 -- present ) Stretford End Sir Matt Busby Way Training ground The Cliff Trafford Training Centre Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year Rivalries League record by opponent Manchester derby Liverpool rivalry Leeds United rivalry Arsenal rivalry Supporters Independent Manchester United Supporters Association Manchester United Supporters ' Trust Red Army Media MUTV MU Radio Inside United Red Issue Red News United We Stand Related articles Fergie 's Fledglings United Trinity F.C. United of Manchester Glazer ownership Mascots 1915 British football betting scandal Railway station The Class of ' 92 Book : Manchester United F.C. Category : Manchester United F.C. Portal : Association football Manchester United task force Commons : Manchester United FC Links to related articles Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Clubs 2017 -- 18 AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Swindon Town Wigan Athletic Wimbledon Wolverhampton Wanderers Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Former members of the G - 14 ( 2000 -- 2008 ) 2000 -- 2008 Ajax Barcelona Bayern Munich Borussia Dortmund Internazionale Juventus Liverpool Manchester United Marseille Milan Paris Saint - Germain Porto PSV Eindhoven Real Madrid 2002 -- 2008 Arsenal Bayer Leverkusen Lyon Valencia Founding members of the ECA Ajax Anderlecht Barcelona Bayern Munich Birkirkara Chelsea Copenhagen Dinamo Zagreb Juventus Olympique Lyonnais Manchester United Milan Olympiacos Porto Rangers Real Madrid European Cup and UEFA Champions League winners European Cup 1950s 1955 -- 56 : Real Madrid 1956 -- 57 : Real Madrid 1957 -- 58 : Real Madrid 1958 -- 59 : Real Madrid 1959 -- 60 : Real Madrid 1960s 1960 -- 61 : Benfica 1961 -- 62 : Benfica 1962 -- 63 : Milan 1963 -- 64 : Inter Milan 1964 -- 65 : Inter Milan 1965 -- 66 : Real Madrid 1966 -- 67 : Celtic 1967 -- 68 : Manchester United 1968 -- 69 : Milan 1969 -- 70 : Feyenoord 1970s 1970 -- 71 : Ajax 1971 -- 72 : Ajax 1972 -- 73 : Ajax 1973 -- 74 : Bayern Munich 1974 -- 75 : Bayern Munich 1975 -- 76 : Bayern Munich 1976 -- 77 : Liverpool 1977 -- 78 : Liverpool 1978 -- 79 : Nottingham Forest 1979 -- 80 : Nottingham Forest 1980s 1980 -- 81 : Liverpool 1981 -- 82 : Aston Villa 1982 -- 83 : Hamburg 1983 -- 84 : Liverpool 1984 -- 85 : Juventus 1985 -- 86 : Steaua București 1986 -- 87 : Porto 1987 -- 88 : PSV 1988 -- 89 : Milan 1989 -- 90 : Milan 1990s 1990 -- 91 : Red Star Belgrade 1991 -- 92 : Barcelona UEFA Champions League 1990s 1992 -- 93 : Marseille 1993 -- 94 : Milan 1994 -- 95 : Ajax 1995 -- 96 : Juventus 1996 -- 97 : Borussia Dortmund 1997 -- 98 : Real Madrid 1998 -- 99 : Manchester United 1999 -- 2000 : Real Madrid 2000s 2000 -- 01 : Bayern Munich 2001 -- 02 : Real Madrid 2002 -- 03 : Milan 2003 -- 04 : Porto 2004 -- 05 : Liverpool 2005 -- 06 : Barcelona 2006 -- 07 : Milan 2007 -- 08 : Manchester United 2008 -- 09 : Barcelona 2009 -- 10 : Inter Milan 2010s 2010 -- 11 : Barcelona 2011 -- 12 : Chelsea 2012 -- 13 : Bayern Munich 2013 -- 14 : Real Madrid 2014 -- 15 : Barcelona 2015 -- 16 : Real Madrid 2016 -- 17 : Real Madrid Finals Winning managers Winning players UEFA Cup and UEFA Europa League winners UEFA Cup 1971 -- 72 : Tottenham Hotspur 1972 -- 73 : Liverpool 1973 -- 74 : Feyenoord 1974 -- 75 : Borussia Mönchengladbach 1975 -- 76 : Liverpool 1976 -- 77 : Juventus 1977 -- 78 : PSV 1978 -- 79 : Borussia Mönchengladbach 1979 -- 80 : Eintracht Frankfurt 1980 -- 81 : Ipswich Town 1981 -- 82 : IFK Göteborg 1982 -- 83 : Anderlecht 1983 -- 84 : Tottenham Hotspur 1984 -- 85 : Real Madrid 1985 -- 86 : Real Madrid 1986 -- 87 : IFK Göteborg 1987 -- 88 : Bayer Leverkusen 1988 -- 89 : Napoli 1989 -- 90 : Juventus 1990 -- 91 : Inter Milan 1991 -- 92 : Ajax 1992 -- 93 : Juventus 1993 -- 94 : Inter Milan 1994 -- 95 : Parma 1995 -- 96 : Bayern Munich 1996 -- 97 : Schalke 04 1997 -- 98 : Inter Milan 1998 -- 99 : Parma 1999 -- 2000 : Galatasaray 2000 -- 01 : Liverpool 2001 -- 02 : Feyenoord 2002 -- 03 : Porto 2003 -- 04 : Valencia 2004 -- 05 : CSKA Moscow 2005 -- 06 : Sevilla 2006 -- 07 : Sevilla 2007 -- 08 : Zenit St. Petersburg 2008 -- 09 : Shakhtar Donetsk UEFA Europa League 2009 -- 10 : Atlético Madrid 2010 -- 11 : Porto 2011 -- 12 : Atlético Madrid 2012 -- 13 : Chelsea 2013 -- 14 : Sevilla 2014 -- 15 : Sevilla 2015 -- 16 : Sevilla 2016 -- 17 : Manchester United UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup winners Winners 1960 -- 61 : Fiorentina 1961 -- 62 : Atlético Madrid 1962 -- 63 : Tottenham Hotspur 1963 -- 64 : Sporting CP 1964 -- 65 : West Ham United 1965 -- 66 : Borussia Dortmund 1966 -- 67 : Bayern Munich 1967 -- 68 : Milan 1968 -- 69 : Slovan Bratislava 1969 -- 70 : Manchester City 1970 -- 71 : Chelsea 1971 -- 72 : Rangers 1972 -- 73 : Milan 1973 -- 74 : Magdeburg 1974 -- 75 : Dynamo Kyiv 1975 -- 76 : Anderlecht 1976 -- 77 : Hamburg 1977 -- 78 : Anderlecht 1978 -- 79 : Barcelona 1979 -- 80 : Valencia 1980 -- 81 : Dinamo Tbilisi 1981 -- 82 : Barcelona 1982 -- 83 : Aberdeen 1983 -- 84 : Juventus 1984 -- 85 : Everton 1985 -- 86 : Dynamo Kyiv 1986 -- 87 : Ajax 1987 -- 88 : Mechelen 1988 -- 89 : Barcelona 1989 -- 90 : Sampdoria 1990 -- 91 : Manchester United 1991 -- 92 : Werder Bremen 1992 -- 93 : Parma 1993 -- 94 : Arsenal 1994 -- 95 : Real Zaragoza 1995 -- 96 : Paris Saint - Germain 1996 -- 97 : Barcelona 1997 -- 98 : Chelsea 1998 -- 99 : Lazio UEFA Super Cup winners UCL vs. CWC 1973 : Ajax 1975 : Dynamo Kyiv 1976 : Anderlecht 1977 : Liverpool 1978 : Anderlecht 1979 : Nottingham Forest 1980 : Valencia 1982 : Aston Villa 1983 : Aberdeen 1984 : Juventus 1986 : Steaua București 1987 : Porto 1988 : Mechelen 1989 : Milan 1990 : Milan 1991 : Manchester United 1992 : Barcelona 1993 : Parma 1994 : Milan 1995 : Ajax 1996 : Juventus 1997 : Barcelona 1998 : Chelsea 1999 : Lazio UCL vs. UEL 2000 : Galatasaray 2001 : Liverpool 2002 : Real Madrid 2003 : Milan 2004 : Valencia 2005 : Liverpool 2006 : Sevilla 2007 : Milan 2008 : Zenit St. Petersburg 2009 : Barcelona 2010 : Atlético Madrid 2011 : Barcelona 2012 : Atlético Madrid 2013 : Bayern Munich 2014 : Real Madrid 2015 : Barcelona 2016 : Real Madrid 2017 : Real Madrid Intercontinental Cup winners Two - legged finals 1960 : Real Madrid 1961 : Peñarol 1962 : Santos 1963 : Santos 1964 : Internazionale 1965 : Internazionale 1966 : Peñarol 1967 : Racing 1968 : Estudiantes de La Plata 1969 : Milan 1970 : Feyenoord 1971 : Nacional 1972 : Ajax 1973 : Independiente 1974 : Atlético Madrid 1976 : Bayern Munich 1977 : Boca Juniors 1979 : Olimpia Single match finals 1980 : Nacional 1981 : Flamengo 1982 : Peñarol 1983 : Grêmio 1984 : Independiente 1985 : Juventus 1986 : River Plate 1987 : Porto 1988 : Nacional 1989 : Milan 1990 : Milan 1991 : Red Star Belgrade 1992 : São Paulo 1993 : São Paulo 1994 : Vélez Sársfield 1995 : Ajax 1996 : Juventus 1997 : Borussia Dortmund 1998 : Real Madrid 1999 : Manchester United 2000 : Boca Juniors 2001 : Bayern Munich 2002 : Real Madrid 2003 : Boca Juniors 2004 : Porto FIFA Club World Cup winners 2000 : Corinthians 2005 : São Paulo 2006 : Internacional 2007 : Milan 2008 : Manchester United 2009 : Barcelona 2010 : Internazionale 2011 : Barcelona 2012 : Corinthians 2013 : Bayern Munich 2014 : Real Madrid 2015 : Barcelona 2016 : Real Madrid Football in Greater Manchester Manchester FA Clubs ( List of ) Premier League & Football League ( tiers 1 -- 4 ) Manchester City Manchester United Bolton Wanderers Bury Oldham Athletic Rochdale Wigan Athletic None Non-League ( tiers 5 -- 11 ) 5 None 6 Curzon Ashton F.C. United of Manchester Salford City Stockport County 7 Altrincham Ashton United Stalybridge Celtic 8 Atherton Collieries Droylsden Hyde United Mossley Radcliffe Borough Ramsbottom United Trafford 9 Abbey Hey Ashton Athletic Irlam Maine Road West Didsbury & Chorlton 10 Atherton Laburnum Rovers Chadderton Cheadle Town Daisy Hill Prestwich Heys Stockport Town 11 Ashton Town Eagley Wythenshawe Amateurs Competitions Manchester Premier Cup Manchester Senior Cup Venues Boundary Park Bower Fold Broadhurst Park Butcher 's Arms Ground City of Manchester Stadium DW Stadium Edgeley Park Ewen Fields Gigg Lane Macron Stadium Moss Lane Old Trafford Spotland Stadium Other topics Bolton Wanderers F.C. -- Wigan Athletic F.C. rivalry Manchester derby Laureus World Sports Award for Team of the Year 2000 : Manchester United F.C. 2001 : France national football team 2002 : Australia national cricket team 2003 : Brazil national football team 2004 : England national rugby union team 2005 : Greece national football team 2006 : Renault F1 2007 : Italy national football team 2008 : South Africa national rugby union team 2009 : Chinese Olympic team 2010 : Brawn GP 2011 : Spain national football team 2012 : FC Barcelona 2013 : European Ryder Cup team 2014 : Bayern Munich 2015 : Germany national football team 2016 : New Zealand national rugby union team 2017 : Chicago Cubs VIAF : 167809407 LCCN : n82237215 ISNI : 0000 0001 2300 2509 GND : 6509184 - X SELIBR : 380906 SUDOC : 081854099 BNF : cb14607076p ( data ) NDL : 01189794 NKC : pna2005285575 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchester_United_F.C.&oldid=807860032 '' Categories : Manchester United F.C. 1878 establishments in England Association football clubs established in 1878 Association football clubs established in 1902 Companies established in 1878 Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange FA Cup winners Football clubs in England Football clubs in Trafford EFL Cup winners Former Football League clubs G - 14 clubs Laureus World Sports Awards winners Premier League clubs Publicly traded sports companies Sport in Manchester UEFA Champions League winning clubs UEFA Europa League winning clubs Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Football team templates which use short name parameter Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with Arabic - language external links Articles with Chinese - language external links Articles with French - language external links Articles with Japanese - language external links Articles with Korean - language external links Articles with Spanish - language external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Featured articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Afrikaans አማርኛ Аҧсшәа Aragonés Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 West - Vlams Wolof 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 14 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester%20United%20F.C.

when does melinda tell sam she's jim

No. in Series No. in Season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 63 `` Firestarter '' Eric Laneuville P.K. Simonds October 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 03 ) 9.44 Melinda hears that there has been a fire at the Rockland University Building when Jim is called over there , and hurries over , fearful for Professor Rick Payne , but he is revealed to be alive and well . However , a therapist by the name Eli James dies , and Melinda witnesses his soul being brought back . This ' near - death ' experience grants him the ability to hear ghosts . The episode is focused on the ghost of one of Eli 's patients , who was possibly more than that , and whether or not she has been starting fires since she was 12 . Whilst Melinda is trapped in the archives , she meets a group of seemingly benign ghosts calling themselves the watchers , who warn her that dealing with death may brush off on something she loves . Note : This was Jay Mohr 's last appearance as Professor Payne . First appearance of Jamie Kennedy Guest Star : Alona Tal as Fiona Raine 64 `` Big Chills '' Peter Werner Laurie McCarthy October 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 10 ) 9.69 A woman finds her friend dead and strange things start happening around her . She remembers Melinda 's abilities from high school ( not that she ever believed it before ) and calls on her for help . Mel quickly uncovers the story - Grace , her current boyfriend and the dead friend were in a car accident with a motorcyclist 10 years ago and they left him for dead . The guilt ate away at the dead friend but when he tried to go to the police , the other two stopped him . Melinda must tell the motorcyclists family what happened to him in order for the ghost to move on . 65 `` Ghost in the Machine '' Steven Robman Jeannine Renshaw October 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 17 ) 8.97 Melinda watches Ned playing a computer game , and notices one of the Avatars staring right at her , and he appears in her shop , making her realise she has pulled him out of the game . She realises he is a ghost who appears as his Avatar because that is how he remembers himself , he died whilst playing the game . After realising that this Ghost / Avatar - ' Phoenix ' is usually hanging around with a teenage girl in the game , Mel , Ned and Eli suspect that he is a Predator , and proceed to try and catch him . Melinda sets up an Avatar and enters the game , and eventually discovers that ' Phoenix ' is the girls dad , and is actually trying to protect his daughter from the real Predator , who they then have to work together to catch . 66 `` Save Our Souls '' Gloria Muzio Mark B. Perry October 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 24 ) 10.14 Melinda and Jim go to a cruise ship that is going to be scrapped soon and meet the newlywed couple staying in the room next to theirs who want to swap because they are having problems with their room and marriage . Mel sees lots of ghosts on the ship and one is very friendly and helpful . Mel realises room M108 is haunted by a ghost who is looking for her fiancé and swaps rooms so she can help her . She figures out the story of how the ghost died and who her fiancé was - he happens to be the owner of the ship , and has to get him to help the ghost cross over . Guest Star : Solange Knowles as cruise singer . 67 5 `` Bloodline '' Ian Sander Melissa Blake & Joy Blake October 31 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 31 ) 9.40 A teenager dies while playing tennis with Ned and a friend , and her ghost starts haunting the girl . Mel finds out that the two girls used to be friends until their mothers stopped talking and one family moved away . After the discovery that the blood clot that killed Diana is a genetic condition , it is revealed that the girls were swapped at birth . The ghost tries to stop Melinda revealing the truth . 68 6 `` Imaginary Friends and Enemies '' Eric Laneuville Vivian Lee November 7 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 07 ) 11.06 Mel and Jim visit an old lodge with an old friend , her daughter and her new fiancé , and Melinda quickly realises that the little girl 's imaginary friend is actually a ghost . The ghost seems obsessed with the girl 's mother , and wants to play a game with her , but the game ends up hurting the mother . It is later revealed that the mother used to be friends with the ghost ( when he was alive and after ) , and he is trying to warn her about someone , using a clues game they used to play . Melinda has to convince Tricia to play the game and work out the clues . Jim is shot . 69 7 `` Threshold '' John Gray John Gray November 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 14 ) 11.57 Jim meets his brother in the in - between state , but decides that he needs to stay behind to be with Mel , since she 's not coping without him . She ca n't see him even though he 's there , because her grief is strengthening the veil , but there is another ghost who wants her help , and she mistakes the signs as being from Jim . Eventually he gets through to her , and she tries to convince him to cross over , but he refuses . The other ghost is revealed to be the recently deceased stepdaughter of the man who shot Jim . At an accident , a man dies and goes into the light , and Jim steps into the body , despite Melinda 's warning . 70 8 `` Heart & Soul '' Ian Sander Mark B. Perry & P.K. Simonds November 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) 11.28 Jim / Sam has no memory of being Jim and very little of being Sam , and Melinda tries to help , wanting the love of her life back . He visits Sam 's family but eventually accepts Mel 's offer to fix up her garage and live there whilst doing so . Delia does n't believe Melinda about Jim 's spirit stepping into Sam 's body . 71 9 `` Pieces of You '' Jim Chressanthis Laurie McCarthy December 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 05 ) 9.71 Jim / Sam is concerned about what might be going on between him and Melinda , thinking they were having an affair , and she assures him she would never cheat on her husband . She starts to tell him about the whole Jim / Sam thing , but his reaction stops her . Delia believes Mel about Jim / Sam after seeing him waiting for Ned at the basketball court , and convinces him to stay . Meanwhile , Mel has to help the ghost of a little girl who is haunting a wishing well . 72 10 `` Ball & Chain '' Eric Laneuville Christina M. Kim & Jeannine Renshaw December 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 19 ) 10.18 Whilst doing work at a house , Jim / Sam hears a car backfire and remembers being shot , which he finds weird , but Mel sees it as a sign of Jim still being in there somewhere . Whilst searching for clues about who he is , he finds an engagement ring Sam was planning on giving his on / off girlfriend , bought a month before his accident . Mel has to unravel the mystery behind a ghost 's death , since the ghost is convinced she did n't abandon her family . 73 11 `` Life on the Line '' Eric Laneuville Christina M. Kim & Jeannine Renshaw January 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 09 ) 10.64 Delia is selling a house and she and Mel find it odd that there are still so many family photos and personal effects everywhere . Ned finds the lawnmower and awakens a ghost , who resends an old 911 call made from the house . This leads Melinda to investigate , and she discovers that a 14 - year - old boy was killed by the lawnmower there . She must uncover the truth behind the accident and get the family back together for the ghost to move on . Also , Sam remembers medical procedures , indicating that more of Jim 's past is coming up . He also tries to find evidence of his fiancé in his personal effects including looking through his sent e-mails . 74 12 `` This Joint 's Haunted '' Mark Rosman Mark B. Perry January 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 16 ) 10.58 Delia throws a dinner party for a couple of her high school friends and Eli who quickly hears a ghost about the place . Ned housesits for Mel whilst she goes on a road trip with Sam who is trying to find his fiancé in the hope that she can help with regaining his memory . Mel has to help a few ghosts along the way , all without revealing her abilities to Sam . The ghost in Delia 's house is trying to stop her from being so hard on Ned because she blames her own parents for her death . Sam 's fiancé comes to see him and finally believes him about the amnesia . 75 13 `` Body of Water '' Jennifer Love Hewitt P.K. Simonds & Laurie McCarthy January 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 23 ) 11.18 A girl swims in a lake and is scared away . It is later discovered that there are many dead bodies in the lake and one of them is the girls ' father . Mel and Eli have to figure out what happened to the bodies to stop the ghosts from being so angry and helping them move on , and it has something to do with the owner of the funeral home , who now has cancer and wo n't take his medication . Sam 's fiancé Nikki ends up staying with Mel and spending a lot of time with Sam , which worries Delia , who urges Mel to fight for him . The Watchers return and warn Mel again , and she learns that they chose to stay earthbound to help the living . After his past life regression session with Eli , Sam remembers loving Mel , but he thinks he is remembering Nikki . Note : This episode was Jennifer Love Hewitt 's directorial debut . 76 14 `` Slow Burn '' Steven Robman Jeannine Renshaw February 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 06 ) 11.41 Delia asks Sam and Mel to help her chaperone Ned 's school dance , and Mel sees a ghost trying to stop a girl leaving with an older boy . She quickly realises the ghost is the girls ' mother , and must figure out why she does n't want the two to be together , with very little help from the ghost herself . Delia and Eli help her . Sam asks her on a date and she accepts , but helping the ghost causes her to miss it , and leads Sam to think she 's not ready to date after losing her husband . Guest Star : Kendall Schmidt as Jeff 77 15 `` Greek Tragedy '' Karen Gaviola Christina M. Kim February 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 13 ) 10.30 A sorority at Rockland University ' hazes ' new members with a brutal ritual , and one girl never returns the next day , which is a first . Mel plans a date with Sam and promises Delia no ghost business , but is unable to help herself when she sees a ghost with a bag over her head , immediately thinking it is the missing girl . Eli works with her to figure out how she died , but the ghost is not who they thought she was at all , she died forty years ago after trying to make amends for the horrible things she did as a sorority leader . Mel told Sam she was volunteering at the firehouse , and when he asks about her there he finds that she never signed in , but he sees on her TV at the Rescue mission . He asks her about it and she lies , making him suspicious . 78 16 `` Ghost Busted '' John Behring Mark B. Perry & P.K. Simonds February 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 27 ) 11.54 Melinda 's neighbours hire a ghost hunter right when she was about to tell Sam about her gift , and after seeing his sceptical reaction , she holds off on telling him , despite Delia 's urging otherwise . Eli hangs out with the ghost hunter and accidentally reveals his own gift , ending up thinking the ghost hunter is legit , and they incorrectly deduce that the ghost is the house 's previous owner . Eli lies to Sam when he asks questions about Mel , and Delia tells him to keep an open mind . Mel works out who the ghost really is and helps him move on , finally tells Sam about her gift , and is crushed when he is sceptical . 79 17 `` Delusions of Grandview '' Jefery Levy Laurie McCarthy & Mark B. Perry March 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 06 ) 11.09 Sam wants to see Melinda doing her thing , and follows her to a school where he 's been doing work . Mel quickly sees ghosts and works out that they are patients of the mental hospital that the school used to be . One ghost in particular needs her help , she was admitted to the hospital after supposedly drowning her baby . Sam goes into the tunnels with Melinda , and gets freaked out when she has a vision of how the ghost died , which involved electro - shock therapy . Delia and Eli work out that the ghost 's doctor was a ghost himself , and she is trying to protect the children in the school from him . Mel finally tells Sam about him being Jim , and he refuses to believe it , instead thinking that Mel needs professional help . 80 18 `` Leap of Faith '' Ian Sander P.K. Simonds & Laurie McCarthy March 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) 10.58 Sam moved out at Melinda 's request , but he forgot something , so tries calling her to ask for it , but she wo n't answer his calls . Mel is scared by a break - in at her shop , especially when Dr Byrd 's ghost shows up again . Eli goes to see the guy who broke in and discovers that he is another step - in ( like what Jim did to Sam ) . Mel deduces that Dr Byrd is behind the step - in 's , and works out that he wants another body for himself . Mel realises the other step - in is lost and confused somewhere in the tunnels and goes to find and help him , but the water valve has broken and the place is quickly filling with water . Byrd goes to get Eli and Sam is sceptical of his belief in a ghost he does n't trust , but follows him down anyway . Since Eli ca n't swim , Sam goes to rescue Mel , and after his bag gets trapped on something , Jim 's life flashes before his eyes . 81 19 `` Thrilled to Death '' Gloria Muzio Laurie McCarthy & Jeannine Renshaw April 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 10 ) 10.08 A young woman in Eli 's apartment building is being haunted , but claims she does n't know anyone who has died . Mel and Eli investigate together and figure out who the ghost is , and when they find out that Morgan was lying about knowing him , they wonder what else she 's been lying about , and quickly discover that she is ill herself . Meanwhile , Jim misses his job and friends but realises that ca n't be his life anymore , and he eventually decides he wants to go to Med School . Mel and Eli realise there is much more to Morgan 's story , and have to stop the ghost hurting her out of his anger at being lied to . Guest Star : Hilary Duff as Morgan . 82 20 `` Stage Fright '' Eric Laneuville Mark B. Perry April 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 24 ) 9.23 A TV show is shooting in Grandview and wants to use Melinda 's store . Mel , Delia , Jim and Eli go to a Promotional Event , and Mel and Eli quickly pick up that a ghost is haunting the writer of the show and the lead male actor , and is also involving a seemingly random girl in the audience . They discover that they were all in a play together and the ghost was shot on stage when the blank gun malfunctioned . Mel and Eli think he blames the other three for his death and Eli jumps to the conclusion that the ghost is trying to kill someone on the show . They have to unravel the truth behind what happened in the play all those years ago so the ghost can cross over . After an accident shooting a walk - on part , Jim takes Mel to the hospital and they get some great news . Guest Star : Amelia Heinle as Brook Dennis . 83 21 `` Cursed '' Kim Moses Laurie McCarthy May 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 01 ) 9.79 A little girl comes into the store , searching for a very specific doll , and when the older girl ( a cousin ) explains that it is for a replica dollhouse of the house the older girl lived in with her family before they died , and that the dolls ' talk ' to the little girl , Melinda suspects that the spirits of Emma 's family are trapped in the dollhouse . She investigates until she finds out the truth behind their deaths , leading her to think that the little girls mother ( and Emma 's Aunt ) killed the family for their money and wants to hurt Emma . Mel tells Delia she 's pregnant , then discovers that she 's lost her wedding bands . Jim proposes again . 84 22 `` Endless Love '' Ian Sander P.K. Simonds May 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 08 ) 9.50 Melinda is at Delia 's when she realises that one of the girls in Ned 's study group is being haunted . After a sleepwalking incident , Mel and Eli try to work out who the ghost is and what he wants . Eli 's friend Zoe ( who told him about Voodoo in the previous episode ) recognises the hauntings as Vampire Myths , leading Mel to wonder if Serena knew the ghost , and whether she was into Vampires . When she tries to ask her about it , Serena ends up thinking Vampires are real , and is surprised when Mel reveals she was talking about a ghost . The ghost leads Serena to his crypt after she says she wants to see him , and Mel has to race against time to get there and get her out of the sealed crypt before all the oxygen runs out . Also , Mel and Jim plan their second wedding - with Jim as Sam . Guest Star : Alexa Vega as Serena 85 23 `` The Book of Changes '' John Gray John Gray May 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 15 ) 9.15 Melinda 's mother hires a wedding planner who completely ignores what the couple want . Someone breaks into the University Library and then Zoe 's house , but is interrupted by Eli . The thief only stole one book - called ' The Book of Changes ' by the Watchers . It has important dates in it , such as previous deaths and Melinda 's due date , which is why Carl the Watcher tells Eli not to let Melinda see or touch the book . Because the collection it was hidden in is being bought , the Watchers are trying to protect it . Melinda keeps getting visions of a faceless girl holding the book and saying that Mel 's future is in ' her ' hands and that Mel ca n't save ' her ' . Mel is scared for her unborn baby , especially when she learns that it will be able to do much more than her ( with their gift ) . Jim and Mel have a quiet wedding on the street where they first met , with only Delia and Eli in attendance , and Jim calls it a renewal of everything they already had and have . Mel is told she has lots of white light around her - spirits protecting her , but if the balance slips , that could change . Eli becomes ' The Book of Changes ' new caretaker .

Delusions of Grandview

Ghost Whisperer ( season 4 )

ghost whisperer ( season 4 )

The fourth season of Ghost Whisperer , an American television series created by John Gray , commenced airing in the United States on October 3 , 2008 , concluded May 15 , 2009 , and consisted of 23 episodes . The series follows the life of Melinda Gordon ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ) , who has the ability to see and communicate with ghosts . While trying to live as normal a life as possible -- she is married and owns an antique store -- Melinda helps earthbound spirits resolve their problems and cross over into the Light , or the spirit world . Her tasks are difficult and at times she struggles with people who push her away and disbelieve her ability . In addition , the ghosts are mysterious and sometimes menacing in the beginning and Melinda must use the clues available to her to understand the spirit 's needs and help them .

Ghost Whisperer 's fourth season aired in the United States ( U.S. ) on Fridays at 8 : 00 pm ET on CBS , a terrestrial television network , where it received an average of 10.62 million viewers per episode , becoming the most watched season of the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Development 3 Cast 4 Episodes 5 References Plot ( edit ) In the fourth season , Melinda meets Eli James ( Jamie Kennedy ) after a fire at Rockland University who , after his own near - death experience , develops the ability to hear ghosts . Melinda says goodbye to her close friend Rick Payne , who leaves Grandview on a research trip for the university . In this season , Jim is shot and killed . He does not `` cross over '' because he does not want to leave Melinda , and his spirit later enters the body of a man named Sam Lucas , who died in an unrelated accident in Grandview and crossed over . When Jim / Sam regains consciousness , he has no memory of being Jim . Melinda works to get him to remember his past life and her , and succeeds after much difficulty and skepticism on the part of her friends . They soon discover that Melinda is pregnant and that the date of conception was right before Jim died . At the end of the season , Ned and Eli find the Book of Changes , a book written by the Watchers ( a benevolent group of ghosts who keep watch over the living ) . The book tells them of past and future prominent dates , such as Andrea and Jim 's deaths . One date is listed as September 25 , 2009 ; Melinda 's due date . Melinda learns from a Watcher named Carl that her child is destined to not only inherit her gift , but be far more powerful than her . Melinda and Jim decide to remarry and have a small ceremony on a snowy night , on the street where they first met . Development ( edit ) Ghost Whisperer is based on the work of `` Spirit Communicator '' James Van Praagh , who is co-executive producer and regularly updates a blog about the show through LivingTV . The stories are also said to be based in part on the work of `` Spirit Communicator '' Mary Ann Winkowski . Development of the show dates back to at least two years before its premiere . The show was produced by Sander / Moses Productions in association with CBS Television Studios ( originally Paramount Network Television in season one and ABC Studios ( originally Touchstone Television in the first two seasons ) and CBS Paramount Network Television in seasons two and three ) . The show was filmed on the Universal Studios back lot in Los Angeles . One area on the lot is Courthouse Square from the Back to the Future trilogy , though it has been drastically modified to depict Grandview . For example , the clock tower in Back to the Future has been completely covered up . Cast and crew members believe that the set gets visits from real spirits . Sound effects were completed at Smart Post Sound . Visual effects for the pilot and some season one episodes were completed at Flash Film Works . Visual effects for nearly the entire series were created at Eden FX . Creator John Gray grew up in Brooklyn , New York , which is not far from Grandview - On - Hudson , west of the Hudson River . Piermont is often referenced in episodes as the neighboring town , which is accurate to real life as Grandview - On - Hudson is actually located just north of Piermont . Professor Rick Payne worked in the fictional `` Rockland University , '' and perhaps not coincidentally , the actual Grandview , New York is a village located in Rockland County , New York . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Ghost Whisperer characters Jennifer Love Hewitt as Melinda Gordon ( 23 episodes ) David Conrad as Jim Clancy / Sam Lucas ( 23 episodes ) Camryn Manheim as Delia Banks ( 23 episodes ) Jay Mohr as Rick Payne ( 1 episode ) Christoph Sanders as Ned Banks ( 13 episodes ) Jamie Kennedy as Eli James ( 23 episodes ) Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Ghost Whisperer episodes No. in Series No. in Season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 63 `` Firestarter '' Eric Laneuville P.K. Simonds October 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 03 ) 9.44 Melinda hears that there has been a fire at the Rockland University Building when Jim is called over there , and hurries over , fearful for Professor Rick Payne , but he is revealed to be alive and well . However , a therapist by the name Eli James dies , and Melinda witnesses his soul being brought back . This ' near - death ' experience grants him the ability to hear ghosts . The episode is focused on the ghost of one of Eli 's patients , who was possibly more than that , and whether or not she has been starting fires since she was 12 . Whilst Melinda is trapped in the archives , she meets a group of seemingly benign ghosts calling themselves the watchers , who warn her that dealing with death may brush off on something she loves . Note : This was Jay Mohr 's last appearance as Professor Payne . First appearance of Jamie Kennedy Guest Star : Alona Tal as Fiona Raine 64 `` Big Chills '' Peter Werner Laurie McCarthy October 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 10 ) 9.69 A woman finds her friend dead and strange things start happening around her . She remembers Melinda 's abilities from high school ( not that she ever believed it before ) and calls on her for help . Mel quickly uncovers the story - Grace , her current boyfriend and the dead friend were in a car accident with a motorcyclist 10 years ago and they left him for dead . The guilt ate away at the dead friend but when he tried to go to the police , the other two stopped him . Melinda must tell the motorcyclists family what happened to him in order for the ghost to move on . 65 `` Ghost in the Machine '' Steven Robman Jeannine Renshaw October 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 17 ) 8.97 Melinda watches Ned playing a computer game , and notices one of the Avatars staring right at her , and he appears in her shop , making her realise she has pulled him out of the game . She realises he is a ghost who appears as his Avatar because that is how he remembers himself , he died whilst playing the game . After realising that this Ghost / Avatar - ' Phoenix ' is usually hanging around with a teenage girl in the game , Mel , Ned and Eli suspect that he is a Predator , and proceed to try and catch him . Melinda sets up an Avatar and enters the game , and eventually discovers that ' Phoenix ' is the girls dad , and is actually trying to protect his daughter from the real Predator , who they then have to work together to catch . 66 `` Save Our Souls '' Gloria Muzio Mark B. Perry October 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 24 ) 10.14 Melinda and Jim go to a cruise ship that is going to be scrapped soon and meet the newlywed couple staying in the room next to theirs who want to swap because they are having problems with their room and marriage . Mel sees lots of ghosts on the ship and one is very friendly and helpful . Mel realises room M108 is haunted by a ghost who is looking for her fiancé and swaps rooms so she can help her . She figures out the story of how the ghost died and who her fiancé was - he happens to be the owner of the ship , and has to get him to help the ghost cross over . Guest Star : Solange Knowles as cruise singer . 67 5 `` Bloodline '' Ian Sander Melissa Blake & Joy Blake October 31 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 31 ) 9.40 A teenager dies while playing tennis with Ned and a friend , and her ghost starts haunting the girl . Mel finds out that the two girls used to be friends until their mothers stopped talking and one family moved away . After the discovery that the blood clot that killed Diana is a genetic condition , it is revealed that the girls were swapped at birth . The ghost tries to stop Melinda revealing the truth . 68 6 `` Imaginary Friends and Enemies '' Eric Laneuville Vivian Lee November 7 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 07 ) 11.06 Mel and Jim visit an old lodge with an old friend , her daughter and her new fiancé , and Melinda quickly realises that the little girl 's imaginary friend is actually a ghost . The ghost seems obsessed with the girl 's mother , and wants to play a game with her , but the game ends up hurting the mother . It is later revealed that the mother used to be friends with the ghost ( when he was alive and after ) , and he is trying to warn her about someone , using a clues game they used to play . Melinda has to convince Tricia to play the game and work out the clues . Jim is shot . 69 7 `` Threshold '' John Gray John Gray November 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 14 ) 11.57 Jim meets his brother in the in - between state , but decides that he needs to stay behind to be with Mel , since she 's not coping without him . She ca n't see him even though he 's there , because her grief is strengthening the veil , but there is another ghost who wants her help , and she mistakes the signs as being from Jim . Eventually he gets through to her , and she tries to convince him to cross over , but he refuses . The other ghost is revealed to be the recently deceased stepdaughter of the man who shot Jim . At an accident , a man dies and goes into the light , and Jim steps into the body , despite Melinda 's warning . 70 8 `` Heart & Soul '' Ian Sander Mark B. Perry & P.K. Simonds November 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) 11.28 Jim / Sam has no memory of being Jim and very little of being Sam , and Melinda tries to help , wanting the love of her life back . He visits Sam 's family but eventually accepts Mel 's offer to fix up her garage and live there whilst doing so . Delia does n't believe Melinda about Jim 's spirit stepping into Sam 's body . 71 9 `` Pieces of You '' Jim Chressanthis Laurie McCarthy December 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 05 ) 9.71 Jim / Sam is concerned about what might be going on between him and Melinda , thinking they were having an affair , and she assures him she would never cheat on her husband . She starts to tell him about the whole Jim / Sam thing , but his reaction stops her . Delia believes Mel about Jim / Sam after seeing him waiting for Ned at the basketball court , and convinces him to stay . Meanwhile , Mel has to help the ghost of a little girl who is haunting a wishing well . 72 10 `` Ball & Chain '' Eric Laneuville Christina M. Kim & Jeannine Renshaw December 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 19 ) 10.18 Whilst doing work at a house , Jim / Sam hears a car backfire and remembers being shot , which he finds weird , but Mel sees it as a sign of Jim still being in there somewhere . Whilst searching for clues about who he is , he finds an engagement ring Sam was planning on giving his on / off girlfriend , bought a month before his accident . Mel has to unravel the mystery behind a ghost 's death , since the ghost is convinced she did n't abandon her family . 73 11 `` Life on the Line '' Eric Laneuville Christina M. Kim & Jeannine Renshaw January 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 09 ) 10.64 Delia is selling a house and she and Mel find it odd that there are still so many family photos and personal effects everywhere . Ned finds the lawnmower and awakens a ghost , who resends an old 911 call made from the house . This leads Melinda to investigate , and she discovers that a 14 - year - old boy was killed by the lawnmower there . She must uncover the truth behind the accident and get the family back together for the ghost to move on . Also , Sam remembers medical procedures , indicating that more of Jim 's past is coming up . He also tries to find evidence of his fiancé in his personal effects including looking through his sent e-mails . 74 12 `` This Joint 's Haunted '' Mark Rosman Mark B. Perry January 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 16 ) 10.58 Delia throws a dinner party for a couple of her high school friends and Eli who quickly hears a ghost about the place . Ned housesits for Mel whilst she goes on a road trip with Sam who is trying to find his fiancé in the hope that she can help with regaining his memory . Mel has to help a few ghosts along the way , all without revealing her abilities to Sam . The ghost in Delia 's house is trying to stop her from being so hard on Ned because she blames her own parents for her death . Sam 's fiancé comes to see him and finally believes him about the amnesia . 75 13 `` Body of Water '' Jennifer Love Hewitt P.K. Simonds & Laurie McCarthy January 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 23 ) 11.18 A girl swims in a lake and is scared away . It is later discovered that there are many dead bodies in the lake and one of them is the girls ' father . Mel and Eli have to figure out what happened to the bodies to stop the ghosts from being so angry and helping them move on , and it has something to do with the owner of the funeral home , who now has cancer and wo n't take his medication . Sam 's fiancé Nikki ends up staying with Mel and spending a lot of time with Sam , which worries Delia , who urges Mel to fight for him . The Watchers return and warn Mel again , and she learns that they chose to stay earthbound to help the living . After his past life regression session with Eli , Sam remembers loving Mel , but he thinks he is remembering Nikki . Note : This episode was Jennifer Love Hewitt 's directorial debut . 76 14 `` Slow Burn '' Steven Robman Jeannine Renshaw February 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 06 ) 11.41 Delia asks Sam and Mel to help her chaperone Ned 's school dance , and Mel sees a ghost trying to stop a girl leaving with an older boy . She quickly realises the ghost is the girls ' mother , and must figure out why she does n't want the two to be together , with very little help from the ghost herself . Delia and Eli help her . Sam asks her on a date and she accepts , but helping the ghost causes her to miss it , and leads Sam to think she 's not ready to date after losing her husband . Guest Star : Kendall Schmidt as Jeff 77 15 `` Greek Tragedy '' Karen Gaviola Christina M. Kim February 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 13 ) 10.30 A sorority at Rockland University ' hazes ' new members with a brutal ritual , and one girl never returns the next day , which is a first . Mel plans a date with Sam and promises Delia no ghost business , but is unable to help herself when she sees a ghost with a bag over her head , immediately thinking it is the missing girl . Eli works with her to figure out how she died , but the ghost is not who they thought she was at all , she died forty years ago after trying to make amends for the horrible things she did as a sorority leader . Mel told Sam she was volunteering at the firehouse , and when he asks about her there he finds that she never signed in , but he sees on her TV at the Rescue mission . He asks her about it and she lies , making him suspicious . 78 16 `` Ghost Busted '' John Behring Mark B. Perry & P.K. Simonds February 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 27 ) 11.54 Melinda 's neighbours hire a ghost hunter right when she was about to tell Sam about her gift , and after seeing his sceptical reaction , she holds off on telling him , despite Delia 's urging otherwise . Eli hangs out with the ghost hunter and accidentally reveals his own gift , ending up thinking the ghost hunter is legit , and they incorrectly deduce that the ghost is the house 's previous owner . Eli lies to Sam when he asks questions about Mel , and Delia tells him to keep an open mind . Mel works out who the ghost really is and helps him move on , finally tells Sam about her gift , and is crushed when he is sceptical . 79 17 `` Delusions of Grandview '' Jefery Levy Laurie McCarthy & Mark B. Perry March 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 06 ) 11.09 Sam wants to see Melinda doing her thing , and follows her to a school where he 's been doing work . Mel quickly sees ghosts and works out that they are patients of the mental hospital that the school used to be . One ghost in particular needs her help , she was admitted to the hospital after supposedly drowning her baby . Sam goes into the tunnels with Melinda , and gets freaked out when she has a vision of how the ghost died , which involved electro - shock therapy . Delia and Eli work out that the ghost 's doctor was a ghost himself , and she is trying to protect the children in the school from him . Mel finally tells Sam about him being Jim , and he refuses to believe it , instead thinking that Mel needs professional help . 80 18 `` Leap of Faith '' Ian Sander P.K. Simonds & Laurie McCarthy March 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) 10.58 Sam moved out at Melinda 's request , but he forgot something , so tries calling her to ask for it , but she wo n't answer his calls . Mel is scared by a break - in at her shop , especially when Dr Byrd 's ghost shows up again . Eli goes to see the guy who broke in and discovers that he is another step - in ( like what Jim did to Sam ) . Mel deduces that Dr Byrd is behind the step - in 's , and works out that he wants another body for himself . Mel realises the other step - in is lost and confused somewhere in the tunnels and goes to find and help him , but the water valve has broken and the place is quickly filling with water . Byrd goes to get Eli and Sam is sceptical of his belief in a ghost he does n't trust , but follows him down anyway . Since Eli ca n't swim , Sam goes to rescue Mel , and after his bag gets trapped on something , Jim 's life flashes before his eyes . 81 19 `` Thrilled to Death '' Gloria Muzio Laurie McCarthy & Jeannine Renshaw April 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 10 ) 10.08 A young woman in Eli 's apartment building is being haunted , but claims she does n't know anyone who has died . Mel and Eli investigate together and figure out who the ghost is , and when they find out that Morgan was lying about knowing him , they wonder what else she 's been lying about , and quickly discover that she is ill herself . Meanwhile , Jim misses his job and friends but realises that ca n't be his life anymore , and he eventually decides he wants to go to Med School . Mel and Eli realise there is much more to Morgan 's story , and have to stop the ghost hurting her out of his anger at being lied to . Guest Star : Hilary Duff as Morgan . 82 20 `` Stage Fright '' Eric Laneuville Mark B. Perry April 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 24 ) 9.23 A TV show is shooting in Grandview and wants to use Melinda 's store . Mel , Delia , Jim and Eli go to a Promotional Event , and Mel and Eli quickly pick up that a ghost is haunting the writer of the show and the lead male actor , and is also involving a seemingly random girl in the audience . They discover that they were all in a play together and the ghost was shot on stage when the blank gun malfunctioned . Mel and Eli think he blames the other three for his death and Eli jumps to the conclusion that the ghost is trying to kill someone on the show . They have to unravel the truth behind what happened in the play all those years ago so the ghost can cross over . After an accident shooting a walk - on part , Jim takes Mel to the hospital and they get some great news . Guest Star : Amelia Heinle as Brook Dennis . 83 21 `` Cursed '' Kim Moses Laurie McCarthy May 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 01 ) 9.79 A little girl comes into the store , searching for a very specific doll , and when the older girl ( a cousin ) explains that it is for a replica dollhouse of the house the older girl lived in with her family before they died , and that the dolls ' talk ' to the little girl , Melinda suspects that the spirits of Emma 's family are trapped in the dollhouse . She investigates until she finds out the truth behind their deaths , leading her to think that the little girls mother ( and Emma 's Aunt ) killed the family for their money and wants to hurt Emma . Mel tells Delia she 's pregnant , then discovers that she 's lost her wedding bands . Jim proposes again . 84 22 `` Endless Love '' Ian Sander P.K. Simonds May 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 08 ) 9.50 Melinda is at Delia 's when she realises that one of the girls in Ned 's study group is being haunted . After a sleepwalking incident , Mel and Eli try to work out who the ghost is and what he wants . Eli 's friend Zoe ( who told him about Voodoo in the previous episode ) recognises the hauntings as Vampire Myths , leading Mel to wonder if Serena knew the ghost , and whether she was into Vampires . When she tries to ask her about it , Serena ends up thinking Vampires are real , and is surprised when Mel reveals she was talking about a ghost . The ghost leads Serena to his crypt after she says she wants to see him , and Mel has to race against time to get there and get her out of the sealed crypt before all the oxygen runs out . Also , Mel and Jim plan their second wedding - with Jim as Sam . Guest Star : Alexa Vega as Serena 85 23 `` The Book of Changes '' John Gray John Gray May 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 15 ) 9.15 Melinda 's mother hires a wedding planner who completely ignores what the couple want . Someone breaks into the University Library and then Zoe 's house , but is interrupted by Eli . The thief only stole one book - called ' The Book of Changes ' by the Watchers . It has important dates in it , such as previous deaths and Melinda 's due date , which is why Carl the Watcher tells Eli not to let Melinda see or touch the book . Because the collection it was hidden in is being bought , the Watchers are trying to protect it . Melinda keeps getting visions of a faceless girl holding the book and saying that Mel 's future is in ' her ' hands and that Mel ca n't save ' her ' . Mel is scared for her unborn baby , especially when she learns that it will be able to do much more than her ( with their gift ) . Jim and Mel have a quiet wedding on the street where they first met , with only Delia and Eli in attendance , and Jim calls it a renewal of everything they already had and have . Mel is told she has lots of white light around her - spirits protecting her , but if the balance slips , that could change . Eli becomes ' The Book of Changes ' new caretaker . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090617073441/http://www.variety.com/profiles/TVSeries/Synopsis/173242/Ghost+Whisperer.html?dataSet=1 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2009 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Season Program Rankings ( Through 5 / 17 ) '' . ABC Medianet . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived November 18 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived October 22 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ghost Whisperer on Ghost Whisperer on LivingTV Archived March 7 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Real - life ' Ghost Whisperer ' inspires Living TV - TV dramas - MSNBC.com Jump up ^ Ghost Whisperer on LivingTV Jump up ^ Universal Studios Hollywood - What 's New Archived 2011 - 02 - 03 at WebCite Jump up ^ SCI FI Wire The News Service of the SCI FI Channel SCIFI.COM Jump up ^ Ghost Whisperer Television Show - Mix Checks in on Creating Audio Sounds for Ghost Whisperer TV Show Archived 2011 - 02 - 03 at WebCite Jump up ^ Flash Film Works - Ghost Whisperer Jump up ^ EDEN FX Jump up ^ `` Nielsen TV Ratings Top CBS Primetime Shows , September 29 - October 5 , 2008 : NCIS , CSI : MIAMI , CSI , CRIMINAL MINDS , THE MENTALIST , TWO AND A HALF MEN , CSI : NY , SURVIVOR : GABON , 60 MINUTES , COLD CASE , WITHOUT A TRACE , WORST WEEK , AMAZING RACE , HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER , THE UNIT , THE BIG BANG THEORY , 48 HOURS MYSTERY , GARY UNMARRIED , THE NEW ADVENTURES OF OLD CHRISTINE , CRIMETIME SATURDAY - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . October 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , October 6 -- 12 , 2008 : NCIS , CSI : MIAMI , CSI , CRIMINAL MINDS , THE MENTALIST , TWO AND A HALF MEN , CSI : NY , SURVIVOR : GABON , 60 MINUTES , COLD CASE , WITHOUT A TRACE , WORST WEEK , AMAZING RACE , HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER , THE UNIT , THE BIG BANG THEORY , 48 HOURS MYSTERY , GARY UNMARRIED , THE NEW ADVENTURES OF OLD CHRISTINE , CRIMETIME SATURDAY - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . October 14 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen TV Ratings CBS Primetime Shows , October 13 -- 19 : NCIS , CSI : MIAMI , CSI , CRIMINAL MINDS , THE MENTALIST , TWO AND A HALF MEN , CSI : NY , SURVIVOR : GABON , 60 MINUTES , COLD CASE , WITHOUT A TRACE , WORST WEEK , AMAZING RACE , HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER , THE UNIT , THE BIG BANG THEORY , 48 HOURS MYSTERY , GARY UNMARRIED , THE NEW ADVENTURES OF OLD CHRISTINE , CRIMETIME SATURDAY - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . October 21 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , October 20 -- 26 , 2008 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , October 27 -- November 2 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . November 4 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , November 3 -- 9 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . November 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , November 10 -- 16 , 2008 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . November 18 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows November 17 -- 23 , 2008 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . November 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , December 1 -- 7 , 2008 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , December 15 -- 21 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . December 23 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Show , January 5 -- 11 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . January 13 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , January 12 -- 18 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . January 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , January 19 -- 25 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . January 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , February 2 -- 8 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , February 9 -- 15 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . February 18 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows February 23 to March 1 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , March 2 -- 8 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . March 10 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , March 9 -- 15 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , April 6 -- 12 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com. April 14 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , April 20 -- 26 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com. April 28 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , April 27 -- May 3 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , May 4 -- 10 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . May 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , May 11 -- 17 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . General references `` Ghost Whisperer Episodes on CBS '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . `` Shows A-Z - the ghost whisperer on cbs '' . the Futon Critic . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . `` The Ghost Whisperer : Episode Guide '' . MSN TV . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . ( hide ) Ghost Whisperer Episodes Season 1 `` Stranglehold '' `` Pater Familias '' 5 `` Birthday Presence '' `` Implosion '' `` The Children 's Parade '' Characters Melinda Gordon Related John Gray ( creator ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost_Whisperer_(season_4)&oldid=826007889 '' Categories : 2009 American television seasons 2008 American television seasons Ghost Whisperer Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 17 : 51 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost%20Whisperer%20%28season%204%29

san francisco cable cars how do they work

San Francisco cable car system

san francisco cable car system

San Francisco Cable Cars U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark Powell - Hyde line cable car crossing Lombard Street on Russian Hill Location 1390 Washington Street , San Francisco Coordinates 37 ° 47 ′ 44 '' N 122 ° 24 ′ 27 '' W  /  37.79556 ° N 122.40750 ° W  / 37.79556 ; - 122.40750 Coordinates : 37 ° 47 ′ 44 '' N 122 ° 24 ′ 27 '' W  /  37.79556 ° N 122.40750 ° W  / 37.79556 ; - 122.40750 Built 1873 Architect Andrew Smith Hallidie NRHP reference # 66000233 Significant dates Added to NRHP October 15 , 1966 Designated NHL January 29 , 1964 ( hide ) San Francisco cable car system Legend Modern system Hyde & Beach Hyde & North Point Hyde & Bay Taylor & Bay Hyde & Chestnut Columbus & Chestnut Hyde & Lombard Columbus & Lombard Hyde & Greenwich Mason & Greenwich Hyde & Filbert Mason & Filbert Hyde & Union Mason & Union Hyde │ Mason & Green California & Van Ness Hyde │ Mason & Vallejo California & Polk Hyde │ Mason & Broadway California & Larkin Hyde │ Mason & Pacific California & Hyde Jackson & Hyde California & Leavenworth Washington │ Jackson & Leavenworth California & Jones Washington │ Jackson & Jones California & Taylor Washington │ Jackson & Taylor Cable Car Museum & Car Barn California & Mason Washington │ Jackson & Mason Powell & Washington │ Jackson Powell & Clay Powell & Sacramento Powell & California California & Stockton Powell & Pine California & Grant Powell & Bush California & Kearny Powell & Sutter California & Montgomery Powell & Post California & Sansome Powell & Geary California & Battery Powell & O'Farrell California & Front Powell & Market California & Davis California & Drumm The San Francisco cable car system is the world 's last manually operated cable car system . An icon of San Francisco , the cable car system forms part of the intermodal urban transport network operated by the San Francisco Municipal Railway . Of the 23 lines established between 1873 and 1890 , only three remain ( one of which combines parts of two earlier lines ) : two routes from downtown near Union Square to Fisherman 's Wharf , and a third route along California Street . While the cable cars are used to a certain extent by commuters , the vast majority of their 7 million annual passengers are tourists . They are among the most significant tourist attractions in the city , along with Alcatraz Island , the Golden Gate Bridge , and Fisherman 's Wharf . The cable cars are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The cable cars are not to be confused with San Francisco 's heritage streetcars , which operate on Market Street and the Embarcadero . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Beginnings 1.2 Expansion 1.3 Decline 1.4 Fight - back 1.5 Rebuild 1.6 Recent history 2 Operation 2.1 Cables and grip 2.2 Brakes 2.3 Network 2.4 Fares and revenues 2.5 Cars 2.6 Car barn , power house and museum 2.7 Gripmen and conductors 2.8 Cable car bell - ringing contest 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) Beginnings ( edit ) In 1869 , Andrew Smith Hallidie had the idea for a cable car system in San Francisco , reportedly after witnessing an accident where a streetcar drawn by horses over wet cobblestones slid backwards , killing the horses . The first successful cable - operated street railway was the Clay Street Hill Railroad , which opened on August 2 , 1873 . The promoter of the line was Hallidie , and the engineer was William Eppelsheimer . The line involved the use of grip cars , which carried the grip that engaged with the cable , towing trailer cars ; the design was the first to use grips . The term `` grip '' became synonymous with the operator . The line started regular service on September 1 , 1873 , and its success led it to become the template for other cable car transit systems . It was a financial success , and Hallidie 's patents were enforced on other cable car promoters , making him wealthy . Accounts differ as to exactly how involved Hallidie was in the inception of the line , and to the exact date it first ran . Further information : Clay Street Hill Railroad Expansion ( edit ) The next cable car line to open was the Sutter Street Railway , which converted from horse operation in 1877 . This line introduced the side grip , and lever operation , both designed by Henry Casebolt and his assistant Asa Hovey , and patented by Henry Casebolt . This idea was brought about because Casebolt did not want to pay Hallidie royalties of $50,000 a year for use of his patent . The side grip allowed cable cars to cross at intersections . In 1878 , Leland Stanford opened his California Street Cable Railroad ( Cal Cable ) . This company 's first line was on California Street and is the oldest cable car line still in operation . In 1880 , the Geary Street , Park & Ocean Railway began operation . The Presidio and Ferries Railway followed two years later , and was the first cable company to include curves on its routes . The curves were `` let - go '' curves , where the car drops the cable and coasts around the curve on its own momentum . In 1883 , the Market Street Cable Railway opened its first line . This company was controlled by the Southern Pacific Railroad and was to grow to become San Francisco 's largest cable car operator . At its peak , it operated five lines all of which converged into Market Street to a common terminus at the Ferry Building . During rush hours , cars left that terminus every 15 seconds . In 1888 , the Ferries and Cliff House Railway opened its initial two - line system . The Powell - Mason line is still operated on the same route today ; their other route was the Powell - Washington - Jackson line , stretches of which are used by today 's Powell - Hyde line . The Ferries & Cliff House Railway was also responsible for the building of a car barn and powerhouse at Washington and Mason , and this site is still in use today . In the same year , it also purchased the original Clay Street Hill Railway , which it incorporated into a new Sacramento - Clay line in 1892 . In 1889 , the Omnibus Railroad and Cable Company was the last new cable car operator in San Francisco . The following year the California Street Cable Railroad opened two new lines , these being the last entirely new cable car lines built in the city . One of them was the O'Farrell - Jones - Hyde line , the Hyde section of which still remains in operation as part of the current Powell - Hyde line . In all , twenty - three lines were established between 1873 and 1890 . Decline ( edit ) Cable Car No. 10 with Alcatraz Island in the background This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first electric streetcars in San Francisco began operation in 1892 under the auspices of the San Francisco and San Mateo Electric Railway . At that time , it was estimated that it cost twice as much to build and six times as much to operate a line with cable cars as with electric streetcars . By the beginning of 1906 many of San Francisco 's remaining cable cars were under the control of the United Railroads of San Francisco ( URR ) , although Cal Cable and the Geary Street Company remained independent . URR was pressing to convert many of its cable lines to overhead electric traction , but this was being resisted by opponents who objected to what they saw as ugly overhead lines on the major thoroughfares of the city center . Those objections disappeared after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . The quake and resulting fire destroyed the power houses and car barns of both the Cal Cable and the URR 's Powell Street lines , together with the 117 cable cars stored within them . The subsequent race to rebuild the city allowed the URR to replace most of its cable car lines with electric streetcar lines . At the same time the independent Geary Street line was replaced by a municipally owned electric streetcar line , the first line of the San Francisco Municipal Railway ( Muni ) . By 1912 , only eight cable car lines remained , all with steep gradients impassable to electric streetcars . In the 1920s and 1930s , these lines came under pressure from the much improved buses of the era , which could now climb steeper hills than the electric streetcar . By 1944 , the only cable cars remaining were the two Powell Street lines -- by then in municipal ownership , as part of Muni -- and the three lines owned by the still - independent Cal Cable . Fight - back ( edit ) The turntable at Powell and Market streets during reconstruction in 1950 In 1947 , Mayor Roger Lapham proposed the closure of the two municipally owned lines . In response , a joint meeting of 27 women 's civic groups , led by Friedel Klussmann , formed the Citizens ' Committee to Save the Cable Cars . In a famous battle of wills , the citizens ' committee eventually forced a referendum on an amendment to the city charter , compelling the city to continue operating the Powell Street lines . This passed overwhelmingly , by 166,989 votes to 51,457 . A cable car being turned around at the end of the line , August 1964 In 1951 , the three Cal Cable lines were shut down when the company was unable to afford insurance . The city purchased and reopened the lines in 1952 , but the amendment to the city charter did not protect them , and the city proceeded with plans to replace them with buses . Again Klussmann came to the rescue , but with less success . The result was a compromise that formed the current system : a protected system made up of the California Street line from Cal Cable , the Powell - Mason line already in municipal ownership , and a third hybrid line formed by grafting the Hyde Street section of Cal Cable 's O'Farrell - Jones - Hyde line onto a truncated Powell - Washington - Jackson line , now known as the Powell - Hyde line . This solution required some rebuilding to convert the Hyde Street trackage and terminus to operation by the single - ended cars of the Powell line , and also to allow the whole system to be operated from a single car barn and power house . Much of the infrastructure remained unchanged from the time of the earthquake . Rebuild ( edit ) By 1979 , the cable car system had become unsafe , and it needed to be closed for seven months for urgently needed repairs . A subsequent engineering evaluation concluded that it needed comprehensive rebuilding at a cost of $60 million . Mayor Dianne Feinstein took charge of the effort , and helped win federal funding for the bulk of the rebuilding job . In 1982 the cable car system was closed again for a complete rebuild . This involved the complete replacement of 69 city blocks ' worth of tracks and cable channels , the complete rebuilding of the car barn and powerhouse within the original outer brick walls , new propulsion equipment , and the repair or rebuild of 37 cable cars . The system reopened on June 21 , 1984 , in time to benefit from the publicity that accompanied San Francisco 's hosting of that year 's Democratic National Convention . Cable car passengers Recent History ( edit ) Since 1984 , Muni has continued to upgrade the system . Work has included rebuilding of another historical car , the building of nine brand new replacement cars , the building of a new terminal and turntable at the Hyde and Beach terminus , and a new turntable at the Powell and Market terminus . The cable cars are principally used by tourists rather than commuters . The system serves an area of the city that is already served by a large number of buses and trolleybuses . The two lines on Powell Street ( Powell - Hyde and Powell - Mason ) both serve only residential and tourist / shopping districts ( Union Square , Chinatown , North Beach , Nob Hill , Aquatic Park and Fisherman 's Wharf ) , with the `` downtown '' end of both lines a substantial distance from the Financial District . The California Street Line is used more by commuters , due to its terminus in the Financial District . In 2006 , then - mayor Gavin Newsom reported that he had observed several conductors pocketing cash fares from riders without receipt . The following year , the San Francisco auditor 's office reported that the city was not receiving the expected revenue from cable cars , with an estimated 40 % of cable car riders riding for free . Muni 's management disputed this figure , and pointed out that safe operation , rather than revenue collection , is the primary duty of conductors . In 2017 , after an audit showing that some conductors were `` consistently turn ( ing ) in low amounts of cash '' and a sting operation , one conductor was arrested on charges of felony embezzlement . The US Department of Transportation counts the cable cars among the mass transportation systems with the most accidents per year and vehicle mile in the US , with 126 accidents and 151 injured persons reported by the city during the 10 years until 2013 . Records obtained by the Associated Press in 2013 showed that over the course of three years , the city of San Francisco had paid almost $8 million to settle around four dozen legal claims relating to cable car accidents . Operation ( edit ) Section of a cable used around 1900 on the now defunct Hayes line The grip that encloses the cable ( here shown without cable , and closed jaws ) Position of the grip below a cable car Cable Car No. 54 at California and Stockton Cables and grip ( edit ) The cable cars are pulled by a cable running below the street , held by a grip that extends from the car through a slit in the street surface , between the rails . Each cable is 1.25 inches ( 3.2 cm ) in diameter , running at a constant speed of 9.5 miles per hour ( 15.3 km / h ) , and driven by a 510 horsepower ( 380 kW ) electric motor located in the central power house ( see below ) , via a set of self - adjusting sheaves . Each cable has six steel strands , with each strand containing 19 wires , wrapped around a sisal rope core ( to allow easier gripping ) . The cables are coated with a tar - like material which serves as a sacrificial lubricant - much like a pencil eraser erodes away rather than the paper . To start and stop the movement of the car , the gripman ( see below ) closes and opens the grip around the cable ( similar to the clutch of a conventional car ) . The grip 's jaws exert a pressure of up to 30,000 pounds per square inch ( 210,000 kPa ) on the cable . There are four separate cables : one 16,000 - foot ( 4,900 m ) length and one 10,300 - foot ( 3,100 m ) length for the Hyde and Mason segments , a 9,300 - foot ( 2,800 m ) length for their common Powell section , and one 21,000 - foot ( 6,400 m ) length for the California Street line . Brakes ( edit ) Cable car brake blocks in three different states of usage , from new ( bottom ) to near end of life ( top ) Apart from the cable itself ( which exerts a braking force when going downhill ) , the cable cars use three separate braking systems : Metal brake shoes on the front and back wheels , which the gripman can operate via a pedal located next to the grip . On the Powell - Mason line , they can also be activated by the conductor , via a lever at the back of the car . Wooden brake blocks between the wheels that are pressed against the track when the gripman pulls a lever , bringing the car to a halt . The four blocks are made of Douglas fir ( pine ) and can produce a smell of burning wood when in operation . They have to be replaced after just a few days . An emergency brake consisting of a piece of steel , around 1.5 inches thick and 18 inches long , which hangs under the car and is pushed into the track slot ( the opening through which the grip reaches the cable ) when the gripman pulls a lever . It wedges tightly into the slot and often has to be removed with a welding torch . Network ( edit ) The current cable car network consists of three routes . Like all Municipal Railway ( Muni ) routes which have route letters or numbers , the cable lines have route numbers , but the cable routes are generally referred to by the names of the streets on which they travel . The Powell - Hyde and Powell - Mason lines use `` single - ended '' cars , which must be looped or turned around like a bus at the end of the line ; the single - ended cable cars use manual non-powered turntables to rotate the car . There are three street turntables to do this , one at the end of each of the three terminals : at Market & Powell Streets , Taylor & Bay Streets , and Hyde & Beach Streets , with a fourth turntable located inside the car barn on Washington and Jackson Streets . The Powell - Mason ( Line 59 ) line shares the tracks of the Powell - Hyde line as far as Mason Street , where it crosses Washington and Jackson Streets . Here the line turns right and downhill along Mason Street , briefly half left along Columbus Avenue , and then down Taylor Street to a terminal at Taylor and Bay . This terminus is near to but two blocks back from the waterfront at Fisherman 's Wharf . As with the Powell - Hyde , there are manually - powered turntables at each end to reverse the cars . This line is also used greatly by tourists , but also some commuters . The Powell - Hyde ( Line 60 ) line runs north and steeply uphill from a terminal at Powell and Market Streets , before crossing the California Street line at the crest of the hill . Downhill from this crest it turns left and uphill again along Jackson Street ( as this is one - way , cable cars in the opposite direction use the parallel Washington Street ) , to a crest at Hyde Street . Here it turns right and steeply downhill along Hyde Street to the Hyde and Beach terminal , which is adjacent to the waterfront at the San Francisco Maritime Museum . The line was spliced together using remnant portions of the O'Farrell , Jones & Hyde line and the Washington - Jackson line . Manually - powered turntables turn the cable cars around at the two ends . This line is used greatly by tourists and often has long queues . The California Street ( Line 61 ) line runs east and west on California Street from a terminal at California and Market Streets , close to the famed Embarcadero to Van Ness Avenue . The California street cable - cars use double - ended cars with `` grip '' levers at either end of the longer cars which are operated in each direction without the cars being turned at the ends of the line , where the double tracks converge into a single `` stub - end '' track . The line once ran a much longer distance from Presidio Avenue to Market Street but service west of Van Ness Avenue was discontinued in 1954 . Calls to restore the route to its original length are heard from time to time but nothing serious towards this end has been proposed . This route runs only on California Street , running at first uphill to the summit of Nob Hill , then more gently downhill to a terminus at Van Ness Avenue . This line is used to a greater extent by commuters , with majority of passengers on weekdays being commuters . A cable car on the Powell & Market turntable . See a video of a cable car turnaround . There is also a set of non-revenue tracks from the California Street line along Hyde Street to join the Powell - Hyde line at Hyde and Washington . This connection exists to enable California Street cars to reach the car barn . The cable car system connects at both its terminals on Market Street with the F Market heritage streetcar line . The Taylor and Bay terminal , and the Hyde and Beach terminal , are both short walks from the F Market line . Fares and revenues ( edit ) Historic cable car tokens displayed at the San Francisco Cable Car Museum As of July 1 , 2015 , riding a cable car costs $7 for a single ride , except for seniors riding before 7am or after 9pm when the senior fare is $3 . $7 Cable Car Souvenir Tickets are sold in advance and include a San Francisco souvenir as well as a single ride . Beside these single ride tickets , cable car rides are included in monthly Muni passes , as well as 1 - day , 3 - day , 7 - day passes , and the CityPASS program . Passes loaded on a Clipper card can be read by the conductor with a mobile device . Transfers or fare receipts are not accepted . In the 1960s , the fare for a single ride was 15 cent . In budget year 2012 , sales of $6 Cable Car Souvenir Tickets totaled $4,125,386 . $6 single rider tickets sold by the cable car conductors totaled $9,888,001 . Based on both tickets only , daily ridership of the cable car system was more than 6400 . By 2017 , the San Francisco Chronicle described the cable cars as a `` cash cow '' for Muni , yielding a yearly revenue of around $30 million . Cars ( edit ) Rear view of a single - ended cable car on Mason St . Single - ended cars serve the Powell - Hyde and Powell - Mason lines . These cars have an open - sided front section , with outward - facing seats flanking the gripman and a collection of levers that actuate the grip and various brakes . The rear half of the car is enclosed , with seats facing inward and entrances at each end and the car has a small platform at the rear . These cars are 27 feet 6 inches ( 8.4 m ) long and 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) wide and weigh 15,500 pounds ( 7,000 kg ) . They have a passenger capacity of 60 , 29 of them seated . These cars must be rotated to reverse direction at each end of the line , an operation performed on turntables . Most of these cars were built or rebuilt in the 1990s at Muni 's Woods Carpentry Division . Double - ended cars serve the California Street line . These cars are somewhat longer , having open - sided grip sections at both ends and an enclosed section in the middle . These cars are 30 feet 3 inches ( 9.2 m ) long and 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) wide and weigh 16,800 pounds ( 7,600 kg ) . They can hold 68 passengers , 34 of them seated . The California Street line lacks turning capabilities at each end , resulting in the necessity of the double - ended cars . Some of these cars are genuine former O'Farrell , Jones , and Hyde Street cable cars , while some of these cable cars were built in 1998 at Muni 's Woods Division / Woods Carpentry Division . Both types of car ride on a pair of four - wheel trucks , to fit the track 's 3 ft 6 in ( 1,067 mm ) narrow gauge . The term California Street car , as in a car running on the California Street line , should not be confused with the term California Car . The latter term applies to all the cable cars currently operating in San Francisco , and is a historical term distinguishing this style of car from an earlier style where the open grip section and the enclosed section were separate four - wheel cars ( known as the grip car and trailer ) . There are 28 single ended cars in operation on the Powell lines and 12 double ended cars in operation on the California Street line . The cable cars are occasionally replaced with new or restored cars , with the old cars being moved to storage for later restoration . There are 2 cable cars in storage in the cable car museum / power house inside the garage , car numbers 19 and 42 which were used on the Sacramento - Clay and O'Farrell , Jones and Hyde Street lines , respectively . Car barn , power house and Museum ( edit ) An interior view of the power house The car barn is located between Washington and Jackson Streets just uphill of where Mason Street crosses them . Cars reverse into the barn off Jackson Street and run out into Washington Street , coasting downhill for both moves . To ensure that single - ended cars leave facing in the correct direction , the car barn contains a fourth turntable . Cars are moved around the car barn with the assistance of a rubber - tired tractor . The car barn is situated directly above the power house and the Cable Car Museum . The museum 's entrance is at Washington and Mason . It contains several examples of old cable cars , together with smaller exhibits and a shop . Two galleries allow the visitor to overlook the main power house , and also to descend below the junction of Washington and Mason Streets and see the large cavern where the haulage cables are routed out to the street . Gripmen and conductors ( edit ) Gripman View from behind gripman , toward front of car A view of the controls inside Cable Car No. 58 The driver of a cable car is known as the gripman or grip operator . This is a highly skilled job , requiring the gripman to smoothly operate the grip lever to grip and release the cable , release the grip at certain points to coast the vehicle over crossing cables or places where the cable does not follow the tracks , and to anticipate well in advance possible collisions with other traffic that may not understand the limitations of a cable car . Being a gripman requires great upper body strength needed for the grip and brakes , as well as good hand -- eye coordination and balance . As of August 2011 , there have been two grip women , Fannie Mae Barnes , who served from 1998 to 2002 , and Willa Johnson , who became a grip operator in April 2010 . Besides the gripman , each cable car carries a conductor whose job is to collect fares , manage the boarding and exiting of passengers , and control the rear wheel brakes when descending hills . With the common practice of carrying standing passengers on the running boards of cable cars , passenger management is an important task . Some crew members are locally well - known personalities . Cable car Bell - Ringing contest ( edit ) On the second or third Thursday each July , a cable car bell - ringing contest is held in Union Square between cable car crews , following a preliminary round held during the second to last or the last week of June . The preliminary round determines which contestants go on to the finals in Union Square , by a process of points awarded by a panel of judges . Year First place Second place Third place 2002 Ken Lunardi Byron Cobb Ronald East 2003 Ronald East Ken Lunardi Walter Scott , III 2003 Invitational Carl Payne Al Quintana Peter Pavlukevich Frank Ware Walter Scott , III Byron Cobb 2005 Byron Cobb Frank Ware Howard Woo 2006 Ken Lunardi Byron Cobb Warren Robinson III 2007 Leonard Oats Ken Lunardi Frank Ware 2008 Leonard Oats Ken Lunardi Byron Cobb 2009 Leonard Oats Frank Ware Howard Woo None 2011 None 2012 Trini Whittaker Leonard Oats Ken Lunardi 2013 Trini Whittaker Ken Lunardi Joseph Sue 2014 None 2015 Byron Cobb Trini Whittaker Leonard Oats 2016 Leonard Oats Byron Cobb Trini Whittaker Jump up ^ There were no participants from the SFMTA Cable Car Division in the 2010 contest , due to gripmen and conductors choosing to boycott the contest because of labor / management strife . Local celebrity participants did attend . Jump up ^ The 2011 competition was not held , due to continuing labor / management issues . See also ( edit ) National Register of Historic Places portal Trams portal San Francisco Bay Area portal 49 - Mile Scenic Drive Cable car ( railway ) Fisherman 's Wharf Grade ( slope ) Great Orme Tramway , a hybrid between a cable car and a funicular Inclined lift List of heritage railroads in the United States San Francisco Railway Museum Wellington Cable Car , a hybrid between a cable car and a funicular References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Transit Ridership Report Fourth Quarter and End - of - Year 2014 '' ( pdf ) . American Public Transportation Association ( APTA ) . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 14 -- via http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Pages/ridershipreport.aspx . Jump up ^ Kamiya , Gary ( 8 February 2014 ) . `` How S.F. 's cable cars were saved after an uphill battle '' . SFGate . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ride the Cable Car Lines '' . Market Street Railway . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Dillon , James . `` San Francisco Cable Cars '' ( pdf ) . National Register of Historic Places -- Inventory Nomination Form . National Park Service . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NHL Summary ^ Jump up to : The Eight Original San Francisco Cable Car Companies , Cable Car Museum . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Elias / The Associated Press : San Francisco 's iconic cable cars cost city millions of dollars in legal settlements . Yahoo ! News , April 15 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Guthrie , Julian ( 2003 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Cable car line turns 125 / S.F. celebrates birthday of workhorses of California St '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` How Cable Cars Operate '' . www.cablecarmuseum.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Museums in Motion -- 1984 -- Rejuvenation '' . Market Street Railway . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Matier , Phillip ; Ross , Andrew ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) . `` Muni looks at ending cash fares on cable cars '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Audit : SF Cable Cars Lacking In Fare Enforcement '' . KTVU . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anatomy of how cable cars operate '' . Cable Car Museum . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cable Cars : How they work - The Brakes '' . www.cablecarmuseum.org . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Joe . `` San Francisco Municipal Railway '' . The Cable Car Home Page . Joe Thompson . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Cars 1954 : A Huge Loss '' . Market Street Railway. 29 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cal Cable 's Hyde & California Street Car Barn & Powerhouse '' . Cable Car Guy . 1 March 2004 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.sfmta.com/news/notices/fares-fees-and-fines-effective-july-1-2015 Jump up ^ 2013 2014 SFMTA Budget Book Jump up ^ `` Powell Street Cable Car '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` California Street Cable Car '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Car Fleet Roster '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` New Cable Car Grip Person Adds Name to History Books '' . San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency . April 19 , 2010 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 : 46th Annual Cable Car Bell - Ringing Contest '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Car Bell Ringing Contests '' . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Cable Car Home Page -- Cable Car Bell Ringing Contest '' . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Val Lupiz and Walter Rice ( 2004 ) . `` San Francisco : cable cars are here to stay '' . Tramways & Urban Transit , October 2004 , pp. 376 -- 378 . Light Rail Transit Association and Ian Allan Publishing Ltd . ISSN 1460 - 8324 Robert Callwell and Walter Rice ( 2000 ) . Of Cables and Grips : The Cable Cars of San Francisco . Friends of the Cable Car Museum . `` Cable Railway Edition '' . Mining and Scientific Press . San Francisco , CA . July 18 , 1885 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cable cars in San Francisco . Cable Car Museum website Cable Cars Information on the official SFMTA website San Francisco Cable Car ( private website ) The Cable Car Home Page Cable Car Map & Guide Market Street Railway Cable Car Page a scripophily based article re . the San Francisco Cable Cars , the Cal Cable , and the Swiss Borel Bankers ( in German ) Interactive map of San Francisco streetcar and cable car network `` San Francisco Cable Cars '' ( pdf ) . Photographs . National Park Service . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal San Francisco attractions Landmarks 49 - Mile Drive Alcatraz Bay Bridge Cable Cars The Castro Chinatown City Hall Cliff House Coit Tower F - Market Streetcar Fairmont Hotel Federal Reserve Bank Ferry Building Fisherman 's Wharf Fort Mason Fort Point Ghirardelli Square Golden Gate Bridge Grace Cathedral Haight - Ashbury Jack Kerouac Alley Lombard Street Mark Hopkins Hotel Market Street Mission Dolores Nob Hill North Beach Old U.S. Mint Painted ladies Palace of Fine Arts Pier 39 Public Library Sutro Baths Sutro Tower Transamerica Pyramid Treasure Island Union Square Museums and art Asian Art Museum Aquarium of the Bay Cable Car Museum California Academy of Sciences Cartoon Art Museum Children 's Creativity Museum Chinese Historical Society Museum Conservatory of Flowers Contemporary Jewish Museum The Walt Disney Family Museum de Young Museum Exploratorium Haas - Lilienthal House Legion of Honor Musée Mécanique Museo ItaloAmericano Museum of Performance & Design Museum of the African Diaspora Precita Eyes Randall Museum Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! San Francisco Art Institute Diego Rivera Gallery San Francisco Museum of Modern Art San Francisco Maritime Railway Museum USS Pampanito Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts Parks and recreation Alamo Square Bay Area Ridge Trail Candlestick Point Corona Heights Crissy Field Dolores Park Glen Canyon Golden Gate National Recreation Area Golden Gate Park Lafayette Park Lake Merced Marina Green McLaren Park Mount Davidson Mount Sutro Ocean Beach The Presidio San Francisco Bay Trail San Francisco Zoo Stern Grove Twin Peaks Yerba Buena Gardens Views Coit Tower Twin Peaks Seal Rocks / Ocean Beach Baker Beach Golden Gate Bridge Fort Funston Hamon Observation Tower at the de Young Museum Strawberry Hill Crissy Field Pacific Heights Alamo Square / Painted Ladies Top of the Mark Alcatraz Treasure Island Lombard Street Powell - Hyde Cable Car Ferry Building Bernal Hill 49 - Mile Scenic Drive Hawk Hill Fort Baker Entertainment American Conservatory Theater Bill Graham Civic Auditorium Cow Palace The Fillmore War Memorial and Performing Arts Center Yerba Buena Center for the Arts Sports San Francisco Giants AT&T Park Candlestick Park Kezar Stadium Food and drink Anchor Steam Boudin Bakery Buena Vista Cafe Dungeness crab Ghirardelli Square Tadich Grill Tonga Room & Hurricane Bar Top of the Mark Shopping Metreon Stonestown Galleria Union Square Westfield San Francisco Centre National Register of Historic Places listings in San Francisco San Francisco Municipal Railway Muni Metro J Church K Ingleside L Taraval M Ocean View N Judah T Third Street S Castro Shuttle Muni Metro System features Muni Metro stations Market Street Subway Sunset Tunnel Twin Peaks Tunnel Dolores Park Heritage streetcar services Cable car system Electric streetcars E E Embarcadero F F Market & Wharves Other Muni services Trolleybus system List of bus and rail lines List of defunct bus and rail lines Projects Completed J Church Balboa Park Extension ( 1991 ) King Street Station Extension ( 1998 ) F Market Embarcadero Extension ( 2000 ) Third Street Light Rail Project ( 2007 ) Current Central Subway ( 2019 ) Van Ness Bus Rapid Transit ( 2019 ) Future Fort Mason Tunnel Geary Bus Rapid Transit Subway Expansion Project Connecting services AC Transit Amtrak Thruway Bus Services BART California Shuttle Bus Caltrain Golden Gate Ferry Golden Gate Transit Greyhound Lines PresidiGo San Francisco Bay Ferry SamTrans SolTrans WestCAT Agencies and organizations San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency Market Street Railway Rescue Muni Museums San Francisco Cable Car Museum San Francisco Railway Museum Miscellaneous Muni vehicle fleet Key System Market Street Railway Clipper Currently operating light rail and streetcar systems in the United States Arizona Phoenix Valley Metro Rail Tucson Sun Link Arkansas Little Rock Metro Streetcar Fort Smith Trolley California Los Angeles Metro Rail Blue , Green , Gold , and Expo lines Sprinter ( Oceanside - Escondido ) Sacramento RT San Diego Trolley San Francisco Muni Cable Car E Embarcadero F Market & Wharves Muni Metro Santa Clara VTA Colorado Denver RTD Light Rail Platte Valley Trolley Fort Collins Municipal Railway District of Columbia DC Streetcar Florida Tampa TECO Line Streetcar System Georgia Atlanta Streetcar Louisiana New Orleans Streetcars Maryland Baltimore Light RailLink Massachusetts Boston Ashmont -- Mattapan High Speed Line MBTA Green Line Lowell National Historical Park Trolley Michigan Detroit QLine Minnesota Minneapolis - St. Paul Metro Como - Harriet Streetcar Line Missouri KC Streetcar Missouri / Illinois St. Louis MetroLink New Jersey Hudson -- Bergen Light Rail Newark Light Rail River Line ( Camden -- Trenton ) New York Buffalo Metro Rail North Carolina Charlotte Lynx Blue Line CityLynx Gold Line Ohio Cincinnati Bell Connector Cleveland RTA Blue and Green Lines Oklahoma El Reno Heritage Express Trolley Oregon Portland MAX Light Rail Portland Streetcar Willamette Shore Trolley Astoria Riverfront Trolley Pennsylvania Philadelphia SEPTA Route 15 Routes 101 and 102 Subway -- Surface Lines Pittsburgh Light Rail Texas Dallas DART Light Rail Dallas Streetcar M - Line Houston METRORail Utah Salt Lake City TRAX S Line Virginia Norfolk Tide Washington Seattle Central Link Seattle Streetcar Tacoma Link Issaquah Valley Trolley Wisconsin Kenosha Transit Italics denote non-transit streetcar lines , operating only on limited dates and usually not year - round , for tourism or educational purposes . Surviving first - generation streetcar systems in North America New Orleans ( 1835 ) Toronto ( 1861 ) San Francisco ( cable cars ) ( 1878 ) Boston ( 1897 ) Pittsburgh ( 1904 ) Philadelphia ( 1906 ) Mexico City ( 1910 ) Cleveland ( 1913 ) San Francisco ( Muni Metro ) ( 1917 ) Milton ( 1929 ) Newark ( 1935 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Francisco_cable_car_system&oldid=805407658 '' Categories : Rail transport navigational boxes of the United States San Francisco Municipal Railway Cable car railways in the United States Heritage streetcar systems Streetcars in California Transportation in San Francisco Narrow gauge railroads in California 3 ft 6 in gauge railways in the United States 1873 establishments in California History of San Francisco Landmarks in San Francisco National Historic Landmarks in the San Francisco Bay Area National Register of Historic Places in San Francisco Railroad - related National Historic Landmarks Tourist attractions in San Francisco Heritage railroads in California Cableways on the National Register of Historic Places Rail transportation on the National Register of Historic Places in California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Views Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 05 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Francisco%20cable%20car%20system

what is computer and its input and output devices

Input / output

input / output

In computing , input / output or I / O ( or , informally , io or IO ) is the communication between an information processing system , such as a computer , and the outside world , possibly a human or another information processing system . Inputs are the signals or data received by the system and outputs are the signals or data sent from it . The term can also be used as part of an action ; to `` perform I / O '' is to perform an input or output operation .

I / O devices are the pieces of hardware used by a human ( or other system ) to communicate with a computer . For instance , a keyboard or computer mouse is an input device for a computer , while monitors and printers are output devices . Devices for communication between computers , such as modems and network cards , typically perform both input and output operations . The designation of a device as either input or output depends on perspective . Mouse and keyboards take physical movements that the human user outputs and convert them into input signals that a computer can understand ; the output from these devices is the computer 's input . Similarly , printers and monitors take signals that a computer outputs as input , and they convert these signals into a representation that human users can understand . From the human user 's perspective , the process of reading or seeing these representations is receiving input ; this type of interaction between computers and humans is studied in the field of human -- computer interaction . In computer architecture , the combination of the CPU and main memory , to which the CPU can read or write directly using individual instructions , is considered the brain of a computer . Any transfer of information to or from the CPU / memory combo , for example by reading data from a disk drive , is considered I / O . The CPU and its supporting circuitry may provide memory - mapped I / O that is used in low - level computer programming , such as in the implementation of device drivers , or may provide access to I / O channels . An I / O algorithm is one designed to exploit locality and perform efficiently when exchanging data with a secondary storage device , such as a disk drive . Contents 1 Interface 1.1 Higher - level implementation 2 Channel I / O 3 Port - mapped I / O 4 Direct memory access 5 See also 6 References Interface ( edit ) An I / O interface is required whenever the I / O device is driven by a processor . Typically a CPU communicates with devices via a bus . The interface must have necessary logic to interpret the device address generated by the processor . Handshaking should be implemented by the interface using appropriate commands ( like BUSY , READY , and WAIT ) , and the processor can communicate with an I / O device through the interface . If different data formats are being exchanged , the interface must be able to convert serial data to parallel form and vice versa . Because it would be a waste for a processor to be idle while it waits for data from an input device there must be provision for generating interrupts and the corresponding type numbers for further processing by the processor if required . A computer that uses memory - mapped I / O accesses hardware by reading and writing to specific memory locations , using the same assembly language instructions that computer would normally use to access memory . An alternative method is via instruction - based I / O which requires that a CPU have specialised instructions for I / O. Both input and output devices have a data processing rate that can vary greatly . With some devices able to exchange data at very high speeds direct access to memory ( DMA ) without the continuous aid of a CPU is required . Higher - level implementation ( edit ) Higher - level operating system and programming facilities employ separate , more abstract I / O concepts and primitives . For example , most operating systems provide application programs with the concept of files . The C and C++ programming languages , and operating systems in the Unix family , traditionally abstract files and devices as streams , which can be read or written , or sometimes both . The C standard library provides functions for manipulating streams for input and output . In the context of the ALGOL 68 programming language , the input and output facilities are collectively referred to as transput . The ALGOL 68 transput library recognizes the following standard files / devices : stand in , stand out , stand errors and stand back . An alternative to special primitive functions is the I / O monad , which permits programs to just describe I / O , and the actions are carried out outside the program . This is notable because the I / O functions would introduce side - effects to any programming language , but this allows purely functional programming to be practical . Channel I / O ( edit ) Channel I / O requires the use of instructions that are specifically designed to perform I / O operations . The I / O instructions address the channel or the channel and device ; the channel asynchronously accesses all other required addressing and control information . This is similar to DMA , but more flexible . Port - mapped I / O ( edit ) Port - mapped I / O also requires the use of special I / O instructions . Typically one or more ports are assigned to the device , each with a special purpose . The port numbers are in a separate address space from that used by normal instructions . Direct memory access ( edit ) Direct memory access ( DMA ) is a means for devices to transfer large chunks of data to and from memory independently of the CPU . See also ( edit ) Information Technology portal Asynchronous I / O I / O bound BASIC § Input and output References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Null , Linda ; Julia Lobur ( 2006 ) . The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture . Jones & Bartlett Learning . p. 185 . ISBN 0763737690 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abd - El - Barr , Mostafa ; Hesham El - Rewini ( 2005 ) . Fundamentals of Computer Organization and Architecture . John Wiley & Sons . p. 161 - 162 . ISBN 9780471478331 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2016 . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Input/output&oldid=866010644 '' Categories : Input / output Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2016 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Afrikaans العربية Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia IsiXhosa Italiano עברית Kiswahili Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 17 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output

what was the goal of the 1963 march on washington

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom , the March on Washington , or The Great March on Washington , was held in Washington , D.C. on Wednesday , August 28 , 1963 . The purpose of the march was to advocate for civil and economic rights for African Americans . At the march , Martin Luther King Jr. , standing in front of the Lincoln Memorial , delivered his historic `` I Have a Dream '' speech in which he called for an end to racism .

to advocate for civil and economic rights for African Americans .

March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

march on washington for jobs and freedom

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom , the March on Washington , or The Great March on Washington , was held in Washington , D.C. on Wednesday , August 28 , 1963 . The purpose of the march was to advocate for civil and economic rights for African Americans . At the march , Martin Luther King Jr. , standing in front of the Lincoln Memorial , delivered his historic `` I Have a Dream '' speech in which he called for an end to racism .

The march was organized by A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin , who built an alliance of civil rights , labor , and religious organizations that came together under the banner of `` jobs and freedom . '' Estimates of the number of participants varied from 200,000 to 300,000 ; the most widely cited estimate is 250,000 people . Observers estimated that 75 -- 80 % of the marchers were black . The march was one of the largest political rallies for human rights in United States history . The march is credited with helping to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and preceded the Selma Voting Rights Movement which led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Planning and organization 3 Convergence 3.1 Security preparations 3.2 Sound system 4 The March 5 Speakers 5.1 Official program 5.2 Roy Wilkins 5.3 John Lewis 5.4 Martin Luther King Jr . 5.5 Randolph and Rustin 5.6 Excluded speakers 6 Singers 7 Meeting with President Kennedy 8 Media coverage 9 Responses and memories 9.1 Organizers 9.2 Critics 9.3 Participants 10 Effects and legacy 10.1 Political effects 10.2 Anniversary marches 10.3 Postal stamp 10.4 Issues 11 Gallery 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Background ( edit ) Bayard Rustin ( left ) and Cleveland Robinson ( right ) , organizers of the March , on August 7 , 1963 Although African Americans had been legally freed from slavery , elevated to the status of citizens and the men given full voting rights at the end of the American Civil War , many continued to face social , economic , and political repression over the years and into the 1960s . In the early 1960s , a system of legal discrimination , known as Jim Crow laws , were pervasive in the American South , ensuring that Black Americans remained oppressed . They also experienced discrimination from businesses and governments , and in some places were prevented from voting through intimidation and violence . Twenty - one states prohibited interracial marriage . The impetus for a march on Washington developed over a long period of time , and earlier efforts to organize such a demonstration included the March on Washington Movement of the 1940s . A. Philip Randolph -- the president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters , president of the Negro American Labor Council , and vice president of the AFL - CIO -- was a key instigator in 1941 . With Bayard Rustin , Randolph called for 100,000 black workers to march on Washington , in protest of discriminatory hiring by U.S. military contractors and demanding an Executive Order . Faced with a mass march scheduled for July 1 , 1941 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 on June 25 . The order established the Committee on Fair Employment Practice and banned discriminatory hiring in the defense industry . Randolph called off the March . Randolph and Rustin continued to organize around the idea of a mass march on Washington . They envisioned several large marches during the 1940s , but all were called off ( despite criticism from Rustin ) . Their Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom , held at the Lincoln Memorial on May 17 , 1957 , featured key leaders including Adam Clayton Powell , Martin Luther King Jr. , and Roy Wilkins . Mahalia Jackson performed . The 1963 march was an important part of the rapidly expanding Civil Rights Movement , which involved demonstrations and nonviolent direct action across the United States . 1963 also marked the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation by Abraham Lincoln . Members of The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) , and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference put aside their differences and came together for the march . Many whites and blacks also came together in the urgency for change in the nation . Violent confrontations broke out in the South : in Cambridge , Maryland ; Pine Bluff , Arkansas ; Goldsboro , North Carolina ; Somerville , Tennessee ; Saint Augustine , Florida ; and across Mississippi . Most of these incidents involved white people retaliating against nonviolent demonstrators . Many people wanted to march on Washington , but disagreed over how the march should be conducted . Some called for a complete shutdown of the city through civil disobedience . Others argued that the movement should remain nationwide in scope , rather than focus its energies on the nation 's capital . There was a widespread perception that the Kennedy administration had not lived up to its promises in the 1960 election , and King described Kennedy 's race policy as `` tokenism '' . On May 24 , 1963 , Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy invited African - American novelist James Baldwin , along with a large group of cultural leaders , to a meeting in New York to discuss race relations . However , the meeting became antagonistic , as black delegates felt that Kennedy did not have a full understanding of the race problem in the nation . The public failure of the meeting , which came to be known as the Baldwin -- Kennedy meeting , underscored the divide between the needs of Black America and the understanding of Washington politicians . However , the meeting also provoked the Kennedy administration to take action on the civil rights for African - Americans . On June 11 , 1963 , President John F. Kennedy gave his famous civil rights address on national television and radio , announcing that he would begin to push for civil rights legislation -- the law which eventually became the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . That night , Mississippi activist Medgar Evers was murdered in his own driveway , further escalating national tension around the issue of racial inequality . Planning and organization ( edit ) A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin began planning the march in December 1961 . They envisioned two days of protest , including sit - ins and lobbying followed by a mass rally at the Lincoln Memorial . They wanted to focus on joblessness and to call for a public works program that would employ blacks . In early 1963 they called publicly for `` a massive March on Washington for jobs '' . They received help from Amalgamated Clothing Workers unionist Stanley Aronowitz , who gathered support from radical organizers who could be trusted not to report their plans to the Kennedy administration . The unionists offered tentative support for a march that would be focused on jobs . On May 15 , 1963 , without securing the cooperation of the NAACP or the Urban League , Randolph announced an `` October Emancipation March on Washington for Jobs '' . He reached out to union leaders , winning the support of the UAW 's Walter Reuther , but not of AFL -- CIO president George Meany . Randolph and Rustin intended to focus the March on economic inequality , stating in their original plan that `` integration in the fields of education , housing , transportation and public accommodations will be of limited extent and duration so long as fundamental economic inequality along racial lines persists . '' As they negotiated with other leaders , they expanded their stated objectives to `` Jobs and Freedom '' to acknowledge the agenda of groups that focused more on civil rights . In June 1963 , leaders from several different organizations formed the Council for United Civil Rights Leadership , an umbrella group which would coordinate funds and messaging . This coalition of leaders , who became known as the `` Big Six '' , included : Randolph who was chosen as the titular head of the march , James Farmer ( president of the Congress of Racial Equality ) , John Lewis ( chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ) , Martin Luther King Jr. ( president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ) , Roy Wilkins ( president of the NAACP ) , and Whitney Young ( president of the National Urban League ) . King in particular had become well known for his role in the Birmingham campaign and for his Letter from Birmingham Jail . Wilkins and Young initially objected to Rustin as a leader for the march , because he was a homosexual , a former Communist , and a draft resistor . They eventually accepted Rustin as deputy organizer , on the condition that Randolph act as lead organizer and manage any political fallout . Civil Rights March on Washington , D.C. ( Leaders of the march ) On June 22 , Big Six met with President Kennedy , who warned against creating `` an atmosphere of intimidation '' by bringing a large crowd to Washington . The civil rights activists insisted on holding the march . Wilkins pushed for the organizers to rule out civil disobedience and described this proposal as the `` perfect compromise '' . King and Young agreed . Leaders from CORE and SNCC , who wanted to conduct direct actions against the Department of Justice , endorsed the protest before they were informed that civil disobedience would not be allowed . Finalized plans for the March were announced in a press conference on July 2 . President Kennedy spoke favorably of the March on July 17 , saying that organizers planned a peaceful assembly and had cooperated with the Washington , D.C. , police . Mobilization and logistics were administered by Rustin , a civil rights veteran and organizer of the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation , the first of the Freedom Rides to test the Supreme Court ruling that banned racial discrimination in interstate travel . Rustin was a long - time associate of both Randolph and Dr. King . With Randolph concentrating on building the march 's political coalition , Rustin built and led the team of two hundred activists and organizers who publicized the march and recruited the marchers , coordinated the buses and trains , provided the marshals , and set up and administered all of the logistic details of a mass march in the nation 's capital . During the days leading up to the march , these 200 volunteers used the ballroom of Washington DC radio station WUST as their operations headquarters . The march was not universally supported among civil rights activists . Some , including Rustin ( who assembled 4,000 volunteer marshals from New York ) , were concerned that it might turn violent , which could undermine pending legislation and damage the international image of the movement . The march was condemned by Malcolm X , spokesperson for the Nation of Islam , who termed it the `` farce on Washington '' . March organizers themselves disagreed over the purpose of the march . The NAACP and Urban League saw it as a gesture of support for a civil rights bill that had been introduced by the Kennedy Administration . Randolph , King , and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) saw it as a way of raising both civil rights and economic issues to national attention beyond the Kennedy bill . Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) and Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) saw it as a way of challenging and condemning the Kennedy administration 's inaction and lack of support for civil rights for African Americans . Despite their disagreements , the group came together on a set of goals : Passage of meaningful civil rights legislation ; Immediate elimination of school segregation ; A program of public works , including job training , for the unemployed ; A Federal law prohibiting discrimination in public or private hiring ; A $2 - an - hour minimum wage nationwide ; Withholding Federal funds from programs that tolerate discrimination ; Enforcement of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution by reducing congressional representation from States that disenfranchise citizens ; A broadened Fair Labor Standards Act to currently excluded employment areas ; Authority for the Attorney General to institute injunctive suits when constitutional rights are violated . Although in years past , Randolph had supported `` Negro only '' marches , partly to reduce the impression that the civil rights movement was dominated by white communists , organizers in 1963 agreed that whites and blacks marching side by side would create a more powerful image . The Kennedy Administration cooperated with the organizers in planning the March , and one member of the Justice Department was assigned as a full - time liaison . Chicago and New York City ( as well as some corporations ) agreed to designate August 28 as `` Freedom Day '' and give workers the day off . To avoid being perceived as radical , organizers rejected support from Communist groups . However , some politicians claimed that the March was Communist - inspired , and the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) produced numerous reports suggesting the same . In the days before August 28 , the FBI called celebrity backers to inform them of the organizers ' communist connections and advising them to withdraw their support . When William C. Sullivan produced a lengthy report on August 23 suggesting that Communists had failed to appreciably infiltrate the civil rights movement , FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover rejected its contents . Strom Thurmond launched a prominent public attack on the March as Communist , and singled out Rustin in particular as a Communist and a gay man . Organizers worked out of a building at West 130th St. and Lenox in Harlem . They promoted the march by selling buttons , featuring two hands shaking , the words `` March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom '' , a union bug , and the date August 28 , 1963 . By August 2 , they had distributed 42,000 of the buttons . Their goal was a crowd of at least 100,000 people . As the march was being planned , activists across the country received bomb threats at their homes and in their offices . The Los Angeles Times received a message saying its headquarters would be bombed unless it printed a message calling the president a `` Nigger Lover '' . Five airplanes were grounded on the morning of August 28 due to bomb threats . A man in Kansas City telephoned the FBI to say he would put a hole between King 's eyes ; the FBI did not respond . Roy Wilkins was threatened with assassination if he did not leave the country . Convergence ( edit ) Thousands traveled by road , rail , and air to Washington D.C. on Wednesday , August 28 . Marchers from Boston traveled overnight and arrived in Washington at 7am after an eight - hour trip , but others took much longer bus rides from places like Milwaukee , Little Rock , and St. Louis . Organizers persuaded New York 's MTA to run extra subway trains after midnight on August 28 , and the New York City bus terminal was busy throughout the night with peak crowds . A total of 450 buses left New York City from Harlem . Maryland police reported that `` by 8 : 00 a.m. , 100 buses an hour were streaming through the Baltimore Harbor Tunnel . '' One reporter , Fred Powledge , accompanied African - Americans who boarded six buses in Birmingham , Alabama , for the 750 - mile trip to Washington . The New York Times carried his report : The 260 demonstrators , of all ages , carried picnic baskets , water jugs , Bibles and a major weapon - their willingness to march , sing and pray in protest against discrimination . They gathered early this morning ( August 27 ) in Birmingham 's Kelly Ingram Park , where state troopers once ( four months previous in May ) used fire hoses and dog to put down their demonstrations . It was peaceful in the Birmingham park as the marchers waited for the buses . The police , now part of a moderate city power structure , directed traffic around the square and did not interfere with the gathering ... An old man commented on the 20 - hour ride , which was bound to be less than comfortable : `` You forget we Negroes have been riding buses all our lives . We do n't have the money to fly in airplanes . '' John Marshall Kilimanjaro , a demonstrator traveling from Greensboro , North Carolina , said : Contrary to the mythology , the early moments of the March -- getting there -- was no picnic . People were afraid . We did n't know what we would meet . There was no precedent . Sitting across from me was a black preacher with a white collar . He was an AME preacher . We talked . Every now and then , people on the bus sang ' Oh Freedom ' and ' We Shall Overcome , ' but for the most part there was n't a whole bunch of singing . We were secretly praying that nothing violent happened . Other bus rides featured racial tension , as black activists criticized liberal white participants as fair - weather friends . Hazel Mangle Rivers , who had paid $8 for her ticket -- `` one - tenth of her husband 's weekly salary '' -- was quoted in the August 29 New York Times . Rivers stated that she was impressed by Washington 's civility : `` The people are lots better up here than they are down South . They treat you much nicer . Why , when I was out there at the march a white man stepped on my foot , and he said , `` Excuse me , '' and I said `` Certainly ! '' That 's the first time that has ever happened to me . I believe that was the first time a white person has ever really been nice to me . '' Some participants who arrived early held an all - night vigil outside the Department of Justice , claiming it had unfairly targeted civil rights activists and that it had been too lenient on white supremacists who attacked them . Security preparations ( edit ) The Washington , D.C. , police forces were mobilized to full capacity for the march , including reserve officers and deputized firefighters . A total of 5,900 police officers were on duty . The government mustered 2,000 men from the National Guard , and brought in 3,000 outside soldiers to join the 1,000 already stationed in the area . These additional soldiers were flown in on helicopters from bases in Virginia and North Carolina . The Pentagon readied 19,000 troops in the suburbs . All of the forces involved were prepared to implement a coordinated conflict strategy named `` Operation Steep Hill '' . For the first time since Prohibition , liquor sales were banned in Washington D.C. Hospitals stockpiled blood plasma and cancelled elective surgeries . Major League Baseball cancelled two games between the Minnesota Twins and the last place Washington Senators even though the venue , D.C. Stadium , was nearly four miles from the Lincoln Memorial rally site . Rustin and Walter Fauntroy negotiated some security issues with the government , gaining approval for private marshals with the understanding that these would not be able to act against outside agitators . The FBI and Justice Department refused to provide preventive guards for buses traveling through the South to reach D.C. William Johnson recruited more than 1,000 police officers to serve on this force . Julius Hobson , an FBI informant who served on the March 's security force , told the team to be on the lookout for FBI infiltrators who might act as agents provocateurs . Jerry Bruno , President Kennedy 's advance man , was positioned to cut the power to the public address system in the event of any incendiary rally speech . Sound system ( edit ) Rustin pushed hard for an expensive ( $16,000 ) sound system , maintaining `` We can not maintain order where people can not hear . '' The system was obtained and set up at the Lincoln Memorial , but was sabotaged on the day before the March . Its operators were unable to repair it . Fauntroy contacted Attorney General Robert Kennedy and his civil rights liaison Burke Marshall , demanding that the government fix the system . Fauntroy reportedly told them : `` We have a couple hundred thousand people coming . Do you want a fight here tomorrow after all we 've done ? '' The system was successfully rebuilt overnight by the U.S. Army Signal Corps . The March ( edit ) Nearly 250,000 people marched , including 60,000 white participants The march commanded national attention by preempting regularly scheduled television programs . As the first ceremony of such magnitude ever initiated and dominated by African Americans , the march also was the first to have its nature wholly misperceived in advance . Dominant expectations ran from paternal apprehension to dread . On Meet the Press , reporters grilled Roy Wilkins and Martin Luther King about widespread foreboding that `` it would be impossible to bring more than 100,000 militant Negroes into Washington without incidents and possibly rioting . '' Life magazine declared that the capital was suffering `` its worst case of invasion jitters since the First Battle of Bull Run . '' The Pentagon readied 19,000 troops in the suburbs and the jails shifted inmates to other prisons to make room for those arrested in mass arrests ; the city banned all sales of alcoholic beverages ; hospitals made room for riot casualties by postponing elective surgery . With nearly 1,700 extra correspondents supplementing the Washington press corps , the march drew a media assembly larger than the Kennedy inauguration two years earlier . Students from the University of California came together as black power organizations and emphasized on the importance of African American freedom struggle . The march included black political parties and William Worthy who was one of many who lead college students during the freedom struggle era . On August 28 , more than 2,000 buses , 21 chartered trains , 10 chartered airliners , and uncounted cars converged on Washington . All regularly scheduled planes , trains , and buses were also filled to capacity . Leaders arrive late and link arms in front of marchers on Constitution Avenue . Although Randolph and Rustin had originally planned to fill the streets of Washington , D.C. , the final route of the March covered only half of the National Mall . The march began at the Washington Monument and was scheduled to progress to the Lincoln Memorial with a program of music and speakers . Demonstrators were met at the monument by speakers and musicians . Women leaders were asked to march down Independence Avenue , while the male leaders marched on Pennsylvania Avenue with the media . The march failed to start on time because its leaders were meeting with members of Congress . To the leaders ' surprise , the assembled group began to march from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial without them . The leaders met the March at Constitution Avenue , where they linked arms at the head of a crowd in order to be photographed ' leading the march ' . Marchers were not supposed to create their own signs , though this rule was not completely enforced by marshals . Most of the demonstrators did carry pre-made signs , available in piles at the Washington Monument . About 50 members of the American Nazi Party staged a counter-protest and were quickly dispersed by police . The rest of Washington was quiet during the March . Most non-participating workers stayed home . Jailers allowed inmates to watch the March on TV . Speakers ( edit ) External audio March on Washington , 15 hours of radio coverage , 8 / 28 / 1963 , Educational Radio Network Dr. King 's speech begins at 1 : 30 , 8 / 28 / 1963 , Educational Radio Network Representatives from each of the sponsoring organizations addressed the crowd from the podium at the Lincoln Memorial . Speakers ( dubbed `` The Big Ten '' ) included The Big Six ; three religious leaders ( Catholic , Protestant , and Jewish ) ; and labor leader Walter Reuther . None of the official speeches were by women ; Josephine Baker gave a speech during the preliminary offerings , but women 's presence in the official program was limited to a `` tribute '' led by Bayard Rustin , at which Daisy Bates spoke ( see `` excluded speakers '' below . ) Floyd McKissick read James Farmer 's speech because Farmer had been arrested during a protest in Louisiana ; Farmer had written that the protests would not stop `` until the dogs stop biting us in the South and the rats stop biting us in the North . '' The actual order of the speakers is as follows : 1 . A. Philip Randolph -- March Director , 2 . Walter Reuther -- AFL - CIO , 3 . Roy Wilkins -- NAACP , 4 . John Lewis -- SNCC , 5 . Daisy Bates -- Little Rock , Arkansas , 6 . Dr. Eugene Carson Blake -- United Presbyterian Church and the National Council of Churches , 7 . Floyd McKissick -- CORE , 8 . Whitney Young -- National Urban League , 9 . Several smaller speeches , including Rabbi Joachim Prinz -- American Jewish Congress , Mathew Ahmann -- National Catholic Conference , Josephine Baker -- actress , and 10 . Dr. Martin Luther King Jr . -- SCLC . Then closing remarks by A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin , March Organizers , leading with The Pledge and list of demands . Official program ( edit ) March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom program Marian Anderson was scheduled to lead the National Anthem but was unable to arrive on time ; Camilla Williams performed in her place . Following an invocation by Archbishop Patrick O'Boyle , the opening remarks were given by march director A. Philip Randolph , followed by Eugene Carson Blake . A tribute to `` Negro Women Fighters for Freedom '' was then led by Bayard Rustin , at which Daisy Bates spoke briefly in place of Myrlie Evers , who had missed her flight . The tribute introduced Daisy Bates , Diane Nash , Prince E. Lee , Rosa Parks , and Gloria Richardson . The following speakers were SNCC chairman John Lewis , labor leader Walter Reuther and CORE chairman Floyd McKissick ( substituting for arrested CORE director James Farmer ) . The Eva Jessye Choir then sang , and Rabbi Uri Miller ( president of the Synagogue Council of America ) offered a prayer , followed by National Urban League director Whitney Young , NCCIJ director Mathew Ahmann , and NAACP leader Roy Wilkins . After a performance by singer Mahalia Jackson , American Jewish Congress president Joachim Prinz spoke , followed by SCLC president Martin Luther King Jr . Rustin then read the march 's official demands for the crowd 's approval , and Randolph led the crowd in a pledge to continue working for the march 's goals . The program was closed with a benediction by Morehouse College president Benjamin Mays . Although one of the officially stated purposes of the march was to support the civil rights bill introduced by the Kennedy Administration , several of the speakers criticized the proposed law as insufficient . Two government agents stood by in a position to cut power to the microphone if necessary . Roy Wilkins ( edit ) Roy Wilkins announced that W.E.B. Du Bois had died in Ghana the previous night ; the crowd observed a moment of silence in his memory . Wilkins had initially refused to announce the news because he despised Du Bois as a Communist -- but then insisted on making the announcement when he realized that Randolph would make it if he did n't . Wilkins said : `` Regardless of the fact that in his later years Dr. Du Bois chose another path , it is incontrovertible that at the dawn of the twentieth century his was the voice that was calling you to gather here today in this cause . If you want to read something that applies to 1963 go back and get a volume of The Souls of Black Folk by Du Bois , published in 1903 . '' John Lewis ( edit ) John Lewis of SNCC was the youngest speaker at the event . His speech -- which a number of SNCC activists had helped write -- took the Administration to task for how little it had done to protect southern blacks and civil rights workers under attack in the Deep South . Cut from his original speech at the insistence of more conservative and pro-Kennedy leaders were phrases such as : In good conscience , we can not support wholeheartedly the administration 's civil rights bill , for it is too little and too late ... I want to know , which side is the federal government on ? ... The revolution is a serious one . Mr. Kennedy is trying to take the revolution out of the streets and put it into the courts . Listen , Mr. Kennedy . Listen , Mr. Congressman . Listen , fellow citizens . The black masses are on the march for jobs and freedom , and we must say to the politicians that there wo n't be a `` cooling - off '' period . ... We will march through the South , through the heart of Dixie , the way Sherman did . We shall pursue our own scorched earth policy and burn Jim Crow to the ground -- nonviolently ... John Lewis speaking in the Great Hall of the Library of Congress on the 50th anniversary , August 28 , 2013 Copies of the SNCC speech were distributed on August 27 , and met with immediate disapproval from many of the organizers . Archbishop Patrick O'Boyle objected most strenuously to a part of the speech that called for immediate action and disavowed `` patience '' . The government ( and more moderate civil rights leaders ) could not countenance SNCC 's explicit opposition of Kennedy 's civil rights bill . That night , O'Boyle and other members of the Catholic delegation began preparing a statement announcing their withdrawal from the March . Reuther convinced them to wait and called Rustin ; Rustin informed Lewis at 2 A.M. on August 28 that his speech was unacceptable to key members of the March . ( Rustin also reportedly contacted Tom Kahn , mistakenly believing that Kahn had edited the speech and inserted the line about Sherman 's March to the Sea . Rustin asked , `` How could you do this ? Do you know what Sherman did ? ) But Lewis did not want to change the speech . Other members of SNCC , including Stokely Carmichael , were also adamant that the speech not be censored . The dispute continued until minutes before talks were scheduled to begin . Under threat of public denouncement by the religious leaders , and under pressure from the rest of his coalition , Lewis agreed to omit the ' inflammatory ' passages . Many activists from SNCC , CORE , and even SCLC were angry at what they considered censorship of his speech . Lewis added a qualified endorsement of the civil rights legislation , saying : `` It is true that we support the administration 's Civil Rights Bill . We support it with great reservation , however . '' Even after toning down his speech , Lewis called for activists to `` get in and stay in the streets of every city , every village and hamlet of this nation until true freedom comes '' . Martin Luther King Jr. ( edit ) Martin Luther King Jr. delivering his `` I Have a Dream '' speech Main article : I Have a Dream The speech given by SCLC president King , who spoke last , became known as the `` I Have a Dream '' speech , which was carried live by TV stations and subsequently considered the most impressive moment of the march . In it , King called for an end to racism in the United States . It invoked the Declaration of Independence , the Emancipation Proclamation , and the United States Constitution . At the end of the speech , Mahalia Jackson shouted from the crowd , `` Tell them about the dream , Martin ! '' , and King departed from his prepared text for a partly improvised peroration on the theme of `` I have a dream '' . Over time it has been hailed as a masterpiece of rhetoric , added to the National Recording Registry and memorialized by the National Park Service with an inscription on the spot where King stood to deliver the speech . Randolph and Rustin ( edit ) A. Philip Randolph spoke first , promising : `` we shall return again and again to Washington in ever growing numbers until total freedom is ours . '' Randolph also closed the event along with Bayard Rustin . Rustin followed King 's speech by slowly reading the list of demands . The two concluded by urging attendees to take various actions in support of the struggle . Excluded speakers ( edit ) Author James Baldwin was prevented from speaking at the March on the grounds that his comments would be too inflammatory . Baldwin later commented on the irony of the `` terrifying and profound '' requests that he prevent the March from happening : In my view , by that time , there was , on the one hand , nothing to prevent -- the March had already been co-opted -- and , on the other , no way of stopping the people from descending on Washington . What struck me most horribly was that virtually no one in power ( including some blacks or Negroes who were somewhere next door to power ) was able , even remotely , to accept the depth , the dimension , of the passion and the faith of the people . Actress / singer Lena Horne was present but excluded from speaking . Despite the protests of organizer Anna Arnold Hedgeman , no women gave a speech at the March . Male organizers attributed this omission to the `` difficulty of finding a single woman to speak without causing serious problems vis - à - vis other women and women 's groups '' . Hedgeman read a statement at an August 16 meeting , charging : In light of the role of Negro women in the struggle for freedom and especially in light of the extra burden they have carried because of the castration of our Negro men in this culture , it is incredible that no woman should appear as a speaker at the historic March on Washington Meeting at the Lincoln Memorial ... The assembled group agreed that Myrlie Evers , the new widow of Medgar Evers , could speak during the `` Tribute to Women '' . However , Mrs. Evers was unavailable . Daisy Bates spoke briefly ( less than 200 words ) in place of Myrlie Evers , who had missed her flight . Earlier , Josephine Baker had addressed the crowd before the official program began . Although Gloria Richardson was on the program and had been asked to give a two - minute speech , when she arrived at the stage her chair with her name on it had been removed , and the event marshal took her microphone away after she said `` hello '' . Richardson , along with Rosa Parks and Lena Horne , was escorted away from the podium before Martin Luther King Jr. spoke . Early plans for the March would have included an `` Unemployed Worker '' as one of the speakers . This position was eliminated , furthering criticism of the March 's middle - class bias . Singers ( edit ) Gospel legend Mahalia Jackson sang `` How I Got Over '' , and Marian Anderson sang `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' . This was not Marian Anderson 's first appearance at the Lincoln Memorial . In 1939 , the Daughters of the American Revolution refused permission for Anderson to sing to an integrated audience in Constitution Hall . With the aid of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and her husband Franklin D. Roosevelt , Anderson performed a critically acclaimed open - air concert on Easter Sunday , 1939 , on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial . Joan Baez and Bob Dylan performing at the March Joan Baez led the crowds in several verses of `` We Shall Overcome '' and `` Oh Freedom '' . Musician Bob Dylan performed `` When the Ship Comes In '' , for which he was joined by Baez . Dylan also performed `` Only a Pawn in Their Game '' , a provocative and not completely popular choice because it asserted that Byron de la Beckwith , as a poor white man , was not personally or primarily to blame for the murder of Medgar Evers . Peter , Paul and Mary sang `` If I Had a Hammer '' and Dylan 's `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' . Odetta sang `` I 'm On My Way '' . Some participants , including Dick Gregory criticized the choice of mostly white performers and the lack of group participation in the singing . Dylan himself said he felt uncomfortable as a white man serving as a public image for the Civil Rights Movement . After the March on Washington , he performed at few other immediately politicized events . Meeting with president Kennedy ( edit ) Kennedy meets with march leaders After the March , the speakers traveled to the White House for a brief discussion of proposed civil rights legislation with President Kennedy . Kennedy had watched King 's speech on TV and was very impressed . According to biographer Thomas C. Reeves , Kennedy `` felt that he would be booed at the March , and also did n't want to meet with organizers before the March because he did n't want a list of demands . He arranged a 5 P.M. meeting at the White House with the 10 leaders on the 28th . '' The March was considered a `` triumph of managed protest '' and Kennedy felt it was a victory for him as well -- bolstering the chances for his civil rights bill . Media coverage ( edit ) Aerial view of Washington Monument showing marchers Media attention gave the march national exposure , carrying the organizers ' speeches and offering their own commentary . In his section The March on Washington and Television News , William Thomas notes : `` Over five hundred cameramen , technicians , and correspondents from the major networks were set to cover the event . More cameras would be set up than had filmed the last Presidential inauguration . One camera was positioned high in the Washington Monument , to give dramatic vistas of the marchers '' . The major networks broadcast some of the March live , though they interspersed footage of interviews with politicians . Subsequent broadcasts focused heavily on the `` I have a dream '' portion of King 's speech . The Voice of America translated the speeches and rebroadcast them in 36 languages . The United States Information Agency organized a press conference for the benefit of foreign journalists , and also created a documentary film of the event for distribution to embassies abroad . Commented Michael Thelwell of SNCC : `` So it happened that Negro students from the South , some of whom still had unhealed bruises from the electric cattle prods which Southern police used to break up demonstrations , were recorded for the screens of the world portraying ' American Democracy at Work . ' '' Responses and memories ( edit ) Organizers ( edit ) Although the mass media generally declared the March successful because of its high turnout , organizers were not confident that it would create change . Randolph and Rustin abandoned their belief in the effectiveness of marching on Washington . King maintained faith that action in Washington could work , but determined that future marchers would need to call greater attention to economic injustice . In 1967 -- 1968 , he organized a Poor People 's Campaign to occupy the National Mall with a shantytown . Critics ( edit ) Black nationalist Malcolm X , in his Message to the Grass Roots speech , criticized the march , describing it as `` a picnic '' and `` a circus '' . He said the civil rights leaders had diluted the original purpose of the march , which had been to show the strength and anger of black people , by allowing white people and organizations to help plan and participate in the march . One SNCC staffer commented during the march , `` He 's denouncing us as clowns , but he 's right there with the clown show . '' But the membership of SNCC , increasingly frustrated with the tactics of the NAACP and other moderate groups , gradually embraced Malcolm X 's position . Segregationists including William Jennings Bryan Dorn criticized the government for cooperating with the civil rights activists . Senator Olin D. Johnston rejected an invitation to attend , writing : `` You are committing the worst possible mistake in promoting this March . You should know that criminal , fanatical , and communistic elements , as well as crackpots , will move in to take every advantage of this mob . You certainly will have no influence on any member of Congress , including myself . '' Participants ( edit ) Leaders of the march leading marchers down the street Many participants said they felt the March was a historic and life - changing experience . Nan Grogan Orrock , a student at Mary Washington College , said : `` You could n't help but get swept up in the feeling of the March . It was an incredible experience of this mass of humanity with one mind moving down the street . It was like being part of a glacier . You could feel the sense of collective will and effort in the air . '' SNCC organizer Bob Zellner reported that the event `` provided dramatic proof that the sometimes quiet and always dangerous work we did in the Deep South had had a profound national impact . The spectacle of a quarter of a million supporters and activists gave me an assurance that the work I was in the process of dedicating my life to was worth doing . '' Richard Brown , then a white graduate student at Harvard University , recalls that the March fostered direct actions for economic progress : `` Henry Armstrong and I compared notes . I realized the Congress of Racial Equality might help black employment in Boston by urging businesses to hire contractors like Armstrong . He agreed to help start a list of reliable contractors that CORE could promote . It was a modest effort -- but it moved in the right direction . '' Other participants , more sympathetic to Malcolm X and the black nationalists , expressed ambivalence . One marcher from New York explained : It 's like St. Patrick 's Day . I came out of respect for what my people are doing , not because I believe it will do any good . I thought it would do some good in the beginning . But when the march started to get all the official approval from Mastah Kennedy , Mastah Wagner , Mastah Spellman , and they started setting limits on how we had to march peacefully , I knew that the march was going to be a mockery , that they were giving us something again . Marcher Beverly Alston thought that the day had its greatest impact within the movement : `` Culturally , there has been tremendous progress over the past forty years . Black awareness and self - determination has soared . Politically , I just do n't think we 've made enough progress . '' Fifteen - year - old Ericka Jenkins from Washington said : I saw people laughing and listening and standing very close to one another , almost in an embrace . Children of every size , pregnant women , elderly people who seemed tired but happy to be there , clothing that made me know that they struggled to make it day to day , made me know they worked in farms or offices or even nearby for the government . I did n't see teenagers alone ; I saw groups of teenagers with teachers . White people ( were ) standing in wonder . Their eyes were open , they were listening . Openness and nothing on guard -- I saw that in everybody . I was so happy to see that in the white people that they could listen and take in and respect and believe in the words of a black person . I had never seen anything like that . Some people discussed racism becoming less explicit after the March . Reverend Abraham Woods of Birmingham commented : `` Everything has changed . And when you look at it , nothing has changed . Racism is under the surface , and an incident that could scratch it , can bring it out . '' Effects and legacy ( edit ) The symbolism of the March has been contested since before it even took place . In the years following the March , movement radicals increasingly subscribed to Malcolm X 's narrative of the March as a co-optation by the white establishment . Liberals and conservatives tended to embrace the March , but focused mostly on King 's `` I Have a Dream '' speech and the legislative successes of 1964 and 1965 . The mass media identified King 's speech as a highlight of the event and focused on this oration to the exclusion of other aspects . For several decades , King took center stage in narratives about the March . More recently , historians and commentators have acknowledged the role played by Bayard Rustin in organizing the event . Political effects ( edit ) Soon after the speakers ended their meetings with Congress to go join the March , both houses passed legislation to create a dispute arbitration board for striking railroad workers . The March is credited with propelling the U.S. government into action on civil rights , creating political momentum for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . The cooperation of a Democratic administration with the issue of civil rights marked a pivotal moment in voter alignment within the U.S. The Democratic Party gave up the Solid South -- its undivided support since Reconstruction among the segregated Southern states -- and went on to capture a high proportion of votes from blacks from the Republicans . Anniversary marches ( edit ) 50th Anniversary of the Civil Rights March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom The 1963 March also spurred anniversary marches that occur every five years , with the 20th and 25th being some of the most well known . The 25th Anniversary theme was `` We Still have a Dream ... Jobs * Peace * Freedom . '' At the 2013 anniversary march , President Barack Obama conferred a posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom on Bayard Rustin and 15 others . Postal stamp ( edit ) For the 50th Anniversary , the United States Postal Service released a forever stamp that commemorates the 1963 March on Washington . The stamp shows marchers near the Washington Monument with signs calling for equal rights and jobs for all . Issues ( edit ) In 2013 , the Economic Policy Institute launched a series of reports around the theme of `` The Unfinished March '' . These reports analyze the goals of the original march and assess how much progress has been made . They echo the message of Randolph and Rustin that civil rights can not transform people 's quality of life unless accompanied by economic justice . They contend that many of the March 's primary goals -- including housing , integrated education , and widespread employment at living wages -- have not been accomplished . They further argued that although legal advances were made , black people still live in concentrated areas of poverty ( `` ghettoes '' ) , where they receive inferior education and suffer from widespread unemployment . Dedrick Muhammad of the NAACP writes that racial inequality of income and homeownership have increased since 1963 and worsened during the recent Great Recession . Gallery ( edit ) Sidney Poitier , Harry Belafonte and Charlton Heston Actor Ossie Davis Dr. Ralph Bunche Major League Baseball player , Jackie Robinson Four young marchers singing Charlton Heston , James Baldwin and Marlon Brando Food service crew Sammy Davis Jr. , with Roy Wilkins , Executive Secretary of NAACP Vocalists Peter , Paul , and Mary National Basketball Association player , Bill Russell See also ( edit ) District of Columbia portal African American portal List of protest marches on Washington , D.C. Prathia Hall References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Ward , Brian ( April 1998 ) . `` Recording the Dream '' . History Today . Yet by the end of the year the company was promoting its Great March to Washington album , featuring ` I Have A Dream ' in its entirety . Jump up ^ King III , Martin Luther ( 2010 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Still striving for MLK 's dream in the 21st century '' . The Washington Post . Washington , DC . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Suarez , Ray ( 2003 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Martin Luther King Jr. 's `` I Have a Dream '' Remembered `` . PBS NewsHour . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` March on Washington for Jobs & Freedom '' . Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement . ^ Jump up to : Bayard Rustin Papers ( 1963 - 08 - 28 ) , March on Washington ( Program ) , National Archives and Records Administration , retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 ^ Jump up to : `` Civil Rights March on Washington , D.C. : Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. , President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference , and Mathew Ahmann , Executive Director of the National Catholic Conference for Interracial Justice , in a Crowd '' . World Digital Library . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Hansen , D , D. ( 2003 ) . The Dream : Martin Luther King , Jr. , and the Speech that Inspired a Nation . New York , NY : Harper Collins . p. 177 . Jump up ^ `` 50th Anniversary of the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom Panel Discussion at the Black Archives of Mid-America '' . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . August 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original ( press release ) on October 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NewsHour Extra : The March on Washington and Its Impact - Lesson Plan Jump up ^ An important goal of the 1963 March on Washington remains unfulfilled - The Hill 's Congress Blog Jump up ^ Weinstein , Allen ( 2002 ) . The Story of America : Freedom and Crisis from Settlement to Superpower . DK Publishing , Inc . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , pp. 31 , 34 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , pp. 44 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , pp. 49 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Neil A. Wynn , `` The Impact of the Second World War on the American Negro '' ; Journal of Contemporary History 6 ( 2 ) , 1971 ; p. 46 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , pp. 51 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 142 . `` In 1963 , however , the March on Washington was but one aspect of a national explosion of actions against racial discrimination that many criticized as being outside traditional politics . ( ... ) In the South after 1960 , the widespread adoption of direct action -- purposeful defiance of segregation laws and injunctions against demonstrations -- inspired activists and attracted new attention from the media , the federal government , and white segregationists . '' Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. xvi . `` Violence swept the South all year . Vigilantes in Clarksdale firebombed the home of Aaron Henry , the head of Mississippi 's NAACP . After a gas bomb went off in a church in Itta Bena , Mississippi , mobs threw bottles and rocks at activists spilling onto the streets . Vigilantes shot into the home of college professors helping the movement in Jackson . A civil rights worker traveling from Itta Bena to Jackson was shot in the neck and shoulder . A bomb destroyed a two - family home in Jackson . Whites in the North Carolina town of Goldsboro ran down demonstrators in a car and threw bottles and rocks . Whites in Pine Bluff , in Arkansas , attacked civil rights workers with ammonia and bottles . Someone shot into the home of an NAACP board member in Saint Augustine . When nine activists prayed in a country courthouse in Somerville , Tennessee , police allowed hoodlums into the building to beat them up . '' Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce Bartlett , `` The 1963 March on Washington Changed Politics Forever '' ; The Fiscal Times , 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , pp. 120 -- 121 . `` In the TV interview , Baldwin was ashen , disoriented . He had had no idea , before now , just how aloof the Kennedys were . He thought the administration 's caution came from ruthless political calculation . But now it seemed that the pampered sons of old Joe Kennedy just had no idea -- no understanding at all -- about race in America . The secret meeting was immediately leaked to the press . Within weeks , the velocity of the civil rights movement would lead President John F. Kennedy to give the most aggressive presidential address in history on race , which was quickly followed with the most comprehensive legislation in modern history . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , pp. 67 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 17 . `` By going to the old Communists and socialists , Arnowitz later recalled , Rustin hoped to ' outflank Kennedy 's labor connections ' and King 's moderate , nonviolent SCLC . If Rustin went to Kennedy 's backers , they would report to the president . Later , in fact , when United Auto Workers joined the march effort , UAW people fed inside intelligence to the White House . In the earliest planning stages , in 1962 , it was better to steer clear of Kennedy 's financial and political network . '' Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 21 . Jump up ^ David J. Garrow , `` The Long March ' The March on Washington , ' by William P. Jones '' ; New York Times , 15 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : William P. Jones , `` The Forgotten Radical History of the March on Washington '' ; Dissent , Spring 2013 . Jump up ^ Ivan VanSertima , Great black leaders : ancient and modern ; Journal of African Civilizations , 1988 ; p. 44 . Jump up ^ Garrow , Bearing the Cross ( 1986 ) , pp. 269 -- 270 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 22 . `` That plan -- the elder statesman as director , the controversial organizer as the details man -- broke the tension . Randolph got his deputy , but Wilkins warned Randolph that he was responsible for any controversy . He had to take the heat . And he had to control his protogé . '' Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , pp. 147 -- 148 . Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Branch 1988 , p. 872 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Charles , `` Nobody Turn Me Around : A People 's History of the 1963 March on Washington '' , 2010 . Jump up ^ Branch 1988 , p. 871 . ^ Jump up to : Branch 1988 , p. 874 . ^ Jump up to : Getting to the March on Washington , August 28 , 1963 - The Road to Civil Rights - Highway History - FHWA Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , pp. 156 -- 157 . ^ Jump up to : Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 151 . ^ Jump up to : Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Garrow , Bearing the Cross ( 1986 ) , p. 278 . `` Throughout the mid-July Senate hearings on the civil rights bill , segregationist spokesmen such as Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett repeatedly made wild accusations that the civil rights movement was a Communist conspiracy , allegations that were reported under headlines such as BARNETT CHARGES KENNEDYS ASSIST RED RACIAL PLOT . Several senators asked the FBI and Justice Department to respond to these claims , and on July 25 , Attorney General Robert Kennedy released a carefully worded statement to the effect that no civil rights leaders were ' Communists or Communist - controlled ' . That same day , the Atlanta Constitution , aided by another FBI leak , revealed that Jack O'Dell had continued to frequent SCLC 's New York office even after his ' permanent ' resignation four weeks earlier . '' Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 57 . `` The FBI attempted to exploit fears about violence and Communist infiltration of the civil rights movement -- fears that were partly the result of J. Edgar Hoover 's long campaign against the movement . FBI agents made last minute - calls to celebrities . Do you know , the agents asked , that many of the march 's leaders are Communists ? Do you know that Communists and other leftists could create chaos at the march ? Do you know that it 's not too late to pull out of the march ? Stay away ! '' Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , pp. 57 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 63 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 150 . `` In coordination with the Kennedy administration , the police department proposed to keep on duty all police officers on August 28 and to commission firefighters and the police reserve as temporary officers . In addition , they decided to mobilize 2,000 National Guardsmen preemptively . Likewise , the Kennedy administration planned to turn out every Capitol , White House , and Park Police officer and arranged to supplement the 1,000 soldiers in the area with 3,000 additional men . '' ^ Jump up to : Branch , Taylor ( 1998 ) . Pillar of Fire : America in the King Years , 1963 -- 65 . Simon & Schuster . p. 132 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80819 - 6 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 28 . `` The army 's plan , in the event of a civil disturbance , was to roar 320 miles north into Andrews Air Force Base in Maryland and then send soldiers to the Mall by helicopter to battle the violence . The soldiers would break the mob into wedges , isolate and subdue the most violent elements , and protect the peaceable protestors . ( ... ) The soldiers at Fort Bragg were part of Operation Steep Hill , a joint battle plan of the White House , the Justice Department , the Pentagon , and the Washington Metropolitan Police . '' Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 160 . Jump up ^ http://www.npr.org/2013/08/28/216411095/behind-march-on-washingtons-sunny-reputation-laid-deep-fear Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , pp. 60 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 101 . `` During that training , Julius Hobson emphasized the dangers posed by the FBI . Agent provocateurs would spread all over the Mall , looking for opportunities to start fights , Hobson said . The major task of the volunteer security guards , then , was to spot those agents and alert someone before any fights started . No one knew it at the time , but Hobson was a paid informant for the FBI . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ White , Bay , and Martin Jr , Deborah Gray , Mia , and Waldo E ( 2013 ) . Freedom on my Mind : African Americans and the New Century , 200 - Present . New York : Bedford , Boston / St. Martin 's . p. 667 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Branch 1988 , p. 876 . ^ Jump up to : http://wwno.org/post/women-were-second-class-citizens-63-march Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 165 . `` In the midst of one of these meetings , the leaders were disturbed to learn the marchers had begun their spontaneous march . Breaking off their meeting , they rushed to Constitution Avenue , already filled with marchers . There , anxious aides cleared a space so the ten leaders could link arms as though they were at the head of the crowd . Then the photographers and filmmakers shot pictures of the leaders ' leading the march ' ( fig. 25 ) . '' Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 130 -- 131 . Jump up ^ `` Special Collections , March on Washington , Parts 1 - 17 '' . Open Vault . at WGBH . August 28 , 1963 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Special Collections , March on Washington , Part 17 '' . Open Vault . at WGBH . August 28 , 1963 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Current biography yearbook . H.W. Wilson Company . 1965 . p. 121 . Jump up ^ William P. Jones ( author of The March on Washington , 2013 ) , interview on Book TV , C - Span 2 , January 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.alternet.org/activism/civil-rights-leader-gloria-richardson-reflects-1963-march-washington ^ Jump up to : http://www.motherjones.com/slideshows/2013/08/50th-anniversary-march-washington/protestors-march-washington-1 ^ Jump up to : `` 9 things about Martin Luther King Jr. 's speech , March on Washington - CNN.com '' . CNN . August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Garrow , Bearing the Cross ( 1986 ) , p. 283 . `` Two Kennedy aides stood ready to ' pull the plug ' on the public address system in case anything went amiss . '' Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , pp. 180 -- 181 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Doak , Robin Santos ( 2007 ) . The March on Washington : Uniting Against Racism . Capstone . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7565 - 3339 - 7 . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Full Text of John Lewis ' Speech ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Lewis , John ; Michael D'Orso ( 1998 ) . Walking With the Wind : A Memoir of the Movement . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0156007088 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , pp. 45 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Garrow , Bearing the Cross ( 1986 ) , pp. 282 -- 283 . `` With the program only minutes away , the leadership arrived at the Lincoln Memorial with the controversy over Lewis 's text still unresolved . Rustin promised O'Boyle that the necessary changes would be made , and the cardinal agreed to appear on the platform and deliver the invocation , so long as he was handed a copy of the revised Lewis text at least ten minutes before the SNCC chairman 's appearance . O'Boyle told Rustin that if it were unsatisfactory , or if Lewis delivered the original draft , he and other religious leaders would get up and leave . '' Jump up ^ Carson , Clayborne ( 1981 ) . In Struggle : SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s . Harvard University Press . Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , pp. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Hansen , D . The Dream : Martin Luther King , Jr. , and the Speech that Inspired a Nation ( 2003 ) p. 177 ^ Jump up to : http://www.tolerance.org/blog/ten-things-know-about-march-washington Jump up ^ See Taylor Branch , Parting the Waters : America in the King Years 1954 - 1963 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Garrow , Bearing the Cross ( 1986 ) , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Talia Whyte , `` Baldwin : A literary standard '' ; Baystate Banner 43 ( 27 ) , 14 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Herb Boyd , Baldwin 's Harlem : A Biography of James Baldwin ; New York : Atria , 2008 ; p. 70 . Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , pp. 109 , 111 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Jones , March on Washington ( 2013 ) , p. online . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 109 . Jump up ^ David Hajdu , Positively 4th Street : The Lives and Times of Joan Baez , Bob Dylan , Mimi Baez Farina and Richard Farina ; New York : Picador , 2001 ; ISBN 9781429961769 ; p. 201 Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Reeves , Richard , President Kennedy : Profile of Power ( 1993 ) pp. 580 -- 584 Jump up ^ `` The March on Washington and Television News , '' by William Thomas Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , pp. 176 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Malcolm X ( 1990 ) ( 1965 ) . George Breitman , ed . Malcolm X Speaks . New York : Grove Weidenfeld . pp. 14 -- 17 . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3213 - 8 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , pp. 16 . Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , p. 153 . `` Segregationists and black nationalists launched scathing criticisms of the Kennedy administration for its support . For rabid segregationist Representative W.J. Bryan Dorn , a Democrat from South Carolina , the absurdity was that ' for the first time in the history of our Nation ... the Federal government has itself encouraged a `` march on Washington . '' ' '' Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Richard D. Brown , `` March On Washington Was Day To Remember -- And Relive The Bus , Henry Armstrong -- And The Work Left Undone '' ; Hartford Courant , 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Bass , Like a Mighty Stream ( 2002 ) , p. 101 . ^ Jump up to : DeWayne Wickham , `` Rustin finally getting due recognition '' ; Pacific Daily News , 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Euchner , Nobody Turn Me Around ( 2010 ) , p. 89 Jump up ^ Bruce Bartlett , `` How the March on Washington Flipped the Southern Vote '' ; Fiscal Times , 16 August 1963 . Jump up ^ Barber , Marching on Washington ( 2002 ) , pp. 173 -- 174 . Jump up ^ `` New stamp commemorates 1963 March on Washington '' . CBS News . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` King 's unfinished work '' , Philadelphia Inquirer , 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Freddie Allen , `` Upcoming Washington March should again focus on jobs '' , Madison Times ( NNPA ) , 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Algernon Austin , `` The Unfinished March : An Overview '' ; Economic Policy Institute Report , 18 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Dedrick Muhammad , `` 50 Years After the March On Washington : The Economic Impacts on Education '' ; Huffington Post , 13 August 2013 . Bibliography Bass , Patrick Henry . Like a Mighty Stream : The March on Washington , August 28 , 1963 . Philadelphia : Running Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 7624 - 1292 - 5 Barber , Lucy G. Marching on Washington : The Forging of an American Political Tradition University of California Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22713 - 1 Branch , Taylor ( 1988 ) . Parting the Waters : America in the King Years 1954 - 63 . New York ; London : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9780671687427 . Leonard Freed , This Is the Day : The March on Washington , Los Angeles : Getty Publications , 2013 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 60606 - 121 - 3 . Marable , Manning ; Leith Mullings ( 2002 ) . Freedom : A Photographic History of the African American Struggle . Phaidon Press . ISBN 9780714845173 . Euchner , Charles . Nobody Turn Me Around : A People 's History of the March on Washington . Boston : Beacon Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 0059 - 5 Garrow , David . Bearing the Cross : Martin Luther King , Jr. , and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference . William Morrow and Company , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 04794 - 7 Tuttle , Kate ( 1999 ) . `` March on Washington , 1963 '' . In Kwame Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates ( eds . ) . Africana : the Encyclopedia of the African and African American experience . Basic Civitas Books . ISBN 9780465000715 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jones , William P . The March on Washington : Jobs , Freedom , and the Forgotten History of Civil Rights . Norton , 2013 . ISBN 9780393240580 Williams , Juan ( 1987 ) . Eyes on the prize : America 's civil rights years , 1954 - 1965 . New York , NY : Viking . ISBN 9780245546686 . Further reading Jones , William P . The March on Washington : Jobs , Freedom , and the Forgotten History of Civil Rights ( W.W. Norton ; 2013 ) 296 pages ; Saunders , Doris E ... The Day They Marched ( Johnson Publishing Company ; 1963 ) Lyon , Danny ( 1992 ) . Memories of the Southern Civil Rights Movement . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 9780807843864 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom and 50th Anniversary of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom . March on Washington -- King Encyclopedia , Stanford University March on Washington August 28 , 1963 ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans March on Washington , WDAS History The 1963 March on Washington - slideshow by Life magazine Original Program for the March on Washington Martin Luther King , Jr. 's speech at the March Annotated text of John Lewis 's original speech with changes Video John Lewis 's speech The short film `` The March on Washington ( 1963 ) '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive The March , 1963 , from the National Archives YouTube Channel Eyes on the Prize March on Washington video page , PBS , retrieved 2010 - 09 - 19 African - American civil rights movement ( 1954 -- 1968 ) Notable events ( timeline ) 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mohandas K. Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Martin Luther King Jr . ( hide ) Speeches , movements , and protests Speeches `` Give Us the Ballot '' ( 1957 ) `` I Have a Dream '' ( 1963 ) `` How Long , Not Long '' ( 1965 ) `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' ( 1967 ) `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' ( 1968 ) Writings Stride Toward Freedom : The Montgomery Story ( 1958 ) The Measure of a Man ( 1959 ) `` What Is Man ? '' `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Strength to Love ( 1963 ) Letter from Birmingham Jail ( 1963 ) Why We Ca n't Wait ( 1964 ) Conscience for Change ( 1967 ) Where Do We Go from Here : Chaos or Community ? ( 1967 ) Movements and protests Montgomery bus boycott ( 1955 -- 1956 ) Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom ( 1957 ) Albany Movement ( 1961 -- 1962 ) Birmingham campaign ( 1963 ) March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom ( 1963 ) St. Augustine movement ( 1963 -- 1964 ) Selma to Montgomery marches ( 1965 ) Chicago Freedom Movement ( 1966 ) Mississippi March Against Fear ( 1966 ) Anti-Vietnam War movement ( 1967 ) Memphis Sanitation Strike ( 1968 ) Poor People 's Campaign ( 1968 ) People Family Martin Luther King Sr. ( father ) Alberta Williams King ( mother ) Christine King Farris ( sister ) A.D. King ( brother ) Coretta Scott King ( wife ) Yolanda King ( daughter ) Martin Luther King III ( son ) Dexter Scott King ( son ) Bernice King ( daughter ) Alveda King ( niece ) Other leaders Ralph Abernathy ( colleague ) Ella Baker ( colleague ) James Bevel ( strategist / colleague ) Dorothy Cotton ( colleague ) Jesse Jackson ( protégé ) Bernard Lafayette ( colleague ) James Lawson ( colleague ) John Lewis ( colleague ) Joseph Lowery ( colleague ) Benjamin Mays ( mentor ) Diane Nash ( colleague ) James Orange ( colleague ) Bayard Rustin ( advisor ) Fred Shuttlesworth ( colleague ) C.T. Vivian ( colleague ) Wyatt Walker ( colleague ) Hosea Williams ( colleague ) Andrew Young ( colleague ) Assassination James Earl Ray Lorraine Motel ( now National Civil Rights Museum ) Funeral MLK Records Act Riots Loyd Jowers trial United States House Select Committee on Assassinations Media Film King : A Filmed Record ... Montgomery to Memphis ( 1970 documentary ) Our Friend , Martin ( 1999 animated ) Boycott ( 2001 film ) The Witness : From the Balcony of Room 306 ( 2008 documentary ) Alpha Man : The Brotherhood of MLK ( 2011 documentary ) Selma ( 2014 film ) All the Way ( 2016 film ) Television King ( 1978 miniseries ) `` The First Store '' ( The Jeffersons episode , 1980 ) `` Great X-Pectations '' ( A Different World episode , 1993 ) `` The Promised Land '' ( New York Undercover episode , 1997 ) `` Return of the King '' ( The Boondocks episode , 2006 ) Plays The Meeting ( 1987 ) The Mountaintop ( 2009 ) I Dream ( 2010 ) All the Way ( 2012 ) Illustrated Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story ( 1957 comic book ) Music `` Abraham , Martin and John '' ( Dion ) `` March ! For Martin Luther King '' ( John Fahey ) `` Martin Luther King 's Dream '' ( Strawbs ) `` Happy Birthday '' ( Stevie Wonder ) `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' ( U2 ) `` MLK '' ( U2 ) `` King Holiday '' ( King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew ) `` By The Time I Get To Arizona '' ( Public Enemy ) `` Shed a Little Light '' ( James Taylor ) `` Up to the Mountain '' ( Patti Griffin ) `` Never Alone Martin '' ( Jason Upton ) `` Symphony Of Brotherhood '' ( Miri Ben - Ari ) Joseph Schwantner : New Morning for the World ; Nicolas Flagello : The Passion of Martin Luther King ( 1995 album ) `` A Dream '' ( Common featuring Will.i.am ) `` Glory '' ( Common and John Legend ) Related topics Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial National Historic Site King Center for Nonviolent Social Change Dexter Avenue Baptist Church National Civil Rights Museum Authorship issues Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity Season for Nonviolence U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture Oval Office bust Homage to King sculpture , Atlanta Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. sculpture , Houston Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial , San Francisco Landmark for Peace Memorial , Indianapolis Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. statue , Milwaukee The Dream sculpture , Portland , Oregon Dr. Martin Luther King Jr . Library Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr . Eponymous streets America in the King Years Civil Rights Movement in popular culture Lee -- Jackson -- King Day Martin Luther King High School ( disambiguation ) Lycée Martin Luther King ( disambiguation ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom&oldid=815394209 '' Categories : 1963 in Washington , D.C. History of African - American civil rights Civil rights protests in the United States Protest marches in Washington , D.C. Martin Luther King Jr . African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1954 -- 68 ) August 1963 events 1963 protests Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Coordinates on Wikidata CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 15 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%20on%20Washington%20for%20Jobs%20and%20Freedom

the east india company was founded in india during the reign of which mughal emperor

In 1612 , James I instructed Sir Thomas Roe to visit the Mughal Emperor Nur - ud - din Salim Jahangir ( r . 1605 -- 1627 ) to arrange for a commercial treaty that would give the company exclusive rights to reside and establish factories in Surat and other areas . In return , the company offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities from the European market . This mission was highly successful , and Jahangir sent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe :

Nur - ud - din Salim Jahangir

East India Company

east india company

The East India Company ( EIC ) , also known as the Honourable East India Company ( HEIC ) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company , was an English and later British joint - stock company , formed to trade with the East Indies ( in present - day terms , Maritime Southeast Asia ) , but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent .

Originally chartered as the `` Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies '' , the company rose to account for half of the world 's trade , particularly in basic commodities including cotton , silk , indigo dye , salt , saltpetre , tea , and opium . The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India . The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600 , coming relatively late to trade in the Indies . Before them the Portuguese Estado da Índia had traded there for much of the 16th century and the first of half a dozen Dutch Companies sailed to trade there from 1595 , which amalgamated in March 1602 into the United East Indies Company ( VOC ) , which introduced the first permanent joint stock from 1612 ( meaning investment into shares did not need to be returned , but could be traded on a stock exchange ) . Wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the EIC 's shares . Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control until 1657 when permanent joint stock was established . During its first century of operation , the focus of the company was trade , not the building of an empire in India . Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart , the French East India Company ( Compagnie française des Indes orientales ) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s . The battles of Plassey and Buxar , in which the British defeated the Bengali powers , left the company in control of Bengal and a major military and political power in India . In the following decades it gradually increased the extent of the territories under its control , controlling the majority of the Indian subcontinent either directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force by its Presidency armies , much of which were composed of native Indian sepoys . By 1803 , at the height of its rule in India , the British East India company had a private army of about 260,000 -- twice the size of the British Army , with Indian revenues of £ 13,464,561 , and expenses of £ 14,017,473 . The company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its private armies , exercising military power and assuming administrative functions . Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 and lasted until 1858 , when , following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown 's assuming direct control of the Indian subcontinent in the form of the new British Raj . Despite frequent government intervention , the company had recurring problems with its finances . It was dissolved in 1874 as a result of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act passed one year earlier , as the Government of India Act had by then rendered it vestigial , powerless , and obsolete . The official government machinery of British India had assumed its governmental functions and absorbed its armies . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Formation 2 Early voyages to the East Indies 3 Foothold in India 4 Expansion 4.1 Japan 4.2 Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 5 Forming a complete monopoly 5.1 Trade monopoly 5.2 Saltpetre trade 6 Basis for the monopoly 6.1 Colonial monopoly 6.2 East India Company Army and Navy 6.2. 1 Expansion and conquest 6.3 Opium trade 7 Regulation of the company 's affairs 7.1 Writers 7.2 Financial troubles 7.3 Regulating Acts of Parliament 7.3. 1 East India Company Act 1773 7.3. 2 East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) 7.3. 3 Act of 1786 7.3. 4 East India Company Act 1793 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 5 East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 6 Government of India Act 1833 7.3. 7 English Education Act 1835 7.3. 8 Government of India Act 1853 8 Indian Rebellion and disestablishment 9 Establishments in Britain 10 Legacy and criticisms 11 Symbols 11.1 Flags 11.2 Coat of arms 11.3 Merchant mark 12 Ships 13 Records 14 See also 15 Notes and references 16 Further reading 16.1 Historiography 17 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 , captured Spanish and Portuguese ships with their cargoes enabled English voyagers to potentially travel the globe in search of riches . London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean . The aim was to deliver a decisive blow to the Spanish and Portuguese monopoly of Far Eastern Trade . Elizabeth granted her permission and on 10 April 1591 James Lancaster in the Edward Bonaventure with two other ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions . Having sailed around Cape Comorin to the Malay Peninsula , they preyed on Spanish and Portuguese ships there before returning to England in 1594 . The biggest capture that galvanised English trade was the seizing of the great Portuguese Carrack Madre de Deus by Sir Walter Raleigh and the Earl of Cumberland at the Battle of Flores ( 1592 ) . When she was brought in to Dartmouth she was the largest vessel that had been seen in England and her cargo consisted of chests filled with jewels , pearls , gold , silver coins , ambergris , cloth , tapestries , pepper , cloves , cinnamon , nutmeg , benjamin , red dye , cochineal and ebony . Equally valuable was the ship 's rutter containing vital information on the China , India , and Japan trades . These riches aroused the English to engage in this opulent commerce . In 1596 , three more English ships sailed east but were all lost at sea . A year later however saw the arrival of Ralph Fitch an adventurer merchant who along with his companions had made a remarkable fifteen year overland journey to Mesopotamia , the Persian Gulf , the Indian Ocean , India and Southeast Asia was also of significance . Fitch was then consulted on the Indian affairs and gave even more valuable information to Lancaster . Formation ( edit ) On 22 September 1599 , a group of merchants met and stated their intention `` to venture in the pretended voyage to the East Indies ( the which it may please the Lord to prosper ) , and the sums that they will adventure '' , committing £ 30,133 . Two days later , `` the Adventurers '' reconvened and resolved to apply to the Queen for support of the project . Although their first attempt had not been completely successful , they nonetheless sought the Queen 's unofficial approval to continue . They bought ships for their venture and increased their capital to £ 68,373 . The Adventurers convened again , a year later on 31 December and this time they succeeded ; the Queen granted a Royal Charter to `` George , Earl of Cumberland , and 215 Knights , Aldermen , and Burgesses '' under the name , Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies . For a period of fifteen years , the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on English trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan . Any traders in breach of the charter without a licence from the company were liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo ( half of which went to the Crown and the other half to the company ) , as well as imprisonment at the `` royal pleasure '' . The governance of the company was in the hands of one governor and 24 directors or `` committees '' , who made up the Court of Directors . They , in turn , reported to the Court of Proprietors , which appointed them . Ten committees reported to the Court of Directors . According to tradition , business was initially transacted at the Nags Head Inn , opposite St Botolph 's church in Bishopsgate , before moving to India House in Leadenhall Street . Early voyages to the East Indies ( edit ) Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 aboard the Red Dragon . After capturing a rich 1,200 ton Portuguese Carrack in the Malacca Straits the trade from the booty enabled the voyagers to set up two `` factories '' - one at Bantam on Java and another in the Moluccas ( Spice Islands ) before leaving . They returned to England in 1603 to learn of Elizabeth 's death but Lancaster was Knighted by the new King James I. By this time the war with Spain had ended but the Company had successfully and profitably breached the Spanish and Portuguese monopoly , with new horizons opened for the English . In March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage . General William Keeling , a captain during the second voyage , led the third voyage aboard the Red Dragon from 1607 to 1610 along with the Hector under Captain William Hawkins and the Consent under Captain David Middleton . Early in 1608 Alexander Sharpeigh was appointed captain of the company 's Ascension , and general or commander of the fourth voyage . Thereafter two ships , Ascension and Union ( captained by Richard Rowles ) sailed from Woolwich on 14 March 1607 -- 08 . Initially , the company struggled in the spice trade because of the competition from the already well - established Dutch East India Company . The company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage , and imports of pepper from Java were an important part of the company 's trade for twenty years . The factory in Bantam was closed in 1683 . During this time ships belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat , which was established as a trade transit point in 1608 . In the next two years , the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal . The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England . But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period , including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years . Foothold in India ( edit ) See also : Establishment of English trade in Bengal ( 1600 -- 1700 ) Red Dragon fought the Portuguese at the Battle of Swally in 1612 , and made several voyages to the East Indies . Jahangir investing a courtier with a robe of honour , watched by Sir Thomas Roe , English ambassador to the court of Jahangir at Agra from 1615 to 1618 , and others English traders frequently engaged in hostilities with their Dutch and Portuguese counterparts in the Indian Ocean . The company achieved a major victory over the Portuguese in the Battle of Swally in 1612 , at Suvali in Surat . The company decided to explore the feasibility of gaining a territorial foothold in mainland India , with official sanction from both Britain and the Mughal Empire , and requested that the Crown launch a diplomatic mission . In 1612 , James I instructed Sir Thomas Roe to visit the Mughal Emperor Nur - ud - din Salim Jahangir ( r . 1605 -- 1627 ) to arrange for a commercial treaty that would give the company exclusive rights to reside and establish factories in Surat and other areas . In return , the company offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities from the European market . This mission was highly successful , and Jahangir sent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe : Upon which assurance of your royal love I have given my general command to all the kingdoms and ports of my dominions to receive all the merchants of the English nation as the subjects of my friend ; that in what place soever they choose to live , they may have free liberty without any restraint ; and at what port soever they shall arrive , that neither Portugal nor any other shall dare to molest their quiet ; and in what city soever they shall have residence , I have commanded all my governors and captains to give them freedom answerable to their own desires ; to sell , buy , and to transport into their country at their pleasure . For confirmation of our love and friendship , I desire your Majesty to command your merchants to bring in their ships of all sorts of rarities and rich goods fit for my palace ; and that you be pleased to send me your royal letters by every opportunity , that I may rejoice in your health and prosperous affairs ; that our friendship may be interchanged and eternal . -- Nuruddin Salim Jahangir , Letter to James I . Expansion ( edit ) The company , which benefited from the imperial patronage , soon expanded its commercial trading operations . It eclipsed the Portuguese Estado da Índia , which had established bases in Goa , Chittagong , and Bombay , which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza on her marriage to King Charles II . The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company ( VOC ) on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China , which helped secure EIC ports in China . The company established trading posts in Surat ( 1619 ) , Madras ( 1639 ) , Bombay ( 1668 ) , and Calcutta ( 1690 ) . By 1647 , the company had 23 factories , each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor , and 90 employees in India . The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal , Fort St George in Madras , and Bombay Castle . In 1634 , the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal , and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for their trade . The company 's mainstay businesses were by then cotton , silk , indigo dye , saltpetre , and tea . The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Straits of Malacca by ousting the Portuguese in 1640 -- 41 . With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region , the EIC and VOC entered a period of intense competition , resulting in the Anglo - Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries . Within the first two decades of the 17 century , the Dutch East India Company or Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie , ( VOC ) was the wealthiest commercial operation in the world with 50,000 employees worldwide and a private fleet of 200 ships . It specialised in the spice trade and gave its shareholders 40 % annual dividend . The British East India Company was fiercely competitive with the Dutch and French throughout the 17 and 18 centuries over spices from the Spice Islands . Spices , at the time , could only be found on these islands , such as pepper , ginger , nutmeg , cloves and cinnamon could bring profits as high as 400 percent from one voyage . The tension was so high between the Dutch and the British East Indies Trading Companies that it escalated into at least four Anglo - Dutch Wars between them : 1652 - 1654 , 1665 - 1667 , 1672 - 1674 and 1780 - 1784 . The Dutch Company maintained that profit must support the cost of war which came from trade which produced profit . Competition arose in 1635 when Charles I granted a trading licence to Sir William Courteen , which permitted the rival Courteen association to trade with the east at any location in which the EIC had no presence . In an act aimed at strengthening the power of the EIC , King Charles II granted the EIC ( in a series of five acts around 1670 ) the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions , to mint money , to command fortresses and troops and form alliances , to make war and peace , and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas . In 1689 a Mughal fleet commanded by Sidi Yaqub attacked Bombay . After a year of resistance the EIC surrendered in 1690 , and the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb 's camp to plead for a pardon . The company 's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor , pay a large indemnity , and promise better behaviour in the future . The emperor withdrew his troops , and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta . Eventually , the East India Company seized control of Bengal and slowly the whole Indian subcontinent with its private armies , composed primarily of Indian sepoys . As historian William Dalrymple observes , We still talk about the British conquering India , but that phrase disguises a more sinister reality . It was not the British government that seized India at the end of the 18th century , but a dangerously unregulated private company headquartered in one small office , five windows wide , in London , and managed in India by an unstable sociopath -- ( Robert ) Clive . Japan ( edit ) Document with the original vermilion seal of Tokugawa Ieyasu , granting trade privileges in Japan to the East India Company in 1613 In 1613 , during the rule of Tokugawa Hidetada of the Tokugawa shogunate , the British ship Clove , under the command of Captain John Saris , was the first British ship to call on Japan . Saris was the chief factor of the EIC 's trading post in Java , and with the assistance of William Adams , a British sailor who had arrived in Japan in 1600 , he was able to gain permission from the ruler to establish a commercial house in Hirado on the Japanese island of Kyushu : We give free license to the subjects of the King of Great Britaine , Sir Thomas Smythe , Governor and Company of the East Indian Merchants and Adventurers forever safely come into any of our ports of our Empire of Japan with their shippes and merchandise , without any hindrance to them or their goods , and to abide , buy , sell and barter according to their own manner with all nations , to tarry here as long as they think good , and to depart at their pleasure . However , unable to obtain Japanese raw silk for import to China and with their trading area reduced to Hirado and Nagasaki from 1616 onwards , the company closed its factory in 1623 . Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 ( edit ) In September 1695 , Captain Henry Every , an English pirate on board the Fancy , reached the Straits of Bab - el - Mandeb , where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet on return from the annual pilgrimage to Mecca . The Mughal convoy included the treasure - laden Ganj - i - Sawai , reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean , and its escort , the Fateh Muhammed . They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat . The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later , and meeting little resistance , took some £ 50,000 to £ 60,000 worth of treasure . English , Dutch and Danish factories at Mocha Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj - i - Sawai , which resisted strongly before eventually striking . Ganj - i - Sawai carried enormous wealth and , according to contemporary East India Company sources , was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal , though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue . The loot from the Ganj - i - Sawai had a total value between £ 325,000 and £ 600,000 , including 500,000 gold and silver pieces , and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates . In a letter sent to the Privy Council by Sir John Gayer , then governor of Bombay and head of the East India Company , Gayer claims that `` it is certain the Pirates ... did do very barbarously by the People of the Ganj - i - Sawai and Abdul Ghaffar 's ship , to make them confess where their money was . '' The pirates set free the survivors who were left aboard their emptied ships , to continue their voyage back to India . When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry . To appease Aurangzeb , the East India Company promised to pay all financial reparations , while Parliament declared the pirates hostis humani generis ( `` enemies of the human race '' ) . In mid-1696 the government issued a £ 500 bounty on Every 's head and offered a free pardon to any informer who disclosed his whereabouts . When the East India Company later doubled that reward , the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history was underway . The plunder of Aurangzeb 's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company . The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company 's factories in India and imprison their officers , who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals , blaming them for their countryman 's depredations , and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India . To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan , Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace ( pardons ) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates . An 18th - century depiction of Henry Every , with the Fancy shown engaging its prey in the background British pirates that fought during the Child 's War engaging the Ganj - i - Sawai Depiction of Captain Every 's encounter with the Mughal Emperor 's granddaughter after his September 1695 capture of the Mughal trader Ganj - i - Sawai Forming a complete monopoly ( edit ) Trade monopoly ( edit ) Rear view of the East India Company 's Factory at Cossimbazar The prosperity that the officers of the company enjoyed allowed them to return to Britain and establish sprawling estates and businesses , and to obtain political power . The company developed a lobby in the English parliament . Under pressure from ambitious tradesmen and former associates of the company ( pejoratively termed Interlopers by the company ) , who wanted to establish private trading firms in India , a deregulating act was passed in 1694 . This allowed any English firm to trade with India , unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament , thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years . By an act that was passed in 1698 , a new `` parallel '' East India Company ( officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies ) was floated under a state - backed indemnity of £ 2 million . The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £ 315,000 in the new concern , and dominated the new body . The two companies wrestled with each other for some time , both in England and in India , for a dominant share of the trade . It quickly became evident that , in practice , the original company faced scarcely any measurable competition . The companies merged in 1708 , by a tripartite indenture involving both companies and the state . Under this arrangement , the merged company lent to the Treasury a sum of £ 3,200,000 , in return for exclusive privileges for the next three years , after which the situation was to be reviewed . The amalgamated company became the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies . Company painting depicting an official of the East India Company , c. 1760 In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament . The company sought a permanent establishment , while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company 's profits . In 1712 , another act renewed the status of the company , though the debts were repaid . By 1720 , 15 % of British imports were from India , almost all passing through the company , which reasserted the influence of the company lobby . The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730 . At this time , Britain and France became bitter rivals . Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions . In 1742 , fearing the monetary consequences of a war , the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783 , in return for a further loan of £ 1 million . Between 1756 and 1763 , the Seven Years ' War diverted the state 's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America . The war took place on Indian soil , between the company troops and the French forces . In 1757 , the Law Officers of the Crown delivered the Pratt - Yorke opinion distinguishing overseas territories acquired by right of conquest from those acquired by private treaty . The opinion asserted that , while the Crown of Great Britain enjoyed sovereignty over both , only the property of the former was vested in the Crown . With the advent of the Industrial Revolution , Britain surged ahead of its European rivals . Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war , and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production . As home to the revolution , Britain experienced higher standards of living . Its spiralling cycle of prosperity , demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade . The company became the single largest player in the British global market . William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London ( 1808 ) that : On the 1 March 1801 , the debts of the East India Company to £ 5,393,989 their effects to £ 15,404,736 and their sales increased since February 1793 , from £ 4,988,300 to £ 7,602,041 . Saltpetre trade ( edit ) Saltpetre used for gunpowder was one of the major trade goods of the company . Sir John Banks , a businessman from Kent who negotiated an agreement between the king and the company , began his career in a syndicate arranging contracts for victualling the navy , an interest he kept up for most of his life . He knew that Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn had amassed a substantial fortune from the Levant and Indian trades . He became a Director and later , as Governor of the East India Company in 1672 , he arranged a contract which included a loan of £ 20,000 and £ 30,000 worth of saltpetre -- also known as potassium nitrate , a primary ingredient in gunpowder -- for the King `` at the price it shall sell by the candle '' -- that is by auction -- where bidding could continue as long as an inch - long candle remained alight . Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre . Again in 1673 , Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at £ 37,000 between the king and the company . So urgent was the need to supply the armed forces in the United Kingdom , America and elsewhere that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales . One governor of the company was even reported as saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt . Basis for the monopoly ( edit ) Colonial monopoly ( edit ) Further information : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War East India Company silver coin issued during William IV 's reign , Indian Museum Coins issued by East India Company during reign of Shah Alam II , Indian Museum Robert Clive became the first British Governor of Bengal after he had instated Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal . The Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 63 ) resulted in the defeat of the French forces , limited French imperial ambitions , and stunted the influence of the Industrial Revolution in French territories . Robert Clive , the Governor General , led the company to a victory against Joseph François Dupleix , the commander of the French forces in India , and recaptured Fort St George from the French . The company took this respite to seize Manila in 1762 . By the Treaty of Paris , France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war ( Pondichéry , Mahe , Karikal , Yanam and Chandernagar ) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal ( art . XI ) . Elsewhere in India , the French were to remain a military threat , particularly during the War of American Independence , and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence . Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years , French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest , thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company . East India Company army and navy ( edit ) Main article : Presidency armies Main article : Company rule in India In its first century and half , the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards . The great expansion came after 1750 , when it had 3,000 regular troops . By 1763 , it had 26,000 ; by 1778 , it had 67,000 . It recruited largely Indian troops , and trained them along European lines . The military arm of the East India Company quickly developed to become a private corporate armed force , and was used as an instrument of geo - political power and expansion , rather than its original purpose as a guard force , and became the most powerful military force in the Indian subcontinent . As it increased in size the army was divided into the Presidency Armies of Bengal , Madras and Bombay each recruiting their own infantry , cavalry , artillery and horse artillery units . The navy also grew significantly , vastly expanding its fleet and although made up predominantly of heavily armed merchant vessels , called East Indiamen , it also included warships . Expansion and conquest ( edit ) The company , fresh from a colossal victory , and with the backing of its own private well - disciplined and experienced army , was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta , without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers . The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II , who with his allies fought against the East India Company during his early years ( 1760 -- 64 ) , only accepting the protection of the British in the year 1803 , after he had been blinded by his enemies and deserted by his subjects It continued to experience resistance from local rulers during its expansion . Robert Clive led company forces against Siraj Ud Daulah , the last independent Nawab of Bengal , Bihar , and Midnapore district in Odisha to victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 , resulting in the conquest of Bengal . This victory estranged the British and the Mughals , since Siraj Ud Daulah was a Mughal feudatory ally . With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo - Maratha wars , the British also secured the Ganges - Jumna Doab , the Delhi - Agra region , parts of Bundelkhand , Broach , some districts of Gujarat , the fort of Ahmmadnagar , province of Cuttack ( which included Mughalbandi / the coastal part of Odisha , Garjat / the princely states of Odisha , Balasore Port , parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal ) , Bombay ( Mumbai ) and the surrounding areas , leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India . Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan , the rulers of the Kingdom of Mysore , offered much resistance to the British forces . Having sided with the French during the Revolutionary War , the rulers of Mysore continued their struggle against the company with the four Anglo - Mysore Wars . Mysore finally fell to the company forces in 1799 , in the fourth Anglo - Mysore war during which Tipu Sultan was killed . Battle of Assaye during the Second Anglo - Maratha War . Company replaced the Marathas as Mughal 's protectors after the second Anglo - Maratha war . The fall of Tipu Sultan and the Sultanate of Mysore , during the Battle of Seringapatam in 1799 The last vestiges of local administration were restricted to the northern regions of Delhi , Oudh , Rajputana , and Punjab , where the company 's presence was ever increasing amidst infighting and offers of protection among the remaining princes . The hundred years from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 were a period of consolidation for the company , during which it seized control of the entire Indian subcontinent and functioned more as an administrator and less as a trading concern . A cholera pandemic began in Bengal , then spread across India by 1820 . 10,000 British troops and countless Indians died during this pandemic . Between 1760 and 1834 only some 10 % of the East India Company 's officers survived to take the final voyage home . In the early 19th century the Indian question of geopolitical dominance and empire holding remained with the East India Company . The three independent armies of the company 's Presidencies , with some locally raised irregular forces , expanded to a total of 280,000 men by 1857 . The troops were first recruited from mercenaries and low - caste volunteers , but in time the Bengal Army in particular was composed largely of high - caste Hindus and landowning Muslims . Within the Army British officers , who initially trained at the company 's own academy at the Addiscombe Military Seminary , always outranked Indians , no matter how long the Indians ' service . The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar - Major ( or Rissaldar - Major in cavalry units ) , effectively a senior subaltern equivalent . Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority , so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best . They received no training in administration or leadership to make them independent of their British officers . During the wars against the French and their allies in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries , the East India Company 's armies were used to seize the colonial possessions of other European nations , including the islands of Réunion and Mauritius . There was a systemic disrespect in the company for the spreading of Protestantism , although it fostered respect for Hindu and Muslim , castes , and ethnic groups . The growth of tensions between the EIC and the local religious and cultural groups grew in the 19th century as the Protestant revival grew in Great Britain . These tensions erupted at the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the company ceased to exist when the company dissolved through the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 . Opium trade ( edit ) Main articles : First Opium War , Second Opium War , and History of opium in China The Nemesis destroying Chinese war junks during the Second Battle of Chuenpi , 7 January 1841 , by Edward Duncan In the 18th century , Britain had a huge trade deficit with Qing dynasty China and so , in 1773 , the company created a British monopoly on opium buying in Bengal , India , by prohibiting the licensing of opium farmers and private cultivation . The monopoly system established in 1799 continued with minimal changes until 1947 . As the opium trade was illegal in China , Company ships could not carry opium to China . So the opium produced in Bengal was sold in Calcutta on condition that it be sent to China . Despite the Chinese ban on opium imports , reaffirmed in 1799 by the Jiaqing Emperor , the drug was smuggled into China from Bengal by traffickers and agency houses such as Jardine , Matheson & Co and Dent & Co. in amounts averaging 900 tons a year . The proceeds of the drug - smugglers landing their cargoes at Lintin Island were paid into the company 's factory at Canton and by 1825 , most of the money needed to buy tea in China was raised by the illegal opium trade . The company established a group of trading settlements centred on the Straits of Malacca called the Straits Settlements in 1826 to protect its trade route to China and to combat local piracy . The settlements were also used as penal settlements for Indian civilian and military prisoners . In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year , the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner , Lin Zexu , to curb smuggling . This resulted in the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) . After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations . The Jardines and Apcar and Company dominated the trade , although P&O also tried to take a share . A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin , which legalised the importation of opium . Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia . This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India 's reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports . Regulation of the Company 's affairs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Writers ( edit ) The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor , 1773 The company employed many junior clerks , known as `` writers '' , to record the details of accounting , managerial decisions , and activities related to the company , such as minutes of meetings , copies of Company orders and contracts , and filings of reports and copies of ship 's logs . Several well - known British scholars and literary men had Company writerships , such as Henry Thomas Colebrooke in India and Charles Lamb in England . One Indian writer of some importance in the 19th century was Ram Mohan Roy , who learned English , Sanskrit , Persian , Arabic , Greek , and Latin . Financial troubles ( edit ) Though the company was becoming increasingly bold and ambitious in putting down resisting states , it was becoming clearer that the company was incapable of governing the vast expanse of the captured territories . The Bengal famine of 1770 , in which one - third of the local population died , caused distress in Britain . Military and administrative costs mounted beyond control in British - administered regions in Bengal because of the ensuing drop in labour productivity . At the same time , there was commercial stagnation and trade depression throughout Europe . The directors of the company attempted to avert bankruptcy by appealing to Parliament for financial help . This led to the passing of the Tea Act in 1773 , which gave the company greater autonomy in running its trade in the American colonies , and allowed it an exemption from tea import duties which its colonial competitors were required to pay . When the American colonists and tea merchants were told of this Act , they boycotted the company tea . Although the price of tea had dropped because of the Act , it also validated the Townshend Acts , setting the precedent for the king to impose additional taxes in the future . The arrival of tax - exempt Company tea , undercutting the local merchants , triggered the Boston Tea Party in the Province of Massachusetts Bay , one of the major events leading up to the American Revolution . Regulating Acts of Parliament ( edit ) East India Company Act 1773 ( edit ) By the Regulating Act of 1773 ( later known as the East India Company Act 1773 ) , the Parliament of Great Britain imposed a series of administrative and economic reforms ; this clearly established Parliament 's sovereignty and ultimate control over the company . The Act recognised the company 's political functions and clearly established that the `` acquisition of sovereignty by the subjects of the Crown is on behalf of the Crown and not in its own right '' . Nawab Mubarak Ali Khan with his son in the Nawab 's Durbar with British Resident , Sir John Hadley Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in parliament and from the company 's shareholders , the Act passed . It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown , but leased back to the company at £ 40,000 for two years . Under the Act 's most important provision , a governing Council composed of five members was created in Calcutta . The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the Government 's interest could , and invariably would , outvote the two Company members . The Council was headed by Warren Hastings , the incumbent Governor , who became the first Governor - General of Bengal , with an ill - defined authority over the Bombay and Madras Presidencies . His nomination , made by the Court of Directors , would in future be subject to the approval of a Council of Four appointed by the Crown . Initially , the Council consisted of Lt. General Sir John Clavering , The Honourable Sir George Monson , Sir Richard Barwell , and Sir Philip Francis . Hastings was entrusted with the power of peace and war . British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system . The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers . The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain . The costs of administration were to be met by the company . The company initially welcomed these provisions , but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances . East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) ( edit ) The East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) had two key aspects : Relationship to the British government : the bill differentiated the East India Company 's political functions from its commercial activities . In political matters the East India Company was subordinated to the British government directly . To accomplish this , the Act created a Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India , usually referred to as the Board of Control . The members of the Board were the Chancellor of the Exchequer , the Secretary of State , and four Privy Councillors , nominated by the King . The act specified that the Secretary of State `` shall preside at , and be President of the said Board '' . Internal Administration of British India : the bill laid the foundation for the centralised and bureaucratic British administration of India which would reach its peak at the beginning of the 20th century during the governor - generalship of George Nathaniel Curzon , 1st Baron Curzon . Pitt 's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company 's powers were nebulous and highly subjective . The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British - occupied territories . Edmund Burke , a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat , was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783 . The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill 's recommendations for the appointment of councillors . Act of 1786 ( edit ) General Lord Cornwallis , receiving two of Tipu Sultan 's sons as hostages in the year 1793 The Act of 1786 ( 26 Geo. 3 c. 16 ) enacted the demand of Earl Cornwallis that the powers of the Governor - General be enlarged to empower him , in special cases , to override the majority of his Council and act on his own special responsibility . The Act enabled the offices of the Governor - General and the Commander - in - Chief to be jointly held by the same official . This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the company . After this point , the company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown , with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation . Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown , the company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions . By the middle of the 19th century , the company 's rule extended across most of India , Burma , Malaya , Singapore , and British Hong Kong , and a fifth of the world 's population was under its trading influence . In addition , Penang , one of the states in Malaya , became the fourth most important settlement , a presidency , of the company 's Indian territories . East India Company Act 1793 ( charter Act ) ( edit ) The company 's charter was renewed for a further 20 years by the Charter Act of 1793 . In contrast with the legislative proposals of the previous two decades , the 1793 Act was not a particularly controversial measure , and made only minimal changes to the system of government in India and to British oversight of the company 's activities . Sale of liquor was forbidden without licence . It was pointed that the payment of the staff of the board of council should not be made from the Indian revenue . East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) ( edit ) Major - General Wellesley , meeting with Nawab Azim al - Daula , 1805 The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquess of Hastings led to the company 's gaining control of all India ( except for the Punjab and Sindh ) , and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty . The Indian Princes had become vassals of the company . But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the company 's finances . The company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance . This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which , among other things : asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the company ; renewed the charter of the company for a further twenty years , but deprived the company of its Indian trade monopoly except for trade in tea and the trade with China required the company to maintain separate and distinct its commercial and territorial accounts opened India to missionaries Government of India Act 1833 ( edit ) 1835 gold Double Mohur ( reverse ) , valued at 30 Rupees The Industrial Revolution in Britain , the consequent search for markets , and the rise of laissez - faire economic ideology form the background to the Government of India Act 1833 ( 3 & 4 Will . 4 c. 85 ) . The Act : removed the company 's remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions renewed for another twenty years the company 's political and administrative authority invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company . As stated by Professor Sri Ram Sharma , `` The President of the Board of Control now became Minister for Indian Affairs . '' carried further the ongoing process of administrative centralisation through investing the Governor - General in Council with , full power and authority to superintend and , control the Presidency Governments in all civil and military matters initiated a machinery for the codification of laws provided that no Indian subject of the company would be debarred from holding any office under the company by reason of his religion , place of birth , descent or colour vested the Island of St Helena in the Crown British influence continued to expand ; in 1845 , Great Britain purchased the Danish colony of Tranquebar . The company had at various stages extended its influence to China , the Philippines , and Java . It had solved its critical lack of cash needed to buy tea by exporting Indian - grown opium to China . China 's efforts to end the trade led to the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 1842 ) . English education Act 1835 ( edit ) Main article : English Education Act 1835 View of the Calcutta port in 1848 The English Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India . Government of India Act 1853 ( edit ) This Act ( 16 & 17 Vict . c. 95 ) provided that British India would remain under the administration of the company in trust for the Crown until Parliament should decide otherwise . It also introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the Directors of their patronage system . Under the act , for the first time the legislative and executive powers of the governor general 's council were separated . It also added six additional members to the governor general 's executive committee . Indian Rebellion and disestablishment ( edit ) Main article : Indian Rebellion of 1857 Capture of the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar and his sons by William Hodson in 1857 The Indian Rebellion of 1857 ( also known as the Indian Mutiny ) resulted in widespread devastation in India : many condemned the East India Company for permitting the events to occur . In the aftermath of the Rebellion , under the provisions of the Government of India Act 1858 , the British Government nationalised the company . The Crown took over its Indian possessions , its administrative powers and machinery , and its armed forces . The company remained in existence in vestigial form , continuing to manage the tea trade on behalf of the British Government ( and the supply of Saint Helena ) until the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 came into effect , on 1 January 1874 . This Act provided for the formal dissolution of the company on 1 June 1874 , after a final dividend payment and the commutation or redemption of its stock . The Times commented on 8 April 1873 : It accomplished a work such as in the whole history of the human race no other trading Company ever attempted , and such as none , surely , is likely to attempt in the years to come . In the 1980s , a group of investors purchased the rights to the moribund corporate brand and founded a clothing company , which lasted until the 1990s . The corporate vestiges were again purchased by another group of investors who opened their first store in 2010 . Establishments in Britain ( edit ) The expanded East India House , London , painted by Thomas Malton in c. 1800 The company 's headquarters in London , from which much of India was governed , was East India House in Leadenhall Street . After occupying premises in Philpot Lane from 1600 to 1621 ; in Crosby House , Bishopsgate , from 1621 to 1638 ; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648 , the company moved into Craven House , an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street . The building had become known as East India House by 1661 . It was completely rebuilt and enlarged in 1726 -- 9 ; and further significantly remodelled and expanded in 1796 -- 1800 . It was finally vacated in 1860 and demolished in 1861 -- 62 . The site is now occupied by the Lloyd 's building . In 1607 , the company decided to build its own ships and leased a yard on the River Thames at Deptford . By 1614 , the yard having become too small , an alternative site was acquired at Blackwall : the new yard was fully operational by 1617 . It was sold in 1656 , although for some years East India Company ships continued to be built and repaired there under the new owners . In 1803 , an Act of Parliament , promoted by the East India Company , established the East India Dock Company , with the aim of establishing a new set of docks ( the East India Docks ) primarily for the use of ships trading with India . The existing Brunswick Dock , part of the Blackwall Yard site , became the Export Dock ; while a new Import Dock was built to the north . In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company . The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909 , and closed in 1967 . Addiscombe Seminary , photographed in c. 1859 , with cadets in the foreground The East India College was founded in 1806 as a training establishment for `` writers '' ( i.e. clerks ) in the company 's service . It was initially located in Hertford Castle , but moved in 1809 to purpose - built premises at Hertford Heath , Hertfordshire . In 1858 the college closed ; but in 1862 the buildings reopened as a public school , now Haileybury and Imperial Service College . The East India Company Military Seminary was founded in 1809 at Addiscombe , near Croydon , Surrey , to train young officers for service in the company 's armies in India . It was based in Addiscombe Place , an early 18th - century mansion . The government took it over in 1858 , and renamed it the Royal Indian Military College . In 1861 it was closed , and the site was subsequently redeveloped . In 1818 , the company entered into an agreement by which those of its servants who were certified insane in India might be cared for at Pembroke House , Hackney , London , a private lunatic asylum run by Dr George Rees until 1838 , and thereafter by Dr William Williams . The arrangement outlasted the company itself , continuing until 1870 , when the India Office opened its own asylum , the Royal India Asylum , at Hanwell , Middlesex . The East India Club in London was formed in 1849 for officers of the company . The Club still exists today as a private gentlemen 's club with its club house situated at 16 St. James 's Square , London . Legacy and criticisms ( edit ) The East India Company was one of the most powerful and enduring organisations in history and had a long lasting impact on the Indian Subcontinent , with both positive and harmful effects . Although dissolved by the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 following the rebellion of 1857 , it stimulated the growth of the British Empire . Its armies were to become the armies of British India after 1857 , and it played a key role in introducing English as an official language in India . This also led to Macaulayism in the Indian subcontinent . Once the East India Company took over Bengal in the treaty of Allahabad ( 1765 ) it collected taxes which It used to further its expansion to the rest of India and did not have to rely on venture capital from London . It returned a high profit to those who risked original money for earlier ventures into Bengal . During the first century of the East India Company 's expansion in India , most people in India lived under regional kings or Nawabs . By the late 18 century many Moghuls were weak in comparison to the rapidly expanding Company as it took over cities and land , built railways , roads and bridges . The first railway of 21 mile ( 33.8 km ) , known as the Great Indian Peninsula Railway ran between Bombay ( Mumbai ) and Tannah ( Thane ) in 1849 . The Company sought quick profits because the financial backers in England took high risks : their money for possible profits or losses through shipwrecks , wars or calamities . The increasingly large territory the Company was annexing and collecting taxes was also run by the local Nawabs . In essence , it was a dual administration . Between 1765 and 1772 Robert Clive gave the responsibility of tax collecting , diwani , to the Indian deputy and judicial and police responsibilities to other Indian deputies . The Company concentrated its new power of collecting revenue and left the responsibilities to the Indian agencies . The East India Company took the beginning steps of British takeover of power in India for centuries to come . In 1772 the Company made Warren Hastings , who had been in India with the Company since 1750 , its first governor general to manage and overview all of the annexed lands . The dual administration system came to an end . Hastings learned Urdu and Persian and took great interest in preserving ancient Sanskrit manuscripts and having the translated into English . He employed many Indians as officials . Hastings used Sanskrit texts for Hindus and Arabic texts for Muslims . This is still used in Indian , Pakistani and Bangladeshi courts today in civil law . Hastings also annexed lands and kingdoms and enriched himself in the process . His enemies in London used this against him to have him impeached . See ( Impeachment of Warren Hastings ) Charles Cornwallis , widely remembered as having surrendered to George Washington in 1781 , replaced Hastings . Cornwallis distrusted Indians and replaced Indians with English . He introduced a system of personal land ownership for Indians . This change caused much conflict since most illiterate people had no idea why they suddenly became land owners to land renters . Mughals often had to choose to fight against the Company and lose everything or cooperate with the Company and receive a big pension but lose the throne . The British East India Company gradually took over most of India by threat , intimidation , bribery or outright war . The East India Company was the first company to record the Chinese usage of orange - flavoured tea , which led to the development of Earl Grey tea . The East India Company introduced a system of merit - based appointments that provided a model for the British and Indian civil service . Widespread corruption and looting of Bengal resources and treasures during its rule resulted in poverty . Famines , such as the Great Bengal famine of 1770 and subsequent famines during the 18th and 19th centuries , became more widespread , chiefly because of exploitative agriculture promulgated by the policies of the East India company and the forced cultivation of opium in place of grain . Symbols ( edit ) Flags ( edit ) Historical depictions Downman ( 1685 ) Lens ( 1700 ) National Geographic ( 1917 ) Rees ( 1820 ) Laurie ( 1842 ) Modern depictions 1600 -- 1707 1707 -- 1801 1801 -- 1874 The English East India Company flag changed with history , with a canton based on the current flag of the Kingdom , and a field of 9 to 13 alternating red and white stripes . From the period of 1600 , the canton consisted of a St George 's Cross representing the Kingdom of England . With the Acts of Union 1707 , the canton was updated to be the new Union Flag -- consisting of an English St George 's Cross combined with a Scottish St Andrew 's cross -- representing the Kingdom of Great Britain . After the Acts of Union 1800 that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom , the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a Saint Patrick 's Saltire replicating the updated Union Flag representing the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Regarding the field of the flag , there has been much debate and discussion regarding the number and order of the stripes . Historical documents and paintings show many variations from 9 to 13 stripes , with some images showing the top stripe 's being red and others showing the top stripe being white . At the time of the American Revolution the East India Company flag was nearly identical to the Grand Union Flag . Historian Charles Fawcett argued that the East India Company Flag inspired the Stars and Stripes . Coat of arms ( edit ) The later coat of arms of the East India Company The East India Company 's original coat of arms was granted in 1600 . The blazon of the arms is as follows : `` Azure , three ships with three masts , rigged and under full sail , the sails , pennants and ensigns Argent , each charged with a cross Gules ; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules , on the 1st and 4th a fleur - de-lis or , on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or , between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert . '' The shield had as a crest : `` A sphere without a frame , bounded with the Zodiac in bend Or , between two pennants flottant Argent , each charged with a cross Gules , over the sphere the words DEUS INDICAT '' ( Latin : God Indicates ) . The supporters were two sea lions ( lions with fishes ' tails ) and the motto was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET ( Latin : Where God Leads , Nothing Harms ) . The East India Company 's arms , granted in 1698 , were : `` Argent a cross Gules ; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the arms of France and England quarterly , the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or . '' The crest was : `` A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper . '' The supporters were : `` Two lions rampant guardant Or , each supporting a banner erect Argent , charged with a cross Gules . '' The motto was AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIÆ ( Latin : Under the auspices of the King and the Senate of England ) . Merchant mark ( edit ) HEIC Merchant 's mark on East India Company Coin : 1791 Half Pice HEIC Merchant 's mark on a Blue Scinde Dawk postage stamp ( 1852 ) When the East India Company was chartered in 1600 , it was still customary for individual merchants or members of companies such as the Company of Merchant Adventurers to have a distinguishing merchant 's mark which often included the mystical `` Sign of Four '' and served as a trademark . The East India Company 's merchant mark consisted of a `` Sign of Four '' atop a heart within which was a saltire between the lower arms of which were the initials `` EIC '' . This mark was a central motif of the East India Company 's coinage and forms the central emblem displayed on the Scinde Dawk postage stamps . Ships ( edit ) See also : East Indiaman and List of ports of call of the British East India Company Ships in Bombay Harbour , c. 1731 Ships of the East India Company were called East Indiamen or simply `` Indiamen '' . The East Indiaman Royal George , 1779 . Royal George was one of the five East Indiamen the Spanish fleet captured in 1780 . During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson . This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships , privateers , and pirates on their voyages to India and China ( that they could do without permission ) but so that , should they have the opportunity to take a prize , they could do so without being guilty of piracy . Similarly , the Earl of Mornington , an East India Company packet ship of only six guns , also sailed under a letter of marque . In addition , the company had its own navy , the Bombay Marine , equipped with warships such as Grappler . These vessels often accompanied vessels of the Royal Navy on expeditions , such as the Invasion of Java . At the Battle of Pulo Aura , which was probably the company 's most notable naval victory , Nathaniel Dance , Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the Warley , led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron , driving them off . Some six years earlier , on 28 January 1797 , five Indiamen , the Woodford , under Captain Charles Lennox , the Taunton - Castle , Captain Edward Studd , Canton , Captain Abel Vyvyan , Boddam , Captain George Palmer , and Ocean , Captain John Christian Lochner , had encountered Admiral de Sercey and his squadron of frigates . On this occasion the Indiamen also succeeded in bluffing their way to safety , and without any shots even being fired . Lastly , on 15 June 1795 , the General Goddard played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena . East Indiamen were large and strongly built and when the Royal Navy was desperate for vessels to escort merchant convoys it bought several of them to convert to warships . Earl of Mornington became HMS Drake . Other examples include : HMS Calcutta ( 1795 ) HMS Glatton ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1804 ) HMS Malabar ( 1804 ) HMS Buffalo ( 1813 ) Their design as merchant vessels meant that their performance in the warship role was underwhelming and the Navy converted them to transports . Records ( edit ) Main article : India Office Records Unlike all other British Government records , the records from the East India Company ( and its successor the India Office ) are not in The National Archives at Kew , London , but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia , Pacific and Africa Collections . The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues . Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library . Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships ' journals and logs , 1600 -- 1834 ; and of some of the company 's daughter institutions , including the East India Company College , Haileybury , and Addiscombe Military Seminary . See also ( edit ) British Empire portal Companies portal East India Company : List of East India Company directors Governor - General of India Chief Justice of Bengal Advocate - General of Bengal Chief Justice of Madras List of trading companies East India Company Cemetery in Macau Category : Honourable East India Company regiments Economy of India under Company rule Indian Rebellion of 1857 Indian independence movement General : British Imperial Lifeline Lascar Carnatic Wars Commercial Revolution Political warfare in British colonial India Trade between Western Europe and the Mughal Empire in the 17th century Whampoa anchorage Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ As of 30 December 1600 , the company 's official name was : Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies . Jump up ^ Carey , W.H. ( 1882 ) . 1882 -- The Good Old Days of Honourable John Company . Simla : Argus Press . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock . ^ Jump up to : `` Books associated with Trading Places -- the East India Company and Asia 1600 -- 1834 , an Exhibition '' . Archived from the original on 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Baladouni , Vahe ( Fall 1983 ) . `` Accounting in the Early Years of the East India Company '' . The Accounting Historians Journal . The Academy of Accounting Historians. 10 ( 2 ) : 63 -- 80 . JSTOR 40697780 . Jump up ^ https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-British-1600-1740#ref485999 ^ Jump up to : Dalrymple , William ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` The East India Company : The original corporate raiders '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The finances of the East India Company in India , c. 1766 - 1859 , John F. Richards '' . Jump up ^ This is the argument of Robins ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Desai , Tripta ( 1984 ) . The East India Company : A Brief Survey from 1599 to 1857 . Kanak Publications . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Imperial Gazetteer of India '' . II . 1908 : 454 . ^ Jump up to : Wernham , R.B ( 1994 ) . The Return of the Armadas : The Last Years of the Elizabethan Wars Against Spain 1595 -- 1603 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. 333 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 820443 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : McCulloch , John Ramsay ( 1833 ) . A Treatise on the Principles , Practice , & History of Commerce . Baldwin and Cradock . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Leinwand 2006 . Jump up ^ ' Ralph Fitch : An Elizabethan Merchant in Chiang Mai ; and ' Ralph Fitch 's Account of Chiang Mai in 1586 - 1587 ' in : Forbes , Andrew , and Henley , David , Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 1 . Chiang Mai , Cognoscenti Books , 2012 . Jump up ^ Prasad , Ram Chandra ( 1980 ) . Early English Travellers in India : A Study in the Travel Literature of the Elizabethan and Jacobean Periods with Particular Reference to India . Motilal Banarsidass . p. 45 . ISBN 9788120824652 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford , Cal. : Stanford University Press . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2864 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` East Indies : September 1599 '' . british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Kerr , Robert ( 1813 ) . A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels. 8 . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Timbs , John ( 1855 ) . Curiosities of London : Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of Interest in the Metropolis . D. Bogue . p. 264 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Brian ( 1972 ) . The East India Company : a History . McCall Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8415 - 0124 - 6 . Jump up ^ Dulles ( 1969 ) , p106 . Jump up ^ Foster , Sir William . England 's quest of eastern trade ( 1933 ed . ) . London : A. & C. Black . p. 157 . ^ Jump up to : East India Company ( 1897 ) . List of factory records of the late East India Company : preserved in the Record Department of the India Office , London . p. vi . ^ Jump up to : The battle of Plassey ended the tax on the Indian goods . Indian History Sourcebook : England , India , and The East Indies , 1617 A.D Jump up ^ Tyacke , Sarah ( 2008 ) . `` Gabriel Tatton 's Maritime Atlas of the East Indies , 1620 -- 1621 : Portsmouth Royal Naval Museum , Admiralty Library Manuscript , MSS 352 '' . Imago Mundi. 60 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 62 . doi : 10.1080 / 03085690701669293 . Jump up ^ http://www.neatorama.com/2012/08/06/The-Nutmeg-Wars/ Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . 1600 The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 5 , 13 : 16 ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Liulevicius , Professor Vejas Gabriel ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . 1600 The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 5 , 13 : 16 ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Liulevicius , Professor Vejas Gabriel ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . 1600 The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 5 , 15 : 18 ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Liulevicius , Professor Vejas Gabriel ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Riddick , John F. ( 2006 ) . The history of British India : a chronology . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32280 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` East India Company '' ( 1911 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition , Volume 8 , p. 835 Jump up ^ `` Asia facts , information , pictures -- Encyclopedia.com articles about Asia '' . encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford University Press . pp. 82 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2864 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hayami , Akira ( 2015 ) . Japan 's Industrious Revolution : Economic and Social Transformations in the Early Modern Period . Springer . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 431 - 55142 - 3 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Douglas R ( 2009 ) . The Pirates ' Pact : The Secret Alliances Between History 's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 147476 - 4 . Jump up ^ Burgess 2009 , p. 144 Jump up ^ Fox , E.T. ( 2008 ) . King of the Pirates : The Swashbuckling Life of Henry Every . London : Tempus Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4718 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The British East India Company -- the Company that Owned a Nation . George P. Landow '' . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , P.D.G. ( 2008 ) `` Pratt , Charles , first Earl Camden ( 1714 -- 1794 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , online edn . Retrieved 15 February 2008 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Janssens , Koen ( 2009 ) . Annales Du 17e Congrès D'Associationi Internationale Pour L'histoire Du Verre . Asp / Vubpress / Upa . p. 366 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5487 - 618 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` SALTPETER the secret salt -- Salt made the world go round '' . salt.org.il . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Years ' War in the Philippines '' . Land Forces of Britain , the Empire and Commonwealth . Archived from the original on 10 July 2004 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gerald Bryant ( 1978 ) . `` Officers of the East India Company 's army in the days of Clive and Hastings '' . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 6 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 27 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086537808582508 . Jump up ^ James Stuart Olson ; Robert Shadle ( 1996 ) . Historical Dictionary of the British Empire . Greenwood . pp. 252 -- 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29366 - 5 . Jump up ^ Capper , John ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` Delhi , the Capital of India '' . Asian Educational Services . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 1282 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Cholera 's seven pandemics '' . CBC News . 2 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Richard ( 2005 ) . Sahib : the British soldier in India , 1750 -- 1914 . London : HarperCollins . p. 474 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713753 - 2 . Jump up ^ McElwee , William ( 1974 ) . The Art of War : Waterloo to Mons . Purnell Book Services . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Tolan , John ; Veinstein , Gilles ; Henry Laurens ( 2013 ) . `` Europe and the Islamic World : A History '' . Princeton University Press . pp. 275 -- 276 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14705 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Windle , James ( 2012 ) . `` Insights for Contemporary Drug Policy : A Historical Account of Opium Control in India and Pakistan '' . Asian Journal of Criminology. 7 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 74 . doi : 10.1007 / s11417 - 011 - 9104 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` EAST INDIA COMPANY FACTORY RECORDS Sources from the British Library , LondonPart 1 : China and Japan '' . ampltd.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Harcourt , Freda ( 2006 ) . Flagships of Imperialism : The P & O Company and the Politics of Empire from Its Origins to 1867 . Manchester University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84779 - 145 - 0 . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 7 : 38 - 4 : 33 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Keay , John ( 1991 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . Macmillan Publishing Company , New York p. 385 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Frank . Britain 's Betrayal in India : The Story of the Anglo Indian Community . Second Edition . London : The Simon Wallenberg Press , 2007 Pages 18 -- 19 , 42 , 45 . Jump up ^ Langdon , Marcus ; `` Penang : The Fourth Presidency of India 1805 -- 1830 , Volume One : Ships , Men and Mansions '' , Areca Books , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 967 - 5719 - 07 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Kapur '' . Jump up ^ `` Saint Helena Act 1833 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ M. Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ David , Saul ( 4 September 2003 ) . The Indian Mutiny : 1857 ( 4th ed . ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 0141005548 . Jump up ^ East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 ( 36 & 37 Vict. 17 ) s . 36 : `` On the First day of June One thousand eight hundred and seventy - four , and on payment by the East India Company of all unclaimed dividends on East India Stock to such accounts as are herein - before mentioned in pursuance of the directions herein - before contained , the powers of the East India Company shall cease , and the said Company shall be dissolved . '' Where possible , the stock was redeemed through commutation ( i.e. exchanging the stock for other securities or money ) on terms agreed with the stockholders ( ss. 5 -- 8 ) , but stockholders who did not agree to commute their holdings had their stock compulsorily redeemed on 30 April 1874 by payment of £ 200 for every £ 100 of stock held ( s . 13 ) . Jump up ^ `` Not many days ago the House of Commons passed '' . Times . London . 8 April 1873 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 , pp. 125 -- 32 . Jump up ^ `` East India Club '' . Jump up ^ Rao , M.A. ( 1988 ) . Indian Railways , New Delhi : National Book Trust , p. 15 Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 19 : 11 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 17 : 27 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 16 : 00 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 9 : 27 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ `` Bringing back John Company '' . Jump up ^ `` The Company that ruled the waves '' , in The Economist , 17 -- 30 December 2011 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Davis , Mike . Late Victorian Holocausts . New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Moxham , Roy . `` Lecture : THE EAST INDIA COMPANY 'S SEIZURE OF BENGAL AND HOW THIS LED TO THE GREAT BENGAL FAMINE OF 1770 '' . You Tube . Brick Lane Circle . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Fawcett , Charles ( 30 July 2013 ) . Rob Raeside , ed . `` The Striped Flag of the East India Company , and its Connexion with the American `` Stars and Stripes '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` East India Company '' . Hubert Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ East India Company coin 1791 , half pice , as illustrated . Jump up ^ `` Scinde District Dawks -- The Premier Stamps of Asia '' , excerpted by M.J. Shah from Manik Jain and S.B. Kothari , The Silver Key to The Golden Treasure of Indian Philately . Jump up ^ Sutton , Jean ( 1981 ) Lords of the East : The East India Company and Its Ships . London : Conway Maritime Jump up ^ A2A -- Access to Archives Home Jump up ^ Farrington ( ed . ) , Anthony ( 1999 ) . Catalogue of East India Company ships ' journals and logs : 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4646 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 . Further reading ( edit ) Andrews , Kenneth R. ( 1985 ) . Trade , Plunder , and Settlement : Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire , 1480 -- 1630 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 25760 - 3 . Bowen , H.V. ( 1991 ) . Revenue and Reform : The Indian Problem in British Politics , 1757 -- 1773 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40316 - 2 . Bowen , H.V. ( 2003 ) . Margarette Lincoln ; Nigel Rigby , eds . The Worlds of the East India Company . Rochester , NY : Brewer . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 877 - 3 . ; 14 essays by scholars Brenner , Robert ( 1993 ) . Merchants and Revolution : Commercial Change , Political Conflict , and London 's Overseas Traders , 1550 -- 1653 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05594 - 7 . Carruthers , Bruce G. ( 1996 ) . City of Capital : Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04455 - 2 . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1965 ) . The English East India Company : The Study of an Early Joint - Stock Company , 1600 -- 1640 . London : Cass . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1978 ) . The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company , 1660 -- 1760 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 21716 - 4 . Chaudhury , S. ( 1999 ) . Merchants , Companies , and Trade : Europe and Asia in the Early Modern Era . London : Cambridge University Press . Dalrymple , William ( March 2015 ) . The East India Company : The original corporate raiders . `` For a century , the East India Company conquered , subjugated and plundered vast tracts of south Asia . The lessons of its brutal reign have never been more relevant . '' The Guardian Dirks , Nicholas ( 2006 ) . The Scandal of Empire : India and the creation of Imperial Britain . Cambridge , Massachusetts , London , England : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02166 - 5 . Dodwell , Henry . Dupleix and Clive : Beginning of Empire . ( 1968 ) . Dulles , Foster Rhea . Eastward ho ! The first English adventurers to the Orient ( 1969 ed . ) . Freeport , New York : Books for Libraries Press . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 1256 - X . Farrington , Anthony ( 2002 ) . Trading Places : The East India Company and Asia , 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4756 - 9 . Furber , Holden . John Company at Work : A study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth century ( Harvard University Press , 1948 ) Furber , Holden ( 1976 ) . Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient , 1600 -- 1800 . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0787 - 7 . Greenwood , Adrian ( 2015 ) . Victoria 's Scottish Lion : The Life of Colin Campbell , Lord Clyde . UK : History Press . p. 496 . ISBN 0 - 75095 - 685 - 2 . Harrington , Jack ( 2010 ) , Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India , New York : Palgrave Macmillan. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10885 - 1 Keay , John ( 2010 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . HarperCollins UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 739554 - 5 . Lawson , Philip ( 1993 ) . The East India Company : A History . London : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 07386 - 3 . Leinwand , Theodore B. ( 2006 ) . Theatre , Finance and Society in Early Modern England . Cambridge University . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 03466 - 1 . Misra , B.B. The Central Administration of the East India Company , 1773 -- 1834 ( 1959 ) O'Connor , Daniel ( 2012 ) . The Chaplains of the East India Company , 1601 -- 1858 . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 7534 - 2 . Oak , Mandar , and Anand V. Swamy . `` Myopia or strategic behavior ? Indian regimes and the East India Company in late eighteenth century India . '' Explorations in economic history 49.3 ( 2012 ) : 352 -- 366 . Philips , C.H. The East India Company 1784 -- 1834 ( 2nd ed. 1961 ) , on its internal workings Riddick , John F. excerpt and text search The history of British India : a chronology ( 2006 ) , covers 1599 -- 1947 Riddick , John F. Who Was Who in British India ( 1998 ) , covers 1599 -- 1947 Ruffner , Murray ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinking Past . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . Risley ( ed . ) , Sir Herbert H. ; et al. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Historical , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 2 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M. Secretary of State for India CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Risley ( ed . ) , Sir Herbert H. ; et al. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Administrative , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 4 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M Secretary of State for India CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Robins , Nick ( December 2004 ) . The world 's first multinational , in the New Statesman Robins , Nick ( 2006 ) . The Corporation that Changed the World : How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational . London : Pluto Press . ISBN 0 - 7453 - 2524 - 6 . Sen , Sudipta ( 1998 ) . Empire of Free Trade : The East India Company and the Making of the Colonial Marketplace . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3426 - 8 . Sharpe , Brandon ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinkingpast.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . St. John , Ian . The Making of the Raj : India Under the East India Company ( ABC - CLIO , 2011 ) Steensgaard , Niels ( 1975 ) . The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century : The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 77138 - 5 . Stern , Philip J. The Company - State : Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India ( 2011 ) Sutherland , Lucy S. ( 1952 ) . The East India Company in Eighteenth - Century Politics . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Williams , Roger ( 2015 ) . London 's Lost Global Giant : In Search of the East India Company . London : Bristol Book Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9928466 - 2 - 6 . Historiography ( edit ) Farrington ( ed . ) , Anthony ( 1976 ) . The Records of the East India College , Haileybury , & other institutions . London : H.M.S.O. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Stern , Philip J. ( 2009 ) `` History and historiography of the English East India Company : Past , present , and future ! . '' History Compass 7.4 ( 2009 ) : 1146 -- 1180 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to British East India Company . Charter of 1600 East India Company on In Our Time at the BBC . Seals and Insignias of East India Company The Secret Trade The basis of the monopoly . Trading Places -- a learning resource from the British Library Port Cities : History of the East India Company Ships of the East India Company Plant Cultures : East India Company in India History and Politics : East India Company Nick Robins , `` The world 's first multinational '' , 13 December 2004 , New Statesman East India Company : Its History and Results article by Karl Marx , MECW Volume 12 , p. 148 in Marxists Internet Archive Text of East India Company Act 1773 Text of East India Company Act 1784 `` The East India Company -- a corporate route to Europe '' on BBC Radio 4 's In Our Time featuring Huw Bowen , Linda Colley and Maria Misra HistoryMole Timeline : The British East India Company William Howard Hooker Collection : East Indiaman Thetis Logbook ( # 472 - 003 ) , East Carolina Manuscript Collection , J.Y. Joyner Library , East Carolina University Chartered companies British African Company of Merchants Barbary Company British American Land Company British East Africa Company Canada Company Company of Merchant Adventurers of London Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands Company of Scotland East India Company Eastern Archipelago Company Eastland Company French Company Greenland Company Guinea Company Hudson 's Bay Company Levant Company London and Bristol Company Massachusetts Bay Company Muscovy Company New Zealand Company North Borneo Company Providence Island Company Royal African Company Royal British Bank Royal Niger Company Royal West Indian Company South Africa Company Sierra Leone Company Somers Isles Company South Australian Company South Sea Company Spanish Company Venice Company Virginia Company French Compagnie de l'Occident Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique Company of One Hundred Associates East India Company Mississippi Company Senegal Company West India Company German Brandenburg African Company East Africa Company Emden Company New Guinea Company West African Company Portuguese List ( pt ) Cacheu and Cape Verde Company East India Company Grão Pará and Maranhão Company ( pt ) Company of Guinea House of India Mozambique Company Nyassa Company Pernambuco and Paraíba Company ( pt ) Austrian and Low Countries Australische Compagnie ( fr ) Brabantsche Compagnie Dutch East India Company Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp Imperial Privileged Oriental Company New Netherland Company Noordsche Compagnie Ostend Company West India Company Scandinavian Det Afrikanske Kompagni ( da ) Asiatisk Kompagni ( da ) Danish East India Company Danish West India Company Royal Greenland Swedish Africa Company Swedish East India Company Swedish Levant Company Swedish South Company Swedish West India Company Book European and American trade in Qing China Topics Canton System Cohong East India Company James Flint Old China Trade Thirteen Factories Chinese Hongs Ewo Hong Howqua Foreign Hongs Augustine Heard and Company Augustine Heard Albert Heard Dent & Co . Lancelot Dent John Dent Dodwell & Co . Gibb , Livingston & Co . Hugh Bold Gibb Jardine , Matheson & Co . William Jardine James Matheson John Abel Smith Magniac & Co . Daniel Beale Thomas Beale Thomas Chaye Beale Hollingworth Magniac Olyphant & Co . David Olyphant Robert Morrison Olyphant Russell & Company Robert Bennet Forbes John Cleve Green Abiel Abbot Low William Henry Low Samuel Russell Russell Sturgis Shewan , Tomes & Co . Robert Shewan David Sassoon & Co . David Sassoon Chinese Officials Lin Zexu Key Locations Amoy Canton Foochow Hong Kong Macau Shanghai BNF : cb13516315z ( data ) GND : 2052078 - 5 ISNI : 0000 0001 2187 2375 LCCN : n79118917 SUDOC : 027501884 VIAF : 239176400 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&oldid=843167781 '' Categories : British East India Company British colonisation of Asia British Ceylon British Malaya British rule in Singapore British Indian history Colonial Indian companies Chartered companies Defunct companies of England Former monopolies Trading companies Trade monopolies History of Kolkata History of Bengal History of Maharashtra History of West Bengal History of India History of Pakistan History of foreign trade in China Mysore invasion of Kerala Defunct companies of the United Kingdom Companies established in 1600 Companies disestablished in 1857 1600 establishments in England 1600s establishments in British India 1600s establishments in India 1600 establishments in Asia 1874 disestablishments in the British Empire 1874 disestablishments in British India 1870s disestablishments in India 1874 disestablishments in Asia Age of Sail Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list EngvarB from August 2017 Use dmy dates from February 2018 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from March 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016 Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 65 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 10 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20India%20Company

what is the history of the book of genesis

Book of Genesis

book of genesis

The Book of Genesis ( from the Latin Vulgate , in turn borrowed or transliterated from Greek `` γένεσις '' , meaning `` Origin '' ; Hebrew : בְּרֵאשִׁית ‬ , `` Bərēšīṯ '' , `` In ( the ) beginning '' ) is the first book of the Hebrew Bible ( the Tanakh ) and the Old Testament . It can be divided into two parts , the Primeval history ( chapters 1 -- 11 ) and the Ancestral history ( chapters 12 -- 50 ) . The primeval history sets out the author 's ( or authors ' ) concepts of the nature of the deity and of humankind 's relationship with its maker : God creates a world which is good and fit for mankind , but when man corrupts it with sin God decides to destroy his creation , saving only the righteous Noah to reestablish the relationship between man and God . The Ancestral History ( chapters 12 -- 50 ) tells of the prehistory of Israel , God 's chosen people . At God 's command Noah 's descendant Abraham journeys from his home into the land of Canaan , given to him by God , where he dwells as a sojourner , as does his son Isaac and his grandson Jacob . Jacob 's name is changed to Israel , and through the agency of his son Joseph , the children of Israel descend into Egypt , 70 people in all with their households , and God promises them a future of greatness . Genesis ends with Israel in Egypt , ready for the coming of Moses and the Exodus . The narrative is punctuated by a series of covenants with God , successively narrowing in scope from all mankind ( the covenant with Noah ) to a special relationship with one people alone ( Abraham and his descendants through Isaac and Jacob ) .

In Judaism , the theological importance of Genesis centers on the covenants linking God to his chosen people and the people to the Promised Land . Christianity has interpreted Genesis as the prefiguration of certain cardinal Christian beliefs , primarily the need for salvation ( the hope or assurance of all Christians ) and the redemptive act of Christ on the Cross as the fulfillment of covenant promises as the Son of God . Tradition credits Moses as the author of Genesis , as well as Exodus , Book of Leviticus , Numbers and most of Book of Deuteronomy , but modern scholars increasingly see them as a product of the 6th and 5th centuries BC . Contents 1 Structure 2 Summary 3 Composition 3.1 Title and textual witnesses 3.2 Origins 3.3 Genre 4 Themes 4.1 Promises to the ancestors 4.2 God 's chosen people 5 Judaism 's weekly Torah portions 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 9.1 Commentaries on Genesis 9.2 General 10 External links Structure ( edit ) Genesis appears to be structured around the recurring phrase elleh toledot , meaning `` these are the generations , '' with the first use of the phrase referring to the `` generations of heaven and earth '' and the remainder marking individuals -- Noah , the `` sons of Noah '' , Shem , etc. , down to Jacob . It is not clear , however , what this meant to the original authors , and most modern commentators divide it into two parts based on subject matter , a `` primeval history '' ( chapters 1 -- 11 ) and a `` patriarchal history '' ( chapters 12 -- 50 ) . While the first is far shorter than the second , it sets out the basic themes and provides an interpretive key for understanding the entire book . The `` primeval history '' has a symmetrical structure hinging on chapters 6 -- 9 , the flood story , with the events before the flood mirrored by the events after ; the `` ancestral history '' is structured around the three patriarchs Abraham , Jacob and Joseph . ( The stories of Isaac do not make up a coherent cycle of stories and function as a bridge between the cycles of Abraham and Jacob ) . Summary ( edit ) See also : Primeval history and Patriarchal age The Angel Hinders the Offering of Isaac ( Rembrandt , 1635 ) God creates the world in six days and consecrates the seventh as a day of rest . God creates the first humans Adam and Eve and all the animals in the Garden of Eden but instructs them not to eat the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil . A talking serpent portrayed as a deceptive creature or trickster , entices Eve into eating it anyway , and she entices Adam , whereupon God throws them out and curses them -- Adam to getting what he needs only by sweat and work , and Eve to giving birth in pain . This is interpreted by Christians as the fall of humanity . Eve bears two sons , Cain and Abel . Cain kills Abel after God accepts Abel 's offering but not Cain 's . God then curses Cain . Eve bears another son , Seth , to take Abel 's place . After many generations of Adam have passed from the lines of Cain and Seth , the world becomes corrupted by human sin and Nephilim , and God determines to wipe out humanity . First , he instructs the righteous Noah and his family to build an ark and put examples of all the animals on it , seven pairs of every clean animal and one pair of every unclean . Then God sends a great flood to wipe out the rest of the world . When the waters recede , God promises that he will not destroy the world a second time with water with the rainbow as a symbol of his promise . God sees mankind cooperating to build a great tower city , the Tower of Babel , and divides humanity with many languages and sets them apart with confusion . God instructs Abram to travel from his home in Mesopotamia to the land of Canaan . There , God makes a covenant with Abram , promising that his descendants shall be as numerous as the stars , but that people will suffer oppression in a foreign land for four hundred years , after which they will inherit the land `` from the river of Egypt to the great river , the river Euphrates '' . Abram 's name is changed to Abraham and that of his wife Sarai to Sarah , and circumcision of all males is instituted as the sign of the covenant . Because Sarah is old , she tells Abraham to take her Egyptian handmaiden , Hagar , as a second wife . Through Hagar , Abraham fathers Ishmael . God resolves to destroy the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah for the sins of their people . Abraham protests and gets God to agree not to destroy the cities if 10 righteous men can be found . Angels save Abraham 's nephew Lot and his family , but his wife looks back on the destruction against their command and is turned into a pillar of salt . Lot 's daughters , concerned that they are fugitives who will never find husbands , get him drunk to become pregnant by him , and give birth to the ancestors of the Moabites and Ammonites . Abraham and Sarah go to the Philistine town of Gerar , pretending to be brother and sister ( they are half - siblings ) . The King of Gerar takes Sarah for his wife , but God warns him to return her , and he obeys . God sends Sarah a son to be named Isaac , through whom the covenant will be established . At Sarah 's insistence , Ishmael and his mother Hagar are driven out into the wilderness , but God saves them and promises to make Ishmael a great nation . God tests Abraham by demanding that he sacrifice Isaac . As Abraham is about to lay the knife upon his son , God restrains him , promising him numberless descendants . On the death of Sarah , Abraham purchases Machpelah ( believed to be modern Hebron ) for a family tomb and sends his servant to Mesopotamia to find among his relations a wife for Isaac , and Rebekah is chosen . Other children are born to Abraham by another wife , Keturah , among whose descendants are the Midianites , and he dies in a prosperous old age and is buried in his tomb at Hebron . Isaac 's wife Rebecca gives birth to the twins Esau , father of the Edomites , and Jacob . Through deception , Jacob becomes the heir instead of Esau and gains his father 's blessing . He flees to his uncle where he prospers and earns his two wives , Rachel and Leah . Jacob 's name is changed to Israel , and by his wives and their handmaidens he has twelve sons , the ancestors of the twelve tribes of the Children of Israel , and a daughter , Dinah . Joseph , Jacob 's favorite son , is sold into slavery in Egypt by his jealous brothers . But Joseph prospers , after hardship , with God 's guidance of interpreting Pharaoh 's dream of upcoming famine . He is then reunited with his father and brothers , who fail to recognize him , and plead for food . After much manipulation , he reveals himself and lets them and their households into Egypt , where Pharaoh assigns to them the land of Goshen . Jacob calls his sons to his bedside and reveals their future before he dies . Joseph lives to an old age and exhorts his brethren , if God should lead them out of the country , to take his bones with them . Composition ( edit ) Abram 's Journey from Ur to Canaan ( József Molnár , 1850 ) Title and textual witnesses ( edit ) Genesis takes its Hebrew title from the first word of the first sentence , Bereshit , meaning `` In the beginning ( of ) '' ; in the Greek Septuagint it was called Genesis , from the phrase `` the generations of heaven and earth '' . There are four major textual witnesses to the book : the Masoretic Text , the Samaritan Pentateuch , the Septuagint , and fragments of Genesis found at Qumran . The Qumran group provides the oldest manuscripts but covers only a small proportion of the book ; in general , the Masoretic Text is well preserved and reliable , but there are many individual instances where the other versions preserve a superior reading . Origins ( edit ) Main article : Documentary hypothesis For much of the 20th century most scholars agreed that the five books of the Pentateuch -- Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers and Deuteronomy -- came from four sources , the Yahwist , the Elohist , the Deuteronomist and the Priestly source , each telling the same basic story , and joined together by various editors . Since the 1970s there has been a revolution in scholarship : the Elohist source is now widely regarded as no more than a variation on the Yahwist , while the Priestly source is increasingly seen not as a document but as a body of revisions and expansions to the Yahwist ( or `` non-Priestly '' ) material . ( The Deuteronomistic source does not appear in Genesis ) . Examples of repeated and duplicate stories are used to identify the separate sources . In Genesis these include three different accounts of a Patriarch claiming that his wife was his sister , the two creation stories , and the two versions of Abraham sending Hagar and Ishmael into the desert . This leaves the question of when these works were created . Scholars in the first half of the 20th century came to the conclusion that the Yahwist was produced in the monarchic period , specifically at the court of Solomon , 10th century BC , and the Priestly work in the middle of the 5th century BC ( the author was even identified as Ezra ) , but more recent thinking is that the Yahwist was written either just before or during the Babylonian exile of the 6th century BC , and the Priestly final edition was made late in the Exilic period or soon after . As for why the book was created , a theory which has gained considerable interest , although still controversial is `` Persian imperial authorisation '' . This proposes that the Persians of the Achaemenid Empire , after their conquest of Babylon in 539 BC , agreed to grant Jerusalem a large measure of local autonomy within the empire , but required the local authorities to produce a single law code accepted by the entire community . The two powerful groups making up the community -- the priestly families who controlled the Temple and who traced their origin to Moses and the wilderness wanderings , and the major landowning families who made up the `` elders '' and who traced their own origins to Abraham , who had `` given '' them the land -- were in conflict over many issues , and each had its own `` history of origins '' , but the Persian promise of greatly increased local autonomy for all provided a powerful incentive to cooperate in producing a single text . Genre ( edit ) Genesis is perhaps best seen as an example of a creation myth , a type of literature telling of the first appearance of humans , the stories of ancestors and heroes , and the origins of culture , cities and so forth . The most notable examples are found in the work of Greek historians of the 6th century BC : their intention was to connect notable families of their own day to a distant and heroic past , and in doing so they did not distinguish between myth , legend , and facts . Professor Jean - Louis Ska of the Pontifical Biblical Institute calls the basic rule of the antiquarian historian the `` law of conservation '' : everything old is valuable , nothing is eliminated . Ska also points out the purpose behind such antiquarian histories : antiquity is needed to prove the worth of Israel 's traditions to the nations ( the neighbours of the Jews in early Persian Palestine ) , and to reconcile and unite the various factions within Israel itself . Themes ( edit ) Joseph recognized by his brothers ( Léon Pierre Urban Bourgeois , 1863 ) Promises to the ancestors ( edit ) In 1978 David Clines published his influential The Theme of the Pentateuch -- influential because he was one of the first to take up the question of the theme of the entire five books . Clines ' conclusion was that the overall theme is `` the partial fulfillment -- which implies also the partial nonfulfillment -- of the promise to or blessing of the Patriarchs '' . ( By calling the fulfillment `` partial '' Clines was drawing attention to the fact that at the end of Deuteronomy the people are still outside Canaan ) . The patriarchs , or ancestors , are Abraham , Isaac and Jacob , with their wives ( Joseph is normally excluded ) . Since the name YHWH had not been revealed to them , they worshipped El in his various manifestations . ( It is , however , worth noting that in the Jahwist source the patriarchs refer to deity by the name YHWH , for example in Genesis 15 . ) Through the patriarchs God announces the election of Israel , meaning that he has chosen Israel to be his special people and committed himself to their future . God tells the patriarchs that he will be faithful to their descendants ( i.e. to Israel ) , and Israel is expected to have faith in God and his promise . ( `` Faith '' in the context of Genesis and the Hebrew Bible means agreement to the promissory relationship , not a body of belief ) . The promise itself has three parts : offspring , blessings , and land . The fulfilment of the promise to each patriarch depends on having a male heir , and the story is constantly complicated by the fact that each prospective mother -- Sarah , Rebekah and Rachel -- is barren . The ancestors , however , retain their faith in God and God in each case gives a son -- in Jacob 's case , twelve sons , the foundation of the chosen Israelites . All three promises are more richly fulfilled in each succeeding generation , until through Joseph `` all the world '' is saved from famine , and by bringing the children of Israel down to Egypt he becomes the means through which the promise can be fulfilled . God 's chosen people ( edit ) Scholars generally agree that the theme of divine promise unites the patriarchal cycles , but many would dispute the efficacy of trying to examine Genesis ' theology by pursuing a single overarching theme , instead citing as more productive the analysis of the Abraham cycle , the Jacob cycle , and the Joseph cycle , and the Yahwist and Priestly sources . The problem lies in finding a way to unite the patriarchal theme of divine promise to the stories of Genesis 1 -- 11 ( the primeval history ) with their theme of God 's forgiveness in the face of man 's evil nature . One solution is to see the patriarchal stories as resulting from God 's decision not to remain alienated from mankind : God creates the world and mankind , mankind rebels , and God `` elects '' ( chooses ) Abraham . To this basic plot ( which comes from the Yahwist ) the Priestly source has added a series of covenants dividing history into stages , each with its own distinctive `` sign '' . The first covenant is between God and all living creatures , and is marked by the sign of the rainbow ; the second is with the descendants of Abraham ( Ishmaelites and others as well as Israelites ) , and its sign is circumcision ; and the last , which does n't appear until the book of Exodus , is with Israel alone , and its sign is Sabbath . Each covenant is mediated by a great leader ( Noah , Abraham , Moses ) , and at each stage God progressively reveals himself by his name ( Elohim with Noah , El Shaddai with Abraham , Yahweh with Moses ) . Judaism 's weekly Torah portions ( edit ) Main article : Weekly Torah portion First Day of Creation ( from the 1493 Nuremberg Chronicle ) Bereshit , on Genesis 1 -- 6 : Creation , Eden , Adam and Eve , Cain and Abel , Lamech , wickedness Noach , on Genesis 6 -- 11 : Noah 's Ark , the Flood , Noah 's drunkenness , the Tower of Babel Lech - Lecha , on Genesis 12 -- 17 : Abraham , Sarah , Lot , covenant , Hagar and Ishmael , circumcision Vayeira , on Genesis 18 -- 22 : Abraham 's visitors , Sodomites , Lot 's visitors and flight , Hagar expelled , binding of Isaac Chayei Sarah , on Genesis 23 -- 25 : Sarah buried , Rebekah for Isaac Toledot , on Genesis 25 -- 28 : Esau and Jacob , Esau 's birthright , Isaac 's blessing Vayetze , on Genesis 28 -- 32 : Jacob flees , Rachel , Leah , Laban , Jacob 's children and departure Vayishlach , on Genesis 32 -- 36 : Jacob 's reunion with Esau , the rape of Dinah Vayeshev , on Genesis 37 -- 40 : Joseph 's dreams , coat , and slavery , Judah with Tamar , Joseph and Potiphar Miketz , on Genesis 41 -- 44 : Pharaoh 's dream , Joseph 's in government , Joseph 's brothers visit Egypt Vayigash , on Genesis 44 -- 47 : Joseph reveals himself , Jacob moves to Egypt Vaychi , on Genesis 47 -- 50 : Jacob 's blessings , death of Jacob and of Joseph See also ( edit ) Bible portal Dating the Bible Enûma Eliš Genesis creation narrative Genesis 1 : 1 Historicity of the Bible Mosaic authorship Paradise Lost Protevangelium Wife -- sister narratives in the Book of Genesis Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Weekly Torah portions , Parashot , divide the book into 12 readings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hamilton ( 1990 ) , p. 1 Jump up ^ Bergant 2013 , p. xii . Jump up ^ Bandstra 2008 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Bandstra 2008 , p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : Bandstra ( 2004 ) , pp. 28 -- 29 Jump up ^ Van Seters ( 1998 ) , p. 5 ^ Jump up to : Davies ( 1998 ) , p. 37 Jump up ^ Hamilton ( 1990 ) , p. 2 Jump up ^ Whybray ( 1997 ) , p. 41 Jump up ^ McKeown ( 2008 ) , p. 2 Jump up ^ Walsh ( 2001 ) , p. 112 Jump up ^ Bergant 2013 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Bergant 2013 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Carr 2000 , p. 491 . Jump up ^ Hendel , R.S. ( 1992 ) . `` Genesis , Book of '' . In D.N. Freedman ( Ed . ) , The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary ( Vol. 2 , p. 933 ) . New York : Doubleday Jump up ^ Gooder ( 2000 ) , pp. 12 -- 14 Jump up ^ Van Seters ( 2004 ) , pp. 30 -- 86 Jump up ^ Lawrence Boadt ; Richard J. Clifford ; Daniel J. Harrington ( 2012 ) . Reading the Old Testament : An Introduction . Paulist Press . Jump up ^ Ska ( 2006 ) , pp. 169 , 217 -- 18 Jump up ^ Van Seters ( 2004 ) pp. 113 -- 14 Jump up ^ Whybray ( 2001 ) , p. 39 ^ Jump up to : Ska ( 2006 ) , p. 169 Jump up ^ Clines ( 1997 ) , p. 30 ^ Jump up to : Hamilton ( 1990 ) , p. 50 Jump up ^ John J Collins ( 2007 ) , A Short Introduction to the Hebrew Bible , Fortress Press , p. 47 Jump up ^ Brueggemann ( 2002 ) , p. 61 Jump up ^ Brueggemann ( 2002 ) , p. 78 Jump up ^ McKeown ( 2008 ) , p. 4 Jump up ^ Wenham ( 2003 ) , p. 34 Jump up ^ Hamilton ( 1990 ) , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Hendel , R.S. ( 1992 ) . `` Genesis , Book of '' . In D.N. Freedman ( Ed . ) , The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary ( Vol. 2 , p. 935 ) . New York : Doubleday ^ Jump up to : Kugler , Hartin ( 2009 ) , p. 9 Bibliography ( edit ) Commentaries on Genesis ( edit ) Bandstra , Barry L. ( 2008 ) . Reading the Old Testament . Cengage Learning . ISBN 0495391050 . Bergant , Dianne ( 2013 ) . Genesis : In the Beginning . Liturgical Press . ISBN 9780814682753 . Blenkinsopp , Joseph ( 2011 ) . Creation , Un-creation , Re-creation : A Discursive Commentary on Genesis 1 -- 11 . Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 9780567372871 . Brueggemann , Walter ( 1986 ) . Genesis . Interpretation : A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching . Atlanta : John Knox Press . ISBN 0 - 8042 - 3101 - X . Carr , David M. ( 2000 ) . `` Genesis , Book of '' . In Freedman , David Noel ; Myers , Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Amsterdam University Press . ISBN 9780567372871 . Cotter , David W ( 2003 ) . Genesis . Liturgical Press . ISBN 9780814650400 . De La Torre , Miguel ( 2011 ) . Genesis . Belief : A Theological Commentary on the Bible . Westminster John Knox Press . Fretheim , Terence E. `` The Book of Genesis . '' In The New Interpreter 's Bible . Edited by Leander E. Keck , vol. 1 , pp. 319 -- 674 . Nashville : Abingdon Press , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 687 - 27814 - 7 . Hamilton , Victor P ( 1990 ) . The Book of Genesis : chapters 1 -- 17 . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802825216 . Hamilton , Victor P ( 1995 ) . The Book of Genesis : chapters 18 -- 50 . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802823090 . Hirsch , Samson Raphael . The Pentateuch : Genesis . Translated by Isaac Levy . Judaica Press , 2nd edition 1999 . ISBN 0 - 910818 - 12 - 6 . Originally published as Der Pentateuch uebersetzt und erklaert Frankfurt , 1867 -- 1878 . Kass , Leon R . The Beginning of Wisdom : Reading Genesis . New York : Free Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4299 - 8 . Kessler , Martin ; Deurloo , Karel Adriaan ( 2004 ) . A Commentary on Genesis : The Book of Beginnings . Paulist Press . ISBN 9780809142057 . McKeown , James ( 2008 ) . Genesis . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802827050 . Plaut , Gunther . The Torah : A Modern Commentary ( 1981 ) , ISBN 0 - 8074 - 0055 - 6 Rogerson , John William ( 1991 ) . Genesis 1 -- 11 . T&T Clark . ISBN 9780567083388 . Sacks , Robert D ( 1990 ) . A Commentary on the Book of Genesis . Edwin Mellen . Sarna , Nahum M. The JPS Torah Commentary : Genesis : The Traditional Hebrew Text with the New JPS Translation . Philadelphia : Jewish Publication Society , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 8276 - 0326 - 6 . Speiser , E.A. Genesis : Introduction , Translation , and Notes . New York : Anchor Bible , 1964 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 00854 - 6 . Towner , Wayne Sibley ( 2001 ) . Genesis . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664252564 . Turner , Laurence ( 2009 ) . Genesis , Second Edition . Sheffield Phoenix Press . ISBN 9781906055653 . Von Rad , Gerhard ( 1972 ) . Genesis : A Commentary . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664227456 . Wenham , Gordon ( 2003 ) . `` Genesis '' . In James D.G. Dunn , John William Rogerson . Eerdmans Bible Commentary . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802837110 . Whybray , R.N ( 2001 ) . `` Genesis '' . In John Barton . Oxford Bible Commentary . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198755005 . General ( edit ) Bandstra , Barry L ( 2004 ) . Reading the Old Testament : An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible . Wadsworth . ISBN 9780495391050 . Blenkinsopp , Joseph ( 2004 ) . Treasures old and new : Essays in the Theology of the Pentateuch . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802826794 . Brueggemann , Walter ( 2002 ) . Reverberations of faith : A Theological Handbook of Old Testament themes . Westminster John Knox . ISBN 9780664222314 . Campbell , Antony F ; O'Brien , Mark A ( 1993 ) . Sources of the Pentateuch : Texts , Introductions , Annotations . Fortress Press . ISBN 9781451413670 . Carr , David M ( 1996 ) . Reading the Fractures of Genesis . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664220716 . Clines , David A ( 1997 ) . The Theme of the Pentateuch . Sheffield Academic Press . ISBN 9780567431967 . Davies , G.I ( 1998 ) . `` Introduction to the Pentateuch '' . In John Barton . Oxford Bible Commentary . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198755005 . Gooder , Paula ( 2000 ) . The Pentateuch : A Story of Beginnings . T&T Clark . ISBN 9780567084187 . Hendel , Ronald ( 2012 ) . The Book of `` Genesis '' : A Biography ( Lives of Great Religious Books ) . Princeton University Press . ISBN 9780691140124 . Kugler , Robert ; Hartin , Patrick ( 2009 ) . The Old Testament between Theology and History : A Critical Survey . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802846365 . Levin , Christoph L ( 2005 ) . The Old Testament : A Brief Introduction . Princeton University Press . ISBN 9780691113944 . Longman , Tremper ( 2005 ) . How to read Genesis . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 9780830875603 . McEntire , Mark ( 2008 ) . Struggling with God : An Introduction to the Pentateuch . Mercer University Press . ISBN 9780881461015 . Newman , Murray L. ( 1999 ) . Genesis ( PDF ) . Forward Movement Publications , Cincinnati , OH . Ska , Jean - Louis ( 2006 ) . Introduction to Reading the Pentateuch . Eisenbrauns . ISBN 9781575061221 . Van Seters , John ( 1992 ) . Prologue to History : The Yahwist as Historian in Genesis . Westminster John Knox Press . Van Seters , John ( 1998 ) . `` The Pentateuch '' . In Steven L. McKenzie , Matt Patrick Graham . The Hebrew Bible Today : An Introduction to Critical Issues . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664256524 . Van Seters , John ( 2004 ) . The Pentateuch : A Social - science Commentary . Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 9780567080882 . Walsh , Jerome T ( 2001 ) . Style and Structure in Biblical Hebrew Narrative . Liturgical Press . ISBN 9780814658970 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Book of Genesis . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Genesis Wikisource has original text related to this article : Genesis Book of Genesis Hebrew Transliteration Bereshit ( book of Genesis ) -- Mikraot Gedolot Haketer -- online edition , Menachem Cohen , Bar Ilan University ( Hebrew ) Book of Genesis illustrated Genesis Reading Room ( Tyndale Seminary ) : online commentaries and monographs on Genesis . Bereshit with commentary in Hebrew בראשית Bereishit -- Genesis ( Hebrew -- English at Mechon-Mamre.org ) Genesis at Mechon - Mamre ( Jewish Publication Society translation ) 01 Genesis public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Genesis ( The Living Torah ) Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan 's translation and commentary at Ort.org Genesis ( Judaica Press ) at Chabad.org Young 's Literal Translation ( YLT ) New International Version ( NIV ) Revised Standard Version ( RSV ) Westminster - Leningrad codex Aleppo Codex Book of Genesis in Bible Book Genesis in Hebrew , Aramaic , Syriac , Greek , Latin , and English -- The critical text of the Book of Genesis in Hebrew with ancient versions ( Masoretic , Samaritan Pentateuch , Samaritan Targum , Targum Onkelos , Peshitta , Septuagint , Vetus Latina , Vulgate , Aquila , Symmachus , and Theodotion ) and English translation for each version in parallel . Book of Genesis Pentateuch Preceded by None Hebrew Bible Succeeded by Exodus Christian Old Testament Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book Noah 's Ark media Source Genesis flood narrative in the Book of Genesis Characters Noah Shem Ham Japheth Wives aboard Noah 's Ark Television Captain Noah and His Magical Ark ( 1967 ) Noah 's Island ( 1997 ) Noah 's Ark ( 1999 ) The Ark ( 2015 ) Film Noah 's Ark ( 1928 ) Father Noah 's Ark ( 1933 ) The Bible : In the Beginning ... ( 1966 ) O Trapalhão na Arca de Noé ( 1983 ) La Biblia en pasta ( 1984 ) Genesis : The Creation and the Flood ( 1994 ) Noah ( 1998 ) Raining Cats and Frogs ( 2003 ) Noah 's Ark ( 2007 ) Evan Almighty ( 2007 ) 40 Days and Nights ( 2012 ) Noah ( 2014 ) Ooops ! Noah Is Gone ... ( 2015 ) The Ark and the Aardvark ( 2019 ) Stage The Flowering Peach ( 1954 play ) Two by Two ( 1970 musical ) Opera Il diluvio universale ( 1830 ) Le Déluge ( 1875 ) Noé ( 1885 ) Noye 's Fludde ( 1958 ) Songs Captain Noah and His Floating Zoo ( 1970 ) `` The Prophet 's Song '' ( 1975 ) `` Animals '' ( 1980 ) `` Forever Not Yours '' ( 2002 ) Games Noah 's Ark Noah 's Ark ( 1992 ) Super 3D Noah 's Ark ( 1994 ) Literature The Moon in the Cloud ( 1969 ) Noah 's Ark ( 1977 ) Not Wanted on the Voyage ( 1984 ) Many Waters ( 1986 ) Not the End of the World ( 2004 ) Other cultures Flood myth Sumerian creation myth Gilgamesh flood myth Ancient Greek flood myths Finnish flood myth Great Flood of China Mesoamerican flood myths Cessair Bergelmir Noah in Islam Noah in rabbinic literature Science Black Sea deluge hypothesis Flood geology Searches for Noah 's Ark Geography In Search of Noah 's Ark Mountains of Ararat Mount Judi Mosque of Ibn Tulun Theories Ararat anomaly Durupınar site Story within a story Angel 's Egg Doctor Dolittle and the Secret Lake Fantasia 2000 `` Homer and Ned 's Hail Mary Pass '' `` This Is the Way the World Ends '' Exclusions `` The Unicorn '' Peluda Related theology Book of Noah Generations of Noah Gopher wood Noah 's wine Seven Laws of Noah Other Noah 's Brother Noah 's Ark replicas and derivatives Boner 's Ark Noah 's Ark silver coins Adam and Eve Source Genesis creation narrative in the Book of Genesis Adam Eve Offspring Cain and Abel Aclima Seth Awan Azura Television `` Probe 7 , Over and Out '' ( 1963 ) Film Mama 's Affair ( 1921 ) Good Morning , Eve ! ( 1934 ) The Broken Jug ( 1937 ) The Original Sin ( 1948 ) The Private Lives of Adam and Eve ( 1960 ) El pecado de Adán y Eva ( 1969 ) La Biblia en pasta ( 1984 ) The Annunciation ( 1984 ) Adipapam ( 1988 ) Adam ( 1992 ) Babs ( 2000 ) The Last Eve ( 2005 ) Year One ( 2009 ) The Tragedy of Man ( 2011 ) Adam and Dog ( 2011 ) Tropico ( 2013 ) Plays Le Jeu d'Adam ( 12th century ) The Broken Jug ( 1808 ) The Tragedy of Man ( 1861 ) The Creation of the World and Other Business ( 1972 ) Musicals The Apple Tree ( 1966 ) Dude ( 1972 ) Up from Paradise ( 1973 ) Children of Eden ( 1991 ) Compositions The Creation ( 1798 ) structure La mort d'Adam ( 1809 ) Ève ( 1875 ) Genesis Suite ( 1945 ) Lilith ( 2001 ) Literature Apocalypse of Adam Book of Moses Book of Abraham Books of Adam Book of the Penitence of Adam Cave of Treasures `` El y Ella '' Genesis A and Genesis B Harrowing of Hell Life of Adam and Eve Testament of Adam Testimony of Truth ( 3rd century ) Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan ( 6th century ) `` Old Saxon Genesis '' ( 9th century ) `` Adam lay ybounden '' ( 15th century ) Paradise Lost ( 1667 ) Le Dernier Homme ( 1805 ) Extracts from Adam 's Diary ( 1904 ) Eve 's Diary ( 1905 ) The Book of Genesis ( 2009 ) Art Bernward Doors ( 1015 ) Tapestry of Creation ( 11th century ) Expulsion from the Garden of Eden ( 1425 ) Vienna Diptych ( 15th century ) The Last Judgment ( 1482 ) The Garden of Earthly Delights ( 1504 ) Adam and Eve ( 1507 ) Paradise and Hell ( 1510 ) The Creation of Adam ( 1512 ) The Haywain Triptych ( 1516 ) Eve , the Serpent and Death ( 1510s or 1520s ) Adam and Eve ( 1528 ) The Fall of Man ( 1550 ) Maps of ancient Israel The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man ( 1617 ) The Fall of Man ( 1628 ) The Four Seasons ( 1660s ) The Koren Picture - Bible ( 1692 -- 1696 ) The First Mourning ( 1888 ) Eve ( 1931 ) Adam and Eve ( 1932 ) The Serpent Chooses Adam and Eve ( 1958 ) Songs `` Dese Bones G'wine Rise Again '' `` Adam - ondi - Ahman '' ( 1835 ) `` Forbidden Fruit '' ( 1915 ) `` The Garden of Eden '' ( 1956 ) `` Let 's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance '' ( 1970 ) `` Man Gave Names to All the Animals '' ( 1979 ) Albums The Cainian Chronicle ( 1996 ) Visions of Eden ( 2006 ) Other cultures Adam -- God doctrine Adam and Eve ( LDS Church ) Adam in Islam Adam in rabbinic literature Al - A'raf Book of Moses Endowment Manu ( Hinduism ) Mashya and Mashyana Serpent seed Tree of Jiva and Atman Tree of life ( Quran ) Our Lady of Endor Coven Geography Adam - ondi - Ahman Tomb of Eve Biology Mitochondrial Eve Y - chromosomal Adam The Real Eve Story within a story Doraemon : Nobita 's Diary of the Creation of the World Island of Love The Visitors Games Demon : The Fallen ( 2002 ) Related theology Fall of man Original sin Garden of Eden Tree of the knowledge of good and evil Serpents in the Bible Forbidden fruit Apple Fig leaf Figs in the Bible Adam 's ale Adamic language Rosh Hashanah Camael Shamsiel Tree of life Allegorical interpretations of Genesis Other Pre-Adamite Generations of Adam Cave of the Patriarchs `` In - A-Gadda - Da - Leela '' `` Simpsons Bible Stories '' Second Time Lucky Adam and Eve cylinder seal Timeline of Genesis patriarchs Genealogies of Genesis Carnal knowledge Legend of the Rood Ystorya Adaf Snakes for the Divine Ransom theory of atonement Cain and Abel Book of Genesis Biblical characters Adam Eve Cain and Abel Lucifer Enoch Awan Portrayals in media Film East of Eden ( film , 1952 ) Caín ( 1984 ) La Biblia en pasta ( 1984 ) The Last Eve ( 2005 ) Year One ( 2009 ) Abel Cain Plays Le Jeu d'Adam ( 12th century ) Cain ( 1821 ) Musicals Children of Eden ( 1991 ) Here 's Where I Belong ( 1968 ) Literature Book of the Penitence of Adam East of Eden ( novel , 1952 ) Abel Sánchez : The History of a Passion ( 1917 ) The Book of Lies ( 2008 ) Songs `` Should the Bible Be Banned '' ( 1988 ) `` Cain 's Blood '' ( 1995 ) Other La mort d'Abel ( composition , 1810 ) The First Mourning ( painting , 1888 ) Cain and Abel ( TV series , 2009 ) Cain and Abel ( DC Comics ) Kane ( Command & Conquer video game character ) Related theology Adam and Eve Gospel of Judas Curse and mark of Cain Serpent seed Christian Identity Cain and Abel in Islam Balbira and Kalmana Cainites Other Generations of Adam Timeline of Genesis patriarchs Land of Nod Dracula : The Dark Prince WorldCat Identities BNF : cb12008298g ( data ) LCCN : n80017837 NDL : 01081288 NKC : unn2006374743 SUDOC : 028199316 VIAF : 174582712 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Genesis&oldid=864330151 '' Categories : 6th - century BC books 5th - century BC books Book of Genesis Torah books Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kernowek Kiswahili Ladino ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол Dorerin Naoero Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu Picard Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Scots Sesotho Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws 中文 108 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 14 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book%20of%20Genesis

where did the elves go after middle earth

During the Second and Third Age , they held some protected realms with the aid of the Rings of Power , but after the War of the Ring they waned further , and most Elves left Middle - earth for Valinor . Tolkien 's published writings give somewhat contradictory hints as to what happened to the Elves of Middle - earth after the One Ring was destroyed at the end of the Third Age .

Valinor

Elf ( Middle - earth )

elf ( middle - earth )

In J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium , Elves are one of the races that inhabit a fictional Earth , often called Middle - earth , and set in the remote past . They appear in The Hobbit and in The Lord of the Rings , but their complex history is described more fully in The Silmarillion . Tolkien had been writing about Elves long before he published The Hobbit .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Background 1.2 Early writings 1.3 The Book of Lost Tales ( c. 1917 -- 1927 ) 1.4 The Hobbit ( c. 1930 -- 1937 ) 1.5 The Quenta Silmarillion ( c. 1937 ) 1.6 The Lord of the Rings ( c. 1937 -- 1949 ) 2 History 2.1 Origins 2.2 Sundering 2.3 Exile 2.4 Wars of Beleriand 2.5 Second and Third Age 3 Life cycle 3.1 Early life 3.2 Sexuality , marriage , and parenthood 3.3 Daily life 3.4 Later life 3.5 `` The third cycle of life '' , aging , and facial hair 3.6 Death 4 Names and naming conventions 5 Elvish languages 6 Adaptations 7 See also 7.1 Notable Elves 8 References 9 External links Development ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The modern English word elf derives from the Old English word ælf ( which has cognates in all other Germanic languages ) . Numerous types of elves appear in Germanic mythology , the West Germanic concept appears to have come to differ from the Scandinavian notion in the early Middle Ages , and Anglo - Saxon concept diverged even further , possibly under Celtic influence . Tolkien would make it clear in a letter that his Elves differ from those `` of the better known lore '' , referring to Scandinavian mythology . By 1915 when Tolkien was writing his first elven poems , the words elf , fairy and gnome had many divergent and contradictory associations . Tolkien had been gently warned against using the term ' fairy ' , which John Garth supposes may have been due to the word becoming increasingly used to indicate homosexuality , although despite this warning Tolkien continued to use it . By the late 19th century , the term ' fairy ' had been taken up as a utopian theme , and was used to critique social and religious values , a tradition which Tolkien along with T.H. White are seen to continue . One of the last of the Victorian Fairy - paintings , The Piper of Dreams by Estella Canziani , sold 250,000 copies and was well known within the trenches of World War I where Tolkien saw active service . Illustrated posters of Robert Louis Stevenson 's poem Land of Nod had been sent out by a philanthropist to brighten servicemen 's quarters , and Faery was used in other contexts as an image of `` Old England '' to inspire patriotism . According to Marjorie Burns , Tolkien eventually chose the term elf over fairy , but still retained some doubts . In his 1939 essay On Fairy - Stories Tolkien wrote that `` English words such as elf have long been influenced by French ( from which fay and faërie , fairy are derived ) ; but in later times , through their use in translation , fairy and elf have acquired much of the atmosphere of German , Scandinavian and Celtic tales , and many characteristics of the huldu - fólk , the daoine - sithe , and the tylwyth - teg . '' Early writings ( edit ) Traditional Victorian dancing fairies and elves appear in much of Tolkien 's early poetry , and have influence upon his later works in part due to the influence of a production of J.M. Barrie 's Peter Pan in Birmingham in 1910 and his familiarity with the work of Catholic mystic poet , Francis Thompson which Tolkien had acquired in 1914 . O ! I hear the tiny horns Of enchanted leprechauns And the padded feet of many gnomes a-coming ! -- JRR Tolkien As a philologist , Tolkien 's interest in languages led him to invent several languages of his own as a pastime . In considering the nature of who might speak these languages , and what stories they might tell , Tolkien again turned to the concept of elves . The Book of Lost Tales ( c. 1917 -- 1927 ) ( edit ) In his The Book of Lost Tales , Tolkien develops a theme that the diminutive fairy - like race of Elves had once been a great and mighty people , and that as Men took over the world , these Elves had `` diminished '' themselves . This theme was influenced especially by the god - like and human - sized Ljósálfar of Norse mythology , and medieval works such as Sir Orfeo , the Welsh Mabinogion , Arthurian romances and the legends of the Tuatha Dé Danann . Some of the stories Tolkien wrote as elven history have been seen to be directly influenced by Celtic mythology . For example , `` Flight of The Noldoli '' is based on the Tuatha Dé Danann and Lebor Gabála Érenn , and their migratory nature comes from early Irish / Celtic history . John Garth also sees that with the underground enslavement of the Noldoli to Melkor , Tolkien was essentially rewriting Irish myth regarding the Tuatha Dé Danann into a Christian eschatology . The name Inwe ( in the first draft Ing ) , given by Tolkien to the eldest of the elves and his clan , is similar to the name found in Norse mythology as that of the god Ingwi - Freyr ( and Ingui - Frea in Anglo - Saxon paganism ) , a god who is gifted the elf world Álfheimr . Terry Gunnell also claims that the relationship between beautiful ships and the Elves is reminiscent of the god Njörðr and the god Freyr 's ship Skíðblaðnir . He also retains the usage of the French derived term `` fairy '' for the same creatures . The larger Elves are also inspired by Tolkien 's personal Catholic theology -- as representing the state of Men in Eden who have not yet `` fallen '' , similar to humans but fairer and wiser , with greater spiritual powers , keener senses , and a closer empathy with nature . Tolkien wrote of them : `` They are made by man in his own image and likeness ; but freed from those limitations which he feels most to press upon him . They are immortal , and their will is directly effective for the achievement of imagination and desire . '' In The Book of Lost Tales Tolkien includes both the more serious `` medieval '' type of elves such as Fëanor and Turgon alongside the frivolous , Jacobean type of elves such as the Solosimpi and Tinúviel . Alongside the idea of the greater Elves , Tolkien also developed the idea of children visiting Valinor , the island - homeland of the Elves in their sleep . Elves would also visit children at night and comfort them if they had been chided or were upset . This theme , linking elves with children 's dreams and nocturnal travelling was largely abandoned in Tolkien 's later writing . The Hobbit ( c. 1930 -- 1937 ) ( edit ) Along with Book of Lost Tales , Douglas Anderson shows that in The Hobbit , Tolkien again includes both the more serious ' medieval ' type of elves , such as Elrond and the Wood - elf king , and frivolous elves , such as those at Rivendell . The quenta Silmarillion ( c. 1937 ) ( edit ) In 1937 , having had his manuscript for The Silmarillion rejected by a publisher who disparaged all the `` eye - splitting Celtic names '' that Tolkien had given his Elves , Tolkien denied the names had a Celtic origin : Needless to say they are not Celtic ! Neither are the tales . I do know Celtic things ( many in their original languages Irish and Welsh ) , and feel for them a certain distaste : largely for their fundamental unreason . They have bright colour , but are like a broken stained glass window reassembled without design . They are in fact `` mad '' as your reader says -- but I do n't believe I am . Dimitra Fimi proposes that these comments are a product of his Anglophilia rather than a commentary on the texts themselves or their actual influence on his writing , and cites evidence to this effect in her essay `` ' Mad ' Elves and ' elusive beauty ' : some Celtic strands of Tolkien 's mythology '' . The Lord of the Rings ( c. 1937 -- 1949 ) ( edit ) Terry Gunner notes that the titles of the Germanic gods Freyr and Freyja ( Old Norse ' lord ' and ' lady ' ) are also given to Celeborn and Galadriel in the Lord of The Rings . According to Tom Shippey , the theme of diminishment from semi-divine Elf to diminutive Fairy resurfaces in The Lord of the Rings in the dialogue of Galadriel . `` Yet if you succeed , then our power is diminished , and Lothlórien will fade , and the tides of Time will sweep it away . We must depart into the West , or dwindle to a rustic folk of dell and cave , slowly to forget and to be forgotten . '' Writing in 1954 , part way through proofreading The Lord of the Rings , Tolkien claimed the Elvish language Sindarin has a character very like British - Welsh `` because it seems to fit the rather ' Celtic ' type of legends and stories told of its speakers '' . In the same letter , Tolkien goes on to say that the elves had very little in common with elves or fairies of Europe , and that they really represent men with greater artistic ability , beauty and a longer life span . Tolkien also notes an Elven bloodline was the only real claim to ' nobility ' that the Men of Middle - earth can have . Tolkien also wrote that the elves are primarily to blame for many of the ills of Middle - earth in The Lord of the Rings , having independently created the Three Rings in order to stop their domains in mortal - lands from ' fading ' and attempting to prevent inevitable change and new growth . History ( edit ) Elves ( Quendi ) Eldar Vanyar Noldor Teleri Sindar Laegrim Silvan Avari Sundering Origins ( edit ) Originally , in Tolkien 's writings from the 1910s and 1920s , Ingwë , Finwë and Elwë ( their final names ) were the eldest of the Elves . By 1959 or 1960 , Tolkien wrote a detailed account of the awakening of the Elves , called Cuivienyarna , part of Quendi and Eldar . Ingwë , Finwë and Elwë now became the first ambassadors and the Kings of the Elves . This text only saw print in The War of the Jewels , part of the analytical The History of Middle - earth series , in 1994 , but a similar version was included in The Silmarillion in 1977 . According to the earliest account , the first Elves are awakened by Eru Ilúvatar near the bay of Cuiviénen during the Years of the Trees in the First Age . They awake under the starlit sky , as the Sun and Moon have yet to be created . The first Elves to awake are three pairs : Imin ( `` First '' ) and his wife Iminyë , Tata ( `` Second '' ) and Tatië , and Enel ( `` Third '' ) and Enelyë . Imin , Tata , and Enel and their wives join up and walk through the forests . They come across six , nine , and twelve pairs of Elves , and each `` patriarch '' claims the pairs as his folk in order . The now sixty Elves dwell by the rivers , and they invent poetry and music in Middle - earth ( the continent ) . Journeying further , they come across eighteen pairs of Elves watching the stars , whom Tata claims as his . These are tall and dark - haired , the fathers of most of the Noldor . The ninety - six Elves now invented many new words . Continuing their journey , they find twenty - four pairs of Elves , singing without language , and Enel adds them to his people . These are the ancestors of most of the Lindar or `` singers '' , later called Teleri . They find no more Elves ; Imin 's people , the smallest group , are the ancestors of the Vanyar . All in all the Elves number 144 . Because all Elves had been found in groups of twelve , twelve becomes their base number and 144 their highest number ( for a long time ) , and none of the later Elvish languages have a common name for a greater number . They were discovered by the Vala Oromë , who brought the tidings of their awakening to Valinor . The Silmarillion states that Melkor , the Dark Lord , had already captured some wandering Elves , and twisted and mutilated them until they became the Orcs . However , Tolkien ultimately became uncomfortable with this Elvish origin , and devised different theories about the origin of Orcs . Sundering ( edit ) The Sundering of Elves and names given to their divisions Main article : Sundering of the Elves The Valar decided to summon the Elves to Valinor rather than leaving them dwelling in the place where they were first awakened , near the Cuiviénen lake in the eastern extremity of Middle - earth . They sent Oromë , who took Ingwë , Finwë and Elwë as ambassadors to Valinor . Returning to Middle - earth , Ingwë , Finwë and Elwë convinced a large host to take the Great Journey to Valinor . Not all Elves accepted the summons though , and those who did not became known as the Avari , The Unwilling . The others were called Eldar , the People of the Stars by Oromë , and they took Ingwë , Finwë and Elwë as their leaders , and became respectively the Vanyar , Noldor and Teleri . On their journey , some of the Teleri feared the Misty Mountains and dared not cross them . They turned back and stayed in the vales of the Anduin , and became the Nandor ; these were led by Lenwë . Oromë led the others over the Misty Mountains and Ered Lindon into Beleriand . There Elwë became lost , and the Teleri stayed behind looking for him . The Vanyar and the Noldor moved onto a floating island that was moved by Ulmo to Valinor . After years , Ulmo returned to Beleriand to seek out the remaining Teleri . As Elwë had not yet been found , a great part of the Teleri took his brother Olwë as their leader and were ferried to Valinor . Some Teleri stayed behind though , still looking for Elwë , and others stayed on the shores , being called by Ossë . They took Círdan as their leader and became the Falathrim . All Teleri who stayed in Beleriand later became known as the Sindar . note : Ingwë , Finwë and Elwë are not the same elves as Imin , Tata and Enel Exile ( edit ) Main article : Exiles ( Middle - earth ) In Valinor , Fëanor , son of Finwë , and the greatest of the Noldor , created the Silmarils in which he stored a part of the light of the Two Trees that were lighting Valinor . After three ages in the Halls of Mandos , Melkor was released , feigning reform . He however spread his evil and started to poison the minds of the Elves against the Valar . Eventually he killed Finwë and stole the Silmarils . Fëanor then named him Morgoth ( S . The Black Enemy ) . Fëanor and his seven sons then swore to take the Silmarils back , and led a large army of the Noldor to Beleriand . Wars of Beleriand ( edit ) Main article : War of Beleriand In Beleriand , Elwë was eventually found , and married Melian the Maia . He became the overlord of Beleriand , naming himself Thingol ( S. Grey - cloak ) . After the First Battle of Beleriand , during the first rising of the Moon , the Noldor arrived in Beleriand . They laid a siege around Morgoth 's fortress of Angband , but were eventually defeated . Then Eärendil the Mariner , a half - elf from the House of Finwë , sailed to Valinor to ask the Valar for help . Then the Ban of the Noldor was lifted , and the Valar started the War of Wrath , in which Morgoth was finally overcome . Second and Third Age ( edit ) After the War of Wrath , the Valar tried to summon the Elves back to Valinor . Many complied , but some stayed . During the Second Age they founded the Realms of Lindon , Eregion and Mirkwood . Sauron , Morgoth 's former servant , made war upon them , but with the aid of the Númenóreans they defeated him . During the Second and Third Age , they held some protected realms with the aid of the Rings of Power , but after the War of the Ring they waned further , and most Elves left Middle - earth for Valinor . Tolkien 's published writings give somewhat contradictory hints as to what happened to the Elves of Middle - earth after the One Ring was destroyed at the end of the Third Age . After the destruction of the One Ring , the power of the Three Rings of the Elves would also end and the Age of Men would begin . Elves that remained in Middle - earth were doomed to a slow decline until , in the words of Galadriel , they faded and became a `` rustic folk of dell and cave , '' and were greatly diminished from their ancient power and nobility . While the power of the remaining Noldor would be immediately lessened , the `` fading '' of all Elvenkind was a phenomenon that would play out over hundreds and even thousands of years ; until , in fact , our own times , when occasional glimpses of rustic Elves would fuel our folktales and fantasies . There are many references in The Lord of the Rings to the continued existence of Elves in Middle - earth during the early years of the Fourth Age . Elladan and Elrohir , the sons of Elrond , do not accompany their father when the White Ship bearing the Ring - bearer and the chief Noldorin leaders sails from the Grey Havens to Valinor ; they are said to have remained in Lindon for a time . Celeborn is said ( in Appendix A ) to have added most of southern Mirkwood to the realm of Lórien at the end of the Third Age , but elsewhere Tolkien wrote that Celeborn dwelt for a while in Lindon before at last leaving Middle - earth for Valinor . Tolkien also wrote that Legolas founded an elf colony in Ithilien during King Elessar 's reign in the Fourth Age , and that the elves there assisted in the rebuilding of Gondor . They primarily resided in southern Ithilien , along the shores of the Anduin . After Elessar 's death in 120 F.A. , Legolas built a ship and sailed to Valinor and , eventually , all of the elves in Ithilien followed him . It is also implied that Elves continued to dwell at the Grey Havens , at least for a certain period . Tolkien states that Sam Gamgee sailed from the Havens decades after Elrond 's departure , implying that some Elves might have remained in Mithlond at that time . In `` The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen '' that is found in Appendix A , Tolkien depicts a Middle - earth where most Elves have already left . The majority of those who remained lived in Mirkwood , while a much smaller population was in Lindon . Aragorn speaks of the empty garden of Elrond in Rivendell . Most strikingly , after Elessar 's voluntary death , Arwen flees to a Lórien that is depicted as wholly abandoned , and gives up her own spirit in its sad and silent confines . Life cycle ( edit ) As told in The History of Middle - earth and in Tolkien 's Letters , Elves had a different life cycle from Men . Most of the following information strictly refers only to the Eldar , as found in his essay Laws and Customs among the Eldar , found in Morgoth 's Ring . Early life ( edit ) Elves are born about one year from their conception . The day of their conception is celebrated , not the actual birthday itself . Their minds develop more quickly than their bodies ; by their first year , they can speak , walk and even dance , and their quicker onset of mental maturity makes young Elves seem , to Men , older than they really are . Physical puberty comes in around their fiftieth to one hundredth year ( by age fifty they reach their adult height ) , and by their first hundred years of life outside the womb all Elves are fully grown . Elven bodies eventually stop aging physically , while human bodies do not . Sexuality , marriage , and parenthood ( edit ) Elves marry freely and for love early in life . Monogamy is practiced and adultery is unthinkable ; they marry only once ( Finwë , first High King of the Noldor , was an exception , as he remarried after his first wife died ) . Spouses can choose each other even long before they are married , thus becoming betrothed . The betrothal is subject to parental approval unless the parties are of age and intend to marry soon , at which point the betrothal is announced . They exchange rings and the betrothal lasts at least a year , and is revocable by the return of the rings ; however , it is rarely broken . After their formal betrothal , the couple appoint a date , at least a year later , for the wedding . Only the words exchanged by the bride and groom ( including the speaking of the name of Eru Ilúvatar ) and the consummation are required for marriage . More formally , the couple 's families celebrate the marriage with a feast . The parties give back their betrothal rings and receive others worn on their index fingers . The bride 's mother gives the groom a jewel to wear ( Galadriel 's gift of the Elfstone to Aragorn reflects this tradition ; she is grandmother to his betrothed , Arwen , Arwen 's mother Celebrían having left Middle - earth for Valinor after grievous psychological injury after her capture by Orcs and liberation by her sons ) . The Elves view the sexual act as extremely special and intimate , for it leads to the conception and birth of children . Extra-marital and premarital sex are unthinkable , adultery is also unheard of and fidelity between spouses is absolute . Yet separation during pregnancy or during the early years of parenthood ( caused by war , for example ) is so grievous to the couple that they prefer to have children in peaceful times . Living Elves can not be raped or forced to have sex ; before that they will lose the will to endure and go to Mandos . Elves have few children , as a rule ( Fëanor and Nerdanel were an exception , conceiving seven sons ) , and there are relatively sizeable intervals between each child ( but see below for notes on Elvish birth rates in Middle - earth versus in Aman ) . They are soon preoccupied with other pleasures ; their libido wanes and they focus their interests elsewhere , like the arts . Nonetheless , they take great delight in the union of love , and they cherish the days of bearing and raising children as the happiest days of their lives . There seems to only be one known example of extreme marital strife in Tolkien 's mythology , that of Eöl and Aredhel , in which the latter actually left the former without his knowledge , resulting in Eöl ultimately killing her ( albeit he was actually trying to kill their son Maeglin ) . However , this marriage was far from typical of the Elves . Daily life ( edit ) The Elves , particularly the Noldor , preoccupy themselves with various things such as smithwork , sculpture , music and other arts , and of course , what to eat . Males and females can do almost everything equally ; however , the females often specialize in the arts of healing while the males go to war . This is because they believe that taking life interferes with the ability to preserve life . However , Elves are not stuck in rigid roles ; females can defend themselves at need as well as males , and many males are skilled healers as well , such as Elrond . Later life ( edit ) Eventually , if they do not die in battle or from some other cause , the Elves of Middle - earth grow weary of it and desire to go to Valinor , where the Valar originally sheltered their kind . Those who wish to leave for the Undying Lands often go by boats provided at the Grey Havens , where Círdan the Shipwright dwells with his folk . `` The Third cycle of life '' , aging , and facial hair ( edit ) Despite Tolkien 's statements in The Hobbit that Elves ( and Hobbits ) have no beards , Círdan in fact has a beard , which appears to be an anomaly and a simple oversight . However , Tolkien later devised at least three `` cycles of life '' for Elves around 1960 ; Círdan had a beard because he was in his third cycle of life . ( Mahtan , Nerdanel 's father , had a beard in his second cycle of life , a rare phenomenon . ) It is unclear what these cycles exactly are , since Tolkien left no notes further explaining this . Apparently , beards were the only sign of further natural physical ageing beyond maturity . Nevertheless , Tolkien may have ultimately changed his mind about whether Elves had facial hair . As Christopher Tolkien states in Unfinished Tales , his father wrote in December 1972 or later that the Elvish strain in Men , such as Aragorn , was `` observable in the beardlessness of those who were so descended '' , since `` it was a characteristic of all Elves to be beardless '' . This would seemingly contradict the information above . Elves sometimes appear to age under great stress . Círdan appeared to be aged himself , since he is described as looking old , save for the stars in his eyes ; this may be due to all the sorrows he had seen and lived through since the First Age . Also , the people of Gwindor of Nargothrond had trouble recognizing him after his time as a prisoner of Morgoth . Death ( edit ) Elves are naturally immortal , and remain unwearied with age . In addition to their immortality , Elves can recover from wounds which would normally kill a mortal Man . However , Elves can be slain , or die of grief and weariness . Spirits of dead Elves go to the Halls of Mandos in Valinor . After a certain period of time and rest that serves as `` cleansing '' , their spirits are clothed in bodies identical to their old ones . However , they almost never go back to Middle - earth and remain in Valinor instead . An exception was Glorfindel in The Lord of the Rings ; as shown in later books , Tolkien decided he was a `` reborn '' hero from The Silmarillion rather than an individual with the same name . A rare and more unusual example of an Elf coming back from the Halls of Mandos is found in the tale of Beren and Lúthien , as Lúthien was the other Elf to be sent back to Middle - earth -- as a mortal , however . Tolkien 's Elvish words for `` spirit '' and `` body '' were fëa ( plural fëar ) and hröa ( plural hröar ) respectively . Eventually , their immortal spirits will overwhelm and consume their bodies , rendering them `` bodiless '' , whether they opt to go to Valinor or remain in Middle - earth . At the end of the world , all Elves will have become invisible to mortal eyes , except to those to whom they wish to manifest themselves . Tolkien called the Elves of Middle - earth who had undergone this process `` Lingerers '' . The lives of Elves only endure as the world endures . It is said in the Second Prophecy of Mandos that at the end of time the Elves will join the other Children of Ilúvatar in singing the Second Music of the Ainur . However it is disputable whether the Prophecy is canon , and the published Silmarillion states that only Men shall participate for certain in the Second Music , and that the ultimate fate of the Elves is unknown . However , they do not believe that Eru will abandon them to oblivion . Names and naming conventions ( edit ) Further information : Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings In The Lord of the Rings Tolkien pretends to be merely the translator of Bilbo and Frodo 's memoirs , collectively known as the Red Book of Westmarch . He says that those names and terms in the work ( as well in the earlier The Hobbit ) that appear in English are meant to be his purported translations from the Common Speech . Tolkien repeatedly expressed his misgivings concerning the name `` elf '' and its `` associations of a kind that I should particularly desire not to be present ( ... ) e.g. those of Drayton or of A Midsummer Night 's Dream '' , for the purpose of translations stating his preference that `` the oldest available form of the name to be used , and leave it to acquire its own associations for readers of my tale '' . He wanted to avoid the Victorian notions of `` fairies '' or mischievous imps associated with the word and was aiming at the more elevated notions of beings `` supposed to possess formidable magical powers in early Teutonic mythology '' ( OED viz . the Old English ælf , from Proto - Germanic * albo - z ) . The Elves are also called the `` Firstborn '' ( Q. Minnónar ) or the `` Elder Kindred '' ( as opposed to Men , the Secondborn ) as they were `` awakened '' before Men by Eru Ilúvatar ( the creator ) . The Elves named themselves Quendi ( `` the Speakers '' ) , in honour of the fact that , when they were created , they were the only living beings able to speak . The Dúnedain called them Nimîr ( `` the Beautiful '' ) , while their usual name in Sindarin was Eledhrim . In other writings , part of The History of Middle - earth , Tolkien details Elvish naming conventions . The Quenya word for `` name '' was essë . An Elf of Valinor was typically given one name ( ataressë ) at birth by the father . It usually reflected either the name of the father or mother , indicating the person 's descent , to which later some distinguishing prefix could be added . As the Elf grew older , they received a second name ( amilessë ) , given by the mother . This name was extremely important and reflected personality , skills , or fate , sometimes being `` prophetic '' . The epessë or the `` after - name '' is the third type . It was given later in life , not necessarily by kin , as a title of admiration and honour . In some circumstances , yet another name was chosen by the Elf themselves , called kilmessë meaning `` self - name '' . The `` true names '' remained the first two , though an Elf could be referred to by any of these . Mother - names were usually not used by those who did not know the Elf well . In later history and song any of the four could become the one generally used and recognized . After their Exile to Middle - earth and adoption of Sindarin as the daily speech , most of the Noldor also chose for themselves a name that fitted the style of that language , translating or altering one of their Quenya names . A patronymic surname is also used -- the father 's name with the suffix `` - ion '' ( meaning `` son '' ) or `` - iel '' ( meaning `` daughter '' ) added . Thus , Gildor Inglorion is `` Gildor , son of Inglor '' . Several examples include : Galadriel is the Sindarin translation of Alatáriel , the Telerin Quenya epessë originally given to her by Celeborn , which means `` Maiden Crowned by a Radiant Garland '' . Her father - name is Artanis ( noble woman ) and her mother - name is Nerwen ( man - maiden ) . Maedhros , the oldest son of Fëanor , was called Russandol ( copper - top ) by his brothers : He had earned this epessë because of his ruddy hair . His father - name had been Nelyafinwë ( Finwë the third : Fëanor 's own father - name had been ( Curu ) Finwë ) , and his mother - name Maitimo ( well - shaped one ) . Maedhros is a rendering into Sindarin of parts of his mother - name and epessë . Finrod is usually referred to as Felagund ( hewer of caves ) , a name the Dwarves had given to him ( originally Felakgundu ) because of his dwellings at Nargothrond . Finrod adopted the name , and made it a title of honour . Círdan ( Shipwright ) is the epessë of a Telerin Elf who remained in Beleriand , and later Lindon , until the end of the Third Age . His original name was only rarely remembered in traditions as Nōwē , and he was referred to always as Círdan , a title which had been given to him as Lord of the Falas . Elvish languages ( edit ) Main article : Elvish languages ( Middle - earth ) Tolkien created many languages for his Elves . His interest was primarily philological , and he said his stories grew out of his languages . Indeed , the languages were the first thing Tolkien ever created for his mythos , starting with what he originally called `` Elfin '' or `` Qenya '' . This was later spelled Quenya ( High - elven ) and , along with Sindarin ( Grey - elven ) , is one of the two most complete of Tolkien 's constructed languages . In addition to these two Tolkien also created many other ( related ) Elvish languages . Elves are also credited with creating the Tengwar ( by Fëanor ) and Cirth ( Daeron ) scripts . Adaptations ( edit ) Elves as portrayed in the 1977 Rankin - Bass version of The Hobbit . The 1977 Rankin Bass animated version of The Hobbit , with character designs by Lester Abrams , features Wood Elves as green - skinned warriors with slightly Austrian - German accents . High Elves are shown with pointed ears and beards . In Peter Jackson 's Lord of the Rings film series ( 2001 -- 2003 ) , all of the elves ( including Wood Elves ) are portrayed as fair , graceful , and wise beings with supernatural abilities like enhanced eyesight . While they facially resemble humans , they transcend beauty , with much longer and finer hair and an apparent inner glow . They also have pointed ears and no facial hair . In Middle - earth Role Playing ( Iron Crown Enterprises , 1986 ) , three tribes of elves are presented as player character race options , the Silvan , Sindar and Noldor -- each receiving statistic bonuses ( ranging from 5 to 15 ) to all attributes apart from Strength , with the Noldor receiving the highest accumulative bonuses of any racial type in the game . All three tribes are statistically immune to disease ( + 100 % chance of resistance ) , and must be given `` Presence '' as the highest randomly generated statistic . Elven characters also receive significant skill bonuses with missile weapons ( such as a bow and arrow ) and stealth skills ( such as hiding ) . All three elven tribes ( Silvan , Noldor , Sindar ) depicted in The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game ( Decipher , Inc. , 2001 ) have varying ( one or two points ) statistic bonuses to Bearing , Perception and Nimbleness , with the Noldor also receiving a bonus to Wits and the Sindar to Vitality , giving both of these the highest accumulative bonuses available to Player Characters . The system of skills , feats and flaws further outlines racial and cultural characteristics , bonuses being given to the Noldor in Lore and `` Resisting the Shadow '' , to the Silvan elves for various wood - craft skills , and the Sindar to musical performance . All elves have the ability to enchant objects , and receive bonuses in any test regarding magic . In The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game ( Games Workshop , 2001 ) , Elves have similar statistics to similarly armed Men , except for much higher scores for their Fighting and Courage attributes . On average , Elven wargear ( armour and weapons ) give twice the advantage of weapons made by Men . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal List of Middle - earth Elves Elvish languages ( Middle - earth ) Falmari Ilkorin Moriquendi Notable Elves ( edit ) Some notable Elves include : Arwen Undómiel great , great granddaughter of Lúthien . Beleg most skilled of all Elves in hunting and tracking . Celeborn husband of Galadriel . Celebrían daughter of Galadriel , wife of Elrond , mother of Elladan , Elrohir and Arwen . Celebrimbor maker of the Rings of Power . Círdan Lord of the Grey Havens and one of the oldest Elves in Middle - earth at the end of the Third Age . Elrond great grandson of Lúthien , Lord of Imladris through the Third Age . Elwing wife of Eärendil . Fëanor often referred to as the mightiest of the Noldor . Fingolfin greatest warrior of all the Children of Ilúvatar . Finrod Felagund King of Nargothrond . Galadriel greatest of the Noldor save Fëanor . Gil - galad High - king of the Noldorin Elves in Exile . Glorfindel true savior of Frodo after his close call with morgul blade at Weathertop Idril wife of Tuor and mother of Eärendil Legolas one of Fellowship of the Ring , later Lord of the Elves of Ithilien Lúthien enchantress , fairest of all the Children of Ilúvatar . Thingol King of Beleriand , tallest of all the Eldar , father of Lúthien . Thranduil king of the woodland Elves of Mirkwood , father of Legolas . Turgon king of Gondolin . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Simek , Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall . Dictionary of Northern Mythology , pages 7 -- 8 and 73 -- 74 . D.S. Brewer . ISBN 0 - 85991 - 513 - 1 Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , # 25 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ Solopova , Elizabeth ( 2009 ) , Languages , Myths and History : An Introduction to the Linguistic and Literary Background of J.R.R. Tolkien 's Fiction , New York City : North Landing Books , p. 26 , ISBN 0 - 9816607 - 1 - 1 Jump up ^ Garth , John ( 2003 ) , Tolkien and the Great War , London : HarperCollins ( published 2004 ) , p. 76 , ISBN 0 - 00 - 711953 - 4 Jump up ^ Zipes , Jack ( 1989 ) . Victorian fairy tales : the revolt of the fairies and elves ( Paperback ed . ) . New York : Routledge . pp. xxiv . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 90140 - 6 . Jump up ^ Garth , John ( 2003 ) , Tolkien and the Great War , London : HarperCollins ( published 2004 ) , p. 78 , ISBN 0 - 00 - 711953 - 4 Jump up ^ Burns , Marjorie ( 2005 ) . Perilous realms : Celtic and Norse in Tolkien 's Middle - earth . University of Toronto Press . pp. 22 -- 23 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 3806 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1984 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Book of Lost Tales , 1 , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 395 - 35439 - 0 Jump up ^ Fimi , Dimitra . `` Come sing ye light fairy things tripping so gay : Victorian Fairies and the Early Work of J.R.R. Tolkien '' Archived 31 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Working With English : Medieval and Modern Language , Literature and Drama . Retrieved 11 / 01 / 08 ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Humphrey ( 1977 ) , Tolkien : A Biography , New York : Ballantine Books , ISBN 0 - 04 - 928037 - 6 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1984 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Book of Lost Tales , 2 , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 395 - 36614 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Fimi , Dimitra ( August 2006 ) . `` '' Mad '' Elves and `` elusive beauty '' : some Celtic strands of Tolkien 's mythology `` . Folklore. 117 ( 2 ) : 156 -- 170 . doi : 10.1080 / 00155870600707847 . Jump up ^ Shippey , Tom ( 1998 ) . The Road to Middle - earth ( 3rd ed . ) . Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 261 - 10275 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1937 ) , Douglas A. Anderson , ed. , The Annotated Hobbit , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 2002 ) , p. 120 , ISBN 0 - 618 - 13470 - 0 Jump up ^ Garth , John ( 2003 ) , Tolkien and the Great War , London : HarperCollins ( published 2004 ) , p. 222 , ISBN 0 - 00 - 711953 - 4 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1987 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Lost Road and Other Writings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 171 , The Lhammas , ISBN 0 - 395 - 45519 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Gunnell , Terry . `` Tivar in a Timeless Land : Tolkien 's Elves '' . University of Iceland . Jump up ^ Burns , Marjory ( 2005 ) . Perilous Realms : Celtic and Norse in Tolkien 's Middle - earth . University of Toronto Press . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 3806 - 9 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1984 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Book of Lost Tales , 1 , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p 31 , The Cottage of Lost Play , ISBN 0 - 395 - 35439 - 0 Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 26 Jump up ^ http://de-vagaesemhybrazil.blogspot.com.br/2009/09/mad-elves-and-elusive-beauty-some.html Jump up ^ Shippey , T.A. ( 2000 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien : Author of the Century . London : HarperCollins . p. 211 . Jump up ^ Galadriel ( Tolkien , The Lord of the Rings ) ^ Jump up to : Carpenter 1981 , # 144 Jump up ^ Brin , David ( 2008 ) . Through Stranger Eyes : Reviews , Introductions , Tributes & Iconoclastic Essays . Nimble Books . p. 37 . ISBN 1 - 934840 - 39 - 4 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1994 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The War of the Jewels , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , `` Quendi and Eldar , ISBN 0 - 395 - 71041 - 3 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1993 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Morgoth 's Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , `` Myths Transformed '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 68092 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1993 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Morgoth 's Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , `` Laws and Customs among the Eldar '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 68092 - 1 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1980 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Unfinished Tales , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 395 - 29917 - 9 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1993 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Morgoth 's Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , The Converse of Manwë and Eru , pp. 361 -- 4 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 68092 - 1 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1977 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Silmarillion , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 395 - 25730 - 1 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1955 ) , The Return of the King , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08256 - 0 , Appendix F . Jump up ^ Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings , s.v. `` Elven - smiths '' . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1994 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The War of the Jewels , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , Quendi and Eldar , ISBN 0 - 395 - 71041 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Profiles of Middle - earth '' . Rules Summary . Games Workshop . Archived from the original on 19 June 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 03 . External links ( edit ) `` Elves '' . Tolkien Gateway . ( hide ) J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium Writings Principal works The Silmarillion The Hobbit The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Other works The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On Posthumous publications Unfinished Tales The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien The History of Middle - earth ( 12 volumes ) Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Fictional universe Characters Peoples Individual Dwarves Individual Elves Individual Hobbits Hobbit families Individual Númenóreans Individual Orcs Kings of Arnor House of Isildur Rangers of the North Arvedui Aragorn Eldarion Kings of Dale Kings of Gondor House of Anárion Eärnil II Kings of Rohan Éomer Théoden Rulers of Númenor Realms Objects Rings of Power One Ring Three Rings Palantír Silmarils Mithril Weapons and armour Sting Concepts Cosmology Ages or timeline Animals Plants Food and drink Wars and battles Rivers Anduin Roads Languages Magic Hobbit Day Secondary works and legacy The Atlas of Middle - earth The Complete Guide to Middle - earth A Guide to Middle - earth The Individuated Hobbit J.R.R. Tolkien : Author of the Century J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia Journeys of Frodo The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion Images of Middle - Earth Related fiction Things named after Tolkien and his works Tolkien 's Ring Tolkien : A Look Behind `` The Lord of the Rings '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elf_(Middle-earth)&oldid=801369529 '' Categories : Middle - earth Elves Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia introduction cleanup from July 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Pages incorrectly using the quote template Use dmy dates from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 07 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elf%20%28Middle-earth%29

where did first painting on silk saree begin

History of silk

history of silk

The production of silk originates in China in the Neolithic ( Yangshao culture , 4th millennium BC ) . Silk remained confined to China until the Silk Road opened at some point during the later half of the first millennium BC . China maintained its virtual monopoly over silk production for another thousand years . Not confined to clothing , silk was also used for a number of other applications , including writing , and the color of silk worn was an important guide of social class during the Tang Dynasty .

Silk cultivation spread to Japan around 300 AD , and , by 522 AD , the Byzantines managed to obtain silkworm eggs and were able to begin silkworm cultivation . The Arabs also began to manufacture silk during this same time . As a result of the spread of sericulture , Chinese silk exports became less important , although they still maintained dominance over the luxury silk market . The Crusades brought silk production to Western Europe , in particular to many Italian states , which saw an economic boom exporting silk to the rest of Europe . Changes in manufacturing techniques also began to take place during the Middle Ages , with devices such as the spinning wheel first appearing . During the 16th century France joined Italy in developing a successful silk trade , though the efforts of most other nations to develop a silk industry of their own were unsuccessful . The Industrial Revolution changed much of Europe 's silk industry . Due to innovations on spinning cotton , cotton became much cheaper to manufacture and therefore caused more expensive silk production to become less mainstream . New weaving technologies , however , increased the efficiency of production . Among these was the Jacquard loom , developed for silk embroidery . An epidemic of several silkworm diseases caused production to fall , especially in France , where the industry never recovered . In the 20th century Japan and China regained their earlier role in silk production , and China is now once again the world 's largest producer of silk . The rise of new fabrics such as nylon reduced the prevalence of silk throughout the world , and silk is now once again a rare luxury good , much less important than in its heyday . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 1.1 The Appearance of Silk 1.2 Myths and legends 2 Silk usage in Ancient and Medieval China 3 Chinese silk and its commerce 4 Spread of production 4.1 Reciprocal influences 5 Silk in the medieval world 5.1 A more abundant luxury 5.2 Improved technology 5.3 The silk industry in France 5.4 Spread to other countries 6 Silk since the Industrial Revolution 6.1 The start of the Industrial Revolution 6.2 Decline in the European silk industry 7 Silk in modern times 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Early History ( edit ) The silkworm cocoon The appearance of silk ( edit ) The earliest evidence of silk was found at the sites of Yangshao culture in Xia County , Shanxi , where a silk cocoon was found cut in half by a sharp knife , dating back to between 4000 and 3000 BC . The species was identified as Bombyx mori , the domesticated silkworm . Fragments of primitive loom can also be seen from the sites of Hemmed culture in Yuyao , Zhejiang , dated to about 4000 BC . The earliest example of silk fabric is from 3630 BC , and was used as wrapping for the body of a child . The fabric comes from a Yangshao site in Qingtaicun at Rongyang , Henan . Scraps of silk were found in a Liangzhu culture site at Qianshanyang in Huzhou , Zhejiang , dating back to 2700 BC . Other fragments have been recovered from royal tombs in the Shang Dynasty ( c. 1600 -- c. 1046 BCE ) . During the later epoch , the Chinese lost their secret to the Koreans , the Japanese , and , later , the Indians , as these cultures discovered how to make silk . Allusions to the fabric in the Old Testament show that it was known in western Asia in biblical times . Scholars believe that starting in the 2nd century BCE the Chinese established a commercial network aimed at exporting silk to the West . Silk was used , for example , by the Persian court and its king , Darius III , when Alexander the Great conquered the empire . Even though silk spread rapidly across Eurasia , with the possible exception of Japan its production remained exclusively Chinese for three millennia . Detail of silk ritual garment from a 4th - century BCE , Zhou era , China . Myths and legends ( edit ) A lacquerware painting from the Jingmen Tomb ( Chinese : 荊門 楚 墓 ; Pinyin : Jīngmén chǔ mù ) of the State of Chu ( 704 -- 223 BC ) , depicting men wearing precursors to Hanfu ( i.e. traditional silkp dress ) and riding in a two - horsed chariot The writings of Confucius and Chinese tradition recount that , in about 3000 century BCE , a silk worm 's cocoon fell into the tea cup of the empress Leizu . Wishing to extract it from her drink , the 14 - year - old girl began to unroll the thread of the cocoon . She then had the idea to weave some of it , so she kept some for herself . Having observed the life of the silk worm on the recommendation of her husband , the Yellow Emperor , she began to instruct her entourage in the art of raising silk worms , sericulture . From this point , the girl became the goddess of silk in Chinese mythology . Silk eventually left China via the heir of a princess who was promised to a prince of Khotan . This probably occurred in the early 1st century AD . The princess , refusing to go without the fabric that she loved , would finally break the imperial ban on silk - worm exportation . Though silk was exported to foreign countries in great amounts , sericulture remained a secret that the Chinese carefully guarded . Consequently , other peoples invented wildly varying accounts of the source of the incredible fabric . In classical antiquity , most Romans , great admirers of the cloth , were convinced that the Chinese took the fabric from tree leaves . This belief was affirmed by Seneca the Elder in his Phaedra and by Virgil in his Georgics . Notably , Pliny the Elder knew better . Speaking of the bombyx or silk moth , he wrote in his Natural History `` They weave webs , like spiders , that become a luxurious clothing material for women , called silk . '' Silk usage in Ancient and medieval China ( edit ) Woven silk textile from Tomb No. 1 at Mawangdui Han tombs site , Changsha , Hunan province , China , 2nd century BC , Western Han Dynasty In China , silk - worm farming was originally restricted to women , and many women were employed in the silk - making industry . Even though some saw the development of a luxury product as useless , silk provoked such a craze among high society that the rules in the Li Ji were used to limit its use to the members of the imperial family . For approximately a millennium , the right to wear silk was reserved for the emperor and the highest dignitaries . Silk was , at the time , a sign of great wealth , because of its shimmering appearance . This appearance was due to silk 's prism - like shape / structure , which refracted light from every angle . After some time , silk gradually extended to other classes of Chinese society , like the noble class and such . Silk began to be used for decorative means and also in less luxurious ways : musical instruments , fishing , and bow making . Peasants did not have the right to wear silk until the Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) . Paper was one of the greatest discoveries of ancient China . Beginning in the 3rd century BC paper was made in all sizes with various materials . Silk was no exception , and silk workers had been making paper since the 2nd century BC . Silk , bamboo , linen , wheat and rice straw were all used differently , and paper made with silk became the first type of luxury paper . Researchers have found an early example of writing done on silk paper in the tomb of a Marchioness who died around 168 , in Mawangdui , Changsha , Hunan . The material was certainly more expensive , but also more practical than bamboo slips . Treatises on many subjects , including meteorology , medicine , astrology , divinity , and even maps written on silk have been discovered . Chinese painting on silk , with playing children wearing silk clothes , by Su Hanchen ( active 1130s -- 1160s ) , Song Dynasty . During the Han Dynasty , silk became progressively more valuable in its own right , and became more than simply a material . It was used to pay government officials and compensate citizens who were particularly worthy . By the same token that one would sometimes estimate the price of products according to a certain weight of gold , the length of the silk cloth became a monetary standard in China ( in addition to bronze coins ) . The wealth that silk brought to China stirred envy in neighboring peoples . Beginning in the 2nd century BC , the Xiongnu regularly pillaged the provinces of the Han Chinese for around 250 years . Silk was a common offering by the emperor to these tribes in exchange for peace . Silk is described in a chapter on mulberry planting by Si Shengzhi of the Western Han ( 206 BC -- 9 AD ) . There is a surviving calendar for silk production in an Eastern Han ( 25 -- 220 AD ) document . The two other known works on silk from the Han period are lost . `` ( T ) he military payrolls tell us that soldiers were paid in bundles of plain silk textiles , which circulated as currency in Han times . Soldiers may well have traded their silk with the nomads who came to the gates of the Great Wall to sell horses and furs . '' For more than a millennium , silk remained the principal diplomatic gift of the emperor of China to his neighbors or to his vassals . The use of silk became so important that silk ( 糸 ) soon constituted one of the principal radicals of Chinese script . Broadly speaking , the use of silk was regulated by a very precise code in China . For example , the Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty imposed upon bureaucrats the use of particular colors according to their different functions in society . Under the Ming , silk began to be used in a series of accessories : handkerchiefs , wallets , belts , or even an embroidered piece of fabric displaying dozens of animals , real or mythical . These fashion accessories remained associated with a particular position : there was a specific bonnet for warriors , for judges , for nobles , and others for religious use . The women of high Chinese society heeded codified practices and used silk in their garments to which they added countless motifs . A 17th - century work , Jin Ping Mei , gives a description of one such motif : Golden lotus having a quilted backgammon pattern , double - folded , adorned with savage geese pecking at a landscape of flowers and roses ; the dress ' right figure had a floral border with buttons in the form of bees or chrysanthemums . Chinese silk making process The silkworms and mulberry leaves are placed on trays . Twig frames for the silkworms are prepared . The cocoons are weighed . The cocoons are soaked and the silk is wound on spools . The silk is woven using a loom . Chinese silk and its commerce ( edit ) Further information : Silk Road and Sino - Roman relations The main silk roads between 500 BC and 500 AD A Roman fresco from Pompeii showing a Maenad in silk dress , 1st century AD Numerous archaeological discoveries show that silk had become a luxury material appreciated in foreign countries well before the opening of the Silk Road by the Chinese . For example , silk has been found in the Valley of the Kings in a tomb of a mummy dating from 1070 BCE . First the Greeks , then the Romans began to speak about the Seres ( people of silk ) , a term to designate the inhabitants of the far - off kingdom , China . According to certain historians , the first Roman contact with silk was that of the legions of the governor of Syria , Crassus . At the Battle of Carrhae , near to the Euphrates , the legions were said to be so surprised by the brilliance of the banners of Parthia that they fled . The silk road toward the west was opened by the Chinese in the 2nd century AD . The main road left from Xi'an , going either to the north or south of the Taklamakan desert , one of the most arid in the world , before crossing the Pamir Mountains . The caravans that employed this method to exchange silk with other merchants were generally quite large , including from 100 to 500 people as well as camels and yaks carrying around 140 kg ( 300 lb ) of merchandise . They linked to Antioch and the coasts of the Mediterranean , about one year 's travel from Xi'an . In the South , a second route went by Yemen , Burma , and India before rejoining the northern route . Not long after the conquest of Egypt in 30 BC regular commerce began between the Romans and Asia , marked by the Roman appetite for silk cloth coming from the Far East , which was then resold to the Romans by the Parthians . The Roman Senate tried in vain to prohibit the wearing of silk , for economic reasons as well as moral ones . The import of Chinese silk resulted in vast amounts of gold leaving Rome , to such an extent that silk clothing was perceived as a sign of decadence and immorality . `` I can see clothes of silk , if materials that do not hide the body , nor even one 's decency , can be called clothes ... Wretched flocks of maids labour so that the adulteress may be visible through her thin dress , so that her husband has no more acquaintance than any outsider or foreigner with his wife 's body . '' -- Seneca the Younger , Declamations Vol . I . In the late Middle Ages , transcontinental trade over the land routes of the Silk Road declined as sea trade increased . The Silk Road was a significant factor in the development of the civilizations of China , India , Ancient Egypt , Persia , Arabia , and Ancient Rome . Though silk was certainly the major trade item from China , many other goods were traded , and various technologies , religions and philosophies , as well as the bubonic plague ( the `` Black Death '' ) , also traveled along the Silk Routes . Some of the other goods traded included luxuries such as silk , satin , hemp and other fine fabrics , musk , other perfumes , spices , medicines , jewels , glassware , and even rhubarb , as well as slaves . China traded silk , teas , and porcelain ; while India traded spices , ivory , textiles , precious stones , and pepper ; and the Roman Empire exported gold , silver , fine glassware , wine , carpets , and jewels . Although the term the Silk Road implies a continuous journey , very few who traveled the route traversed it from end to end ; for the most part , goods were transported by a series of agents on varying routes and were traded in the bustling markets of the oasis towns . The main traders during Antiquity were the Indian and Bactrian traders , then from the 5th to the 8th century AD the Sogdian traders , then afterward the Arab and Persian traders . Spread of production ( edit ) Sassanid inspired two - sided silk cloth , with winged lions and tree of life , from the early Islamic period in Iran , National Museum of Iran . Although silk was well known in Europe and most of Asia , China was able to keep a near monopoly on silk production . The monopoly was defended by an imperial decree , condemning to death anyone attempting to export silkworms or their eggs . Only around the year 300 AD did a Japanese expedition succeed in taking some silkworm eggs and four young Chinese girls , who were forced to teach their captors the art of sericulture . Techniques of sericulture were subsequently introduced to Japan on a larger scale by frequent diplomatic exchanges between the 8th century and 9th centuries . Starting in the 4th century BC silk began to reach the Hellenistic world by merchants who would exchange it for gold , ivory , horses or precious stones . Up to the frontiers of the Roman Empire , silk became a monetary standard for estimating the value of different products . Hellenistic Greece appreciated the high quality of the Chinese goods and made efforts to plant mulberry trees and breed silkworms in the Mediterranean basin . Sassanid Persia controlled the trade of silk destined for Europe and Byzantium . The Greek word for `` silken '' was σηρικός , from the name of the Seres ( Σῆρες ) , according to Strabo the people from whom silk was first obtained . The Greek word gave rise to Latin sericum and ultimately Old English sioloc , Middle English silk . The monks sent by Justinian give the silkworms to the emperor . According to a story by Procopius , it was not until 552 AD that the Byzantine emperor Justinian obtained the first silkworm eggs . He had sent two Nestorian monks to Central Asia , and they were able to smuggle silkworm eggs to him hidden in rods of bamboo . While under the monks ' care , the eggs hatched , though they did not cocoon before arrival . The church manufacture in the Byzantine Empire was thus able to make fabrics for the emperor , with the intention of developing a large silk industry in the Eastern Roman Empire , using techniques learned from the Sassanids . These gynecia had a legal monopoly on the fabric , but the empire continued to import silk from other major urban centres on the Mediterranean . The magnificence of the Byzantine techniques was not a result of the manufacturing process , but instead of the meticulous attention paid to the execution and decorations . The weaving techniques they used were taken from Egypt . The first diagrams of semple looms appeared in the 5th century . The Arabs , with their widening conquests , spread sericulture across the shores of the Mediterranean , leading to the development of sericulture in North Africa , Andalusia and Sicily . The interactions among Byzantine and Muslim silk - weaving centers of all levels of quality , with imitations made in Andalusia and Lucca , among other cities , have made the identification and date of rare surviving examples difficult to pinpoint . While the Chinese lost their monopoly on silk production , they were able to re-establish themselves as major silk supplier ( during the Tang dynasty ) , and to industrialize their production in a large scale ( during the Song dynasty ) . China continued to export high - quality fabric to Europe and the Near East along the silk road . After the start of the Crusades , techniques of silk production began to spread across Western Europe . In 1147 while Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos was focusing all his efforts on the Second Crusade , the Norman king Roger II of Sicily attacked Corinth and Thebes , two important centres of Byzantine silk production . They took the crops and silk production infrastructure , and deported all the workers to Palermo , thereby causing the Norman silk industry to flourish . The sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204 brought decline to the city and its silk industry , and many artisans left the city in the early 13th century . Italy developed a large domestic silk industry after 2000 skilled weavers came from Constantinople . Many also chose to settle in Avignon to furnish the popes of Avignon . The sudden boom of the silk industry in the Italian state of Lucca , starting in the 11th and 12th centuries was due to much Sicilian , Jewish , and Greek settlement , alongside many other immigrants from neighbouring cities in southern Italy . With the loss of many Italian trading posts in the Orient , the import of Chinese styles drastically declined . Gaining momentum , in order to satisfy the rich and powerful bourgeoisie 's demands for luxury fabrics , the cities of Lucca , Genoa , Venice and Florence were soon exporting silk to all of Europe . In 1472 there were 84 workshops and at least 7000 craftsmen in Florence alone . Reciprocal influences ( edit ) Polychrome embroidery in Silk , 17th century , Antwerp French silk brocade - Lyon 1760 - 1770 Silk was made using various breeds of lepidopterans , both wild and domestic . While wild silks were produced in many countries , there is no doubt that the Chinese were the first to begin production on such a large scale , having the most effective species for silk production , the Bombyx mandarina and its domesticated descendent B. mori . Chinese sources claim the existence of a machine to unwind silkworm cocoons in 1090 . The cocoons were placed in a large basin of hot water , the silk would leave the cauldron by tiny guiding rings , and would be wound onto a large spool , thanks to a backwards and forward motion . Little information exists about spinning techniques in use in China . The spinning wheel , in all likelihood moved by hand , was known by the beginning of the Christian era . The first accepted image of a spinning wheel appears in 1210 . There is an image of a silk spinning machine powered by a water wheel that dates to 1313 . More information is known about the looms used . The Nung Sang Chi Yao , or Fundamentals of Agriculture and Sericulture , compiled around 1210 , is rich with pictures and descriptions , many pertaining to silk . It repeatedly claims the Chinese looms to be far superior to all others . It speaks of two types of loom that leave the worker 's arms free : the draw loom , which is of Eurasian origin , and the pedal loom which is attributed to East Asian origins . There are many diagrams originate in the 12th and 13th centuries . When examined closely , many similarities between Eurasian machines can be drawn . Since the Jin dynasty , the existence of silk damasks has been well recorded , and since the 2nd century BC , four - shafted looms and other innovations allowed the creation of silk brocades . Silk in the medieval world ( edit ) A more abundant luxury ( edit ) A mature mulberry tree in Provence . The high Middle Ages saw continued use of established techniques for silk manufacture without any changes to speak of , neither in materials nor in tools used . Between the 10th and 12th centuries , small changes began to appear , though the changes of the 13th century were much larger and more radical . In a short time , new fabrics began to appear ; hemp and cotton each also had their own particular techniques of manufacture . Known since Roman times , silk remained a rare and expensive material . Byzantine magnaneries in Greece and Syria ( 6th to 8th century ) , and those of the Arabs in Sicily and Spain ( 8th to 10th century ) were able to supply the luxury material in a much greater abundance . Improved technology ( edit ) The 13th century saw an already changing technology undergo many dramatic changes . It is possible that , as with in England at the end of the 18th century , advances in the textile industry were a driving force behind advances in technology as a whole . Silk indeed occupies a privileged place in history on account of this . At the start of the 13th century , a primitive form of milling the silk threads was already in use . In 1221 Jean de Garlande 's dictionary , and in 1226 , Étienne Boileau 's Livre des métiers ( Tradesman 's Handbook ) enumerated many types of devices which can only have been doubling machines . The instruments used were further perfected in Bologna between 1270 and 1280 . From the start of the 14th century , many documents allude to the use of devices that were quite complex . The reel , originally developed for the silk industry , now has multiple uses . The earliest surviving depiction of a European spinning wheel is a panel of stained glass in the Cathedral of Chartres . Bobbins and warping machines appear together in the stained glass at Chartres and in a fresco in the Cologne Kunkelhaus ( ca 1300 ) . It is possible that the toothed warping machine was created by the silk industry ; it allowed the warp to be more uniform and allowed the warp to be of a longer length . Starting at the end of the 14th century , no doubt on account of the devastation caused mid-century by the Black Death , there was a general shift towards less expensive techniques . Many things which would have earlier been completely forbidden by the guilds were now commonplace ( using low quality wool , carding , etc . ) . In the silk industry , the use of water - powered mills grew , and by the 15th century , the loom designed by Jean le Calabrais saw nearly universal use . The silk industry in France ( edit ) A picture from the Encyclopédie of Diderot and d'Alembert , showing the different steps in sericulture and the manufacture of silk . Italian silk cloth was very expensive , as much a result of the cost of the raw material as of the production costs . The craftsmen in Italy proved unable to keep up with the exigencies of French fashion , which continuously demanded lighter and less expensive materials . These materials were used for clothing , and garment production began to be done locally . Nevertheless , Italian silk long remained among the most prized , mostly for furnishings and the brilliant colours of the dyes . Following the example of the wealthy Italian city - states of the era , such as Venice , Florence , and Lucca , which had become the center of the luxury - textile industry , Lyon obtained a similar function in the French market . In 1466 , King Louis XI decided to develop a national silk industry in Lyon . In the face of protests by the Lyonnais , he conceded and moved the silk fabrication to Tours , but the industry in Tours stayed relatively marginal . His main objective was to reduce France 's trade deficit with the Italian states , which caused France to lose 400,000 to 500,000 golden écus a year . It was under Francis I in around 1535 that a royal charter was granted to two merchants , Étienne Turquet and Barthélemy Naris , to develop a silk trade in Lyon . In 1540 , the king granted a monopoly on silk production to the city of Lyon . Starting in the 16th century , Lyon became the capital of the European silk trade , notably producing many reputable fashions . Gaining confidence , the silks produced in the city began to abandon the original oriental styles in favor of their own distinctive style , which emphasized landscapes . Thousand of workers , the canuts , devoted themselves to the flourishing industry . In the middle of the 17th century , over 14,000 looms were used in Lyon , and the silk industry fed a third of the city 's population . In the 18th and 19th centuries , Provence experienced a boom in sericulture that would last until the first world war , with much of the silk shipped north to Lyon . Viens and La Bastide - des - Jourdans are two of the communes of Luberon that profited the most from mulberry plantations that have since disappeared . However , silk centers still operate today. Working at home under the domestic system , silk spinning and silk treatment employed many people and increased the income of the working class . Spread to other countries ( edit ) A former magnanery in Luberon England under Henry IV was also looking to develop a silk industry , but no opportunity arose until the revocation of the Edict of Nantes the 1680s , when hundreds of thousands of French Huguenots , many of whom were skilled weavers and experts in sericulture , began immigrating to England to escape religious persecution . Some areas , including Spitalfields saw many high - quality silk workshops spring up , their products distinct from continental silk largely by the colors used . Nonetheless , the British climate prevented England 's domestic silk trade from becoming globally dominant . Many envisioned starting a silk industry in the British colonies in America , starting in 1619 , under the reign of King James I of England . The silk industry in the colonies never became very large . Likewise , silk was introduced to numerous other countries , including Mexico , where it was brought by Cortez in 1522 . Only rarely did these new silk industries grow to any significant size . Silk since the Industrial Revolution ( edit ) Portrait of Maria Ivanovna Tatischeva by David Lüders ( 1759 ) Moscow , State Tretyakov Gallery Mme Tatischeva is shown wearing a paduasoy silk dress . The start of the Industrial Revolution ( edit ) The start of the Industrial Revolution was marked by a massive boom in the textile industry , with remarkable technological innovations made , led by the cotton industry of Great Britain . In its early years , there were often disparities in technological innovation between different stages of fabric manufacture , which encouraged complementary innovations . For example , spinning progressed much more rapidly than weaving . The silk industry , however , did not gain any benefit from innovations in spinning , as silk is naturally already a thread . Making silk , silver , and gold brocades is a very delicate and precise process , with each colour needing its own dedicated shuttle . In the 17th century and 18th centuries progress began to be made in the simplification and standardization of silk manufacture , with many advances following one after another . Bouchon and Falcon 's punched card loom appeared in 1775 , later improved on by Jacques de Vaucanson . Later , Joseph - Marie Jacquard improved on the designs of Falcon and Vaucanson , introducing the revolutionary Jacquard loom , which allowed a string of punched cards to be processed mechanically in the correct sequence . The punched cards of the Jacquard loom were a direct precursor to the modern computer , in that they gave a ( limited ) form of programmability . Punched cards themselves were carried over to computers , and were ubiquitous until their obsolescence in the 1970s . From 1801 embroidery became highly mechanized due to the effectiveness of the Jacquard loom . The mechanism behind the Jacquard loom even allowed complex designs to be mass - produced . The Jacquard loom was immediately denounced by workers , who accused it of causing unemployment , but soon it had become vital to the industry . The loom was declared public property in 1806 , and Jacquard was rewarded with a pension and a royalty on each machine . In 1834 there were a total of 2885 Jacquard looms in Lyon alone . The Canut revolt in 1831 foreshadowed many of the larger worker uprisings of the Industrial Revolution . The canuts occupied the city of Lyon , and would not relinquish it until a bloody repression by the army , led by Marshal Soult . A second revolt , similar to the first , took place in 1834 . Decline in the European silk industry ( edit ) The first silkworm diseases began to appear in 1845 , creating an epidemic . Among them are pébrine , caused by the microsporidia Nosema bombycis , grasserie , caused by a virus , flacherie , caused by eating infected mulberry leaves or white muscardine disease , caused by the fungus Beauveria bassiana . The epidemic grew to a massive scale , and after having attacked the silkworms , other viruses began to infect the mulberry trees . The chemist Jean - Baptiste Dumas , French minister of agriculture , was charged with stopping the epidemic . In face of sericulturers ' call for help , he asked Louis Pasteur to study the disease , starting in 1865 . For many years , Pasteur thought that pébrine was not a contagious disease . In 1870 he changed his view , and measures were enacted that caused the disease to decline . Nevertheless , the increase in the price of silkworm cocoons and the reduction in importance of silk in the garments of the bourgeoisie in the 19th century caused the decline of the silk industry in Europe . The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and the silk shortage in France reduced the price of importing Asian silk , particularly from China and Japan . Starting from the Long Depression ( 1873 -- 1896 ) , Lyonnais silk production had become totally industrialized , and hand looms were rapidly disappearing . The 19th century saw the textile industry 's progress caused by advances in chemistry . The synthesis of aniline was used to make mauveine ( aniline purple ) dye and the synthesis of quinine was used to make indigo dye . In 1884 Count Hilaire de Chardonnet invented artificial silk and in 1891 opened a factory dedicated to the production of artificial silk ( viscose ) , which cost much less and in part replaced natural silk . A Jacquard loom . An illustration of spinning , winding , doubling and throwing machines used in silk textile production in England , 1858 . Silk , cotton and gilt - metal - strip - wrapped cotton panel , machine - woven in Scotland c. 1887 . Tulip motif is inspired by Turkish textiles . Silk in modern times ( edit ) A woman making silk in Hotan , China . Following the crisis in Europe , the modernization of sericulture in Japan made it the world 's foremost silk producer . By the early 20th century , rapidly industrializing Japan was producing as much as 60 percent of the world 's raw silk , most exports shipping through the port of Yokohama . Italy managed to rebound from the crisis , but France was unable . Urbanization in Europe saw many French and Italian agricultural workers leave silk growing for more lucrative factory work . Raw silk was imported from Japan to fill the void . Asian countries , formerly exporters of raw materials ( cocoons and raw silk ) , progressively began to export more and more finished garments . During the Second World War , silk supplies from Japan were cut off , so western countries were forced to find substitutes . Synthetic fibres such as nylon were used in products such as parachutes and stockings , replacing silk . Even after the war , silk was not able to regain many of the markets lost , though it remained an expensive luxury product . Postwar Japan , through improvements in technology and a protectionist market policy , became the world 's foremost exporter of raw silk , a position it held until the 1970s . The continued rise in importance of synthetic fibres and loosening of the protectionist economy contributed to the decline of Japan 's silk industry , and by 1975 it was no longer a net exporter of silk . With its recent economic reforms , the People 's Republic of China has become the world 's largest silk producer . In 1996 it produced 58,000 tonnes out of a world production of 81,000 , followed by India at 13,000 tonnes . Japanese production is now marginal , at only 2500 tonnes . Between 1995 and 1997 Chinese silk production went down 40 % in an effort to raise prices , reminiscent of earlier shortages . In December 2006 the General Assembly of the United Nations proclaimed 2009 to be the International Year of Natural Fibres , so as to raise the profile of silk and other natural fibres . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vainker , Shelagh ( 2004 ) . Chinese Silk : A Cultural History . Rutgers University Press . pp. 20 , 17 . ISBN 0813534461 . Jump up ^ Tang , Chi and Miao , Liangyun , `` Zhongguo Sichoushi '' ( `` History of Silks in China '' ) Archived 2007 - 11 - 23 at the Wayback Machine ... Encyclopedia of China , 1st ed . Jump up ^ `` Textile Exhibition : Introduction '' . Asian art . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : ( in French ) Charles Meyer , Des mûriers dans le jardin du mandarin , Historia , n ° 648 , December 2000 . ^ Jump up to : ( in French ) `` Soie ' '' ( § 2 . Historique ) , Encyclopédie Encarta ^ Jump up to : `` The History of Silk '' . The Silk Association of Great Britain . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hill ( 2009 ) , `` Appendix A : Introduction of Silk Cultivation to Khotan in the 1st Century AD . '' , pp. 466 - 467 . Jump up ^ Jean - Noël Robert . `` Les relations entre le monde romain et la Chine : la tentation du Far East '' ( in French ) . clio.fr . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2007 . Retrieved May 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , Naturalis Historia 11. xxvi. 76 ^ Jump up to : ( in French ) Histoire des techniques p. 455 Jump up ^ Plous , Estelle . `` A History of Silk Maps '' . TravelLady Magazine . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Liu ( 2010 ) , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Silk '' . Silk road Foundation . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ ( in French ) `` Histoire de la Route de la soie '' , Encyclopædia Universalis Jump up ^ ( in French ) Charles Meyer , `` Les routes de la soie : 22 siècles d'aventure '' , Historia , n ° 648 December 2000 . Jump up ^ Seneca the Younger , Declamations Vol . I . Jump up ^ Hogan , C. Michael . `` The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map : Silk Road , North China ( Northern Silk Road , North Silk Road ) Ancient Trackway '' . www.megalithic.co.uk . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Francis ( 2002 ) . The Silk Road : Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . pp. 9 , 13 -- 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24340 - 8 . Jump up ^ Cook , ( 1999 ) , 144 . Jump up ^ Strabo 11.11. 1 , 15.1. 34 . The adjective σηρικός is recorded in the 2nd century CE , found in Lucian ( De saltatione 63 ) , Cassius Dio ( 43.24 ) , Pausanias ( 6.26. 6 ) . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( in French ) Catherine Jolivet - Lévy and Jean - Pierre Sodini ( 2006 ) , `` Byzance '' , in Encyclopædia Universalis Jump up ^ ( in French ) Histoire des Techniques p. 435 ^ Jump up to : ( in French ) Anne Kraatz , Marie Risselin - Steenebrugen , Michèle Pirazzoli - t'Serstevens and Madeleine Paul - David ( 2006 ) , `` Tissus d'art '' , in Encyclopædia Universalis Jump up ^ David Jacoby , `` Silk Economics and Cross-Cultural Artistic Interaction : Byzantium , the Muslim World , and the Christian West '' , Dumbarton Oaks Papers 58 ( 2004 ) , pp. 197 - 240 . Jump up ^ Heleanor B. Feltham : Justinian and the International Silk Trade , p. 34 Jump up ^ ( in French ) Georges Ostrogorsky , Histoire de l'état byzantin , Payot , 1956 , reedited in 1977 , ISBN 2 - 228 - 07061 - 0 Jump up ^ ( in French ) Histoire des techniques p. 551 Jump up ^ Joseph Needham , Francesca Bray , Hsing - Tsung Huang , Christian Daniels , Nicholas K. Menzies , Science and Civilisation in China , Cambridge University Press , 1984 p. 72 ISBN 0 - 521 - 25076 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Xinru Liu , Silk and Religion : An Exploration of Material Life and the Thought of People AD 600 - 1200 , Oxford University Press US , 1998 . Jump up ^ ( in French ) Histoire des Techniques p. 553 ^ Jump up to : ( in French ) Histoire des Techniques p. 557 Jump up ^ Ronan ( 1994 ) , 68 , Jump up ^ ( in French ) Histoire des Techniques p. 639 Jump up ^ ( in French ) Autour du Fil , l'encyclopédie des arts textiles Jump up ^ ( in French ) Georges Duby ( ed ) , Histoire de la France : Dynasties et révolutions , de 1348 à 1852 ( vol. 2 ) , Larousse , 1999 p. 53 ISBN 2 - 03 - 505047 - 2 ^ Jump up to : ( in French ) Gérard Chauvy , `` La dure condition des forçats du luxe '' , Historia , n ° 648 , December 2000 Jump up ^ ( in French ) Guide Gallimard - Parc naturel LUBERON Jump up ^ Waters , Sarah . `` The Silk Industry in Lyon , France . '' Museum of the City . Accessed 6 October 2017 . http://www.museumofthecity.org/project/the-silk-industry-in-lyon-france/ Jump up ^ Thirsk ( 1997 ) , 120 . Jump up ^ Peter N. Stearns , William Leonard Langer The Encyclopedia of World History , Houghton Mifflin Books , 2001 p. 403 ISBN 0 - 395 - 65237 - 5 Jump up ^ ( in French ) Histoire des techniques p. 718 Jump up ^ `` Louis Pasteur , '' Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007 . Archived 2009 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ A.J.H. Latham and Heita Kawakatsu , Japanese Industrialization and the Asian Economy p. 199 Jump up ^ Reilly , Benjamin ( 2009 ) . Disaster and Human History : Case Studies in Nature , Society and Catastrophe . Jefferson N.C. : McFarland & Company Inc. p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3655 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Cocoon Strikes Back : Innovative Products Could Revive a Dying Industry '' . Japan Information Network . 2000 . Retrieved October 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Anthony H. Gaddum , `` Silk '' , Business and Industry Review , ( 2006 ) . In Encyclopædia Britannica References ( edit ) Main sources : Bertrand Gille . Histoire des techniques , Gallimard , coll . La Pléiade , 1978 ( ISBN 978 - 2 - 07 - 010881 - 7 ) ( in French ) The Encyclopédie of Diderot and d'Alembert ( in French ) Catherine Jolivet - Lévy et Jean - Pierre Sodini , `` Byzance '' , in Encyclopædia Universalis , 2006 . ( in French ) `` La Soie , 4000 ans de luxe et de volupté '' , Historia , n ° 648 , décembre 2000 . ( in French ) Ron Cherry , `` Sericulture '' , Entomological Society of America ( 2 ) Cook , Robert . Handbook of Textile Fibres Vol. 1 : Natural Fibres . Cambridge : Woodhead , 1999 . `` Silk '' , Encyclopædia Britannica `` Soie '' , Encyclopédie Encarta ( in French ) Hill , John E. ( 2009 ) Through the Jade Gate to Rome : A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty , 1st to 2nd Centuries CE . John E. Hill . BookSurge , Charleston , South Carolina . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4392 - 2134 - 1 . Anne Kraatz , Marie Risselin - Steenebrugen , Michèle Pirazzoli - t'Serstevens et Madeleine Paul - David , `` Tissus d'art '' , in Encyclopædia Universalis , 2006 . ( in French ) Liu , Xinru ( 2010 ) . The Silk Road in World History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516174 - 8 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533810 - 2 ( pbk ) . Toshiharu Furusawa , `` The history of Sericulture in Japan -- The old and innovative technique for Industry - '' , Center for Bioresource Field Science , Kyoto Institute of Technology ( pdf ) `` Métiers agricoles - Magnaniers '' , Institut supérieur de l'agroalimentaire ( 3 ) Ronan , Colin . The Shorter Science and Civilization in China . Cambridge : Cambridge University , 1994 . ( in French ) Thirsk , Joan ( 1997 ) Alternative Agriculture : A History from the Black Death to the Present Day . Oxford : Oxford University , 1997 . Further reading ( edit ) Watt , James C.Y. ; Wardwell , Anne E. ( 1997 ) . When silk was gold : Central Asian and Chinese textiles . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 0870998250 . External links ( edit ) China National Silk Museum , Hangzhou , China ( 中国 丝绸 博物馆 ) http://en.chinasilkmuseum.com/ `` Sericulture in Asia : Yesterday , today , tomorrow '' , Asia and Pacific Network Silk General History of silk Magnanery Sericulture Silk Road Silk waste Types Ahimsa silk Assam silk Atlas silk Byzantine silk Eri silk Japanese silk Lao silk Mysore silk Rajshahi silk Thai silk Tussar silk Wild silk Industries Silk in the Indian subcontinent Silk industry in China Silk industry of Cheshire Products Saree Tenun Pahang Diraja Silkworm Andy Cohen Tim Midgett Matt Kadane Michael Dahlquist Joel RL Phelps Full - lengths L'ajre ( 1992 ) In The West ( 1994 ) Libertine ( 1994 ) Firewater ( 1996 ) Developer ( 1997 ) Blueblood ( 1998 ) Lifestyle ( 2000 ) Italian Platinum ( 2002 ) It 'll Be Cool ( 2004 ) EPs His Absence Is A Blessing EP ( 1993 ) The Marco Collins Session EP ( 1995 ) You Are Dignified EP ( 2003 ) Chokes ! EP ( 2006 ) Other albums Even A Blind Chicken Finds A Kernel of Corn Now And Then : 1990 - 1994 ( 1998 ) Related bands Bottomless Pit The Crust Brothers Joel RL Phelps and the Downer Trio Textile arts Fundamentals Applique Beadwork Crochet Dyeing Embroidery Fabric Felting Fiber Knitting Lace Macramé Nålebinding Needlework Patchwork Passementerie Plying Quilting Rope Rug making Sewing Stitch Textile printing Weaving Yarn History of ... Byzantine silk Clothing and textiles Silk Quilting Silk in the Indian subcontinent Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods Textiles in the Industrial Revolution Modern Industrial Textile Production Timeline of textile technology Regional and ethnic African Andean Australian Aboriginal Hmong Indigenous peoples of the Americas Korean Māori Mapuche Maya Mexican Navajo Oaxacan Related Blocking Fiber art Mathematics and fiber arts Manufacturing Preservation Recycling Textile industry Textile museums Units of measurement Wearable fiber art Glossaries Dyeing terms Sewing terms Textile terms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_silk&oldid=843570777 '' Categories : Silk Silk production History of the textile industry History of international trade History of Asian clothing Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with French - language external links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with attributed pull quotes All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 00 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20silk

rage against the machine wake up lyrics meaning

The lyrics discuss racism within the American government and the counter-intelligence programs of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) ; a spoken portion of the song is taken from an actual FBI memo in which its director J. Edgar Hoover suggests targets for the suppression of the black nationalist movement . The song also makes references to prominent African - American figures targeted by the government such as Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. , and goes as far as saying that the government arranged their assassinations .

racism within the American government|counter-intelligence programs of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI )|suppression of the black nationalist movement

Wake up ( Rage Against the Machine song )

wake up ( rage against the machine song )

`` Wake Up '' is a song by American rap metal band Rage Against the Machine . It is the seventh track from their self - titled debut album . While never released as a single , it remains a staple of their live shows and is usually played as the last song before the encore . It appeared in the feature film The Matrix , which increased the song 's exposure .

Contents 1 Composition 2 Political speeches 3 In other media 4 References 5 External links Composition ( edit ) The lyrics discuss racism within the American government and the counter-intelligence programs of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) ; a spoken portion of the song is taken from an actual FBI memo in which its director J. Edgar Hoover suggests targets for the suppression of the black nationalist movement . The song also makes references to prominent African - American figures targeted by the government such as Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. , and goes as far as saying that the government arranged their assassinations . The closing lines to the song are : How long , not long because what you reap is what you sow ! These lyrics refer to a speech made by Martin Luther King Jr. , which paraphrases part of a well - known Bible verse , `` whatever a man sows , this he will also reap '' ( Galatians 6 : 7 ) . The speech was delivered at the end of the Selma to Montgomery March on the steps of the State Capitol Building in Montgomery , Alabama . The final lines in that speech read `` How Long ? Not long , because ' you shall reap what you sow ' . '' `` Wake Up '' is one of many songs by Rage Against the Machine that is played in drop D tuning on the guitar and bass . Political speeches ( edit ) In live performances , the band 's frontman Zack de la Rocha frequently makes statements about political and social issues during a quiet section towards the end of the song before screaming `` WAKE UP ! '' eight times . On the record , this part of the song features de la Rocha reciting a memo written by J Edgar Hoover . At the 2007 Coachella Festival , de la Rocha made a speech during the song , citing a statement by Noam Chomsky regarding the Nuremberg Trials , as follows : A good friend of ours said that if the same laws were applied to U.S. presidents as were applied to the Nazis after World War II ( ... ) every single one of them , every last rich white one of them from Truman on , would have been hung to death and shot -- and this current administration is no exception . They should be hung , and tried , and shot . As any war criminal should be . But the challenges that we face , they go way beyond administrations , way beyond elections , way beyond every four years of pulling levers , way beyond that . Because this whole rotten system has become so vicious and cruel that in order to sustain itself , it needs to destroy entire countries and profit from their reconstruction in order to survive -- and that 's not a system that changes every four years , it 's a system that we have to break down , generation after generation after generation after generation after generation ... Wake up . The event led to a media furor . A clip of Zack 's speech found its way to the Fox News Channel program Hannity & Colmes . An on - screen headline read , `` Rock group ' Rage Against the Machine ' says Bush admin should be shot . '' Ann Coulter ( a guest on the show ) quipped , `` They 're losers , their fans are losers , and there 's a lot of violence coming from the left wing . '' Then Alan Colmes reminded Coulter when she said about former President Bill Clinton that `` The only issue is whether to impeach or assassinate . '' On July 28 at their performance at the Rock the Bells festival in New York City , they made another speech during `` Wake Up '' just as they had done at Coachella . During this , de la Rocha made another statement , defending the band against Fox News , who allegedly misquoted his speech at Coachella : A couple of months ago , those fascist motherfuckers at the Fox News Network attempted to pin this band into a corner by suggesting that we said that the president should be assassinated . Nah , what we said was that he should be brought to trial as a war criminal and hung and shot . THAT 'S what we said . And we do n't back away from the position because the real assassinator is Bush and Cheney and the whole administration for the lives they have destroyed here and in Iraq . They 're the ones . And what they refused to air which was far more provocative in my mind and in the minds of my bandmates is this : this system has become so brutal and vicious and cruel that it needs to start wars and profit from the destruction around the world in order to survive as a world power . THAT 's what we said . And we refuse not to stand up , we refuse to back down from that position not only for the poor kids who are being left out in the desert to die , but for the Iraqi youth , the Iraqi people , their families and their friends , and their youth who are standing up and resisting the U.S. occupation every day . And if we truly want to end this fucking miserable war , we have to stand up with the same force that the Iraqi youth are standing up with every day , and bring these motherfuckers to their knees . Wake up ... At the Voodoo Music Festival , during the performance of `` Wake Up , '' de la Rocha gave a rousing speech about his experience in the 9th Ward of post-Katrina New Orleans . De la Rocha stated that the United States is fighting two wars : one in Iraq and one `` against the people of New Orleans , '' before breaking into screams of `` Wake Up ! '' at the end of the song . At the Big Day Out in Australia 2008 , de la Rocha gave a speech discouraging globalism , saying it makes the rich richer and the poor poorer . He applauded the crowd for voting out former Australian Prime Minister John Howard , then broke into screams of `` Wake Up '' . At the band 's June 8 , 2010 gig at the O2 in Dublin , Ireland , de la Rocha gave a speech discussing the current economic system and how multinational companies are blaming the middle / working class for the problems that the multinational companies themselves caused . De la Rocha was quoted as saying : You know I 've been getting really frustrated turning on the news recently and listening to all this talk . All this talk about Ireland and all this talk about Portugal and all this talk about Spain and all this talk about Greece . And all they seem to be saying is `` Oh the people in Ireland and Spain and Greece and Portugal oh they had it too easy '' . And the very companies that run these stations like CNN profited so greatly from the housing bubble and crisis that they created . The very people that created the economic recession are the first to blame to us for the reason that it came about . And I 'm sick of them saying this over and over again knowing full well that the reason we have pensions that the reason we have vacations and the reason we have 8 hour work days is precisely because of the kind of actions that our brothers and sisters are taking in Greece right now . People taking to the streets against the wealthy class who have been robbing us all for years . And in the face of all this propaganda I wan na say , we have here to unite here in Europe , we have to unite here in Europe across ethnic lines across religious differences across racial lines and its now the lines are clear . It 's us against the wealthy plain and simple . It 's time to wake up . WAKE UP . In other media ( edit ) The song was used in the end credits of the 1999 feature film The Matrix and was also featured on its soundtrack . The song is included on the soundtrack to the 2001 BMX video game Dave Mirra Freestyle BMX 2 . The song appears in the debut episode of the ABC television series Dirty Sexy Money , first broadcast in 2007 . The song is used as the opening theme to the Steve Deace Show on CRTV.com for both the video and audio podcast versions of the program . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ FBI Memo text at the Wayback Machine ( archived November 3 , 2007 ) ( reprinted ; archived link ) Jump up ^ Noam Chomsky interviewed by Tom Morello , The Noam Chomsky Website . Accessed January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zack de la Rocha 's speech at Coachella 07 ( Videotape ) . May 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lemons , Stephens ( May 3 , 2007 ) . `` DEFENDING ZACK DE LA ROCHA : RAGE AGAINST THE MACHINE VS . KTAR 'S DARRELL ANKARLO '' . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rage Against Bush '' . Spin . May 4 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ FOX News . `` Rage Against Bush '' . FOX News . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Zack de la Rocha Speech , Rock the Bells NYC on YouTube External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Rage Against the Machine Zack de la Rocha Tom Morello Tim Commerford Brad Wilk Studio albums Rage Against the Machine Evil Empire The Battle of Los Angeles Renegades Live albums Live & Rare Live at the Grand Olympic Auditorium Demo albums Rage Against the Machine Video albums Rage Against the Machine The Battle of Mexico City Live at the Grand Olympic Auditorium Live at Finsbury Park Singles `` Killing in the Name '' `` Bullet in the Head '' `` Bombtrack '' `` Freedom '' `` Year of tha Boomerang '' `` Bulls on Parade '' `` People of the Sun '' `` Down Rodeo '' `` Vietnow '' `` The Ghost of Tom Joad '' `` No Shelter '' `` Guerrilla Radio '' `` Sleep Now in the Fire '' `` Testify '' `` Calm Like a Bomb '' `` Renegades of Funk '' `` How I Could Just Kill a Man '' Other songs `` I 'm Housin '' `` Kick Out the Jams '' `` Know Your Enemy '' `` Maggie 's Farm '' `` Microphone Fiend '' `` Street Fighting Man '' `` Tire Me '' `` Wake Up '' Concert tours Rage Against the Machine Tour 1994 -- 1995 Tour Evil Empire Tour The Battle of Los Angeles Tour Reunion Tour Related articles Discography Songs Political views and activism Audioslave Prophets of Rage Inside Out Lock Up One Day as a Lion Street Sweeper Social Club The Nightwatchman WAKRAT Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wake_Up_(Rage_Against_the_Machine_song)&oldid=856662231 '' Categories : 1992 songs Rage Against the Machine songs Songs against racism and xenophobia Song recordings produced by Garth Richardson Songs written by Tom Morello Songs written by Brad Wilk Songs written by Tim Commerford Songs written by Zack de la Rocha Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Euskara Français Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 20 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake%20Up%20%28Rage%20Against%20the%20Machine%20song%29

when was queen inducted into the hall of fame

Year Image Name Inducted members 1986 Berry , Chuck Chuck Berry 1986 Brown , James James Brown 1986 Charles , Ray Ray Charles 1986 Cooke , Sam Sam Cooke 1986 Domino , Fats Fats Domino 1986 Everly Brothers ! The Everly Brothers Don Everly and Phil Everly . 1986 Holly , Buddy Buddy Holly 1986 Lewis , Jerry Lee Jerry Lee Lewis 1986 Little Richard 1986 Presley , Elvis Elvis Presley Coasters ! The Coasters Carl Gardner , Cornell Gunter , Billy Guy , and Will `` Dub '' Jones . Cochran , Eddie Eddie Cochran Diddley , Bo Bo Diddley Franklin , Aretha Aretha Franklin Gaye , Marvin Marvin Gaye Haley , Bill Bill Haley King , B.B. B.B. King McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter Nelson , Ricky Ricky Nelson Orbison , Roy Roy Orbison Perkins , Carl Carl Perkins Robinson , Smokey Smokey Robinson Turner , Big Joe Big Joe Turner Waters , Muddy Muddy Waters Wilson , Jackie Jackie Wilson 1988 Beach Boys ! The Beach Boys Al Jardine , Mike Love , Brian Wilson , Carl Wilson , and Dennis Wilson . 1988 Beatles ! The Beatles George Harrison , John Lennon , Paul McCartney , and Ringo Starr . 1988 Drifters ! The Drifters Ben E. King , Rudy Lewis , Clyde McPhatter , Johnny Moore , Bill Pinkney , Charlie Thomas , and Gerhart Thrasher . 1988 Dylan , Bob Bob Dylan 1988 Supremes ! The Supremes Florence Ballard , Diana Ross , and Mary Wilson . 1989 Dion ! Dion 1989 Redding , Otis Otis Redding 1989 Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger , Brian Jones , Keith Richards , Ian Stewart , Mick Taylor , Charlie Watts , Ronnie Wood , and Bill Wyman . 1989 Temptations ! The Temptations Melvin Franklin , Eddie Kendricks , David Ruffin , Otis Williams , Paul Williams , Dennis Edwards . 1989 Wonder , Stevie Stevie Wonder 1990 -- Ballard , Hank Hank Ballard 1990 Darin , Bobby Bobby Darin 1990 Four Seasons ! The Four Seasons Tom DeVito , Bob Gaudio , Nick Massi , and Frankie Valli . 1990 Four Tops ! Four Tops Renaldo `` Obie '' Benson , Abdul `` Duke '' Fakir , Lawrence Payton , and Levi Stubbs . 1990 Kinks ! The Kinks Mick Avory , Dave Davies , Ray Davies , and Pete Quaife . 1990 Platters ! The Platters David Lynch , Herb Reed , Paul Robi , Zola Taylor , and Tony Williams . 1990 Simon & Garfunkel Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel . 1990 Who ! The Who Roger Daltrey , John Entwistle , Keith Moon , and Pete Townshend . 1991 Baker , LaVern LaVern Baker 1991 Byrds ! The Byrds Gene Clark , Michael Clarke , David Crosby , Chris Hillman , and Roger McGuinn . 1991 Hooker , John Lee John Lee Hooker 1991 -- Impressions ! The Impressions Curtis Mayfield , Sam Gooden , Fred Cash , Arthur Brooks , Richard Brooks , and Jerry Butler . 1991 Pickett , Wilson Wilson Pickett 1991 Reed , Jimmy Jimmy Reed 1991 Turner , Ike & Tina Ike & Tina Turner Ike Turner and Tina Turner . 1992 Bland , Bobby ! Bobby `` Blue '' Bland 1992 Booker T. & the M.G. 's Booker T. Jones , Steve Cropper , Donald `` Duck '' Dunn , Al Jackson Jr. , and Lewie Steinberg . 1992 Cash , Johnny Johnny Cash 1992 Isley Brothers ! The Isley Brothers Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O'Kelly Isley Jr. , Ronald Isley , Rudolph Isley , and Chris Jasper . 1992 Hendrix Experience , The Jimi The Jimi Hendrix Experience Jimi Hendrix , Mitch Mitchell , and Noel Redding . 1992 Sam & Dave Sam Moore and Dave Prater . 1992 Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds Jeff Beck , Eric Clapton , Chris Dreja , Jim McCarty , Jimmy Page , Keith Relf , and Paul Samwell - Smith . 1993 Brown , Ruth Ruth Brown 1993 Cream Ginger Baker , Jack Bruce , and Eric Clapton . 1993 Creedence Clearwater Revival Doug Clifford , Stu Cook , John Fogerty , and Tom Fogerty . 1993 Doors ! The Doors John Densmore , Robby Krieger , Ray Manzarek , and Jim Morrison . 1993 Lymon & The Teenagers , Frankie Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers Herman Santiago , Jimmy Merchant , Sherman Garnes , Frankie Lymon , and Joe Negroni 1993 James , Etta Etta James 1993 Morrison , Van Van Morrison 1993 Sly and the Family Stone Gregg Errico , Larry Graham , Jerry Martini , Cynthia Robinson , Freddie Stone , Rosie Stone , and Sly Stone . 1994 Animals ! The Animals Eric Burdon , Chas Chandler , Alan Price , John Steel , and Hilton Valentine . 1994 Band ! The Band Rick Danko , Levon Helm , Garth Hudson , Richard Manuel , and Robbie Robertson . 1994 Eddy , Duane Duane Eddy 1994 Grateful Dead Tom Constanten , Jerry Garcia , Donna Jean Godchaux , Keith Godchaux , Mickey Hart , Robert Hunter , Bill Kreutzmann , Phil Lesh , Ron McKernan , Brent Mydland , Bob Weir , and Vince Welnick . 1994 John , Elton Elton John 1994 Lennon , John John Lennon 1994 Marley , Bob Bob Marley 1994 Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart 1995 Allman Brothers Band ! The Allman Brothers Band Duane Allman , Gregg Allman , Dickey Betts , Jai Johanny Johanson , Berry Oakley , and Butch Trucks . 1995 Green , Al Al Green 1995 Joplin , Janis Janis Joplin 1995 Led Zeppelin John Bonham , John Paul Jones , Jimmy Page , and Robert Plant 1995 Martha and the Vandellas Rosalind Ashford , Annette Beard , Betty Kelly , Lois Reeves , Martha Reeves , and Sandra Tilley . 1995 Young , Neil Neil Young 1995 Zappa , Frank Frank Zappa Bowie , David David Bowie Knight & the Pips , Gladys Gladys Knight & the Pips William Guest , Gladys Knight , Merald `` Bubba '' Knight , and Edward Patten . Jefferson Airplane Marty Balin , Jack Casady , Spencer Dryden , Paul Kantner , Jorma Kaukonen , and Grace Slick . Little Willie John Pink Floyd Syd Barrett , David Gilmour , Nick Mason , Roger Waters , and Rick Wright . Shirelles ! The Shirelles Shirley Alston Reeves , Addie Harris , Doris Kenner - Jackson , and Beverly Lee . Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground John Cale , Sterling Morrison , Lou Reed , and Maureen Tucker . 1997 Bee Gees Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , and Robin Gibb . 1997 Buffalo Springfield Richie Furay , Dewey Martin , Bruce Palmer , Stephen Stills , and Neil Young . 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash David Crosby , Graham Nash , and Stephen Stills . 1997 Jackson 5 , The The Jackson 5 Jackie Jackson , Jermaine Jackson , Marlon Jackson , Michael Jackson , and Tito Jackson . 1997 Mitchell , Joni Joni Mitchell 1997 Parliament - Funkadelic Jerome Brailey , George Clinton , Bootsy Collins , Raymond Davis , Tiki Fulwood , Glenn Goins , Michael Hampton , Fuzzy Haskins , Eddie Hazel , Walter Morrison , Cordell Mosson , William `` Billy Bass '' Nelson , Garry Shider , Calvin Simon , Grady Thomas , and Bernie Worrell . 1997 Rascals ! The ( Young ) Rascals Eddie Brigati , Felix Cavaliere , Gene Cornish , and Dino Danelli . 1998 Eagles Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Bernie Leadon , Randy Meisner , Timothy B. Schmit , and Joe Walsh . 1998 Fleetwood Mac Lindsey Buckingham , Mick Fleetwood , Peter Green , Danny Kirwan , Christine McVie , John McVie , Stevie Nicks , and Jeremy Spencer . 1998 Mamas & The Papas ! The Mamas & the Papas Denny Doherty , Cass Elliot , John Phillips , and Michelle Phillips . 1998 Price , Lloyd Lloyd Price 1998 Santana Jose Chepito Areas , David Brown , Michael Carabello , Gregg Rolie , Carlos Santana , and Michael Shrieve . 1998 Vincent , Gene Gene Vincent 1999 Joel , Billy Billy Joel 1999 Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield 1999 McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney 1999 Shannon , Del Del Shannon 1999 Springfield , Dusty Dusty Springfield 1999 Springsteen , Bruce Bruce Springsteen 1999 Staple Singers , The The Staple Singers Cleotha Staples , Mavis Staples , Pervis Staples , Pops Staples , and Yvonne Staples . 2000 Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton 2000 Earth , Wind & Fire Philip Bailey , Larry Dunn , Johnny Graham , Ralph Johnson , Al McKay , Fred White , Maurice White , Verdine White , and Andrew Woolfolk . 2000 Lovin ' Spoonful , The The Lovin ' Spoonful Steve Boone , Joe Butler , John Sebastian , and Zal Yanovsky . 2000 Moonglows , The The Moonglows Prentiss Barnes , Harvey Fuqua , Peter Graves , Billy Johnson , and Bobby Lester . 2000 Raitt , Bonnie Bonnie Raitt 2000 Taylor , James James Taylor 2001 Aerosmith Tom Hamilton , Joey Kramer , Joe Perry , Steven Tyler , and Brad Whitford . 2001 Burke , Solomon Solomon Burke 2001 Flamingos , The The Flamingos Jake Carey , Zeke Carey , Johnny Carter , Tommy Hunt , Terry `` Buzzy '' Johnson , Sollie McElroy , Nate Nelson , and Paul Wilson . 2001 Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson 2001 Queen John Deacon , Brian May , Freddie Mercury , and Roger Taylor . 2001 Simon , Paul Paul Simon 2001 Steely Dan Walter Becker and Donald Fagen . 2001 Valens , Ritchie Ritchie Valens 2002 Hayes , Isaac Isaac Hayes 2002 Lee , Brenda Brenda Lee 2002 Petty and the Heartbreakers , Tom Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers Tom Petty , Ron Blair , Mike Campbell , Howie Epstein , Stan Lynch , and Benmont Tench . 2002 Pitney , Gene Gene Pitney 2002 Ramones Dee Dee Ramone , Joey Ramone , Johnny Ramone , Marky Ramone , and Tommy Ramone . 2002 Talking Heads David Byrne , Chris Frantz , Jerry Harrison , and Tina Weymouth . 2003 AC / DC Brian Johnson , Phil Rudd , Bon Scott , Cliff Williams , Angus Young , and Malcolm Young . 2003 Clash , The The Clash Terry Chimes , Topper Headon , Mick Jones , Paul Simonon , and Joe Strummer . 2003 Costello & the Attractions , Elvis Elvis Costello & the Attractions Elvis Costello , Steve Nieve , Bruce Thomas , and Pete Thomas . 2003 Police , The The Police Stewart Copeland , Sting , and Andy Summers . 2003 Righteous Brothers , The The Righteous Brothers Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley . Browne , Jackson Jackson Browne Dells , The The Dells Verne Allison , Chuck Barksdale , Johnny Carter , Johnny Funches , Marvin Junior , and Michael McGill . Harrison , George George Harrison Prince Seger , Bob Bob Seger Traffic Jim Capaldi , Dave Mason , Steve Winwood , and Chris Wood . ZZ Top Frank Beard , Billy Gibbons , and Dusty Hill . 2005 Guy , Buddy Buddy Guy 2005 O'Jays , The The O'Jays Eddie Levert , Bobby Massey , William Powell , Sammy Strain , and Walter Williams . 2005 Pretenders Martin Chambers , Pete Farndon , James Honeyman - Scott , and Chrissie Hynde . 2005 Sledge , Percy Percy Sledge 2005 U2 Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , and Larry Mullen , Jr ... 2006 Black Sabbath Geezer Butler , Tony Iommi , Ozzy Osbourne , and Bill Ward . 2006 Blondie Clem Burke , Jimmy Destri , Nigel Harrison , Debbie Harry , Frank Infante , Chris Stein , and Gary Valentine . 2006 Davis , Miles Miles Davis 2006 Lynyrd Skynyrd Bob Burns , Allen Collins , Steve Gaines , Ed King , Billy Powell , Artimus Pyle , Gary Rossington , Ronnie Van Zant , and Leon Wilkeson . 2006 Sex Pistols Paul Cook , Steve Jones , Glen Matlock , John Lydon , and Sid Vicious . 2007 Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five Melvin `` Melle Mel '' Glover , Nathaniel `` The Kidd Creole '' Glover , Eddie `` Scorpio '' Morris , Joseph `` Grandmaster Flash '' Sadler , Robert Keith `` Keef Cowboy '' Wiggins , and Guy Todd `` Rahiem '' Williams . 2007 R.E.M. Bill Berry , Peter Buck , Mike Mills , and Michael Stipe . 2007 Ronettes , The The Ronettes Estelle Bennett , Ronnie Spector , and Nedra Talley . 2007 Smith , Patti Patti Smith 2007 Van Halen Michael Anthony , Sammy Hagar , David Lee Roth , Alex Van Halen , and Eddie Van Halen . 2008 Clark Five , The Dave The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark , Lenny Davidson , Rick Huxley , Denis Payton , and Mike Smith . 2008 Cohen , Leonard Leonard Cohen 2008 Madonna 2008 Mellencamp , John John Mellencamp 2008 Ventures , The The Ventures Bob Bogle , Nokie Edwards , Gerry McGee , Mel Taylor , and Don Wilson . 2009 Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck 2009 Little Anthony and the Imperials Clarence Collins , Anthony Gourdine , Tracy Lord , Glouster `` Nat '' Rogers , Sammy Strain , and Ernest Wright Jr . 2009 Metallica Cliff Burton , Kirk Hammett , James Hetfield , Jason Newsted , Robert Trujillo , and Lars Ulrich . 2009 Run -- D.M.C. Darryl `` D.M.C. '' McDaniels , Jason `` Jam - Master Jay '' Mizell , and Joseph `` DJ Run '' Simmons . 2009 Womack , Bobby Bobby Womack ABBA Benny Andersson , Agnetha Fältskog , Anni - Frid Lyngstad , and Björn Ulvaeus . Genesis Tony Banks , Phil Collins , Peter Gabriel , Steve Hackett , and Mike Rutherford . Cliff , Jimmy Jimmy Cliff Hollies , The The Hollies Bernie Calvert , Allan Clarke , Bobby Elliott , Eric Haydock , Tony Hicks , Graham Nash , and Terry Sylvester . Stooges , The The Stooges Dave Alexander , Ron Asheton , Scott Asheton , Iggy Pop , and James Williamson . 2011 Alice Cooper Alice Cooper , Michael Owen Bruce , Glen Buxton , Dennis Dunaway , and Neal Smith . 2011 Diamond , Neil Neil Diamond 2011 Dr. John 2011 Love , Darlene Darlene Love 2011 Waits , Tom Tom Waits 2012 Beastie Boys Michael `` Mike D '' Diamond , Adam `` Ad - Rock '' Horovitz , and Adam `` MCA '' Yauch . 2012 -- Blue Caps ! The Blue Caps Backing band for Gene Vincent . Inducted : Tommy Facenda , Cliff Gallup , Dickie Harrell , Bobby Jones , Johnny Meeks , Jack Neal , Paul Peek , and Willie Williams . 2012 Comets ! The Comets Backing band for Bill Haley . Inducted : Joey Ambrose , Franny Beecher , Danny Cedrone , Johnny Grande , Ralph Jones , Marshall Lytle , Rudy Pompilli , Al Rex , Dick Richards , and Billy Williamson . 2012 Crickets ! The Crickets Backing band for Buddy Holly . Inducted : Jerry Allison , Sonny Curtis , Joe B. Mauldin , and Niki Sullivan . 2012 Donovan 2012 Famous Flames ! The Famous Flames Backing vocal group for James Brown . Inducted : Bobby Bennett , Bobby Byrd , Lloyd Stallworth , and Johnny Terry . 2012 Guns N ' Roses Steven Adler , Duff McKagan , Dizzy Reed , Axl Rose , Slash , Matt Sorum , and Izzy Stradlin . 2012 -- Midnighters ! The Midnighters Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard . Inducted : Henry Booth , Billy Davis , Cal Green , Arthur Porter , Lawson Smith , Charles Sutton , Norman Thrasher , and Sonny Woods . 2012 Miracles ! The Miracles Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson . Inducted : Claudette Rogers , Bobby Rogers , Ronald White , Marv Tarplin , and Pete Moore . 2012 Nyro , Laura Laura Nyro 2012 Red Hot Chili Peppers Flea , John Frusciante , Jack Irons , Anthony Kiedis , Josh Klinghoffer , Cliff Martinez , Hillel Slovak , and Chad Smith . 2012 -- Small Faces / Faces Kenney Jones , Ronnie Lane , Ian McLagan , Steve Marriott , Rod Stewart , and Ronnie Wood . 2013 Heart Michael DeRosier , Roger Fisher , Steve Fossen , Howard Leese , Ann Wilson , and Nancy Wilson . 2013 King , Albert Albert King 2013 Newman , Randy Randy Newman 2013 Public Enemy Flavor Flav , Professor Griff , Terminator X , and Chuck D . 2013 Rush Geddy Lee , Alex Lifeson , and Neil Peart . 2013 Summer , Donna Donna Summer 2014 Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel 2014 Hall & Oates Daryl Hall and John Oates . 2014 Kiss Peter Criss , Ace Frehley , Gene Simmons , and Paul Stanley . 2014 Nirvana Kurt Cobain , Dave Grohl , and Krist Novoselic . 2014 Ronstadt , Linda Linda Ronstadt 2014 Stevens , Cat Cat Stevens 2015 Butterfield Blues Band , The Paul The Paul Butterfield Blues Band Paul Butterfield , Mike Bloomfield , Elvin Bishop , Mark Naftalin , Jerome Arnold , Billy Davenport , and Sam Lay . 2015 Jett & the Blackhearts , Joan Joan Jett & the Blackhearts Joan Jett , Gary Ryan , Lee Crystal , and Ricky Byrd . 2015 Reed , Lou Lou Reed 2015 Green Day Billie Joe Armstrong , Tré Cool , and Mike Dirnt . 2015 Vaughan , Stevie Ray Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble Stevie Ray Vaughan , Chris Layton , Tommy Shannon , and Reese Wynans . 2015 Withers , Bill Bill Withers 2016 Cheap Trick Bun E. Carlos , Rick Nielsen , Tom Petersson , and Robin Zander . 2016 Chicago Peter Cetera , Terry Kath , Robert Lamm , Lee Loughnane , James Pankow , Walter Parazaider , and Danny Seraphine . 2016 Deep Purple Ritchie Blackmore , David Coverdale , Rod Evans , Ian Gillan , Roger Glover , Glenn Hughes , Jon Lord , and Ian Paice 2016 N.W.A DJ Yella , Ice Cube , MC Ren , Eazy - E , and Dr. Dre 2016 Miller , Steve Steve Miller 2017 Electric Light Orchestra Bev Bevan , Jeff Lynne , Richard Tandy , and Roy Wood 2017 Baez , Joan Joan Baez 2017 Journey Jonathan Cain , Aynsley Dunbar , Steve Perry , Gregg Rolie , Neal Schon , Steve Smith , and Ross Valory 2017 Pearl Jam Jeff Ament , Matt Cameron , Stone Gossard , Dave Krusen , Mike McCready , and Eddie Vedder 2017 Tupac Shakur 2017 Yes Jon Anderson , Bill Bruford , Steve Howe , Tony Kaye , Trevor Rabin , Chris Squire , Rick Wakeman , and Alan White

List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees

list of rock and roll hall of fame inductees

The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , established in 1983 and located in Cleveland , Ohio , United States , is dedicated to recording the history of some of the best - known and most influential musicians , bands , producers , and others that have in some major way influenced the music industry , particularly in the area of rock and roll . Originally , there were four categories of induction : performers , non-performers , early influences , and lifetime achievement . In 2000 , `` sidemen '' was introduced as a category .

The only category that has seen new inductees every single year is the performers category . Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are then sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers that receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2010 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . As of 2017 , new inductees will be honored at an annual ceremony held alternately in New York and at the Hall of Fame in Cleveland ; prior to that , the ceremonies rotated between Cleveland , New York , and Los Angeles . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has garnered criticism for allegedly allowing the nomination process to be controlled by a few individuals , nominating too many artists in too many genres that are not entirely rock , ignoring entire rock genres , and using technicalities to induct groups who may not have been among the top vote getters . The surviving members of the Sex Pistols , who were inducted in 2006 , refused to attend the ceremony , calling the museum a `` piss stain . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Inductees 1.1 Performers 1.2 Early influences 1.3 Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) 1.4 Award for Musical Excellence 1.5 Sidemen 1.6 Lifetime achievement 2 Multiple inductees 3 2018 nominees 4 References 5 External links Inductees ( edit ) Performers ( edit ) The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have `` influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll . '' Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2011 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . In 2012 , six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee , due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted . `` There was a lot of discussion about this , '' said Terry Stewart , a member of the nominating committee . `` There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted . Very honestly , nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago ... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that . This is the result . '' Year Image Name Inducted members 1986 Berry , Chuck Chuck Berry 1986 Brown , James James Brown 1986 Charles , Ray Ray Charles 1986 Cooke , Sam Sam Cooke 1986 Domino , Fats Fats Domino 1986 Everly Brothers ! The Everly Brothers Don Everly and Phil Everly . 1986 Holly , Buddy Buddy Holly 1986 Lewis , Jerry Lee Jerry Lee Lewis 1986 Little Richard 1986 Presley , Elvis Elvis Presley Coasters ! The Coasters Carl Gardner , Cornell Gunter , Billy Guy , and Will `` Dub '' Jones . Cochran , Eddie Eddie Cochran Diddley , Bo Bo Diddley Franklin , Aretha Aretha Franklin Gaye , Marvin Marvin Gaye Haley , Bill Bill Haley King , B.B. B.B. King McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter Nelson , Ricky Ricky Nelson Orbison , Roy Roy Orbison Perkins , Carl Carl Perkins Robinson , Smokey Smokey Robinson Turner , Big Joe Big Joe Turner Waters , Muddy Muddy Waters Wilson , Jackie Jackie Wilson 1988 Beach Boys ! The Beach Boys Al Jardine , Mike Love , Brian Wilson , Carl Wilson , and Dennis Wilson . 1988 Beatles ! The Beatles George Harrison , John Lennon , Paul McCartney , and Ringo Starr . 1988 Drifters ! The Drifters Ben E. King , Rudy Lewis , Clyde McPhatter , Johnny Moore , Bill Pinkney , Charlie Thomas , and Gerhart Thrasher . 1988 Dylan , Bob Bob Dylan 1988 Supremes ! The Supremes Florence Ballard , Diana Ross , and Mary Wilson . 1989 Dion ! Dion 1989 Redding , Otis Otis Redding 1989 Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger , Brian Jones , Keith Richards , Ian Stewart , Mick Taylor , Charlie Watts , Ronnie Wood , and Bill Wyman . 1989 Temptations ! The Temptations Melvin Franklin , Eddie Kendricks , David Ruffin , Otis Williams , Paul Williams , Dennis Edwards . 1989 Wonder , Stevie Stevie Wonder 1990 -- Ballard , Hank Hank Ballard 1990 Darin , Bobby Bobby Darin 1990 Four Seasons ! The Four Seasons Tom DeVito , Bob Gaudio , Nick Massi , and Frankie Valli . 1990 Four Tops ! Four Tops Renaldo `` Obie '' Benson , Abdul `` Duke '' Fakir , Lawrence Payton , and Levi Stubbs . 1990 Kinks ! The Kinks Mick Avory , Dave Davies , Ray Davies , and Pete Quaife . 1990 Platters ! The Platters David Lynch , Herb Reed , Paul Robi , Zola Taylor , and Tony Williams . 1990 Simon & Garfunkel Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel . 1990 Who ! The Who Roger Daltrey , John Entwistle , Keith Moon , and Pete Townshend . 1991 Baker , LaVern LaVern Baker 1991 Byrds ! The Byrds Gene Clark , Michael Clarke , David Crosby , Chris Hillman , and Roger McGuinn . 1991 Hooker , John Lee John Lee Hooker 1991 -- Impressions ! The Impressions Curtis Mayfield , Sam Gooden , Fred Cash , Arthur Brooks , Richard Brooks , and Jerry Butler . 1991 Pickett , Wilson Wilson Pickett 1991 Reed , Jimmy Jimmy Reed 1991 Turner , Ike & Tina Ike & Tina Turner Ike Turner and Tina Turner . 1992 Bland , Bobby ! Bobby `` Blue '' Bland 1992 Booker T. & the M.G. 's Booker T. Jones , Steve Cropper , Donald `` Duck '' Dunn , Al Jackson Jr. , and Lewie Steinberg . 1992 Cash , Johnny Johnny Cash 1992 Isley Brothers ! The Isley Brothers Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O'Kelly Isley Jr. , Ronald Isley , Rudolph Isley , and Chris Jasper . 1992 Hendrix Experience , The Jimi The Jimi Hendrix Experience Jimi Hendrix , Mitch Mitchell , and Noel Redding . 1992 Sam & Dave Sam Moore and Dave Prater . 1992 Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds Jeff Beck , Eric Clapton , Chris Dreja , Jim McCarty , Jimmy Page , Keith Relf , and Paul Samwell - Smith . 1993 Brown , Ruth Ruth Brown 1993 Cream Ginger Baker , Jack Bruce , and Eric Clapton . 1993 Creedence Clearwater Revival Doug Clifford , Stu Cook , John Fogerty , and Tom Fogerty . 1993 Doors ! The Doors John Densmore , Robby Krieger , Ray Manzarek , and Jim Morrison . 1993 Lymon & The Teenagers , Frankie Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers Herman Santiago , Jimmy Merchant , Sherman Garnes , Frankie Lymon , and Joe Negroni 1993 James , Etta Etta James 1993 Morrison , Van Van Morrison 1993 Sly and the Family Stone Gregg Errico , Larry Graham , Jerry Martini , Cynthia Robinson , Freddie Stone , Rosie Stone , and Sly Stone . 1994 Animals ! The Animals Eric Burdon , Chas Chandler , Alan Price , John Steel , and Hilton Valentine . 1994 Band ! The Band Rick Danko , Levon Helm , Garth Hudson , Richard Manuel , and Robbie Robertson . 1994 Eddy , Duane Duane Eddy 1994 Grateful Dead Tom Constanten , Jerry Garcia , Donna Jean Godchaux , Keith Godchaux , Mickey Hart , Robert Hunter , Bill Kreutzmann , Phil Lesh , Ron McKernan , Brent Mydland , Bob Weir , and Vince Welnick . 1994 John , Elton Elton John 1994 Lennon , John John Lennon 1994 Marley , Bob Bob Marley 1994 Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart 1995 Allman Brothers Band ! The Allman Brothers Band Duane Allman , Gregg Allman , Dickey Betts , Jai Johanny Johanson , Berry Oakley , and Butch Trucks . 1995 Green , Al Al Green 1995 Joplin , Janis Janis Joplin 1995 Led Zeppelin John Bonham , John Paul Jones , Jimmy Page , and Robert Plant 1995 Martha and the Vandellas Rosalind Ashford , Annette Beard , Betty Kelly , Lois Reeves , Martha Reeves , and Sandra Tilley . 1995 Young , Neil Neil Young 1995 Zappa , Frank Frank Zappa Bowie , David David Bowie Knight & the Pips , Gladys Gladys Knight & the Pips William Guest , Gladys Knight , Merald `` Bubba '' Knight , and Edward Patten . Jefferson Airplane Marty Balin , Jack Casady , Spencer Dryden , Paul Kantner , Jorma Kaukonen , and Grace Slick . Little Willie John Pink Floyd Syd Barrett , David Gilmour , Nick Mason , Roger Waters , and Rick Wright . Shirelles ! The Shirelles Shirley Alston Reeves , Addie Harris , Doris Kenner - Jackson , and Beverly Lee . Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground John Cale , Sterling Morrison , Lou Reed , and Maureen Tucker . 1997 Bee Gees Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , and Robin Gibb . 1997 Buffalo Springfield Richie Furay , Dewey Martin , Bruce Palmer , Stephen Stills , and Neil Young . 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash David Crosby , Graham Nash , and Stephen Stills . 1997 Jackson 5 , The The Jackson 5 Jackie Jackson , Jermaine Jackson , Marlon Jackson , Michael Jackson , and Tito Jackson . 1997 Mitchell , Joni Joni Mitchell 1997 Parliament - Funkadelic Jerome Brailey , George Clinton , Bootsy Collins , Raymond Davis , Tiki Fulwood , Glenn Goins , Michael Hampton , Fuzzy Haskins , Eddie Hazel , Walter Morrison , Cordell Mosson , William `` Billy Bass '' Nelson , Garry Shider , Calvin Simon , Grady Thomas , and Bernie Worrell . 1997 Rascals ! The ( Young ) Rascals Eddie Brigati , Felix Cavaliere , Gene Cornish , and Dino Danelli . 1998 Eagles Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Bernie Leadon , Randy Meisner , Timothy B. Schmit , and Joe Walsh . 1998 Fleetwood Mac Lindsey Buckingham , Mick Fleetwood , Peter Green , Danny Kirwan , Christine McVie , John McVie , Stevie Nicks , and Jeremy Spencer . 1998 Mamas & The Papas ! The Mamas & the Papas Denny Doherty , Cass Elliot , John Phillips , and Michelle Phillips . 1998 Price , Lloyd Lloyd Price 1998 Santana Jose Chepito Areas , David Brown , Michael Carabello , Gregg Rolie , Carlos Santana , and Michael Shrieve . 1998 Vincent , Gene Gene Vincent 1999 Joel , Billy Billy Joel 1999 Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield 1999 McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney 1999 Shannon , Del Del Shannon 1999 Springfield , Dusty Dusty Springfield 1999 Springsteen , Bruce Bruce Springsteen 1999 Staple Singers , The The Staple Singers Cleotha Staples , Mavis Staples , Pervis Staples , Pops Staples , and Yvonne Staples . 2000 Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton 2000 Earth , Wind & Fire Philip Bailey , Larry Dunn , Johnny Graham , Ralph Johnson , Al McKay , Fred White , Maurice White , Verdine White , and Andrew Woolfolk . 2000 Lovin ' Spoonful , The The Lovin ' Spoonful Steve Boone , Joe Butler , John Sebastian , and Zal Yanovsky . 2000 Moonglows , The The Moonglows Prentiss Barnes , Harvey Fuqua , Peter Graves , Billy Johnson , and Bobby Lester . 2000 Raitt , Bonnie Bonnie Raitt 2000 Taylor , James James Taylor 2001 Aerosmith Tom Hamilton , Joey Kramer , Joe Perry , Steven Tyler , and Brad Whitford . 2001 Burke , Solomon Solomon Burke 2001 Flamingos , The The Flamingos Jake Carey , Zeke Carey , Johnny Carter , Tommy Hunt , Terry `` Buzzy '' Johnson , Sollie McElroy , Nate Nelson , and Paul Wilson . 2001 Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson 2001 Queen John Deacon , Brian May , Freddie Mercury , and Roger Taylor . 2001 Simon , Paul Paul Simon 2001 Steely Dan Walter Becker and Donald Fagen . 2001 Valens , Ritchie Ritchie Valens 2002 Hayes , Isaac Isaac Hayes 2002 Lee , Brenda Brenda Lee 2002 Petty and the Heartbreakers , Tom Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers Tom Petty , Ron Blair , Mike Campbell , Howie Epstein , Stan Lynch , and Benmont Tench . 2002 Pitney , Gene Gene Pitney 2002 Ramones Dee Dee Ramone , Joey Ramone , Johnny Ramone , Marky Ramone , and Tommy Ramone . 2002 Talking Heads David Byrne , Chris Frantz , Jerry Harrison , and Tina Weymouth . 2003 AC / DC Brian Johnson , Phil Rudd , Bon Scott , Cliff Williams , Angus Young , and Malcolm Young . 2003 Clash , The The Clash Terry Chimes , Topper Headon , Mick Jones , Paul Simonon , and Joe Strummer . 2003 Costello & the Attractions , Elvis Elvis Costello & the Attractions Elvis Costello , Steve Nieve , Bruce Thomas , and Pete Thomas . 2003 Police , The The Police Stewart Copeland , Sting , and Andy Summers . 2003 Righteous Brothers , The The Righteous Brothers Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley . Browne , Jackson Jackson Browne Dells , The The Dells Verne Allison , Chuck Barksdale , Johnny Carter , Johnny Funches , Marvin Junior , and Michael McGill . Harrison , George George Harrison Prince Seger , Bob Bob Seger Traffic Jim Capaldi , Dave Mason , Steve Winwood , and Chris Wood . ZZ Top Frank Beard , Billy Gibbons , and Dusty Hill . 2005 Guy , Buddy Buddy Guy 2005 O'Jays , The The O'Jays Eddie Levert , Bobby Massey , William Powell , Sammy Strain , and Walter Williams . 2005 Pretenders Martin Chambers , Pete Farndon , James Honeyman - Scott , and Chrissie Hynde . 2005 Sledge , Percy Percy Sledge 2005 U2 Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , and Larry Mullen , Jr ... 2006 Black Sabbath Geezer Butler , Tony Iommi , Ozzy Osbourne , and Bill Ward . 2006 Blondie Clem Burke , Jimmy Destri , Nigel Harrison , Debbie Harry , Frank Infante , Chris Stein , and Gary Valentine . 2006 Davis , Miles Miles Davis 2006 Lynyrd Skynyrd Bob Burns , Allen Collins , Steve Gaines , Ed King , Billy Powell , Artimus Pyle , Gary Rossington , Ronnie Van Zant , and Leon Wilkeson . 2006 Sex Pistols Paul Cook , Steve Jones , Glen Matlock , John Lydon , and Sid Vicious . 2007 Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five Melvin `` Melle Mel '' Glover , Nathaniel `` The Kidd Creole '' Glover , Eddie `` Scorpio '' Morris , Joseph `` Grandmaster Flash '' Sadler , Robert Keith `` Keef Cowboy '' Wiggins , and Guy Todd `` Rahiem '' Williams . 2007 R.E.M. Bill Berry , Peter Buck , Mike Mills , and Michael Stipe . 2007 Ronettes , The The Ronettes Estelle Bennett , Ronnie Spector , and Nedra Talley . 2007 Smith , Patti Patti Smith 2007 Van Halen Michael Anthony , Sammy Hagar , David Lee Roth , Alex Van Halen , and Eddie Van Halen . 2008 Clark Five , The Dave The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark , Lenny Davidson , Rick Huxley , Denis Payton , and Mike Smith . 2008 Cohen , Leonard Leonard Cohen 2008 Madonna 2008 Mellencamp , John John Mellencamp 2008 Ventures , The The Ventures Bob Bogle , Nokie Edwards , Gerry McGee , Mel Taylor , and Don Wilson . 2009 Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck 2009 Little Anthony and the Imperials Clarence Collins , Anthony Gourdine , Tracy Lord , Glouster `` Nat '' Rogers , Sammy Strain , and Ernest Wright Jr . 2009 Metallica Cliff Burton , Kirk Hammett , James Hetfield , Jason Newsted , Robert Trujillo , and Lars Ulrich . 2009 Run -- D.M.C. Darryl `` D.M.C. '' McDaniels , Jason `` Jam - Master Jay '' Mizell , and Joseph `` DJ Run '' Simmons . 2009 Womack , Bobby Bobby Womack ABBA Benny Andersson , Agnetha Fältskog , Anni - Frid Lyngstad , and Björn Ulvaeus . Genesis Tony Banks , Phil Collins , Peter Gabriel , Steve Hackett , and Mike Rutherford . Cliff , Jimmy Jimmy Cliff Hollies , The The Hollies Bernie Calvert , Allan Clarke , Bobby Elliott , Eric Haydock , Tony Hicks , Graham Nash , and Terry Sylvester . Stooges , The The Stooges Dave Alexander , Ron Asheton , Scott Asheton , Iggy Pop , and James Williamson . 2011 Alice Cooper Alice Cooper , Michael Owen Bruce , Glen Buxton , Dennis Dunaway , and Neal Smith . 2011 Diamond , Neil Neil Diamond 2011 Dr. John 2011 Love , Darlene Darlene Love 2011 Waits , Tom Tom Waits 2012 Beastie Boys Michael `` Mike D '' Diamond , Adam `` Ad - Rock '' Horovitz , and Adam `` MCA '' Yauch . 2012 -- Blue Caps ! The Blue Caps Backing band for Gene Vincent . Inducted : Tommy Facenda , Cliff Gallup , Dickie Harrell , Bobby Jones , Johnny Meeks , Jack Neal , Paul Peek , and Willie Williams . 2012 Comets ! The Comets Backing band for Bill Haley . Inducted : Joey Ambrose , Franny Beecher , Danny Cedrone , Johnny Grande , Ralph Jones , Marshall Lytle , Rudy Pompilli , Al Rex , Dick Richards , and Billy Williamson . 2012 Crickets ! The Crickets Backing band for Buddy Holly . Inducted : Jerry Allison , Sonny Curtis , Joe B. Mauldin , and Niki Sullivan . 2012 Donovan 2012 Famous Flames ! The Famous Flames Backing vocal group for James Brown . Inducted : Bobby Bennett , Bobby Byrd , Lloyd Stallworth , and Johnny Terry . 2012 Guns N ' Roses Steven Adler , Duff McKagan , Dizzy Reed , Axl Rose , Slash , Matt Sorum , and Izzy Stradlin . 2012 -- Midnighters ! The Midnighters Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard . Inducted : Henry Booth , Billy Davis , Cal Green , Arthur Porter , Lawson Smith , Charles Sutton , Norman Thrasher , and Sonny Woods . 2012 Miracles ! The Miracles Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson . Inducted : Claudette Rogers , Bobby Rogers , Ronald White , Marv Tarplin , and Pete Moore . 2012 Nyro , Laura Laura Nyro 2012 Red Hot Chili Peppers Flea , John Frusciante , Jack Irons , Anthony Kiedis , Josh Klinghoffer , Cliff Martinez , Hillel Slovak , and Chad Smith . 2012 -- Small Faces / Faces Kenney Jones , Ronnie Lane , Ian McLagan , Steve Marriott , Rod Stewart , and Ronnie Wood . 2013 Heart Michael DeRosier , Roger Fisher , Steve Fossen , Howard Leese , Ann Wilson , and Nancy Wilson . 2013 King , Albert Albert King 2013 Newman , Randy Randy Newman 2013 Public Enemy Flavor Flav , Professor Griff , Terminator X , and Chuck D . 2013 Rush Geddy Lee , Alex Lifeson , and Neil Peart . 2013 Summer , Donna Donna Summer 2014 Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel 2014 Hall & Oates Daryl Hall and John Oates . 2014 Kiss Peter Criss , Ace Frehley , Gene Simmons , and Paul Stanley . 2014 Nirvana Kurt Cobain , Dave Grohl , and Krist Novoselic . 2014 Ronstadt , Linda Linda Ronstadt 2014 Stevens , Cat Cat Stevens 2015 Butterfield Blues Band , The Paul The Paul Butterfield Blues Band Paul Butterfield , Mike Bloomfield , Elvin Bishop , Mark Naftalin , Jerome Arnold , Billy Davenport , and Sam Lay . 2015 Jett & the Blackhearts , Joan Joan Jett & the Blackhearts Joan Jett , Gary Ryan , Lee Crystal , and Ricky Byrd . 2015 Reed , Lou Lou Reed 2015 Green Day Billie Joe Armstrong , Tré Cool , and Mike Dirnt . 2015 Vaughan , Stevie Ray Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble Stevie Ray Vaughan , Chris Layton , Tommy Shannon , and Reese Wynans . 2015 Withers , Bill Bill Withers 2016 Cheap Trick Bun E. Carlos , Rick Nielsen , Tom Petersson , and Robin Zander . 2016 Chicago Peter Cetera , Terry Kath , Robert Lamm , Lee Loughnane , James Pankow , Walter Parazaider , and Danny Seraphine . 2016 Deep Purple Ritchie Blackmore , David Coverdale , Rod Evans , Ian Gillan , Roger Glover , Glenn Hughes , Jon Lord , and Ian Paice 2016 N.W.A DJ Yella , Ice Cube , MC Ren , Eazy - E , and Dr. Dre 2016 Miller , Steve Steve Miller 2017 Electric Light Orchestra Bev Bevan , Jeff Lynne , Richard Tandy , and Roy Wood 2017 Baez , Joan Joan Baez 2017 Journey Jonathan Cain , Aynsley Dunbar , Steve Perry , Gregg Rolie , Neal Schon , Steve Smith , and Ross Valory 2017 Pearl Jam Jeff Ament , Matt Cameron , Stone Gossard , Dave Krusen , Mike McCready , and Eddie Vedder 2017 Tupac Shakur 2017 Yes Jon Anderson , Bill Bruford , Steve Howe , Tony Kaye , Trevor Rabin , Chris Squire , Rick Wakeman , and Alan White ^ Note 1 . These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee , and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees . Early influences ( edit ) Woody Guthrie , inducted in 1988 . Louis Armstrong , inducted in 1990 . Pete Seeger , inducted in 1996 . Charles Brown , inducted in 1999 . Artists inducted into the early influences category are those `` whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock 's leading artists . '' Unlike the performers category , these inductees are selected by a committee . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . Year Name 1986 Rodgers , Jimmie Jimmie Rodgers 1986 Yancey , Jimmy Jimmy Yancey 1986 Johnson , Robert Robert Johnson Jordan , Louis Louis Jordan Walker , T - Bone T - Bone Walker Williams , Hank Hank Williams 1988 Guthrie , Woody Woody Guthrie 1988 Lead Belly 1988 Les Paul 1989 Ink Spots ! The Ink Spots 1989 Smith , Bessie Bessie Smith 1989 Soul Stirrers ! The Soul Stirrers 1990 Christian , Charlie Charlie Christian 1990 Armstrong , Louis Louis Armstrong 1990 Rainey , Ma Ma Rainey 1991 Howlin ' Wolf 1992 James , Elmore Elmore James 1992 Longhair , Professor Professor Longhair 1993 Washington , Dinah Dinah Washington 1994 Dixon , Willie Willie Dixon 1995 Orioles , The The Orioles Seeger , Pete Pete Seeger 1997 Jackson , Mahalia Mahalia Jackson 1997 Monroe , Bill Bill Monroe 1998 Jelly Roll Morton 1999 Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys 1999 Brown , Charles Charles Brown 2000 Cole , Nat ! Nat King Cole 2000 Holiday , Billie Billie Holiday 2009 Jackson , Wanda Wanda Jackson 2012 King , Freddie Freddie King 2015 5 Royalses ! The `` 5 '' Royales ^ A. Inducted members : Bill Kenny , Charlie Fuqua , Deek Watson , and Orville `` Hoppy '' Jones . ^ B. Inducted members : Roy Crain Sr. , R.H. Harris , Jesse Farley , and E.A. Rundless . ^ C. Inducted members : Sonny Til , Tommy Gaither , George Nelson , Johnny Reed , and Alexander Sharp . ^ D. Inducted members : Bob Wills , Tommy Duncan , Leon McAuliffe , Johnny Gimble , Joe `` Jody '' Holley , Tiny Moore , Herb Remington , Eldon Shamblin , and Al Stricklin . ^ E. Nominated as a performer . ^ F. Inducted members : John L. Tanner , Eugene Tanner , James E. Moore , Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling , Jr Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegün Award ) ( edit ) Carole King , inducted in 1990 Dick Clark , inducted in 1993 Clive Davis , inducted in 2000 The non-performer category honors `` songwriters , producers , disc jockeys , record executives , journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll . '' Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well . The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . This category has been criticized for inducting those that have `` been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets '' and not revealing their full criteria . In 2008 , this category was renamed the `` Ahmet Ertegün Award '' . Year Name 1986 Freed , Alan Alan Freed 1986 Phillips , Sam Sam Phillips Chess , Leonard Leonard Chess Ertegun , Ahmet Ahmet Ertegun Leiber ! Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller Wexler , Jerry Jerry Wexler 1988 Gordy , Jr. , Berry Berry Gordy , Jr . 1989 Spector , Phil Phil Spector 1990 Gerry Goffin and Carole King 1990 Holland -- Dozier -- Holland 1991 Bartholomew , Dave Dave Bartholomew 1991 Bass , Ralph Ralph Bass 1992 Fender , Leo Leo Fender 1992 Graham , Bill Bill Graham 1992 Pomus , Doc Doc Pomus 1993 Clark , Dick Dick Clark 1993 Gabler , Milt Milt Gabler 1994 Otis , Johnny Johnny Otis 1995 Ackerman , Paul Paul Ackerman Donahue , Tom Tom Donahue 1997 Nathan , Syd Syd Nathan 1998 Toussaint , Allen Allen Toussaint 1999 Martin , George George Martin 2000 Davis , Clive Clive Davis 2001 Blackwell , Chris Chris Blackwell 2002 Stewart , Jim Jim Stewart 2003 Ostin , Mo Mo Ostin 2008 Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff Geffen , David David Geffen Blackwell , Otis Otis Blackwell Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich Shuman , Mort Mort Shuman Stone , Jesse Jesse Stone Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil 2011 Holzman , Jac Jac Holzman 2011 Rupe , Art Art Rupe 2012 Kirshner , Don Don Kirshner 2013 Adler , Lou Lou Adler 2013 Jones , Quincy Quincy Jones 2014 Epstein , Brian Brian Epstein 2014 Andrew Loog Oldham 2016 Berns , Bert Bert Berns Award for Musical Excellence ( edit ) Leon Russell , inducted in 2011 . This category , which replaced sidemen , `` honors those musicians , producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers . '' Year Name 2011 Russell , Leon Leon Russell 2012 Matassa , Cosimo Cosimo Matassa 2012 Dowd , Tom Tom Dowd 2012 Johns , Glyn Glyn Johns 2014 E Street Band 2015 Ringo Starr 2017 Nile Rodgers ^ G. Inducted members : Garry Tallent , Roy Bittan , Max Weinberg , Steven Van Zandt , Nils Lofgren , Patti Scialfa , Clarence Clemons , Danny Federici , Vini Lopez , David Sancious . Sidemen ( edit ) Established in 2000 , the sidemen category `` honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight , performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert . '' A separate committee , composed mainly of producers , chooses the inductees . In 2010 , the category was renamed to `` Award for Musical Excellence '' . According to Joel Peresman , the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation , `` This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized . '' James Burton , inducted in 2001 . Year Name Instrument 2000 Blaine , Hal Hal Blaine Drums 2000 Curtis , King King Curtis Saxophone 2000 Jamerson , James James Jamerson Bass guitar 2000 Moore , Scotty Scotty Moore Guitar 2000 Palmer , Earl Earl Palmer Drums 2001 Burton , James James Burton Guitar 2001 Johnson , Johnnie Johnnie Johnson Piano 2002 Atkins , Chet Chet Atkins Guitar 2003 Benjamin , Benny Benny Benjamin Drums 2003 Cramer , Floyd Floyd Cramer Piano 2003 Douglas , Steve Steve Douglas Saxophone 2008 Walter , Little Little Walter Harmonica 2009 Black , Bill Bill Black Bass guitar 2009 Fontana , D.J. D.J. Fontana Drums 2009 Oldham , Spooner Spooner Oldham Keyboard Lifetime achievement ( edit ) The following were inducted for `` Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category . '' Year Name 1986 Hammond , John John Hammond 1991 Ertegun , Nesuhi Nesuhi Ertegun Wenner , Jann Jann Wenner 2005 Barsalona , Frank Frank Barsalona 2005 Stein , Seymour Seymour Stein 2006 Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss Multiple inductees ( edit ) As of 2017 , 22 performers have been inducted twice or more ; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands . Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times : as a solo artist , with Cream and The Yardbirds . Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band , the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart . Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year . Crosby , Stills & Nash , inducted in 1997 , is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts : David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991 , Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997 , and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010 . The Beatles , inducted in 1988 , is the second band to have all of its members be inducted , as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction . Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories ( The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015 ) . He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions , at 27 years . Both of Stills ' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back - to - back years ( 1987 / 88 for McPhatter , 1992 / 93 for Clapton , as well as his solo induction in 2000 ) . The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted : Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987 , Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988 , George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004 , Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002 , and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017 . Name First Year Second Year Third Year Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 zzzzz ! Solo career 2009 -- -- Carter , Johnny Johnny Carter Flamingos ! The Flamingos 2001 Dells ! The Dells -- -- Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 Cream 1993 Solo career 2000 Crosby , David David Crosby Byrds ! The Byrds 1991 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel Genesis ! Genesis Solo career 2014 -- -- Harrison , George George Harrison Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career -- -- Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson Jackson Five ! The Jackson Five 1997 zzzzz ! Solo career 2001 -- -- Lennon , John John Lennon Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career 1994 -- -- Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield Impressions ! The Impressions 1991 zzzzz ! Solo career 1999 -- -- McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career 1999 -- -- McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter zzzzz ! Solo career Drifters ! The Drifters 1988 -- -- Nash , Graham Graham Nash Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 Hollies ! The Hollies -- -- Page , Jimmy Jimmy Page Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 Led Zeppelin 1995 -- -- Reed , Lou Lou Reed Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground zzzzz ! Solo career 2015 -- -- Rolie , Gregg Gregg Rolie Santana 1998 Journey 2017 -- -- Simon , Paul Paul Simon Simon and Garfunkel 1990 zzzzz ! Solo career 2001 -- -- Starr , Ringo Ringo Starr Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 Award For Musical Excellence , Solo career 2015 -- -- Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart zzzzz ! Solo career 1994 Faces 2012 -- -- Stills , Stephen Stephen Stills Buffalo Springfield 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Strain , Sammy ! Sammy Strain The O'Jays 2005 Little Anthony & The Imperials 2009 -- -- Wood , Ronnie Ronnie Wood Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones 1989 Faces 2012 -- -- Young , Neil Neil Young zzzzz ! Solo career 1995 Buffalo Springfield 1997 -- -- 2018 nominees ( edit ) Bon Jovi Kate Bush The Cars Depeche Mode Dire Straits Eurythmics The J. Geils Band Judas Priest LL Cool J MC5 The Meters The Moody Blues Radiohead Rage Against the Machine Rufus featuring Chaka Khan Nina Simone Sister Rosetta Tharpe Link Wray The Zombies References ( edit ) General `` Inductee list '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Induction Ceremony and Process '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Cleveland will host Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Ceremony every two years '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( April 4 , 2001 ) . `` Rock Hall of Fame Fallout : ' There Is Resentment Building Up '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Selvin , Joel ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` View : Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sinkevics , John ( March 11 , 2007 ) . `` Hall voters ' bias leaves prog - rock out -- again '' . The Grand Rapids Press . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall Voting Scandal : Rock Group Actually Won '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Were not coming . Were not your monkey and so what ? '' ( sic ) Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on February 24 , 2006 Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Crickets , Famous Flames , Comets , Miracles , Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Everly Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Coasters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beach Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Drifters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Supremes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Temptations '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Seasons '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Tops '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Kinks '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Platters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Who '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Byrds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Impressions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ike & Tina Turner '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Booker T . & The M.G. 's '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Isley Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Jimi Hendrix Experience '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Sam & Dave '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Yardbirds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Cream '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Creedence Clearwater Revival '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Doors '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Sly & The Family Stone '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Animals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Grateful Dead '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Allman Brothers Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Martha & The Vandellas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Gladys Knight & the Pips '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson Airplane '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Shirelles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Velvet Underground '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Bee Gees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Springfield '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby , Stills & Nash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Jackson Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament - Funkadelic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Rascals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Fleetwood Mac '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Mamas & The Papas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Santana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Staple Singers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Soeder , John ( September 22 , 1999 ) . `` Canton 's O'Jays , Aerosmith among Rock Hall finalists '' . The Plain Dealer . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Flamingos '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Queen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Steely Dan '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ramones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Talking Heads '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Clash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Costello & the Attractions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Police '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Righteous Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Dells '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ZZ Top '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The O'Jays '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Pretenders '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` U2 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Black Sabbath '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Blondie '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lynyrd Skynyrd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sex Pistols '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` R.E.M. '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Ronettes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Van Halen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Dave Clark Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Ventures '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Anthony and the Imperials '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Run - D.M.C. '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ABBA '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Genesis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Hollies '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Stooges '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Cooper Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Beastie Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Blue Caps '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Comets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Crickets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Famous Flames '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Midnighters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Miracles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Small Faces / Faces '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Heart '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Public Enemy '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rush '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daryl Hall and John Oates '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Kiss '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Nirvana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` List of 2015 Inductees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : THE ROCK AND ROLL HALL OF FAME ANNOUNCES 2016 INDUCTEES - Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Press Room Jump up ^ `` Electric Light Orchestra '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Journey '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Ink Spots '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Soul Stirrers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Orioles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Roger Friedman ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Golden Globes : Stars Fill in Blanks ; Rock Hall of Fame '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Inductees for 2008 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame official website . December 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Class of 2017 Inductions '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Diamond , Alice Cooper , Dr. John , Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hal Blaine '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` King Curtis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Jamerson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Scotty Moore '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Palmer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Burton '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Johnnie Johnson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Chet Atkins '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Benny Benjamin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Floyd Cramer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Douglas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Walter '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Black '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Fontana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Spooner Oldham '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame makes Clapton first triple inductee '' . CNN . March 7 , 2000 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Announces Nominees for 2018 Induction '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . External links ( edit ) Official website Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees . ( hide ) Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Classes 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_inductees&oldid=804043489 '' Categories : Music - related lists Lists of musicians Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Galego مصرى 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 10 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Rock%20and%20Roll%20Hall%20of%20Fame%20inductees

attack on titan 2nd season episode 13 english dubbed

List of Attack on Titan episodes

list of attack on titan episodes

The logo of Attack on Titan Attack on Titan is an anime series adapted from the manga of the same title by Hajime Isayama . It is set in a world where humanity lives inside cities surrounded by enormous walls due to the Titans , gigantic humanoid beings who devour humans seemingly without reason . The story follows the adventures of Eren Yeager , his adopted sister Mikasa Ackerman , and their friend Armin Arlert , whose lives are changed forever after a Colossal Titan breaches the wall of their home town . Vowing revenge and to reclaim the world from the Titans , Eren and his friends join the Scout Regiment , an elite group of soldiers who fight Titans . Produced by IG Port 's Wit Studio and directed by Tetsurō Araki , Attack on Titan was broadcast on the Mainichi Broadcasting System from April 7 to September 29 , 2013 , and later aired on Tokyo MX , FBS , TOS , HTB , TVA and BS11 . Both Funimation and Crunchyroll have streamed the series with subtitles on their respective websites . Funimation has also licensed the anime for home video release in 2014 . Episode 1 of the English version premiered at Anime Boston , with other episodes put on Funimation 's subscription services . On television of the series has broadcast weekly on Adult Swim 's Toonami block on May 3 , 2014 , starting at 11 : 30 p.m. EST . From episode 1 to 13 , the anime 's opening theme song is `` Feuerroter Pfeil und Bogen '' ( 紅蓮 の 弓矢 , Guren no Yumiya , lit . `` Crimson Bow and Arrow '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` Utsukushiki Zankoku na Sekai '' ( 美しき 残酷 な 世界 , lit . `` A Beautiful Cruel World '' ) by Yōko Hikasa . From episode 14 to 25 , the anime 's opening theme song is `` Die Flügel der Freiheit '' ( 自由 の 翼 , Jiyū no Tsubasa , lit . `` The Wings of Freedom '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` great escape '' by Cinema Staff . The opening themes were collected on Linked Horizon 's single `` Jiyū e no Shingeki '' which sold over 100 thousand copies in its first week of sales . A second season aired from April 1 to June 17 , 2017 on MBS and other television networks . Funimation and Crunchyroll streamed the second season on their respective websites , while Adult Swim aired a dubbed version . The opening theme song is `` Opfert eure Herzen ! '' ( 心臓 を 捧げよ ! , Shinzō o Sasageyo ! , lit . `` Dedicate Your Hearts ! '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` Yūgure no Tori '' ( 夕暮れ の 鳥 ) by Shinsei Kamattechan . On June 17 , 2017 , a third season was announced at the close of the second season 's final episode , with a release date slated for July 23 , 2018 . A trailer for the third season was released on April 27 , 2018 along with confirmation for a 24 - episode long season . Adult Swim is scheduled to air the English version of the third season , starting on August 18 , 2018 . The opening theme for the third season is `` Red Swan '' by Yoshiki featuring Hyde , and the ending theme song is `` Akatsuki no Requiem '' ( 暁 の 鎮魂歌 , Akatsuki no Chinkonka , lit . `` Daybreak Requiem '' ) by Linked Horizon . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 3 Special episodes 3.1 OVA episodes 3.2 Bonus shorts 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 25 April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) 12 April 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 ) 24 July 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 23 ) TBA Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date English airdate `` To You , in 2000 Years : The Fall of Shiganshina , Part 1 '' `` Ni - sen Nen - go no Kimi e - Shiganshina Kanraku ( 1 ) - '' ( 二 千 年 後 の 君 へ ― シガンシナ 陥落 1 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Tetsurō Araki Yasuko Kobayashi April 7 , 2013 May 3 , 2014 For over a century , humans have been living in settlements surrounded by three gigantic walls , which prevent the Titans , giant humanoid creatures who eat humans , from entering . Eren Jaeger , of the town called the Shiganshina District , wishes to see the outside world by joining the Scout Regiment , as he likens living in the cities to livestock . Despite this , his adopted sister Mikasa Ackermann and their mother Carla Jaeger are against him joining the Scouts . Even after seeing the Scouts return home with large casualties , Eren expresses his interest to join , which impresses his father Grisha Jaeger . After Eren and Mikasa rescue their friend Armin Arlelt from a group of delinquents due to his views that the walls will not protect them forever , the Colossal Titan suddenly appears and knocks down the gate to the Shiganshina District , which lies in the outer edge of Wall Maria , allowing smaller Titans to enter . As the town erupts into mass panic , Eren and Mikasa rush back to Carla , only to see her pinned under their collapsed house . Carla begs them to flee , but they refuse until city guard Hannes arrives and takes them away . Eren watches in horror as a Smiling Titan eats Carla . `` That Day : The Fall of Shiganshina , Part 2 '' `` Sono Hi - Shiganshina Kanraku ( 2 ) - '' ( その日 ― シガンシナ 陥落 2 ― ) Masashi Koizuka Yasuko Kobayashi April 14 , 2013 May 10 , 2014 Hannes apologizes to Eren for not saving his mother , admitting he was afraid of the Smiling Titan and that both Eren and Mikasa are still weak children . Some of townsfolk of the Shiganshina District escape to the inner Wall Maria , while the soldiers try to hold off the Titans . The soldiers try to close the gate , but the Armored Titan rams the gate , breaching the inner Wall Maria , and causing those inside to retreat even further inside Wall Rose . Some time later , Eren has a strange dream in which his grieving father forcefully gives him an injection and his key before being woken up by Mikasa . Eren grows disgusted with the people of Wall Rose as the latter do not like sharing their food or homes with the refugees . During the next year , as a food shortage becomes apparent , the government orders the refugees to either work on the farms or fight to reclaim Wall Maria . About 250,000 people , 20 % of the populace , choose to fight , only to be wiped out by the Titans . Eren vows revenge and joins the army along with Mikasa and Armin . `` A Dim Light Amid Despair : Humanity 's Comeback , Part 1 '' `` Zetsubō no Naka de Nibuku Hikaru - Jinrui no Saiki ( 1 ) - '' ( 絶望 の 中 で 鈍く 光る ― 人類 の 再起 1 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko April 21 , 2013 May 17 , 2014 The drill instructor Keith Sadies inspects the new recruits of the 104th Cadet Corps and provides a barrage of verbal insults . When he comes across Sasha Braus , who is eating a potato , he punishes her by having her run around the camp until sunset and not giving her any food or drink . Eren develops a rivalry with Jean Kirschtein , who desires a safe and easy position in the Military Police Regiment within the inner city walls . The recruits train on an omni - directional mobility gear apparatus , where they have to balance themselves while suspended on cables . After Eren has trouble balancing , he asks Reiner Braun and Bertholdt Hoover for help and discover they too are among the few who have personally encountered Titans . The next day , Eren balances on the apparatus but falls , but Keith discovers that Eren 's apparatus was defective and passes him after a retry with different equipment . `` The Night of the Closing Ceremony : Humanity 's Comeback , Part 2 '' `` Kaisan Shiki no Yoru - Jinrui no Saiki ( 2 ) - '' ( 解散 式 の 夜 ― 人類 の 再起 2 ― ) Makoto Bessho Yasuko Kobayashi April 28 , 2013 May 24 , 2014 Five years since Wall Maria fell , Keith evaluates the recruits for their strengths and weaknesses . After training in hand - to - hand combat with Reiner and Annie Leonhart , Eren learns later that night that Jean and several other recruits hope to join the Military Police Regiment to avoid having to fight Titans . On graduation day , Eren and Mikasa rank among the top ten of their class . They are eligible to join the Military Police Regiment , but Eren declines and announces that he is joining the Scout Regiment on the front lines , leading Armin and Mikasa to join him . They are assigned to the Trost District , one of the cities which is at the outer edge of Wall Rose , where they discover other classmates have joined . The Colossal Titan appears and breaches the gate . Once Eren regains his composure , he takes command and orders a counterattack . 5 5 `` First Battle : The Struggle for Trost , Part 1 '' `` Uijin - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 1 ) - '' ( 初陣 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 1 ― ) Shinpei Ezaki Hiroshi Seko May 5 , 2013 May 31 , 2014 The Colossal Titan destroys the wall 's cannons , but it vanishes into a burst of stream before Eren prepares to attack its weak point . The Military Police Regiment scrambles to evacuate the people of the Trost District and set up defenses before the Titans enter the city . Assigned by Commander Kitts Woerman of the Garrison Regiment to different squads , Mikasa helps with the evacuation , while Eren and Armin provide backup at the front lines . With the Titans now in the city , Eren recalls his lessons that in order to kill a Titan , they must strike the nape of its neck . As Eren and Armin 's squad attack , their comrades are killed or eaten by the Titans one by one , with Eren himself losing his left leg . Armin , paralyzed with fear upon seeing his comrades ' fates , is picked up by a Bearded Titan and almost swallowed . Eren , recalling when he and Armin wished to see the world outside the walls , manages to drag and toss Armin out of the Bearded Titan 's mouth at the last moment . He reaches for Armin with his left arm out of the Bearded Titan 's mouth , but the Bearded Titan closes its jaws , severing Eren 's arm and swallowing him . 6 6 `` The World the Girl Saw : The Struggle for Trost , Part 2 '' `` Shōjo ga Mita Sekai - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 2 ) - '' ( 少女 が 見 た 世界 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 2 ― ) Tomomi Ikeda Hiroshi Seko May 12 , 2013 June 7 , 2014 Armin awakens to find himself surrounded by Conny Springer , Christa Lenz and Ymir . As Armin heads back to the rearguard , he blames himself not being strong enough to save Eren . Meanwhile , an Abnormal Titan approaches the city 's exit gate , which is crowded by refugees . Once Mikasa kills the Abnormal Titan , she threatens a greedy merchant holding cargo to let the refugees pass first . After she is thanked by a mother and daughter , Mikasa has a flashback . In the year 844 , a year before the fall of Wall Maria , Mikasa was targeted by three slave traders , who murdered her parents in a struggle . After Grisha and Eren discovered the corpses while making a visit , Eren secretly tracked down the slave traders to a nearby hut and killed two of them in an attempt to save Mikasa . However , the third slave trader appeared and began strangling Eren . Encouraged by Eren , Mikasa overcame her fear and gained resolve to kill the third slave trader . After the children are found by the Military Police Regiment , Mikasa was invited to live with Eren and Grisha . Back in the present , Mikasa slays more Titans and goes to help the other squads evacuate . 7 7 `` Small Blade : The Struggle for Trost , Part 3 '' `` Chiisana Yaiba - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 3 ) - '' ( 小さな 刃 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 3 ― ) Yuzuru Tachikawa Hiroshi Seko May 19 , 2013 June 14 , 2014 The surviving squads , unable to reach the inner walls due to their omni - directional mobility gear being low on gas , lose their fighting spirit as the nearby supply depot is overrun by Titans . Mikasa seems unfazed after learning from Armin that his entire squad perished , including Eren . She rallies the others to reclaim the supply depot , inspiring them to join her in the attack , but Mikasa ends up running out of gas midair and falls into an alleyway . Jean assumes command , but he loses his nerve when he sees some of his comrades being eaten by Titans . As a blonde Titan approaches Mikasa , she prepares to attack with her remaining broken blade , but a Attack Titan appears behind her and brutally kills the blonde Titan , much to her confusion . Armin and Conny show up , shocked to witness the Attack Titan not only fighting other Titans , but also showing knowledge of their weak point and using hand - to - hand combat techniques , while completely ignoring the humans . Armin gives Mikasa his gas tanks and blades so that she can support the others at the supply depot . Mikasa , however , refuses to leave him behind and ponders on the Attack Titan 's strange behavior . 8 8 `` I Can Hear His Heartbeat : The Struggle for Trost , Part 4 '' `` Shinzō no Kodō ga Kikoeru - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 4 ) - '' ( 心臓 の 鼓動 が 聞こえる ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 4 ― ) Satonobu Kikuchi Shinpei Ezaki Tatsuma Minamikawa Noboru Takagi May 26 , 2013 June 21 , 2014 With the supply depot swarming with Titans , Armin has the idea of using the Attack Titan to defeat them . Mikasa and Conny agree with his plan and defeat the Titans attacking it , before rushing to the supply depot . Meanwhile , Jean and the others reach the supply depot despite suffering more casualties on the way , with Armin , Mikasa and Conny arriving soon after . Armin 's plan works , but while the Attack Titan is able to attract the enemies outside , seven smaller Titans remain in the fuel storage area . With their equipment out of fuel , Armin devises another plan . The survivors draw the Titans ' attention to an elevator and shoot them in the eyes to blind them , while seven of them jump from the ceiling to finish them off . Sasha and Conny fail to kill their targets but are saved by Mikasa and Annie . Having successfully replenished their fuel , the soldiers prepare to retreat . As they see the Attack Titan defeating all of the other Titans before collapsing , they are shocked to watch Eren emerge from its body . Mikasa reaches Eren and cries upon confirming that he is alive , while Armin notices that Eren 's severed leg and arm have somehow regenerated as well . 9 9 `` Whereabouts of His Left Arm : The Struggle for Trost , Part 5 '' `` Hidariude no Yukue - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 5 ) - '' ( 左腕 の 行方 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 5 ― ) Yoshiyuki Fujiwara Yasuko Kobayashi June 2 , 2013 June 28 , 2014 Captain Levi of the Scout Regiment and his squad successfully retake a town from the Titans until they are called to an emergency at the Trost District as the Titans have invaded the city . When Eren was eaten and swallowed by the Bearded Titan , he found himself in its stomach along with the bodies of its victims . His rage at the Titans caused him to burst out of the Bearded Titan 's stomach by transforming himself into the Attack Titan and going on a rampage against them . Although Eren 's comrades saw him emerge from the Attack Titan , they all agreed to keep it a secret and bring him back inside Wall Rose . However , Kitts also witnessed this and has his men aim their weapons at Eren . Armin and Mikasa try to defend Eren , but to no avail . As Kitts fearfully orders the cannons to fire on the three of them , Eren recalls hazy memories of his father giving him an injection , telling him to reclaim Wall Maria and go to their home 's basement with his key . In order to protect Mikasa and Armin from the cannons , Eren partially transforms himself into the Attack Titan , sheltering them inside his ribs . 10 10 `` Response : The Struggle for Trost , Part 6 '' `` Kotaeru - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 6 ) - '' ( 応える ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 6 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Hiroshi Seko June 9 , 2013 July 12 , 2014 Eren climbs out of the partially transformed Titan , telling Mikasa and Armin about the basement in his former house . He believes that it holds the secret to mankind 's preservation and the key to destroying the Titans . Kitts once again orders the cannon to be loaded out of fear . Eren comes up with two plans of escape . The first is for Eren to retreat as the Attack Titan and criminalize himself in the eyes of humanity , and the second is to have Armin convince Kitts that Eren is an asset rather than a danger . Armin comes to the conclusion that he can still defend his friends despite his cowardice , deciding to try and talk their way out of being executed . Armin tentatively convinces Kitts , only to have him be overcome by fear and give the order to fire once more . The order is halted when Commander Dot Pyxis and his men intervene , sparing their lives . In return , Pyxis asks Eren if he will transform himself to block the gap in Wall Rose to prevent more Titans from getting in . Eren agrees , regardless of whether or not he will be able to control himself as the Attack Titan . 11 11 `` Idol : The Struggle for Trost , Part 7 '' `` Gūzō - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 7 ) - '' ( 偶像 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 7 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko June 16 , 2013 July 19 , 2014 As Armin helps Pyxis 's subordinates coordinate a plan , morale among the troops begin to drop , as some want to desert and be with their families . Pyxis silences everyone by reminding them that if they abandon this chance to finally win against the Titans , they will be subjecting their families to their terror , which convinces the troops to stay . Claiming that Eren is the result of a secret project to turn humans into Titans , Pyxis plans to have most of the troops gather at a far corner of the Trost District to lure most of the Titans away while Eren as the Attack Titan carries the giant boulder to seal the hole . Along with Mikasa , Eren will be guarded during the mission by three of the best elites of the Garrison , them being Ian Dietrich , Rico Brzenska and Mitabi Jarnach . As they approach the giant boulder , Rico , who is doubtful of the mission 's success and does not completely trust Eren , reminds him that many lives are at stake . Finally reaching the boulder , Eren transforms himself into a Titan , only to suddenly attack Mikasa . 12 12 `` Wound : The Struggle for Trost , Part 8 '' `` Kizu - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 8 ) - '' ( 傷 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 8 ― ) Shintaro Itoga Noboru Takagi June 23 , 2013 July 26 , 2014 Mikasa tries to reason with Eren in as the Attack Titan , but to no avail . Eren continues his attack and accidentally incapacitates himself , slumping to the ground . The squad protecting Eren sends up a red flare to signal that the plan has failed , much to the dismay of the troops observing from the wall . As Armin heads toward Eren to investigate , the elite squadron argues and eventually agrees to protect Eren instead of abandoning him , still recognizing him as a valuable military asset . During the operation , Jean is separated from Connie and Annie after his omni - directional mobility gear malfunctions , forcing him to hide from two Titans in a building . Armin reaches the unconscious Eren , but Mikasa calls to him , warning that he is in a dangerous state . Armin plunges his sword into the side of Eren 's neck , which briefly awakens him . As Armin speaks to him of the outside world and reminds him of his promise to kill all the Titans , Eren leaves his dreamlike state and regains control . 13 13 `` Primal Desire : The Struggle for Trost , Part 9 '' `` Genshoteki Yokkyū - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 9 ) - '' ( 原初 的 欲求 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 9 ― ) Masashi Koizuka Noboru Takagi June 30 , 2013 August 2 , 2014 Jean manages to acquire another set of omni - directional mobility gear from a dead soldier and escapes , thanks to Annie , Conny and Marco Bott distracting the Titans . With Eren as the Attack Titan carrying the boulder towards the gate , Ian orders everyone to protect Eren from the Titans at all costs . Eren finally blocks the open gate with the boulder , and Rico fires a yellow flare to signal that the operation was a success . As Armin tries to pull Eren from his Titan body , they are cornered by two Titans , but Levi saves them in the nick of time . All Titans remaining in the Trost Districts are eliminated except two , which are captured for research . Jean , Sasha and Annie all mourn the deaths of their fellow comrades among several casualties . Meanwhile , Eren is chained in a cell guarded by the Military Police Regiment , where he is visited by Levi and Commander Erwin Smith of the Scout Regiment . After listening to his story and reasons for wanting the Titans dead , Levi allows Eren to join his squad under his command , though Eren is warned that Levi would personally kill him if he ever betrays the squad or loses control again . 13.5 13.5 `` Since That Day '' `` Ano Hi kara '' ( あの 日 から ) Hiroyuki Tanaka -- July 7 , 2013 -- This is a recap episode of the events during the first thirteen episodes . 14 14 `` Ca n't Look Into His Eyes Yet : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 1 '' `` Mada Me o Mirenai - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 1 ) - '' ( まだ 目 を 見れ ない ― 反撃 前夜 1 ― ) Keisuke Onishi Shinpei Ezaki Yasuko Kobayashi July 14 , 2013 August 9 , 2014 The populace is divided over whether Eren is their savior or their end . Eren is brought to a military tribunal to be judged by Commander - in - Chief Dhalis Zachary , who will decide whether Eren should be given to the Military Police Regiment or the Scout Regiment , both of whom have their own reasons for wanting him . The Military Police Regiment wants Eren killed as he is seen by them as a menace , while the Scout Regiment wants to use him to retake Wall Maria . Becoming furious upon hearing from a merchant that Mikasa is accused of being a Titan as well , Eren calls out the Military Police Regiment and their supporters for their cowardice . Levi brutally beats down Eren in retaliation , but Eren does not transform into the Attack Titan . Levi uses this to show to the court that the Scout Regiment can control Eren , and proposes that Eren is to be made part of his squad . In the end , Zachary gives Eren to the Scout Regiment , where Erwin and Hange Zoë welcome him . As Eren is getting treatment for his wounds , they discover that he grew back a tooth knocked out after being beaten down by Levi . 15 15 `` Special Operations Squad : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 2 '' `` Tokubetsu Sakusen - han - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 2 ) - '' ( 特別 作戦 班 ― 反撃 前夜 2 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko July 21 , 2013 August 16 , 2014 Levi and his Special Operations Squad , composed of Eld Gin , Oruo Bozad , Petra Rall and Günther Schultz , bring Eren to the old Scout Regiment headquarters , where Eren will learn to control his Titan powers under their watch . As Levi orders the castle to be cleaned , Petra assures Eren that Levi does care about the people under his command despite his rude and harsh demeanor . Meanwhile , Erwin and Miche Zacharius discuss the new recruits joining the Scout Regiment and how they must prove Eren 's usefulness to Military Command within a month . Hange asks Eren to help her in her experiments with the two Titans they have captured , which she named Sawney and Beane . She has an obsession with Titans where she treats them like people despite the many times she puts herself in danger . It is revealed that the Titans need sunlight to survive and their bodies are disproportionately light despite their size . The next day , the Scout Regiment discover that Sawney and Beane have been killed . As Hange mourns for them , the Scout Regiment deduce that the culprit is a soldier who escaped using their omni - directional mobility gear , which makes Eren wonder who their true enemy is . 16 16 `` What Needs to be Done Now : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 3 '' `` Ima , Nani o Subeki ka - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 3 ) - '' ( 今 、 何 を すべ きか ― 反撃 前夜 3 ― ) Keisuke Onishi Yasushi Muroya Yasuko Kobayashi July 28 , 2013 August 23 , 2014 As the recruits are investigated over Sawney and Beane 's deaths , Annie , who will be joining the Military Police Regiment later , gives advice to Armin and Conny that it is their choice to decide on which military division they should join . The 104th Cadets are later greeted by Erwin at the Decision Ceremony , where he tells them that the goal of the Scout Regiment 's expedition on the following month is to reclaim the Shiganshina District and find the secret hidden in the basement of Eren 's home . After telling the recruits of the Scout Regiment 's high mortality rate during each expedition , Erwin tells the recruits that they may stay and join them or leave to join the other branches . Most recruits leave , but Jean joins the Scout Regiment in honor of Marco with others joining him as well including Mikasa , Armin , Reiner , Bertholdt , Conny , Sasha , Christa and Ymir , despite their fears . As the Scout Regiment prepare themselves for the expedition , Eren is reunited with his friends and learns what happened to the others . Jean questions whether Eren can truly control his Titan powers as they are risking their lives for him . With everything ready , the Scout Regiment begin their 57th Expedition beyond the walls . 17 17 `` Female Titan : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 1 '' `` Megata no Kyojin - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 1 ) - '' ( 女 型 の 巨人 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 1 ― ) Daisuke Tokudo Masashi Koizuka Hiroshi Seko August 4 , 2013 September 6 , 2014 As the 57th Expedition gets underway , the Scout Regiment assemble into their Long - Range Scouting Formation , wherein the Scouts spread out around the main wagon train and report by flare gun if Titans are nearby so the group can alter course to avoid conflict with them if possible . After Armin 's squad manages to kill an Abnormal Titan , a Female Titan suddenly appears from the right flank at high speed . Much to Armin 's shock , the Female Titan 's body withstands their blades and is intelligent enough to kill his seniors easily . The Female Titan captures Armin , but after removing his hood and seeing his face , she leaves him alive and continues running . Armin is picked up by Reiner and Jean , who reveals that their right flank was wiped out by the Titans . Armin then realizes that the Female Titan is possibly another Titan Shifter like Eren . When the three of them give conflicting locations for where Eren is in the formation , they realize the Female Titan 's target is Eren and that they must stop her . Avoiding their failed attempts to attack , she leaves them and heads towards the center group . 18 18 `` Forest of Giant Trees : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 2 '' `` Kyodaiju no Mori - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 2 ) - '' ( 巨大 樹 の 森 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 2 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Shin Wakabayashi Hiroshi Seko August 11 , 2013 September 13 , 2014 Armin , Reiner and Jean are left stranded after their encounter with the Female Titan . They are left with only one horse , but they are soon saved by Christa who arrives with extra horses . They wait for the order to withdraw , but to their surprise , they discover that the operation is continuing albeit heading in a different direction . Meanwhile , news reaches the center group about the annihilation of their right flank by the Female Titan as she continues to wreak havoc within the formation . The whole formation soon reaches the Forest of Giant Trees with only the center row entering , while the rest defend the forest from Titans . Eren realizes something is wrong when his squad has no idea what Erwin 's orders are and what Levi is doing . As the Female Titan chases at their heels , the squad desperately await Levi 's command to attack , but Levi instead tells his squad to cover their ears as he fires his flare gun . 19 19 `` Bite : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 3 '' `` Kamitsuku - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 3 ) - '' ( 噛み付く ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 3 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Tomomi Ikeda Noboru Takagi August 18 , 2013 September 20 , 2014 Levi fires a noise round and tells the squad to keep moving forward . With more of the rearguard being killed by the Female Titan , Eren begs his squad to let him fight , but they tell him to trust Levi 's decision . Eren recalls when he was unable to transform into the Attack Titan for experimental purposes in front of Hange , Levi and his squad . During a break when he tried to pick up a teaspoon , Eren suddenly partially transformed , leading Hange to deduce that Eren is able to transform into a Titan not by solely injuring himself but also due to his desire to fulfill his goals . The squad apologized to Eren and told him they should trust each other . Remembering this , Eren decides to trust his squad 's plan . It is then revealed that Levi 's squad is bait to lure the Female Titan into an ambush , where Erwin and his men fire hundreds of grappling hooks to trap the Female Titan . Levi leaves his squad to meet up with Erwin to determine the identity of the Female Titan . 20 20 `` Erwin Smith : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 4 '' `` Eruvin Sumisu - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 4 ) '' ( エルヴィン ・ スミス ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 4 ― ) Shintaro Itoga Yasuko Kobayashi August 25 , 2013 September 27 , 2014 With the Female Titan restrained , Erwin and Levi try to ascertain her identity with no success as she is able to crystallize her skin to prevent them from cutting out the human inside . Armin , Jean and the rest of Levi 's squad realize it was Erwin 's plan to use Eren as bait to draw out the mole within the army who joined them after the Walls fell and only revealed his plan to those who were part of the Scout Regiment before the fall . Meanwhile , the others wonder what is happening inside the forest . Levi taunts the Female Titan , prompting her to give a loud scream that draws all Titans in the vicinity towards her . Despite the Scout Regiment 's attempt to stop them , the Titans ignore the humans and eat the Female Titan 's body in a frenzy which makes Erwin call off the expedition . However , with no confirmation that the mole has also been eaten by the Titans , Erwin orders Levi to regroup with his squad . Meanwhile , the mole , disguised as a cloaked Scout Regiment member , attacks Levi 's squad and kills Günther . 21 21 `` Crushing Blow : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 5 '' `` Tettsui - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 5 ) - '' ( 鉄槌 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 5 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasushi Muroya Noboru Takagi September 1 , 2013 October 4 , 2014 Erwin tells Hange that it was a mistake to think all Titan Shifters are like Eren , since the Female Titan has unique abilities far beyond that of a novice . Elsewhere , the mole transforms into the Female Titan and chases after Levi 's squad . Armin theorizes that the mole is someone who had seen Eren transform during the invasion of the Trost District . Eren wants to transform into the Attack Titan , but the squad tells him to trust in their skills and keep moving forward . Eld , Oruo and Petra manage to blind the Female Titan and attempt to cut off her arms . However , the Female Titan quickly regenerates her right eye and kills the three . Seeing his comrades dead , a grieving Eren transforms into the Attack Titan . Believing his comrades and squad 's death could have been avoided if he had transformed in the first place , Eren fights the Female Titan in a long battle . The Female Titan finally defeats Eren by taking off his head and swallowing his human body . Mikasa attempts to stop the Female Titan , but to no avail . She is later joined by Levi , who tells her to keep their distance , as the Female Titan is getting tired . 22 22 `` Defeated : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 6 '' `` Haisha - tachi - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 6 ) - '' ( 敗者 達 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 6 ― ) Makoto Bessho Shinpei Ezaki Noboru Takagi September 8 , 2013 October 11 , 2014 While Mikasa distracts the Female Titan in order to get Eren back , Levi debilitates the Female Titan at high speeds , but Levi injures his leg when saving Mikasa from leaving herself vulnerable . Mikasa then goes with Levi , who retrieves Eren from inside the mouth of the Female Titan , leaving it badly wounded and slumped against a tree . The Scout Regiment retrieves the corpses of their fallen comrades , with Erwin ordering that the lost corpses be reported missing in action . One their way back into town , the Scouts are chased by two Titans , one of which is killed by Mikasa . They outrun the other Titan after Levi reluctantly orders to dispose some of the corpses in order to lighten the wagon 's load . Later , Eren wakes up from a dream of his past and finds himself and the Scout Regiment back at town safely behind Wall Sina . The townspeople not only berate the Scout Regiment 's ineptitude , but also become enraged and upset at Erwin over the failure of the mission and the casualties that were sustained . As a result of the failed expedition , Erwin and his subordinates are summoned to the capital , where the final decision of Eren 's custody will be made . 23 23 `` Smile : Assault on Stohess , Part 1 '' `` Hohoemi - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 1 ) - '' ( 微笑み ― ストヘス 区 急襲 1 ― ) Hirokazu Yamada Hiroshi Seko September 15 , 2013 October 18 , 2014 Annie has a dream of being trained by her father before waking up . In the Stohess District , the Military Police Regiment are ordered to escort the Scout Regiment convoy once they enter the capital . Annie 's colleagues Hitch Dreyse and Marlo Sand joined the Military Police Regiment for opposite reasons , one for its current corruption and the other its possible reformation . After the convoy has entered the Stohess District , Annie is secretly called by Armin in the alleyways . Armin begs for her help , as he is helping Eren escape the capital , and the one riding in the convoy is actually Jean in disguise . Although declining at first , she finally agrees when Armin believes that she is a good person . Armin leads Eren , Mikasa and Annie to an underground tunnel , but Annie refuses to enter . Armin finally reveals his suspicion that Annie is the Female Titan , noting that she used Marco 's omni - directional mobility gear to kill Sawney and Beane and that the Female Titan did not kill him during the 57th Expedition . After Eren and Armin beg Annie to prove them wrong by following them , she laughs and soon transforms using the spike in her ring . 24 24 `` Mercy : Assault on Stohess , Part 2 '' `` Jihi - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 2 ) - '' ( 慈悲 ― ストヘス 区 急襲 2 ― ) Akitoshi Yokoyama Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi September 22 , 2013 October 25 , 2014 A few days before Eren is escorted to the capital , Erwin and Armin told him about a plan to capture Annie , the person shockingly believed to be the Female Titan . Back in the present , Eren , Mikasa and Armin manage to escape a tunnel collapse while being hunted by Annie as the Female Titan . Eren tries to transform but is unable to , and Mikasa suspects that his feelings for Annie are preventing him to do so . When Eren is trapped in another tunnel collapse , Mikasa and Armin distract Annie away from Eren . Meanwhile , Commander Nile Dawk of the Military Police Regiment demands an explanation from Erwin on what is happening as his men hold him at gunpoint . Mikasa and the rest of the Scout Regiment distract and try to capture Annie , while Armin and Jean attempt to free Eren from the rubble . Armin tells Eren that he has to fight Annie as anyone who refuses to sacrifice can never change anything . As Eren thinks about what Armin said , he remembers his hatred for the Smiling Titan who killed his mother . Eren finally transforms into the Attack Titan and charges at Annie in a rage , smashing into a cathedral . 25 25 `` Wall : Assault on Stohess , Part 3 '' `` Kabe - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 3 ) - '' ( 壁 ― ストヘス 区 急襲 3 ― ) Daisuke Tokudo Masashi Koizuka Shintaro Itoga Tetsurō Araki Yasuko Kobayashi September 29 , 2013 November 1 , 2014 Inside the cathedral , a group of worshipers are crushed to their deaths , leaving the surviving priest awestruck . Eren and Annie fight each other in their Titan forms throughout the Stohess District , causing destruction and civilian deaths . Erwin , who accepts responsibility for the damage his plan has caused , is arrested by Nile , who orders the Military Police Regiment to help evacuate the civilians . After exchanging several blows , Annie is overpowered by Eren and attempts to escape by climbing up Wall Sina , but Mikasa cuts off Annie 's fingers and sends her falling . Eren prepares to eat Annie , but he stops when she starts to cry . Her body starts encasing itself in crystal before he recuperates in human form . Erwin attends a government inquiry to clear his name , explaining that he kept his plans secret to prevent leaks , despite the casualties during his plans . His new plan is to find Titan Shifters and use them to launch a counterattack against the Titans . Eren stays with the Scout Regiment , and Annie is put under the custody of the Scout Regiment . In the epilogue , a piece of Wall Sina crumbles , revealing the face of a Titan within the wall . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date English airdate 26 `` Beast Titan '' `` Kemono no Kyojin '' ( 獣 の 巨人 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi April 1 , 2017 April 22 , 2017 Hange Zoë and her team discover the Wall Titan sealed inside the wall . Pastor Nick of the Wall Cult arrives and urges the team to cover it from sunlight with sheets . However , Pastor Nick refuses to tell Hange why it is there , even after she threatens to kill him , leading Hange to suspect that there are more Wall Titans hidden within the walls . Meanwhile , Erwin Smith is informed that Wall Rose was breached and Titans are roaming inside . Twelve hours earlier , the rest of the 104th Cadets are stationed at an outpost when Titans are seen advancing from the south . Miche Zacharius orders the soldiers and cadets to spread out and inform the nearby villages and the capital about the Titans while he stays behind to delay them . Miche buys enough time and prepares to escape , but is captured by a Beast Titan , which is apelike in appearance and capable of speaking . Miche hesitates to respond when the Beast Titan inquires about his omni - directional mobility gear , so the Beast Titan strips Miche of his omni - directional mobility gear and leaves him to be eaten by the other Titans . 27 `` I 'm Home '' `` Tadaima '' ( ただいま ) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi April 8 , 2017 April 29 , 2017 Armin Arlelt and Hange each deduce that the Wall Titans sealed within the walls provide its strength . The Scout Regiment depart from the Stohess District to deal with the Titans that appeared inside Wall Rose , and Hange takes Pastor Nick along , intending to gain more information from him . Meanwhile , Sasha Braus rushes to Dauper in order to warn her father and the villagers . She arrives to find the entire village deserted except for a woman being eaten by a Titan , and her daughter nearby in a state of shock . Sasha takes the girl and flees , but they are chased by the Titan . Deciding to stay and fight while urging the girl to run away , Sasha succeeds in blinding the Titan with her arrows just as a group of villagers , including her father and the girl , return to pick her up . Meanwhile , Conny Springer and his group arrive at Ragako , only to find that it had already been attacked by Titans . Upon reaching his house , Conny discovers a Titan on its back trapped inside , and he wonders how it was able to travel so far from the walls since its legs seem too feeble to support its body . 28 `` Southwestward '' `` Nansei e '' ( 南西 へ ) Kenji Imura Hiroshi Seko April 15 , 2017 May 6 , 2017 Conny learns from Lynne and Gelgar that his family could still be alive since there are no traces of carnage , but before Conny rejoins his group to find the breach in the wall , he is startled when the Titan in his house faintly speaks and welcomes him back home . Elsewhere , Christa Lenz tells Ymir not to worry about her when the latter asks Nanaba and Henning to allow the two to leave their group . Both groups eventually meet up at nighttime , discovering that no breaches occurred at the walls and deciding to rest up at Castle Utgard . Meanwhile , Eren Jaeger learns from Hange he could learn how to seal the breach in the Shiganshina District , seeing as the crystallized skin from Annie Leonhart as the Female Titan is the same material from the walls . Pastor Nick eventually reveals to Hange that Christa is the key to finding all the answers . Soon after , Sasha arrives and hands Hange a scroll from Erwin , advising Hange and the Scouts to head to Castle Utgard . In the meantime , the Beast Titan leads the other Titans to attack Castle Utgard . This prompts Nanaba , Henning , Lynne and Gelgar to defend the 104th Cadets . 29 `` Soldier '' `` Heishi '' ( 兵士 ) Hitomi Ezoe Hiroshi Seko April 22 , 2017 May 13 , 2017 Two hours before the attack by the Titans at Castle Utgard , the 104th Cadets rest as their seniors keep watch . Conny mentions that the Titan he encountered at Ragako resembled his mother , but Ymir plays it off . Reiner Braun becomes suspicious when Ymir is able to read the unknown language on a food can labeled herring . The Titans soon appear , and the senior soldiers hold them off from the outside while the 104th Cadets defend themselves against smaller Titans that have breached the castle . In the process , Reiner has his arm badly injured after it is bitten by a Titan . After clearing the area of Titans , the Beast Titan throws chunks of Wall Rose at the castle , killing the group 's horses . A second wave of Titans subsequently attack the castle , and the senior soldiers are soon overwhelmed and killed . As the Titans surround the tower which the unarmed 104th Cadets are on , Ymir jumps off the tower and transforms into a Titan in order to honor a promise that she made with Christa . 30 5 `` Historia '' `` Hisutoria '' ( ヒストリア ) Tetsuya Wakano Yasuko Kobayashi April 29 , 2017 May 20 , 2017 In the past , Christa and Ymir became lost in a blizzard during their winter training in the mountains as cadets , while trying to save fellow cadet Daz . Ymir accused Christa of having a death wish rather than saving Daz for selfless reasons . She was also aware that Christa is an unwanted illegitimate daughter of a nobleman 's mistress who was forced by the Wall Cult to change her name and join the army . Ymir then made Christa promise that she must live her own life if she ever reveals her true name . Back in the present , Ymir transforms into a small , nimble intelligent Titan and fights off the other Titans . Christa tells Ymir to destroy the tower in order to crush the Titans . As the tower begins to collapse , Ymir orders Christa and the others to grab on to her . Despite this effort , the Titans overwhelm Ymir , but Hange and the other Scouts arrive on time to save the 104th Cadets . With the battle over , Christa attends a gravely injured Ymir as the rest of the 104th Cadets learn that Ymir is a Titan Shifter . Just before Ymir loses consciousness , Christa reveals that her real name is Historia Reiss . 31 6 `` Warrior '' `` Senshi '' ( 戦士 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Hiroshi Seko May 6 , 2017 June 3 , 2017 The Scouts prepare to take the comatose Ymir to the Trost District for medical attention . Later , Hannes comes with his vanguard and reports that the walls were never breached . Before leaving for the Trost District , Eren learns that Reiner and Bertholdt are the Armored Titan and the Colossal Titan , respectively . Reiner explains that the mission to destroy all of humanity can be avoided if Eren would simply join them . Twelve hours earlier in the Ehrmich District , Hange explained that the scroll received from Sasha contained a background report on Annie , suggesting a connection with Reiner and Bertholdt , as all three are from the same area but otherwise have little information available . The Scouts eventually realized that they may have helped Annie find Eren 's location within the formation during the 57th Expedition . Therefore , Hange ordered the others to keep an eye on Reiner and Bertholdt without raising undue suspicion . Back in the present , Reiner and Bertholdt both shift into their Titan forms , despite a quick intervention by Mikasa Ackermann . The Armored Titan grabs Eren and slides down the wall as the Colossal Titan grabs Ymir . Feeling betrayed , Eren shifts into the Attack Titan and begins to fight the Armored Titan . 32 7 `` Close Combat ( Strike ・ Throw ・ Submit ) '' `` Da - Tō - Kyoku '' ( 打 ・ 投 ・ 極 ) Takayuki Hirao Hiroshi Seko May 13 , 2017 June 10 , 2017 As Eren and the Armored Titan engage in battle , the Colossal Titan consumes Ymir and another Scout . Hange and the other Scouts move in for an attack , but the Colossal Titan releases an enormous amount of steam , wounding several Scouts and preventing further attacks . The Armored Titan gains the upper hand in his fight against Eren , and the situation seems desperate even with assistance from Mikasa . However , Eren uses hand - to - hand combat techniques that he learned from Annie during their recruit training , enabling him to give serious damage to the Armored Titan . Eren obliges when Armin implores him to fall back to the wall for his own safety . As the Armored Titan charges Eren once more , Eren utilizes grappling techniques advised by Hange in order to overcome his strength disadvantage and regain the upper hand . Eren is nearly successful at beheading the Armored Titan and extracting Reiner from within , only to be foiled when the Armored Titan roars for assistance . The Colossal Titan begins to deteriorate and plummets towards Eren and the Armored Titan . 33 8 `` The Hunters '' `` Oumono '' ( 迫 う 者 ) Yūmi Kawai Yasuko Kobayashi May 20 , 2017 June 17 , 2017 The Colossal Titan hits the ground , releasing a massive amount of steam . The Armored Titan frees itself from being grasped and extracts Eren from the Attack Titan , while Bertholdt carries the still unconscious Ymir and uses stolen omni - directional mobility gear to leave with the Armored Titan . Five hours later in the Trost District , the military divisions are informed about the recent battle that took place . Back at the walls , an unconscious Mikasa has a dream about the past , wherein she tried to protect Eren from the neighborhood delinquents , but she is distraught to find him gone when she awakes . Armin tells Mikasa that Eren and Ymir were captured , but nothing can be done in their current state . Hannes reminds Mikasa and Armin that Eren has a steadfast resolve . As Erwin soon arrives with reinforcements , Hange posits that Reiner and Bertholdt may seek the Forest of Giant Trees nearby to safely rest until nightfall , assuming that their goal is to relocate outside of Wall Maria . Eren and Ymir are shown waking in the forest as their bodies begin to regenerate their limbs , while Reiner and Bertholdt watch over them . The Scouts depart from Wall Rose to mount a rescue operation . 34 9 `` Opening '' `` Kaikō '' ( 開口 ) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi May 27 , 2017 June 24 , 2017 As Erwin leads the expedition away from Wall Rose , Hange requests a horseback ride to Ragako to see the immobilized Titan , but Moblit decides to go in her stead since she is badly injured . Meanwhile , in the Forest of Giant Trees , as Eren and Ymir continue to regenerate their limbs , Ymir points out that not only are they are surrounded by Titans , but also Reiner and Bertholdt stole their omni - directional mobility gear . Reiner and Bertholdt plan to take Eren and Ymir to their hometown , but are waiting until nightfall when the surrounding Titans can not move . Eren is reminded by Ymir that they are in no position to fight or flee until they regenerate . Reiner begins to ramble about his duty as a soldier and as a warrior , which Ymir deduces that there is confusion between his undercover and real personas . Ymir is highly concerned about the Beast Titan , who caused the recent Titan invasion and may be their real enemy . Reiner then uses Ymir 's concern for Christa 's safety as leverage to drive a wedge between Eren and Ymir . The discussion is interrupted by the sound of flare guns , signalling the arrival of the Scouts . 35 10 `` Children '' `` Kodomotachi '' ( 子供 達 ) Kenji Imura Hiroshi Seko June 3 , 2017 July 8 , 2017 Moblit arrives at Ragako and recognizes the disabled Titan as Conny 's mother after seeing a portrait of Conny 's parents . At the Forest of Giant Trees , after Eren is restrained , Ymir says that Reiner and Bertholdt must take Christa with them . In a flashback , Ymir was worshiped by a cult as a child under supposed royalty . The cult was later apprehended and punished by soldiers , in which Ymir was injected with something and thrown off a wall , resulting in her transforming into a mindless Titan . Ymir spent the next sixty years as a Titan until she ate Marcel , a childhood friend of Reiner , Bertholdt and Annie , which returned her to human form . She realized that her freedom of accepting her true identity was why she developed such empathy with Christa . In the present , Ymir convinces Reiner and Bertholdt to allow her to transform into her Titan form and take Christa with them . When the Scouts enter the forest , Ymir finds and swallows Christa before rejoining Reiner and Bertholdt . Reiner transforms as the Armored Titan , while Bertholdt , Eren and Ymir climb on its shoulders , as they flee at the edge of the forest with the Scouts in hot pursuit . 36 11 `` Charge '' `` Totsugeki '' ( 突撃 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuhiro Akamatsu Hiroshi Seko June 10 , 2017 July 15 , 2017 As the Armored Titan flees , Ymir regurgitates Christa and exits her Titan form in order to explain her seemingly selfish actions to Christa . The Scouts close in on the Armored Titan , but Mikasa is foiled when the Armored Titan blocks her from attacking Bertholdt and saving Eren . The other 104th Cadets arrive to reason with Bertholdt , but he professes that there is no turning back from their mission , despite being their comrade . Erwin uses himself as bait to lure a group of Titans charging towards the Scouts chasing the Armored Titan , and the Scouts are ordered to scatter their formation and charge at the Titans . The Armored Titan is consequently attacked by the Titans , forcing it to defend itself and release Eren and Bertholdt . Armin , Erwin and Mikasa work together to distract Bertholdt , cut Eren free and rescue Eren . Conny and Sasha retrieve Christa and explain that Ymir is lying about her recent actions . The Scouts are hampered from retreating when the Armored Titan throws Titans at them , knocking Eren and Mikasa off their horse . Eren and Mikasa then come face - to - face with the Smiling Titan , the same one that ate Carla Jaeger . 37 12 `` Scream '' `` Sakebi '' ( 叫び ) Satonobu Kikuchi Takayuki Hirao Tetsurō Araki Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi June 17 , 2017 July 22 , 2017 The Scouts are at a loss as more Titans thrown by the Armored Titan surround their position . Hannes sacrifices himself protecting Eren and Mikasa from the Smiling Titan . After Eren breaks down from failing to transform , he rekindles his spirit by vowing to protect Mikasa , activating an unknown power within him that causes the surrounding Titans to devour the Smiling Titan . Ymir realizes that Reiner and Bertholdt want Eren because he possesses the Coordinate , the ability to control other Titans . The surviving Scouts escape after Eren causes the Titans to go after the Armored Titan . Ymir decides to leave Christa in order to save the Armored Titan and Bertholdt from the Titans . A week later , Hange and Conny give a report to Erwin , Levi and Dot Pyxis , which reveals that the Titans that appeared within Wall Rose were the citizens of Ragako . Remembering how many died to rescue him , Eren vows to use his new power to help humanity , while Erwin is determined to learn more of the truth behind the Titans . Elsewhere , the Beast Titan looks out from atop Wall Maria , as a mysterious blond man with glasses emerges from its back uttering the words , `` not just yet '' . Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date English airdate 38 `` Smoke Signal '' `` Noroshi '' ( 狼煙 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi July 23 , 2018 July 11 , 2018 ( Sneak Preview ) August 18 , 2018 Levi 's squad , now composed of Eren and his remaining friends , are camped out in a cottage where Hange carries out experiments on Eren to test his Titan and hardening abilities to seal the wall . Hange reports that Pastor Nick has been tortured and murdered in the Trost District barracks but she accuses the Military Police 's First Interior Squad of being responsible . Levi suspects that someone in the government has their sights set on destroying the Survey Corps and concealing the secrets of the Titans . After Nifa delivers a message from Erwin , who has been arrested by the Military Police , Levi has the Scouts abandon their hideout only shortly before the Military Police storms it . Levi figures that the government is after Eren and Historia and he decides to head back to the Trost District . Before Hange leaves with Mobilt to go after Erwin , Eren gives her a written copy of the conversation he recalled between Ymir and Bertholdt . The Scouts arrive in Trost , and Jean and Armin disguised as Eren and Historia are soon abducted . Mikasa and the others easily rescue them from their kidnappers . Meanwhile Levi is uneasy , and tells Nifa about Kenny the Ripper , a serial killer he knew in the past , when suddenly Kenny and his minions appear . They kill Nifa and the rest of her team , and then Kenny pursues Levi across the rooftops . 39 `` Pain '' `` Itami '' ( 痛み ) Shita Taro Yasuko Kobayashi July 30 , 2018 August 25 , 2018 Kenny , now working for the Interior Squad , pursues Levi with members of his group , but Levi manages to escape . Mikasa hears the commotion and leads the other scouts in defense of Historia and Eren , which involves killing other humans , something they have never done before . In the Capital city Mitras , the government receives a message from Lord Reiss that Historia and Eren have been captured . Following their savage battle with Kenny 's group , Armin and the rest are traumatized of having to fight and kill other humans which Levi consoles them . They interrogate their prisoner and community leader , Dimo Reeves , who helped the Military Police , but he fears for the future of his company and the people in Trost . Levi offers him protection for the people of Trost in exchange for his help . Elsewhere , Hange approaches Erwin to help , suggesting that Eren will be eaten if they do not rescue him . With Reeves ' assistance , the scouts capture some Interior Squad soldiers and torture Sannes , the man who killed Pastor Nick , about the whereabouts of Historia and Eren . They discover Historia is the real heir to the throne and conclude she is being held by her father , Rod Reiss . Later , Reeves is killed by Kenny for betraying him , unaware that Reeves ' son is witnessing it . 40 `` Old Story '' `` Mukashibanashi '' ( 昔話 ) Tomoko Hirakata Hiroshi Seko August 6 , 2018 TBA In a flashback , Historia tells the Scouts of her upbringing on the Reiss estate in the region of Wall Rose , her estrangement from her parents , the execution of her mother by Kenny and then being hidden as Christa Lenz . In the present , Rod Reiss heads back to his family estate with Historia and Eren while Hange explains to the Scouts that Eren will be eaten to acquire his Titan powers and abilities . The Scouts split up and head for the Reiss estate to rescue Eren and Historia . Meanwhile Erwin explains to Commander Pyxis his plans of a bloodless coup to overthrow the corrupt government to retake Wall Maria . Erwin gains Pyxis ' support after telling him that Sannes confessed that the current royal family is a fraud , and the Scouts plan to have Historia enthroned as Queen . He also reveals that his father was murdered after telling Erwin that he believed the real reason for the flight to within the walls was to protect the land and property of the wealthy , not humanity . To insulate the other Scouts , Erwin then surrenders to the Military Police who frame him for the murder of Reeves . Outside the city , the Scouts prepare for their rescue mission , but they are being tracked by the Military Police . 41 `` Trust '' `` Shinrai '' ( 信頼 ) Aiko Sakuraba Hiroshi Seko August 13 , 2018 TBA Levi 's squad captures the two soldiers who tracked them who are no other than Marlo and Hitch , Annie 's friends in the Military Police . After learning the truth that Annie was the Female Titan and the Scouts are being framed , Marlo and Hitch agree to help Levi 's squad by telling them of an outpost that is least guarded by the Military Police . Levi and the others subdued the soldiers at the outpost while Levi tortures the Interior Police officer in charge for Eren and Historia 's location . Meanwhile , Hange rescues Flegel Reeves from the Military Police , who are trying to kill him to cover the truth that his father was killed by the Interior Police . With Hange and Moblit 's help , Flegel lures the Military Police to the Stohess District and tricks them into confessing the truth about his father 's death , the government trying to frame the Scouts and cover up the truth to the residents of Stohess and some reporters before capturing them . With the people no longer fooled by the government 's propaganda , Hange begins her next plan . Elsewhere , as Erwin is brought to the King before being executed , he warns his friend Nile he must choose a side before Pyxis begins the coup d'État . 42 5 `` Reply '' `` Kaitō '' ( 回答 ) Miki Komuro Yasuko Kobayashi August 20 , 2018 TBA At his trial before the fake king and his council , Erwin unsuccessfully puts his case to reclaim Wall Maria and avoid a potential civil war caused by people competing for limited resources . Just as Erwin is sentenced to death , news arrive that Wall Rose has been breached by Titans . However , rather than allow Wall Rose refugees shelter within Wall Sina , the council orders the gates closed , sacrificing the entire Wall Rose population . A disgusted Nile refuses to obey the order , and Commander - in - chief Dahlis Zachary arrives with his troops , revealing the news of the breach was a ruse . With the council 's self - interest and disregard for human life now revealed , Pyxis announces a coup d'état and the Military take over the government and publish the news in the press . Later , Levi 's squad receives the news , and Hange tells the others about the mysterious deaths of Rod Reiss ' family at their Chapel . Meanwhile , in a crystalline underground chamber , an imprisoned Eren is approached by Historia . 43 6 `` Sin '' `` Tsumi '' ( 罪 ) Ryūta Kawahara Hiroshi Seko August 27 , 2018 TBA Historia assures Eren that her father has good intentions even though he created problems for the Scouts and killed Pastor Nick . Rod Reiss and Historia then trigger subconscious memories in Eren ; of being injected with serum by his father , transforming into a Titan , then killing and eating his own father . The process also triggers Historia 's fond memories of her youth , and her half - sister Frieda who sometimes visited her . Rod explains that Eren 's father , the Titan Grisha Jaeger , killed Frieda who had transformed into a Titan , before killing her mother and four other siblings . Later , Kenny arrives and updates them on the coup d'état before preparing to defend the crystalline chamber beneath the Reiss chapel with members of his group . Meanwhile in the capital , Pyxis reveals to Erwin that the Reiss family possess the power to alter memories before Erwin leads a force out to rescue Eren . As Kenny Ackerman prepares his defense , he recalls his grandfather saying that the Reiss royal family possesses the power of the Titans , including memory control . Meanwhile , Levi 's small squad finds a hidden trapdoor in the floor of the Reiss chapel and they prepare to descend and rescue Eren . 44 7 `` Wish '' `` Negai '' ( 願い ) September 3 , 2018 TBA 45 8 `` Outside the Walls of Orvud District '' `` Orubudo - ku Gaiheki '' ( オルブド 区 外壁 ) September 10 , 2018 TBA Special episodes ( edit ) Ova episodes ( edit ) For the No Regrets OVAs , see Attack on Titan : No Regrets § Episode list . For the Lost Girls OVAs , see Attack on Titan : Lost Girls § Anime . The following bonus original video animation episodes were released alongside select volumes of the manga . No . Title Original air date 3.5 `` Ilse 's Notebook : Memoirs of a Recon Corps Member '' `` Iruze no Techō - Aru Chōsa Heidan'in no Shuki - '' ( イルゼ の 手帳 ― ある 調査 兵 団員 の 手記 ― ) December 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) In the year 850 , whilst Eren and the others are in training , the Recon Corps go on a mission , with Hange deciding to pursue a Titan spotted in the forest in the hopes she can capture it . Curiously , as Hange gets the Titan to chase after her , it suddenly retreats to the forest . Hange follows it to the center of the forest , where she finds it banging its head against a certain tree . The Titan turns hostile when Hange gets close to it , but Levi and the others arrive and kill it , much to Hange 's dismay . Upon inspecting the scene , they discover the decapitated body of Ilse Langnar , a soldier from the 34th Recon Corps division , resting inside of the tree , and find a notebook belonging to her lying on the ground . The notebook details Ilse 's records , as she escaped on foot after her squad was killed by Titans . She eventually became cornered by a Titan , but instead of killing her right away , it started to speak to her in the human language , calling her `` Ymir '' . Ilse attempted to communicate with the Titan , but it inevitably became hostile again and bit off her head , curiously choosing not to devour her body but instead rest it inside the tree . Having read through all of Ilse 's notes , Hange uses the notebook as leverage to convince Erwin to approve of operations to capture Titans alive and study them , before returning Ilse 's belongings to her grief - stricken family . 3.25 `` The Sudden Visitor : The Torturous Curse of Youth '' `` Totsuzen no Raihōsha - Sainamareru Seishun no Noroi - '' ( 突然 の 来訪 者 ― 苛ま れる 青春 の 呪い ― ) April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) In the year 849 , Jean returns home after two years in training . After Jean gets into a dispute with Sasha following a training exercise , Commander Pyxis suggests they settle things in a cooking contest . With Armin and Annie joining Jean 's team and Reiner and Conny teaming up with Sasha , the two groups head into the forest in search of a notorious giant boar to use as meat . Sasha 's group come across the boar first and engage it in battle , with Sasha managing to kill it and claim it for her group . Later , after Jean is visited by his mother , shouting at her when he feels she is embarrassing him , he concocts a plan to steal some quality beef from the office so he can beat Sasha , but Armin and Annie refuse to help him . After inevitably giving up on his plan , Jean opens a lunchbox his mother left him containing an omelette , remembering all the times his mother stood by him . The cooking contest soon takes place , with Sasha presenting a prime boar steak whilst Jean presents a humble omelette . Although wowed by the taste of the steak , Pyxis declares Jean the winner as he showed more skill in cooking . Content with his victory , Jean considers paying a visit to his mother . 3.75 `` Distress '' `` Konnan '' ( 困難 ) August 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 08 ) In the year 848 , the recruits are split into two groups for a wilderness exercise to learn how to sustain themselves in times of peace . Marco has trouble leading his group due to the arrogance of both Eren and Jean . Meanwhile , Mikasa 's group learns of the presence of a gang of thieves , who managed to steal their omni - directional mobility gear . That night , the thieves ambush Eren 's group , taking Christa hostage along with their equipment . Putting aside their petty squabbles in order to rescue her , the group discover the thieves ' hideout , using each of their talents to come up with a plan to ambush them . After Eren and Jean manage to recover the group 's maneuver equipment and put a stop to the thieves ' wagons , the thieves hold Christa at knifepoint , but she is rescued by the arrival of Mikasa and Annie after Armin had signalled for help . As the thieves are arrested , with no casualties taken , Armin wonders if the thieves ' attack was part of the exercise all along . Bonus shorts ( edit ) Chibi Theater : Fly , Cadets , Fly ! ( ち み キャラ 劇場 と んで け ! 訓練 兵団 , Chimi Kyara Gekijō -- Tondeke ! Kunren Heidan ) is a series of flash animated gag shorts included with the Blu - ray Disc / DVD releases , featuring the characters in chibi form based on designs by Yuupon . No . Title Original air date `` Day 01 / Day 02 '' `` Ichinichime / Futsukame '' ( 01 日 目 / 02 日 目 ) July 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 17 ) Eren has trouble getting to school on time , before he and Armin find themselves in the nurse 's office . `` Day 03 / Day 04 '' `` Mikkame / Yokkame '' ( 03 日 目 / 04 日 目 ) August 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 21 ) Eren tries to make a strong impression before his instructor , whilst Jean becomes jealous of Eren 's closeness with Mikasa . `` Day 05 / Day 06 / Day 07 '' `` Itsukame / Muikame / Nanokame '' ( 05 日 目 / 06 日 目 / 07 日 目 ) September 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 18 ) Sasha is accused of a crime she did n't commit , whilst Armin finds a rather dubious book . Later , Eren and Mikasa try to learn about the Titan 's weakness . `` Day 08 / Day 09 / Day 10 '' `` Yōkame / Kokonokame / Tōkame '' ( 8 日 目 / 9 日 目 / 10 日 目 ) October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) Eren accidentally stumbles into the classroom as the girls were taking off their clothes , Mikasa competes against Ymir for Eren 's pudding , Christa and Ymir discuss who they should spend the day with . 5 `` Day 11 / Day 12 / Day 13 '' `` Jūichinichime / Jūninichime / Jūsannichime '' ( 11 日 目 / 12 日 目 / 13 日 目 ) November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) Eren attempts to improve his body by following Reiner 's every move , Bertholdt tries to improve his confidence , Mikasa and Annie compete to see who can inflict more pain on Eren . 6 `` Day 14 / Day 15 / Day 16 '' `` Jūyokkame / Jūgonichime / Jūrokunichime '' ( 14 日 目 / 15 日 目 / 16 日 目 ) December 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 18 ) Conny and Sasha attempt to prank Shadis , Eren decides to shave his hair , Armin tutors Eren , Sasha , and Conny when they failed their test . 7 `` Day 17 / Day 18 / Day 19 '' `` Jūshichinichime / Jūhachinichime / Jūkunichime '' ( 17 日 目 / 18 日 目 / 19 日 目 ) January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) Eren struggles to balance himself on the omni - directional mobility gear , Jean gets lost during training , Marco sneaks into the Girl 's Dormitory to return a lost pink bag . 8 `` Day 20 / Day 21 / Day 22 '' `` Nijūnichime / Nijūichinichime / Nijūninichime '' ( 20 日 目 / 21 日 目 / 22 日 目 ) February 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 19 ) Franz and Hannah try to help Eren reconcile with Mikasa after an argument , Mikasa tries to act on her feelings with Eren , and Hange tries to communicate with a Titan . 9 `` Day 23 / Day 24 / Day 25 '' `` Nijūsannichime / Nijūyonnichime / Nijūgonichime '' ( 23 日 目 / 24 日 目 / 25 日 目 ) March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) Erwin tries to change his appearance to appeal to cadets , Levi analyzes himself from another 's point of view , and the graduation ceremony of the 104th Cadet Corps takes place . See also ( edit ) Anime and manga portal List of Attack on Titan chapters List of Attack on Titan novels Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Eren 's surname as Jaeger . Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Mikasa 's surname as Ackermann . Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Armin 's surname as Arlelt . Jump up ^ Funimation screened the episode in North American theatres on July 11 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Sources `` Japanese dates '' . Tokyo MX ( in Japanese ) . `` List of Attack on Titan episode titles '' . Shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2013 . `` Attack of Titan Anime Episodes '' . Funimation . References ^ Jump up to : Ferreira , Mike ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Attack on Titan 's Netflix Debut Hit by Translation Woes '' . Anime Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : 「 進撃 の 巨人 」 製作 委員 会 . `` 放送 情報 '' ( Broadcast Information ) . shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . `` MBS 4 月 6 日 より 毎週 土曜 25 時 58 分 ~ ※ 4 月 13 日 は 26 時 10 分 ~ '' See rest of article for other broadcasting times . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Streams Attack on Titan TV Anime '' . Anime News Network . April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll to Stream `` Attack on Titan '' Anime `` . Crunchyroll. April 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Plans Attack on Titan on Home Video in 2014 '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan English Dub Premiere at Anime Boston '' . Funimation . February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Funimation ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` FUNimation - Thank you all for your patience ! Attack on ... '' Facebook . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan to Run on Adult Swim 's Toonami Block '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Opening CD Sells 129,000 in 1st Week '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 2nd Season 's New Visual , Linked Horizon Song Revealed '' . Anime News Network . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toonami Premieres Attack on Titan Season 2 on April 22 '' . Anime News Network . April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll Streams Attack on Titan Season 2 Anime ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV アニメ 「 進撃 の 巨人 」 Season 3 '' . shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Season 3 - Official Subtitled Trailer IT 'S OFFICIALLY COMING TO FUNIMATION , JULY 2018 ! '' . Twitter . April 27 , 2018 . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan Season 3 to Premiere on Toonami on August 18 '' . Anime News Network . July 16 , 2018 . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hodgkins , Crystalyn ( July 21 , 2018 ) . `` New Attack on Titan Season 3 Video Previews YOSHIKI Featuring HYDE 's Opening Theme '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pineda , Rafael Antonio ( July 30 , 2018 ) . `` Linked Horizon Performs Ending Theme for Attack on Titan Season 3 Anime '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 作品 情報 ( シリーズ ) -- 進撃 の 巨人 attack on titan '' ( Work information ( series ) -- Attack on Titan ) . Media Arts Database ( in Japanese ) . Japan : Agency for Cultural Affairs . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` July 5th Line Up - Space Dandy Season 2 Premiere ! '' . Toonami Tumblr . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Know When to Watch - Schedule - Adult Swim '' . AdultSwim.com . Turner Broadcasting System . August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 Season2 ( Attack on Titan Season 2 ) ( in Japanese ) . Mainichi Broadcasting System . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 Season3 ( Attack on Titan Season 3 ) ( in Japanese ) . NHK . Retrieved August 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Season 3 Gets World Premiere in U.S. , Canadian Theaters '' . Anime News Network . May 30 , 2018 . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga 's 2nd Anime DVD Bundle Listed '' . Anime News Network . November 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Attack on Titan on Funimation Attack on Titan on Crunchyroll Attack on Titan by Hajime Isayama Media Chapters Episodes Before the Fall Junior High Lost Girls No Regrets Spoof on Titan Harsh Mistress of the City Live - action Attack on Titan Counter Rockets Video games Humanity in Chains Attack on Titan Attack on Titan 2 Related Characters Eren Yeager `` Jiyū e no Shingeki '' by Linked Horizon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Attack_on_Titan_episodes&oldid=856984786 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Attack on Titan Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Use mdy dates from June 2014 Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 20 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Attack%20on%20Titan%20episodes

where is the pink lake in western australia

Pink Lake ( also known as Spencer Lake ) is a salt lake in the Goldfields - Esperance region of Western Australia . It lies about 3 kilometres ( 2 mi ) west of Esperance and is bounded to the east by the South Coast Highway . Although historically the water in the lake was visibly pink , as at 2017 it has not been pink for over ten years .

in the Goldfields - Esperance region of Western Australia

Pink lake ( Western Australia )

pink lake ( western australia )

Pink Lake ( also known as Spencer Lake ) is a salt lake in the Goldfields - Esperance region of Western Australia . It lies about 3 kilometres ( 2 mi ) west of Esperance and is bounded to the east by the South Coast Highway . Although historically the water in the lake was visibly pink , as at 2017 it has not been pink for over ten years .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Birds 3 Salt production 4 Misleading name 5 References Description ( edit ) The distinctive colour of the water changes as a result of green alga Dunaliella salina , halobacterium Halobacteria cutirubrum , and / or high concentration of brine prawn . Once the lake water reaches a salinity level greater than that of sea water , the temperature is high enough and adequate light conditions are provided , the alga begins to accumulate the red pigment beta carotene . The pink halobacterium grow in the salt crust at the bottom of the lake . It is believed that the construction of a highway and a rail line altered the flow of water into the lake reducing its salinity which is why ( as at 2017 ) it no longer appears pink . Birds ( edit ) The lake has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area because it usually supports significant numbers of hooded plovers and sometimes over 1 % of the world population of banded stilts . It has had many migrant and native birds . Between 1997 and 2006 , populations of between 12 and 12,000 of the banded stilt were recorded . There was a population of between 5 and 68 of the hooded plovers from 1995 to 2005 . Salt production ( edit ) Prior to salt production the lake 's environment was investigated in the 1980s . Table salt is produced in solar ponds at the eastern end of the lake . The company WA Salt Supply produce water softening salt , coarse salt and sheepskin salt at the Esperance site . The salt is kiln dried , crushed and bagged at the site before being distributed . Misleading name ( edit ) Because tourists who visit Esperance to see the Pink Lake are disappointed not to see a pink lake , there have been proposals to either change the name of the lake and the town back to Lake Spencer or to find a way to alter the salinity so that the lake appears pink once again . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Map of Pink Lake , WA '' . Bonzle Digital Atlas . 2009 . Retrieved 28 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Pink Lake , Esperance - the discovery of and use of the lake Esperance traveller , Summer 1990 , p. 34 ^ Jump up to : de Garis , Christian ( 27 November 2017 ) . `` Famous Esperance Pink Lake fades , leaving tourists confused and town with an identity crisis '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on 21 January 2018 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Esperance - Natural Attractions '' . 2007 . Retrieved 28 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IBA : Pink Lake ( Esperance ) '' . Birdata . Birds Australia . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 19 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Pink Lake Hydrological Study Group ( W.A. ) ( 1986 ) The report on investigations into the hydrology & use of Pink Lake at Esperance by the Pink Lake Hydrological Study Group to the Minister for Lands & the Esperance Shire Council . Perth : W.A. Dept. of Conservation and Environment . Bulletin ( Western Australia . Dept. of Conservation and Environment ) ; no . 262 . ISBN 0 - 7309 - 0595 - 0 ( pbk . ) Jump up ^ `` SMH Travel - Esperance '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 2004 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 28 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` WA Salt Supply - Esperance Location '' . 2004 . Retrieved 28 March 2009 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pink_Lake_(Western_Australia)&oldid=825647777 '' Categories : Lakes of Western Australia Goldfields - Esperance Saline lakes Important Bird Areas of Western Australia Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2015 Use Australian English from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Español मैथिली नेपाली Svenska Türkçe اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 15 : 57 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink%20Lake%20%28Western%20Australia%29

in the battle of adowa in 1896 germany was defeated by the ethiopian forces of emperor menelik ii

Battle of Adwa

battle of adwa

Battle of Adwa Part of the First Italo - Ethiopian War Ethiopian forces , assisted by St George ( top ) , win the battle . Painted 1965 -- 75 . Date 1 March 1896 Location Coordinates : 14 ° 1 ′ 8 '' N 38 ° 58 ′ 24 '' E  /  14.01889 ° N 38.97333 ° E  / 14.01889 ; 38.97333  ( Battle of Adwa ) Adwa , Ethiopia Result Decisive Ethiopian victory Territorial changes Ethiopian territorial sovereignty confirmed Menelik II personally ratifies French Somaliland ( Djibouti ) Belligerents Ethiopia Italy Commanders and leaders Menelik II Ras Alula Taytu Betul Tekle Haymanot Ras Makonnen Ras Mikael Ras Mengesha Fit'awrari Gebeyehu † Oreste Baratieri Vittorio Dabormida † Giuseppe Arimondi † Matteo Albertone ( POW ) Giuseppe Ellena Strength 80,000 armed with rifles 20,000 armed with spears and swords 8,600 horses 42 artillery pieces 17,700 ( ^ Italians and Ascari ) 56 artillery pieces ( rifles and artillery -- all antiquated ) Casualties and losses 3,867 killed ~ 8,000 wounded 6,394 killed 1,428 wounded ~ 3,000 captured ( ^ including wounded ) First Italo - Ethiopian War Halai Coatit Amba Alagi Mek'ele Adwa Tigray The landscape of Adwa The Battle of Adwa ( Amharic : አድዋ ; Amharic translated : Adowa , or sometimes by the Italian name Adua ) was fought on 1 March 1896 between the Ethiopian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy near the town of Adwa , Ethiopia , in Tigray . This climactic battle of the First Italo - Ethiopian War , was a decisive defeat for Italy and secured Ethiopian sovereignty for a few decades more ( until 1936 when Italians got their revenge with the Second Italo - Ethiopian War ) . As the 20th century approached , Africa had been carved up among the European powers at the Berlin Conference . The two independent exceptions were the Republic of Liberia on the west coast and Ethiopia , then still commonly known as Abyssinia , in the eastern Horn of Africa region . The newly unified Kingdom of Italy was a relative newcomer to the imperialist scramble for Africa . Italy had two recently obtained African territories : Eritrea and Italian Somalia . Both were near Ethiopia on the Horn of Africa . Italy sought to improve its position in Africa by conquering Ethiopia and joining it with its two territories . Menelik II as the contemporary Ethiopian leader pitted Italy against its European rivals while stockpiling weapons to defend Ethiopia against the Italians . Contents 1 Background 2 Forces assembled 3 Order of battle 3.1 Ethiopian forces 3.2 Italian forces 4 Battle 5 Immediate aftermath 6 Follow - up to Ethiopian victory 7 Significance 8 Contemporary celebrations of Adwa 8.1 Public holiday 8.2 Public celebrations 8.3 Symbols 9 Film 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Background ( edit ) In 1889 , the Italians signed the Treaty of Wuchale with then Negus Menelik of Shewa . The treaty ceded territories previously part of Ethiopia , namely the provinces of Bogos , Hamasien , Akkele Guzay , Serae , and parts of Tigray . In return , Italy promised Menelik the second 's rule , financial assistance and military supplies . A dispute later arose over the interpretation of the two versions of the document . The Italian - language version of the disputed Article 17 of the treaty stated that the Emperor of Ethiopia was obliged to conduct all foreign affairs through Italian authorities . This would in effect make Ethiopia a protectorate of the Kingdom of Italy . The Amharic version of the article however stated that the Emperor could use the good offices of the Kingdom of Italy in his relations with foreign nations if he wished . However , the Italian diplomats claimed that the original Amharic text included the clause and that Menelik II knowingly signed a modified copy of the Treaty . The Italian government decided on a military solution to force Ethiopia to abide by the Italian version of the treaty . As a result , Italy and Ethiopia faced off in what was later to be known as the First Italo - Ethiopian War . In December 1894 , Bahta Hagos led a rebellion against the Italians in Akkele Guzay , in what was then Italian controlled Eritrea . Units of General Oreste Baratieri 's army under Major Pietro Toselli ( it ) crushed the rebellion and killed Bahta . The Italian army then occupied the Tigrayan capital , Adwa . In January 1895 , Baratieri 's army went on to defeat Ras Mengesha Yohannes in the Battle of Coatit , forcing Mengesha to retreat further south . By late 1895 , Italian forces had advanced deep into Ethiopian territory . On 7 December 1895 , Ras Makonnen , Ras Welle Betul and Ras Mengesha Yohannes commanding a larger Ethiopian group of Menelik 's vanguard annihilated a small Italian unit at the Battle of Amba Alagi . The Italians were then forced to withdraw to more defensible positions in Tigray , where the two main armies faced each other . By late February 1896 , supplies on both sides were running low . General Oreste Baratieri , commander of the Italian forces , knew the Ethiopian forces had been living off the land , and once the supplies of the local peasants were exhausted , Emperor Menelik the second 's army would begin to melt away . However , the Italian government insisted that General Baratieri act . On the evening of 29 February , Baratieri , about to be replaced by a new governor , General Baldissera , met with his brigadiers Matteo Albertone , Giuseppe Arimondi , Vittorio Dabormida , and Giuseppe Ellena , concerning their next steps . He opened the meeting on a negative note , revealing to his brigadiers that provisions would be exhausted in less than five days , and suggested retreating , perhaps as far back as Asmara . His subordinates argued forcefully for an attack , insisting that to retreat at this point would only worsen the poor morale . Dabormida exclaiming , `` Italy would prefer the loss of two or three thousand men to a dishonorable retreat . '' Baratieri delayed making a decision for a few more hours , claiming that he needed to wait for some last - minute intelligence , but in the end announced that the attack would start the next morning at 9 : 00 . His troops began their march to their starting positions shortly after midnight . Forces assembled ( edit ) The Italian army comprised four brigades totaling 17,978 troops , with fifty - six artillery pieces . However , it is likely that fewer fought in the actual battle on the Italian side : Harold Marcus notes that `` several thousand '' soldiers were needed in support roles and to guard the lines of communication to the rear . He accordingly estimates that the Italian force at Adwa consisted of 14,923 effectives . One brigade under General Albertone was made up of Eritrean askari led by Italian officers . The remaining three brigades were Italian units under Brigadiers Dabormida , Ellena and Arimondi . While these included elite Bersaglieri and Alpini units , a large proportion of the troops were inexperienced conscripts recently drafted from metropolitan regiments in Italy into newly formed `` d'Africa '' battalions for service in Africa . Additionally a limited number of troops were drafted from the Cacciatori d'Africa units of local Italian settlers . As Chris Prouty describes : They ( the Italians ) had inadequate maps , old - model guns , poor communication equipment and inferior footgear for the rocky ground . ( The newer Carcano Model 91 rifles were not issued because Baratieri , under constraints to be economical , wanted to use up the old cartridges . ) Morale was low as the veterans were homesick and the newcomers were too inexperienced to have any esprit de corps . There was a shortage of mules and saddles . Order of battle ( edit ) An 1890s Italian map of Adwa . A small arrow indicates that north is to the right Ethiopian forces ( edit ) Further information : Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles Shewa forces ; Negus Negasti Menelik II : 25,000 rifles / 3,000 horses / 32 guns Semien forces ; Itaghiè Taytu : 3,000 rifles / 600 horses / 4 guns Gojjam forces ; Negus Tekle Haymanot : 5,000 rifles Harar forces ; Ras Makonnen : 15,000 rifles Tigray and Hamasen forces ; Ras Mengesha and Ras Alula : 12,000 rifles / 6 guns Wollo - Galla forces ; Ras Mikael : 6,000 rifles / 5,000 horses Forces of the Ras Mengesha Atikim : 6,000 rifles Forces of Ras Oliè and others : 8,000 rifles In addition there were ~ 20,000 spearmen and swordsmen as well as an unknown number of armed peasants . Estimates for the Ethiopian forces under Menelik range from a low of 73,000 to a high of over 120,000 , outnumbering the Italians by an estimated five or six times . The forces were divided among Emperor Menelik , Empress Taytu Betul , Ras Wale Betul , Ras Mengesha Atikem , Ras Mengesha Yohannes , Ras Alula Engida , Ras Mikael of Wollo , Ras Makonnen Wolde Mikael , Fitawrari Gebeyyehu , and Negus Tekle Haymanot Tessemma . In addition , the armies were followed by a similar number of camp followers who supplied the army , as had been done for centuries . Most of the army was composed of riflemen , a significant percentage of which were in Menelik 's reserve ; however , there were also a significant number of cavalry and infantry only armed with lances . The Kuban Cossack army officer N.S. Leontiev who visited Ethiopia in 1895 , according to some sources , led a small team of Russian advisers and volunteers . Other sources assert that Leontiev did not in fact participate in the battle , rather he visited Ethiopia first unofficially in January 1895 , and then officially as a representative of Russia in August 1895 , but then left later that year , only to return after the battle of Adwa . Italian forces ( edit ) ( Italian operational corps in Eritrea ) : Commander , general Oreste Baratieri Chief of Staff , lieutenant colonel Giacchino Valenzano Right Column : ( 3,800 rifles / 18 cannons ) 2nd Infantry Brigade ( gen. Vittorio Dabormida ) ; 3rd Africa Infantry Regiment , ( col. Ragni ) 5th Africa Infantry Battalion ( maj. Giordano ) 6th Africa Infantry Battalion ( maj. Prato ) 10th Africa Infantry Battalion ( maj.De Fonseca ) 6th Africa Infantry Regiment ( col. Airaghi ) 3rd Africa Infantry Battalion ( maj. Branchi ) 13th Africa Infantry Battalion ( maj. Rayneri ) 14th Africa Infantry Battalion ( maj. Solaro ) Native Mobile Militia Battalion ( maj.De Vito ) Native Company from the Asmara Chitet ( cpt. Sermasi ) 2nd Artillery Brigade ( maj. Zola ) 5th Mountain Artillery Battery ( cpt. Mottino ) 6th Mountain Artillery Battery ( cpt. Regazzi ) 7th Mountain Artillery Battery ( cpt. Gisla ) Central Column : ( 2,493 rifles / 12 cannons ) 1st Infantry Brigade ( gen. Giuseppe Arimondi ) ; 1st Africa Bersaglieri Regiment ( col. Stevani ) 1st Africa Bersaglieri Battalion ( maj.De Stefano ) 2nd Africa Bersaglieri Battalion ( maj. Compiano ) 1st Africa Infantry Regiment ( col. Brusati ) 2nd Africa Infantry Battalion ( maj. Viancini ) 4th Africa Infantry Battalion ( maj.De Amicis ) 9th Africa Infantry Battalion ( maj. Baudoin ) 1st Company of the 5th Native Battalion ( cpt. Pavesi ) 8th Mountain Artillery Battery ( cpt. Loffredo ) 11th Mountain Artillery Battery ( cpt. Franzini ) Left Column : ( 4,076 rifles / 14 cannons ) Native Brigade ( gen. Matteo Albertone ) ; 1st Native Battalion ( maj. Turitto ) 6th Native Battalion ( maj. Cossu ) 5th Native Battalion ( maj. Valli ) 8th Native Battalion ( maj. Gamerra ) `` Okulè Kusai '' Native Irregular Company ( lt. Sapelli ) 1st Artillery Brigade ( maj.De Rosa ) 1st Native Mountain Artillery Battery ( cpt. Henry ) 2nd Section of the 2nd Native Mountain Artillery Battery ( lt. Vibi ) 3rd Mountain Artillery Battery ( cpt. Bianchini ) 4th Mountain Artillery Battery ( cpt. Masotto ) Reserve Column : ( 4,150 rifles / 12 cannons ) 3rd Infantry Brigade ( gen. Giuseppe Ellena ) ; 4th Africa Infantry Regiment ( col. Romero ) 7th Africa Infantry Battalion ( maj. Montecchi ) 8th Africa Infantry Battalion ( maj. Violante ) 11th Africa Infantry Battalion ( maj. Manfredi ) 5th Africa Infantry Regiment ( col. Nava ) 15th Africa Infantry Battalion ( maj. Ferraro ) 16th Africa Infantry Battalion ( maj. Vandiol ) 1st Africa Alpini Battalion ( lt. col. Menini ) 3rd Native Battalion ( lt. col. Galliano ) 1st Quick Fire Artillery Battery ( cpt. Aragno ) 2nd Quick Fire Artillery Battery ( cpt. Mangia ) Sappers company Battle ( edit ) On the night of 29 February and the early morning of 1 March three Italian brigades advanced separately towards Adwa over narrow mountain tracks , while a fourth remained camped . David Levering Lewis states that the Italian battle plan : called for three columns to march in parallel formation to the crests of three mountains -- Dabormida commanding on the right , Albertone on the left , and Arimondi in the center -- with a reserve under Ellena following behind Arimondi . The supporting crossfire each column could give the others made the ' soldiers as deadly as razored shears ' . Albertone 's brigade was to set the pace for the others . He was to position himself on the summit known as Kidane Mehret , which would give the Italians the high ground from which to meet the Ethiopians . However , the three leading Italian brigades had become separated during their overnight march and at dawn were spread across several miles of very difficult terrain . Their sketchy maps caused Albertone to mistake one mountain for Kidane Meret , and when a scout pointed out his mistake , Albertone advanced directly into Ras Alula 's position . Negus Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam . Unbeknownst to General Baratieri , Emperor Menelik knew his troops had exhausted the ability of the local peasants to support them and had planned to break camp the next day ( 2 March ) . The Emperor had risen early to begin prayers for divine guidance when spies from Ras Alula , his chief military advisor , brought him news that the Italians were advancing . The Emperor summoned the separate armies of his nobles and with the Empress Taytu beside him , ordered his forces forward . Negus Tekle Haymanot commanded the right wing , Ras Alula the left , and Rasses Makonnen and Mengesha the center , with Ras Mikael at the head of the Oromo cavalry ; the Emperor and his consort remained with the reserve . The Ethiopian forces positioned themselves on the hills overlooking the Adwa valley , in perfect position to receive the Italians , who were exposed and vulnerable to crossfire . Albertone 's Askari Brigade was the first to encounter the onrush of Ethiopians at 6 : 00 , near Kidane Meret , where the Ethiopians had managed to set up their mountain artillery . Accounts of the Ethiopian artillery deployed at Adwa differ ; Russian advisor Leonid Artamonov wrote that it comprised forty - two Russian mountain guns supported by a team of fifteen advisers , but British writers suggest that the Ethiopian guns were Hotchkiss and Maxim pieces captured from the Egyptians or purchased from French and other European suppliers . Albertone 's heavily outnumbered Askaris held their position for two hours until Albertone 's capture , and under Ethiopian pressure the survivors sought refuge with Arimondi 's brigade . Arimondi 's brigade beat back the Ethiopians who repeatedly charged the Italian position for three hours with gradually fading strength until Menelik released his reserve of 25,000 Shewans and swamped the Italian defenders . Two companies of Bersaglieri who arrived at the same moment could not help and were cut down . Dabormida 's Italian Brigade had moved to support Albertone but was unable to reach him in time . Cut off from the remainder of the Italian Army , Dabormida began a fighting retreat towards friendly positions . However , he inadvertently marched his command into a narrow valley where the Oromo cavalry under Ras Mikael slaughtered his brigade , while shouting Ebalgume ! Ebalgume ! ( `` Reap ! Reap ! '' ) . Dabormida 's remains were never found , although his brother learned from an old woman living in the area that she had given water to a mortally wounded Italian officer , `` a chief , a great man with spectacles and a watch , and golden stars '' . The remaining two brigades under Baratieri himself were outflanked and destroyed piecemeal on the slopes of Mount Belah . Menelik watched as Gojjam forces under the command of Tekle Haymonot made quick work of the last intact Italian brigade . By noon , the survivors of the Italian army were in full retreat and the battle was over . Italian illustration of Alpini soldiers at Adwa British illustration of `` Dabormida 's last rally '' Ethiopian painting depicting the battle of Adwa Immediate aftermath ( edit ) Two Italian soldiers captured and held captive after the Battle of Adwa . Tomb of general Dabormida at Ado Scium Cohena , after the battle of Adwa The Italians suffered about 6,000 killed and 1,500 wounded in the battle and subsequent retreat back into Eritrea , with 3,000 taken prisoner . Brigadiers Dabormida and Arimondi were amongst the dead . Ethiopian losses have been estimated at around 4,000 -- 5,000 killed and 8,000 wounded . In their flight to Eritrea , the Italians left behind all of their artillery and 11,000 rifles , as well as most of their transport . As Paul B. Henze notes , `` Baratieri 's army had been completely annihilated while Menelik 's was intact as a fighting force and gained thousands of rifles and a great deal of equipment from the fleeing Italians . '' The 3,000 Italian prisoners , who included Brigadier Albertone , appear to have been treated as well as could be expected under difficult circumstances , though about 200 died of their wounds in captivity . However , 800 captured Eritrean Ascari , regarded as traitors by the Ethiopians , had their right hands and left feet amputated . Augustus Wylde records when he visited the battlefield months after the battle , the pile of severed hands and feet was still visible , `` a rotting heap of ghastly remnants . '' Further , many Ascari had not survived their punishment , Wylde writing how the neighborhood of Adwa `` was full of their freshly dead bodies ; they had generally crawled to the banks of the streams to quench their thirst , where many of them lingered unattended and exposed to the elements until death put an end to their sufferings . '' There does not appear to be any foundation for reports that some Italians were castrated and these may reflect confusion with the atrocious treatment of the Ascari prisoners . Baratieri was relieved of his command and later charged with preparing an `` inexcusable '' plan of attack and for abandoning his troops in the field . He was acquitted on these charges but was described by the court martial judges as being `` entirely unfit '' for his command . Public opinion in Italy was outraged . Chris Prouty offers a panoramic overview of the response in Italy to the news : When news of the calamity reached Italy there were street demonstrations in most major cities . In Rome , to prevent these violent protests , the universities and theatres were closed . Police were called out to disperse rock - throwers in front of Prime Minister Crispi 's residence . Crispi resigned on 9 March . Troops were called out to quell demonstrations in Naples . In Pavia , crowds built barricades on the railroad tracks to prevent a troop train from leaving the station . The Association of Women of Rome , Turin , Milan and Pavia called for the return of all military forces in Africa . Funeral masses were intoned for the known and unknown dead . Families began sending to the newspapers letters they had received before Adwa in which their menfolk described their poor living conditions and their fears at the size of the army they were going to face . King Umberto declared his birthday ( 14 March ) a day of mourning . Italian communities in St. Petersburg , London , New York , Chicago , Buenos Aires and Jerusalem collected money for the families of the dead and for the Italian Red Cross . The Russian support for Ethiopia led to the advent of a Russian Red Cross mission . The Russian mission was a military mission conceived as a medical support for the Ethiopian troops . It arrived in Addis Ababa some three months after Menelik 's Adwa victory . In 1895 Emperor Menelik II invited Leontiev to return to Ethiopia with a Russian military mission . Leontiev organized a delivery of Russian weapons for Ethiopia : 30,000 rifles , 5,000,000 cartridges , 5000 sabres , and a few cannons . Follow - up to Ethiopian Victory ( edit ) General Oreste Baratieri Emperor Menelik decided not to follow up on his victory by attempting to drive the routed Italians out of their colony . The victorious Emperor limited his demands to little more than the abrogation of the Treaty of Wuchale . In the context of the prevailing balance of power , the emperor 's crucial goal was to preserve Ethiopian independence . In addition , Ethiopia had just begun to emerge from a long and brutal famine ; Harold Marcus reminds us that the army was restive over its long service in the field , short of rations , and the short rains which would bring all travel to a crawl would soon start to fall . At the time , Menelik claimed a shortage of cavalry horses with which to harry the fleeing soldiers . Chris Prouty observes that `` a failure of nerve on the part of Menelik has been alleged by both Italian and Ethiopian sources . '' Lewis believes that it `` was his farsighted certainty that total annihilation of Baratieri and a sweep into Eritrea would force the Italian people to turn a bungled colonial war into a national crusade '' that stayed his hand . As a direct result of the battle , Italy signed the Treaty of Addis Ababa , recognizing Ethiopia as an independent state . Almost forty years later , on 3 October 1935 , after the League of Nations 's weak response to the Abyssinia Crisis , the Italians launched a new military campaign endorsed by Benito Mussolini , the Second Italo - Abyssinian War . This time the Italians employed vastly superior military technology such as tanks and aircraft , as well as chemical warfare , and the Ethiopian forces were defeated by May 1936 . Following the war , Italy occupied Ethiopia for five years ( 1936 -- 41 ) , before eventually being driven out during World War II by British Empire and Ethiopian Arbegnoch ( patriot ) forces . Significance ( edit ) Emperor Menelik II `` The confrontation between Italy and Ethiopia at Adwa was a fundamental turning point in Ethiopian history , '' writes Henze . On a similar note , the Ethiopian historian Bahru Zewde observed that `` few events in the modern period have brought Ethiopia to the attention of the world as has the victory at Adwa '' . The Russian Empire had sold many artillery pieces to the Ethiopian forces and paid enthusiastic compliments to the Ethiopian success . One of the documents of that time stated `` The Victory immediately gained the general sympathy of Russian society and it continued to grow . '' The unique outlook which polyethnic Russia exhibited to Ethiopia disturbed many supporters of European nationalism during the twentieth century . The Russian Cossack captain Nikolay Leontiev with a small escort was present at the battle as an observer . This defeat of a colonial power and the ensuing recognition of African sovereignty became rallying points for later African nationalists during their struggle for decolonization , as well as activists and leaders of the Pan-African movement . As the Afrocentric scholar Molefe Asante explains , After the victory over Italy in 1896 , Ethiopia acquired a special importance in the eyes of Africans as the only surviving African State . After Adowa , Ethiopia became emblematic of African valor and resistance , the bastion of prestige and hope to thousands of Africans who were experiencing the full shock of European conquest and were beginning to search for an answer to the myth of African inferiority . On the other hand , many writers have pointed out how this battle was a humiliation for the Italian military . Italian historian Tripodi pinpointed that some of the roots of the rise of Fascism in Italy went back to this defeat and to the need to `` avenge '' the defeat that started to be present in the military and nationalistic groups of the Kingdom of Italy . The same Mussolini literally declared when Italian troops occupied Addis Abeba in May 1936 : Adua e ' vendicata ( Adwa has been avenged ) . Indeed , one student of Ethiopia 's History , Donald N. Levine , points out that for the Italians Adwa `` became a national trauma which demagogic leaders strove to avenge . It also played no little part in motivating Italy 's revanchist adventure in 1935 '' . Levine also noted that the victory `` gave encouragement to isolationist and conservative strains that were deeply rooted in Ethiopian culture , strengthening the hand of those who would strive to keep Ethiopia from adopting techniques imported from the modern West -- resistances with which both Menelik and Ras Teferi / Haile Selassie would have to contend '' . Contemporary celebrations of Adwa ( edit ) Public holiday ( edit ) The Victory of Adwa is a public holiday in all regional states and charter cities across Ethiopia . All schools , banks , post offices and government offices are closed , with the exceptions of health facilities . Some taxi services and public transports choose not to operate on this day . Shops are normally open but most close earlier than usual . Public celebrations ( edit ) The Victory of Adwa , being a public holiday , is commemorated in public spaces . In Addis Ababa , the Victory of Adwa is celebrated at Menelik Square with the presence of government officials , patriots , foreign diplomats and the general public . Ethiopian Police Orchestra play various patriotic songs as they walk around Menelik Square . The public dress up in traditional Ethiopian patriotic attire . Men often wear Jodhpurs pants , various types of vest tops , and carry the Ethiopian flag , various patriotic banners and placards , and traditional Ethiopian shields and swords called Shotel . Women dress up in different patterns of handcrafted traditional Ethiopian clothing , known in Amharic as Habesha kemis . Some wear black gowns on top , while others put royal crowns on their head . Women 's dressing style , like their male counterparts , imitate the traditional style of Ethiopian patriotic women . Of particular note is the dominant presence of Empress Taytu Betul during these celebrations . Empress Taytu Betul is the beloved and influential wife of Emperor Menelik II , who played a significant role during the Battle of Adwa . Although often overlooked , thousands of women fought during the Battle of Adwa alongside men . Some were trained as nurses to attend to the wounded , while others mainly cooked and supplied food and water to the soldiers and comforted the wounded . In addition to Addis Ababa , other major cities in Ethiopia , including Bahir Dar , Debre Markos and the town of Adwa itself , where the Battle of Adwa took place , celebrate the Victory of Adwa in public ceremonies . Symbols ( edit ) Several images and symbols are used during the commemoration of the Victory of Adwa , including the tri-coloured Green , Gold and Red Ethiopian flag , images of Emperor Menelik II and Empress Taytu Betul , as well as other prominent kings and war generals of the time including King Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam , King Michael of Wollo , Dejazmach Balcha Safo , Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis Dinagde , and Fitawrari Gebeyehu , among others . Surviving members of the Ethiopian patriotic battalions wear the various medals that they collected for their participation during different battle fields . Young people often wear T - shirts adorned by Emepror Menelik II , Empress Taytu , Emperor Haile Selassie and other notable members of the Ethiopian monarchy . Popular and patriotic songs are often played on amplifiers . Of particular note are Ejigayehu Shibabaw 's ballad dedicated to the Battle of Adwa and Teddy Afro 's popular song `` Tikur Sew '' , which literally translates to `` black man or black person '' -- a poetic reference to Emperor Menelik II 's decisive African victory over Europeans , as well as the Emperor 's darker skin complexion . Film ( edit ) Adwa -- 1999 documentary film directed by Haile Gerima . See also ( edit ) Battle of Annual Battle of Isandlwana Battle of the Little Bighorn Russo - Japanese War Massacre of Elphinstone 's Army St. Clair 's Defeat Notes ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ According to Pankhurst , the Ethiopians were armed with approximately 100,000 rifles of which about half were `` fast firing . '' . Jump up ^ Roughly equivalent to King . Jump up ^ Roughly equivalent to Duke . Jump up ^ Roughly equivalent to Commander of the Vanguard . Jump up ^ Roughly equivalent to King . Citations Jump up ^ Spencer , John H. ( 2006 ) . Ethiopia at Bay . Tsehai Puiblishers . p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : McLachlan , Sean ( 2011 ) . Armies of the Adowa Campaign 1896 . Osprey Puiblishing . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Pankhurst , The Ethiopians , p. 190 ^ Jump up to : Mekonnen , Yohannes ( 2013 ) . Ethiopia : the Land , Its People , History and Culture . New Africa Press . pp. 76 -- 80 . ^ Jump up to : Abdussamad H. Ahmad and Richard Pankhurst ( 1998 ) . Adwa Victory Centenary Conference , 26 February -- 2 March 1996 . Addis Ababa University . pp. 158 -- 62 . ^ Jump up to : Uhlig , Siegbert , ed . Encyclopaedia Aethiopica : A -- C ( Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz Verlag , 2003 ) , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Paulos Milkias and Getachew Metaferia ( 2005 ) . The Battle of Adwa . Algora Publishing . p. 128 . ^ Jump up to : Uhlig , Siegbert , ed . Encyclopaedia Aethiopica : A -- C ( Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz Verlag , 2003 ) , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Piero Pastoretto . `` Battaglia di Adua '' ( in Italian ) . Archived from the original on 31 May 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Harold G. Marcus , The Life and Times of Menelik II : Ethiopia 1844 -- 1913 , 1975 ( Lawrenceville : Red Sea Press , 1995 ) , p. 170 Jump up ^ David Levering Lewis , The Race for Fashoda ( New York : Weidenfeld & Nicolson , 1987 ) , p. 116 . ISBN 1 - 55584 - 058 - 2 Jump up ^ Lewis , Fashoda , pp. 116f . He breaks down their numbers into 10,596 Italian officers and soldiers and 7,104 Eritrean askaris . Jump up ^ Marcus , Menelik II , p. 173 Jump up ^ Thomas Pakenham , p. 481 The Scramble for Africa , ISBN 0 - 349 - 10449 - 2 Jump up ^ George Fitz - Hardinge Berkley The Campaign of Adowa and the rise of Menelik , London : Constable 1901 . Jump up ^ Raffaele Ruggeri , p. 82 Le Guerre Coloniali Italiane 1885 / 1900 , Editrice Militare Italiana 1988 Jump up ^ Prouty , Chris ( 1986 ) . Empress Taytu and Menilek II . Trenton : The Red Sea Press ISBN 0 - 932415 - 11 - 3 . p. 155 . templatestyles stripmarker in place = at position 28 ( help ) Jump up ^ Pankhurst has published one collection of these estimates , Economic History of Ethiopia ( Addis Ababa : Haile Selassie University , 1968 ) , pp. 555 -- 57 . See also Uhlig , Siegbert , ed . Encyclopaedia Aethiopica : A -- C. Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz Verlag , 2003 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Pétridès ( as well as Pankhurst , with slight variations ) break the troop numbers down ( over 100,000 by their estimates ) as follows : 35,000 infantry ( 25,000 riflemen and 10,000 spearmen ) and 8,000 cavalry under Emperor Menelik ; 5,000 infantry under Empress Taytu ; 8,000 infantry ( 6,000 riflemen and 2,000 spearmen ) under Ras Wale ; 8,000 infantry ( 5,000 riflemen and 3,000 spearmen ) under Ras Mengesha Atikem , 5,000 riflemen , 5,000 spearmen , and 3,000 cavalry under Ras Mengesha Yohannes and Ras Alula Engida ; 6,000 riflemen , 5,000 spearmen , and 5,000 Oromo cavalry under Ras Mikael of Wollo ; 25,000 riflemen under Ras Makonnen ; 8,000 infantry under Fitawrari Gebeyyehu ; 5,000 riflemen , 5,000 spearmen , and 3,000 cavalry under Negus Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam , von Uhlig , Encyclopaedia , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : Russian Mission to Abyssina . ^ Jump up to : Who Was Count Abai ? . ^ Jump up to : Leonid Artamonov , a Russian general , geographer and traveler , military adviser of Menelik II , as one of Russian officers of volunteers attached to the forces of Ras Tessema ( wrote : Through Ethiopia to the White Nile ) . ^ Jump up to : The activities of the officer the Kuban Cossack army N.S. Leontjev in the Italian - Ethiopic war in 1895 -- 1896 Jump up ^ -- With the Armies of Menelik II by Alexander K. Bulatovich Jump up ^ Raymond Jonas , `` The Battle of Adwa '' ( Harvard University Press , 2011 ) , pp. 310 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Italian national units , formed for service in the colonies with personnel drawn from the regular infantry regiments of the Army . Jump up ^ Native feudal levy . ^ Jump up to : Six light 75mm bronze rifled breach - loading mountain howitzers Mod. 75B Jump up ^ Italian national units , formed for service in the colonies with personnel drawn from the regular Bersaglieri regiments of the Army . ^ Jump up to : Six light 75mm bronze rifled breach - loading mountain howitzers Mod. 75B . Jump up ^ Two light 75mm bronze rifled breach - loading mountain howitzers Mod. 75B ^ Jump up to : Uhlig , Encyclopaedia , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Fashoda , p. 117 . Jump up ^ In the attached map , this is labelled `` Chidane Meret '' , which is immediately above ( west ) of the hill `` Rajò '' . Jump up ^ Sean McLachlan , p. 37 `` Armies of the Adowa Campaign 1896 '' , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84908 - 457 - 4 Jump up ^ George Fitz - Hardinge Berkeley , Campaign of Adowa ( 1902 ) , quoted in Lewis , Fashoda , p. 118 . ^ Jump up to : Pankhurst . The Ethiopians , pp. 191 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Henze , Layers of Layers of Time : A History of Ethiopia ( New York : Palgrave , 2000 ) , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Chris Prouty notes that Albertone was given into the care of Azaj Zamanel , commander of Empress Taytu 's personal army , and `` had a tent to himself , a horse and servants '' . Empress Taytu , pp. 169ff . Jump up ^ Photo of some of the Eritrean Ascari mutilated Jump up ^ McLachlan , Sean . Armies of the Adowa Campaign 1896 . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84908 - 457 - 4 . Jump up ^ Augustus B. Wylde , Modern Abyssinia ( London : Methuen , 1901 ) , p. 213 Jump up ^ Wylde , Modern Abyssinia , p. 214 Jump up ^ Prouty has collected the few documented experiences of these Italian POWs , none of whom claim to have been treated inhumanely ( Empress Taytu , pp. 170 -- 83 ) . She repeats the opinion of the Italian historian Angelo del Boca , that `` the paucity of the record is attributable to the glacial welcome received in Italy by the returning prisoners for having lost a war , and the fact that they were subjected to long interrogations when they debarked , were defrauded of their back pay , had their mementoes confiscated and were ordered not to talk to journalists '' ( p. 170 ) . Jump up ^ Giuseppe Maria Finaldi , Italian National Identity in the Scramble for Africa : Italy 's African Wars in the Era of Nation - Building , 1870 -- 1900 ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Prouty , Empress Taytu , pp. 159f . Jump up ^ The Russian Red Cross Mission Archived 3 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Count Leontiev is spy or adventurer ... Jump up ^ Nikolay Stepanovich Leontiev Jump up ^ Marcus , Menelik II , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Prouty , Empress T'aytu , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Fashoda , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Roberts , A.D. The Cambridge History of Africa Vol 7 . p. 740 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 22505 - 1 . Jump up ^ Henze , Layers of Layers of Time , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Bahru Zewde , A History of Modern Ethiopia ( London : James Currey , 1991 ) , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Cossacks of the emperor Menelik II Jump up ^ Professor Kinfe Abraham , `` The Impact of the Adowa Victory on The Pan-African and Pan-Black Anti-Colonial Struggle , '' Address delivered to The Institute of Ethiopian Studies , Addis Ababa University , 8 February 2006 Jump up ^ Molefe Asante , quoted in Rodney Worrell , Pan-africanism in Barbados , ( New Academia Publishing : 2005 ) p. 16 Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Adwa as a ' Historic ' Event '' , Ethiopian Review , 3 March 2009 ( Retrieved 9 March 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : http://aglobalworld.com/holidays-around-the-world/ethiopia-victory-adowa/ ^ Jump up to : https://www.borkena.com/2018/03/02/adwa-victory-colorfully-celebrated-addis-ababa/ References ( edit ) Berkeley , G.F. - H. ( 1902 ) The Campaign of Adowa and the Rise of Menelik , Westminister : A. Constable , 403 pp. , OCLC 11834888 Brown , P.S. and Yirgu , F. ( 1996 ) The Battle of Adwa 1896 , Chicago : Nyala Publishing , 160 pp. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9642068 - 1 - 6 Bulatovich , A.K. ( nd ) With the Armies of Menelik II : Journal of an Expedition from Ethiopia to Lake Rudolf , translated by Richard Seltzer , OCLC 454102384 Bulatovich , A.K. ( 2000 ) Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes : Country in Transition , 1896 -- 1898 , translated by Richard Seltzer , Lawrenceville , N.J. : Red Sea Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5690211 - 7 - 0 Henze , P.B. ( 2004 ) Layers of Time : A History of Ethiopia , London : Hurst & Co. , ISBN 1 - 85065 - 522 - 7 Jonas , R.A. ( 2011 ) The Battle of Adwa : African Victory in the Age of Empire , Bellknap Press of Harvard University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 6740 - 5274 - 1 Lewis , D.L. ( 1988 ) The Race to Fashoda : European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa , 1st ed. , London : Bloomsbury , ISBN 0 - 7475 - 0113 - 0 Marcus , H.G. ( 1995 ) The Life and Times of Menelik II : Ethiopia , 1844 -- 1913 , Lawrenceville , N.J. : Red Sea Press , ISBN 1 - 56902 - 010 - 8 Pankhurst , K.P. ( 1968 ) Economic History of Ethiopia , 1800 -- 1935 , Addis Ababa : Haile Sellassie I University Press , 772 pp. , OCLC 65618 Pankhurst , K.P. ( 1998 ) The Ethiopians : A History , The Peoples of Africa Series , Oxford : Blackwell Publishers , ISBN 0 - 631 - 22493 - 9 Rosenfeld , C.P. ( 1986 ) Empress Taytu and Menelik II : Ethiopia 1883 -- 1910 , London : Ravens Educational & Development Services , ISBN 0 - 947895 - 01 - 9 Uhlig , S. ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) Encyclopaedia Aethiopica , 1 ( A -- C ) , Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz , ISBN 3 - 447 - 04746 - 1 Worrell , R. ( 2005 ) Pan-Africanism in Barbados : An Analysis of the Activities of the Major 20th - Century Pan-African Formations in Barbados , Washington , DC : New Academia Publishing , ISBN 0 - 9744934 - 6 - 5 Zewde , Bahru ( 1991 ) A History of Modern Ethiopia , 1855 -- 1974 , Eastern African Studies series , London : Currey , ISBN 0 - 85255 - 066 - 9 With the Armies of Menelik II , emperor of Ethiopia at www.samizdat.com External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Adua . Historynet : Ethiopia 's Decisive Victory at Adowa Who Was Count Abai ? `` The Colony of Eritrea from its Origins until March 1 , 1899 '' from 1899 which details the Battle of Adwa from the World Digital Library Painting depicting the Battle of Adwa , Catalogue No . E261845 , Department of Anthropology , NMNH , Smithsonian Institution Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Adwa&oldid=865161876 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1896 Battles of the First Italo - Ethiopian War 1896 in the Italian Empire 1896 in Ethiopia Battles involving Italy Battles involving Ethiopia History of Eritrea History of Ethiopia Military history of Ethiopia Military history of Eritrea March 1896 events Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 errors : invisible characters Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ تۆرکجه Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар Kiswahili മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 04 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Adwa

what is medical jurist or a medico-legal expert

Medical jurisprudence

medical jurisprudence

Medical jurisprudence or legal medicine is the branch of science and medicine involving the study and application of scientific and medical knowledge to legal problems , such as inquests , and in the field of law . As modern medicine is a legal creation , regulated by the state , and medicolegal cases involving death , rape , paternity , etc. require a medical practitioner to produce evidence and appear as an expert witness , these two fields have traditionally been interdependent .

Forensic medicine , which includes forensic pathology , is a narrower field that involves collection and analysis of medical evidence ( samples ) to produce objective information for use in the legal system . History ( edit ) Paul Zacchias is one of the earliest figures of medical jurisprudence , with association with the Papal States and Catholic church . Zacchias was the personal physician to Pope Innocentius X and Pope Alexander VII , as well as legal adviser to the Rota Romana . His most well known book , Quaestiones medico - legales ( 1621 - 1651 ) established legal medicine as a topic of study . Zacchias work contains superstitious views on magic , witches , and demons which were widely held at the time . Medical jurisprudence had a chair founded at the University of Edinburgh in 1807 , first occupied by Andrew Duncan , the younger . It was imposed on the university by the administration of Charles James Fox , and in particular Henry Erskine working with Andrew Duncan , the elder . Scope ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Medical jurisprudence is concerned with a broad range of medical , legal , and ethical issues , as well as human rights and rights of individuals . Physicians have a duty to act in their patients best interest and can be charged in a court of law if they fail to do so . On the other hand , a physician may be required to act in the interest of third parties if his patient is a danger to others . Failure to do so may lead to legal action against the physician . Medical jurisprudence includes : questions of the legal and ethical duties of physicians ; questions affecting the civil Under the second heading , there are many aspects , including : questions of competence or sanity in civil or criminal proceedings ; questions of competence of minors in matters affecting their own health ; and , questions of lawful fitness or safety to drive a motor vehicle , pilot an aeroplane , use scuba gear , play certain sports , or to join certain occupations . Under the third heading , there are also many aspects , including : assessment of illness or injuries that may be work - related ( see workers ' compensation or occupational safety and health ) or otherwise compensable ; assessment of injuries of minors that may relate to neglect or abuse ; and , certification of death or else the assessment of possible causes of death . This , however , is the more commonly understood , albeit narrow , meaning of forensic medicine . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Theodric Romeyn Beck and William Dunloop. ( 1825 . ) Elements of Medical Jurisprudence , 2 ed. , Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ James C. Mohr. ( 1993 . ) Doctors and the Law : Medical Jurisprudence in Nineteenth - Century America , Oxford University Press , New York City . Jump up ^ Alfred Swaine Taylor and Frederick John Smith ( ed . ) . ( 1920 . ) Taylor 's Principles and Practice of Medical Jurisprudence , 7 ed. , Taylor & Francis . Jump up ^ Hartnup , Karen ( 2004 - 01 - 01 ) . ' On the Beliefs of the Greeks ' : Leo Allatios and Popular Orthodoxy . BRILL . ISBN 9004131809 . Jump up ^ Medico - Legal Society of New York ( 1885 ) . The Medico - legal journal , Volume 2 . Medico - Legal Journal Association . Jump up ^ JAMA. : The Journal of the American Medical Association , Volume 38 . American Medical Association , HighWire Press . 1902 . p. 618 . Jump up ^ Northwestern lancet , Volume 18 . 1898 . Jump up ^ White , Brenda M. `` Duncan , Andrew ( 1773 -- 1832 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 8213 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_jurisprudence&oldid=793712889 '' Categories : Medical jurisprudence Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB Articles needing additional references from July 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from March 2016 Talk About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Македонски മലയാളം 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2017 , at 13 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20jurisprudence

who sang it better what ever it takes

Lyn Collins

lyn collins

Gloria Lavern Collins ( June 12 , 1948 -- March 13 , 2005 ) , better known as Lyn Collins , was an American soul singer best known for working with James Brown in the 1970s and for the influential 1972 funk single , `` Think ( About It ) '' .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and career 2 Death 3 Legacy 4 Cultural references 5 Discography 5.1 Albums 5.2 Singles 6 References 7 External links Early Life and career ( edit ) Collins began her recording career at age 14 . Her biggest solo hit was the James Brown - produced gospel - style song `` Think ( About It ) '' , from her 1972 album of the same name on People Records . The song contains five breaks which have been widely sampled in hip - hop and drum and bass , most famously , the `` Yeah ! Woo ! '' and `` It takes two to make a thing go right '' loops in Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock 's `` It Takes Two '' which is composed almost completely from samples of Think including a few lines of Collins ' vocals . Furthermore , it was used in the early sociocritical eurodance classic I Ca n't Stand It by Twenty 4 Seven , and in the 2013 EDM / House song `` Everything You Never Had ( We Had It All ) '' by Breach . Another album followed in 1975 Check Me Out If You Do n't Know Me by Now . After the release of this album , she returned to performing mainly as a back - up vocalist . In the late 1980s and early ' 90s , Collins attempted a comeback as a dance / club diva , recording the house single `` Shout '' for Belgium 's ARS label . In 1993 , Collins ' profile was given a boost by female dancehall singer Patra , who invited Collins to perform on her hit remake of `` Think ( About It ) '' ; partly due to the resulting interest , her two official albums were reissued in England and the Netherlands . Collins continued to tour and perform , most notably at the European Jazz / Funk Festival ( in both 1998 and 1999 ) and the Montreux Jazz Festival . In February 2005 , Collins embarked on her first ever solo tour . For three weeks , she performed in the United Kingdom , France , Germany , Austria and Switzerland . The tour was produced by the Soulpower organization . Death ( edit ) Shortly after returning from a European tour , Collins died from cardiac arrhythmia in Pasadena , California , at the age of 56 . Legacy ( edit ) In 2006 , Paris - based Hi&Fly Records released a live album entitled Mama Feelgood , which included recordings from her European tour and some interview clips . This release was produced by German - born DJ Pari , who has also produced for Marva Whitney and who has managed Collins ' last tour . An official anthology CD , also called Mama Feelgood , was released on Universal Music that same year . Reflecting on her time working with James Brown , she reportedly said , `` I would have preferred to sing more and scream less . '' Cultural references ( edit ) In October 2004 , `` Rock Me Again And Again '' and `` Think ( About It ) '' featured on the Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas soundtrack , playing on fictional radio station Master Sounds 98.3 . `` Rock Me Again And Again '' was covered by synth band The Human League on their 1984 album Hysteria . Bruce Springsteen 's song `` Shackled and Drawn '' , from his 2012 album Wrecking Ball , and Ludacris ' song `` Southern Fried Intro '' , from his 2003 album Chicken - n - Beer , both feature an excerpt from Collins ' song `` Me And My Baby Got Our Own Thing Going . '' Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Think ( About It ) , 1972 Check Me Out If You Do n't Know Me by Now , 1975 Singles ( edit ) Year Single Peak chart positions Album US US R&B 1972 `` Think ( About It ) '' 66 9 Think ( About It ) 1972 `` Me and My Baby Got a Good Thing Going '' 86 -- Non-Album Single 1973 `` Take Me Just as I Am '' -- 35 Non-Album Single `` We Want to Parrty , Parrty , Parrty '' -- 64 Non-Album Single `` Mama Feelgood '' -- 37 Non-Album Single `` Give It Up or Turnit a Loose '' -- 77 Non-Album Single `` How Long Can I Keep It Up '' -- 45 Check Me Out If You Do n't Know Me by Now `` Rock Me Again & Again & Again & Again & Again & Again '' -- 53 Check Me Out If You Do n't Know Me by Now `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' -- 82 Check Me Out If You Do n't Know Me by Now `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Lyn Collins , 56 , Singer With James Brown , Dies '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . March 16 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Brown , Geoff ( 2008 ) . The Life of James Brown . London , England : Omnibus Press . p. 197 . ISBN 9781846099588 . External links ( edit ) Lyn Collins at AllMusic Lyn Collins discography at Discogs Lyn Collins at Find a Grave BNF : cb13975267m ( data ) GND : 134658930 ISNI : 0000 0000 5517 7744 LCCN : n95013195 MusicBrainz : dba14974 - c3a7 - 43db - 8de4 - cfa996c1b05c VIAF : 44492848 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyn_Collins&oldid=840559827 '' Categories : 1948 births 2005 deaths Disease - related deaths in California Singers from Texas African - American female singers American soul singers American funk singers James Brown vocalists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Find a Grave template with ID not in Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Latina Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 17 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyn%20Collins

when is flash season 4 episode 6 coming out

No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` The Flash Reborn '' Glen Winter Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) T27. 13401 2.84 71 `` Mixed Signals '' Alexandra La Roche Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) T27. 13402 2.54 72 `` Luck Be a Lady '' Armen V. Kevorkian Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) T27. 13403 2.62 73 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' Tom Cavanagh Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) T27. 13404 1.99 74 5 `` Girls Night Out '' Laura Belsey Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) T27. 13405 2.38 75 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' Brent Crowell Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) T27. 13406 2.46 76 7 `` Therefore I Am '' David McWhirter Eric Wallace & Thomas Pound November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) T27. 13407 2.20 77 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' Dermott Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Todd Helbing November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) T27. 13408 2.82 78 9 `` Do n't Run '' Stefan Pleszczynski Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) T27. 13409 2.22 79 10 `` The Trial of The Flash '' Philip Chipera Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) TBA TBD

November 14 , 2017

List of the Flash episodes

list of the flash episodes

The Flash is an American action television series developed by Greg Berlanti , Andrew Kreisberg , and Geoff Johns , airing on The CW . It is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash , a costumed crimefighter with the power to move at superhuman speeds . It is a spin - off from Arrow , existing in the same fictional universe . The series follows Barry Allen , portrayed by Grant Gustin , a crime scene investigator who gains superhuman speed , which he uses to fight criminals , including others who have also gained superhuman abilities . The Flash was renewed in March 2016 for a third season , which premiered on October 4 , 2016 . On January 8 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a fourth season , which premiered on October 10 , 2017 . As of December 5 , 2017 , 78 episodes of The Flash have aired .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 4 Home media 5 References 6 External links Series overview Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewership ( in millions ) 23 October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 118 4.62 23 October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 112 4.25 23 October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 120 3.50 TBA October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) TBA TBA TBA Episodes Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' David Nutter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) 296648 4.83 Barry Allen , a forensic crime scene assistant for Central City Police Department , is struck by lightning during a storm that is created after a particle accelerator from S.T.A.R. Labs explodes . In a coma for nine months , Barry awakens in S.T.A.R. Labs , having been placed in the care of Dr. Harrison Wells and his assistants Dr. Caitlin Snow and Cisco Ramon . Barry learns that he can move at extraordinary speeds , and that there were other `` metahumans '' created from the explosion . One of them , Clyde Mardon , is robbing banks with his ability to control the weather . In order to stop Mardon , Barry is outfitted with a suit , designed by Cisco , that can withstand his high speed . He tracks down Mardon and with Detective Joe West , who learns of Barry 's abilities , Barry is able to stop Mardon , who is killed by Joe . With his new powers , Barry vows to exonerate his father , Henry , who is incarcerated for the accusation of murdering his wife , Nora , whom Barry witnessed being killed by another metahuman . He chooses the alias `` Flash '' for his alter ego . Wells , secretly revealed to be neither paraplegic nor needing glasses , reads a newspaper from 2024 stating the missing status of the Flash . `` Fastest Man Alive '' David Nutter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) 3J5352 4.27 In flashbacks , it is revealed that Joe became Barry 's legal guardian but did not let him visit Henry in prison at the latter 's request . Barry begins using his abilities to stop minor crimes and help citizens across the city while starting to develop debilitating side effects . While guiding Iris West , who seeks his help to do her school assignment , Barry witnesses a robbery by a crew of men , but passes out while trying to stop them . The S.T.A.R. Labs team determines that Barry becomes hypoglycemic from the use of his abilities due to a sped - up metabolism and needs to ingest more calories to maintain his energy level . The team eventually learns that there is actually one robber , Danton Black , who has the ability to create clones of himself . Black intends to kill his former employer Simon Stagg , who stole Black 's cloning research . With encouragement from Joe , Barry goes after Black and successfully stops him . However , Black commits suicide . Afterward , Barry accepts Joe 's help in the investigation of Nora 's murder . Later , Wells visits Stagg , who has already become obsessed with the Flash and plans to exploit them as he did to Black . Wells then kills Stagg . `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' Jesse Warn Alison Schapker & Grainne Godfree October 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 21 ) 3J5353 3.59 As the police investigate the murder of one of the city 's crime families , Barry suspects that the killer may be a metahuman who can control poison gases . As Barry and Joe work to discover the killer 's identity , Wells and his team work to retrofit the particle accelerator into a prison for metahumans where they can begin to find a way of reversing their mutations . This brings up difficult feelings and memories for Snow , whose fiancé , Ronnie Raymond , was killed by the explosion . The team identifies the killer as Kyle Nimbus , discovering that Nimbus does not control gases , but transforms his body into them . The team learns that Joe , the lead detective in the original case , is Nimbus ' next target . Barry races to Iron Heights Prison to save Joe 's life , forcing Nimbus to overexert himself so that he can apprehend him . The team locks Nimbus into a cell they have made . In a flashback to when the accelerator explodes , Wells is seen going into his hidden room and viewing a surveillance video of Barry getting struck by lightning in his lab . `` Going Rogue '' Glen Winter Geoff Johns & Kai Yu Wu October 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 28 ) 3J5354 3.53 Wells begins testing Barry 's powers by having him perform multiple tasks at superspeed . In the middle of the tests , a group of men attempt to hijack an armored truck carrying a diamond . Barry races over and stops the crime , as well as identifying Leonard Snart from a set of police mugshots . Felicity Smoak arrives to check on Barry , after learning that he woke from his coma . Barry introduces her to his friends at S.T.A.R. Labs . To combat the Flash , also known as the `` Streak '' , Snart acquires stolen tech from S.T.A.R. Labs , which includes a cryonic gun . Cisco reveals to Barry that he created the gun as a fail - safe against Barry should he become a villain like the other metahumans they have encountered . Felicity helps the team locate Snart , who sets a trap for Barry . Cisco , Caitlin , and Felicity arrive in time to save Barry , and Snart is able to escape . Joe finally accepts Iris 's relationship with Eddie Thawne , his partner . Wells demands Cisco not to build another fail - safe against Barry again . Later , Snart tracks down his former partner , who has an affinity for fire , and offers him a place by Snart 's side taking back Central City from the Flash . 5 5 `` Plastique '' Dermott Downs Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing & Brooke Eikmeier November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) 3J5355 3.46 Bette Sans Souci , a metahuman with the ability to turn anything she touches into an explosive , appears in Central City . She is being hunted by General Wade Eiling , and is a former military explosives expert . Barry brings her to S.T.A.R. Labs where the team explains to her that she was changed by the particle accelerator , which bonded bomb shrapnel to her body on a cellular level ; and they can not reverse the process . Secretly , Wells convinces Bette to kill Eiling . Barry races to stop her , and Eiling shoots her , who dies after mentioning Wells ' name . Her body turns into a bomb . Barry speeds off with the body and drops it in the river to save the city from the massive explosion . Eiling visits Wells , demanding that they work together once again , this time to collect metahumans . Wells refuses and warns Eiling to never return to S.T.A.R. Labs . Meanwhile , Barry ends his friendship with Iris after she refuses his advice not to write about the `` Streak '' . In a flashback set five years previously , Wells tells Eiling he is ending their experiments . After Eiling leaves , Wells walks to a cage and tells Gorilla Grodd that he has plans for him . 6 6 `` The Flash Is Born '' Millicent Shelton Jaime Paglia & Chris Rafferty November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) 3J5356 3.73 Barry speeds off to stop a car thief ; but the thief 's skin turns to steel and Barry breaks his hand while punching . He runs back to the lab before he can be hurt further . The thief is identified as Tony Woodward , Barry 's childhood bully . Back at the lab , Cisco determines that if Barry can hit Woodward with a specific velocity at right angle , then he can create enough force to compromise Woodward 's metal structure . Woodward kidnaps Iris and demands that she write about him . Barry arrives and manages to temporarily disable Woodward 's abilities . Afterward , Woodward is locked away at S.T.A.R. Labs and finds out that Barry is the Flash , the name Iris also uses in her blog on the advice of Barry , who reconciles with her . Meanwhile , Joe continues investigating Nora 's murder and gets suspicious of Wells , who opened S.T.A.R. Labs one month after Nora 's murder ; but Wells states that he came to Central City because of his wife 's death . Joe , convinced that Wells is not involved , is visited by the metahuman that killed Nora , stealing the case file and threatening Iris 's life if Joe does not drop his investigation . 7 7 `` Power Outage '' Larry Shaw Alison Schapker & Grainne Godfree November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 3J5357 3.47 Wells returns to his secret room , where it is revealed that he has been documenting Barry 's abilities , and using his artificial intelligence , Gideon , to look at events in the future . Barry arrives at a crime scene where the victim was murdered via electrocution , and charred beyond recognition , suggesting a metahuman was involved . While investigating the victim 's identity , the team identifies a power drain in the city . When Barry arrives , he is attacked by Farooq Gibran , a man who has the ability to siphon electrical energy . The attack drains Barry of his speed , and Gideon reveals to Wells that there are currently no references to the Flash in the future . Wells realizes that Barry 's problem is psychological . Gibran attacks S.T.A.R. Labs , kills Woodward and Wells ' life gets in danger , forcing Barry to overcome his fear , connect to his speed and kill Gibran . Meanwhile , Tockman starts a hostage crisis at a police station and critically shoots Eddie ; but Iris manages to stop him and he is rearrested . Later , Wells sees that the timeline is safe , and takes a sample of Gibran 's blood to determine how he was able to drain Barry 's abilities . 8 8 `` Flash vs. Arrow '' Glen Winter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Ben Sokolowski & Brooke Eikmeier December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) 3J5358 4.34 Eddie proposes a task force to hunt down the Flash . A new metahuman , Roy Bivolo , shows up with the ability to send people into an uncontrollable rage , and uses his ability to rob a bank . Oliver Queen informs Barry that he and his team are tracking a killer who uses lethal boomerangs . Barry and Oliver agree to team - up and catch each other 's targets . Barry decides to go after Bivolo by himself . Bivolo uses his abilities on Barry ; but because of Barry 's powers it makes the effects last longer . Oliver tries to stop Barry , and the two engage in a fight until Wells and Joe use colored strobe light to reset Barry 's emotional state . Afterward , Barry and Oliver capture Bivolo and place him in the prison at S.T.A.R. Labs . Eddie 's task force is established after he was beaten by an enraged Flash . Barry confirms Oliver 's belief that he has a lot to learn . Oliver advises him to stay away from Iris , whom Barry is in love with . Iris decides to end her support of the Flash . Oliver asks Barry 's team to keep his alter ego a secret . A new metahuman able to manipulate fire appears in Central City . This episode begins a crossover event that concludes on Arrow season 3 episode 8 . 9 9 `` The Man in the Yellow Suit '' Ralph Hemecker Todd Helbing & Aaron Helbing December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) 3J5359 4.66 The yellow - suited speedster who killed Nora Allen returns , in search of Mercury Lab 's tachyon particle technology . Barry encounters the `` Reverse - Flash '' and engages him but is swiftly defeated , with the villain insinuating that he and Barry have been lifelong enemies . Ronnie is revealed as the flame - controlling metahuman , suffering from memory - loss after having survived the explosion . Per Henry 's advice , Barry confesses his love for Iris before the tachyon particle technology is used as bait to lure the Reverse - Flash into a trap . The villain manages to escape , however , and proceeds to attack Wells and the police , mysteriously sparing Eddie before engaging in Barry again . Ronnie appears and fends off the Reverse - Flash before they both flee the scene . Joe tells Eddie about metahumans and asks him to keep it a secret . Cisco realizes that there were two speedsters in Barry 's house the night Nora died . Later , Wells enters his secret room and reveals the Reverse - Flash suit in a hidden chamber . Wells places the stolen tachyon device on it , and speaks in the villainous speedster 's distorted voice , revealing himself to be the Reverse - Flash . 10 10 `` Revenge of the Rogues '' Nick Copus Kai Yu Wu & Geoff Johns January 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 20 ) 3J5360 3.87 As Barry works on improving his speed through various training exercises , Leonard Snart returns to Central City with the cold gun and a new partner , Mick Rory , to set a trap for the Flash . Barry discovers his plan , and agrees with Wells not to engage Snart in the hope that he goes away and no one gets hurt like the last time . Snart and Rory , who now has a gun that can emit absolute hot temperatures , kidnap Caitlin to force Barry out of hiding . Cisco and Barry find a way to defeat Snart and Rory . The Flash faces the duo in the city for a showdown , exposing himself to the public . Barry eventually gets them to cross their streams with Eddie 's help , successfully damaging the weapons and disabling the pair , who are arrested and the guns delivered to S.T.A.R. Labs . While in transport to Iron Heights , Snart and Rory are broken out by Snart 's sister . Meanwhile , Caitlin investigates the cause of Ronnie 's transformation and finds out that the Army is covering up the incident . After Iris moves in with Eddie , Barry decides to move back in with Joe . 11 11 `` The Sound and the Fury '' John F. Showalter Alison Schapker & Brooke Eikmeier January 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 27 ) 3J5361 4.08 While home , Wells receives a threatening call from an unidentified person before using his super speed to save his life from an attempt . Wells informs Barry and the team that the caller was Hartley Rathaway , a former protégé . Rathaway begins attacking his family 's business with sonic blasts , and after Barry stops him , Rathaway reveals that he knows a secret of Wells ' , who states that Rathaway warned him that the particle accelerator could explode , but Wells chose to risk it for the rewards . Cisco discovers that Rathaway intentionally got caught so he could steal information from S.T.A.R. Labs that would allow him to identify the frequency of Barry 's molecules so he can kill him . A trap set by Rathaway starts shredding Barry 's organs . Wells manages to disable Rathaway 's weapons . Later , Joe has Eddie start an investigation into Wells . Rathaway , imprisoned back in the particle accelerator , reveals to Cisco that he knows where Ronnie is and how to save him . In his secret room , Wells uses the tachyon technology to temporarily recharge his speed force energy . Meanwhile , Iris starts working as a journalist and realizes that she is hired to write about the Flash . 12 12 `` Crazy for You '' Rob Hardy Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing February 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 03 ) 3J5362 3.60 A woman with the ability to teleport to any location she can see breaks into Iron Heights and frees her boyfriend , Clay Parker . The S.T.A.R. Labs team identifies the woman as Shawna Baez . To help Barry , Henry tracks down leads in Iron Heights and finds out that Parker owed money to a local crime boss and is planning a heist to pay it back . Barry learns the location of the heist , finding Baez and Parker and is able to capture her after removing all the lights in a tunnel , effectively making her unable to teleport without being able to see . Parker manages to escape . Meanwhile , Cisco brings Rathaway out of his cell so that the latter can show the truth about Ronnie ; Rathaway reveals that Doctor Martin Stein , who developed research into a F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M. project focused on transmuting elements , was at S.T.A.R. Labs the day of the explosion . Rathaway reveals that during the explosion Ronnie and Stein merged , before he escapes Cisco 's custody . Barry starts dating Iris 's colleague , Linda Park . Henry insinuates to Barry that he knows Barry 's alter ego . Elsewhere , two city workers are attacked by Grodd . 13 13 `` The Nuclear Man '' Glen Winter Andrew Kreisberg & Katherine Walczak February 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) 3J5363 3.66 The team attempts to track Stein 's whereabouts after he attacks a scientist . They convince Stein into coming back to S.T.A.R. Labs for testing . Wells discovers that Ronnie and Stein 's atoms are in conflict , and if it continues they will become nuclear . Stein leaves for a secluded location to safely explode without casualties . Barry and Caitlin arrive and use a device Wells made from the tachyon to separate the bodies , but it apparently does not work , and the duo escapes the explosion , which alerts Eiling , who orders a team to recover `` Firestorm '' . Meanwhile , Joe enlists Cisco 's help to identify Nora 's murderer . The duo searches the house and finds blood from two people behind some new wallpaper . Joe asks Cisco to compare the blood to Wells ' . Cisco runs the blood and informs Joe that while neither is from Wells , one is from an adult Barry . In the meantime Linda believes Barry to be still in love with Iris , but he proves to Linda that he now loves her not Iris . 14 14 `` Fallout '' Steve Surjik Keto Shimizu & Ben Sokolowski February 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) 3J5364 4.01 Barry and Caitlin find Ronnie and Stein alive and separated , which Eiling also finds out . Joe reveals his findings to Barry . Ronnie and Stein realize that their minds are partially connected . Wells visits Eiling , who reveals that he knows Barry 's alter ego and demands the F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M. project . Wells gives up Stein , who is tortured by Eiling until Barry and Ronnie save him . Ronnie and Stein reunite by the tachyon piece to survive the military onslaught . The duo gains enough control to be able to merge and separate on command . They decide to leave Central City to stay ahead of Eiling and learn more about their new powers . As the Reverse - Flash , Wells kidnaps Eiling and brings him to the sewers . He reveals himself to Eiling , and allows Grodd , who is displaying psychic abilities , to drag Eiling deeper into the sewer . Meanwhile , Iris 's colleague , Mason Bridge tells her his belief that Wells deliberately caused the S.T.A.R. Labs explosion . Iris suspects Caitlin 's activities and decides to help Mason with his investigation . Barry tells Joe that he will travel back in time again to save Nora , but intends to succeed by learning the mistakes in his previous attempt . 15 15 `` Out of Time '' Thor Freudenthal Todd Helbing & Aaron Helbing March 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) 3J5365 3.69 Mark Mardon , Clyde 's brother , returns to Central City to avenge Clyde 's death . Eddie and Linda get jealous of the intimacy between Barry and Iris . Mason shares his knowledge that Wells killed Stagg with Iris and Barry , who tells Caitlin and Cisco , who begins to believe Joe was right about Wells , so he rechecks the containment field that failed to hold the Reverse - Flash . Wells arrives and reveals himself to be Eobard Thawne , a relative of Eddie 's and a man from the future who came back in time to kill Barry , and has since been stranded in the present day . Thawne also explains that he is pushing Barry to get stronger so that he can use Barry 's powers to return to his time , and he murders Cisco to protect his secret . Mardon kidnaps Joe and forces him to watch as Mardon creates a tsunami in order to kill Iris . Barry reveals his secret identity to Iris , just after they admit to romantic feelings for each other , in order to save the city . Barry runs back and forth across the coastline to create a barrier against the tsunami , but he runs so fast that he travels back in time to the day before . 16 16 `` Rogue Time '' John Behring Story by : Grainne Godfree Teleplay by : Brooke Eikmeier & Kai Yu Wu March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 3J5366 3.33 Thawne warns Barry not to change any event for fear that he will create a bigger problem . Barry does not listen and instead captures Mardon and puts him in the particle accelerator . Snart and Rory return to Central City . Snart sends his sister , Lisa after Cisco , whom they force to rebuild the cold and heat guns , and a third gun shooting gold for Lisa , by threatening to kill Cisco 's brother . Iris rejects Barry 's romantic approach and later Eddie punches him . Barry realizes that Thawne was right about not to manipulate the timeline . Cisco returns and reveals that Snart forced him to reveal the Flash 's true identity . Barry goes after Snart , and the two come to a truce : Snart will not reveal Barry 's identity , will no longer kill innocent people , and stay away from Barry 's loved ones in exchange for Barry not locking him away in the particle accelerator . Caitlin tells Eddie and Iris that Barry is suffering from psychosis as a result of the lightning , making the duo reconcile with him and settling the tension . The Reverse - Flash kills Mason and destroys the evidence linking Thawne to Stagg 's death . Mason 's vanishing causes Barry to accept Joe was right about `` Wells '' . 17 17 `` Tricksters '' Ralph Hemecker Andrew Kreisberg March 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 31 ) 3J5367 3.67 Barry and Joe go after terrorist Axel Walker , under the alias Trickster . Walker sets a diversion for the Flash and breaks James Jesse , the original Trickster from 20 years prior , out of prison . Jesse and Walker attempt to extort patrons of fundraiser by poisoning them and ransoming the antidote . When the Flash arrives , Jesse and Walker fit him with a bomb that will detonate if he stops moving . Thawne coaches Barry on how to vibrate his molecules so that he can phase through objects , which removes the bomb . Afterward , Barry provides an antidote to all the patrons before capturing Jasse and Walker . The Flash reveals his identity to Eddie and convinces him to keep Iris from investigating Mason 's disappearance . Barry tells Eddie and Joe that `` Wells '' is the Reverse - Flash . In flashbacks , after failing to kill Barry , the Reverse - Flash escapes only to lose his speed . Gideon informs him that travelling through time has drained his powers . Thawne kills Harrison Wells and steals his appearance and identity so he can develop the particle accelerator sooner and return to his timeline . 18 18 `` All Star Team Up '' Kevin Tancharoen Grainne Godfree & Kai Yu Wu April 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 14 ) 3J5368 3.67 As Barry works in conjunction with Joe and Eddie to stop crimes across the city , an engineering professor is killed by a swarm of bees at a university . While the team searches for a metahuman that can control bees , Felicity arrives with Ray Palmer , looking for assistance to improve his A.T.O.M. suit . The team tracks another bee attack , but Barry is too late and is attacked by the swarm . The team captures one of the bees , which turns out to be a robot and their suspect just a scientist from Mercury Labs named Brie Larvan , who is targeting other former employees . During the next bee attack , Barry goes after Larvan while Ray attempts to stop the bees from killing Dr. Tina McGee . Felicity disables the robots , and Barry captures Larvan . Tina tells Barry that `` Wells '' personality changed after his wife 's demise . Iris threatens Eddie to break up if he does not share his secret . Barry informs Caitlin and Cisco about `` Wells '' . She does not want believe it , but Cisco does , revealing that he has been having `` dreams '' , which show his final moments with Thawne in the alternate timeline . 19 19 `` Who Is Harrison Wells ? '' Wendey Stanzler Ray Utarnachitt & Cortney Norris April 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 21 ) 3J5369 3.75 Barry and Eddie track a metahuman named Hannibal Bates , who can shape - shift into anyone he touches . Bates takes Eddie 's shape and frames him for murder . Later , Bates knocks Barry unconscious and assumes his form , but Thawne realizes the truth and prevents Bates from killing Caitlin and Iris . Bates manages to escape . Caitlin develops a serum to suppress Bates ' power , allowing Barry to defeat him and clear Eddie 's name . Iris reconciles with Eddie , who reveals his cooperation with the Flash . Bates is locked in the particle accelerator . Meanwhile , Joe and Cisco decide to investigate the car accident scene in Starling City where Dr. Wells ' wife died . With the help of Captain Quentin Lance , Cisco and Joe locate a buried corpse near the crash site . Cisco also modifies a sonic device for Laurel . Joe advises Quentin to reconcile with her . After a series of tests confirm the corpse is the real Dr. Wells , Barry , Caitlin and Cisco locate Thawne 's secret room at S.T.A.R. Labs . They find both the Reverse - Flash 's costume and the newspaper article from 2024 . 20 20 `` The Trap '' Steve Shill Alison Schapker & Brooke Eikmeier April 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 28 ) 3J5370 3.93 Barry talks to Gideon and learns about his battle with the Reverse - Flash in the future , as well as key moments in his life that include marrying Iris , a promotion at the CCPD , and that he created Gideon in the future . With high - tech goggles , the team reawakens Cisco 's memories of his alternate - timeline death and the secrets Wells confessed . The team regroups at Joe 's house , where Barry reveals his recent time travel and explains his plan to lure Thawne to confess to killing Nora . To trap Thawne , Cisco reverses the polarity of his containment field to protect himself from Thawne , while Caitlin films the interaction to capture Thawne 's confession . The trap fails , but Joe shoots Thawne before he can kill Cisco . As Thawne dies , his body transforms , revealing himself to be Bates . Thawne himself calls the team , revealing that he was always aware of their actions because he had them under surveillance . Reverse - Flash goes after Iris and Eddie , but Barry arrives , forcing Thawne to kidnap Eddie instead . Iris finds out about the Flash 's identity . Thawne reveals his relation to Eddie . Flashbacks reveal the aftermath of Barry being struck by lightning , and Thawne convincing Joe to let him save Barry 's life , and promising to a comatose Barry that he will die . 21 21 `` Grodd Lives '' Dermott Downs Grainne Godfree & Kai Yu Wu May 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) 3J5371 3.62 While looking for Eddie and Eobard , Barry heads to stop a robbery at the gold reserve . When Barry confronts the would - be thief , they are both disoriented by an unknown psychological attack . Back at S.T.A.R. Labs , Iris confronts Barry about being the Flash . He is able to stop the thief , who turns out to be Eiling , whose mind is revealed to be controlled by Grodd . With a lead from Iris , Barry , Joe and Cisco head into the sewers to look for Grodd . The trio realize that Grodd is getting smarter and larger , and during an attack , Joe is kidnapped by Grodd . Cisco and Caitlin build Barry a device that will prevent Grodd 's effect . It works , but the device gets damaged in a fight . Barry is able to fight off Grodd 's psychic attack and trick him into jumping in front of an on - coming train . Eiling is freed . Iris reveals her feelings for Barry , but states her choice to be with Eddie . Grodd is revealed to be safe and roaming the streets . Meanwhile , Thawne works on a device that will allow him to return to his own time . He reveals to Eddie , Iris and Barry 's marriage in the future . Later Thawne completes the device and is revealed to be hiding in a secret chamber inside S.T.A.R. Labs . 22 22 `` Rogue Air '' Doug Aarniokoski Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 3J5372 3.65 Cisco discovers that Eobard has been supercharging his speed through his wheelchair , which is why he is so much faster than Barry . The particle accelerator is activated by Eobard , who has managed to repair it . The team is able to find and rescue Eddie , who ends his relationship with Iris . Worried that the metahumans imprisoned inside the particle accelerator will be killed when it reaches full power , the team plans to relocate them to Oliver 's prison on Lian Yu . In order to set up a safe transport , Barry requests Leonard 's help . Leonard agrees but only after Barry erases all of Leonard 's criminal record . Leonard and Lisa sabotage the transport and allow the metahumans to escape , killing Simmons however . Eobard arrives back at the lab just as the accelerator fully charges . Barry , Firestorm and Oliver all meet outside to fight Reverse - Flash . They coordinate their efforts ; Oliver stops him with a nanite injection that disables Eobard 's speed and knocks him out . Oliver leaves after informing Barry of an upcoming help request . 23 23 `` Fast Enough '' Dermott Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Gabrielle Stanton & Andrew Kreisberg May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 3J5373 3.87 Barry visits Thawne in the particle accelerator prison , where Thawne reveals he killed Nora because of hating the Flash , whose future self saved him . Eobard requests Barry to help create a wormhole where Thawne can return to his time , while also allowing Barry to save Nora . Caitlin and Ronnie get married . Eobard tells Cisco that the latter 's ability to recall events of alternate timelines was acquired from the particle accelerator explosion . Barry decides to go through with Thawne 's offer . The latter states that Barry will have only a short time , or else the wormhole will become a black hole . Barry travels back in time , but his future self signals him not to save Nora . The present Barry returns and stops Thawne from returning to his time . The two fight , while the team shuts down the wormhole . Thawne eventually prevails , but before he can kill Barry , Eddie shoots himself , causing Thawne 's existence to cease . The wormhole reappears , and the team is unable to prevent it from becoming a black hole . As the black hole begins to tear the city apart , pulling Eddie inside , Barry speeds into it in an effort to stop it . Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 24 `` The Man Who Saved Central City '' Ralph Hemecker Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Gabrielle Stanton October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) 3J5651 3.58 Ronnie and Stein turn into Firestorm and destroy the singularity , but at the cost of Ronnie 's life . Six months later , while using his speed to repair Central City , Barry operates alone , being the hero and savior of the public and the local government ; Cisco works in the police department alongside Joe , and Caitlin works at Mercury Labs . Barry evaluates a crime scene with a victim named Al Rothstein . At a ceremony , the Flash is attacked by Atom - Smasher , whose strength and size manipulation prove too much for Barry , but manages to force his mask off . Underneath the mask Atom - Smasher is revealed to look exactly like Rothstein . Barry is convinced by Joe and the others that he needs help in taking down certain metahumans and Rothstein is defeated by over absorbing radiation . As he dies , Rothstein tells Barry that he was sent to kill him by a person called Zoom . Barry receives a flash memory from Thawne 's lawyer containing Thawne 's confession to killing Nora . Henry is exonerated and released from prison , and leaves Central City so that Barry can focus on being the Flash . A man arrives at S.T.A.R. Labs and , introducing himself as Jay Garrick , tells the team their world is in danger . 25 `` Flash of Two Worlds '' Jesse Warn Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing October 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) 3J5652 3.49 Jay explains to everyone that he is the Flash on a parallel Earth and that he was in a battle with a demonic speedster named Zoom when the singularity brought him to this Earth without his powers . Stein confirms the claim , describing their world as `` Earth - 1 '' and Jay 's as `` Earth - 2 '' . Zoom brings another metahuman from Earth - 2 called Sand Demon , later identified as Eddie Slick , to kill the Flash . Cisco analyzes the `` sand '' left behind and has a vision of the previous fight , frightening him . After Slick kidnaps Officer Patty Spivot , Jay teaches Barry how to hurl lightning . Cisco uses his power to find Patty 's location . Barry uses the lightning blast to turn Sand Demon 's particles to glass , killing him . Patty reveals to Joe that Mark Mardon killed her father . She joins Joe 's metahuman task force . Cisco divulges his ability to Stein , and convinces him not to tell anyone . Stein and Cisco are able to locate 52 breaches with the Earth - 2 , with the largest one being within S.T.A.R. Labs itself . Joe 's estranged wife , Francine , pays him a visit . Stein collapses while talking . On Earth - 2 it 's revealed that the Harrison Wells of that world is alive and in charge of S.T.A.R. Labs . 26 `` Family of Rogues '' John F. Showalter Julian Meiojas & Katherine Walczak October 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 20 ) 3J5653 3.47 Jay creates a device that stabilizes the singularity and will allow him to return home , but he opts to stay to help Barry stop Zoom . Meanwhile , Lisa Snart shows up asking for Flash 's help in rescuing Snart , whom she believes was kidnapped . Barry tracks down Snart , who is revealed not to be kidnapped but is working with his father , Lewis . Lisa states that Snart would never work with Lewis willingly , because the latter was abusive toward her when she was a child . Eventually , the team determines that Lewis placed a bomb inside of Lisa and threatened to kill her if Snart did not help him with his theft . Barry infiltrates Lewis ' crew with assistance from Snart . Cisco successfully removes the bomb from Lisa , so Snart uses his cold gun to kill his father in retaliation . Snart is incarcerated in Iron Heights and Lisa leaves . Joe reveals to Iris that Francine is alive and a former addict . Stein turns into Firestorm , but with blue flames . Earth - 2 's Wells arrives at the lab through the breach . 27 `` The Fury of Firestorm '' Stefan Pleszczynski Kai Yu Wu & Joe Peracchio October 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) 3J5654 3.43 The team is able to temporarily stabilize Stein . Caitlin states that he needs to merge with a new person in order to survive . She identifies two potential candidates : a scientist named Henry Hewitt and a former high school football star named Jefferson Jackson . Hewitt is excited to merge with Stein , but the attempt fails and Hewitt leaves angrily , not knowing that his own metahuman powers have been activated . Jefferson initially refuses , but agrees when Hewitt goes on rampage . After the successful merger , the new Firestorm joins Barry in helping to take down Hewitt , who is incarcerated . Before departing with Jefferson , Stein encourages Cisco to tell the others about his powers . Meanwhile , Francine reveals that she is suffering from a terminal illness and only has months to live . Iris later confronts her for hiding the existence of the former 's brother . In the meantime , Wells breaks into Mercury Labs and steals an unknown device . Later , Barry is attacked by a humanoid shark monster sent by Zoom , but is saved by Wells . 28 5 `` The Darkness and the Light '' Steve Shill Ben Sokolowski & Grainne Godfree November 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) 3J5655 3.87 Wells , who Cisco nicknames `` Harry '' to distinguish him from Thawne , reveals that he is responsible for the creation of the metahumans and Zoom on Earth - 2 . He states that he plans to help Barry 's team stop Zoom and other metahumans . At the same time , a metahuman from Earth - 2 called Doctor Light arrives and starts robbing banks . Barry recognizes her as the Earth - 2 version of Linda . Later , Light attempts to kill Linda and take over her identity , but accidentally kills Linda 's boss and is stopped by Barry 's team in the process . Harry reveals Cisco 's powers to the team , which Cisco uses to locate Light . Barry defeats her with the help of Harry . After locking Light up , they plan to use her to lure Zoom out and defeat him for good . Jay , who dislikes Harry and vice versa , thinks it is too dangerous and leaves the team . Meanwhile , Barry starts dating Patty while Cisco starts a date with a barista named Kendra Saunders . Cisco picks the nickname `` Vibe '' for himself . Back on Earth - 2 , it is revealed that Zoom has Harry 's daughter captive . 29 6 `` Enter Zoom '' JJ Makaro Gabrielle Stanton & Brooke Eikmeier November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) 3J5656 3.63 As the team works to find a way to stop Zoom , Doctor Light escapes from her containment cell . Instead , the Earth - 1 Linda agrees to help the team by impersonating Doctor Light . Barry reveals his alter ego to Linda . Harry creates a speed dampening serum and the team stages a fight at one of the breaches in order to trick Zoom through . The attempt fails , as Zoom knew the plan . Instead , he goes after Linda , before fighting Barry . Zoom is much faster and easily overpowers Barry , showing him defeated with his unconscious body to the local news and the police station before ultimately returning to S.T.A.R. Labs . Zoom stabs Barry with his hand , but Cisco shoots him with the serum , which hurts Zoom , but still leaves him with enough speed to escape . Later , Harry reveals that Zoom has his daughter , Jesse , and that he came to Earth - 1 to stop Zoom . Barry wakes from his injuries and discovers that he can no longer feel his legs . 30 7 `` Gorilla Warfare '' Dermott Downs Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing November 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 17 ) 3J5657 3.46 Barry manages to recover from the paralysis , but is unable to use his powers due to the psychological trauma of Zoom exposing Barry 's defeat to the city . Iris reaches out to Henry , who returns to help Barry overcome his fears . Wells formulates a plan to close all of the breaches , except one , through which Zoom can enter into the trap set for him . Cisco touches Kendra , but leaves after seeing a winged person in a vibe . Grodd returns , using scientists to steal various chemicals in the hopes of creating more gorillas with his level of intelligence . He later kidnaps Caitlin to help him with his plan . Harry dresses up as the Reverse - Flash in order to trick Grodd into thinking that his `` father '' is still alive . The plan works long enough for Harry to rescue Caitlin before they both escape . After Barry is fully recovered , they lure Grodd to one of the dimensional breaches and send him to a jungle sanctuary for gorillas that have been experimented on in Earth - 2 . Later , Cisco meets Kendra again , this time vibing and seeing her as the winged figure . 31 8 `` Legends of Today '' Ralph Hemecker Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) 3J5658 3.94 Vandal Savage arrives in Central City , seeking to kill Kendra . Barry goes to Star City and enlists the help of Oliver and his team to protect her . The team is visited by Malcolm who informs them that Savage is an immortal . Later , Kendra is kidnapped by Hawkman , but Barry and Oliver rescue her and capture Hawkman , who introducing himself as Carter Hall , tells them he and Kendra are soulmates who have been connected for millennia . The pair are destined to die , be reborn , and find each other in each lifetime . Carter also reveals that Savage has killed the pair several times , each time growing stronger . Savage acquires the Staff of Horus , a deadly weapon . Kendra unlocks her abilities and the team decides to regroup in Central City , where Oliver witnesses Samantha Clayton with her son , who is also his . Meanwhile , Caitlin and Harry create a serum that will temporarily increase Barry 's speed so that he can defeat Zoom . Jay initially refuses to test the serum , but changes his mind to save Harry when the latter is shot by an unaware Patty , whom Joe later informs about the truth . However , Jay advises against using the serum on Barry . This episode begins a crossover event that concludes on Arrow season 4 episode 8 . The two episodes also set up Legends of Tomorrow . 32 9 `` Running to Stand Still '' Kevin Tancharoen Andrew Kreisberg December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) 3J5659 3.55 Mardon breaks James Jesse and Snart out of Iron Heights in an effort to team up to kill the Flash . Snart declines and alerts Barry . Jesse and Mardon place bombs hidden in Christmas gifts throughout the city , threatening to set them off in family homes if Barry does not sacrifice himself . Wells , Cisco , and Jay find one of the bombs and alter its magnetic polarity ; they send it into one of the dimensional breaches , which causes it to attract the remaining bombs , removing them from the city . With them gone , Barry subdues Mardon and Jesse , dissuading Patty from killing Mardon . Meanwhile , Iris and Barry tell Joe about the latter 's son named Wally , who later shows up at Joe 's . Caitlin and Jay start a romantic relationship . Elsewhere , Zoom is revealed to be sending metahumans in order to help Barry get faster so that Zoom can take the latter 's speed force , which Harry reluctantly agrees to help Zoom with because of his daughter , Jesse . 33 10 `` Potential Energy '' Rob Hardy Bryan Q. Miller January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 3J5660 3.41 Cisco presents a new idea to slow Zoom down , telling the team about a metahuman , whom he has dubbed the `` Turtle '' , who has the ability to stop the kinetic energy around him and slow everyone to a halt . After Barry fails to stop the Turtle , identified as Russell Glosson , at a diamond unveiling , the team sets a trap at an art exhibit . Barry invites Patty with the intention of telling her his secret , but Glosson is aware of the trap and almost kills Patty before escaping . Later , Glosson kidnaps Patty . The team tracks him down and Barry is able to generate enough speed to move through the kinetic waves to knock him unconscious and save Patty . Patty tells Barry that she is leaving Central City and Harry kills Glosson by extracting a portion of his brain matter . Meanwhile , Joe struggles to develop a relationship with Wally , who has been street racing in an attempt to earn enough money for Francine 's medical bills . Caitlin discovers that Jay is dying of an illness caused by Zoom stealing his speed . They vow to stop Zoom to get Jay 's speed back in order to cure Jay . 34 11 `` The Reverse - Flash Returns '' Michael A. Allowitz Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) 3J5661 3.71 The team discovers Turtle 's death and Jay suspects Harry . Cisco asks Harry for help in controlling his vibing abilities . The latter determines they are connected to Cisco 's fear response and triggers a vibe which alerts the team that Eobard Thawne is back . Harry surmises that this version of Thawne is from a point in the future before he went back in time to kill Nora and was protected from being erased . Cisco has a vibe of the future , and the team learns that Thawne is planning to use tachyons to return to his time . Barry arrives and destroys the machine . After a race around the city , Barry stops Thawne and imprisons him at the particle accelerator . However , his capture causes a rupture in the timeline that threatens to kill Cisco , so Barry sends Thawne back to the future to save his friend . Meanwhile , Patty discovers Barry is the Flash but , when he refuses to acknowledge it , she chooses to leave the city . Iris learns that Francine 's death is imminent and reconciles with her . Wally takes her advice to do the same . 35 12 `` Fast Lane '' Rachel Talalay Story by : Brooke Eikmeier Teleplay by : Kai Yu Wu & Joe Peracchio February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 3J5662 3.66 Right before the particle accelerator explosion , Joey Monteleone was thrown into a tar pit and left for dead . Sealed away , he is freed two years later with the ability to turn his body into molten tar . He sets out to get revenge on those who attempted to kill him . Harry creates a device to siphon Barry 's speed energy and attaches it to his suit . It steals a portion of Barry 's speed . Wells gives the energy to Zoom , who demands the rest . Meanwhile , Wells and Barry also successfully find a way to close the breaches . While going after Joey , Iris is injured when Barry is too slow to save her . Wells tells the team about the device , asking to be returned to Earth - 2 and have Barry seal the breaches so Zoom can not re-enter . After stopping Joey , Barry informs Wells that the team will help the latter to save Jesse . In the meantime , Wally continues racing even after Francine 's death . 36 13 `` Welcome to Earth - 2 '' Millicent Shelton Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Katherine Walczak February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) 3J5663 3.96 Before heading to Earth - 2 , Barry closes all but one of the breaches , which is at S.T.A.R. Labs . Using the last breach , Barry , Cisco , and Harry travel to Earth - 2 , but an energy surge destabilizes the breach and the trio get stuck on Earth - 2 . Barry decides to impersonate his doppelgänger to get more information on Zoom . He later meets the Iris and Joe of Earth - 2 and learns that Iris , who is his doppelgänger 's wife , works for the CCPD while Joe is a singer . Barry is attacked by Earth - 2 's Caitlin and Ronnie , known as Killer Frost and Deathstorm respectively . Joe is killed in the attack . Cisco attempts to help the police stop the pair , but is confronted by his own evil doppelgänger , known as `` Reverb '' and revealed to have greater powers , including control over nervous systems and manipulation of vibrations . Barry arrives and is stopped by Reverb and Deathstorm . Zoom arrives , kills Reverb and Deathstorm for harming the Flash , and then imprisons Barry . Meanwhile , a new metahuman named Adam Fells appears in Earth - 1 Central City . Jay tells Caitlin that he invented Velocity - 6 , which is the real reason why he lost his speed . Caitlin develops Velocity - 7 , which Jay uses to engage Fells , who escapes . 37 14 `` Escape from Earth - 2 '' JJ Makaro Story by : Todd Helbing & Aaron Helbing Teleplay by : David Kob February 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) 3J5664 3.90 On Earth - 2 , Zoom issues a demand to Central City to turn in Wells and attacks S.T.A.R. Labs to find Wells and Cisco ; but the two escape with Barry - 2 . The trio updates Iris - 2 on what happened with Barry - 1 . They decide to convince Caitlin - 2 to help . After a fight , Caitlin - 2 agrees to take the team to Zoom . They arrive and rescue Barry - 1 and Jesse , but Zoom shows up too . They are able to escape by the help of Caitlin - 2 , who keeps Zoom frozen and unable to move , but a third unidentified prisoner , who tries to reveal something about Jay , is left behind . Barry - 2 and Iris - 2 leave Central City to hide from Zoom . Meanwhile on Earth - 1 , Caitlin - 1 creates `` Velocity 9 '' , which Jay uses to stop Adam , who gets incarcerated in Iron Heights . Caitlin - 1 discovers that Velocity 9 can cure Jay . The latter , Caitlin , Iris and Joe stabilize the breach and allow Barry - 1 , Cisco , Harry , and Jesse to return , but Zoom stabs his arm through Jay and pulls him back through the closing breach to Earth - 2 . 38 15 `` King Shark '' Hanelle Culpepper Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 3J5665 3.80 While everyone tries to move on , the humanoid shark - monster that Harry stopped , known as `` King Shark , '' escapes A.R.G.U.S. custody and heads for Central City to kill the Flash . John Diggle and Lyla Michaels , the new director , arrive to warn Barry . King Shark , later identified as Shay Lamden , shows up at Barry 's home looking for the Flash , tracking Barry 's electrical field . A.R.G.U.S. arrives and forces Shay to retreat . Later , Barry forces King Shark to chase him out on the water , where Barry creates an electrified underwater cyclone that subdues the latter , and allows A.R.G.U.S. to imprison him again , with Lyla planning to find a cure . Barry vows to open a breach back to Earth - 2 to stop Zoom . Meanwhile , Barry and Wally find it hard to develop a relationship . After Caitlin becomes cold due to Jay 's death , Cisco becomes scared that she will become Killer Frost ; but she assures him that she is only dealing with her grief . Back on Earth - 2 , it is revealed that , underneath his mask , Zoom looks exactly like Jay . 39 16 `` Trajectory '' Glen Winter Lauren Certo & Lilah Vandenburgh March 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) 3J5666 3.00 Barry starts training to get faster so that he can stop Zoom . While out with friends at a club for downtime , Barry and the other club patrons are robbed by an unknown speedster , who then escapes . The speedster turns out to be Eliza Harmon , a Mercury Labs employee who developed Velocity - 9 from samples Caitlin gave her to help with Jay 's illness . Operating under the alias `` Trajectory '' , Harmon invades S.T.A.R. Labs , imprisons Barry , and demands more V - 9 . After she threatens Jesse 's life , Wells and Caitlin make more of the drug for Harmon , who then speeds off to wreak havoc on the city . Barry manages to stop her before she injects more V - 9 into her system . Barry watches as Harmon 's speed becomes so intense that her lightning turns blue and she disintegrates . Jesse decides to leave the city to experience the world on her own and stop Wells from doing harmful things just to protect her . Based on what Barry saw from the overuse of V - 9 , the similarities between Zoom 's speed and Jay 's sickness , and Cisco 's `` vibe '' , the team concludes that Jay is Zoom . 40 17 `` Flash Back '' Alice Troughton Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) 3J5667 3.39 Barry travels back in time to when Hartley Rathaway attacked the team , and switches places with his past self , in order to have Thawne help him solve the speed force equation . However , after a Time Wraith follows Barry to the past , Thawne deduces Barry 's deception . Barry is able to convince Eobard to help him become faster . The wraith comes to the lab , where Caitlin and Cisco are forced to accept help from Hartley to deter the wraith . Afterward , the Barry from the current time arrives , forcing an explanation of the time travel event . Thawne provides the future Barry with the information about the tachyon technology , so that he can return to his time . As Barry prepares to make the jump through time , the Wraith arrives , forcing the past timeline 's Barry to intervene , so that his future self can return . Back in his time , Barry is confronted by the Wraith , but a reformed Hartley arrives with his sonic gauntlets and defeats the wraith . Barry gives Iris a footage of Eddie recorded in the alternate timeline , advising her to move on with her life . 41 18 `` Versus Zoom '' Stefan Pleszczynski Joe Peracchio & David Kob April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 3J5668 3.03 Years earlier on Earth - 2 , a young Hunter Zolomon watches as his father murders his mother and is subsequently sent to an orphanage . In the present day , Barry tests the tachyon accelerator and is able to enhance his speed four times greater than normal . Barry decides to re-open a breach back to Earth - 2 , and he believes that Cisco 's powers are the key to opening the portals . Meanwhile Caitlin reveals that Jay 's Earth - 1 doppelgänger is Zolomon and Wells , shocked to hear this , reveals that Earth - 2 Zolomon was a convicted serial killer . Zolomon was receiving electroconvulsive therapy during the explosion , and was one of the many affected . With this revelation , the team confirms that `` Jay '' is Hunter . Cisco opens a breach , and Zoom immediately appears , chasing Barry back to S.T.A.R. Labs . There , Barry uses images of Zolomon 's parents as a distraction to trap him , but Hunter escapes , claiming to be `` the darkness '' . Zolomon kidnaps Wally and demands Barry 's speed in exchange for Wally 's life . Barry agrees , so Wells siphons all of his speed force , leaving Barry powerless . Zolomon injects the speed force into himself , and he kidnaps Caitlin with his enhanced speed before escaping . 42 19 `` Back to Normal '' John F. Showalter Brooke Roberts & Katherine Walczak April 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 26 ) 3J5669 3.39 As Barry adjusts to life without his powers , Wells decides to leave the lab to look for Jesse . Shortly after speaking with her , Wells is attacked and kidnapped by Griffin Grey , believing him to be Thawne , who demands that Wells find a cure for his metahuman abilities . Grey has superhuman strength , but is also aging rapidly . Barry discovers that , when Grey uses his super strength , he accelerates the aging process . Barry , Joe , Cisco and Jesse manipulate Grey into exerting his powers until he ages and dies as a weak , old man ; his body then reverts back to its 18 - year - old self . To fight Zoom , Wells offers to recreate the circumstances that gave Barry his speed . Meanwhile on Earth - 2 , Zolomon tells Caitlin that he kidnapped her because he is in love with her . Caitlin encounters her doppelgänger , Killer Frost , who was captured by Zolomon as a reminder of Caitlin . Killer Frost convinces Caitlin to help her escape , but then attempts to kill her . Zoom arrives and kills Killer Frost , then warns Caitlin not to free the man in the iron mask . Later , Hunter decides to conquer the other Earths in the multiverse and takes Caitlin with him back to Earth - 1 . 43 20 `` Rupture '' Armen V. Kevorkian Kai Yu Wu & Lauren Certo May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 3J5670 3.34 While Barry keeps declining Harrison 's offer , the team rigs a hologram of the Flash to stop crime around the city so that no one will know the truth . Henry returns to Central City and joins the team . He argues with Wells on the safety of another explosion . Hunter and Caitlin arrive back on Earth - 1 with Hunter declaring the city under his control . Iris confesses her feelings to Barry . The Earth - 2 version of Dante Ramon , called `` Rupture '' , arrives on Earth - 1 looking to kill Cisco , believing that Cisco killed his Earth - 2 brother . Zolomon sends Rupture after the police to send the city a message . Barry and the police stop Rupture , but Zolomon arrives and kills the officers himself , as well as Rupture for failing . He then publicly announces the Flash 's disappearance . Cisco and Dante - 1 become closer . Barry finally agrees to Harrison 's plan . During the process , Barry is seemingly vaporized , while Jesse and Wally are caught in the blast . 44 21 `` The Runaway Dinosaur '' Kevin Smith Zack Stentz May 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 3J5671 3.52 Wally regains consciousness , but Jesse remains in a coma . Cisco has a vibe of Barry and realizes that he is still alive and in the speed force . Barry meets physical manifestations of the speed force in the form of faces familiar to him . The speed force informs Barry that he can not leave unless he catches a mysterious moving figure , thus gaining his speed back . Cisco and Wells create a path into the speed force so Barry can escape , but the latter chooses to remain so he can earn his powers back . The speed force tells Barry that he can not become the Flash again until he finally accepts Nora 's death . Barry shares a moment with the physical manifestation of Nora , which allows him to finally catch the moving figure himself . With his powers restored and help from Cisco and Iris , Barry returns to S.T.A.R. Labs in time to save the team from the reanimated corpse of Tony Woodward . Afterwards , Barry uses a bit of speed force energy to bring Jesse out of her coma . Across town , Zolomon has assembled an army of metahumans from Earth - 2 , planning to unleash them on Central City . 45 22 `` Invincible '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Brooke Roberts & David Kob May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 3J5672 3.37 Caitlin returns to the team , but not without emotional trauma from being kidnapped . Zoom 's army wreaks havoc across the city . Barry puts out several fires and takes out some of the metahumans to help the police . Back at S.T.A.R. Labs , Barry displays a level of confidence in stopping Zoom that concerns the team and each of them attempts to convince him to be more cautious . Among the attackers is Laurel Lance 's doppelgänger , `` Black Siren '' , who attacks various buildings around Central City using sonic blasts . Wally begins taking on metahumans trying to repay the Flash for saving him . The team creates a sonic amplifier tuned to the frequency of Earth - 2 . They discharge it and render all Earth - 2 natives unconscious , allowing Barry to apprehend them all at once , although Zoom survives by escaping to Earth - 2 . Meanwhile , Cisco begins having vibes of a future Earth - 2 being destroyed . Barry convinces Joe to let Wally be a hero . Later , Zoom returns and kidnaps Henry in front of the team . Barry races after them , revealing his identity to Wally , and is forced to watch Zoom kill Henry . 46 23 `` The Race of His Life '' Antonio Negret Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 3J5673 3.35 Zolomon manages to escape Barry by creating a time remnant . After Henry 's funeral , Hunter challenges Barry to a race to determine who is faster , threatening to kill everyone Barry loves if he refuses . Harrison discovers Hunter is in possession of a magnetar , a device that will destroy every planet in the Multiverse except Earth - 1 which requires both their speeds to power . When an enraged and vengeful Barry refuses to back out , the team locks him in the Pipeline and force Zolomon back to Earth - 2 themselves ; but Hunter abducts Joe in the process . Wally discovers this and frees Barry , who agrees to Zolomon 's race . As Barry races Zolomon around the magnetar , he creates a time remnant of himself who frees Joe and destroys the machine , but at the cost of his life . The `` prime '' Barry defeats Zolomon , who is then taken away by Time Wraiths for his crimes against the timeline . Barry rescues the man in the iron mask , who is revealed to be the real Jay Garrick , Henry 's Earth - 3 doppelgänger . Wells and Jesse return to Earth - 2 with Jay , who plans to return to Earth - 3 from there . Barry , still feeling broken and defeated , travels back in time and stops Thawne from killing Nora . Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 `` Flashpoint '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Brooke Roberts October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) T27. 13101 3.17 After preventing the murder of Nora Allen , Barry returns with Eobard Thawne to the present and imprisons him in a cage that dampens his speed . In the new timeline , which Thawne dubs `` Flashpoint '' , both of Barry 's parents are alive ; Joe has a poor relationship with Wally and Iris and is chronically in trouble at work ; Cisco is a billionaire tech magnate ; and Caitlin is a pediatric ophthalmologist . There is also a new Flash in Central City called Kid Flash struggling with his own nemesis , Edward Clariss , known as `` The Rival '' . Barry begins losing his memories of the original timeline due to the new timeline becoming permanent . After discovering Kid Flash is Wally , Barry teams up with him and stops Clariss , but Wally is critically injured in the process . Realizing that the new timeline is worse for those closest to him , Barry is forced to let Thawne return to the past and kill Nora , resetting the timeline and restoring Barry 's memories . Back in the present , Barry learns to his horror that the timeline did not reset exactly and Joe and Iris do not talk to each other anymore . Meanwhile , Clariss is confronted by a mysterious voice and finds the message `` Alchemy '' being scratched into his mirror by an invisible force . 48 `` Paradox '' Ralph Hemecker Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) T27. 13102 2.80 Barry learns of multiple changes to the timeline : Iris has not forgiven Joe for concealing that her mother was alive , Cisco is angry with him for not altering the timeline to save his brother Dante from being killed , and he has a new CSI partner , Julian Albert , who does not like or trust him . Barry decides to travel back to fix the damage , but he is intercepted by Jay Garrick . Jay tells Barry that the timeline never resets exactly and he has to learn to live with his mistakes . Meanwhile , Clariss has visions of `` Flashpoint '' and locates the person responsible , Alchemy , who restores Clariss ' powers and full `` Flashpoint '' memories . Barry tells the team about the timeline 's alterations before confronting Clariss at an abandoned warehouse . Alchemy is there as well , saying that he is preparing for a future event . Cisco arrives and helps Barry defeat Clariss , who is then incarcerated in Iron Heights . The team determines Alchemy is creating other metahumans from `` Flashpoint '' whom they need to track down . Cisco and Barry reconcile , as do Iris and Joe . Caitlin is secretly revealed to have gained cryokinetic powers . Barry and Iris begin dating , while Clariss is confronted by the voice of Alchemy for his failure before being killed inside his cell by an unidentified metallic being . 49 `` Magenta '' Armen V. Kevorkian Judalina Neira & David Kob October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) T27. 13103 2.67 Wells and Jesse return to Earth - 1 , where she reveals she has gained super speed from the second dark matter blast . Wells hopes everyone will dissuade her from using her powers . Elsewhere , foster child Frankie Kane develops metahuman magnetic powers that manifest as an alternate personality , Magenta , who attacks her abusive foster father . Julian confronts Frankie at the station and is nearly killed by Magenta . Barry learns from Magenta that she got her powers from Alchemy . She escapes and later goes to the Central City Hospital to kill her foster father by dropping an oil tanker on the building . Barry creates a vortex to hold the tanker in place , but is unable to confront Magenta simultaneously . Wells sends Jesse to help . She takes over the vortex while Barry talks Kane into gaining control over Magenta . Wally , grappling with disappointment over having no speed , realizes he is having the same dreams from `` Flashpoint '' that Kane describes . Wells tells Jesse that he will support her decision and presents her with her own speedster costume . Joe later shows Barry and Julian footage of Clariss being killed in his cell by an unseen force , manifesting only as a flying ball of white light . 50 `` The New Rogues '' Stefan Pleszczynski Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) T27. 13104 2.80 Three years ago , Sam Scudder and Rosalind Dillon , former cohorts of Leonard Snart , were caught in the original particle accelerator explosion . In the present , Barry begins training Jesse on how to use her powers . Wells suggests the team locate a doppelgänger of his from another Earth to replace him on the team once he and Jesse leave . Scudder returns from being trapped in a mirror - like dimension with the ability to transport himself and others through reflective surfaces . He reunites with Dillon , who now has vertigo - inducing powers , and they go on a crime spree . Barry and Jesse ( as `` Jesse Quick '' ) confront them , but are defeated after Barry ends up trapped inside a mirror by Scudder . Caitlin secretly uses her emerging ice powers to help Barry free himself from his predicament . He and Jesse then successfully capture Scudder and Dillon . After evaluating the candidates , the team recruits the friendly and eccentric Wells of Earth - 19 , despite the Earth - 2 Wells ' misgivings . Jesse and her father then return to Earth - 2 , but not before Wells apprises Cisco of Barry 's suspicious escape . That night , Caitlin accidentally freezes the water in her shower and her appearance begins showing signs of her Earth - 2 doppelgänger , Killer Frost . 51 5 `` Monster '' C. Kim Miles Zack Stentz November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) T27. 13105 2.77 Without informing the others , Caitlin visits her estranged mother , Carla , at her medical research company to have her powers examined , but leaves after viciously attacking another scientist who intended to exploit her condition . Meanwhile , a gigantic creature repeatedly appears and disappears on the streets of Central City . Cisco grows suspicious of the newly - recruited `` H.R. '' Wells when he does not provide much help in battling the monster . The monster is revealed to be simply a hologram operated by a bullied 15 - year - old boy wanting to create fear in others . Barry exposes the deception in time to keep police snipers from harming civilians and prevents Julian from shooting the boy , whom he mistakes for a metahuman . H.R. is revealed to have no technical knowledge at all . He admits that he is only an `` idea man '' for his tech company on Earth - 19 and that he came to Earth - 1 primarily to get material for a novel . The team decides to give him a chance to prove his worth as an assistant . A badly shaken Julian reconciles his differences with Barry . Carla informs Caitlin that her powers are increasing and that she needs to stop using them or her condition will become irreversible . 52 6 `` Shade '' JJ Makaro Emily Silver & David Kob November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) T27. 13106 3.01 When Wally relates his recent dreams of being Kid Flash , Barry reveals what happened to him during `` Flashpoint . '' A metahuman H.R. nicknames `` Shade '' appears and murders a stockbroker . Caitlin reveals her powers to Cisco and has him `` vibe '' her to learn her future . Cisco sees himself fighting Killer Frost , causing Caitlin to contemplate leaving for good . Alchemy summons Wally to him , so the team locks Wally in the particle accelerator for his own safety . Meanwhile , Barry and the others stop Shade 's next attack and capture him . Cisco tells everyone the truth about Caitlin and Barry privately confesses to her that her powers are a result of `` Flashpoint . '' Wally volunteers to lead the team to Alchemy to capture the villain and stop the memories , which are causing him pain . Barry , Joe , and a S.W.A.T. team locate Alchemy and his followers and surround them . The metallic being that killed Clariss appears and attacks them , revealing himself to be a speedster that only Barry can see . As Barry fights their attacker , Alchemy entices Wally to pick up his fallen energy weapon , which encases Wally in a crystal cocoon . Calling himself `` Savitar '' , the speedster overpowers Barry and prepares to stab him with a blade from his arm . 53 7 `` Killer Frost '' Kevin Smith Story by : Judalina Neira Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Brooke Roberts November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) T27. 13107 2.95 Savitar opts to drag Barry across the city , while battering him to demonstrate his superiority . Cisco and Caitlin arrive to rescue Barry and Savitar flees . Caitlin , with her Killer Frost persona having taken over , violently interrogates one of Alchemy 's followers at CCPD headquarters . When Julian catches her , she coerces him to find the other acolytes so they can lead her to Alchemy , who can presumably remove her powers . Barry and Cisco track her down and imprison her , but the team is fractured after she reveals Barry 's role in Dante 's death by creating `` Flashpoint . '' Greatly concerned and disregarding the consequences , Joe breaks Wally out of the cocoon . Wally emerges with unmanageable speed powers and he races away in a confused state . Barry offers his life to Caitlin for her freedom in a successful attempt to restore her sanity and gain her help in treating Wally . Joe and Barry locate Wally , stabilizing his condition with Caitlin 's serum , and Wally soon embraces his new abilities . Julian agrees to protect Caitlin from the police , but forces Barry to resign from the CCPD in exchange , believing him morally unfit for wanting Caitlin shielded . Julian is later revealed to be Alchemy and working for Savitar . 54 8 `` Invasion ! '' Dermott Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) T27. 13108 4.15 Barry investigates a meteor crash outside Central City that turns out to be a spaceship from which aliens emerge . Lyla tells the team that the `` Dominators '' landed previously in the 1950s , but then mysteriously departed . Needing help , Barry assembles the original Team Arrow , Thea , the Legends , and Supergirl of Earth - 38 . The team begins training at a S.T.A.R. Labs facility , sparring against Supergirl to prepare for combat against the aliens . Cisco reveals a message to Rip Hunter from Barry 's future self , which exposes Barry 's manipulation of the timeline and how it affected other team members . Oliver , Supergirl , Felicity , Martin , and Jefferson are left as the only ones who still trust Barry . The Dominators abduct the President . Supergirl leads most of the others in a rescue effort , but the Dominators kill the President and ensnare everyone with a mind control device . The controlled heroes return and attack S.T.A.R. Labs . While Oliver holds them off , Barry lures Supergirl to the device and manipulates her into destroying it , freeing everyone . The team decides to trust Barry again . Suddenly , Sara , Ray , Diggle , Thea , and Oliver are teleported away before Barry can intervene . This episode begins a crossover event that continues on Arrow season 5 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 2 episode 7 . 55 9 `` The Present '' Rachel Talalay Story by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing Teleplay by : Lauren Certo December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) T27. 13109 3.14 Barry asks Jay Garrick for help against Savitar . The two heroes locate and defeat Alchemy and return his weapon to its box , causing Savitar to disappear before he can kill Jay . Discovering Julian to be Alchemy , Barry reveals his own identity to him to get further information . Julian relates how he located the Philosopher 's Stone following a vision of his dead sister and that he has been having blackouts ever since . Savitar manifests through Cisco using visions of Dante and fights Barry and Wally , but Caitlin manages to convince Cisco to close the box again . The team communicates with Savitar through Julian , who claims that Barry , in the future , will imprison him . He also says that one teammate will betray them , one will fall , and a third will suffer a fate worse than death . Trying to end Savitar 's threat , Barry and Jay throw the box into the speed force but , in the process , Barry is thrown five months into the future and witnesses Savitar killing Iris . Jay tells Barry that the future is not fixed . Wally is given his own `` Kid Flash '' costume , Julian gets Barry 's job back for him , and Barry rents a new apartment for himself and Iris . 56 10 `` Borrowing Problems from the Future '' Millicent Shelton Grainne Godfree & David Kob January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) T27. 13110 2.72 Barry has been having nightmares about Iris 's murder . Jared Morillo attempts a robbery , but is confronted by Barry , who recalls a news report during his visit in the future when Barry captures Plunder . The distraction allows Morillo to overpower Barry and escape . H.R. launches the museum , but no one visits it . In a second confrontation , Wally intervenes and captures Morillo , gaining praise by everyone except Barry . He eventually reveals the future he saw to everyone but Joe . The team decides to change the course of other events in order to prevent Iris 's death . Using Cisco , Barry accesses the future memory , in which the news reveal that the S.T.A.R. Labs museum will close and Caitlin will become Killer Frost . Morillo escapes , and Barry decides to change the first event by letting Wally capture him . Cisco relaunches the museum , starting with an exhibition for elementary school students . Julian is persuaded by Caitlin to join the team . A mysterious woman from another Earth arrives , searching for H.R. 57 11 `` Dead or Alive '' Harry Jierjian Story by : Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes Teleplay by : Zack Stentz January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) T27. 13111 3.06 An Earth - 19 bounty hunter named Gypsy , possessing powers similar to Cisco 's , arrives on Earth - 1 intending to take H.R. back to Earth - 19 for trial and execution , as inter-dimensional travel is forbidden there . Cisco demands a trial by combat for H.R. 's life , which she accepts . As the duel is to the death , Barry and H.R. try to ambush Gypsy to save Cisco , but she easily defeats them . Meanwhile , determined to leave a legacy , Iris persuades Wally to help her bust an arms dealer . While he is out scouting , she confronts the dealer , seemingly unafraid of death . Wally manages to save her . Julian discovers a flaw in Gypsy 's fighting style . Cisco exploits this weakness during their battle , which allows him to defeat her . Cisco spares Gypsy 's life , but she makes it clear that H.R. can never return to Earth - 19 , since she will state that she killed him . Joe gets angry with Iris and is suspicious of her lack of fear . Barry plots to have Wally increase his speed so that Wally can save Iris from Savitar . 58 12 `` Untouchable '' Rob Hardy Brooke Roberts & Judalina Neira February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) T27. 13112 2.91 Barry and Wally continue their training in order to save Iris from Savitar . They race against each other , and Barry wins by phasing through a building . Julian finds a decayed corpse that was murdered just eight hours ago . He informs Joe that this is surely the work of a metahuman . The body is taken to S.T.A.R. Labs for investigation , where Caitlin and Julian observe it turning to ash . Iris confesses to Barry that she is afraid of her future . The meta responsible for the disintegrated corpse attacks Joe and is revealed to be targeting the police who arrested him in Flashpoint . The metahuman tries to disintegrate a bridge on the train Joe is on , forcing Barry to phase the train through the wreckage of the bridge . Barry teaches Wally how to phase , which Wally uses to expose the meta to his blood and strip him of his powers . Joe insists that everyone be honest with him from now on after learning of Iris 's future death . While practicing phasing , Wally is shocked to see Jesse coming through a portal . Jesse says her father has been abducted by Grodd and taken to Gorilla City . 59 13 `` Attack on Gorilla City '' Dermott Daniel Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & David Kob February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) T27. 13113 2.78 Earth - 2 Wells is captured while running through the woods . Jesse explains that he was leading an expedition to Gorilla City that was ambushed and killed while Wells disappeared . Barry recalls that in the future Central City will be attacked by gorillas . He , Julian , Cisco , and Caitlin go to rescue him but are captured by Grodd . Speaking through Wells , Grodd asks Barry to help him usurp his master Solovar . Barry agrees to fight Solovar in the arena for the lives of the others and wins , but refuses to kill him . Grodd seizes control of Gorilla City and prepares an invasion of Earth - 1 . The team asks Caitlin to kill Cisco so Grodd can not open a portal , but she refuses . Barry fakes his death and Grodd removes him from his cage . He resuscitates himself and frees the others , and they return to Earth - 1 . Jesse and her father reunite and Wally and Jesse recommit to their relationship . Julian asks Caitlin out on a date . Grodd assembles his army with a brainwashed Gypsy at his side . 60 14 `` Attack on Central City '' Dermott Daniel Downs Story by : Todd Helbing Teleplay by : Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) T27. 13114 2.87 Harry and H.R. clash over their different personalities . Jesse informs her father that she intends to stay on Earth - 1 with Wally , which Harry initially tries to prevent . Harry subdues Gypsy when she ambushes Cisco and Barry , and the team realizes that Grodd and his forces have reached Central City . Using his powers , Cisco determines that the gorillas will attack the center of town . This turns out to be a distraction for Grodd to abduct a visiting Army general . Barry contemplates killing Grodd as the only way to permanently stop him and also change the future , but Harry encourages him to find another way . Taking control of the general , Grodd attempts a nuclear missile strike on the city . Barry prevents the attack , so Grodd and his gorilla army invade the city themselves . Cisco travels to Earth - 19 to ask Gypsy for help . The speedsters distract the soldiers while Cisco and Gypsy bring Solovar to Earth - 1 , who defeats Grodd and assumes leadership once again . All the gorillas return to Earth - 2 , with the exception of Grodd , who is turned over to A.R.G.U.S. Gypsy kisses Cisco before telling him he could not handle her , then returns to Earth - 19 . Barry proposes to Iris . While going out to pick up dinner for Jesse , Wally is confronted by Savitar . 61 15 `` The Wrath of Savitar '' Alexandra La Roche Andrew Kreisberg & Andrew Wilder March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) T27. 13115 2.52 Wally continues having visions of Savitar and , after a physical altercation with him , finally admits this to the team . The team attempts to question Savitar via Julian , who again acts as a conduit . Savitar casts doubt on whether the Philosopher 's Stone is truly lost to the speed force . Caitlin confesses that she kept part of the Philosopher 's Stone , hoping to use it to remove her powers . Barry and the team figure out that Savitar is trapped inside the speed force but Wally is at home with Jesse when they realize this . Wally , after being confronted by Savitar who appears as a vision of his mother , steals the stone fragment from the lab , creates a portal , and launches the fragment into the speed force , believing this will exile Savitar for good . Barry arrives just as the portal draws Wally into it , trapping him in the speed force . Savitar , having successfully manipulated Wally , emerges from the speed force and fights Barry , taunting him by boasting he will not kill him before Barry watches Iris die before his eyes . Barry breaks off Savitar 's arm blade using his vibrating hand , causing Savitar to retreat . 62 16 `` Into the Speed Force '' Gregory Smith Brooke Roberts & Judalina Neira March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) T27. 13116 2.39 Feeling responsible for everything bad that is happening , and that Wally is suffering inside the speed force , Barry decides to rescue him . Cisco vibes Barry into the speed force , where he encounters manifestations of friends and foes who had previously sacrificed their lives . Less accommodating than before , they push Barry to understand true sacrifice and that he must be the one to save Iris in the future . Barry is also confronted by his former enemy , Hunter Zolomon , and defeats him . Jay Garrick , having been contacted by Cisco , joins Barry inside the speed force and voluntarily takes Wally 's place so Barry and Wally can escape . Meanwhile , Jesse uses the armor shard to locate and face Savitar by herself , managing to wound the villain with it before he escapes . Later , Jesse decides to go to Earth - 3 to protect it until the team can free Jay from the speed force . Barry admits to Iris that even though he does love her , he proposed for the wrong reasons and suggests they take some time apart from one another . 63 17 `` Duet '' Dermott Daniel Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) T27. 13117 2.71 J'onn J'onzz and Mon - El arrive on Earth - 1 with a comatose Kara . The Music Meister attacks and places Barry in a similar coma . He wakes up in a musical world and finds Kara . Meister tells them that if they follow the script , they will return to the real world . Barry and Kara are forced to work as singers in a nightclub run by Malcolm , with Winn working as a piano player , Cisco as a waiter and Stein and Joe as two gangsters opposing Malcolm . Barry and Kara find Malcolm 's son , Mon - El , and Stein 's and Joe 's daughter , Iris , in a forbidden relationship . Kara and Barry convince the pair to reveal their love , also helping Barry and Kara to realize their own mistakes . Malcolm , Stein and Joe subsequently decide to go to war . Barry and Kara are shot in the crossfire , but the real Cisco , Mon - El and Iris vibe into their world to save them , allowing Barry and Kara to admit their loves for Iris and Mon - El . They wake up in S.T.A.R. Labs , and Meister reveals that he just wanted them to realize their love . Kara 's team returns to Earth - 38 , and Barry and Iris move back in together . Barry re-proposes to Iris , who accepts . This episode is a crossover with Supergirl . 64 18 `` Abra Kadabra '' Nina Lopez - Corrado Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Brooke Roberts & David Kob March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) T27. 13118 2.39 Abra Kadabra , a criminal from the 64th century , comes to Central City , stealing from numerous tech companies and killing two guards . Gypsy returns , in pursuit of Kadabra , to avenge her partner . Kadabra offers the team the identity of Savitar in exchange for his freedom . Against Gypsy 's wishes , a desperate Joe releases Kadabra , who escapes to Thawne 's time vault after Gypsy fails to stop him and retrieves a power source . Kadabra also triggers an explosion that critically injures Caitlin . Refusing to take off the necklace suppressing her powers , even though doing so could save her life , Caitlin asks Julian to perform surgery with her guidance instead . Kadabra attempts to return to his own time , having used the stolen technology to build his own time machine , but he is foiled by the team with Gypsy 's help . Barry decides that the only way to save Iris ' life is by traveling to the future . Later , a still - recovering Caitlin loses consciousness and begins convulsing , before her vital signs flatline . A distraught Julian rips the necklace from her neck and her vital signs return to normal , as her injuries heal rapidly . She awakens , but in the guise of Killer Frost , and starts attacking the group with her ice powers . 65 19 `` The Once and Future Flash '' Tom Cavanagh Carina Adly MacKenzie April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) T27. 13119 2.67 Killer Frost destroys the necklace . Barry travels to 2024 , when he learns that Cisco lost his powers after Killer Frost shattered his hands and forced him to use mechanical prosthetics , H.R. has become a successful novelist , Julian works at Iron Heights tending to Killer Frost , Wally is catatonic with a shattered spine , Joe is depressed , and future Barry is a recluse hiding at S.T.A.R. Labs . In his absence , Top and Mirror Master have taken over Central City . Barry fails to learn Savitar 's identity . Cisco secretly uses a device to prevent Barry from returning to the past , hoping he will put things right . Barry rounds up Julian , Joe , and H.R. , reuniting Team Flash . Top and Mirror Master overwhelm Barry with their powers but , after overhearing him , future Barry uses Cisco 's device to negate the villains ' abilities , helping to defeat them . Future Barry gives Barry information and tells him to find a physicist named Tracy Brand , who developed a speed force - based trap years after Iris ' death . In the present , Killer Frost meets with Savitar . She is reluctant to trust him , but changes her mind when Savitar 's armor opens up and he steps out , revealing his identity to her . 66 20 `` I Know Who You Are '' Hanelle Culpepper Bronwen Clark & Joshua V. Gilbert May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) T27. 13120 2.69 Barry , Cisco , and H.R. visit Tracy to seek her help in making a trap for Savitar ; they are interrupted by Killer Frost , who attempts to kill Tracy , but is defeated before she escapes . Tracy goes to S.T.A.R. Labs with Team Flash and is shown her future . Killer Frost later decides to kidnap Joe 's girlfriend , Cecile , and demand Tracy in exchange . Killer Frost 's plan fails , leading to a battle between her and Cisco . Defeated , she is whisked away by Savitar , but not before Cisco draws some of her blood in order to potentially make a cure for her powers . Meanwhile , Joe admits his love to Cecile and tells her about Barry and Wally 's alter egos . H.R. develops feelings for Tracy . Later , Tracy , inspired by the events , plans to build a trap for Savitar , while Barry has a revelation regarding Savitar 's identity , given how much Savitar knows about everyone , and confronts him outside the city . Savitar confirms Barry 's new assumption and reveals himself to be a future version of Barry Allen . 67 21 `` Cause and Effect '' David McWhirter Judalina Neira & Lauren Certo May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) T27. 13121 2.71 Future Barry explains to his younger self that he is a time remnant , created by his future self while fighting Savitar . After being shunned by Team Flash , future Barry became depressed and ran back in time to ultimately become Savitar . He explains that he needs to kill Iris so that Barry will be forced to create him in the future . Cisco proposes they stop Savitar from remembering any of their strategies by stopping Barry from creating new memories , but miscalculations cause Barry to lose his memory . Savitar also loses all of his memories , resulting in Wally 's powers disappearing , since Savitar never gave them to him . A pyromaniac named Lucious Coolidge gets released because of Barry 's inability to testify correctly . Killer Frost helps Cisco and Julian develop a way for Barry to regain his memories so that Savitar can , as well . When Coolidge starts a fire , Iris helps Barry regain his memories in time to stop the fire with assistance from Wally . Tracy and H.R. develop a romance . She then shows the team the completed speed force trap , which requires a high amount of energy . The final scene cuts to a room that has an alien power source , as well as King Shark . 68 22 `` Infantino Street '' Michael Allowitz Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Grainne Godfree May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) T27. 13122 2.48 With 24 hours left before Iris dies , Team Flash learns that there is only one energy source that can power the `` Speed Force Bazooka '' in the form of a salvaged Dominator technology held at an A.R.G.U.S. facility . Barry and Cisco ask Lyla for it , but she refuses because of her mistrust of Barry due to his creation of Flashpoint . Barry then visits Snart in 1892 , when he was travelling with the Legends , and recruits him to help Barry break into A.R.G.U.S. and steal the device . In the process , A.R.G.U.S. agents eventually capture Barry and Snart , but Lyla , seeing the kindness in Barry 's actions , allows Barry to take the device . Snart advises Barry to use the goodness in him to defeat Savitar . Tracy decides to join the team . Cisco vibes about his battle with Killer Frost and leaves to fight her . Joe tries to hide Iris from Savitar on Earth - 2 with Harry but future Barry tricks H.R. into revealing up her location by pretending to be his younger self , breaks Wally 's leg and kidnaps Iris in front of a horrified Joe . Flash uses the `` Speed Force Bazooka '' on Savitar , but it fails when Savitar counteracts it with the Philosopher 's Stone , which is made out of calcified speed force energy . Savitar then stabs Iris in the back in front of Flash seemingly killing her as he escapes . 69 23 `` Finish Line '' David McWhirter Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) T27. 13123 3.04 H.R. reveals he swapped places with Iris and dies from his injuries . Realizing Iris is not dead , Savitar kidnaps Cisco and forces him to modify the Bazooka into an `` inter-dimensional quantum splicer '' . This will allow Savitar to disperse himself throughout time and protect him from the paradox that threatens to erase him . Barry meets with Savitar , believing he can be redeemed and they go to S.T.A.R. Labs . Although Barry and Iris try to get through to him , Savitar wrecks the lab and orders Caitlin to kill Cisco , but Gypsy saves him . Savitar and Killer Frost open a portal into the Speed Force . The Black Flash intervenes , but is frozen by Caitlin . Savitar then attempts to execute his plan . However , Cisco modified the Bazooka into a ' skeleton key ' which frees Jay from the Speed Force prison . Barry , Wally and Jay engage Savitar , while Cisco , with Gyspy 's help , convinces Caitlin to abandon Savitar . Barry phases through and destroys Savitar 's armor before Savitar is erased from existence . As Team Flash mourns H.R. , Caitlin decides not to use Julian 's cure , leaving the team so she may find her own purpose . Later on , an energy storm appears over Central City , caused by the Speed Force prison being empty . Barry explains that he needs to atone for creating Flashpoint and enters the prison , entrusting Central City to Iris and the team . Season 4 ( 2017 ) Main article : The Flash ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` The Flash Reborn '' Glen Winter Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) T27. 13401 2.84 71 `` Mixed Signals '' Alexandra La Roche Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) T27. 13402 2.54 72 `` Luck Be a Lady '' Armen V. Kevorkian Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) T27. 13403 2.62 73 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' Tom Cavanagh Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) T27. 13404 1.99 74 5 `` Girls Night Out '' Laura Belsey Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) T27. 13405 2.38 75 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' Brent Crowell Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) T27. 13406 2.46 76 7 `` Therefore I Am '' David McWhirter Eric Wallace & Thomas Pound November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) T27. 13407 2.20 77 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' Dermott Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Todd Helbing November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) T27. 13408 2.82 78 9 `` Do n't Run '' Stefan Pleszczynski Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) T27. 13409 2.22 79 10 `` The Trial of The Flash '' Philip Chipera Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) TBA TBD Ratings Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' October 7 , 2014 1.9 / 6 4.83 0.7 2.00 2.6 6.83 `` Fastest Man Alive '' October 14 , 2014 1.7 / 5 4.27 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' October 21 , 2014 1.5 / 4 3.59 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Going Rogue '' October 28 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.53 0.9 N / A 2.3 N / A 5 `` Plastique '' November 11 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.46 1.0 N / A 2.4 N / A 6 `` The Flash Is Born '' November 18 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.73 0.9 N / A 2.3 N / A 7 `` Power Outage '' November 25 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.47 0.9 2.41 2.3 5.88 8 `` Flash vs. Arrow '' December 2 , 2014 1.6 / 5 4.34 1.0 2.31 2.6 6.65 9 `` The Man in the Yellow Suit '' December 9 , 2014 1.5 / 5 4.66 0.9 2.06 2.4 6.72 10 `` Revenge of the Rogues '' January 20 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.87 1.0 2.41 2.4 6.27 11 `` The Sound and the Fury '' January 27 , 2015 1.3 / 4 4.08 1.0 2.20 2.3 6.28 12 `` Crazy for You '' February 3 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.60 0.9 N / A 2.2 N / A 13 `` The Nuclear Man '' February 10 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.66 N / A N / A N / A N / A 14 `` Fallout '' February 17 , 2015 1.5 / 4 4.01 0.9 N / A 2.4 N / A 15 `` Out of Time '' March 17 , 2015 1.3 / 5 3.69 1.0 2.34 2.3 6.09 16 `` Rogue Time '' March 24 , 2015 1.2 / 4 3.33 1.0 2.37 2.2 5.69 17 `` Tricksters '' March 31 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.67 1.0 2.43 2.3 6.10 18 `` All Star Team Up '' April 14 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.67 0.9 2.05 2.3 5.72 19 `` Who Is Harrison Wells ? '' April 21 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.75 0.9 N / A 2.2 N / A 20 `` The Trap '' April 28 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.93 0.9 N / A 2.4 N / A 21 `` Grodd Lives '' May 5 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.62 0.9 2.27 2.4 5.97 22 `` Rogue Air '' May 12 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.65 0.9 N / A 2.4 N / A 23 `` Fast Enough '' May 19 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.87 1.0 2.38 2.5 6.25 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Man Who Saved Central City '' October 6 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.58 1.0 2.35 2.4 5.93 `` Flash of Two Worlds '' October 13 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.49 0.8 2.06 2.2 5.52 `` Family of Rogues '' October 20 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.47 0.9 2.05 2.3 5.60 `` The Fury of Firestorm '' October 27 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.43 0.9 2.04 2.3 5.46 5 `` The Darkness and the Light '' November 3 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.87 0.8 1.68 2.3 5.55 6 `` Enter Zoom '' November 10 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.63 0.9 2.05 2.4 5.68 7 `` Gorilla Warfare '' November 17 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.46 0.8 1.92 2.2 5.38 8 `` Legends of Today '' December 1 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.94 0.9 2.12 2.3 6.07 9 `` Running to Stand Still '' December 8 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.55 0.9 2.01 2.2 5.56 10 `` Potential Energy '' January 19 , 2016 1.3 / 4 3.41 1.0 2.06 2.3 5.48 11 `` The Reverse - Flash Returns '' January 26 , 2016 1.4 / 5 3.71 1.0 2.02 2.4 5.73 12 `` Fast Lane '' February 2 , 2016 1.4 / 5 3.66 0.8 1.86 2.2 5.53 13 `` Welcome to Earth - 2 '' February 9 , 2016 1.6 / 5 3.96 0.9 2.02 2.5 5.98 14 `` Escape from Earth - 2 '' February 16 , 2016 1.5 / 5 3.90 0.8 1.77 2.3 5.67 15 `` King Shark '' February 23 , 2016 1.4 / 5 3.80 0.9 1.96 2.3 5.77 16 `` Trajectory '' March 22 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.00 0.9 1.96 2.0 4.96 17 `` Flash Back '' March 29 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.39 0.9 1.92 2.2 5.31 18 `` Versus Zoom '' April 19 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.03 0.8 2.03 2.0 5.07 19 `` Back to Normal '' April 26 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.39 0.8 1.86 2.1 5.26 20 `` Rupture '' May 3 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.34 0.8 1.92 2.1 5.25 21 `` The Runaway Dinosaur '' May 10 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.52 0.8 1.82 2.1 5.34 22 `` Invincible '' May 17 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.37 0.9 2.08 2.2 5.45 23 `` The Race of His Life '' May 24 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.35 0.6 1.49 1.9 4.85 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Flashpoint '' October 4 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.17 0.8 1.89 2.1 5.06 `` Paradox '' October 11 , 2016 1.1 / 4 2.80 0.7 1.92 1.8 4.72 `` Magenta '' October 18 , 2016 1.0 / 4 2.67 0.9 2.00 1.9 4.67 `` The New Rogues '' October 25 , 2016 1.0 / 3 2.80 0.9 1.91 1.9 4.71 5 `` Monster '' November 1 , 2016 1.0 / 3 2.77 0.9 2.01 1.9 4.78 6 `` Shade '' November 15 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.01 0.9 2.06 2.1 5.07 7 `` Killer Frost '' November 22 , 2016 1.1 / 4 2.95 0.8 1.99 1.9 4.93 8 `` Invasion ! '' November 29 , 2016 1.5 / 5 4.15 0.9 2.17 2.4 6.31 9 `` The Present '' December 6 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.14 0.8 1.80 2.0 4.94 10 `` Borrowing Problems From the Future '' January 24 , 2017 1.0 / 3 2.72 0.8 1.92 1.8 4.64 11 `` Dead or Alive '' January 31 , 2017 1.1 / 4 3.06 0.7 1.64 1.8 4.71 12 `` Untouchable '' February 7 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.91 0.7 1.68 1.8 4.59 13 `` Attack on Gorilla City '' February 21 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.78 0.9 1.96 1.9 4.75 14 `` Attack on Central City '' February 28 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.87 0.8 1.81 1.9 4.68 15 `` The Wrath of Savitar '' March 7 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.52 0.7 1.71 1.6 4.23 16 `` Into the Speed Force '' March 14 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.39 0.7 1.70 1.6 4.10 17 `` Duet '' March 21 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.71 0.8 1.88 1.8 4.59 18 `` Abra Kadabra '' March 28 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.39 0.7 1.67 1.6 4.06 19 `` The Once and Future Flash '' April 25 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.67 0.9 1.90 1.9 4.57 20 `` I Know Who You Are '' May 2 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.69 0.8 1.77 1.8 4.46 21 `` Cause and Effect '' May 9 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.71 0.9 1.92 1.9 4.63 22 `` Infantino Street '' May 16 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.48 0.9 1.94 1.8 4.42 23 `` Finish Line '' May 23 , 2017 1.1 / 5 3.04 0.8 1.82 1.9 4.86 Home media Season DVD release dates Blu - ray release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region A Region B September 22 , 2015 September 21 , 2015 September 23 , 2015 September 22 , 2015 September 21 , 2015 September 6 , 2016 September 12 , 2016 September 7 , 2016 September 6 , 2016 September 12 , 2016 September 5 , 2017 September 11 , 2017 September 5 , 2017 September 11 , 2017 References Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' The 100 ' and even ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' renewed : All 11 CW series picked up for 2016 -- 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The CW fall TV 2016 premiere dates : ' The Flash ' and ' No Tomorrow ' kick off October rollout '' . June 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` 2014 - 15 Full TV Season Ratings : Rankings For All Shows '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 - 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Tuesday , October 7 Final Ratings : ' Selfie ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Forever ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E. LD . ' , ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2014 . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2014 . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' MasterChef Junior ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' MasterChef Jr . ' & ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Marry Me ' , ' The Mindy Project ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Flash ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' Person of Interest ' & ' About a Boy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2015 . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' , & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Forever ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up '' . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Fresh Off The Boat ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Undateable ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' One Big Happy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The Flash ' or ' Person of Interest ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Muppets ' , ' NCIS ' and ' Scream Queens ' Adjusted Up ; ' Flash ' and ' iZombie ' Hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2015 . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjusted up , ' Chicago Fire ' holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Limitless ' adjusted up , ' Chicago Fire ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' The Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjust up , ' Wicked City ' stays under 1.0 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat ' and ' Best Time Ever ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' adjusts down , ' NCIS ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjust up , ' Chicago Med ' premiere holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Muppets ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Muppets , ' ' iZombie , ' ' NCIS : New Orleans ' and ' Grinder ' all adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Hollywood Game Night ' and ' iZombie ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2016 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Agent Carter ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' Containment ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Containment ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust up , ' The Real O'Neals ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' NCIS : New Orleans ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2016 . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Chicago Fire ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' The Flash ' and ' The Real O'Neals ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Flash ' and ABC comedies adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up , ' Chicago Fire ' , ' SHIELD ' and ' Real O'Neals ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , final World Series numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' Chicago Fire ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' adjusts up , all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , everything else holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' American Housewife ' adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Wall ' adjusts up , ' Bones ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' , ' The Wall ' , ' This Is Us ' , FOX comedies all adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' Real O'Neals ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finishes with season highs : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' adjusts up and avoids new series low , ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mick ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjust up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up , ' Prison Break ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' finale and ' Bull ' adjust up , ' The Middle ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice ' , ' Flash ' , ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 410 ) `` The Trial of The Flash '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Premiere Sets CW Record in Final DVR Ratings '' . Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Elementary ' , ' Parnethood ' & ' The Originals ' Top Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 6 Ending November 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` ( Updated ) ' Criminal Minds ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Grimm ' , ' Elementary ' & ' Revenge ' Top Percentage Gains & ' NCIS ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 10 Ending November 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Constantine ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 11 Ending December 7 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Elementary ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 12 Ending December 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Increase , ' Revenge ' Leads Percentage Gainers & ' Elementary ' Tops Viewership Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending January 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Increase , ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gainer in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending February 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Glee ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 20 Ending February 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2015 . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 22 Ending February 22 -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 26 Ending March 22 '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com. April 6 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' Forever ' Tops Percentage Increases & ' The Blacklist ' Wins Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 27 Ending March 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage & Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 28 Ending April 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Reign ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 30 Ending April 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' The Blacklist ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 31 Ending April 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Modern Family ' Tie for Adults 18 -- 49 Growth , ' The Messengers ' Leads Percentage Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Increase in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 32 Ending May 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 32 Ending May 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' Wayward Pines ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 33 Ending May 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' Wayward Pines ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 35 Ending May 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 3 : ' Quantico ' more than doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' score biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 4 : ' Jane the Virgin ' premiere doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' top charts for Oct. 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 5 : ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' have biggest toal gains , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Blindspot ' top week 6 , ' Quantico ' doubles in 18 -- 49 and viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 7 : ' Elementary ' is still a strong DVR show '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 8 : ' Empire ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' top charts for Nov. 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 9 : ' Big Bang Theory ' makes the biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 11 : ' Empire ' fall finale on top , ' Vampire Diaries ' leads percentage gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gets biggest bump of the season in week 12 , 5 shows double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2015 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' , 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' lead for April 18 -- 24 , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 - May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Blindspot ' leads for May 23 -- 29 as summer slowdown begins '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' and ' Quantico ' double in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday Final Nationals : Trump Address Registers Nearly One - Tenth Less Audience Than Obama 's in 2009 '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday Final Nationals : ' Great News ' Debuts On - Par with ' Trial & Error ' Launch on NBC '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash : Season 1 '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash -- Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` The Flash -- Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash -- Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2015 ) '' . amazon.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash on DVD '' . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash : Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flash , The - Season 2 '' . JB HiFi . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash - Warner Press Release Announces ' The Complete 3rd Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . External links Official website List of The Flash episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine Other Arrowverse cast members Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! '' `` Crisis on Earth - X '' Constantine Supergirl `` Worlds Finest '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Flash_episodes&oldid=816573119 '' Categories : The Flash ( 2014 TV series ) episodes Lists of American action - adventure television series episodes Lists of American crime television series episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Lists of DC Comics television series episodes Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Magyar Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 06 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20The%20Flash%20episodes

the taj mahal was built with influence from what two cultures

Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal

origins and architecture of the taj mahal

The ' Taj Mahal ' represents the finest and most sophisticated example of Mughal architecture . Its origins lie in the moving circumstances of its commission and the culture and history of an Islamic Mughal empire 's rule of large parts of India . The distraught Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned the mausoleum upon the death of his favorite wife Mumtaz Mahal .

Today it is one of the most famous and recognizable buildings in the world and while the large , domed marble mausoleum is the most familiar part of the monument , the Taj Mahal is an extensive complex of buildings and gardens that extends over 22.44 hectares ( 55.5 acres ) and includes subsidiary tombs , waterworks infrastructure , the small town of ' Taj Ganji ' to the south and a ' moonlight garden ' to the north of the river . Construction of Taj Mahal began in 1632 AD , ( 1041 AH ) , on the south bank of the River Yamuna in Agra , and was substantially complete by 1648 AD ( 1058 AH ) . The design was conceived as both an earthly replica of the house of Mumtaz Mahal in paradise and an instrument of propaganda for the emperor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mumtaz and Shah Jahan 2 Site 2.1 16th -- 17th century Agra 2.2 Interactive plan 3 Precedents 3.1 Mughal tombs 3.2 Paradise gardens 3.3 Mausolea 3.4 Minarets 4 Concepts , symbolism and interpretations 4.1 Symmetry and hierarchy 4.2 Throne of God 4.3 Symbol of love 5 Construction and interment 5.1 Foundations 5.2 Dating 5.3 Materials 5.4 Cost 6 Architects and craftsmen 6.1 Calligraphy and decoration 7 Dimensional organisation 8 Components of the complex 8.1 Mausoleum ( Rauza - i munauwara ) 8.2 Riverfront terrace ( Chameli Farsh ) 8.3 Garden ( Charbagh ) 8.4 Great gate ( Darwaza - i rauza ) 8.5 Forecourt ( Jilaukhana ) 8.6 Bazaar and caravanserai ( Taj Ganji ) 8.7 Perimeter walls and ancillary buildings 8.8 Waterworks 8.9 Moonlight garden ( Mahtab Bagh ) 9 References 9.1 Footnotes 9.2 Citations 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Mumtaz and Shah Jahan ( edit ) In 1607 ( AH 1025 ) the Mughal Prince Khurrum ( later to become Shah Jahan ) was betrothed to Arjumand Banu Begum , the grand daughter of a Persian noble . She would become the unquestioned love of his life . They were married five years later in 1612 . After their wedding celebrations , Khurram `` finding her in appearance and character elect among all the women of the time , '' gave her the title Mumtaz Mahal ( Jewel of the Palace ) . The intervening years had seen Khurrum take two other wives known as Akbarabadi Mahal and Kandahari Mahal , but according to the official court chronicler Qazwini , the relationship with his other wives `` had little more than the status of marriage . The intimacy , deep affection , attention and favour which His Majesty had for the Cradle of Excellence ( Mumtaz ) lacked by a thousand times what he felt for any other . '' The epitome of chaste Muslim love - Majnun , going mad in the wilderness Mumtaz died in Burhanpur on 17 June 1631 , after complications with the birth of their fourteenth child , a daughter named Gauhara Begum . She had been accompanying her husband whilst he was fighting a campaign in the Deccan Plateau . Her body was temporarily buried in a garden called Zainabad on the banks of the Tapti River in Burhanpur . The contemporary court chroniclers paid an unusual amount of attention to this event and Shah Jahan 's grief at her demise . Immediately after hearing the news the emperor was reportedly inconsolable . He was not seen for a week at court and considered abdicating and living his life as a religious recluse . The court historian Muhammad Amin Qazwini , wrote that before his wife 's death the emperor 's beard had `` not more than ten or twelve grey hairs , which he used to pluck out ' , turned grey and eventually white '' and that he soon needed spectacles because his eyes deteriorated from constant weeping . Since Mumtaz had died on Wednesday , all entertainments were banned on that day . Jahan gave up listening to music , wearing jewelry , sumptuous clothes or perfumes for two years . So concerned were the imperial family that an honorary uncle wrote to say that `` if he continued to abandon himself to his mourning , Mumtaz might think of giving up the joys of Paradise to come back to earth , this place of misery -- and he should also consider the children she had left to his care . '' The Austrian scholar Ebba Koch compares Shah Jahan to `` Majnun , the ultimate lover of Muslim lore , who flees into the desert to pine for his unattainable Layla . '' Jahan 's eldest daughter , the devoted Jahanara Begum Sahib , gradually brought him out of grief and fulfilled the functions of Mumtaz at court . Immediately after the burial in Burhanpur , Jahan and the imperial court turned their attentions to the planning and design of the mausoleum and funerary garden in Agra . Site ( edit ) 16th -- 17th century Agra ( edit ) The first Mughal garden was created in 1526 in Agra by Babur , the founder of the dynasty . Thereafter , gardens became important Mughal symbols of power , supplanting the emphasis of pre-Mughal power symbols such as forts . The shift represented the introduction of a new ordered aesthetic -- an artistic expression with religious and funerary aspects and as a metaphor for Babur 's ability to control the arid Indian plains and hence the country at large . Babur rejected much of the indigenous and Lodhi architecture on the opposite bank and attempted to create new works inspired by Persian gardens and royal encampments . The first of these gardens , Ram Bagh , was followed by an extensive , regular and integrated complex of gardens and palaces stretching for more than a kilometre along the river . A high continuous stone plinth bounded the transition between gardens and river and established the framework for future development in the city . In the following century , a thriving riverfront garden city developed on both banks of the Yamuna . This included the rebuilding of Agra Fort by Akbar , which was completed in 1573 . By the time Jahan ascended to the throne , Agra 's population had grown to approximately 700,000 and was , as Abdul Aziz wrote , `` a wonder of the age -- as much a centre of the arteries of trade both by land and water as a meeting - place of saints , sages and scholars from all Asia ... a veritable lodestar for artistic workmanship , literary talent and spiritual worth '' . Agra became a city centered on its waterfront and developed partly eastwards but mostly westwards from the rich estates that lined the banks . The prime sites remained those that had access to the river and the Taj Mahal was built in this context , but uniquely ; as a related complex on both banks of the river . Interactive plan ( edit ) Click image to navigate The Taj Mahal complex can be conveniently divided into 5 sections : 1 . The ' moonlight garden ' to the north of the river Yamuna . 2 . The riverfront terrace , containing the Mausoleum , Mosque and Jawab . 3 . The Charbagh garden containing pavilions . 4 . The jilaukhana containing accommodation for the tomb attendants and two subsidiary tombs . 5 . The Taj Ganji , originally a bazaar and caravanserai only traces of which are still preserved . The great gate lies between the jilaukhana and the garden . Levels gradually descend in steps from the Taj Ganji towards the river . Contemporary descriptions of the complex list the elements in order from the river terrace towards the Taj Ganji . Precedents ( edit ) Mughal tombs ( edit ) The simple Tomb of Babur in Kabul , Afghanistan , open to the sky . The erection of Mughal tombs to honour the dead was the subject of a theological debate conducted in part , through built architecture over several centuries . For the majority of Muslims , the spiritual power ( barakat ) of visiting the resting places ( ziyarat ) of those venerated in Islam , was a force by which greater personal sanctity could be achieved . However , orthodox Islam found tombs problematic because a number of Hadith forbade their construction . As a culture also attempting to accommodate , assimilate and subjugate the majority Hindu populace , opposition also came from local traditions which believed dead bodies and the structures over them were impure . For many Muslims at the time of the Taj 's construction , tombs could be considered legitimate providing they did not strive for pomp and were seen as a means to provide a reflection of paradise ( Jannah ) here on earth . The ebb and flow of this debate can be seen in the Mughul 's dynastic mausoleums stretching back to that of their ancestor Timur . Built in 1403 AD ( 810 AH ) Timur is buried in the Gur - e Amir in Samarkand , under a fluted dome . The tomb employs a traditional Persian iwan as an entrance . The 1528 AD ( 935 AH ) Tomb of Babur in Kabul is much more modest in comparison , with a simple cenotaph exposed to the sky , laid out in the centre of a walled garden . Humayun 's tomb surmounted by a dome Humayun 's tomb commissioned in 1562 AD , was one of the most direct influences on the Taj Mahal 's design and was a response to the Gur - e Amir , borrowing a central dome , geometric symmetrical planning and iwan entrances , but incorporating the more specifically Indian Mughal devices of chhatris , red sandstone face work , and a ' Paradise garden ' ( Charbagh ) . Akbar 's tomb c. 1600 at Sikandra , Agra , retains many of the elements of Humayan 's tomb but possesses no dome and reverts to a cenotaph open to the sky . A theme which was carried forward in the Itmad - Ud - Daulah 's Tomb also at Agra , built between 1622 and 1628 , commissioned by his daughter Nur Jahan . The Tomb of Jahangir at Shahdara ( Lahore ) , begun in 1628 AD ( 1037 AH ) , only 4 years before the construction of the Taj and again without a dome , takes the form of a simple plinth with a minaret at each corner . Paradise gardens ( edit ) The large charbagh ( a form of Persian garden divided into four parts ) provides the foreground for the classic view of the Taj Mahal , UNESCO World Heritage Site The concept of the paradise garden ( charbagh ) was brought from Persia by the Mughals as a form of Timurid garden . They were the first architectural expression the new empire made in the Indian sub-continent , and fulfilled diverse functions with strong symbolic meanings . The symbolism of these gardens is derived from mystic Islamic texts describing paradise as a garden filled with abundant trees , flowers and plants , with water playing a key role : In Paradise four rivers source at a central spring or mountain . In their ideal form they were laid out as a square subdivided into four equal parts . These rivers are often represented in the charbagh as shallow canals which separate the garden by flowing towards the cardinal points . The canals represent the promise of water , milk , wine and honey . The centre of the garden , at the intersection of the divisions is highly symbolically charged and is where , in the ideal form , a pavilion , pool or tomb would be situated . The tombs of Humayun , Akbar and Jahangir , the previous Mughal emperors , follow this pattern . The cross axial garden also finds independent precedents within South Asia dating from the 5th century where the royal gardens of Sigiriya in Sri Lanka were laid out in a similar way . For the tomb of Jahan 's late wife though , where the mausoleum is sited at the edge of the garden , there is a debate amongst scholars regarding why the traditional charbagh form has not been used . Ebba Koch suggests a variant of the charbagh was employed ; that of the more secular waterfront garden found in Agra , adapted for a religious purpose . Such gardens were developed by the Mughuls for the specific conditions of the Indian plains where slow flowing rivers provide the water source , the water is raised from the river by animal driven devices known as purs and stored in cisterns . A linear terrace is set close to the riverbank with low - level rooms set below the main building opening on to the river . Both ends of the terrace were emphasised with towers . This form was brought to Agra by Babur and by the time of Shah Jahan , gardens of this type , as well as the more traditional charbagh , lined both sides of the Jumna river . The riverside terrace was designed to enhance the views of Agra for the imperial elite who would travel in and around the city by river . Other scholars suggest another explanation for the eccentric siting of the mausoleum . If the Midnight Garden to the north of the river Jumna is considered an integral part of the complex , then the mausoleum can be interpreted as being in the centre of a garden divided by a real river and thus can be considered more in the tradition of the pure charbagh . Mausolea ( edit ) Tomb of Jahangir with minarets The favoured form of both Mughal garden pavilions and mausolea ( seen as a funerary form of pavilion ) was the hasht bihisht which translates from Persian as ' eight paradises ' . These were a square or rectangular planned buildings with a central domed chamber surrounded by eight elements . Later developments of the hasht bihisht divided the square at 45 degree angles to create a more radial plan which often also includes chamfered corners ; examples of which can be found in Todar Mal 's Baradari at Fatehpur Sikri and Humayun 's Tomb . Each element of the plan is reflected in the elevations with iwans and with the corner rooms expressed through smaller arched niches . Often such structures are topped with chhatris ( small pillared pavilions ) at each corner . The eight divisions and frequent octagonal forms of such structures represent the eight levels of paradise for Muslims . The paradigm however was not confined solely to Islamic antecedents . The Chinese magic square was employed for numerous purposes including crop rotation and also finds a Muslim expression in the wafq of their mathematicians . Ninefold schemes find particular resonance in the Indian mandalas , the cosmic maps of Hinduism and Buddhism . In addition to Humayun 's tomb , the more closely contemporary Tomb of Itmad - Ud - Daulah marked a new era of Mughal architecture . It was built by the empress Nur Jehan for her father from 1622 -- 1625 AD ( 1031 -- 1034 AH ) and is small in comparison to many other Mughal - era tombs . So exquisite is the execution of its surface treatments , it is often described as a jewel box . The garden layout , hierarchical use of white marble and sandstone , Parchin kari inlay designs and latticework presage many elements of the Taj Mahal . The cenotaph of Nur Jehan 's father is laid , off centre , to the west of her mother . This break in symmetry was repeated in the Taj where Mumtaz was interred in the geometric centre of the complex and Jahan is laid to her side . These close similarities with the tomb of Mumtaz have earned it the sobriquet - The Baby Taj . Minarets ( edit ) Minarets did not become a common feature of Mughal architecture until the 17th century , particularly under the patronage of Shah Jahan . A few precedents exist in the 20 years before the construction of the Taj in the Tomb of Akbar and the Tomb of Jahangir . Their increasing use was influenced by developments elsewhere in the Islamic world , particularly in Ottoman and Timurid architecture and is seen as suggestive of an increasing religious orthodoxy of the Mughal dynasty . Concepts , symbolism and interpretations ( edit ) The mausoleum at sunset . Light as a Mughal metaphor for God . Under the reign of Shah Jahan , the symbolic content of Mughal architecture reached a peak . The Taj Mahal complex was conceived as a replica on earth of the house of the departed in paradise ( inspired by a verse by the imperial goldsmith and poet Bibadal Khan . This theme , common in most Mughal funerary architecture , permeates the entire complex and informs the detailed design of all the elements . A number of secondary principles also inform the design , of which hierarchy is the most dominant . A deliberate interplay is established between the building 's elements , its surface decoration , materials , geometric planning and its acoustics . This interplay extends from what can be experienced directly with the senses , into religious , intellectual , mathematical and poetic ideas . The constantly changing sunlight reflected from the Taj 's translucent marble is not a happy accident , it had a deliberate metaphoric role associated with the presence of god as light . Symmetry and hierarchy ( edit ) Symmetry and geometric planning played an important role in ordering the complex and reflected a trend towards formal systematisation that was apparent in all of the arts emanating from Jahan 's imperial patronage . Bilateral symmetry expressed simultaneous ideas of pairing , counterparts and integration , reflecting intellectual and spiritual notions of universal harmony . A complex set of implied grids based on the Mughul Gaz unit of measurement provided a flexible means of bringing proportional order to all the elements of the Taj Mahal . Hierarchical ordering of architecture is commonly used to emphasise particular elements of a design and to create drama . In the Taj Mahal , the hierarchical use of red sandstone and white marble contributes manifold symbolic significance . The Mughals were elaborating on a concept which traced its roots to earlier Hindu practices , set out in the Vishnudharmottara Purana , which recommended white stone for buildings for the Brahmins ( priestly caste ) and red stone for members of the Kshatriyas ( warrior caste ) . By building structures that employed such colour - coding , the Mughals identified themselves with the two leading classes of Indian social structure and thus defined themselves as rulers in Indian terms . Red sandstone also had significance in the Persian origins of the Mughal empire where red was the exclusive colour of imperial tents . In the Taj Mahal the relative importance of each building in the complex is denoted by the amount of white marble ( or sometimes white polished plaster ) that is used . The use of naturalist ornament demonstrates a similar hierarchy . Wholly absent from the more lowly jilaukhana and caravanserai areas , it can be found with increasing frequency as the processional route approaches the climactic Mausoleum . Its symbolism is multifaceted , on the one hand evoking a more perfect , stylised and permanent garden of paradise than could be found growing in the earthly garden ; on the other , an instrument of propaganda for Jahan 's chroniclers who portrayed him as an ' erect cypress of the garden of the caliphate ' and frequently used plant metaphors to praise his good governance , person , family and court . Plant metaphors also find common cause with Hindu traditions where such symbols as the ' vase of plenty ' ( Kalasha ) can be found . Sound was also used to express ideas of paradise . The interior of the mausoleum has a reverberation time ( the time taken from when a noise is made until all of its echoes have died away ) of 28 seconds . This provided an atmosphere where the words of those employed to continually recite the Qu'ran ( the Hafiz ) , in tribute and prayer for the soul of Mumtaz , would linger in the air . Throne of God ( edit ) Diagram of `` Plain of Assembly '' ( Ard al - Hashr ) on the Day of Judgment , from autograph manuscript of Futuhat al - Makkiyya by Sufi mystic and philosopher Ibn Arabi , ca . 1238 . Wayne E. Begley put forward an interpretation in 1979 that exploits the Islamic idea that the ' Garden of paradise ' is also the location of the Throne of God on the Day of Judgement . In his reading the Taj Mahal is seen as a monument where Shah Jahan has appropriated the authority of the ' throne of god ' symbolism for the glorification of his own reign . Koch disagrees , finding this an overly elaborate explanation and pointing out that the ' Throne ' verse from the Qu'ran ( sura 2 , verse 255 ) is missing from the calligraphic inscriptions . In 1996 Begley stated that it is likely that the diagram of `` Plain of Assembly '' ( Ard al - Hashr ) on the Day of Judgment by Sufi mystic and philosopher Ibn Arabi ( ca . 1238 ) was a source of inspiration for the layout of the Taj Mahal garden . Ibn Arabi was held in high regard at the time and many copies of the Futuhat al - Makkiyya , that contains the diagram , were available in India . The diagram shows the ' Arsh ( Throne of God ; the circle with the eight pointed star ) , pulpits for the righteous ( al - Aminun ) , seven rows of angels , Gabriel ( al - Ruh ) , A'raf ( the Barrier ) , the Hauzu'l - Kausar ( Fountain of Abundance ; the semi-circle in the center ) , al - Maqam al - Mahmud ( the Praiseworthy Station ; where the prophet Muhammad will stand to intercede for the faithful ) , Mizan ( the Scale ) , As - Sirāt ( the Bridge ) , Jahannam ( Hell ) and Marj al - Jannat ( Meadow of Paradise ) . The general proportions and the placement of the Throne , the pulpits and the Kausar Fountain show striking similarities with the Taj Mahal and its garden . Symbol of love ( edit ) The popular view of the Taj Mahal as one of the world 's monuments to a great `` love story '' is borne out by the contemporary accounts and most scholars accept this has a strong basis in fact . The building was also used to assert Jahani propaganda concerning the ' perfection ' of the Mughal leadership . The extent to which the Taj uses propaganda is the subject of some debate amongst contemporary scholars . This period of Mughal architecture best exemplifies the maturity of a style that had synthesised Islamic architecture with its indigenous counterparts . By the time the Mughals built the Taj , though proud of their Persian and Timurid roots , they had come to see themselves as Indian . Copplestone writes `` Although it is certainly a native Indian production , its architectural success rests on its fundamentally Persian sense of intelligible and undisturbed proportions , applied to clean uncomplicated surfaces . '' Construction and interment ( edit ) Agra Burhanpur Makrana Sri Lanka Tibet Afghanistan Punjab Location of the Taj Mahal at Agra , Burhanpur where Mumtaz died and the locations where some of the building materials were sourced A site was chosen on the banks of the Yamuna River on the southern edge of Agra and purchased from Raja Jai Singh in exchange for four mansions in the city . The site , `` from the point of view of loftiness and pleasantness appeared to be worthy of the burial of that one who dwells in paradise '' . In January 1632 AD ( 1041 AH ) , Mumtaz 's body was moved with great ceremony from Burhanpur to Agra while food , drink and coins were distributed amongst the poor and deserving along the way . Work had already begun on the foundations of the river terrace when the body arrived . A small domed building was erected over her body , thought to have been sited , and now marked , by an enclosure in the western garden near the riverfront terrace . Foundations ( edit ) The foundations represented the biggest technical challenge to be overcome by the Mughal builders . In order to support the considerable load resulting from the mausoleum , the sands of the riverbank needed to be stabilised . To this end , wells were sunk and then cased in timber and finally filled with rubble , iron and mortar -- essentially acting as augured piles . After construction of the terrace was completed , work began simultaneously on the rest of the complex . Trees were planted almost immediately to allow them to mature as work progressed . Dating ( edit ) The initial stages of the build were noted by Shah Jahan 's chroniclers in their description of the first two anniversary celebrations in honour of Mumtaz -- known as the ' Urs . The first , held on the 22 June 1632 AD ( 1041 AH ) , was a tented affair open to all ranks of society and held in the location of what is now the entrance courtyard ( jilaukhana ) . Alms were distributed and prayers recited . By the second Urs , held on 26 May 1633 AD ( 1042 AH ) , Mumtaz Mahal had been interred in her final resting place , the riverside terrace was finished ; as was the plinth of the mausoleum and the tahkhana , a galleried suite of rooms opening to the river and under the terrace . It was used by the imperial retinue for the celebrations . Peter Mundy , an employee of the British East India company and a western eye witness , noted the ongoing construction of the caravanserais and bazaars and that `` There is alreadye ( sic ) about Her Tombe a raile ( sic ) of gold '' . To deter theft it was replaced in 1643 AD ( 1053 AH ) with an inlaid marble jali . After the second Urs further dating of the progress can be made from several signatures left by the calligrapher Amanat Khan . The signed frame of the south arch of the domed hall of the mausoleum indicates it was reaching completion in 1638 / 39 AD ( 1048 / 1049 AH ) . In 1643 AD ( 1053 AH ) the official sources documenting the twelfth Urs give a detailed description of a substantially completed complex . Decorative work apparently continued until 1648 AD ( 1058 AH ) when Amanat Khan dated the north arch of the great gate with the inscription `` Finished with His help , the Most High '' . Materials ( edit ) The Taj Mahal was constructed using materials from all over India and Asia . The buildings are constructed with walls of brick and rubble inner cores faced with either marble or sandstone locked together with iron dowels and clamps . Some of the walls of the mausoleum are several metres thick . Over 1,000 elephants were used to transport the building materials during the construction . The bricks were fired locally and the sandstone was quarried 28 miles ( 45 km ) away near Fatehpur Sikri . The white marble was brought 250 miles ( 400 km ) from quarries belonging to Raja Jai Singh in Makrana , Rajasthan . The Jasper was sourced from the Punjab and the Jade and crystal from China . The turquoise was from Tibet and the Lapis lazuli from Afghanistan , while the sapphire came from Sri Lanka and the carnelian from Arabia . In all , 28 types of precious and semi-precious stones were inlaid into the white marble . Jean - Baptiste Tavernier records that the scaffolding and centering for the arches was constructed entirely in brick . Legend says that the emperor offered these scaffolding bricks to anyone who would remove them and that at the end of the construction they were removed within a week . Modern scholars dispute this and consider it much more likely that the scaffolding was made of bamboo and materials were elevated by means of timber ramps . Cost ( edit ) Initial estimates for the cost of the works of 4,000,000 rupees had risen to 5,000,000 by completion . A waqf ( trust ) was established for the perpetual upkeep of the mausoleum with an income of 300,000 Rupees . One third of this income came from 30 villages in the district of Agra while the remainder came from taxes generated as a result of trade from the bazaars and caravanserais which had been built at an early stage to the south of the complex . Any surplus would be distributed by the emperor as he saw fit . As well as paying for routine maintenance , the waqf financed the expenses for the tomb attendants and the Hafiz , the Quran reciters who would sit day and night in the mausoleum and perform funerary services praying for the eternal soul of Mumtaz Mahal . Architects and craftsmen ( edit ) We do not know precisely who designed the Taj Mahal today . In the Islamic world at the time , the credit for a building 's design was usually given to its patron rather than its architects . From the evidence of contemporary sources , it is clear that a team of architects were responsible for the design and supervision of the works , but they are mentioned infrequently . Shah Jahan 's court histories emphasise his personal involvement in the construction and it is true that , more than any other Mughal emperor , he showed the greatest interest in building , holding daily meetings with his architects and supervisors . The court chronicler Lahouri , writes that Jahan would make `` appropriate alterations to whatever the skilful architects designed after many thoughts , and asked competent questions . '' Two architects are mentioned by name , Ustad Ahmad Lahauri and Mir Abd - ul Karim in writings by Lahauri 's son Lutfullah Muhandis . Ustad Ahmad Lahauri had laid the foundations of the Red Fort at Delhi . Mir Abd - ul Karim had been the favourite architect of the previous emperor Jahangir and is mentioned as a supervisor , together with Makramat Khan , of the construction of the Taj Mahal . Expand and add craftsmen Bebadal Khan , the poet and goldsmith Hindu craftsmen Calligraphy and decoration ( edit ) In the complex , passages from the Qur'an are used as decorative elements . Recent scholarship suggests that the passages were chosen by a Persian calligrapher Abd ul - Haq , who came to India from Shiraz , Iran , in 1609 . As a reward for his `` dazzling virtuosity '' , Shah Jahan gave him the title of `` Amanat Khan '' . This is supported by an inscription near the lines from the Qur'an at the base of the interior dome that reads `` Written by the insignificant being , Amanat Khan Shirazi . '' Passages from the Qur'an referring to themes of judgment : Surah 36 -- Ya Sin Surah 39 -- Az - Zumar The Crowds Surah 48 -- Al - Fath Victory Surah 67 -- Al - Mulk Dominion Surah 77 -- Al - Mursalat Those Sent Forth Surah 81 -- At - Takwir The Folding Up Surah 82 -- Al - Infitar The Cleaving Asunder Surah 84 -- Al - Inshiqaq The Rending Asunder Surah 89 -- Al - Fajr Daybreak Surah 91 -- Ash - Shams The Sun Surah 93 -- Ad - Dhuha Morning Light Surah 94 -- Al - Inshirah The Solace Surah 95 -- At - Teen The Fig Surah 98 -- Al - Bayyinah The Evidence Surah 112 -- Al - Ikhlas The Purity of Faith The calligraphy on the Great Gate reads `` O Soul , thou art at rest . Return to the Lord at peace with Him , and He at peace with you . '' Much of the calligraphy is composed of florid thuluth script , made of jasper or black marble , inlaid in white marble panels . Higher panels are written in slightly larger script to reduce the skewing effect when viewed from below . The calligraphy found on the marble cenotaphs in the tomb is particularly detailed and delicate . Abstract forms are used throughout , especially in the plinth , minarets , gateway , mosque , jawab and to a lesser extent , on the surfaces of the tomb . The domes and vaults of the sandstone buildings are worked with tracery of incised painting to create elaborate geometric forms . Herringbone inlays define the space between many of the adjoining elements . White inlays are used in sandstone buildings , and dark or black inlays on the white marbles . Mortared areas of the marble buildings have been stained or painted in a contrasting colour , creating geometric patterns of considerable complexity . Floors and walkways use contrasting tiles or blocks in tessellation patterns . On the lower walls of the tomb there are white marble dados that have been sculpted with realistic bas relief depictions of flowers and vines . The marble has been polished to emphasise the exquisite detailing of the carvings and the dado frames and archway spandrels have been decorated with pietra dura inlays of highly stylised , almost geometric vines , flowers and fruits . The inlay stones are of yellow marble , jasper and jade , polished and leveled to the surface of the walls . Dimensional Organisation ( edit ) The Taj complex is ordered by grids . The complex was originally surveyed by J.A. Hodgson in 1825 , however the first detailed scholastic examination of how the various elements of the Taj might fit into a coordinating grid was not carried out until 1989 by Begley and Desai . Numerous 17th - century accounts detail the precise measurements of the complex in terms of the gaz or zira , the Mughal linear yard , equivalent to approximately 80 -- 92 cm . Begley and Desai concluded a 400 - gaz grid was used and then subdivided and that the various discrepancies they discovered were due to errors in the contemporary descriptions . Research and measurement by Koch and Richard André Barraud in 2006 suggested a more complex method of ordering that relates better to the 17th century records . Whereas Begley and Desai had used a simple fixed grid on which the buildings are superimposed , Koch and Barraud found the layout 's proportions were better explained by the use of a generated grid system in which specific lengths may be divided in a number of ways such as halving , dividing by three or using decimal systems . They suggest the 374 - gaz width of the complex given by the contemporary historians was correct and the Taj is planned as a tripartite rectangle of three 374 - gaz squares . Different modular divisions are then used to proportion the rest of the complex . A 17 - gaz module is used in the jilaukhana , bazaar and caravanserais areas whereas a more detailed 23 - gaz module is used in the garden and terrace areas ( since their width is 368 gaz , a multiple of 23 ) . The buildings were in turn proportioned using yet smaller grids superimposed on the larger organisational ones . The smaller grids were also used to establish elevational proportion throughout the complex . Koch and Barraud explain such apparently peculiar numbers as making more sense when seen as part of Mughal geometric understanding . Octagons and triangles , which feature extensively in the Taj , have particular properties in terms of the relationships of their sides . A right - angled triangle with two sides of 12 will have a hypotenuse of approximately 17 ( 16.97 + ) ; similarly if it has two sides of 17 its hypotenuse will be approximately 24 ( 24.04 + ) . An octagon with a width of 17 will have sides of approximately 7 ( 7.04 + ) , which is the basic grid upon which the mausoleum , mosque and Mihman Khana are planned . Discrepancies remain in Koch and Barraud 's work which they attribute to numbers being rounded fractions , inaccuracies of reporting from third persons and errors in workmanship ( most notable in the caravanserais areas further from the tomb itself ) . Element Metres Gaz length / width / diameter breadth / depth / side height length / width / diameter breadth / depth / side height Overall complex 896.1 300.84 1112.5 374 Overall preserved complex 561.2 300.84 696 374 Taj Ganji 334.9 300.84 416.5 374 Jilaukhana 165.1 - 165.23 123.51 204 153 Great gate 41.2 34 23.07 51 42 28.5 Charbagh 296.31 296.31 368 368 Riverfront terrace 300 111.89 8.7 373 138 Mausoleum 56.9 56.9 67.97 70 70 84 Minaret 5.65 43.02 7 53.5 Mosque 56.6 23.38 20.3 70 29 25 - 29 All dimensions from Koch , p. 258 - 259 credited to Richard André Barraud A 2009 paper by Prof R. Balasubramaniam of the Indian Institute of Technology found Barraud 's explanation of the dimensional errors and the transition between the 23 and 17 gaz grid at the great gate unconvincing . Balasubramaniam conducted dimensional analysis of the complex based on Barraud 's surveys . He concluded that the Taj was constructed using the ancient Aṅgula as the basic unit rather than the Mughal ' gaz ' , noted in the contemporary accounts . The Aṅgula , which equates to 1.763 cm and the Vistasti ( 12 Angulams ) were first mentioned in the Arthashastra in c. 300 BC and may have been derived from the earlier Indus Valley Civilisation . In this analysis the forecourt and caravanserai areas were set out with a 60 Vistasti grid , and the riverfront and garden sections with a 90 - vistari grid . The transition between the grids is more easily accommodated , 90 being easily divisible by 60 . The research suggests that older , pre-Mughal methods of proportion were employed as ordering principles in the Taj . Components of the complex ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mausoleum ( rauza - i munauwara ) ( edit ) Base , dome , and minaret The focus and climax of the Taj Mahal complex is the symmetrical white marble tomb ; a cubic building with chamfered corners , with arched recesses known as pishtaqs . It is topped by a large dome and several pillared , roofed chhatris . In plan , it has a near perfect symmetry about 4 axes . It comprises 4 floors ; the lower basement storey containing the tombs of Jahan and Mumtaz , the entrance storey containing identical cenotaphs of the tombs below in a much more elaborate chamber , an ambulatory storey and a roof terrace . Elevations The mausoleum is cubic with chamfered edges . On the long sides , a massive pishtaq , or vaulted archway frames an arch - shaped doorway , with a similar arch - shaped balcony above . These main arches extend above the roof the building by use of an integrated facade . To either side of the main arch , additional pishtaqs are stacked above and below . This motif of stacked pishtaqs is replicated on the chamfered corner areas . The design is completely uniform and consistent on all sides of the building . Dome The marble dome that surmounts the tomb is its most spectacular feature . Its height is about the same size as the base building , about 35 m . Its height is accentuated because it sits on a cylindrical `` drum '' about 7 metres high . Because of its shape , the dome is often called an onion dome ( also called an amrud or apple dome ) . The dome is topped by a gilded finial , which mixes traditional Islamic and Hindu decorative elements . The dome shape is emphasised by four smaller domed chhatris placed at its corners . The chhatri domes replicate the onion shape of main dome . Their columned bases open through the roof of the tomb , and provide light to the interior . The chhatris also are topped by gilded finials . Tall decorative spires ( guldastas ) extend from the edges of the base walls , and provide visual emphasis of the dome height . Lower chamber Cenotaphs in Lower chamber Muslim tradition forbids elaborate decoration of graves , so the bodies of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan are laid in a relatively plain , marble faced chamber , beneath the main chamber of the Taj . They are buried in graves on a north - south axis , with faces turned right ( west ) toward Mecca . Two cenotaphs above mark the graves . Mumtaz 's cenotaph is placed at the precise center of the inner chamber . On a rectangular marble base about 1.5 by 2.5 metres is a smaller marble casket . Both base and casket are elaborately inlaid with precious and semiprecious gems . Calligraphic inscriptions on top of the casket recite verses from the Koran and on the sides express the Ninety - Nine beautiful names of Allah . Main chamber The inner chamber of the Taj Mahal contains the cenotaphs of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan . It is a masterpiece of artistic craftsmanship , virtually without precedent or equal . The inner chamber is an octagon . While the design allows for entry from each face , only the south ( garden facing ) door is used . The interior walls are about 25 metres high , topped by a `` false '' interior dome decorated with a sun motif . Eight pishtaq arches define the space at ground level . As is typical with the exterior , each lower pishtaq is crowned by a second pishtaq about midway up the wall . The four central upper arches form balconies or viewing areas ; each balcony 's exterior window has an intricate screen or jali cut from marble . In addition to the light from the balcony screens , light enters through roof openings covered by the chhatris at the corners of the exterior dome . Each of the chamber walls has been highly decorated with dado bas relief , intricate lapidary inlay , and refined calligraphy panels . The hierarchical ordering of the entire complex reaches its crescendo in the chamber . Mumtaz 's cenotaph sits at the geometric centre of the building ; Jahan was buried at a later date by her side to the west -- an arrangement seen in other Mughal tombs of the period such as Itmad - Ud - Daulah . Marble is used exclusively as the base material for increasingly dense , expensive and complex parchin kari floral decoration as one approaches the screen and cenotaphs which are inlaid with semi-precious stones . The use of such inlay work is often reserved in Shah Jahani architecture for spaces associated with the emperor or his immediate family . The ordering of this decoration simultaneously emphasises the cardinal points and the centre of the chamber with dissipating concentric octagons . Such hierarchies appear in both Muslim and Indian culture as important spiritual and atrological themes . The chamber is an abundant evocation of the garden of paradise with representations of flowers , plants and arabesques and the calligraphic inscriptions in both the thuluth and the less formal naskh script , Shah Jahan 's cenotaph is beside Mumtaz 's to the western side . It is the only asymmetric element in the entire complex . His cenotaph is bigger than his wife 's , but reflects the same elements : A larger casket on slightly taller base , again decorated with astonishing precision with lapidary and calligraphy which identifies Shah Jahan . On the lid of this casket is a sculpture of a small pen box . ( The pen box and writing tablet were traditional Mughal funerary icons decorating men 's and women 's caskets respectively . ) An octagonal marble screen or jali borders the cenotaphs and is made from eight marble panels . Each panel has been carved through with intricate piercework . The remaining surfaces have been inlaid with semiprecious stones in extremely delicate detail , forming twining vines , fruits and flowers . Riverfront terrace ( chameli farsh ) ( edit ) Plinth and terrace Tahkhana Riverfront terrace Towers Minarets At the corners of the plinth stand minarets : four large towers each more than 40 metres tall . The towers are designed as working minarets , a traditional element of mosques , a place for a muezzin to call the Islamic faithful to prayer . Each minaret is effectively divided into three equal parts by two balconies that ring the tower . At the top of the tower is a final balcony surmounted by a chhatri that echoes the design of those on the tomb . The minaret chhatris share the same finishing touches : a lotus design topped by a gilded finial . Each of the minarets was constructed slightly out of plumb to the outside of the plinth , so that in the event of collapse ( a typical occurrence with many such tall constructions of the period ) the structure would fall away from the tomb . Jawab and Mosque Mosque The mausoleum is flanked by two almost identical buildings on either side of the platform . To the west is the Mosque , to the east is Jawab . The Jawab , meaning ' answer ' balances the bilateral symmetry of the composition and was originally used as a place for entertaining and accommodation for important visitors . It differs from the mosque in that it lacks a mihrab , a niche in a mosque 's wall facing Mecca , and the floors have a geometric design , while the mosque floor was laid out with the outlines of 569 prayer rugs in black marble . The mosque 's basic tripartite design is similar to others built by Shah Jahan , particularly the Masjid - i - Jahan Numa in Delhi -- a long hall surmounted by three domes . Mughal mosques of this period divide the sanctuary hall into three areas : a main sanctuary with slightly smaller sanctuaries to either side . At the Taj Mahal , each sanctuary opens onto an enormous vaulting dome . Garden ( charbagh ) ( edit ) Walkways beside reflecting pool The large charbagh ( a form of Persian garden divided into four parts ) provides the foreground for the classic view of the Taj Mahal . The garden 's strict and formal planning employs raised pathways which divide each quarter of the garden into 16 sunken parterres or flowerbeds . A raised marble water tank at the center of the garden , halfway between the tomb and the gateway , and a linear reflecting pool on the North - South axis reflect the Taj Mahal . Elsewhere the garden is laid out with avenues of trees and fountains . The charbagh garden is meant to symbolise the four flowing Rivers of Paradise . The raised marble water tank ( hauz ) is called al Hawd al - Kawthar , literally meaning and named after the `` Tank of Abundance '' promised to Muhammad in paradise where the faithful may quench their thirst upon arrival . Two pavilions occupy the east and west ends of the cross axis , one the mirror of the other . In the classic charbargh design , gates would have been located in this location . In the Taj they provide punctuation and access to the long enclosing wall with its decorative crenellations . Built of sandstone , they are given a tripartite form and over two storeys and are capped with a white marble chhatris supported from 8 columns . The original planting of the garden is one of the Taj Mahal 's remaining mysteries . The contemporary accounts mostly deal just with the architecture and only mention ' various kinds of fruit - bearing trees and rare aromatic herbs ' in relation to the garden . Cypress trees are almost certainly to have been planted being popular similes in Persian poetry for the slender elegant stature of the beloved . By the end of the 18th century , Thomas Twining noted orange trees and a large plan of the complex suggests beds of various other fruits such as pineapples , pomegranates , bananas , limes and apples . The British , at the end of the 19th century thinned out a lot of the increasingly forested trees , replanted the cypresses and laid the gardens to lawns in their own taste . The layout of the garden , and its architectural features such as its fountains , brick and marble walkways , and geometric brick - lined flowerbeds are similar to Shalimar 's , and suggest that the garden may have been designed by the same engineer , Ali Mardan . Early accounts of the garden describe its profusion of vegetation , including roses , daffodils , and fruit trees in abundance . As the Mughal Empire declined , the tending of the garden declined as well . When the British took over management of the Taj Mahal , they changed the landscaping to resemble the formal lawns of London . Great gate ( darwaza - i rauza ) ( edit ) The great gate stands to the north of the entrance forecourt ( jilaukhana ) and provides a symbolic transition between the worldly realm of bazaars and caravanserai and the spiritual realm of the paradise garden , mosque and the mausoleum . Its rectangular plan is a variation of the 9 - part hasht bihisht plan found in the mausoleum . The corners are articulated with octagonal towers giving the structure a defensive appearance . External domes were reserved for tombs and mosques and so the large central space does not receive any outward expression of its internal dome . From within the great gate , the Mausoleum is framed by the pointed arch of the portal . Inscriptions from the Qu'ran are inlaid around the two northern and southern pishtaqs , the southern one ' Daybreak ' invites believers to enter the garden of paradise . Southern galleries ( Iwan Dar Iwan ) Running the length of the northern side of the southern garden wall to the east and west of the great gate are galleried arcades . The galleries were used during the rainy season to admit the poor and distribute alms . A raised platform with geometric paving provides a seating for the column bases and between them are cusped arches typical of the Mughul architecture of the period . The galleries terminate at each end with a transversely placed room with tripartite divisions . Forecourt ( jilaukhana ) ( edit ) The jilaukhana ( literally meaning ' in front of house ' ) was a courtyard feature introduced to mughal architecture by Shah Jahan . It provided an area where visitors would dismount from their horses or elephants and assemble in style before entering the main tomb complex . The rectangular area divides north - south and east - west with an entry to the tomb complex through the main gate to the north and entrance gates leading to the outside provided in the eastern , western and southern walls . The southern gate leads to the Taj Ganji quarter . Bazaar streets Two identical streets lead from the east and west gates to the centre of the courtyard . They are lined by verandahed colonnades articulated with cusped arches behind which cellular rooms were used to sell goods from when the Taj was built until 1996 . The tax revenue from this trade was used for the upkeep of the Taj complex . The eastern bazaar streets were essentially ruined by the end of the 19th century and were restored by Lord Curzon restored 1900 and 1908 . Inner subsidiary tombs ( Saheli Burj ) Two mirror image tombs are located at the southern corners of the jilaukhana . They are conceived as miniature replicas of the main complex and stand on raised platforms accessed by steps . Each octagonal tomb is constructed on a rectangular platform flanked by smaller rectangular buildings in front of which is laid a charbargh garden . Some uncertainty exists as to whom the tombs might memorialise . Their descriptions are absent from the contemporary accounts either because they were unbuilt or because they were ignored , being the tombs of women . On the first written document to mention them , the plan drawn up by Thomas and William Daniel in 1789 , the eastern tomb is marked as that belonging to Akbarabadi Mahal and the western as Fatehpuri Mahal ( two of Jahan 's other wives ) . Northern courtyards ( Khawasspuras ) A pair of courtyards is found in the northern corners of the jilaukhana which provided quarters ( Khawasspuras ) for the tombs attendants and the Hafiz . This residential element provided a transition between the outside world and the other - worldy delights of the tomb complex . The Khawasspurs had fallen into a state of disrepair by the late 18th century but the institution of the Khadim continued into the 20th century . The Khawasspuras were restored by Lord Curzon as part of his repairs between 1900 and 1908 , after which the western courtyard was used as a nursery for the garden and the western courtyard was used as a cattle stable until 2003 . Bazaar and caravanserai ( Taj Ganji ) ( edit ) The Bazaar and caravanserai were constructed as an integral part of the complex , initially to provide the construction workers with accommodation and facilities for their wellbeing , and later as a place for trade , the revenue of which supplemented the expenses of the complex . The area became a small town in its own right during and after the building of the Taj . Originally known as ' Mumtazabad ' , today it is called Taj Ganji or ' Taj Market ' . Its plan took the characteristic form of a square divided by two cross axial streets with gates to the four cardinal points . Bazaars lined each street and the resultant squares to each corner housed the caravanserais in open courtyards accessed from internal gates from where the streets intersected ( Chauk ) . Contemporary sources pay more attention to the north eastern and western parts of the Taj Ganji ( Taj Market ) and it is likely that only this half received imperial funding . Thus , the quality of the architecture was finer than the southern half . The distinction between how the sacred part of the complex and the secular was regarded is most acute in this part of the complex . Whilst the rest of the complex only received maintenance after its construction , the Taj Ganji became a bustling town and the centre of Agra 's economic activity where `` different kinds of merchandise from every land , varieties of goods from every country , all sorts of luxuries of the time , and various kinds of necessities of civilisation and comfortable living brought from all parts of the world '' were sold . An idea of what sort of goods might have been traded is found in the names for the caravanserais ; the north western one was known as Katra Omar Khan ( Market of Omar Khan ) , the north eastern as Katra Fulel ( Perfume Market ) , the south western as Katra Resham ( Silk Market ) and the south - eastern as Katra Jogidas . It has been constantly redeveloped ever since its construction , to the extent that by the 19th century it had become unrecognisable as part of the Taj Mahal and no longer featured on contemporary plans and its architecture was largely obliterated . Today , the contrast is stark between the Taj Mahal 's elegant , formal geometric layout and the narrow streets with organic , random and un-unified constructions found in the Taj Ganji . Only fragments of the original constructions remain , most notably the gates . Perimeter walls and ancillary buildings ( edit ) The Taj Mahal complex is bounded on three sides by crenellated red sandstone walls , with the river - facing side left open . The garden - facing inner sides of the wall are fronted by columned arcades , a feature typical of Hindu temples which was later incorporated into Mughal mosques . The wall is interspersed with domed chhatris , and small buildings that may have been viewing areas or watch towers . Outside the walls are several additional mausolea . These structures , composed primarily of red sandstone , are typical of the smaller Mughal tombs of the era . The outer eastern tomb has an associated mosque called the Black Mosque ( Kali Masjid ) or the Sandalwood Mosque ( Sandli Masjid ) . The design is closely related to the inner subsidiary tombs found in the Jilhaukhana -- small , landlocked versions of the riverfront terrace with a garden separating the mosque from the tomb . The person interred here is unknown , but was likely a female member of Jahan 's household . Waterworks ( edit ) Water for the Taj complex was provided through a complex infrastructure . It was first drawn from the river by a series of purs - an animal - powered rope and bucket mechanism . The water then flowed along an arched aqueduct into a large storage tank , where , by thirteen additional purs , it was raised to large distribution cistern above the Taj ground level located to the west of the complex 's wall . From here water passed into three subsidiary tanks and was then piped to the complex . The head of pressure generated by the height of the tanks ( 9.5 m ) was sufficient to supply the fountains and irrigate the gardens . A 0.25 metre diameter earthenware pipe lies 1.8 metres below the surface , in line with the main walkway which fills the main pools of the complex . Some of the earthenware pipes were replaced in 1903 with cast iron . The fountain pipes were not connected directly to the fountain heads , instead a copper pot was provided under each fountain head : water filled the pots ensuring an equal pressure to each fountain . The purs no longer remain , but the other parts of the infrastructure have survived with the arches of the aqueduct now used to accommodate offices for the Archaeological Survey of India 's Horticultural Department . Moonlight garden ( Mahtab Bagh ) ( edit ) 18th - century view of the Taj Mahal complex with the Moonlight garden shown at the top of the page . To the north of the Taj Mahal complex , across the river is another Charbagh garden , Mahtab Bagh . It was designed as an integral part of the complex in the riverfront terrace pattern seen elsewhere in Agra . Its width is identical to that of the rest of the Taj . The garden historian Elizabeth Moynihan suggests the large octagonal pool in the centre of the terrace would reflect the image of the Mausoleum and thus the garden would provide a setting to view the Taj Mahal . The garden has been beset by flooding from the river since Mughal times . As a result , the condition of the remaining structures is quite ruinous . Four sandstone towers marked the corners of the garden , only the south - eastward one remains . The foundations of two structures remain immediately north and south of the large pool which were probably garden pavilions . From the northern structure a stepped waterfall would have fed the pool . The garden to the north has the typical square , cross-axial plan with a square pool in its centre . To the west an aqueduct fed the garden . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The UNESCO evaluation omits the Bazaar , Caravenserai ( Taj Ganji ) and Moonlight garden ( Mahtab Bagh ) from its area calculations -- the total area with the historic Taj Ganji is 26.95 ha Jump up ^ `` May the abode of Mumtaz Mahal be paradise '' . ) Jump up ^ The grandson of Raja Man Singh of Amber and a relative of Shah Jahan through his Great Uncle Raja Bhagwant Das . Jump up ^ The Islamic Calendar is lunar and so the anniversary dates vary when expressed in the Gregorian Calendar . Jump up ^ In 1637 -- 39 AD ( 1047 -- 1049 AH ) , an Indian servant of the Dutch East India company could expect to receive 36 Rupees a year , a mansabdar would receive 9000 Rupees a year . Jump up ^ There is some disagreement as to whether the translation of darogha imarat is ' Superintendent of Buildings ' as Begley and Koch contend or ' Chief architect ' as Qaisar contends . Jump up ^ 1643 ( 1053 AH ) by Lahouri . Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ICOMOS advisory body evaluation '' ( PDF ) . ICOMOS. 1983 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 18 Jump up ^ Qazwini . fol . 233a translated by Begley and Desai ( 1984 ) , p. 14 Jump up ^ Bloom , J. and Blair , S. ( 1994 ) . `` The Art and Architecture of Islam : 1250 - 1800 '' . New Haven and London : Yale University Press ^ Jump up to : Asher , p. 210 Jump up ^ Dr. Daljeet . `` Mumtaz Mahal '' . Exotic Indian Art . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Begley and Desai , 1989 - translating Qazwini , fol . 232b ( refol . 233b ) ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 20 Jump up ^ Koch ( 1997 ) , p. 143 Jump up ^ Petruccioli ( 2006 ) , p. 358 - 359 Jump up ^ Aziz , p. 129 Jump up ^ Koch , p , 23 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 112 Jump up ^ Fairchild , , Ruggles , ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . Islamic Gardens and Landscapes . University of Pennsylvania Press , Inc . ISBN 9780812207286 . OCLC 934666204 . ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 85 - 88 Jump up ^ `` Char Bagh Gardens Taj Mahal '' . About Taj Mahal . Archived from the original on 7 June 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Koch , p. 24 Jump up ^ Leoshko , Janice ( 2002 ) . `` Book Review : The Moonlight Garden : New Discoveries at the Taj Mahal '' . Persimmon -- Asian literature , Arts and Culture . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Harkness , p. 63 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 26 Jump up ^ `` Itmad - ud - Daulah Agra '' . Taj Mahal India . Archived from the original on 8 November 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Asher p. 130 - 133 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 180 Jump up ^ Asher , p. 250 ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 216 - 217 ^ Jump up to : Asher , p. 214 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 104 ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , p. 105 - 120 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 218 - 224 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 228 Jump up ^ Begley ( 1979 ) p. 7 - 37 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 225 Jump up ^ Begley , Wayne E. The Garden of the Taj Mahal : A Case Study of Mughal Architectural Planning and Symbolism , in : Wescoat , James L. ; Wolschke - Bulmahn , Joachim ( 1996 ) . Mughal Gardens : Sources , Places , Representations , and Prospects Dumbarton Oaks , Washington D.C. , ISBN 0 - 88402 - 235 - 8 . pp. 229 - 231 . Jump up ^ Lahauri , p. 384 -- 89 Jump up ^ Kambo , p. 275 Jump up ^ Copplestone , p. 166 ^ Jump up to : Asher , p. 212 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 97 quoting Qazwini ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 97 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 96 Jump up ^ `` Tahkhana Complex '' . Banglapedia -- National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Koch , p. 98 ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 100 ^ Jump up to : `` Taj Mahal -- A symbol of love '' . Advent InfoSoft Pvt. Ltd . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Koch , p. 91 - 92 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 89 Jump up ^ Begley and Desai ( 1989 ) , p. 65 ^ Jump up to : Dunkeld , Malcolm ( Ed ) ( June 2007 ) . `` Construction history society newsletter '' ( PDF ) . Chartered Institute of Building . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 23 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Anon . `` The Taj mahal '' . Islamic architecture . Islamic Arts and Architecture Organisation . Retrieved 22 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Taj Mahal Calligraphy '' . Tajmahal.org.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Taj Mahal Calligraphy '' . pbs.org . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Balasubramaniam , p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 108 - 109 Jump up ^ Begley ( 1989 ) , p. 64 - 76 Jump up ^ Balasubramaniam , p. 42 - 49 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 174 - 175 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 152 - 179 Jump up ^ Koch , p180 - 181 Jump up ^ Begley , Wayne E. ( March 1979 ) . `` The Myth of the Taj Mahal and a New Theory of Its Symbolic Meaning '' . The Art Bulletin . 61 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 37 . JSTOR 3049862 . doi : 10.2307 / 3049862 . ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 137 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 138 ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 139 Jump up ^ Allan , John ( 1958 ) . The Cambridge Shorter History of India ( First ed . ) . Cambridge : S. Chand . pp. 288 pages . , p. 318 Jump up ^ The Taj by Jerry Camarillo Dunn Jr ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 126 - 134 ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 114 - 120 . Jump up ^ Koch , p. 116 ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 120 Jump up ^ Buyers , Christopher ( November 2006 ) . `` India , The Timurid Dynasty , Genealogy '' . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 201 - 208 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 201 quoting Lahauri and Kambo ^ Jump up to : Koch , p209 - 213 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 208 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 56 Jump up ^ Leoshko , Janice ( 2002 ) . `` Book review -- The Moonlight Garden : New Discoveries at the Taj Mahal '' . Persimmon -- Asian Literature , Arts and Culture . p. 1 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 02 . Bibliography ( edit ) Asher , Catherine Ella Blanshard ( 2003 ) ( first published 1992 ) . The New Cambridge History of India , Vol I : 4 - Architecture of Mughal India ( Hardback ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 368 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 26728 - 5 . Aziz , Abdul ( 1928 ) . `` History of the Reign of Shah Jahan '' . Journal of Indian History . 6 : 127 -- 47 . Balasubramaniam , R ( 10 July 2009 ) . `` New insights on the modular planning of the Taj Mahal '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . 97 ( 1 ) : 42 -- 49 . `` The myth of the Taj - Mahal and a new theory of its symbolic meaning '' . Art Bulletin . 61 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 37 . March 1979 . JSTOR 3049862 . doi : 10.2307 / 3049862 . Begley , Wayne E. ; Desai , Z.A. ( 1989 ) . Taj Mahal -- The Illumined Tomb ( Hardback ) . University of Washington Press . p. 392 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 96944 - 2 . Begley , Wayne E. ; Grabar , Oleg ( Ed . ) ( 1983 ) . `` Four Mughal Caravanserais Built during the Reigns of Jahangir and Shah Jahan '' ( pdf ) . Muqarnas Volume I : An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture . Yale University Press ( Newhaven ) . pp. 167 -- 180 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 24 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Bernier , François ( 1891 ) . Travels in the Moghul Empire A.D. 1657 - 1668 . Westminster : Archibald Constable & Co . Chaghtai , Muhammad Abdullah ( 1938 ) . Le Tadj Mahal d'Agra ( Inde ) . Histoire et description ( in French ) . Brussels : Editions de la Connaissance. ( 1 ) . Copplestone , Trewin . ( ed ) . ( 1963 ) . World architecture -- An illustrated history ( Hardback ) . London : Hamlyn . ASIN B0000CNOL6 . Encyclopædia Britannica , 1964 Ed. , Vol. 21 , Badshahnama , Vol . I , line 35 - sale ayandeh , The Illustrated Weekly of India dated Dec. 30 , 1951 and Travels in India , ibid . `` Taj Mahal Vedic Features '' . HariBhakt Blog . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Harkness , Terence ; Sinha , Amita ( 1 July 2004 ) . `` Places / Projects -- Taj Heritage Corridor : Intersections between History and Culture on the Yamuna Riverfront '' ( pdf ) . Vol. 16 : No. 2 , . Places . pp. 62 -- 69 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 13 . Kambo , Muhammad Salih ( Vol I. 1923 , Vol. II 1927 ) . Yazdani , Ghulam , ed . Amal - i - Salih or Shah Jahan Namah . Calcutta : Baptist Mission Press . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Kennedy , Thalia ( March 2007 ) . `` The Notion Of Hierarchy : The ' Parchin Kari ' Programme At The Taj Mahal '' . Archnet - IJAR , International Journal of Architectural Research . 1 ( 1 ) : 105 -- 121 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 14 June 2009 . Koch , Ebba ( August 2006 ) . The Complete Taj Mahal : And the Riverfront Gardens of Agra ( Hardback ) ( First ed . ) . Thames & Hudson Ltd . pp. 288 pages . ISBN 0 - 500 - 34209 - 1 . Lahauri , Abd al - Hamid ( Vol I. 1867 , Vol. II 1868 ) . Maulawis Kabir al - Din Ahmad and ' Abd al - Rahim under the superintendence of William Nassau Lees , ed . Badshah Namah . Calcutta : College Press . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Latif , Syad Muhammad ( April 2003 ) ( 1896 ) . Agra : Historical and Descriptive -- With an Account of Akbar and His Court and of the Modern City of Agra . Asian Educational Services . ISBN 81 - 206 - 1709 - 6 . Petruccioli , Attilio ( ed . ) ; Koch , Ebba ( 1997 ) . `` The Mughal Waterfront Garden . Gardens in the Time of the Great Muslim Empires : Theory and Design '' . E.J. Brill . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 13 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Petruccioli , Attilio ( June 2006 ) . `` Rethinking the Islamic Garden '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin 103 . Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 23 . Qaisar , Ahsan Jan ( April 1989 ) . Building Construction in Mughal India ( Hardback ) . Delhi : Oxford University Press . pp. 83 pages . ISBN 0 - 19 - 562260 - X . Further reading ( edit ) Carroll , David ( August 1975 ) . Taj Mahal ( Hardback ) . Wonders of Man . Newsweek , US . pp. 172 pages . ISBN 0 - 88225 - 024 - 8 . Gascoigne , Bamber ; Gascoigne , Christina ( November 1971 ) . The Great Moghuls. Harper Collins . pp. 264 pages . ISBN 0 - 06 - 011467 - 3 . Havel , E.B. ( 1913 ) . Indian Architecture : Its Psychology , Structure and History , John Murray pdf version Lall , John ( December 1994 ) . Taj Mahal . Tiger Books . ISBN 1 - 85501 - 590 - 0 . Rothfarb , Ed ( 1998 ) . In the Land of the Taj Mahal , Henry Holt ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5299 - 2 Saksena , Banarsi Prasad History of Shahjahan of Dihli ( Allahabad : The Indian Press Ltd . ) 1932 Stielin , Henri ( December 1994 ) . Islamic India ( Architecture of the World ) ( Paperback ) . S.A. : Compagnie du Livre d ' Art . ASIN B000ASTXA0 . Tillotson , G.H.R. ( April 1990 ) . Mughal India ( Architectural Guides for Travelers ) ( Paperback ) . Chronicle books . pp. 150 pages . ISBN 0 - 87701 - 686 - 0 . Wescoat , James L. ; Wolschke - Bulmahn , Joachim ( 1996 ) . Mughal Gardens : Sources , Places , Representations , and Prospects Dumbarton Oaks , Washington D.C. , ISBN 0 - 88402 - 235 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taj Mahal . Archaeological Survey of India description Taj Mahal travel guide from Wikivoyage Citizendium article Coordinates : 27 ° 10 ′ 30 '' N 78 ° 02 ′ 32 '' E  /  27.17500 ° N 78.04222 ° E  / 27.17500 ; 78.04222 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Origins_and_architecture_of_the_Taj_Mahal&oldid=801629776 '' Categories : Taj Mahal Mughal architecture Mughal funerary gardens in India Islamic architecture Islamic architectural elements World Heritage Sites in India Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use dmy dates from March 2013 Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2007 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 errors : dates Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Shqip Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 21 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins%20and%20architecture%20of%20the%20Taj%20Mahal

ages of characters in to kill a mockingbird

List of to Kill a Mockingbird characters

list of to kill a mockingbird characters

To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960 . It was instantly successful , winning the Pulitzer Prize , and has become a classic of modern American literature , widely read in US high schools and middle schools . The story takes place during three years of the Great Depression in the fictional Maycomb , Alabama .

This is a list of the characters : Contents ( hide ) 1 Primary characters 1.1 Atticus Finch 1.2 `` Scout '' Finch 1.3 `` Jem '' Finch 1.4 Dill Harris 1.5 Calpurnia 1.6 Arthur `` Boo '' Radley 1.7 Judge John Taylor 1.8 Miss Maudie Atkinson 1.9 Bob Ewell 1.10 Mayella Ewell 1.11 Tom Robinson 1.12 Aunt Alexandra 2 Minor characters 2.1 Jack Finch 2.2 Francis Hancock 2.3 Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose 2.4 Mr. Heck Tate 2.5 Mr. Braxton Underwood 2.6 Mr. Horace Gilmer 2.7 Dr. Scott Reynolds 2.8 Dolphus Raymond 2.9 Link Deas 2.10 Miss Caroline Fisher 2.11 Reverend Sykes 2.12 Miss Stephanie Crawford 2.13 Miss Rachel Haverford 2.14 Helen Robinson 2.15 Nathan Radley 2.16 Jessie 2.17 Burris Ewell 2.18 Lula 2.19 Mrs. Grace Merriweather 2.20 Walter Cunningham , Jr . 2.21 Walter Cunningham , Sr . 2.22 Little Chuck Little 2.23 Mr. Dick Avery 2.24 Miss Gates 2.25 Eula May 2.26 Cecil Jacobs 2.27 Tim Johnson 2.28 Simon Finch 2.29 Maxwell Green 2.30 Mr. X Billups 2.31 The Barber Sisters ( Miss `` Tutti '' and Miss `` Frutti '' ) 2.32 Mrs. Gertrude Farrow 2.33 Mr. Conner 2.34 Zeebo 3 References Primary characters ( edit ) Atticus Finch ( edit ) Main article : Atticus Finch Atticus Finch is the middle - aged father of Jem and Scout Finch . He is a lawyer and was once known as `` the deadliest shot in Maycomb County '' . Although he was a good shot , he does not like to mention the fact as he does not like the thought of having an advantage over people . He appears to support racial equality and was appointed to represent Tom Robinson , a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman , Mayella Ewell . The town disapproves of him defending Tom especially when he makes clear his intent to defend Tom Robinson to the best of his abilities . He is portrayed by Gregory Peck in the film adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird . `` Scout '' Finch ( edit ) Jean Louise `` Scout '' Finch is the narrator and To Kill a Mockingbird is told by an adult Scout who often comments on how she could not understand something at the time but now can appreciate it . She gets in trouble with her teacher Miss Caroline because Miss Caroline expects Scout to learn reading and writing her way . She is a tomboy and spends the most of her time with her brother Jem and best friend Dill . To Jem 's advice to pretend to be a lady and start sewing or something , she answers ' Hell no . ' The rare hints the narrator gives us about her grown - up life reveal that she ultimately has n't changed herself for others . She matures from age 6 to age 9 as the novel progresses but remains naive and idealistic , despite an increased understanding of human nature and racism in her town . At the beginning of the book , Scout is confused by some of the words and names she hears people directing towards her father , such as `` nigger - lover '' . Being only six , Scout does not know how to handle such situations so she tries to resolve her problems by fighting , or by talking to Atticus about what she has heard . By the end of the book , Scout realizes that racism does exist and comes to terms with its presence in her town . Scout also learns how to deal with others , including the Finch family housekeeper , Calpurnia , and her aunt , Alexandra . Scout is the only one of the novel 's primary three children ( Dill , Jem , and herself ) to see and speak to Boo Radley during the course of the novel and realize that he is harmless , despite her initial fear of him . She also stops a mob that is trying to lynch Tom Robinson by talking to the mob leader , Mr. Cunningham , about inviting his son , Walter , over for dinner . Mr. Cunningham then tells the other mob members to get back in their cars and leave them alone . The members listen , and Scout unintentionally saves Tom Robinson 's life . She is portrayed by Mary Badham in the film adaption of To Kill a Mockingbird . Notable quote : `` Until I feared I would lose it , I never loved to read . One does not love breathing . '' `` Jem '' Finch ( edit ) Jeremy Atticus `` Jem '' Finch is Atticus ' son and Scout 's older brother by four years . Jem matures greatly throughout the course of the novel , much more affected by events than Scout seems to be . Being four years Scout 's senior , Jem is seen to have a greater understanding of - and therefore greater difficulty in navigating - the obstacles thrown their way . Jem is seen explaining many things to Scout throughout the novel . Bob Ewell breaks Jem 's arm , subsequently resulting in it being shorter than it had been , in an attempt to protect his sister . He is portrayed by Phillip Alford in the film adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird . Dill Harris ( edit ) Charles Baker `` Dill '' Harris is a short , smart boy who visits Maycomb every summer from Meridian , Mississippi , and stays with his Aunt Rachel ( Aunt Stephanie in the film ) . Dill is the best friend of both Jem and Scout , and his goal throughout the novel is to get Boo Radley to come out of his house . The children concoct many plans to lure Boo Radley out of his house for a few summers until Atticus tells them to stop . In chapter 5 of the novel , Dill promises to marry Scout and they become `` engaged '' . One night Dill runs away from his home in Meridian , arriving in Maycomb County where he hides under Scout 's bed . When she finds Dill , he tells both Scout and Atticus that he was chained to a wall in his father 's basement ; later , he confesses he actually ran away because he felt he was being replaced by his stepfather . Before Dill returned to Meridian after the summer , he went swimming with Jem at the Barker 's Eddy creek . Scout , unfortunately , was unable to participate , because both boys were swimming naked . Unlike Scout and Jem , Dill lacks the security of family support . He is unwanted and unloved by his mother and stepfather : `` They do get on a lot better without me , I can not help them any . '' As Francis ( a cousin of Jem and Scout ) says , `` He has n't got a home , he just gets passed around from relative to relative . '' Dill maintains he has no father ; he does n't know where his father might live , or if he will ever come back . He is played by John Megna in the film adaption of To Kill a Mockingbird . This character is believed to be based on author Truman Capote , a childhood friend of Harper Lee . Calpurnia ( edit ) Calpurnia , nicknamed Cal , is the Finch family 's African - American housekeeper , whom the children love and Atticus deeply respects ( he remarks in her defense that she `` never indulged ( the children ) like most colored nurses '' ) . She is highly regarded by Atticus . She is an important figure in Scout 's life , providing discipline , instruction , and love . She also fills the maternal role for the children after their mother 's death . Calpurnia is a mother herself and raised her son , Zeebo , to adulthood . Calpurnia is one of the few black characters in the novel who is able to read and write , and it is she who taught Scout to write . She learned how to read from Miss Maudie 's aunt , Miss Buford , who taught her how to read out of Blackstone 's Commentaries , a book given to her . Aunt Alexandra despised Calpurnia because Alexandra believed that Calpurnia was not a `` maternal figure '' for Jem and Scout , especially for Scout . Calpurnia is a member of the First Purchase M.E. African Church in Maycomb . While Scout always hears her speak proper English , she is surprised to learn that Calpurnia does not do so at church , especially with the uneducated members of the congregation . While everyone in the novel is filtered through Scout 's perception , Calpurnia in particular appears for a long time more as Scout 's idea of her than as a real person . At the beginning of the novel , Scout appears to think of Calpurnia as the wicked stepmother to Scout 's own Cinderella . However , towards the end of the book , Scout views Calpurnia as someone she can look up to , and realizes Calpurnia has only protected her over the years . She is played by Estelle Evans in the film . Arthur `` Boo '' Radley ( edit ) Arthur `` Boo '' Radley is a recluse in To Kill a Mockingbird . Maycomb children believe he is a horrible person , due to the rumors spread about him and a trial he underwent as a teenager . It is implied during the story that Boo is a very lonely man who attempts to reach out to Jem and Scout for love and friendship , such as leaving them small gifts and figures in a tree knothole . Scout finally meets him at the very end of the book , when he saves the children 's lives from Bob Ewell . Scout describes him as being sickly white , with a thin mouth , thin and feathery hair , and grey eyes , almost as if he were blind . During the same night , when Boo whispers to Scout to walk him back to the Radley house , Scout takes a moment to picture what it would be like to be Boo Radley . While standing on his porch , she realizes his `` exile '' inside his house is really not that lonely . Boo Radley 's heroics in protecting the children from Bob Ewell are covered up by Atticus , Sheriff Tate , and Scout . This can be read as a wise refusal of fame . As Tate notes , if word got out that Boo killed Ewell , Boo would be inundated with gifts and visits , calamitous for him due to his reclusive personality . The precocious Scout recognizes the danger : renown would `` kill the mockingbird '' . Boo Radley is a ghost who haunts the book yet manifests himself at just the right moments in just the right way . He is , arguably , the most potent character in the whole book and as such , inspires the other key characters to save him when he needs saving . After the Tom Robinson trial , Jem and Scout have a different understanding of Boo Radley . `` Scout , I think I 'm beginning to understand something . I think I 'm beginning to understand why Boo Radley 's stayed shut up in the house all this time ... it 's because he wants to stay inside . '' ( 23.117 ) Having seen a sample of the horrible things their fellow townspeople can do , choosing to stay out of the mess of humanity does n't seem like such a strange choice . When Boo finally does come out , he has a good reason : Bob Ewell is trying to murder the Finch children . No one sees what happens in the scuffle , but at the end of it , Ewell is dead and Boo carries an unconscious Jem to the Finch house . Finally faced with Boo , Scout does n't recognize him at first , but suddenly realizes who he is . Boo Radley is played by Robert Duvall in the film . Judge John Taylor ( edit ) Judge John Taylor is a white - haired old man with a reputation for running his court in an informal fashion and an enjoyment of singing and dipping tobacco . He is unimportant to the children until he presides over the Tom Robinson trial , in which he shows great distaste for the Ewells and great respect for Atticus . Because of the judge 's sympathies for Tom , Bob Ewell breaks into the judge 's house while the judge 's wife is at church . After the trial , Miss Maudie points out to the children that the judge had tried to help Tom by appointing Atticus to the case instead of Maxwell Green , the new , untried lawyer who usually received court - appointed cases . Judge Taylor knew that Atticus was the only man who would stand a chance at acquitting Tom , or at least would be able to keep the jury thinking for more than just a few minutes . By doing this , Judge Taylor was not giving in or supporting racism . He is portrayed in the film by Paul Fix . Miss Maudie Atkinson ( edit ) Miss Maude `` Maudie '' Atkinson lives across the street from the Finch family . She had known the Finches for many years , having been brought up on the Buford place , which was near the Finches ' ancestral home , Finch 's Landing . She is described as a woman of about 50 who enjoys baking and gardening ; her cakes are especially held in high regard . However , she is frequently harassed by devout `` Foot - Washing Baptists '' , who tell her that her enjoyment of gardening is a sin . The Foot - Washing Baptists also believe that women are a sin as well . Miss Maudie befriends Scout and Jem and tells them stories about Atticus as a boy . It is strongly implied that she and Atticus have a more than platonic relationship . Also , she is one of the few adults that Jem and Scout hold in high regard and respect . She does not act condescendingly towards them , even though they are young children . During the course of the novel , her house burns down ; however , she shows remarkable courage throughout this ( even saying that she wanted to burn it down herself to make more room for her flowers ) . She is not prejudiced , though she talks caustically to Miss Stephanie Crawford , unlike many of her Southern neighbors , and teaches Scout important lessons about racism and human nature . It is important to note that Miss Maudie fully explains that `` it is a sin to kill a mockingbird '' , whereas Atticus Finch initially brings up the subject but does n't go into depth . When Jem gets older , and does n't want to be bothered by Scout , Miss Maudie keeps her from getting angry . Maudie is played by Rosemary Murphy in the film . She is a very kind and sweet innocent friendly neighbor . Bob Ewell ( edit ) Robert E. Lee `` Bob '' Ewell is the main antagonist of To Kill a Mockingbird . He has a daughter named Mayella and a younger son named Burris , as well as six other unnamed children . He is an alcoholic , poaching game to feed his family because he spends whatever money they legally gain via government `` relief checks '' on alcohol . It is implied , and evidence suggests , that he was the one who abused his daughter Mayella , not Tom Robinson ( the African American man accused of doing so ) . Although most everybody in town knows that the Ewells are a disgrace and not to be trusted , it is made clear that Tom Robinson was convicted because he is a Negro whose accuser is white . Upon hearing of Tom 's death , Bob is absolutely gleeful , gloating about his success . After being humiliated at the trial , however , he goes on a quest for revenge , becoming increasingly violent . He begins by spitting in Atticus ' face , followed by a failed attempt to break into the home of Judge Taylor , then finally menacing Helen , the poor widow of Tom Robinson . Ewell later attempts to murder Jem and Scout Finch with a knife to complete his revenge . Boo Radley saves Jem and Scout and it is believed that he kills Ewell with the knife . Heck Tate , the sheriff , puts in the official report that Bob Ewell fell on his own knife and died after lying under a tree for 45 minutes . Ewell is played by James Anderson in the film . Mayella Ewell ( edit ) Mayella Violet Ewell , 19 , is the oldest of the eight Ewell children . Before the trial , Mayella is noted for growing red geraniums outside her otherwise dirty home in order to bring some beauty into her life . Due to her family 's living situation , Mayella has no opportunity for human contact or love . She eventually gets so desperate that she attempts to seduce a black man , Tom Robinson , by saving up nickels to send her siblings to go get ice cream so that Mayella can be alone with Tom . Her father sees this through a window and in punishment he beats her . Ewell then finds the sheriff , Heck Tate , and tells him that his daughter has been raped and beaten by Tom . At the trial , Atticus points out that only the right side of Mayella 's face is injured , suggesting a left - handed assailant ; Tom 's left arm is mangled and useless , but Bob Ewell is left - handed . When Atticus asks her if she has any friends , she becomes confused because she does not know what a friend is . During her testimony she is confused by Atticus ' polite speech and thinks that his use of `` Miss Mayella '' is meant to mock her . She testifies against Tom Robinson . Mayella is played by Collin Wilcox in the film . Tom Robinson ( edit ) Thomas `` Tom '' Robinson is an African - American who is put on trial for the rape of a white woman , Mayella Ewell . Atticus is assigned to defend him , and stands up to a lynch mob intent on exacting their own justice against him before the trial begins . Tom 's left arm is crippled and useless , the result of an accident with a cotton gin when he was a child . Atticus uses this fact as the cornerstone of his defense strategy , pointing out that the nature of Mayella 's facial injuries strongly suggest a left - handed assailant . Tom testifies that he had frequently helped Mayella with household chores because he felt sorry for her and the family 's difficult life - a statement that shocks the all - white , male jury . Despite Atticus ' skilled defense , the jury 's racial prejudices lead them to find Tom guilty . Atticus plans to appeal the verdict , but before he can do so , Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape the prison where he is being held . Tom Robinson is played by Brock Peters . Aunt Alexandra ( edit ) Alexandra Hancock ( née Finch ) is Atticus ' and Jack 's sister , married to James `` Uncle Jimmy '' Hancock . She has a son named Henry and a very spoiled grandson named Francis . Around the middle of the book , Aunt Alexandra decides to leave her husband at Finch 's Landing , the Finch family homestead to come stay with the Finches . Aunt Alexandra does n't consider the black Calpurnia to be a very good motherly figure for Jem and Scout ; she disapproves of Scout being a tomboy and wants to make Scout into a southern belle ( encouraging her to act more ' lady like ' ) . This is the cause of many conflicts between Scout and Alexandra throughout the course of the novel . However , as the trial progresses , Scout comes to see how much her aunt cares for her father and what a strong woman she is . This is especially evidenced by a tea party when Scout is horrified by the racism displayed , and her aunt and Miss Maudie help her deal with her feelings . By the end of the book , it 's clear that Alexandra cares very much for her niece and nephew , though she and Scout will probably never really get along . Minor characters ( edit ) Jack Finch ( edit ) John Hale `` Jack '' Finch is Atticus ' and Alexandra 's younger brother . ( He is about 40 , which is 10 years younger than Atticus . ) Jack smells like alcohol and something sweet , and is said that he and Alexandra have similar features . Jack is a childless doctor who can always make Scout and Jem laugh , and they adore him . He and Miss Maudie are close to the same age ; he frequently teases her with marriage proposals , which she always declines . Jack also has a pet cat named Rose Aylmer , who is mentioned during the Christmas visit . Francis Hancock ( edit ) Francis Hancock is the spoiled grandson of Aunt Alexandra . ( The son of her son , Henry Hancock . ) Every Christmas , Henry and his wife drop Francis at Finch 's Landing , which is the only time Scout and Jem see him . Francis lives in Mobile , Alabama , and is a bit of a tattle - tale . He gets along well with Jem , but often spars with Scout . One Christmas , Francis calls Atticus a `` n * * * * * - lover , '' as well as insisting that he was ruining the family and the likes , which infuriates Scout and causes them to get into a fight . Francis lies about his role in it , telling Uncle Jack that Scout started it by calling him a `` whore lady '' , and Jack therefore punishes Scout . However , she explains the full story and charitably persuades her uncle not to punish Francis about it , but to let Atticus think they had been fighting about something else ( although Atticus later discovers the truth ) . Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose ( edit ) Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose is an elderly woman who lives near the Finches . She is hated by the children , who run by her house to avoid her . Scout describes Mrs. Dubose as `` plain hell . '' A virulent racist , she calls Atticus a `` nigger - lover '' to his children 's faces , and Jem flies into a rage and ravages Mrs. Dubose 's camellia bushes . As a punishment , Jem is required to read to Mrs. Dubose each day for a month . As Jem reads , she experiences a fit of drooling and twitching and does not seem to pay any attention to the words . When an alarm rings , Jem is allowed to leave for the day . She extends the punishment for one extra week and dies shortly after letting Jem go for the last time . Atticus informs him that Mrs. Dubose was terminally ill and had become addicted to morphine . By reading to her , Jem had distracted her so that she could break the addiction . In thanks , she leaves him a candy box with a camellia flower in it ; Jem burns the box in anger , but is later seen by Scout admiring the flower . Atticus tells Jem that Mrs. Dubose was the bravest person he ever knew , and she was trying to teach Jem the importance of bravery and true courage to endure anything when the situation is hopeless , as in her morphine addiction . Mr. Heck Tate ( edit ) Mr. Heck Tate is a friend of Atticus and also the sheriff of Maycomb County . He believes in protecting the innocent although he does n't usually show it . When Tom has been locked in jail and a lynch mob turns up to kill him , the sheriff refuses to hand Tom over , instead dispersing the crowd . At the end of the book , the two men argue over whether Jem or Boo Radley should be held responsible for the death of Bob Ewell . Heck eventually persuades Atticus to accept the theory that Ewell accidentally fell on his own knife , thus saving the harmless , reclusive Boo from the public exposure of a criminal trial . Mr. Braxton Underwood ( edit ) Mr. Braxton Bragg Underwood is a news reporter and a friend of Atticus . He owns and also publishes The Maycomb Tribune . Being a racist , he disagrees with Atticus on principle . He also has a strong belief in justice , as exemplified when he defends Atticus from the Cunningham mob by having his double barrel shotgun loaded and ready to shoot them . He also demonstrates some humanity when he publishes a scathing editorial comparing the killing of Tom Robinson ( a cripple ) to `` the senseless slaughter of songbirds by hunters and children '' . Mr. Horace Gilmer ( edit ) Mr. Horace Gilmer is a lawyer from Abbottsville , and is the prosecuting attorney in the Tom Robinson case . Mr. Gilmer is between the ages of forty and sixty . Mr. Gilmer has a slight cast with one eye , which he uses to his advantage in trial . Mr. Gilmer appeared to be racist in his harsh cross-examination of Tom Robinson , but it is hinted at that he is in fact going easy on Tom . He and Atticus are not rivals and talk to each other during recesses during the case . Dr. scott Reynolds ( edit ) Dr. Reynolds is the Maycomb doctor . He is well known to Scout and Jem . Scout says that he `` had brought Jem and me into the world , had led us through every childhood disease known to man including the time Jem fell out of the tree house , and he had never lost our friendship . Dr. Reynolds said that if we were boil - prone things would have been different ... '' . He inspects Jem 's broken arm and Scout 's minor bruises after the attack from Bob Ewell under the tree . Dolphus Raymond ( edit ) Dolphus Raymond is a white landowner who is jaded by the hypocrisy of the white society and prefers to live among black folks . In fact , he has children with a black woman . Dolphus pretends he is an alcoholic so that the people of Maycomb will have an excuse for his behavior , but in fact he only drinks Coca Cola out of a paper bag to try to hide it . When Dill and Scout discover that he is not a drunk , they are amazed . He shows Scout how sometimes you can pretend to be someone you 're not so people will be more understanding of you . Link Deas ( edit ) Link Deas owns cotton fields and a store in Maycomb who employs Tom and later Helen because she does not get accepted by any other employers in the county due to Tom Robinson 's legal troubles . He announces to the court ( in defense of Tom ) at one point in the trial that he had n't `` had a speck o ' trouble outta him '' in the eight years Tom had been working for him , and gets sent out by Judge John Taylor for doing so . When Bob Ewell starts threatening Helen after the trial , Mr. Deas fiercely defends her and threatens to have Mr. Ewell arrested if he keeps bothering her . He is on Tom Robinson 's side during the trial and remains loyal to the family afterward . Miss Caroline Fisher ( edit ) Miss Caroline Fisher is Scout 's first grade teacher and is new to Maycomb , Alabama and its ways . She attempts to teach the first grade class using a new system which she learned from taking certain college courses ( Jem mistakenly refers to it as the `` Dewey Decimal System '' , which is really how library books are organized . ) . She is upset by Scout 's advanced reading capabilities and believes that Scout is receiving lessons from Atticus . She feels as though Scout is trying to outsmart and mock her . In an effort to standardize the class , she forbids Scout from reading with her father . Atticus asks Scout to step into Miss Caroline 's skin . However , he continues to allow Scout to read with him at night so long as she continues to go to school . Miss Caroline has good intentions but proves quite incompetent as a teacher . When Scout tells Miss Fisher that she shamed a student ( Walter Cunningham , Jr . ) by giving him lunch money , she raps Scout 's palms with a ruler ( a punishment unheard of in Maycomb ) . She is also very sensitive and gets emotionally hurt quite easily , as seen when she cries after Burris Ewell yells at her , `` Report and be damned to ye ! Ai n't no snot - nosed slut of a schoolteacher ever born c'n make me do nothin ' ! You ai n't makin ' me go nowhere , missus . You just remember that , you ai n't makin ' me go nowhere ! '' After the Burris Ewell incident , Miss Caroline is seldom seen and soon forgotten . Reverend Sykes ( edit ) Reverend Sykes is the reverend of the First Purchase M.E. African Church in Maycomb County . This is the church Tom Robinson attended . Reverend Sykes forces the congregation to donate 10 dollars for Tom Robinson 's family since at the time , Tom 's wife , Helen , was having trouble finding work . During the trial , when the courtroom was too packed for the children to find seats , Reverend Sykes lets the kids sit with him up in the colored balcony and even saves their seats for them . Miss Stephanie Crawford ( edit ) Stephanie Crawford is the neighborhood gossip who claimed that she saw Boo Radley from her bedroom standing outside of her cleaned window one night . Crawford is one of the first on the scene after a loud gunshot is heard behind the Radley house . Because she is the neighborhood gossip , it is unwise to think of anything that she says as true , because most of the time it is not true at all . She is a friend of Alexandra Hancock . She lets Miss Maudie live with her when Miss Maudie 's house burns down , supposedly in order to steal Miss Maudie 's Lane cake recipe . She is thrilled to pass on gossip to the kids about Boo Radley . She claimed to have witnessed Bob Ewell 's threatening Atticus at the Post Office corner as she was returning from the local Jitney Jungle grocery store . In the film she takes the place of Rachel Haverford and is now Dill 's aunt . Miss Rachel Haverford ( edit ) Miss Rachel Haverford is Dill 's aunt and the Finches ' next door neighbor . She drank neat whiskey heavily after seeing a rattlesnake coiled in her closet , on her washing , when she hung her negligee up . Even though she can be very hard to deal with , she truly does love her nephew . Her family name , in the legends of Maycomb County , is synonymous with jackass . She is also a Southern Belle . In the film , she is not a character and Miss Stephanie takes her place as Dill 's aunt . Helen Robinson ( edit ) Helen Robinson is the wife of Tom Robinson . She is spoken about a few times . She has three children . Employed by Link Deas following the death of her husband , she is repeatedly harassed by Bob Ewell when traveling to work . Upon learning of this , Deas threatens Ewell , forcing him to stop . She is an example of how one person 's actions can have an effect on a lot of people and she elucidates the hardships that surround the Tom Robinson case . Nathan Radley ( edit ) Nathan Radley is the brother of Arthur `` Boo '' Radley and another difficult character to understand in To Kill a Mockingbird . When the children try to catch a view of `` Boo '' late one night through a window , he shoots over their heads with a shotgun ( albeit thinking he was aiming at a black person ) . Nathan also cements up the knothole in which Arthur leaves little gifts for the children . On the other hand , he helps Miss Maudie by saving some of her belongings when her house is on fire . He is more present than his brother , but equally mysterious . Jessie ( edit ) Jessie is Mrs. Dubose 's black nurse . She is the woman who shoos the children out when Mrs. Dubose has her fits , and she seems to care enormously for Mrs. Dubose . When Jem is forced to stay reading to Mrs. Dubose , Jessie kindly leads Jem and Scout to the door when Mrs. Dubose 's alarm goes off . The rumors about Mrs. Dubose concealing a gun about her person involves Jessie ; the book says `` and even if Mrs. Dubose missed , her girl Jessie would n't '' . Burris Ewell ( edit ) Burris Ewell is a son of Bob Ewell and a younger sibling of Mayella Ewell as well as the first antagonist of the novel . Burris is described as being chiefly antagonistic of Little Chuck Little and his teacher Miss Caroline Fisher . He comes to the first day of school , but departs just as everyone else in his family does . Burris is also poor . He has live lice in his hair . Burris also scared his teacher Caroline Fisher . He behaves rudely when she tells him to go home , wash his hair , and come back clean the next day . He refuses , and a student explains to Miss Caroline that Ewell children do n't attend school . All they do is show up for the first day , get marked down on the register , and then they miss the entire school year until the first day of the next year . His famous quote was , `` Report and be damned to ye ! Ai n't no snot - nosed slut of a schoolteacher ever born c'n make me do nothin ' ! You ai n't makin ' me go nowhere , missus . You just remember that , you ai n't makin ' me go nowhere ! '' As of Scout 's first year of school ( the first grade ) , Burris has repeated the first grade three times . Burris is also like his father and is very belligerent . Lula ( edit ) Lula is an African - American woman with a dislike for white people . She does n't like the idea of Calpurnia bringing Atticus Finch 's children , Jem and Scout , with her to church and tells her so but is overruled by the other congregants . According to James Zeebo , Calpurnia 's son , Lula 's said to be , `` a troublemaker from way back , with fancy ideas and haughty ways . '' She 's threatened with being `` churched '' ( subjected to church discipline ) by Reverend Sykes . Mrs. Grace Merriweather ( edit ) Mrs. Grace Merriweather is the producer of the play in which Scout plays as a ham . She tells Everett that `` the ladies of the South Maycomb Alabama Methodist Episcopal Church are behind him one hundred percent . '' She is mostly known for her devotion to the church and is widely held as the most devout lady in Maycomb ; however , like many of her peers , she is very hypocritical and loves to gossip with all the other women . Walter Cunningham , Jr. ( edit ) Walter Cunningham , Jr. is a child who is almost as old as Jem but is in Scout 's class . He lives in a farm . He is too poor to even pay off a 25 - cent debt because the Great Depression hit his poor family hard . Walter is not only too poor but also his family is too proud to take any money . He is invited over to the Finches ' house once , after engaging in a fight with Scout , where he covers up all of his dinner with molasses , much to Scout 's vocal dismay . This teaches Scout a lesson in humility and compassion . Walter Cunningham , Sr. ( edit ) Walter Cunningham , Sr. is Walter Cunningham Jr. 's father . He appears only twice , once at the beginning of the story when he has to pay off the debt to Atticus ( Walter Cunningham Sr. was his client ) by giving him firewood , vegetables and other supplies . He also leads the mob that comes to lynch Tom Robinson the night before the trial . Only when Scout talks to him about his son and how much he owes to Atticus does he reconsider and call off the mob . Scout innocently shames him because Scout reminds him of all the things that Atticus has done for him and for Maycomb County . After the verdict is given in the trial , Atticus tells Jem that one of the Cunninghams had changed his thoughts about Tom and pleaded that Tom was not guilty to the jury . Little Chuck Little ( edit ) Little Chuck Little is a student in Scout 's first grade class who has the mindset of an adult . His real name is Charles . He is depicted as chiefly antagonistic of Burris Ewell . He is presented in the novel when Miss Caroline is frightened by Burris ' lice . He warned Miss Caroline that if Burris was n't released from class , he might try something that would put their classmates at risk . When Burris starts advancing on Little Chuck after his warning / veiled insult , Little Chuck 's hand moved to his pocket ( implying that he was going to pull out a knife ) while saying , `` Watch your step , Burris . I 'd soon 's kill you as look at you . Now go home . '' Scared by Little Chuck 's bravery and his implied knife , Burris retreats . From this we see , through the narrative view of Scout , his gentlemanly attitude and how it calms Miss Caroline down . Little Chuck may be even more intelligent than originally meets the eye , as he easily could have been bluffing about the aforementioned implied knife to scare Burris into retreating . Mr. Dick Avery ( edit ) Mr. Dick Avery is an overweight neighbor who tells Jem and Scout that dramatic changes in the weather are caused by disobedient and misbehaving children . After it snows , they build a snowman that resembles him . Mr. Avery can also be seen in the story pushing a mattress out of a window when Miss Maudie 's house catches fire . The kids , including Jem and Scout , always waited for him to do something interesting . For instance , Jem claims that one night he urinated from his front porch in an impressive arc . Miss Gates ( edit ) Miss Gates is a third grade teacher at Scout 's school who insists that America is n't prejudiced like Hitler 's Germany . Despite this , Scout has heard her say that the blacks need to be taught a lesson after Tom 's trial . Eula May ( edit ) Eula May is Maycomb 's most prominent telephone operator . She sends out public announcements , invitations , and activates the fire alarm . She announced the closing of schools when it snowed and announced the rabid dog that entered Maycomb . Also , Eula May knows everybody in the town because of her unique job . Cecil Jacobs ( edit ) Cecil Jacobs teases Scout and Jem at school . Scout almost gets into a fight with Cecil over the trial of Tom Robinson . Scout beats up Cecil Jacobs because he says Atticus is a `` Nigger Lover . '' He gives a current event on Adolf Hitler and later frightens Scout and Jem on their way to the Halloween pageant . He and Scout then pair up at the carnival . At the Halloween pageant afterwards , Cecil was a cow . He hints that black people are not as good as white people while talking about Hitler during current events . He also tends to take jokes too far . However importantly he shows how prejudice is passed on from parent to child . Tim Johnson ( edit ) Tim Johnson is a dog belonging to Harry Johnson ( a character in the book who is mentioned once but is never seen ) . He is infected by rabies in chapter 10 and goes mad , putting everyone in the town at risk . Atticus is forced to shoot Tim Johnson before he reaches the Radley House or attacks anyone . When Atticus shoots the dog , his excellent marksmanship is revealed to Scout and Jem ( his nickname used to be One - Shot Finch ) . The dog 's body is collected by Zeebo . Simon Finch ( edit ) Simon Finch is the founder of Finch 's Landing . He is referred to in the first chapter of the book , being a direct ancestor of Atticus . He is a Cornish Methodist , and emigrated from England to avoid religious persecution , landing in Philadelphia before settling in Alabama . He was married , with one son , six daughters . He is also an apothecary . Maxwell Green ( edit ) Maxwell Green is the new lawyer in town . He is normally the judicially - assigned defense attorney but Judge Taylor assigned Tom Robinson 's case to Atticus to give Tom Robinson a better chance . Mr. X Billups ( edit ) Mr. X Billups who is seen only once in the book , going to the trial , is described as a `` funny man '' . X is his name , and not his initial . He was asked repeated times what his name was until he signed it . X was the name he had been given when he was born because his parents marked his birth certificate with an X instead of a name . The Barber sisters ( Miss `` Tutti '' and Miss `` Frutti '' ) ( edit ) The Barber Sisters ( Miss Sarah , nicknamed `` Tutti '' and Miss Frances , nicknamed `` Frutti '' ) are maiden sisters who live in the only house in Maycomb with a cellar . They were originally from Clanton , Alabama ; and are rumored to be Republicans . Besides their Yankee ways , both sisters are deaf ( Tutti completely deaf ; Frutti uses an ear trumpet ) , and had a Halloween prank pulled on them by some `` wicked '' schoolchildren ( Scout claims she was not included ) who put all of their furniture in their cellar . Mrs. gertrude Farrow ( edit ) Mrs. Farrow is a lady in the missionary society who visits the Finch house occasionally . Mr. Conner ( edit ) Mr. Conner is mentioned early on in the book . He was locked in an outhouse by `` Boo '' Radley and his friends . After taking the teenagers to court , Mr. Conner accused them of `` disorderly conduct , disturbing the peace , assault and battery , and using abusive and profane language in the presence and hearing of a female . '' He added the last charge after claiming that the teens had `` cussed so loud he was sure every lady in Maycomb heard them . '' Zeebo ( edit ) Zeebo is Calpurnia 's eldest son . He is one of just four people in First Purchase Church who can read , so he is the vocal leader , leading hymns in the Negro First Purchase Church by `` lining , '' reading a line of verse and having the congregation repeat it . Calpurnia taught Zeebo how to read . He is also the garbage man of Maycomb , and took away the dead rabid dog , Tim Johnson . When a fellow church member , a woman named Lula , tries to make the children feel bad for attending church with his mother , Zeebo welcomes Scout and Jem with open arms . He is kind but very quiet . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What Kids Are Reading : The Book Reading Habits of Students in American Schools '' , Renaissance Learning , Inc. , 2008 . Retrieved on July 11 , 2008 . See also `` What Kids Are Reading : The Book Reading Habits of Students in American Schools Archived 2012 - 03 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , Renaissance Learning , Inc. 2010 . Retrieved on May 1 , 2011 . where To Kill a Mockingbird appears at number 2 . Jump up ^ `` To Kill A Mockingbird Guide at studentshare.net ; Release Year : 2017 '' . Jump up ^ `` Edmond Public Schools - Edmond Public Schools '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Arthur Radley ( Boo ) in To Kill a Mockingbird '' . Jump up ^ Lee , Harper ( 1960 ) . To Kill a Mockingbird . United States of America : Warner Books . p. 81 . ( hide ) Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1960 ) Characters Atticus Finch Film To Kill a Mockingbird Prequel Go Set a Watchman Other To Kill a Mockingbird in popular culture Broken Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_characters&oldid=835936451 '' Categories : To Kill a Mockingbird Fictional characters from Alabama Lists of literary characters Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 17 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20To%20Kill%20a%20Mockingbird%20characters

hum dil de chuke sanam meaning in english

Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( English : I Have Given My Heart Away , Darling ) is a 1999 Indian Hindi - language romantic drama film directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali . It was released internationally as Straight From the Heart . The film stars Salman Khan , Ajay Devgn and Aishwarya Rai and is shot at Prag Mahal , Gujarat .

I Have Given My Heart Away , Darling

Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam

hum dil de chuke sanam

Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( English : I Have Given My Heart Away , Darling ) is a 1999 Indian Hindi - language romantic drama film directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali . It was released internationally as Straight From the Heart . The film stars Salman Khan , Ajay Devgn and Aishwarya Rai and is shot at Prag Mahal , Gujarat .

The story is adopted from Maitreyi Devi 's Bengali novel Na Hanyate and is based on a love triangle . It also reflects the influence of the German novella Immensee and the 1943 Nazi - era film based on it , Immensee . It has some inspiration from 1983 movie Woh Saat Din . It was filmed throughout the Gujarat - Rajasthan border region , in addition to Budapest , Hungary , which was used to represent Italy . The film was premiered in the Indian Panorama section at the 1999 International Film Festival of India . It was remade in Bengali as Neel Akasher Chandni in 2009 , with Jeet reprising Salman Khan 's role , Jisshu Sengupta reprising Ajay Devgn 's role , and Koel Mallick reprising Aishwarya Rai 's role . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 DVD release 4 Reception 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Track listing 6 Awards 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Nandini ( Aishwarya Rai ) is the daughter of Pundit Darbar ( Vikram Gokhale ) , a renowned proponent of Indian classical music . It is announced that a young man named Sameer ( Salman Khan ) will be arriving to stay with the Darbar family , as he wants to grasp the intricacies of Indian classical music under the guidance of the Pundit . He is accommodated in Nandini 's room , causing her to take a dislike to Sameer . At first the two tease and prank one another , but soon enough they fall deeply in love . The two spend romantic moments during several family events , including weddings and festivals . One day , the pair are caught rehearsing their wedding vows by the Pundit and he is enraged since he has already planned Nandini 's wedding with Vanraj ( Ajay Devgn ) , who had fallen in love with her during her cousin Anu 's ( Sheeba Chaddha ) wedding . Sameer is banished from the household and the Pundit quits singing since he believes Nandini has brought shame to the family . Sameer is asked never to meet Nandini again . Although he eventually leaves for Italy , he writes letters to Nandini asking her to join him , but his letters do not reach her . After a futile suicide attempt , Nandini reluctantly weds Vanraj . He tries to consummate their marriage on their wedding night , but Nandini is disgusted by his approach and acts coldly towards him . He asks her for an explanation but she chooses to remain silent . Nandini finally receives Sameer 's letters and Vanraj walks in on her reading them . He is enraged and initially decides to return her to her parents , but soon realizes that since she is in love with another man , the right thing to do would be to unite the pair . Vanraj seeks his parents ' consent , which they give after disagreeing at first . Nandini and Vanraj arrive in Italy but come up against dead ends searching for Sameer . During their search , they are mobbed and Nandini is shot in the arm . Moved by Vanraj 's gentleness and affection towards her , Nandini begins to warm up to him . Eventually they are able to locate Sameer through his mother ( Helen ) , and Vanraj dutifully arranges for their meeting on the night of Sameer 's debut concert . He then bids goodbye to Nandini and walks away heartbroken . Upon meeting Sameer , she apologises to him and tells him that she has come to love Vanraj . She reflects on the unwavering love and devotion that Vanraj has showered upon her throughout their relationship , and realises that Vanraj is her true soul mate . She runs back to him and he tells her that he can not live without her . Vanraj adorns a mangala sutra around her neck and they embrace each other with fireworks in the background . Cast ( edit ) Aishwarya Rai won several accolades for her performance in the film . Salman Khan as Sameer Rossellini Ajay Devgn as Vanraj Aishwarya Rai as Nandini Darbar Zohra Sehgal as the Grandmother Vikram Gokhale as Pundit Darbar Smita Jaykar as Amrita Rekha Rao as Kamna Kenny Desai as Bhairaon Sheeba Chaddha as Anupama Kanu Gill as Vanraj 's mom Rajeev Varma as Vikramjeet Vinay Pathak as Tarun Helen as Mrs. Rosselline Dimple Inamdar as Shilpa Akash Karnataki as Bharat DVD release ( edit ) In 2000 , Video - sound company in the United States , released the official DVD edition of the film with a `` making of '' segment . The main feature was presented in an aspect ratio of 1.85 and the original Dolby Digital 5.1 mix . The second release was by Digital Entertainment Inc . This was a collectors ' edition two - disc set , filled with supplementary features . These included : Making of the Film IIFA 2000 and Zee Gold awards , 2000 Television Promos Theatrical Trailer Subtitles in English , Spanish , French , Japanese and Arabic Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround Audio Anamorphic Widescreen Presentation Attractive Information Booklet Shemaroo and Eros International released single - disc editions in the India market , sans supplementary features . The movie was released under its English title Straight From The Heart . This DVD was released by Pathfinder Home Entertainment , which was a port of the Digital Entertainment Inc. edition , sans supplementary features . Reception ( edit ) Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam was well received by most critics -- especially for its emotional content , cinematography and music -- as well as the performances of the lead actors and a surprising performance by guest star Helen . Anupama Chopra said `` this three - hour spectacular is stuffed with songs , romance , comedy , devotional material , and color - soaked dance numbers that are huge even by Hindi standards . '' Michael Dequina writing for TheMovieReport.com said of the three leads `` Rai , in a luminous , award - winning performance ( largely considered her big dramatic breakthrough -- and justifiably so ) , fills in the conflicted emotional shades that Khan fails to bring with his one - dimensional presence ; and Devgn 's soulful subtlety does its job in suggesting Sameer to be a more formidable romantic adversary than viewers would see him as being . '' The reviewer for Filmfare felt it was a `` once in a decade type of extravaganza '' and wrote , `` Cinematographically , the movie is flawless and by virtue of this fact alone , a must - see . It aims at capturing poetry on screen without becoming pretentious . The music by Ismail Darbari is simply enchanting . The film juxtaposes Indian thematic content with exotic foreign locales . '' Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam was a Hit at the Indian box office , becoming the third highest grossing of the Bollywood films of 1999 with ₹ 200 million . It also did well in the foreign box office with ₹ 85 million . Soundtrack ( edit ) Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam Soundtrack album by Ismail Darbar Released 21 June 1999 ( 1999 - 06 - 21 ) Genre Feature film soundtrack Length 54 : 03 Language Hindi Label T - Series Ismail Darbar chronology Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 1999 ) Tera Jadoo Chal Gayaa ( 2000 ) String Module Error : Match not foundString Module Error : Match not found The music was composed by Ismail Darbar with lyrics by Mehboob and sung by Kavita Krishnamurthy , Alka Yagnik , Kumar Sanu , Udit Narayan , Hariharan , Vinod Rathod , Sultan Khan , Shankar Mahadevan , KK and others . It received nine Filmfare Awards nominations in the music and singing categories and produced some winners as well . Vikas Bhatnagar of Planet Bollywood gave the soundtrack a perfect 10 out of 10 stars and said it has `` cemented it 's ( sic ) place in the history books of greatest ever Hindi soundtracks . '' Track listing ( edit ) ankhon ki gustakhiyaan # Song Singer ( s ) Length `` Chand Chupa Badal Mein '' Udit Narayan , Alka Yagnik 05 : 46 `` Nimbooda '' Kavita Krishnamurthy , Karsan Sargathi 06 : 23 `` Aankhon Ki Gustakhiyan '' Kavita Krishnamurthy , Kumar Sanu 05 : 00 `` Man Mohini '' Shankar Mahadevan 02 : 26 5 `` Jhonka Hawa Ka '' Kavita Krishnamurthy , Hariharan 05 : 46 6 `` Dholi Taro Dhol Baje '' Kavita Krishnamurthy , Vinod Rathod , Karsan Sagathia 06 : 16 7 `` Love Theme '' Kavita Krishnamurthy , Shankar Mahadevan 02 : 11 8 `` Tadap Tadap '' K.K. , Dominique Cerejo 06 : 36 9 `` Albela Sajan '' Kavita Krishnamurthy , Sultan Khan , Shankar Mahadevan 03 : 20 10 `` Kaipoche '' Damayanti Bardai , Jyotsna Hardikar , K.K. , Shankar Mahadevan 05 : 03 11 `` Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam '' Kavita Krishnamurthy , Mohammed Salamat , Dominique Cerejo 06 : 45 Awards ( edit ) Won Award Recipient ( s ) 47th National Film Awards National Film Award for Best Production Design Nitin Chandrakant Desai National Film Award for Best Music Direction Ismail Darbar National Film Award for Best Choreography Vaibhavi Merchant National Film Award for Best Cinematography Anil Mehta 45th Filmfare Awards Best Movie Sanjay Leela Bhansali Best Director Best Actress Aishwarya Rai Best Male Playback Udit Narayan for `` Chand Chupa Badal Mein '' Best Art Director Nitin Chandrakant Desai Best Cinematographer Anil Mehta Best Choreography Saroj Khan for `` Nimbooda '' Best Background Score Anjan Biswas RD Burman Award Ismail Darbar Star Screen Awards Star Screen Award Best Film Sanjay Leela Bhansali Star Screen Award Best Director Star Screen Award Best Actress Aishwarya Rai Star Screen Award Best Female Playback Kavita Krishnamurthy Star Screen Award for Best Screenplay Sanjay Leela Bhansali & Kenneth Philips 1st IIFA Awards Best Movie Sanjay Leela Bhansali Best Director Best Actress Aishwarya Rai Best Male Playback Udit Narayan , `` Chand Chupa Badal Mein '' Best Cinematography Anail Mehta Best Story Pratap Karvat / Sanjay Leela Bansali Best Dialogue Amrik Gill Best Screenplay Sanjay Leela Bansali Best Choreography Saroj Khan Best Sound Recording Jeetendra Chaudhary Best Sound Re -- Recording Sushmita Sen Zee Cine Awards Zee Cine Award Best Film Sanjay Leela Bhansali Zee Cine Award Best Director Zee Cine Award Best Actor - Female Aishwarya Rai Lux Face of the Year Zee Cine Award Best Playback Singer - Male Udit Narayan Zee Cine Award Best Playback Singer - Female Kavita Krishnamurthy Zee Gold Awards Best Director Sanjay Leela Bhansali Best Actress Critics ' Award Aishwarya Rai Best Male Singer Kumar Sanu Best Costume Designer Neeta Lulla Best Cinematographer Anil Mehta Best Screenplay Sanjay Leela Bhansali Nominated Filmfare Award for Best Actor - Salman Khan Filmfare Award for Best Actor - Ajay Devgn References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam '' . boxofficeindia . BOI . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Budget : 16 , 00 , 00,000 Jump up ^ `` Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam '' . boxofficeindia . BOI . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Worldwide Gross : 51 , 38 , 50,000 Jump up ^ `` Straight From the Heart '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP1999Award.aspx?PdfName=IP1999.pdf Jump up ^ `` Planet - Bollywood - Film Review - Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam '' . Indolink.com. 18 June 1999 . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rediff On The NeT , Movies : The review of Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam '' . Rediff.com. 17 June 1999 . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Eisner , Ken ( 5 November 2000 ) . `` Variety Reviews - Straight From the Heart - Film Reviews - - Review by Ken Eisner '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Movie Report Archive : July 2003 - TheMovieReport.com '' . Mrbrownmovies.com . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam '' . Filmfare . Archived from the original on 16 February 2001 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1999 '' . BoxOfficeIndia.Com . Archived from the original on 18 September 2010 . Retrieved 19 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office India overseas earners '' . BoxOfficeIndia.Com . Retrieved 19 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Filmfare nominations 1999 '' . IndiaTimes.com . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam Music Review '' . External links ( edit ) Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam on IMDb Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam at Bollywood Hungama Films by Sanjay Leela Bhansali Director Khamoshi : The Musical ( 1996 ) Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 1999 ) Devdas ( 2002 ) Black ( 2005 ) Saawariya ( 2007 ) Guzaarish ( 2010 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Bajirao Mastani ( 2015 ) Padmaavat ( 2018 ) Producer My Friend Pinto ( 2011 ) Rowdy Rathore ( 2012 ) Shirin Farhad Ki Toh Nikal Padi ( 2012 ) Mary Kom ( 2014 ) Gabbar Is Back ( 2015 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Bajirao Mastani ( 2015 ) Padmaavat ( 2018 ) Filmfare Award for Best Film 1954 -- 1975 Do Bigha Zamin ( 1954 ) Boot Polish ( 1955 ) Jagriti ( 1956 ) Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje ( 1957 ) Mother India ( 1958 ) Madhumati ( 1959 ) Sujata ( 1960 ) Mughal - e-Azam ( 1961 ) Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai ( 1962 ) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam ( 1963 ) Bandini ( 1964 ) Dosti ( 1965 ) Himalay Ki Godmein ( 1966 ) Guide ( 1967 ) Upkar ( 1968 ) Brahmachari ( 1969 ) Aradhana ( 1970 ) Khilona ( 1971 ) Anand ( 1972 ) Be-Imaan ( 1973 ) Anuraag ( 1974 ) Rajnigandha ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Deewaar ( 1976 ) Mausam ( 1977 ) Bhumika ( 1978 ) Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki ( 1979 ) Junoon ( 1980 ) Khubsoorat ( 1981 ) Kalyug ( 1982 ) Shakti ( 1983 ) Ardh Satya ( 1984 ) Sparsh ( 1985 ) Ram Teri Ganga Maili ( 1986 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1989 ) Maine Pyar Kiya ( 1990 ) Ghayal ( 1991 ) Lamhe ( 1992 ) Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar ( 1993 ) Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke ( 1994 ) Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! ( 1995 ) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1996 ) Raja Hindustani ( 1997 ) Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1998 ) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1999 ) Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Kaho Naa ... Pyaar Hai ( 2001 ) Lagaan ( 2002 ) Devdas ( 2003 ) Koi ... Mil Gaya ( 2004 ) Veer - Zaara ( 2005 ) Black ( 2006 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2007 ) Taare Zameen Par ( 2008 ) Jodhaa Akbar ( 2009 ) 3 Idiots ( 2010 ) Dabangg ( 2011 ) Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara ( 2012 ) Barfi ! ( 2013 ) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ( 2014 ) Queen ( 2015 ) Bajirao Mastani ( 2016 ) Dangal ( 2017 ) Hindi Medium ( 2018 ) IIFA Award for Best Film Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 2000 ) Kaho Naa ... Pyaar Hai ( 2001 ) Lagaan ( 2002 ) Devdas ( 2003 ) Kal Ho Naa Ho ( 2004 ) Veer - Zaara ( 2005 ) Black ( 2006 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2007 ) Chak De ! India ( 2008 ) Jodhaa Akbar ( 2009 ) 3 Idiots ( 2010 ) Dabangg ( 2011 ) Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara ( 2012 ) Barfi ! ( 2013 ) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ( 2014 ) Queen ( 2015 ) Bajrangi Bhaijaan ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hum_Dil_De_Chuke_Sanam&oldid=843042571 '' Categories : 1999 films 1990s Hindi - language films Films directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali Films shot in Hungary Films shot in India Films set in Gujarat Films set in Italy Indian romantic drama films Indian romantic musical films 1990s romantic drama films 1990s romantic musical films Films based on Indian novels Films based on romance novels Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award Films shot in Gujarat Films scored by Ismail Darbar Films about composers Films whose production designer won the Best Production Design National Film Award Films featuring a Best Choreography National Film Award - winning choreography Hindi films remade in other languages Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2014 Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Italiano मराठी नेपाल भाषा ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Русский Suomi 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 13 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum%20Dil%20De%20Chuke%20Sanam

new order blue monday top of the pops

Blue Monday ( New Order song )

blue monday ( new order song )

`` Blue Monday '' is a song by the English rock / dance band New Order . It was released as a 12 - inch single on 7 March 1983 through Factory Records and later remade by the band in 1988 and 1995 . The song has been widely remixed and covered since its original release , and became a popular anthem in the dance club scene . It is the best - selling 12 '' single of all time . The song has been widely acclaimed and ranked by Acclaimed Music as the 33rd most acclaimed song of all time .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Packaging 4 Music videos 5 Official releases 6 Appearances 7 Track listing 7.1 Blue Monday 7.2 Blue Monday 1988 7.3 Blue Monday - 95 7.4 Acid House Mixes By 808 State ( 1988 ) 8 Charts 8.1 `` Blue Monday '' 8.2 Acid House Mixes By 808 State ( 1988 ) 8.3 `` Blue Monday 1988 '' 8.4 `` Blue Monday - 95 '' 8.5 2006 and 2009 reissues 9 Orgy version 9.1 Background 9.2 Success 9.3 Reception 9.4 Track listing 9.5 Chart performance 9.6 Appearances 10 Flunk version 10.1 2002 EP track listing 11 808 State version 12 References 13 Sources 14 External links Background ( edit ) `` Blue Monday '' was described by the BBC Radio 2 `` Sold on Song '' feature thus : `` The track is widely regarded as a crucial link between Seventies disco and the dance / house boom that took off at the end of the Eighties . '' Synthpop had been a major force in British popular music for several years , but `` Blue Monday '' , with encouragement by the band 's manager Rob Gretton , was a dance record that also exhibited influences from the New York club scene , particularly the work of producers like Arthur Baker ( who collaborated on New Order 's follow - up single `` Confusion '' ) . According to Bernard Sumner , `` Blue Monday '' was influenced by four songs : the arrangement came from `` Dirty Talk '' , by Klein + M.B.O. ; the signature bassline with octaves came from Sylvester 's disco classic , `` You Make Me Feel ( Mighty Real ) '' ; the beat came from `` Our Love '' , by Donna Summer ; the choir sound was sampled from the Kraftwerk song `` Uranium '' from the Radio - Activity album and the long keyboard pad on the intro and outro was following the album 's intro track `` Geiger Counter '' . The band claimed to have written the song in response to crowd disappointment at the fact that they never played encores . The song was planned to allow them to return to the stage , press play on a synthesiser and leave the stage again , but while writing the song it evolved into a project that the band quite liked , and it was turned from an experiment into a single . However , the band since have become noted for playing Blue Monday as an encore . Some rhythmic and synthesizer elements of the song had been used by the band in an earlier composition , `` Video 5 8 6 '' , in 1982 , which evolved into the track `` 5 8 6 '' , appearing on the band 's 1983 album Power , Corruption & Lies . Despite selling well it was not eligible for an official gold disc because Factory Records was not a member of the British Phonographic Industry association . According to the Official Charts Company , its total sales stands at 1.16 million in the United Kingdom alone , and `` Blue Monday '' came 69th in the all - time UK best - selling singles chart published in November 2012 . Composition ( edit ) In August 1983 , New Order released their iconic `` Blue Monday '' , which was composed on prototype - level homebrew `` step - time '' binary code programming , morphologically a MIDI rendition . The song begins with a distinctive semiquaver kick drum intro , programmed on an Oberheim DMX drum machine . Gillian Gilbert eventually fades in a sequencer melody . According to band interviews in NewOrderStory , she did so at the wrong time , so the melody is out of sync with the beat ; however , the band considered it to be a happy accident that contributed to the track 's charm . However , in a separate interview , Gilbert claims that the melody is out of sync because she had forgotten to input a note into the sequencer . The verse section features the song 's signature throbbing synth bass line , played by a Moog Source , overlaid with Peter Hook 's bass guitar leads . The synth bass line was sequenced on a Powertran Sequencer home built by Sumner . Bernard Sumner delivers the lyrics in a deadpan manner . `` Blue Monday '' is an atypical hit song in that it does not feature a standard verse - chorus structure . After a lengthy introduction , the first and second verses are contiguous and are separated from the third verse only by a brief series of sound effects . A short breakdown section follows the third verse , which leads to an extended outro . Packaging ( edit ) The 1983 edition artwork is designed to resemble a 51⁄4 '' floppy disk . The sleeve does not display either the group name nor song title in plain English anywhere ; the only text on the sleeve is `` FAC SEVENTY THREE '' on the spine . Instead the legend `` FAC 73 BLUE MONDAY AND THE BEACH NEW ORDER '' is represented in code by a series of coloured blocks . The key enabling this to be deciphered was printed on the back sleeve of the album , Power , Corruption & Lies . `` Blue Monday '' and Power , Corruption & Lies are two of four Factory releases from this time period to employ the colour code , the others being `` Confusion '' by New Order and From the Hip by Section 25 . The single 's original sleeve , created by Factory designer Peter Saville and Brett Wickens , was die - cut with a silver inner sleeve . It cost so much to produce that Factory Records actually lost money on each copy sold . Matthew Robertson 's Factory Records : The Complete Graphic Album notes that `` ( d ) ue to the use of die - cutting and specified colours , the production cost of this sleeve was so high that the single sold at a loss . '' Tony Wilson noted that it lost 5p per sleeve `` due to our strange accounting system '' ; Saville noted that nobody expected `` Blue Monday '' to be a commercially successful record at all , so nobody expected the cost to be an issue . '' In Shadowplayers : The Rise and Fall of Factory Records , Saville states `` I am so bored with this story . We did n't even know how many of these expensive covers were ever made anyway . '' Robertson also noted that `` ( l ) ater reissues had subtle changes to limit the cost '' ( the diecut areas being replaced with printed silver ink ) . Saville commented in 2013 that the printers `` banged out a cheaper version . I do n't know how many thousands were sold ( the original ) way , or whether Factory were charged the full price for something they did n't get , which would be very Factory . '' Peter Saville Associates charged Factory £ 538.20 for the sleeve design . The artwork was so late that Saville sent it straight to the printer , unreviewed by either the band or the label . The 1988 and 1995 versions were packaged in conventional sleeves . Music videos ( edit ) A music video for a shortened version of the original song was created in 1983 , featuring military clips with false colour , simple computer - generated graphics such as colour blocks and geometric lines , digitised video of band members at very low resolution and framerate , and a short appearance of the game Zaxxon ( reportedly the Apple II port ) . The colour blocks were created using Peter Saville 's colour - coded alphabet . On the Australian show Rage , a video was shown containing footage taken from their BBC Top of the Pops performance with the studio track dubbed over it . The music video for `` Blue Monday ' 88 '' appears on the Substance video collection ( released as a companion to the album of the same name ) . The video features sketches by photographer William Wegman and his Weimaraner dog named Fay Ray doing balancing acts intercut with hand - drawn animation by Robert Breer . The band members are shown standing around doing various tasks , such as walking a wooden plank over a floor that is painted blue , holding wire - mesh constructed art and milk crates over their faces , being hit by tennis balls , and standing still while they flip through various flip books ( tying into the hand - drawn animation sequences ) . In September 2012 New Order headlined a festival at Portmeirion in North Wales and festival organisers recruited the support of the local Brythoniaid Male Voice Choir to produce a cover version and accompanying video . Official releases ( edit ) `` Blue Monday '' has been a hit several times in the UK . In 1983 , it charted twice , initially reaching number 12 , then re-entering the chart later in the year and climbing to number 9 , helped by the fact that neither side of the single ( the B - side `` The Beach '' was an instrumental re-working of `` Blue Monday '' ) was featured on the UK version of the group 's subsequent album , Power , Corruption & Lies . New Order appeared on the BBC 's Top of the Pops , on 31 March 1983 , to promote the song . New Order insisted on performing Blue Monday live . The performance was dogged by technical problems , and was unrepresentative of the recording . In the words of drummer Stephen Morris , `` Blue Monday was never the easiest song to perform , anyway , and everything went wrong . The synthesisers went awry . It sounded awful '' . In 1985 , `` Blue Monday '' and `` Thieves Like Us '' were officially released in Poland as a 7 '' single in different sleeve by Tonpress under license from Factory Records and sold over 50,000 copies and reached number 5 on the end - of - year single chart . In 1988 , `` Blue Monday '' was officially remixed by Quincy Jones and John Potoker under the title `` Blue Monday 88 '' ( with the instrumental flip being titled `` Beach Buggy '' ) . The single reached number 3 in the British charts , number 4 in the Australian charts , and topped the dance charts in the United States . A further official remix / reissue in 1995 , with a mix by Hardfloor as the lead track , also made the British Top 20 . The song has sold 1.21 million copies in the UK as of October 2015 . Appearances ( edit ) The single was not originally on Power , Corruption & Lies , but was included on the Gap Records Australia / New Zealand cassette version ( though listed only on the cassette itself , not on the card ) . In 2008 , Collector 's Editions of all New Order 's 1980s albums were released , with remastered versions of the original 12 '' `` Blue Monday '' and its B - side `` The Beach '' appearing on the Collector 's Edition of Power , Corruption & Lies . Meanwhile , `` Blue Monday ' 88 '' and `` Beach Buggy '' appear on the Collector 's Edition of 1986 's Brotherhood . `` Blue Monday '' also appeared on Grand Theft Auto : Vice City Stories on its in - game radio Wave 103 . Also in FIFA Football 2005 and in - game radio in Forza Horizon . `` Blue Monday '' appears on almost every New Order compilation . Blue Monday is in the soundtrack for Atomic Blonde and has appeared in the theatrical trailer . 1987 : Substance 1987 -- Original 12 '' version 1994 : Best of New Order -- 1988 7 '' version 1995 : Rest of New Order -- Hardfloor Mix ( note : some versions come with a disc of `` Blue Monday '' remixes ) 2002 : International -- Original 12 '' version 2002 : Retro -- Original 12 '' version and Jam and Spoon Manuela Mix 2005 : Singles -- Original 12 '' version ( note : this version omits the opening seconds ) and 1988 7 '' version 2011 : Total - Original 12 '' version 2016 : Singles ( 2016 re-release ) - Original 12 '' version and 1988 7 '' version Compilation appearances include 1996 The Best ... Album in the World ... Ever ! - New edited version of 12 '' mix ( runs at 6 : 45 length ) 2001 Mixmag B ! g Tunes - Original 12 '' version 2002 Electric Dreams - Original 12 '' version 2008 Anthems II 1991 - 2009 - 1988 7 '' mix ( mixed into `` Chime '' by Orbital ) 2011 Arkives - Plastikman Remix Track listing ( edit ) Blue Monday ( edit ) All tracks written by Gillian Gilbert , Peter Hook , Stephen Morris and Bernard Sumner ; except where indicated . 12 `` : FAC73 ( UK ) ( 1983 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Blue Monday '' 7 : 29 2 . `` The Beach '' 7 : 19 7 `` : Tonpress S - 534 ( Poland ) ( 1985 ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Blue Monday '' 7 : 29 2 . `` Thieves Like Us '' Arthur Baker , Gilbert , Hook , Morris , Sumner 6 : 36 12 `` : Qwest 0 - 20332 ( US ) ( 1985 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Blue Monday '' 7 : 38 2 . `` The Beach '' 7 : 28 Blue Monday 1988 ( edit ) All tracks written by Gillian Gilbert , Peter Hook , Stephen Morris and Bernard Sumner . 7 `` : FAC73 - 7 ( UK ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Blue Monday 1988 '' 4 : 09 2 . `` Beach Buggy '' 4 : 18 7 `` : Qwest 7 - 27979 / Cassette : Qwest 4 - 27979 ( US ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Blue Monday 1988 ( Single Mix ) '' 4 : 10 2 . `` Touched by the Hand of God ( Single Version ) '' 3 : 41 12 `` : FAC73R ( UK ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Blue Monday 1988 ( 12 '' Version ) '' 7 : 09 2 . `` Beach Buggy '' 6 : 52 12 `` : Qwest 0 - 20869 ( US ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Blue Monday 1988 ( 12 '' Mix ) '' 7 : 09 2 . `` Blue Monday 1988 ( Dub ) '' 7 : 16 3 . `` Touched by the Hand of God ( Remix ) '' 7 : 02 4 . `` Touched by the Hand of God ( Dub ) '' 5 : 30 CD : FACD73R ( UK ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Blue Monday 1988 ( 12 - inch ) '' 7 : 09 2 . `` Beach Buggy ( 12 - inch ) '' 6 : 52 3 . `` Blue Monday 1988 ( 7 - inch ) '' 4 : 09 Video CD : FACDV73R ( UK ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Blue Monday 1988 ( 12 - inch ) '' 7 : 09 2 . `` Beach Buggy ( 12 - inch ) '' 6 : 52 3 . `` Blue Monday 1988 ( 7 - inch ) '' 4 : 09 4 . `` Blue Monday 1988 '' ( Video ) 4 : 09 Cassette : Qwest 4 - 27979 ( Canada ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Blue Monday 1988 ( 12 '' Mix ) '' 7 : 09 2 . `` Touched by the Hand of God ( Single Version ) '' 4 : 10 3 . `` Blue Monday 1988 ( Single Version ) '' 4 : 10 4 . `` Blue Monday 1988 ( Dub version ) '' 7 : 16 Blue Monday - 95 ( edit ) All tracks written by Gillian Gilbert , Peter Hook , Stephen Morris and Bernard Sumner . 7 `` : NUO 7 ( UK ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Blue Monday - 95 ( Hardfloor Radio Edit ) '' 4 : 16 2 . `` Blue Monday ( Original Radio Edit ) '' ( Actually `` Blue Monday 1988 ( 7 - inch ) '' ) 4 : 09 12 `` : NUOX7 ( UK ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Blue Monday - 95 ( Hardfloor Mix ) '' 8 : 34 2 . `` Blue Monday - 95 ( Andrea Mix ) '' 8 : 26 3 . `` Blue Monday - 95 ( Manuella Mix ) '' 7 : 31 4 . `` Blue Monday ( Original Mix ) '' 7 : 26 CD : NUOCD 7 ( UK ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Blue Monday - 95 ( Hardfloor Mix ) '' 8 : 37 2 . `` Blue Monday ( Original Mix ) '' 7 : 26 3 . `` Blue Monday - 95 ( Manuella Mix ) '' 7 : 32 4 . `` Blue Monday - 95 ( Andrea Mix ) '' 8 : 28 5 . `` Blue Monday - 95 ( Plutone Mix ) '' 6 : 29 CD : 850039.2 ( Europe ) No . Title Length 1 . `` BlueMonday - 95 ( Manuela Mix ) '' 7 : 31 2 . `` BlueMonday - 95 ( Andrea Mix ) '' 8 : 28 3 . `` BlueMonday - 95 ( Hardfloor Mix ) '' 8 : 36 4 . `` BlueMonday - 95 ( Brain Mix ) '' 5 : 24 CD : 850041.2 ( Europe ) No . Title Length 1 . `` BlueMonday - 95 ( Plutone Mix ) '' 6 : 29 2 . `` BlueMonday - 95 ( Starwash Mix ) '' 5 : 38 3 . `` Blue Monday ( Original Mix ) '' 7 : 23 4 . `` BlueMonday - 95 ( Hardfloor Dub ) '' 8 : 15 `` Blue Monday ( Plutone Dub ) '' ( 4 : 46 ) was only made available on promo vinyl FAC73PL Acid House Mixes By 808 State ( 1988 ) ( edit ) 12 `` : CAT 806 EP ( UK ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Blue Monday ( So Hot Mix ) '' Gilbert , Hook , Morris , Sumner 7 : 47 2 . `` Confusion ( Acid House Mix ) '' Arthur Baker , Gilbert , Hook , Morris , Sumner 5 : 54 Released in 2004 . Charts ( edit ) `` Blue Monday '' ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 13 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 38 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 10 UK Indie Chart ( Official Charts Company ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 5 Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 9 Chart ( 1985 ) Peak position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 29 Acid House Mixes By 808 State ( 1988 ) ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 76 `` Blue Monday 1988 '' ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 14 Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) 6 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 9 UK Indie Chart ( Official Charts Company ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 68 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales 9 Notes : - Charted with `` Touched by the Hand of God '' `` Blue Monday - 95 '' ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 109 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 9 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 54 Ireland ( IRMA ) 29 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 38 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 17 2006 and 2009 reissues ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 73 Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Belgium ( Back Catalogue Singles Flanders ) 16 Orgy version ( edit ) `` Blue Monday '' Single by Orgy from the album Candyass Released 14 December 1998 Format Single Genre Industrial rock nu metal Length 4 : 25 Label Warner Bros. / Reprise / Elementree Songwriter ( s ) Gillian Gilbert , Peter Hook , Stephen Morris , Bernard Sumner Producer ( s ) Josh Abraham , Orgy Orgy singles chronology `` Stitches '' ( 1998 ) `` Blue Monday '' ( 1998 ) `` Fiction ( Dreams in Digital ) '' ( 2000 ) `` Stitches '' ( 1998 ) `` Blue Monday '' ( 1998 ) `` Fiction ( Dreams in Digital ) '' ( 2000 ) `` Blue Monday / Stitches '' Single by Orgy Released 9 February 1999 Format Single Length 48 : 04 Label Warner Bros. / Reprise / Elementree Songwriter ( s ) Gillian Gilbert , Peter Hook , Stephen Morris , Bernard Sumner Producer ( s ) Josh Abraham , Orgy `` Blue Monday '' was covered by American alternative metal band Orgy . A cover version of the New Order song , it was released on 14 December 1998 . Internationally , the song was a hit , appearing on music charts worldwide . It has been attributed with providing industrial and metal music with a fresh connection . Background ( edit ) In an interview with Billboard guitarist Amir Derakh said that upon working on the song they `` wanted to do the original ' Blue Monday ' justice '' and had expected more criticism . He went on to say that they felt lucky to have covered it and that they felt it could have been something that they had written . The fact that their first major hit was a cover of the 1980s electronica / dance song did not bother the band . Their first official single release featured various versions of `` Blue Monday '' and upon the success of the song the band decided to include their previous single `` Stitches '' on the second release . With the label 's support this release was an enhanced CD that featured the music video for `` Blue Monday '' on 9 February 1999 , which was in QuickTime format . `` Blue Monday '' has been made into several dance remixes , some which were produced to appeal to the underground dance club scene , and was even advertised under `` Club Mix '' 2000 , a popular dance compilation series . The music video for `` Blue Monday '' also appeared on several music television stations , and the song was also released on vinyl . Success ( edit ) The song appeared on modern rock radio stations , and was a hit on MTV ; it appeared on MTV 's alternative music program 120 minutes and TRL , in which it debuted at number eight on 22 February 1999 . The song was perceived as the band 's gateway to success , allowing them to tour in Ozzfest. and in the Family Values Tour and led to the rerelease of the song `` Stitches '' . The song appeared in Spin Magazine 's `` Hits of the Year '' for 1999 . `` Blue Monday '' is also said to have helped pave the way for the cyberpunk trend , as best exemplified in the popularity of the movie The Matrix , which appeared soon afterwards . In an interview of Joel Gallen in Los Angeles Magazine , the music supervisors were discussing the use of Orgy 's `` Blue Monday '' for a football scene in Not Another Teen Movie , among others . Stating that the song `` had energy '' , they eventually selected it for the movie , and it appeared in the soundtrack as well . `` Blue Monday '' charted internationally , some of which included CMJ 's `` Commercial Alternative Cuts '' and Billboard 's Alternative , Pop , and Dance song charts as well as others . It also appeared in Time Magazine and Newsweek in 2000 as featured song clips . Reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic ( Blue Monday ( single ) ) AllMusic ( Blue Monday / Stitches ) `` Blue Monday '' has been called the `` aggro - fied - for - the - 1990s '' version of New Order 's song , and it is considered to be part of a resurgence of new wave covers in gloomcore , along with Dope 's cover of Dead or Alive 's `` You Spin Me Round ( Like a Record ) '' . Many critics attribute the success of the album Candyass to `` Blue Monday '' , and some anticipated that Orgy would become a one - hit wonder , believing that it would be difficult for the band to follow up with another hit song . Many believed it to be their best song . Porter W. Richards of Sputnik felt that even though many of the songs off of Candyass sounded similar , `` Blue Monday '' was a great song that should not be overlooked. While the New Order song is viewed positively by the author of the comic book series Blue Monday , Chynna Clugston , in an interview she expresses dislike for the misconception that she borrowed the title for her book from Orgy 's cover version rather than the original . In a January 2000 Spin Magazine interview , Buckcherry 's vocalist Josh Todd and guitarist Keith Nelson did not speak highly of the song , likening its sound to a Nine Inch Nails rip - off and calling the sound `` mechanical '' . Track listing ( edit ) Blue Monday ( single ) No . Title Mix Length 1 . `` Blue Monday '' Radio Edit 3 : 48 2 . `` Blue Monday '' Album Version 4 : 26 3 . `` Blue Monday '' Club 69 8 : 45 4 . `` Blue Monday '' Club 69 Dub 8 : 14 5 . `` Blue Monday '' Optical Vocal 6 : 33 Information on Blue Monday ( single ) . Blue Monday / Stitches No . Title Mix Length 1 . `` Blue Monday '' Single 4 : 29 2 . `` Blue Monday '' Optical Vocal 6 : 40 3 . `` Stitches '' Green Velvet 6 : 13 4 . `` Blue Monday '' Club 69 8 : 43 5 . `` Blue Monday '' Club 69 Dub 8 : 13 6 . `` Blue Monday '' Optical Instrumental 6 : 41 7 . `` Blue Monday '' DJ Dan Remix 9 : 32 Information on Blue Monday / Stitches . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 -- 99 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 36 Canadian Singles Chart 5 CMJ Commercial Alternative Charts Germany ( Official German Charts ) 83 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 30 US Billboard Hot 100 56 US Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales 30 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales US Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks 18 US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream 32 Appearances ( edit ) Information on appearances . Blue Monday ( single ) ( 1998 ) Blue Monday / Stitches ( 1998 ) Candyass ( 1998 ) I Still Know What You Did Last Summer ( 1998 ) Big Shiny Tunes , Vol. 4 ( 1999 ) Club Mix 2000 ( K - Tel ) ( 1999 ) Family Values Tour ' 98 CD ( 1999 ) Shades of Technology ( 1999 ) The F111 House Session ( 2000 ) Kerrang : Life Is Loud ( 2001 ) Not Another Teen Movie ( 2001 ) Ultimate Teen Flick Soundtrack ( 2002 ) Nevermind the Originals , Here 's the Covers ( 2003 ) X-Treme Rock ( 2003 ) Game Center CX Season 1 , Episode 7 ( 2004 ) All That Alternative ( 2005 ) Trans Global Spectacle ( 2005 ) Flunk version ( edit ) `` Blue Monday '' Single by Flunk from the album Blue Monday Released 8 April 2002 ( Norway ) 3 June 2002 ( UK / Worldwide ) Format CD Genre Electronic music Label Beatservice BS053 ( CD ) Songwriter ( s ) Gillian Gilbert , Peter Hook , Stephen Morris , Bernard Sumner Flunk covered the song and released it as single in 2002 . In this version , Flunk slows down `` Blue Monday '' making it a popular hit for Flunk , based in part on the song 's wide recognition . The lyrics become the focus for this version rather than the danceable beat ( which was emphasized in the original version ) . The single received generally positive reviews by electronic music critics , but Mallory O'Donnell of Stylus Magazine commented that Flunk `` only showed the paucity of melody '' of the original New Order song . The cover was included in the 2004 film Walking Tall , starring Dwayne Johnson . The song was subsequently remixed , with at least 7 remixes along with the original version available . The original release was on the 2002 EP titled Blue Monday . This version of the song can be heard briefly in Nancy Drew . 2002 EP track listing ( edit ) Blue Monday Eight Days A Freak Blue Monday ( Howard Maple Mess Up Mix ) 808 State version ( edit ) In 2004 , Aphex Twin 's Rephlex Records released 808 State 's acid house version of Blue Monday which had been recorded in 1988 . A favourite at The Haçienda 's Hot Night , the recording was believed lost until Autechre 's Sean Booth asked Graham Massey to dig through his archive of old 808 State acid house material . Aphex Twin said at the time : `` If you 're a dance music fan these recordings are almost like a missing link . Bands like New Order helped create house , acid and techno . This is 808 State paying homage to their elders . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Photography : Jeff Elston ( 1 May 2012 ) . `` The 8 best synth - pop anthems , according to Light Asylum Dummy > Lists '' . Dummymag.com . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : John Bush . `` Blue Monday review at Allmusic '' . Allmusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . `` Still the best - selling 12 '' single of all time , `` Blue Monday '' cemented New Order 's transition from post-punk to alternative dance with vivid sequencers '' Jump up ^ `` d-d-d-d-d - dIVINE # 1 - Electrogarden Network Music Article '' . Electrogarden.com. 24 May 2003 . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Order '' . Bogacz.pl . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill . `` Top 100 Pop Songs Of All Time '' . About.com . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Order - Blue Monday ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NewOrder * - Blue Monday - 95 ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexis Petridis ( 14 June 2011 ) . `` An indie label releases Blue Monday , the biggest selling 12 - inch single ever '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian Media Group . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . OCLC 60623878 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.acclaimedmusic.net/Current/New%20Order.htm ^ Jump up to : BBC Radio 2 website ( April 2005 ) . `` Sold on Song - `` Blue Monday '' `` . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Order : Singles : Blue Monday '' . Niagara.edu . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Monday -- Songlexikon '' . Songlexikon.de . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Encore ? Encore ? Enough of this crushingly predictable gig ritual '' . Guardian.co.uk . Guardian News and Media Limited . 17 May 2007 . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Hall , Marko M. ( October 2013 ) . Fischer , Dr. Dr. Michael ; Hörner , Prof. Dr. Fernand ; Jost , PD Dr. Christofer , eds . `` Blue Monday '' . Songlexikon - The Encyclopedia of Songs . Zentrum für Populäre Kultur und Musik , University of Freiburg , University of Applied Sciences Düsseldorf . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Ami Sedghi ( 4 November 2012 ) . `` UK 's million - selling singles : the full list '' . Guardian . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ NME.COM . `` New Order - How We Wrote ' Blue Monday ' - NME.COM '' . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oberheim DMX Vintage Synth Explorer '' . Vintagesynth.com . Retrieved 19 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Dave ( 11 February 2013 ) . `` How we made : New Order 's Gillian Gilbert and designer Peter Saville on Blue Monday '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Tom Flint . `` Recreating New Order 's ' Blue Monday ' Live '' . Soundonsound.com . Retrieved 19 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Hetherington ( October 2012 ) . `` Deciphered : Peter Saville '' . Upon Paper . London : Uponpaper.com . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Matthew Robertson ( 2007 ) . Factory Records : The Complete Graphic Album . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 5642 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : 24 Hour Party People DVD , director 's commentary , Wilson interviews Saville Jump up ^ James Nice ( 2011 ) . Shadowplayers : The Rise and Fall of Factory Records . Aurum Press . p. 210 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84513 - 634 - 5 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Dave . `` How we made : New Order 's Gillian Gilbert and designer Peter Saville on Blue Monday '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Saville Associates stationery '' . Cerysmatic Factory . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Saville : `` I never had to answer to anyone '' `` . The Talks. 22 May 2013 . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . New Order did n't approve it , they rarely saw it . More often than not they would go directly from me ; `` Blue Monday '' for example went directly from me to the printer . Jump up ^ `` Peter Saville 's Alphabet - AOL Video '' . Video.aol.com . Retrieved 19 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Monday by William Wegman and Robert Breer with New Order '' . Electronic Arts Intermix . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 28 November 2007 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Festival No. 6 presents the Brythoniaid Male Voice Choir - ' Blue Monday ' . YouTube . 16 August 2012 . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Top of the Pops '' Episode dated 31 March 1983 ( TV Episode 1983 ) `` . IMDb . IMDb.com , Inc . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Dave Simpson , Dorian Lynskey ( 29 July 2006 ) . `` ' You woke up on a Thursday and it smelled like a Top of the Pops day ' '' . The Guardian . Guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Andrzej Buda Historia rocka , popu i hip - hopu wedlu krytykow , Wydawnictwo Niezalezne : 33 , 2006 , ISBN 978 - 83 - 915272 - 8 - 3 Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 24 October 2015 ) . `` Quiz : Who sold more ? '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.discogs.com/New-Order-Power-Corruption-Lies/release/1029911 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 . St Ives , NSW , Australia : Australian Chart Book . p. 215 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- New Order -- Blue Monday '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- New Order -- Blue Monday '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Monday - NEW ORDER '' . VRT ( in Dutch ) . Top30-2.radio2.be . Archived from the original on 9 April 2012 . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . Hoogste notering in de top 30 : 7 Jump up ^ `` InfoDisc : Tous les Titres par Artiste '' . Dominic DURAND / InfoDisc ( in French ) . InfoDisc.fr. 23 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2011 . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . You have to use the index at the top of the page and search `` New Order '' Jump up ^ `` Single - New Order , Blue Monday '' . Media control Charts . Charts.de . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . IRMA . Archived from the original on 5 January 2010 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . 1st , 2nd and 4th results when searching `` Blue Monday '' Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- New Order - Blue Monday / The Beach search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- New Order -- Blue Monday '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- New Order -- Blue Monday '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indie Hits `` N '' `` . Cherry Red Records . Archived from the original on 26 September 2009 . Retrieved 2 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Order '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Order awards at Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Log UK - 1994 -- 2010 - Nadanuf -- Michael Nyman '' . Zobbel.de . Dipl. - Bibl. ( FH ) Tobias Zywietz . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- New Order -- Blue Monday 1988 '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be - New Order -- Blue Monday 1988 '' . Ultratop and Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Monday ' 88 - NEW ORDER '' . VRT ( in Dutch ) . Top30-2.radio2.be . Archived from the original on 9 April 2012 . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . Hoogste notering in de top 30 : 6 Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- New Order Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- New Order - Blue Monday 1988 search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- New Order -- Blue Monday 1988 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz - New Order -- Blue Monday 1988 '' . RIANZ . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Order -- Blue Monday 1988 - hitparade.ch '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Response from ARIA re : chart inquiry , received 15 July 2015 '' . Imgur.com . Archived from the original on 16 July 2015 . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Jake Nyman ( 2005 ) . Suomi soi 4 : Suuri suomalainen listakirja ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 951 - 31 - 2503 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- New Order -- Blue Monday ( Hardfloor Mix ) '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- New Order -- Blue Monday ( Hardfloor Mix ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Back Catalogue Singles -- 31 / 10 / 2009 '' . Ultratop 50 . Hung Medien . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Hill , Stephen ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` The Top 40 nu - metal songs of all time '' . Metal Hammer . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brusca , p. 544 . ^ Jump up to : Bessman , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Porter W. Richards . `` Orgy : Candyass '' . Sputnik Music . Sputnikmusic.com . Retrieved 20 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hay , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Hay , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Kenneally ( March 1999 ) , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Billboard ( 4 March 2000 ) , p. 102 . Jump up ^ `` Orgy - Blue Monday ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Jackman , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Bessman , p. 75 . ^ Jump up to : Kenneally ( January 2000 ) , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Richardson , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Melton , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Melton , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Udo . ^ Jump up to : CMJ New Music Report , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Hadden , et al. , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Strousse , et al. , p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Monday ( Single ) '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 20 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blue Monday / Stitches '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Clover , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Shirley , p. 220 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Orgy -- Blue Monday '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Orgy -- Blue Monday '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Orgy -- Blue Monday '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orgy awards on Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Monday - Orgy '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 20 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flunk '' . Flunkmusic.com . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Ten Reasons Why `` Bizarre Love Triangle '' > `` Blue Monday '' - Staff Top 10 `` . Stylus Magazine . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Stuart Aitken ( October 2004 ) . `` Saved from the vaults , back on the decks '' . BBC . BBC.co.uk . Jump up ^ Stuart Aitken ( May 2005 ) . `` Stuart Aitken '' . Record Collector . Stuartaitken.com . Sources ( edit ) Bessman , Jim ( 23 September 2000 ) . `` Orgy Expands on Elemtree 's ' Vapor ' '' . Billboard Magazine . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 112 ( 39 ) : 138 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Billboard Magazine . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 112 ( 10 ) : 132 . 4 March 2000 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Brusca , Donny ( 2006 ) . BPM List 2006 : Main Edition . Lulu.com . p. 700 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84728 - 860 - 8 . Clover , Joshua ( November 2000 ) . `` Jukebox Culture '' . Spin Magazine . SPIN Media LLC. 16 ( 11 ) : 224 . ISSN 0886 - 3032 . `` Commercial Alternative Cuts '' . CMJ New Music Report . CMJ Network , Inc. 57 ( 604 ) : 60 . 8 February 1999 . ISSN 0890 - 0795 . Hadden , Briton ; et . al. ( 2000 ) . Time Magazine . Vol. 155 . Time Inc . ISSN 0040 - 781X . OCLC 1767509 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Hay , Carla ( 6 February 1999 ) . `` Elemtree 's Orgy Hits with ' 80s cover '' . Billboard Magazine . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 111 ( 6 ) : 84 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jackman , Ian ( 2000 ) . TRL : the ultimate fan guide . Simon and Schuster . p. 144 . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 1850 - 6 . Kenneally , Tim ( March 1999 ) . `` Just ca n't get enough : Orgy are , like , totally awesome 80 's '' . Spin Magazine . SPIN Media LLC. 15 ( 3 ) : 164 . ISSN 0886 - 3032 . Kenneally , Tim ( January 2000 ) . `` Buckcherry 's Jukebox Jury '' . Spin Magazine . SPIN Media LLC. 16 ( 1 ) : 144 . ISSN 0886 - 3032 . Melton , Mary ( December 2001 ) . `` Burden of Spoof '' . Los Angeles Magazine . Emmis Communications . 46 ( 12 ) : 192 . ISSN 1522 - 9149 . Richardson ( November 2000 ) . `` Orgy '' . CMJ New Music Monthly . CMJ Network , Inc ( 87 ) : 112 . ISSN 1074 - 6978 . Shirley , Ian ( 2005 ) . Can rock & roll save the world ? : an illustrated history of music and comics . SAF Publishing Ltd. p. 256 . ISBN 0 - 946719 - 80 - 2 . Strousse , Jean ; et al. ( 2000 ) . Newsweek . Newsweek , Inc. 135 ( 10 - 17 ) . ISSN 0028 - 9604 . OCLC 1760328 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Udo , Tommy ( 2002 ) . Brave nu world . Sanctuary . p. 255 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86074 - 415 - 0 . Whitburn , Joel ( 2003 ) . Joel Whitburn 's rock tracks : mainstream rock 1981 -- 2002 : modern rock , 1988 -- 2002 : bonus section ! classic rock tracks , 1964 -- 1980 . Record Research . p. 335 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 153 - 5 . External links ( edit ) New Order discography ( includes images of sleeve ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics How we made : New Order 's Gillian Gilbert and designer Peter Saville on Blue Monday Preceded by `` Prove Your Love '' by Taylor Dayne Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number - one single ( `` Blue Monday 1988 '' , with `` Touched by the Hand of God '' ) 30 April 1988 Succeeded by `` Adventure '' by Eleanor New Order Bernard Sumner Stephen Morris Gillian Gilbert Phil Cunningham Tom Chapman Peter Hook Studio albums Movement Power , Corruption & Lies Low - Life Brotherhood Technique Republic Get Ready Waiting for the Sirens ' Call Lost Sirens Music Complete Live albums BBC Radio 1 Live In Concert Live at the London Troxy Live at Bestival 2012 Compilation albums Substance 1987 The Best of New Order International Retro Singles Total : From Joy Division to New Order Remix albums The Rest of New Order Complete Music EPs and other releases 1981 -- 1982 The Peel Sessions The Peter Saville Show Soundtrack In Session 12x12 '' Singles `` Ceremony '' `` Procession '' `` Everything 's Gone Green '' `` Temptation '' `` Blue Monday '' `` Confusion '' `` Thieves Like Us '' `` Murder '' `` The Perfect Kiss '' `` Sub-culture '' `` Shellshock '' `` State of the Nation '' `` Bizarre Love Triangle '' `` True Faith '' `` Touched by the Hand of God '' `` Blue Monday 1988 '' `` Fine Time '' `` Round & Round '' `` Run 2 '' `` World in Motion '' `` Regret '' `` Ruined in a Day '' `` World ( The Price of Love ) '' `` Spooky '' `` True Faith - 94 '' `` 1963 '' `` Blue Monday - 95 '' `` Video 5 8 6 '' `` Crystal '' `` 60 Miles an Hour '' `` Someone Like You '' `` Here to Stay '' `` Krafty '' `` Jetstream '' `` Waiting for the Sirens ' Call '' `` Restless '' `` Tutti Frutti '' Other songs `` Dreams Never End '' `` Doubts Even Here '' `` Love Vigilantes '' `` Age of Consent '' `` Lonesome Tonight '' `` Elegia '' `` Plastic '' Videos Substance 1987 New Order Story 316 511 A Collection Live in Glasgow Related groups Joy Division Electronic Revenge Monaco The Other Two Freebass Bad Lieutenant Peter Hook and The Light Related articles Discography The Haçienda Control Rob Gretton List of tribute albums Orgy Jay Gordon Carlton Bost Nic Speck Bobby Amaro Creighton Emrick Bobby Hewitt Ryan Shuck Amir Derakh Paige Haley Ashburn Miller Studio albums Candyass Vapor Transmission Punk Statik Paranoia EPs Talk Sick Entropy Videos Trans Global Spectacle Singles `` Stitches '' `` Blue Monday '' `` Fiction ( Dreams in Digital ) '' `` Opticon '' `` Eva '' `` Faces '' `` The Obvious '' `` Vague '' `` Pure '' `` Grime of the Century '' `` Wide Awake and Dead '' Concert tours Family Values Tour 1998 Wide Awake and Dead Tour Related articles Bands Sexart Julien - K Rough Cutt The Wondergirls Dead by Sunrise Deadsy Electric Love Hogs Labels Elementree Records Reprise Records D1 Music Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Monday_(New_Order_song)&oldid=806536585 '' Categories : 1983 songs 1983 singles 1985 singles 1988 singles 1995 singles 1998 singles 1999 singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Hi - NRG songs Music videos directed by Gregory Dark New Order songs Orgy ( band ) songs Song recordings produced by Josh Abraham Songs written by Bernard Sumner Songs written by Gillian Gilbert Songs written by Peter Hook Songs written by Stephen Morris ( musician ) Factory Records singles 1982 songs Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles containing Finnish - language text CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Use dmy dates from May 2016 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from September 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Track listings with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart making named ref Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Pages with citations lacking titles Use British English from August 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 17 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Monday%20%28New%20Order%20song%29

who contributed to the development of algebra and in what capacity

Algebra

algebra

The quadratic formula expresses the solution of the degree two equation ax + bx + c = 0 , where a is not zero , in terms of its coefficients a , b and c . Algebra ( from Arabic `` al - jabr '' , literally meaning `` reunion of broken parts '' ) is one of the broad parts of mathematics , together with number theory , geometry and analysis . In its most general form , algebra is the study of mathematical symbols and the rules for manipulating these symbols ; it is a unifying thread of almost all of mathematics . It includes everything from elementary equation solving to the study of abstractions such as groups , rings , and fields . The more basic parts of algebra are called elementary algebra ; the more abstract parts are called abstract algebra or modern algebra . Elementary algebra is generally considered to be essential for any study of mathematics , science , or engineering , as well as such applications as medicine and economics . Abstract algebra is a major area in advanced mathematics , studied primarily by professional mathematicians . Elementary algebra differs from arithmetic in the use of abstractions , such as using letters to stand for numbers that are either unknown or allowed to take on many values . For example , in x + 2 = 5 ( \ displaystyle x + 2 = 5 ) the letter x ( \ displaystyle x ) is unknown , but the law of inverses can be used to discover its value : x = 3 ( \ displaystyle x = 3 ) . In E = mc , the letters E ( \ displaystyle E ) and m ( \ displaystyle m ) are variables , and the letter c ( \ displaystyle c ) is a constant , the speed of light in a vacuum . Algebra gives methods for writing formulas and solving equations that are much clearer and easier than the older method of writing everything out in words . The word algebra is also used in certain specialized ways . A special kind of mathematical object in abstract algebra is called an `` algebra '' , and the word is used , for example , in the phrases linear algebra and algebraic topology . A mathematician who does research in algebra is called an algebraist . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Different meanings of `` algebra '' 3 Algebra as a branch of mathematics 4 History 4.1 Early history of algebra 4.2 Modern history of algebra 5 Areas of mathematics with the word algebra in their name 6 Elementary algebra 6.1 Polynomials 6.2 Education 7 Abstract algebra 7.1 Groups 7.2 Rings and fields 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Etymology The word algebra comes from the Arabic الجبر ( al - jabr lit . `` the reunion of broken parts '' ) from the title of the book Ilm al - jabr wa'l - muḳābala by the Persian mathematician and astronomer al - Khwarizmi . The word entered the English language during the fifteenth century , from either Spanish , Italian , or Medieval Latin . It originally referred to the surgical procedure of setting broken or dislocated bones . The mathematical meaning was first recorded in the sixteenth century . Different meanings of `` algebra '' The word `` algebra '' has several related meanings in mathematics , as a single word or with qualifiers . As a single word without an article , `` algebra '' names a broad part of mathematics . As a single word with an article or in plural , `` an algebra '' or `` algebras '' denotes a specific mathematical structure , whose precise definition depends on the author . Usually , the structure has an addition , multiplication , and a scalar multiplication ( see Algebra over a field ) . When some authors use the term `` algebra '' , they make a subset of the following additional assumptions : associative , commutative , unital , and / or finite - dimensional . In universal algebra , the word `` algebra '' refers to a generalization of the above concept , which allows for n - ary operations . With a qualifier , there is the same distinction : Without an article , it means a part of algebra , such as linear algebra , elementary algebra ( the symbol - manipulation rules taught in elementary courses of mathematics as part of primary and secondary education ) , or abstract algebra ( the study of the algebraic structures for themselves ) . With an article , it means an instance of some abstract structure , like a Lie algebra , an associative algebra , or a vertex operator algebra . Sometimes both meanings exist for the same qualifier , as in the sentence : Commutative algebra is the study of commutative rings , which are commutative algebras over the integers . Algebra as a branch of mathematics Algebra began with computations similar to those of arithmetic , with letters standing for numbers . This allowed proofs of properties that are true no matter which numbers are involved . For example , in the quadratic equation a x 2 + b x + c = 0 , ( \ displaystyle ax ^ ( 2 ) + bx + c = 0 , ) a , b , c ( \ displaystyle a , b , c ) can be any numbers whatsoever ( except that a ( \ displaystyle a ) can not be 0 ( \ displaystyle 0 ) ) , and the quadratic formula can be used to quickly and easily find the values of the unknown quantity x ( \ displaystyle x ) which satisfy the equation . That is to say , to find all the solutions of the equation . Historically , and in current teaching , the study of algebra starts with the solving of equations such as the quadratic equation above . Then more general questions , such as `` does an equation have a solution ? '' , `` how many solutions does an equation have ? '' , `` what can be said about the nature of the solutions ? '' are considered . These questions led extending algebra to non-numerical objects , such as permutations , vectors , matrices , and polynomials . The structural properties of these non-numerical objects were then abstracted into algebraic structures such as groups , rings , and fields . Before the 16th century , mathematics was divided into only two subfields , arithmetic and geometry . Even though some methods , which had been developed much earlier , may be considered nowadays as algebra , the emergence of algebra and , soon thereafter , of infinitesimal calculus as subfields of mathematics only dates from the 16th or 17th century . From the second half of 19th century on , many new fields of mathematics appeared , most of which made use of both arithmetic and geometry , and almost all of which used algebra . Today , algebra has grown until it includes many branches of mathematics , as can be seen in the Mathematics Subject Classification where none of the first level areas ( two digit entries ) is called algebra . Today algebra includes section 08 - General algebraic systems , 12 - Field theory and polynomials , 13 - Commutative algebra , 15 - Linear and multilinear algebra ; matrix theory , 16 - Associative rings and algebras , 17 - Nonassociative rings and algebras , 18 - Category theory ; homological algebra , 19 - K - theory and 20 - Group theory . Algebra is also used extensively in 11 - Number theory and 14 - Algebraic geometry . History Main articles : History of algebra and Timeline of algebra Early History of algebra A page from Al - Khwārizmī 's al - Kitāb al - muḫtaṣar fī ḥisāb al - ğabr wa - l - muqābala The roots of algebra can be traced to the ancient Babylonians , who developed an advanced arithmetical system with which they were able to do calculations in an algorithmic fashion . The Babylonians developed formulas to calculate solutions for problems typically solved today by using linear equations , quadratic equations , and indeterminate linear equations . By contrast , most Egyptians of this era , as well as Greek and Chinese mathematics in the 1st millennium BC , usually solved such equations by geometric methods , such as those described in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus , Euclid 's Elements , and The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art . The geometric work of the Greeks , typified in the Elements , provided the framework for generalizing formulae beyond the solution of particular problems into more general systems of stating and solving equations , although this would not be realized until mathematics developed in medieval Islam . By the time of Plato , Greek mathematics had undergone a drastic change . The Greeks created a geometric algebra where terms were represented by sides of geometric objects , usually lines , that had letters associated with them . Diophantus ( 3rd century AD ) was an Alexandrian Greek mathematician and the author of a series of books called Arithmetica . These texts deal with solving algebraic equations , and have led , in number theory to the modern notion of Diophantine equation . Earlier traditions discussed above had a direct influence on the Persian mathematician Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al - Khwārizmī ( c. 780 -- 850 ) . He later wrote The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing , which established algebra as a mathematical discipline that is independent of geometry and arithmetic . The Hellenistic mathematicians Hero of Alexandria and Diophantus as well as Indian mathematicians such as Brahmagupta continued the traditions of Egypt and Babylon , though Diophantus ' Arithmetica and Brahmagupta 's Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta are on a higher level . For example , the first complete arithmetic solution ( including zero and negative solutions ) to quadratic equations was described by Brahmagupta in his book Brahmasphutasiddhanta . Later , Persian and Arabic mathematicians developed algebraic methods to a much higher degree of sophistication . Although Diophantus and the Babylonians used mostly special ad hoc methods to solve equations , Al - Khwarizmi 's contribution was fundamental . He solved linear and quadratic equations without algebraic symbolism , negative numbers or zero , thus he had to distinguish several types of equations . In the context where algebra is identified with the theory of equations , the Greek mathematician Diophantus has traditionally been known as the `` father of algebra '' and in context where it is identified with rules for manipulating and solving equations , Persian mathematician al - Khwarizmi is regarded as `` the father of algebra '' . A debate now exists whether who ( in general sense ) is more entitled to be known as `` the father of algebra '' . Those who support Diophantus point to the fact that the algebra found in Al - Jabr is slightly more elementary than the algebra found in Arithmetica and that Arithmetica is syncopated while Al - Jabr is fully rhetorical . Those who support Al - Khwarizmi point to the fact that he introduced the methods of `` reduction '' and `` balancing '' ( the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation , that is , the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation ) which the term al - jabr originally referred to , and that he gave an exhaustive explanation of solving quadratic equations , supported by geometric proofs , while treating algebra as an independent discipline in its own right . His algebra was also no longer concerned `` with a series of problems to be resolved , but an exposition which starts with primitive terms in which the combinations must give all possible prototypes for equations , which henceforward explicitly constitute the true object of study '' . He also studied an equation for its own sake and `` in a generic manner , insofar as it does not simply emerge in the course of solving a problem , but is specifically called on to define an infinite class of problems '' . Another Persian mathematician Omar Khayyam is credited with identifying the foundations of algebraic geometry and found the general geometric solution of the cubic equation . His book Treatise on Demonstrations of Problems of Algebra ( 1070 ) , which laid down the principles of algebra , is part of the body of Persian mathematics that was eventually transmitted to Europe . Yet another Persian mathematician , Sharaf al - Dīn al - Tūsī , found algebraic and numerical solutions to various cases of cubic equations . He also developed the concept of a function . The Indian mathematicians Mahavira and Bhaskara II , the Persian mathematician Al - Karaji , and the Chinese mathematician Zhu Shijie , solved various cases of cubic , quartic , quintic and higher - order polynomial equations using numerical methods . In the 13th century , the solution of a cubic equation by Fibonacci is representative of the beginning of a revival in European algebra . Abū al - Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī al - Qalaṣādī ( 1412 -- 1486 ) took `` the first steps toward the introduction of algebraic symbolism '' . He also computed ∑ n , ∑ n and used the method of successive approximation to determine square roots . As the Islamic world was declining , the European world was ascending . And it is here that algebra was further developed . Modern History of algebra Italian mathematician Girolamo Cardano published the solutions to the cubic and quartic equations in his 1545 book Ars magna . François Viète 's work on new algebra at the close of the 16th century was an important step towards modern algebra . In 1637 , René Descartes published La Géométrie , inventing analytic geometry and introducing modern algebraic notation . Another key event in the further development of algebra was the general algebraic solution of the cubic and quartic equations , developed in the mid-16th century . The idea of a determinant was developed by Japanese mathematician Seki Kōwa in the 17th century , followed independently by Gottfried Leibniz ten years later , for the purpose of solving systems of simultaneous linear equations using matrices . Gabriel Cramer also did some work on matrices and determinants in the 18th century . Permutations were studied by Joseph - Louis Lagrange in his 1770 paper Réflexions sur la résolution algébrique des équations devoted to solutions of algebraic equations , in which he introduced Lagrange resolvents . Paolo Ruffini was the first person to develop the theory of permutation groups , and like his predecessors , also in the context of solving algebraic equations . Abstract algebra was developed in the 19th century , deriving from the interest in solving equations , initially focusing on what is now called Galois theory , and on constructibility issues . George Peacock was the founder of axiomatic thinking in arithmetic and algebra . Augustus De Morgan discovered relation algebra in his Syllabus of a Proposed System of Logic . Josiah Willard Gibbs developed an algebra of vectors in three - dimensional space , and Arthur Cayley developed an algebra of matrices ( this is a noncommutative algebra ) . Areas of mathematics with the word algebra in their name Some areas of mathematics that fall under the classification abstract algebra have the word algebra in their name ; linear algebra is one example . Others do not : group theory , ring theory , and field theory are examples . In this section , we list some areas of mathematics with the word `` algebra '' in the name . Elementary algebra , the part of algebra that is usually taught in elementary courses of mathematics . Abstract algebra , in which algebraic structures such as groups , rings and fields are axiomatically defined and investigated . Linear algebra , in which the specific properties of linear equations , vector spaces and matrices are studied . Boolean algebra , a branch of algebra abstracting the computation with the truth values false and true . Commutative algebra , the study of commutative rings . Computer algebra , the implementation of algebraic methods as algorithms and computer programs . Homological algebra , the study of algebraic structures that are fundamental to study topological spaces . Universal algebra , in which properties common to all algebraic structures are studied . Algebraic number theory , in which the properties of numbers are studied from an algebraic point of view . Algebraic geometry , a branch of geometry , in its primitive form specifying curves and surfaces as solutions of polynomial equations . Algebraic combinatorics , in which algebraic methods are used to study combinatorial questions . Relational algebra : a set of finitary relations that is closed under certain operators . Many mathematical structures are called algebras : Algebra over a field or more generally algebra over a ring . Many classes of algebras over a field or over a ring have a specific name : Associative algebra Non-associative algebra Lie algebra Hopf algebra C * - algebra Symmetric algebra Exterior algebra Tensor algebra In measure theory , Sigma - algebra Algebra over a set In category theory F - algebra and F - coalgebra T - algebra In logic , Relation algebra , a residuated Boolean algebra expanded with an involution called converse . Boolean algebra , a complemented distributive lattice . Heyting algebra Elementary algebra Main article : Elementary algebra Algebraic expression notation : 1 -- power ( exponent ) 2 -- coefficient 3 -- term 4 -- operator 5 -- constant term x y c -- variables / constants Elementary algebra is the most basic form of algebra . It is taught to students who are presumed to have no knowledge of mathematics beyond the basic principles of arithmetic . In arithmetic , only numbers and their arithmetical operations ( such as + , − , × , ÷ ) occur . In algebra , numbers are often represented by symbols called variables ( such as a , n , x , y or z ) . This is useful because : It allows the general formulation of arithmetical laws ( such as a + b = b + a for all a and b ) , and thus is the first step to a systematic exploration of the properties of the real number system . It allows the reference to `` unknown '' numbers , the formulation of equations and the study of how to solve these . ( For instance , `` Find a number x such that 3x + 1 = 10 '' or going a bit further `` Find a number x such that ax + b = c '' . This step leads to the conclusion that it is not the nature of the specific numbers that allows us to solve it , but that of the operations involved . ) It allows the formulation of functional relationships . ( For instance , `` If you sell x tickets , then your profit will be 3x − 10 dollars , or f ( x ) = 3x − 10 , where f is the function , and x is the number to which the function is applied '' . ) Polynomials The graph of a polynomial function of degree 3 . Main article : Polynomial A polynomial is an expression that is the sum of a finite number of non-zero terms , each term consisting of the product of a constant and a finite number of variables raised to whole number powers . For example , x + 2x − 3 is a polynomial in the single variable x . A polynomial expression is an expression that may be rewritten as a polynomial , by using commutativity , associativity and distributivity of addition and multiplication . For example , ( x − 1 ) ( x + 3 ) is a polynomial expression , that , properly speaking , is not a polynomial . A polynomial function is a function that is defined by a polynomial , or , equivalently , by a polynomial expression . The two preceding examples define the same polynomial function . Two important and related problems in algebra are the factorization of polynomials , that is , expressing a given polynomial as a product of other polynomials that can not be factored any further , and the computation of polynomial greatest common divisors . The example polynomial above can be factored as ( x − 1 ) ( x + 3 ) . A related class of problems is finding algebraic expressions for the roots of a polynomial in a single variable . Education See also : Mathematics education It has been suggested that elementary algebra should be taught to students as young as eleven years old , though in recent years it is more common for public lessons to begin at the eighth grade level ( ≈ 13 y.o. ± ) in the United States . However , in some US schools , algebra is started in ninth grade . Abstract algebra Main articles : Abstract algebra and Algebraic structure Abstract algebra extends the familiar concepts found in elementary algebra and arithmetic of numbers to more general concepts . Here are listed fundamental concepts in abstract algebra . Sets : Rather than just considering the different types of numbers , abstract algebra deals with the more general concept of sets : a collection of all objects ( called elements ) selected by property specific for the set . All collections of the familiar types of numbers are sets . Other examples of sets include the set of all two - by - two matrices , the set of all second - degree polynomials ( ax + bx + c ) , the set of all two dimensional vectors in the plane , and the various finite groups such as the cyclic groups , which are the groups of integers modulo n . Set theory is a branch of logic and not technically a branch of algebra . Binary operations : The notion of addition ( + ) is abstracted to give a binary operation , ∗ say . The notion of binary operation is meaningless without the set on which the operation is defined . For two elements a and b in a set S , a ∗ b is another element in the set ; this condition is called closure . Addition ( + ) , subtraction ( − ) , multiplication ( × ) , and division ( ÷ ) can be binary operations when defined on different sets , as are addition and multiplication of matrices , vectors , and polynomials . Identity elements : The numbers zero and one are abstracted to give the notion of an identity element for an operation . Zero is the identity element for addition and one is the identity element for multiplication . For a general binary operator ∗ the identity element e must satisfy a ∗ e = a and e ∗ a = a , and is necessarily unique , if it exists . This holds for addition as a + 0 = a and 0 + a = a and multiplication a × 1 = a and 1 × a = a . Not all sets and operator combinations have an identity element ; for example , the set of positive natural numbers ( 1 , 2 , 3 , ... ) has no identity element for addition . Inverse elements : The negative numbers give rise to the concept of inverse elements . For addition , the inverse of a is written − a , and for multiplication the inverse is written a . A general two - sided inverse element a satisfies the property that a ∗ a = e and a ∗ a = e , where e is the identity element . Associativity : Addition of integers has a property called associativity . That is , the grouping of the numbers to be added does not affect the sum . For example : ( 2 + 3 ) + 4 = 2 + ( 3 + 4 ) . In general , this becomes ( a ∗ b ) ∗ c = a ∗ ( b ∗ c ) . This property is shared by most binary operations , but not subtraction or division or octonion multiplication . Commutativity : Addition and multiplication of real numbers are both commutative . That is , the order of the numbers does not affect the result . For example : 2 + 3 = 3 + 2 . In general , this becomes a ∗ b = b ∗ a . This property does not hold for all binary operations . For example , matrix multiplication and quaternion multiplication are both non-commutative . Groups Main article : Group ( mathematics ) See also : Group theory and Examples of groups Combining the above concepts gives one of the most important structures in mathematics : a group . A group is a combination of a set S and a single binary operation ∗ , defined in any way you choose , but with the following properties : An identity element e exists , such that for every member a of S , e ∗ a and a ∗ e are both identical to a . Every element has an inverse : for every member a of S , there exists a member a such that a ∗ a and a ∗ a are both identical to the identity element . The operation is associative : if a , b and c are members of S , then ( a ∗ b ) ∗ c is identical to a ∗ ( b ∗ c ) . If a group is also commutative -- that is , for any two members a and b of S , a ∗ b is identical to b ∗ a -- then the group is said to be abelian . For example , the set of integers under the operation of addition is a group . In this group , the identity element is 0 and the inverse of any element a is its negation , − a . The associativity requirement is met , because for any integers a , b and c , ( a + b ) + c = a + ( b + c ) The nonzero rational numbers form a group under multiplication . Here , the identity element is 1 , since 1 × a = a × 1 = a for any rational number a . The inverse of a is 1 / a , since a × 1 / a = 1 . The integers under the multiplication operation , however , do not form a group . This is because , in general , the multiplicative inverse of an integer is not an integer . For example , 4 is an integer , but its multiplicative inverse is 1⁄4 , which is not an integer . The theory of groups is studied in group theory . A major result in this theory is the classification of finite simple groups , mostly published between about 1955 and 1983 , which separates the finite simple groups into roughly 30 basic types . Semigroups , quasigroups , and monoids are structures similar to groups , but more general . They comprise a set and a closed binary operation , but do not necessarily satisfy the other conditions . A semigroup has an associative binary operation , but might not have an identity element . A monoid is a semigroup which does have an identity but might not have an inverse for every element . A quasigroup satisfies a requirement that any element can be turned into any other by either a unique left - multiplication or right - multiplication ; however the binary operation might not be associative . All groups are monoids , and all monoids are semigroups . Examples Set Natural numbers N Integers Z Rational numbers Q ( also real R and complex C numbers ) Integers modulo 3 : Z = ( 0 , 1 , 2 ) Operation + × ( w / o zero ) + × ( w / o zero ) + − × ( w / o zero ) ÷ ( w / o zero ) + × ( w / o zero ) Closed Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Identity 0 0 0 N / A N / A 0 Inverse N / A N / A − a N / A − a N / A 1 / a N / A 0 , 2 , 1 , respectively N / A , 1 , 2 , respectively Associative Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Commutative Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Structure monoid monoid abelian group monoid abelian group quasigroup abelian group quasigroup abelian group abelian group ( Z ) Rings and fields Main articles : Ring ( mathematics ) and Field ( mathematics ) See also : Ring theory , Glossary of ring theory , Field theory ( mathematics ) , and Glossary of field theory Groups just have one binary operation . To fully explain the behaviour of the different types of numbers , structures with two operators need to be studied . The most important of these are rings , and fields . A ring has two binary operations ( + ) and ( × ) , with × distributive over + . Under the first operator ( + ) it forms an abelian group . Under the second operator ( × ) it is associative , but it does not need to have identity , or inverse , so division is not required . The additive ( + ) identity element is written as 0 and the additive inverse of a is written as − a . Distributivity generalises the distributive law for numbers . For the integers ( a + b ) × c = a × c + b × c and c × ( a + b ) = c × a + c × b , and × is said to be distributive over + . The integers are an example of a ring . The integers have additional properties which make it an integral domain . A field is a ring with the additional property that all the elements excluding 0 form an abelian group under × . The multiplicative ( × ) identity is written as 1 and the multiplicative inverse of a is written as a . The rational numbers , the real numbers and the complex numbers are all examples of fields . See also Algebra portal Outline of algebra Outline of linear algebra Algebra tile Notes Jump up ^ `` algebra '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ I.N. Herstein , Topics in Algebra , `` An algebraic system can be described as a set of objects together with some operations for combining them . '' p. 1 , Ginn and Company , 1964 Jump up ^ I.N. Herstein , Topics in Algebra , `` ... it also serves as the unifying thread which interlaces almost all of mathematics . '' p. 1 , Ginn and Company , 1964 ^ Jump up to : ( Boyer 1991 , `` Europe in the Middle Ages '' p. 258 ) `` In the arithmetical theorems in Euclid 's Elements VII - IX , numbers had been represented by line segments to which letters had been attached , and the geometric proofs in al - Khwarizmi 's Algebra made use of lettered diagrams ; but all coefficients in the equations used in the Algebra are specific numbers , whether represented by numerals or written out in words . The idea of generality is implied in al - Khwarizmi 's exposition , but he had no scheme for expressing algebraically the general propositions that are so readily available in geometry . '' Jump up ^ T.F. Hoad , ed. ( 2003 ) . `` Algebra '' . The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Struik , Dirk J. ( 1987 ) . A Concise History of Mathematics . New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 60255 - 9 . Jump up ^ Boyer 1991 Jump up ^ Cajori , Florian ( 2010 ) . A History of Elementary Mathematics -- With Hints on Methods of Teaching . p. 34 . ISBN 1 - 4460 - 2221 - 8 . Jump up ^ Roshdi Rashed ( November 2009 ) . `` Al Khwarizmi : The Beginnings of Algebra '' . Saqi Books . ISBN 0 - 86356 - 430 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Diophantus , Father of Algebra '' . Archived from the original on 27 July 2013 . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History of Algebra '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Josef W. Meri ( 2004 ) . Medieval Islamic Civilization . Psychology Press . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 96690 - 0 . Retrieved 25 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Carl B. ( 1991 ) . A History of Mathematics ( Second ed . ) . Wiley . pp. 181 , 230 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 54397 - 7 . p. 181 : If we think primarily of matter of notations , Diophantus has good claim to be known as the ' father of algebra ' , but in terms of motivation and concept , the claim is less appropriate . The Arithmetica is not a systematic exposition of the algebraic operations , or of algebraic functions or of the solution of algebraic equations . p. 230 : The six cases of equations given above exhaust all possiblities for linear and quadratic equations ... In this sense , then , al - Khwarizmi is entitled to be known as ' the father of algebra ' p. 228 : Diophantus sometimes is called the father of algebra , but this title more appropriately belongs to al - Khowarizmi ... Jump up ^ S Gandz , The sources of al - Khwarizmi 's algebra , Osiris , i ( 1936 ) , 263 - 77 . `` In a sense , al - Khwarizmi is more entitled to be called `` the father of algebra '' than Diophantus because al - Khwarizmi is the first to teach algebra in an elementary form and for its own sake , Diophantus is primarily concerned with the theory of numbers . '' Jump up ^ Christianidis , Jean ( August 2007 ) . `` The way of Diophantus : Some clarifications on Diophantus ' method of solution '' . Historia Mathematica. 34 : 289 -- 305 -- via Elsevier Science Direct . It is true that if one starts from a conception of algebra that emphasizes the solution of equations , as was generally the case with the Arab mathematicians from al - Khwārizmī onward as well as with the Italian algebraists of the Renaissance , then the work of Diophantus appears indeed very different from the works of those algebraists Jump up ^ G.C. CifolettiLa question de l'algèbre : Mathématiques et rhétorique des homes de droit dans la France du 16e siècle Annales de l'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales , 50 ( 6 ) ( 1995 ) , pp. 1385 - 1416 `` Le travail des Arabes et de leurs successeurs a privilégié la solution des problèmes. Arithmetica de Diophantine ont privilégié la théorie des equations ' ' Jump up ^ Boyer , Carl B. ( 1991 ) . A History of Mathematics ( Second ed . ) . Wiley . p. 228 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 54397 - 7 . Jump up ^ ( Boyer 1991 , `` The Arabic Hegemony '' p. 229 ) `` It is not certain just what the terms al - jabr and muqabalah mean , but the usual interpretation is similar to that implied in the translation above . The word al - jabr presumably meant something like `` restoration '' or `` completion '' and seems to refer to the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation ; the word muqabalah is said to refer to `` reduction '' or `` balancing '' -- that is , the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation . '' Jump up ^ ( Boyer 1991 , `` The Arabic Hegemony '' p. 230 ) `` The six cases of equations given above exhaust all possibilities for linear and quadratic equations having positive root . So systematic and exhaustive was al - Khwarizmi 's exposition that his readers must have had little difficulty in mastering the solutions . '' Jump up ^ Gandz and Saloman ( 1936 ) , The sources of al - Khwarizmi 's algebra , Osiris i , p. 263 -- 277 : `` In a sense , Khwarizmi is more entitled to be called `` the father of algebra '' than Diophantus because Khwarizmi is the first to teach algebra in an elementary form and for its own sake , Diophantus is primarily concerned with the theory of numbers `` . Jump up ^ Rashed , R. ; Armstrong , Angela ( 1994 ) . The Development of Arabic Mathematics . Springer . pp. 11 -- 2 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 2565 - 6 . OCLC 29181926 Jump up ^ Mathematical Masterpieces : Further Chronicles by the Explorers , p. 92 Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. , `` Sharaf al - Din al - Muzaffar al - Tusi '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . Jump up ^ Victor J. Katz , Bill Barton ; Barton , Bill ( October 2007 ) . `` Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching '' . Educational Studies in Mathematics . Springer Netherlands . 66 ( 2 ) : 185 -- 201 ( 192 ) . doi : 10.1007 / s10649 - 006 - 9023 - 7 Jump up ^ ( Boyer 1991 , `` The Arabic Hegemony '' p. 239 ) `` Abu'l Wefa was a capable algebraist as well as a trigonometer ... His successor al - Karkhi evidently used this translation to become an Arabic disciple of Diophantus -- but without Diophantine analysis ! ... In particular , to al - Karkhi is attributed the first numerical solution of equations of the form ax + bx = c ( only equations with positive roots were considered ) , '' Jump up ^ `` Al - Qalasadi biography '' . www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Origins of Abstract Algebra '' . University of Hawaii Mathematics Department . Jump up ^ `` The Collected Mathematical Papers ''. Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ `` Hull 's Algebra '' ( pdf ) . New York Times . July 16 , 1904 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Quaid , Libby ( September 22 , 2008 ) . `` Kids misplaced in algebra '' ( Report ) . Associated Press . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . References Boyer , Carl B. ( 1991 ) , A History of Mathematics ( Second ed . ) , John Wiley & Sons , Inc. , ISBN 0 - 471 - 54397 - 7 Donald R. Hill , Islamic Science and Engineering ( Edinburgh University Press , 1994 ) . Ziauddin Sardar , Jerry Ravetz , and Borin Van Loon , Introducing Mathematics ( Totem Books , 1999 ) . George Gheverghese Joseph , The Crest of the Peacock : Non-European Roots of Mathematics ( Penguin Books , 2000 ) . John J O'Connor and Edmund F Robertson , History Topics : Algebra Index . In MacTutor History of Mathematics archive ( University of St Andrews , 2005 ) . I.N. Herstein : Topics in Algebra . ISBN 0 - 471 - 02371 - X R.B.J.T. Allenby : Rings , Fields and Groups . ISBN 0 - 340 - 54440 - 6 L. Euler : Elements of Algebra , ISBN 978 - 1 - 899618 - 73 - 6 Asimov , Isaac ( 1961 ) . Realm of Algebra . Houghton Mifflin . External links Look up algebra in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Algebra Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Algebra . Khan Academy : Conceptual videos and worked examples Khan Academy : Origins of Algebra , free online micro lectures Algebrarules.com : An open source resource for learning the fundamentals of Algebra 4000 Years of Algebra , lecture by Robin Wilson , at Gresham College , October 17 , 2007 ( available for MP3 and MP4 download , as well as a text file ) . Pratt , Vaughan . `` Algebra '' . In Zalta , Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Algebra Areas Abstract algebra Category theory Elementary algebra K - theory Commutative algebra Noncommutative algebra Order theory Universal algebra Algebraic structures Group ( theory ) Ring ( theory ) Module ( theory ) Field Polynomial ring ( Polynomial ) Linear algebra Matrix ( theory ) Vector space ( Vector ) Module Inner product space ( dot product ) Hilbert space Multilinear algebra Tensor algebra Exterior algebra Symmetric algebra Geometric algebra ( Multivector ) Topic lists Abstract algebra Algebraic structures Group theory Linear algebra Glossaries Linear algebra Field theory Ring theory Order theory Category Portal Wikibooks Elementary Linear Abstract Wikiversity Linear Abstract Areas of mathematics outline topic lists Branches Algebra Linear Multilinear Abstract Elementary Arithmetic Number theory Calculus Analysis Differential equations / Dynamical systems Numerical analysis Optimization Functional analysis Geometry Discrete Algebraic Analytic Differential Finite Topology Trigonometry Foundations Philosophy of mathematics Mathematical logic Set theory Category theory Applied Mathematical physics Probability Mathematical statistics Statistics Game theory Information theory Computer science Computation Control theory Others History of mathematics Recreational mathematics Mathematics and art Mathematics education Order theory Graph theory Divisions Pure Applied Discrete Computational Category Portal Commons WikiProject GND : 4001156 - 2 NDL : 00561221 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algebra&oldid=866071166 '' Categories : Algebra Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles containing Arabic - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs La . lojban . Luganda Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 ГӀалгӀай Lingua Franca Nova 136 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 02 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra

who sings i work hard for my money

`` She Works Hard for the Money '' is a song by American singer Donna Summer from her 1983 eleventh studio album of the same name . Written by Michael Omartian and Summer , the song was released as the lead single from the She Works Hard for the Money album on May 1983 , by Mercury Records .

Donna Summer

She Works Hard for the Money

she works hard for the money

`` She Works Hard for the Money '' is a song by American singer Donna Summer from her 1983 eleventh studio album of the same name . Written by Michael Omartian and Summer , the song was released as the lead single from the She Works Hard for the Money album on May 1983 , by Mercury Records .

It became a hit for Summer and is one of her signature songs , reaching number one for a three - week stay atop the Billboard R&B singles chart ( her first since 1979 ) , number three on the Billboard Hot 100 , and number three on the Dance Club Play chart . The single ended up as Billboard 's fifteenth - best performing song of 1983 . Summer performed the song live as the opening of the 1984 Grammy Awards . Summer 's Grammy performance was released on the 1994 video cassette Grammy 's Greatest Moments Volume I . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and composition 2 Music video 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 References 5 External links Background and composition ( edit ) Co-written with Omartian , told a story of a hard working blue collar woman . It was based on an actual encounter that Summer had with an exhausted rest room attendant named Onetta Johnson ( at the iconic Los Angeles restaurant Chasen 's ) , who was later mentioned in the song and featured on the album 's back cover . According to MusicNotes.com , the song is performed in the key of G ♯ minor in common time with a tempo of 136 beats per minute . Summer 's vocals span from G ♯ to D ♯ . Music video ( edit ) The music video for the song , directed by Brian Grant , debuted on MTV and became the first video by an African American female artist to be placed in `` heavy rotation '' ( a term used by MTV at the time to indicate a frequently - aired video ) . The video shows a woman , working as a waitress in a diner , who is burdened with many situations in her life such as work and raising two unruly children . It is also seen that she has abandoned her hopes of being a ballerina . Summer appears as an observer through a kitchen window , a woman who assists the fallen - down protagonist of the video , and , at the end , a leader of a troupe of women , in various work uniforms , who have taken to the streets to signify their independence and gain recognition for their `` hard work '' . The protagonist is also seen dancing in the street with them . In a parody of the image created by this song , and its cover art picture , Summer herself appears in the Frank Sinatra video for `` L.A. Is My Lady '' , released in 1984 , as a waitress who serves a patron and then wipes her brow . There are two versions of the music video . One is the single edit , the other remains faithful to the original length of the album version of the song . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 19 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( IFOP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 11 Ireland ( IRMA ) 26 Italy ( FIMI ) 27 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 18 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 23 Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 11 Spain ( AFYVE ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 25 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Black Singles US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play US Cash Box Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 129 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 50 Canada ( RPM Top Singles ) 29 France ( IFOP ) 39 US Billboard Hot 100 15 US Cash Box 22 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Nate ( September 29 , 2010 ) . `` Rock and Roll Hall Nominations Announced : Who Has the Best Chances ? '' . Time . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . With a career spanning funk ( `` Love to Love You Baby '' ) , disco ( `` Last Dance '' ) and New Wave ( `` She Works Hard for the Money '' ) , Summer is probably the most accomplished female artist up for induction this year . Jump up ^ Masley , Ed ( April 22 , 2009 ) . `` Confessions of an ' Idol ' virgin : Disco week '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Donna Summer 's big post-disco hit `` She Works Hard For the Money '' ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Hits for 1983 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2013 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy 's Greatest Moments , Volume 1 : Various Artists '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marikar , Sheila ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Donna Summer : Six Things You May Not Have Known '' . ABC News . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` She Works Hard for the Money By Donna Summer -- Digital Sheet Music '' . MusicNotes.com . Universal Music Publishing Group . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989 '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Donna Summer -- She Works Hard For The Money '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4325 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` InfoDisc : Tous les Titres par Artiste '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Select `` Donna Summer '' from the artist drop - down menu . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Donna Summer -- She Works Hard For The Money '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- She Works Hard '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indice per Interprete : S '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Donna Summer - She Works Hard For The Money '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Donna Summer -- She Works Hard For The Money '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Donna Summer -- She Works Hard For The Money '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Donna Summer -- She Works Hard For The Money '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( S ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Donna Summer -- She Works Hard For The Money '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Donna Summer -- She Works Hard For The Money '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donna Summer -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending AUGUST 13 , 1983 '' . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 ... Cash Box Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Donna Summer -- She Works Hard For The Money '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts -- 1980s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 39 , No. 17 , December 24 , 1983 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TOP -- 1983 '' ( in French ) . Top-france.fr . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1983 '' . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2012 ... Cash Box . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Juicy Fruit '' by Mtume US Billboard Hot Black Singles number - one single July 30 , 1983 -- August 13 , 1983 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Get It Right '' by Aretha Franklin ( hide ) Donna Summer Album discography Singles discography Awards Cover versions Studio albums Lady of the Night Love to Love You Baby A Love Trilogy Four Seasons of Love I Remember Yesterday Once Upon A Time Bad Girls The Wanderer I 'm a Rainbow Donna Summer She Works Hard for the Money Cats Without Claws All Systems Go Another Place and Time Mistaken Identity Christmas Spirit Crayons Live albums Live and More Live & More Encore Compilations On the Radio : Greatest Hits Volumes I & II The Summer Collection : Greatest Hits The Dance Collection : A Compilation of Twelve Inch Singles The Donna Summer Anthology Endless Summer The Ultimate Collection ( 2003 ) The Journey : The Very Best of Donna Summer Gold The Ultimate Collection ( 2016 ) Singles `` Love to Love You Baby '' `` I Feel Love '' `` Last Dance '' `` MacArthur Park '' `` Heaven Knows '' `` Hot Stuff '' `` Bad Girls '' `` Dim All the Lights '' `` No More Tears ( Enough Is Enough ) '' `` On the Radio '' `` The Wanderer '' `` Love Is in Control ( Finger on the Trigger ) '' `` She Works Hard for the Money '' `` This Time I Know It 's for Real '' Concert tours Once Upon a Time Tour Bad Girls Tour The Wanderer Tour Hard for the Money Tour Silver Girl Tour All Systems Go Tour Live & More Encore Tour Greatest Hits Tour Crayons Tour Related topics Brooklyn Dreams Pete Bellotte Joe `` Bean '' Esposito Giorgio Moroder Bruce Sudano Neil Bogart Paul Jabara Sunshine `` Down Deep Inside '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=She_Works_Hard_for_the_Money&oldid=841197761 '' Categories : 1983 singles 1983 songs Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Donna Summer songs Mercury Records singles American new wave songs Post-disco songs Song recordings produced by Michael Omartian Songs with feminist themes Songs written by Donna Summer Songs written by Michael Omartian Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for France Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 日本 語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 15 : 29 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%20Works%20Hard%20for%20the%20Money

when was the death penalty abolished in the us

Capital punishment in the United states

capital punishment in the united states

Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the United States , currently used by 31 states and the federal government . Its existence can be traced to the beginning of the American colonies . The United States is the only Western country currently applying the death penalty , one of 57 countries worldwide applying it , and was the first to develop lethal injection as a method of execution , which has since been adopted by five other countries .

There were no executions in the United States between 1967 and 1977 . In 1972 , the U.S. Supreme Court struck down capital punishment statutes in Furman v. Georgia , reducing all death sentences pending at the time to life imprisonment . Subsequently , a majority of states passed new death penalty statutes , and the court affirmed the legality of capital punishment in the 1976 case Gregg v. Georgia . Since then , more than 7,800 defendants have been sentenced to death ; of these , more than 1,400 have been executed , 159 were exonerated before their execution , and more than 2,900 are still on death row . The death penalty is applied only for murder involving an `` aggravating factor '' such as multiple victims , rape , or robbery . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Pre-Furman history 1.2 Early abolition movement 1.3 Constitutional law developments 1.4 Capital punishment suspended ( 1972 ) 1.5 Capital punishment reinstated ( 1976 ) 1.6 Supreme Court narrows capital offenses 1.7 Repeal movements and legal challenges 1.8 Lethal injection era 2 Capital crimes 2.1 Aggravated murder 2.2 Crimes against the state 3 Legal process 3.1 Decision to seek the death penalty 3.2 Sentencing 3.3 Direct review 3.4 State collateral review 3.5 Federal habeas corpus 3.6 Section 1983 3.7 Execution warrant 4 Distribution of sentences 4.1 Among states 4.2 Among races 4.3 Among sexes 5 Methods 5.1 Offender - selected methods 5.2 Backup methods 5.3 Federal executions 6 Execution attendance 7 Public opinion 8 Debate 9 Clemency and commutations 10 Execution hiatus 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 Books 13.2 Journal articles 14 External links History ( edit ) Pre-Furman History ( edit ) Executions in the United States from 1608 to 2009 The first recorded death sentence in the British North American colonies was carried out in 1608 on Captain George Kendall , who was executed by firing squad at the Jamestown colony for allegedly spying for the Spanish government . The Bill of Rights adopted in 1789 included the Eighth Amendment which prohibited cruel and unusual punishment . The Fifth Amendment was drafted with language implying a possible use of the death penalty , requiring a grand jury indictment for `` capital crime '' and a due process of law for deprivation of `` life '' by the government . The Fourteenth Amendment adopted in 1868 also requires a due process of law for deprivation of life by any state . The Espy file , compiled by M. Watt Espy and John Ortiz Smykla , lists 15,269 people executed in the United States and its predecessor colonies between 1608 and 1991 . From 1930 to 2002 , there were 4,661 executions in the U.S. , about two - thirds of them in the first 20 years . Additionally , the United States Army executed 135 soldiers between 1916 and 1955 ( the most recent ) . Early Abolition movement ( edit ) Three states abolished the death penalty for murder during the 19th century : Michigan in 1846 ( has never executed a prisoner since achieving statehood ) , Wisconsin in 1853 and Maine in 1887 . Rhode Island is also a state with a long abolitionist background , having repealed the death penalty in 1852 , though it was theoretically available for murder committed by a prisoner between 1872 and 1984 . Other states which abolished the death penalty for murder before Gregg v. Georgia include : Minnesota in 1911 , Vermont in 1964 , Iowa and West Virginia in 1965 and North Dakota in 1973 . Hawaii abolished the death penalty in 1948 and Alaska in 1957 , both before their statehood . Puerto Rico repealed it in 1929 and the District of Columbia in 1981 . Arizona and Oregon abolished the death penalty by popular vote in 1916 and 1964 respectively , but both reinstated it , again by popular vote , some years later : Arizona in 1918 and Oregon in 1978 . Puerto Rico and Michigan are the only two U.S. jurisdictions to have explicitly prohibited capital punishment in their constitutions : in 1952 and 1964 , respectively . Constitutional law developments ( edit ) Nevertheless , capital punishment continued to be used by a majority of states and the federal government for various crimes , especially murder and rape , from the creation of the United States up to the beginning of the 1960s . Until then , `` save for a few mavericks , no one gave any credence to the possibility of ending the death penalty by judicial interpretation of constitutional law , '' according to abolitionist Hugo Bedau . The possibility of challenging the constitutionality of the death penalty became progressively more realistic after the Supreme Court of the United States decided Trop v. Dulles in 1958 , when the court said explicitly for the first time that the Eighth Amendment 's cruel and unusual clause must draw its meaning from the `` evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society '' rather than from its original meaning . Also in the 1932 case Powell v. Alabama , the court made the first step of what would be later be called `` death is different '' jurisprudence , when it held that any indigent defendant was entitled to a court - appointed attorney in capital cases -- a right that was only later extended to non-capital defendants in 1963 , with Gideon v. Wainwright . Capital punishment suspended ( 1972 ) ( edit ) Further information : Furman v. Georgia Executions in the United States since 1960 In Furman v. Georgia , the U.S. Supreme Court considered a group of consolidated cases . The lead case involved an individual convicted under Georgia 's death penalty statute , which featured a `` unitary trial '' procedure in which the jury was asked to return a verdict of guilt or innocence and , simultaneously , determine whether the defendant would be punished by death or life imprisonment . The last pre-Furman execution was that of Luis Monge on June 2 , 1967 . In a 5 -- 4 decision , the Supreme Court struck down the impositions of the death penalty in each of the consolidated cases as unconstitutional in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution . The Supreme Court has never ruled the death penalty to be per se unconstitutional . The five justices in the majority did not produce a common opinion or rationale for their decision , however , and agreed only on a short statement announcing the result . The narrowest opinions , those of Byron White and Potter Stewart , expressed generalized concerns about the inconsistent application of the death penalty across a variety of cases but did not exclude the possibility of a constitutional death penalty law . Stewart and William O. Douglas worried explicitly about racial discrimination in enforcement of the death penalty . Thurgood Marshall and William J. Brennan Jr. expressed the opinion that the death penalty was proscribed absolutely by the Eighth Amendment as cruel and unusual punishment . The Furman decision caused all death sentences pending at the time to be reduced to life imprisonment , and was described by scholars as a `` legal bombshell '' . The next day , columnist Barry Schweid wrote that it was `` unlikely '' that the death penalty could exist anymore in the United States . Capital punishment reinstated ( 1976 ) ( edit ) Further information : Gregg v. Georgia U.S. Supreme Court seat in Washington , D.C. Instead of abandoning capital punishment , 37 states enacted new death penalty statutes that attempted to address the concerns of White and Stewart in Furman . Some states responded by enacting mandatory death penalty statutes which prescribed a sentence of death for anyone convicted of certain forms of murder . White had hinted that such a scheme would meet his constitutional concerns in his Furman opinion . Other states adopted `` bifurcated '' trial and sentencing procedures , with various procedural limitations on the jury 's ability to pronounce a death sentence designed to limit juror discretion . On July 2 , 1976 , the U.S. Supreme Court decided Gregg v. Georgia and upheld 7 -- 2 a Georgia procedure in which the trial of capital crimes was bifurcated into guilt - innocence and sentencing phases . At the first proceeding , the jury decides the defendant 's guilt ; if the defendant is innocent or otherwise not convicted of first - degree murder , the death penalty will not be imposed . At the second hearing , the jury determines whether certain statutory aggravating factors exist , whether any mitigating factors exist , and , in many jurisdictions , weigh the aggravating and mitigating factors in assessing the ultimate penalty -- either death or life in prison , either with or without parole . The same day in Woodson v. North Carolina and Roberts v. Louisiana , the court struck down 5 -- 4 statutes providing a mandatory death sentence . Executions resumed on January 17 , 1977 , when Gary Gilmore went before a firing squad in Utah . Although hundreds of individuals were sentenced to death in the United States during the 1970s and early 1980s , only ten people besides Gilmore ( who had waived all of his appeal rights ) were actually executed prior to 1984 . Supreme court narrows capital offenses ( edit ) In 1977 , the Supreme Court 's Coker v. Georgia decision barred the death penalty for rape of an adult woman . Previously , the death penalty for rape of an adult had been gradually phased out in the United States , and at the time of the decision , Georgia and the U.S. Federal government were the only two jurisdictions to still retain the death penalty for that offense . In the 1980 case Godfrey v. Georgia , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that murder can be punished by death only if it involves a narrow and precise aggravating factor . The U.S. Supreme Court has placed two major restrictions on the use of the death penalty . First , the case of Atkins v. Virginia , decided on June 20 , 2002 , held that the execution of intellectually disabled inmates is unconstitutional . Second , in 2005 , the court 's decision in Roper v. Simmons struck down executions for offenders under the age of 18 at the time of the crime . In the 2008 case Kennedy v. Louisiana , the court also held 5 -- 4 that the death penalty is unconstitutional when applied to non-homicidal crimes against the person , including child rape . Only two death row inmates ( both in Louisiana ) were affected by the decision . Nevertheless , the ruling came less than five months before the 2008 presidential election and was criticized by both major party candidates Barack Obama and John McCain . Repeal movements and legal challenges ( edit ) In 2004 , New York and Kansas capital sentencing schemes were struck down by their respective state highest courts . Kansas successfully appealed the Kansas Supreme Court decision to the United States Supreme Court , who reinstated the statute in Kansas v. Marsh ( 2006 ) , holding it did not violate the U.S. Constitution . The decision of New York Court of Appeals was based on the state constitution , making unavailable any appeal . The state lower house has since blocked all attempts to reinstate the death penalty by adopting a valid sentencing scheme . In 2016 , Delaware 's death penalty statute was also struck down by its state supreme court . In 2007 , New Jersey became the first state to repeal the death penalty by legislative vote since Gregg v. Georgia , followed by New Mexico in 2009 , Illinois in 2011 , Connecticut in 2012 , and Maryland in 2013 . The repeals were not retroactive , but in New Jersey , Illinois and Maryland , governors commuted all death sentences after enacting the new law . In Connecticut , the Connecticut Supreme Court ruled in 2015 that the repeal must be retroactive . New Mexico is the only state with remaining death row inmates and no present death penalty statute . Nebraska 's legislature also passed a repeal in 2015 , but a referendum campaign gathered enough signatures to suspend it . Capital punishment was reinstated by popular vote on November 8 , 2016 . The same day , California 's electorate defeated a proposal to repeal the death penalty , and adopted another initiative to speed up its appeal process . Since Furman , 11 states have organized popular votes dealing with the death penalty through the initiative and referendum process . All resulted in a vote for reinstating it , rejecting its abolition , expanding its application field , specifying in the state constitution that it is not unconstitutional , or expediting the appeal process in capital cases . Lethal injection era ( edit ) The lethal injection room in Florida State Prison . From 1976 to January 1 , 2017 , there were 1,442 executions , of which 1,267 were by lethal injection , 158 by electrocution , 11 by gas inhalation , 3 by hanging , and 3 by firing squad . Executions rose at a near - continuous pace until 1999 , when it peaked at 98 . After 1999 , the number of executions lowered nearly every year , and the 20 executions in 2016 were the fewest since 1991 . The death penalty was a notable issue during the 1988 presidential election . It came up in the October 13 , 1988 debate between the two presidential nominees George H.W. Bush and Michael Dukakis when Bernard Shaw , the moderator of the debate , asked Dukakis , `` Governor , if Kitty Dukakis ( his wife ) were raped and murdered , would you favor an irrevocable death penalty for the killer ? '' Dukakis replied , `` No , I do n't , and I think you know that I 've opposed the death penalty during all of my life . I do n't see any evidence that it 's a deterrent , and I think there are better and more effective ways to deal with violent crime . '' Bush was elected and many , including Dukakis himself , cite the statement as the beginning of the end of his campaign . In 1996 , Congress passed the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act to streamline the appeal process in capital cases . The bill was signed into law by President Bill Clinton , who had endorsed capital punishment during his 1992 presidential campaign . A study found that at least 34 of the 749 executions carried out in the U.S. between 1977 and 2001 , or 4.5 % , involved `` unanticipated problems or delays that caused , at least arguably , unnecessary agony for the prisoner or that reflect gross incompetence of the executioner '' . The rate of these `` botched executions '' remained steady over the period . A study published in The Lancet in 2005 found that in 43 % of cases of lethal injection , the blood level of hypnotics in the prisoner was insufficient to ensure unconsciousness . Nonetheless , the Supreme Court ruled in 2008 ( Baze v. Rees ) and again in 2015 ( Glossip v. Gross ) that lethal injection does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment . Capital crimes ( edit ) Aggravated murder ( edit ) Aggravating factors for seeking capital punishment of murder vary greatly among death penalty states . California has twenty - two ; New Hampshire has seven . Some aggravating circumstances are nearly universal , such as robbery - murder , murder involving rape of the victim , and murder of an on - duty police officer . Several states have included child murder to their list of aggravating factors , but the victim 's age under which the murder is punishable by death varies . In 2011 , Texas raised this age from six to ten . In some states , the high number of aggravating factors has been criticized on account of giving prosecutors too much discretion in choosing cases where they believe capital punishment is warranted . In California especially , an official commission proposed in 2008 to reduce these factors to five ( multiple murders , torture murder , murder of a police officer , murder committed in jail , and murder related to another felony ) . Columnist Charles Lane went further , and proposed that murder related to a felony other than rape should no longer be a capital crime when there is only one victim killed . Crimes against the state ( edit ) The opinion of the court in Kennedy v. Louisiana says that the ruling does not apply to `` treason , espionage , terrorism , and drug kingpin activity , which are offenses against the State '' . Since no one is on death row for such offenses , the court has yet to rule on the constitutionality of the death penalty applied for them . Treason , espionage and large - scale drug trafficking are all capital crimes under federal law . Treason is also punishable by death in six states ( Arkansas , California , Georgia , Louisiana , Mississippi and Missouri ) . Vermont still has a pre-Furman statute providing the death penalty for treason despite removing capital punishment for murder in 1965 . Large - scale drug trafficking is punishable by death in two states ( Florida and Missouri ) . Aircraft hijacking is a capital crime in Georgia and Mississippi . Legal process ( edit ) The legal administration of the death penalty in the United States typically involves five critical steps : ( 1 ) prosecutorial decision to seek the death penalty ( 2 ) sentencing , ( 3 ) direct review , ( 4 ) state collateral review , and ( 5 ) federal habeas corpus . Clemency , through which the Governor or President of the jurisdiction can unilaterally reduce or abrogate a death sentence , is an executive rather than judicial process . Decision to seek the death penalty ( edit ) While judges in criminal cases can usually impose a harsher prison sentence than the one demanded by prosecution , the death penalty can be handed down only if the accuser has specifically decided to seek it . In the decades since Furman , new questions have emerged about whether or not prosecutorial arbitrariness has replaced sentencing arbitrariness . A study by Pepperdine University School of Law published in Temple Law Review , surveyed the decision - making process among prosecutors in various states . The authors found that prosecutors ' capital punishment filing decisions remain marked by local `` idiosyncrasies , '' suggesting they are not in keeping with the spirit of the Supreme Court 's directive . This means that `` the very types of unfairness that the Supreme Court sought to eliminate '' may still `` infect capital cases . '' Wide prosecutorial discretion remains because of overly broad criteria . California law , for example , has 22 `` special circumstances , '' making nearly all premeditated murders potential capital cases . A proposed remedy against prosecutorial arbitrariness is to transfer the prosecution of capital cases to the state attorney general . Sentencing ( edit ) Of the 31 states with the death penalty , 29 provide the sentence to be decided by a jury , and 28 require a unanimous sentence . However , the states differ on what happens if the penalty phase results in a hung jury : In four states ( Arizona , California , Kentucky and Nevada ) , a retrial of the penalty phase will be conducted before a different jury ( the common - law rule for mistrial ) . In two states ( Indiana and Missouri ) , the judge will decide the sentence . In the 22 other states , a hung jury results in a life sentence , even if only one juror opposed death . Federal law also provides that outcome . The first outcome is referred as the `` true unanimity '' rule , while the third has been criticized as the `` single - juror veto '' rule . In Alabama , the sentence is decided by the jury and at least 10 jurors must concur . A retrial happens if the jury deadlock . Nebraska is the only state in which the sentence is decided by a three - judge panel . If one of the judges on the panel opposes death , the defendant is sentenced to life imprisonment . Montana is the only state where the trial judge decides the sentence alone . In all states in which the jury is involved , only death - qualified veniremen can be selected in such a jury , to exclude both people who will always vote for the death sentence and those who are categorically opposed to it . Direct review ( edit ) If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level , the case then goes into a direct review . The direct review process is a typical legal appeal . An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not . Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes . If the appellate court finds that no significant legal errors occurred in the capital sentencing hearing , the appellate court will affirm the judgment , or let the sentence stand . If the appellate court finds that significant legal errors did occur , then it will reverse the judgment , or nullify the sentence and order a new capital sentencing hearing . Lastly , if the appellate court finds that no reasonable juror could find the defendant eligible for the death penalty , a rarity , then it will order the defendant acquitted , or not guilty , of the crime for which he / she was given the death penalty , and order him sentenced to the next most severe punishment for which the offense is eligible . About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact . State collateral review ( edit ) At times when a death sentence is affirmed on direct review , supplemental methods to attack the judgment , though less familiar than a typical appeal , do remain . These supplemental remedies are considered collateral review , that is , an avenue for upsetting judgments that have become otherwise final . Where the prisoner received his death sentence in a state - level trial , as is usually the case , the first step in collateral review is state collateral review , which is often called state habeas corpus . ( If the case is a federal death penalty case , it proceeds immediately from direct review to federal habeas corpus . ) Although all states have some type of collateral review , the process varies widely from state to state . Generally , the purpose of these collateral proceedings is to permit the prisoner to challenge his sentence on grounds that could not have been raised reasonably at trial or on direct review . Most often these are claims , such as ineffective assistance of counsel , which requires the court to consider new evidence outside the original trial record , something courts may not do in an ordinary appeal . State collateral review , though an important step in that it helps define the scope of subsequent review through federal habeas corpus , is rarely successful in and of itself . Only around 6 percent of death sentences are overturned on state collateral review . In Virginia , state habeas corpus for condemned men are heard by the state supreme court under exclusive original jurisdiction since 1995 , immediately after direct review by the same court . This avoids any proceeding before the lower courts , and is in part why Virginia has the shortest time on average between death sentence and execution ( less than eight years ) and has executed 113 offenders since 1976 with only five remaining on death row as of June 2017 . To reduce litigation delays , other states require convicts to file their state collateral appeal before the completion of their direct appeal , or provide adjudication of direct and collateral attacks together in a `` unitary review '' . Federal habeas corpus ( edit ) After a death sentence is affirmed in state collateral review , the prisoner may file for federal habeas corpus , which is a unique type of lawsuit that can be brought in federal courts . Federal habeas corpus is a type of collateral review , and it is the only way that state prisoners may attack a death sentence in federal court ( other than petitions for certiorari to the United States Supreme Court after both direct review and state collateral review ) . The scope of federal habeas corpus is governed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ( AEDPA ) , which restricted significantly its previous scope . The purpose of federal habeas corpus is to ensure that state courts , through the process of direct review and state collateral review , have done a reasonable job in protecting the prisoner 's federal constitutional rights . Prisoners may also use federal habeas corpus suits to bring forth new evidence that they are innocent of the crime , though to be a valid defense at this late stage in the process , evidence of innocence must be truly compelling . According to Eric Freedman , 21 percent of death penalty cases are reversed through federal habeas corpus . James Liebman , a professor of law at Columbia Law School , stated in 1996 that his study found that when habeas corpus petitions in death penalty cases were traced from conviction to completion of the case that there was `` a 40 percent success rate in all capital cases from 1978 to 1995 . '' Similarly , a study by Ronald Tabak in a law review article puts the success rate in habeas corpus cases involving death row inmates even higher , finding that between `` 1976 and 1991 , approximately 47 percent of the habeas petitions filed by death row inmates were granted . '' The different numbers are largely definitional , rather than substantive : Freedam 's statistics looks at the percentage of all death penalty cases reversed , while the others look only at cases not reversed prior to habeas corpus review . A similar process is available for prisoners sentenced to death by the judgment of a federal court . The AEDPA also provides an expeditious habeas procedure in capital cases for states meeting several requirements set forth in it concerning counsel appointment for death row inmates . Under this program , federal habeas corpus for condemned prisoners would be decided in about three years from affirmance of the sentence on state collateral review . In 2006 , Congress conferred the determination of whether a state fulfilled the requirements to the U.S. attorney general , with a possible appeal of the state to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit . As of March 2016 , the Department of Justice has still not granted any certifications . Section 1983 ( edit ) If the federal court refuses to issue a writ of habeas corpus , the death sentence becomes final for all purposes . In recent times , however , prisoners have postponed execution through another way of federal litigation using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 -- codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1983 -- which allows people to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights . While the aforementioned appeals are normally limited to one and automatically stay the execution of the death sentence , Section 1983 lawsuits are unlimited , but the petitioner will be granted a stay of execution only if the court believes he has a likelihood of success on the merits . Traditionally , Section 1983 was of limited use for a state prisoner under sentence of death because the Supreme Court has held that habeas corpus , not Section 1983 , is the only vehicle by which a state prisoner can challenge his judgment of death . In the 2006 Hill v. McDonough case , however , the United States Supreme Court approved the use of Section 1983 as a vehicle for challenging a state 's method of execution as cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment . The theory is that a prisoner bringing such a challenge is not attacking directly his judgment of death , but rather the means by which that the judgment will be carried out . Therefore , the Supreme Court held in the Hill case that a prisoner can use Section 1983 rather than habeas corpus to bring the lawsuit . Yet , as Clarence Hill 's own case shows , lower federal courts have often refused to hear suits challenging methods of execution on the ground that the prisoner brought the claim too late and only for the purposes of delay . Further , the Court 's decision in Baze v. Rees , upholding a lethal injection method used by many states , has narrowed the opportunity for relief through Section 1983 . Execution warrant ( edit ) While the execution warrant is issued by the governor in several states , in the vast majority it is a judicial order , issued by a judge or by the state supreme court at the request of the prosecution . The warrant usually sets an execution day . Some states instead provide a longer period , such as a week or 10 days to carry out the execution . This is designated to avoid issuing a new warrant in case of a last - minute stay of execution that would be vacated only few days or few hours later . Distribution of sentences ( edit ) Total number of prisoners on Death Row in the United States from 1953 to 2008 Within the context of the overall murder rate , the death penalty can not be said to be widely or routinely used in the United States ; in recent years the average has been about one death sentence for every 200 murder convictions . Alabama has the highest per capita rate of death sentences . This is because Alabama was one of the few states that allowed judges to override a jury recommendation in favor of life imprisonment , a possibility it removed in March 2017 . Among states ( edit ) The distribution of death sentences among states is loosely proportional to their populations and murder rates . California , which is the most populous state , has also the largest death row with over 700 inmates . Wyoming , which is the least populous state , has only one condemned man . But executions are more frequent ( and happen more quickly after sentencing ) in conservative states . Texas , which is the second most populous state of the Union , carried out over 500 executions during the post-Furman era , more than a third of the national total . California has carried out only 13 executions during the same period . Among races ( edit ) Main article : Race and capital punishment in the United States African Americans made up 41 % of death row inmates while making up only 12.6 % of the general population . They have made up 34 % of those actually executed since 1976 . However , this is an under - representation relative to the proportion of convicted murderers ; 52.5 % of all homicide offenders between 1980 and 2008 were African Americans . According to a 2003 Amnesty International report , blacks and whites were the victims of murder in almost equal numbers , yet 80 % of the people executed since 1977 were convicted of murders involving white victims . Approximately 13.5 % of death row inmates are of Hispanic or Latino descent , while they make up 17.4 % of the general population . Among sexes ( edit ) As of October 1 , 2014 , men accounted for 98 % of people on death row and 99 % of executions since 1976 . Methods ( edit ) Usage of lethal injection in the US . State uses only this method . State uses this method primarily but also has other methods . State once used this method , but does not today . State once adopted this method , but dropped before its use . State has never adopted this method . Number of executions each year by the method used in the United States and the earlier colonies from 1608 to 2004 . The adoption of electrocution caused a marked drop off in the number of hangings , which was used even less with the use of gas inhalation . After Gregg v. Georgia , most states changed to lethal injection , leading to its rise . All 31 states with the death penalty provide lethal injection as the primary method of execution . Some states allow other methods than lethal injection , but only as secondary methods to be used merely at the request of the prisoner or if lethal injection is unavailable . Several states continue to use the historical three - drug protocol : an anesthetic , pancuronium bromide a paralytic , and potassium chloride to stop the heart . Eight states have used a single - drug protocol , inflicting only an overdose of a single anesthetic to the prisoner . While some state statutes specify the drugs required , a majority do not , giving more flexibility to corrections officials . Pressures from anti-death penalty activists and shareholders have made it difficult for correctional services to get the chemicals . Hospira , the only U.S. manufacturer of sodium thiopental , stopped making the drug in 2011 . In 2016 , it was reported that more than 20 U.S. and European drug manufacturers including Pfizer ( the owner of Hospira ) had taken steps to prevent their drugs from being used for lethal injections . Since then , some states have used other anesthetics , such as pentobarbital , etomidate , or fast - acting benzodiazepines like midazolam . Many states have since bought lethal injection drugs from foreign furnishers , and most states have made it a criminal offense to reveal the identities of furnishers or execution team members . In November 2015 , California adopted regulations allowing the state to use its own public compounding pharmacies to make the chemicals . In 2009 , Ohio approved the use of an intramuscular injection of 500 mg of hydromorphone ( a 333-fold overdose for an opioid - naïve patient of this narcotic analgesic closely related to and five times stronger than morphine ; this is the equivalent of an entire 50 - ml bottle of Dilaudid HP , the most powerful commercially available form , although the advantage of hydromorphone is its very high solubility allowing for solutions of almost arbitrary concentration ; 500 mg of hydromorphone HCl as pure powder can be dissolved in isotonic saline in volumes as small as under 2 cc ) and a supratherapeutic dose of midazolam as a backup means of carrying out executions when a suitable vein can not be found for intravenous injection . Lethal injection was held to be a constitutional method of execution by the U.S. Supreme Court in two cases : Baze v. Rees ( 2008 ) and Glossip v. Gross ( 2015 ) . Offender - selected methods ( edit ) In the following states , death row inmates with an execution warrant may choose to be executed by : Electrocution in Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Kentucky , South Carolina , Tennessee and Virginia . Gas inhalation in Arizona and California . Firing squad in Utah . Hanging in Washington . In five states ( Arizona , Arkansas , Kentucky , Tennessee and Utah ) , the alternative method is offered only to inmates sentenced to death for crimes committed prior to a specified date ( usually when the state switched from the earlier method to lethal injection ) . When an offender chooses to be executed by a means different from the state default method , which is always lethal injection , he loses the right to challenge its constitutionality in court ( Stewart v. LaGrand , 1999 ) . The last executions by methods other than injection are as follows ( all chosen by the inmate ) : Method Date State Inmate Electrocution 000000002013 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2013 Virginia Robert Gleason Firing squad 000000002010 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18 , 2010 Utah Ronnie Lee Gardner Lethal gas 000000001999 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1999 Arizona Walter LaGrand Hanging 000000001996 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1996 Delaware William Bailey Backup methods ( edit ) Depending on the state , the following alternative methods are statutorily provided in the event that lethal injection is either found unconstitutional by a court or unavailable for practical reasons : Electrocution in Florida , Oklahoma , South Carolina and Tennessee . Gas inhalation in California , Missouri , Oklahoma and Wyoming . Firing squad in Oklahoma and Utah . Hanging in New Hampshire . Oklahoma is the only state allowing more than two methods of execution in its statutes , providing lethal injection , nitrogen hypoxia , electrocution and firing squad to be used in that order in the event that all earlier methods are unavailable . The nitrogen option was added by the Oklahoma Legislature in 2015 and has never been used in a judicial execution , though it is routinely used to give a painless death in animal euthanasia . Three states ( Oklahoma , Tennessee and Utah ) have added back - up methods recently in 2014 or 2015 ( or have expanded their application fields ) in reaction to the shortage of lethal injection drugs . Some states such as Florida have a larger provision dealing with execution methods unavailability , requiring their state departments of corrections to use `` any constitutional method '' if both lethal injection and electrocution are found unconstitutional . This was designed to make unnecessary any further legislative intervention in that event , but the provision apply only to legal ( not practical ) infeasibility . In May 2016 , an Oklahoma grand jury recommended the state to use nitrogen hypoxia as its primary method of execution rather than as a mere backup , after experts testified that the method would be painless , easy and `` inexpensive '' . Federal executions ( edit ) The method of execution of federal prisoners for offenses under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 is that of the state in which the conviction took place . If the state has no death penalty , the judge must choose a state with the death penalty for carrying out the execution . The federal government has a facility and regulations only for executions by lethal injection , but the United States Code allows U.S. Marshals to use state facilities and employees for federal executions . Execution attendance ( edit ) The over 200 witnesses to the execution of Timothy McVeigh were mostly survivors and victims ' relatives of the Oklahoma City bombing . The last public execution in the U.S. was that of Rainey Bethea in Owensboro , Kentucky , on August 14 , 1936 . It was the last execution in the nation at which the general public was permitted to attend without any legally imposed restrictions . `` Public execution '' is a legal phrase , defined by the laws of various states , and carried out pursuant to a court order . Similar to `` public record '' or `` public meeting , '' it means that anyone who wants to attend the execution may do so . Around 1890 , a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions . Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a `` wall '' or `` enclosure '' or to `` exclude public view . '' Most states laws currently use such explicit wording to prohibit public executions , while others do so only implicitly by enumerating the only authorized witnesses . All states allow news reporters to be execution witnesses for information of the general public , except Wyoming which allow only witnesses authorized by the condemned . Several states also allow victims ' families and relatives selected by the prisoner to watch executions . An hour or two before the execution , the condemned is offered religious services and to choose his last meal ( except in Texas which abolished it in 2011 ) . The execution of Timothy McVeigh on June 11 , 2001 , was witnessed by over 200 people , most by closed - circuit television . Public opinion ( edit ) Gallup , Inc. monitors support for the death penalty in the United States since 1937 by asking `` Are you in favor of the death penalty for a person convicted of murder ? '' In their last poll in October 2016 , 60 % of respondents said they were in favor and 37 % were opposed . A month earlier , a Pew Research poll found that 49 % of Americans supported the death penalty for convicted murderers and 42 % opposed , down from 80 % in 1974 . A 2010 poll found that 61 % of voters would choose a penalty other than the death sentence for murder . When persons surveyed are given a choice between the death penalty and life without parole for persons convicted of capital crimes , support for execution has traditionally been significantly lower than in polling that asks only if a person does or does not support the death penalty . In 2010 , for instance , a Gallup poll that offered a choice showed 49 % favoring the death penalty and 46 % favoring life imprisonment . On the other hand , in November 2009 , another Gallup poll found that 77 % of Americans say that September 11 attacks ' mastermind Khalid Sheikh Mohammed should get the death penalty if convicted , including 12 who normally opposed the death penalty when asked the 1937 question . A similar result was found in 2001 when respondents were polled about the execution of Timothy McVeigh for the Oklahoma City Bombing that killed 168 victims . Debate ( edit ) Main article : Capital punishment debate in the United States Capital punishment is a controversial issue , with many prominent organizations and individuals participating in the debate . Amnesty International and other groups oppose capital punishment on moral grounds . Some law enforcement organizations , and some victims ' rights groups support capital punishment . The United States is one of four industrialized democracies that still practice capital punishment with Japan , Singapore , and Taiwan . Religious groups are widely split on the issue of capital punishment . The Fiqh Council of North America , a group of highly influential Muslim scholars in the United States , has issued a fatwa calling for a moratorium on capital punishment in the United States until various preconditions in the legal system are met . In October 2009 , the American Law Institute voted to disavow the framework for capital punishment that it had created in 1962 , as part of the Model Penal Code , `` in light of the current intractable institutional and structural obstacles to ensuring a minimally adequate system for administering capital punishment . '' A study commissioned by the institute had said that experience had proved that the goal of individualized decisions about who should be executed and the goal of systemic fairness for minorities and others could not be reconciled . As of 2017 , 159 prisoners have been exonerated due to evidence of their innocence . Advocates of the death penalty say that it deters crime , is a good tool for prosecutors in plea bargaining , improves the community by eliminating recidivism by executed criminals , provides `` closure '' to surviving victims or loved ones , and is a just penalty . The murder rate is highest in the South ( 6.5 per 100,000 in 2016 ) , where 80 % of executions are carried out , and lowest in the Northeast ( 3.5 per 100,000 ) , with less than 1 % of executions . A report by the US National Research Council in 2012 stated that studies claiming a deterrent effect are `` fundamentally flawed '' and should not be used for policy decisions . According to a survey of the former and present presidents of the country 's top academic criminological societies , 88 % of these experts rejected the notion that the death penalty acts as a deterrent to murder . ( Radelet & Lacock , 2009 ) Data shows that the application of the death penalty is strongly influenced by racial bias . In addition , its use risks the execution of the innocent ; it is unnecessarily barbaric in nature ; it cheapens human life ; and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals who have murdered . Furthermore , some opponents argue that it is applied in an arbitrary manner by a criminal justice system that has been shown to be biased through the systemic influence of socio - economic , geographic , and gender factors . Another argument in the capital punishment debate is the cost . Clemency and commutations ( edit ) The largest number of clemencies was granted in January 2003 in Illinois when outgoing Governor George Ryan , who had already imposed a moratorium on executions , pardoned four death - row inmates and commuted the sentences of the remaining 167 to life in prison without the possibility of parole . When Governor Pat Quinn signed legislation abolishing the death penalty in Illinois in March 2011 , he commuted the sentences of the fifteen inmates on death row to life imprisonment . Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico , when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty . In 1991 , outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners , among them all four women on the state 's death row . And during his two terms ( 1979 -- 1987 ) as Florida 's Governor , Bob Graham , although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others , agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of doubts about guilt or disproportionality . Execution hiatus ( edit ) All executions were suspended through the country between September 2007 and April 2008 . At that time , the U.S. Supreme Court was examining the constitutionality of lethal injection in Baze v. Rees . This was the longest period with no executions in the United States since 1982 . The Supreme Court ultimately upheld this method in a 7 -- 2 ruling . In addition to the states that have no valid death penalty statute , the following states and jurisdictions are noted that have an official moratorium , or have had no executions for more than ten years , as of 2017 : State / Jurisdiction Status Hiatus status Federal de facto No executions since 2003 Arizona by Attorney General In 2014 , Attorney General indefinitely stayed executions California de facto No executions since 2006 Colorado by Governor In 2013 , Governor set a moratorium Kentucky by court order In 2009 , a federal judge suspended executions pending a new protocol Montana by court order In 2015 , a federal judge ruled the state 's lethal injection protocol is unlawful , stopping executions Nebraska de facto Last execution took place in 1997 Nevada de facto Last execution in 2006 North Carolina de facto Last execution in 2006 Oklahoma by implementers In 2014 , state Dept. of Corrections recommended an indefinite hold on executions after a botched execution Oregon by Governor In 2011 , Governor announced a moratorium and a review Pennsylvania by Governor In 2015 , Governor announced a moratorium pending review Washington by Governor In 2014 , Governor announced a moratorium and reprieve for new cases Kansas , New Hampshire , Wyoming , and the U.S. Military have also no executions for over ten years , but in these states it is because of the lack of death row inmates having exhausted the appeal process . Since 1976 , four states have executed only condemned prisoners who voluntarily waived further appeals : Pennsylvania has executed three inmates , Oregon two , Connecticut one , and New Mexico one . In North Carolina , executions are suspended following a decision by the state 's medical board that physicians can not participate in executions , which is a requirement under state law . In California , United States District Judge Jeremy Fogel suspended all executions in the state on December 15 , 2006 , ruling that the implementation used in California was unconstitutional but that it could be fixed . On November 25 , 2009 , the Kentucky Supreme Court suspended executions until the state adopts regulations for carrying out the penalty by lethal injection . In November 2011 , Oregon Governor John Kitzhaber announced a moratorium on executions in Oregon , canceling a planned execution and ordering a review of the death penalty system in the state . On February 11 , 2014 , Washington Governor Jay Inslee announced a capital punishment moratorium . All death penalty cases that come to Inslee will result in him issuing a reprieve , not a pardon or commutation . On February 13 , 2015 , Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf announced a moratorium on the death penalty . Wolf will issue a reprieve for every execution until a commission on capital punishment , which was established in 2011 by the Pennsylvania State Senate , produces a recommendation . Effectively there was a moratorium in place , as the state had not executed anyone since Gary M. Heidnik in 1999 . See also ( edit ) United States portal Criminal justice portal Capital punishment debate in the United States Capital punishment by the United States federal government List of United States Supreme Court decisions on capital punishment List of offenders executed in the United States in 2017 List of death row inmates in the United States List of last executions in the United States by crime References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` STATES AND CAPITAL PUNISHMENT '' . National Conference of State Legislatures . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leigh B. Bienen ( 2010 ) . Murder and Its Consequences : Essays on Capital Punishment in America ( 2 ed . ) . Northwestern University Press . p. 143 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8101 - 2697 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Lethal injection . '' . capitalpunishmentuk.org . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . China ... Guatemala , Philippines , Thailand ... Vietnam ^ Jump up to : Barry Latzer ( 2010 ) , Death Penalty Cases : Leading U.S. Supreme Court Cases on Capital Punishment , Elsevier , p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` Death Sentences in the United States From 1977 By State and By Year '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Execution Statistics Summary -- State and Year '' . people.smu.edu/rhalperi/ . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Innocence : List of Those Freed From Death Row '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dwyer - Moss , Jessica ( 2013 ) `` Flawed Forensics and the Death Penalty : Junk Science and Potentially Wrongful Executions , '' Seattle Journal for Social Justice : Vol. 11 : Iss. 2 , Article 10 . ( p. 760 ) Jump up ^ `` Facts about the Death Penalty '' ( PDF ) . Death Penalty Information Center . p. 2 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` AGGRAVATING FACTORS FOR CAPITAL PUNISHMENT BY STATE '' . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. executions in 2016 . '' . capitalpunishmentuk.org . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Death Penalty Information Center ( 2010 ) . `` Part I : History of the Death Penalty , Death Penalty Information Center '' . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ david waksman . `` Is there a Death Penalty in America ? '' . Jump up ^ `` History of the Death Penalty in America '' . Antideathpenalty.org . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BAZE v. REES ( No. 07 - 5439 ) ( April 16 , 2008 ) Justice Scalia , with whom Justice Thomas joins , concurring in the judgment '' . law.cornell.edu . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Espy file '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Department of Justice Archived 2009 - 12 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . of the United States of America Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Military Death Penalty '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2008 . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ John A. Bennett Jump up ^ `` Executions in the Military '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death penalty on the ballot '' . ballotpedia.org . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Courts , the Constitution , and Capital Punishment 118 ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ The Free Lance - Star - Jun 30 , 1972 : New laws unlikely on death penalty , by Barry Schweid Jump up ^ Gregg v. Georgia , 428 U.S. 153 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Woodson v. North Carolina , 428 U.S. 280 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Roberts v. Louisiana , 428 U.S. 325 ( 1976 ) , 431 U.S. 633 ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ `` Godfrey v. Georgia '' . supreme.justia.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DARYL RENARD ATKINS , PETITIONER v. VIRGINIA '' . June 20 , 2002 . Retrieved August 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Roper v. Simmons , 543 U.S. 551 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Child rapists ca n't be executed , Supreme Court rules '' . CNN . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sara Kugler ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Obama Disagrees With High Court on Child Rape Case '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2009 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , Michael ( April 13 , 2005 ) . `` In N.Y. , Lawmakers Vote Not to Reinstate Capital Punishment '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . NEW YORK , April 12 -- New York 's death penalty is no more . A legislative committee tossed out a bill Tuesday aimed at reinstating the state 's death penalty , which a court had suspended last year . It was an extraordinary bit of drama , not least because a top Democrat who once strongly supported capital punishment led the fight to end it . Jump up ^ `` Top court : Delaware 's death penalty law unconstitutional '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richburg , Keith B. ( December 14 , 2007 ) . `` N.J. Approves Abolition of Death Penalty ; Corzine to Sign '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( in English ) Maria Medina , `` Governor OK with Astorga capital case '' Jump up ^ `` New Mexico governor bans death penalty '' . Agence France - Presse . March 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2009 . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson made his state the 15th in the nation to outlaw capital punishment when he signed a law abolishing the death penalty , his office said . ^ Jump up to : `` Quinn signs death penalty ban , commutes 15 death row sentences to life '' . Chicago Tribune . March 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RECENT LEGISLATION : Death Penalty Repeal Passes Second Connecticut House , Awaits Governor 's Signature Death Penalty Information Center '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org. April 12 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Connecticut governor signs bill to repeal death penalty '' . FOX News Network , LLC. April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wagner , John ( March 16 , 2013 ) . `` Md . General Assembly repeals death penalty '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Clemency '' . deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Connecticut 's highest court overturns its death penalty '' . cnn.com/ . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voters in California , Oklahoma , and Nebraska chose to preserve and strengthen the death penalty '' . news.vice.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` USA Executions 2016 ( as of 12 / 8 / 16 ) '' . people.smu.edu . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's non-Dukakis answer '' . nbcnews.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Borg and Radelet , pp. 144 -- 47 Jump up ^ Van Norman p. 287 Jump up ^ Paternoster , R. ( 2012 - 09 - 18 ) . Capital Punishment . Oxford Handbooks Online . Retrieved 15 June 2016 , from http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195395082.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195395082-e-24 . Jump up ^ `` Homicide - Section 190.2 . '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 630 : 1 Capital Murder . '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AN ACT relating to the murder of a child as a capital offense . '' . legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OFFICIAL RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE FAIR ADMINISTRATION OF THE DEATH PENALTY IN CALIFORNIA '' . ccfaj.org . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Lane ( 2010 ) , Stay of Execution : Saving the Death Penalty from Itself , Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , p. 110 - 111 Jump up ^ Kennedy v. Louisiana , 554 U.S. 407 , 437 ( 2007 ) ; see also Greenhouse , Linda ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court Rejects Death Penalty for Child Rape '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . The court went beyond the question in the case to rule out the death penalty for any individual crime -- as opposed to `` offenses against the state , '' such as treason or espionage -- `` where the victim 's life was not taken . '' Jump up ^ `` § 3401 . Definition and punishment of treason '' . legislature.vermont.gov . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Death Penalty for Offenses Other Than Murder '' . Death Penalty Information Center . 2008 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2008 . Retrieved January 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ See generally Separation of powers . Jump up ^ `` Unpredictable Doom and Lethal Injustice : An Argument for Greater Transparency in Death Penalty Decisions '' . Journalist 's Resource.org . Jump up ^ Adam M. Gershowitz . `` Statewide Capital Punishment : The Case for Eliminating Counties ' Role in the Death Penalty '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Provisions of state and federal statutes concerning sentence if capital sentencing jury can not agree '' ( PDF ) . A. Parrent , Conn . Public Def . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SB 280 : Sentencing for Capital Felonies '' . flsenate.gov . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ See United States v. Perez , 1824 Jump up ^ K. Scheidegger , `` Hurst v. Florida Remedial Legislation and SBP 7068 '' , February 4 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` SB 16 To amend Sections 13A - 5 - 45 , 13A - 5 - 46 , and 13A - 5 - 47 , Code of Alabama 1975 , relating to capital cases and to the determination of the sentence by courts ; to prohibit a court from overriding a jury verdict . '' . legislature.state.al.us . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Nebraska Revised Statutes - Chapter 29 - CRIMINAL PROCEDURE - 29 - 2521 - Sentencing determination proceeding . '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 46 - 18 - 301 . Hearing on imposition of death penalty . '' . leg.mt.gov . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : See , e.g. , 18 U.S.C. § 3595 . ( `` In a case in which a sentence of death is imposed , the sentence shall be subject to review by the court of appeals upon appeal by the defendant . '' ) Jump up ^ See generally Appeal . ^ Jump up to : Poland v. Arizona , 476 U.S. 147 152 -- 54 ( 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Eric M. Freedman , `` Giarratano is a Scarecrow : The Right to Counsel in State Postconviction Proceedings , Legalize Drugs '' 91 Cornell L. Rev. 1079 , 1097 ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Teague v. Lane , 489 U.S. 288 , 306 ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ LaFave , Israel , & King , 6 Crim . Proc. § 28.11 ( b ) ( 2d ed. 2007 ) . Jump up ^ LaFave , Israel , & King , 6 Crim . Proc. § 28.11 ( a ) ( 2d ed. 2007 ) . ^ Jump up to : Eric M. Freedman , `` Giarratano is a Scarecrow : The Right to Counsel in State Postconviction Proceedings , '' 91 Cornell L. Rev. 1079 , 1097 ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Code of Virginia - § 8.01 - 654 . When and by whom writ granted ; what petition to contain . '' . Law.lis.virginia.gov . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VIRGINIA 'S EXECUTION HISTORY '' . vadp.org . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . `` VIRGINIA 'S DEATH ROW INMATES '' . vadp.org . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Conviction to Execution `` Takes Too Long '' `` . ktrh.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OJP Docket No. 1464 , Certification Process for State Capital Counsel Systems '' ( PDF ) . crimeandconsequences.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AN ACT Concerning a unitary procedure for review in class 1 felony cases in which a death sentence is sought as punishment . '' . tornado.state.co.us . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ House v. Bell , 126 S. Ct. 2064 ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Habeas Corpus Studies '' . The New York Times . April 1 , 1996 . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Walpin , Ned . `` The New Speed - up in Habeas Corpus Appeals '' . Frontline . PBS . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ see 28 U.S.C. § 2255 . Jump up ^ 28 USC § § 2261 -- 2266 Jump up ^ `` Court Gives Green Light to Death Penalty Fast - Tracking '' . abcnews.go.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Glossip v. Gross 576 U.S. ___ ( 2015 ) '' . justia.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Heck v. Humphrey , 512 U.S. 477 ( 1994 ) '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Georgia Code - § 17 - 10 - 34 - Sentence to specify time period for and place of execution '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Death Penalty '' . Equal Justice Initiative . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama ends death penalty by judicial override '' . Associated Press at WBRL . March 11 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lundin , Leigh . `` Executed Prisoners in Texas '' . Last Words . Criminal Brief . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lundin , Leigh ( August 22 , 2010 ) . `` Last Words '' . Capital Punishment . Criminal Brief . Jump up ^ `` Facts about the Death Penalty '' ( PDF ) . Death Penalty Information Center . p. 3 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Homicide Trends in the United States , 1980 - 2008 '' ( PDF ) . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` United States of America : Death by discrimination -- the continuing role of race in capital cases '' . Amnesty.org. April 23 , 2003 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hispanics and the Death Penalty '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fins , Deborah . `` Death Row U.S.A. Fall 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Death Penalty Information Center . Quarterly report by the Criminal Justice Project . NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund , Inc . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Methods of Execution '' . clarkprosecutor.org . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Methods of Execution '' . deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` State by State Lethal Injection '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eckholm , Erik ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) . `` Pfizer Blocks the Use of Its Drugs in Executions '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Richmond , Ben ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Will the EU kill America 's Death Penalty ? '' . Motherboard . Vice Media , Inc . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Algar , Clare ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Big Pharma May Help End The Death Penalty '' . The New Republic . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Washington Post : A death penalty landmark for Florida : Executing a white man for killing a black man Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( 2015 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Supreme Court Allows Use of Execution Drug '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Execution Team , Firing Squads , Restricted Media Included in House Bill '' . jacksonfreepress.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NOTICE OF CHANGE TO REGULATIONS '' ( PDF ) . cdcr.ca.gov . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mosby 's 2004 `` Hydromorphone '' Jump up ^ `` Ohio Prisons Director Announces Changes to Ohio 's Execution Process '' . Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction . November 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona execution takes two hours '' . BBC News . July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` High court upholds lethal injection method '' . Cable News Network ( CNN ) . April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court backs use of lethal injection drug '' . Cable News Network ( CNN ) . June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ South Carolina Code of Laws : `` Section 24 - 3 - 530 . Death by electrocution or lethal injection . '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Dawn of a New Form of Capital Punishment , Time , April 17 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` How to kill : America 's death penalty dilemma '' . cnn.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 922.105 - Execution of death sentence '' . leg.state.fl.us . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 40 - 23 - 114 - Death by lethal injection Election of electrocution . '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma grand jury issues critical report on execution drug mix - up '' . newsok.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` § 26.3 Date , time , place , and method of execution . '' . law.cornell.edu . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 18 U.S. Code § 3597 - Use of State facilities '' . law.cornell.edu . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Connecticut § 54 -- 100 Kentucky 431.220 Missouri § 546.730 New Mexico § 31 - 14 - 12 ch. 279 Massachusetts § 60 North Carolina § 15 - 188 Oklahoma Title 22 § 1015 Montana § 46 - 19 - 103 Ohio § 2949.22 Tennessee § 40 - 23 - 116 US Code Title 18 § 3596 Federal regulations 28 CFR 26.4 Archived 2014 - 01 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Texas Execution Information - Texas Execution Primer '' . www.txexecutions.org . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` States go hunting for execution witnesses '' . jacksonsun.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming Code § 7 - 13 - 908 '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Death Penalty Support at 60 % '' . gallup.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oliphant , Baxter ( 2016 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Support for death penalty lowest in more than four decades '' . Dactank ; News in Numbers . Pew Research Centre . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facts about the Death Penalty '' ( PDF ) . Death Penalty Information Center . 9 December 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In U.S. , 64 % Support Death Penalty in Cases of Murder '' . The Gallup Organization . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Americans at Odds With Recent Terror Trial Decisions '' . gallup.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foes of death penalty say McVeigh is an exception '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ReligiousTolerance '' . ReligiousTolerance . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Adam Lipak ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` Group Gives Up Death Penalty Work '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Innocence : List of Those Freed From Death Row '' . Death Penalty Information Center . October 28 , 2010 . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dwyer - Moss , Jessica ( 2013 ) `` Flawed Forensics and the Death Penalty : Junk Science and Potentially Wrongful Executions , '' Seattle Journal for Social Justice : Vol. 11 : Iss. 2 , Article 10 . ( p. 760 ) Jump up ^ Pitkin , James ( January 23 , 2008 ) . `` Killing Time Dead Men Waiting on Oregon 's Death Row '' . Willamette Week . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2008 . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ American Justice Volume 1 Jump up ^ Londono , O. ( 2013 ) , `` A Retributive Critique of Racial Bias and Arbitrariness in Capital Punishment . '' Journal of Social Philosophy , 44 : 95 -- 105 . doi : 10.1111 / josp. 12013 Jump up ^ `` Letter -- Cost of the Death Penalty '' . The New York Times . California . February 28 , 2009 . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois Death Row Inmates Granted Commutation by Governor George Ryan on January 12 , 2003 '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` California moves -- slowly -- toward resuming executions '' . seattletimes.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . California has long been what one expert calls a `` symbolic death penalty state , '' one of 12 that has capital punishment on the books but has not executed anyone in more than a decade . Jump up ^ `` The History of Capital Punishment in California '' . California Dept. of Corrections and Rehabilitation . State of California . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Judge Rules Against Lethal Injection Protocol and Halts Execution '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Bellware , Kim . `` Montana Judge Strikes Down State 's Lethal Injection Protocol '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Judge says executions unconstitutional Archived December 22 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Musgrave , Beth ( November 26 , 2009 ) . `` Decision halts lethal injections Latest Local , State News '' . Kentucky.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jung , Helen ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` Gov. John Kitzhaber stops executions in Oregon , calls system ' compromised and inequitable ' '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Executions Are Suspended by Governor in Washington '' . The New York Times . February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Berman , Mark ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Pennsylvania 's governor suspends the death penalty '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Marian J. Borg and Michael L. Radelet. ( 2004 ) . On botched executions . In : Peter Hodgkinson and William A. Schabas ( eds . ) Capital Punishment . pp. 143 -- 68 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . doi : 10.1017 / CBO9780511489273. 006 . Gail A. Van Norman . ( 2010 ) . Physician participation in executions . In : Gail A. Van Norman et al. ( eds . ) Clinical Ethics in Anesthesiology . pp. 285 -- 91 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . doi : 10.1017 / CBO9780511841361. 051 . Further reading ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Bakken , Gordon Morris , ed. ( 2010 ) . Invitation to an Execution : A History of the Death Penalty in the United States . University of New Mexico Press Banner , Stuart ( 2002 ) . The Death Penalty : An American History . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00751 - 4 . Bessler , John D. ( 2012 ) Cruel and Unusual : The American Death Penalty and the Founders ' Eighth Amendment . Boston , MA : Northeastern University Press ; Blecker , Robert ( 2013 ) . The Death of Punishment : Searching for Justice among the Worst of the Worst . St. Martin 's Press ; Delfino , Michelangelo and Mary E. Day . ( 2007 ) . Death Penalty USA 2005 -- 2006 MoBeta Publishing , Tampa , Florida . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9725141 - 2 - 5 ; and Death Penalty USA 2003 -- 2004 ( 2008 ) . MoBeta Publishing , Tampa , Florida . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9725141 - 3 - 2 . Dow , David R. , Dow , Mark ( eds . ) ( 2002 ) . Machinery of Death : The Reality of America 's Death Penalty Regime . Routledge , New York . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93266 - 1 ( cloth ) , ISBN 0 - 415 - 93267 - X ( paperback ) ( Provides critical perspectives on the death penalty ) Garland , David ( 2010 ) . Peculiar Institution : America 's Death Penalty in an Age of Abolition . Harvard University Press . Hartnett , Stephen John ( 2010 ) . Executing Democracy , Volume 1 : Capital Punishment and the Making of America , 1683 -- 1807 . East Lansing , MI : Michigan State University Press . Hartnett , Stephen John ( 2012 ) . Executing Democracy , Volume 2 : Capital Punishment and the Making of America , 1635 -- 1843 . East Lansing , MI : Michigan State University Press . Lane , Charles ( 2010 ) . Stay of Execution : Saving the Death Penalty from Itself . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . Megivern , James J. ( 1997 ) , The Death Penalty : An Historical and Theological Survey . Paulist Press , New York . ISBN 0 - 8091 - 0487 - 3 Osler , Mark William ( 2009 ) . Jesus on Death Row : The Trial of Jesus and American Capital Punishment . Abingdon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 687 - 64756 - 9 Prejean , Helen ( 1993 ) . Dead Man Walking . Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 75131 - 9 ( paperback ) ( Describes the case of death row convict Elmo Patrick Sonnier , while also giving a general overview of issues connected to the death penalty ) Journal articles ( edit ) Vidma , Neil and Phoebe Ellsworth . `` Public Opinion and the Death Penalty '' ( Archive ) . Stanford Law Review . June 1974 . Volume 26 , pp. 1245 -- 1270 . Hoffmann , Joseph L. ( 2005 ) . `` Protecting the Innocent : The Massachusetts Governor 's Council Report . '' 95 J. of Crim . L. & Criminology 561 . External links ( edit ) Prisoners Executed Under Civil Authority in the United States , by Year , Region , and Jurisdiction , 1977 -- 2016 Bureau of Justice Statistics United States of America : Death Penalty Worldwide Academic research database on the laws , practice , and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world . Capital punishment Retentionist countries Afghanistan Bahamas Bangladesh Belarus Botswana China Cuba Egypt Guatemala India Indonesia Iran Iraq Jamaica Japan Jordan Lebanon Malaysia Nigeria North Korea Pakistan Saint Kitts and Nevis Saudi Arabia Singapore Somalia Syria Taiwan Thailand United Arab Emirates United States Vietnam Yemen Abolitionist in practice countries Kenya Laos Maldives Russia South Korea Sri Lanka Tajikistan Tonga Abolitionist for ordinary crimes only Brazil Israel Abolitionist countries Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bhutan Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Mongolia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia South Africa Spain Suriname Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Venezuela Current methods Hanging Shooting / Firing squad Lethal injection Electrocution Gas inhalation Beheading Ancient methods Bestiarii Damnatio ad bestias Blood eagle Blowing from a gun Brazen bull Boiling Breaking wheel Burial Burning Crushing Disembowelment Dismemberment Drowning Republican marriage Elephant Falling Flaying Garrote Hanged , drawn and quartered Immurement Impalement Ishikozume Mazzatello Sawing Scaphism Slow slicing Stoning Suffocation in ash Upright jerker Waist chop Related topics Use by country Most recent executions by country Crime Death row Final statement Last meal Penology Religion and capital punishment Wrongful execution Capital punishment for drug trafficking Capital punishment in the United States Articles Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Washington , D.C. Puerto Rico American Samoa Lists of individuals executed Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington Wyoming By year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Scheduled executions Other List of U.S. Supreme Court decisions on capital punishment List of death row inmates in the United States List of women on death row List of women executed since 1976 Juveniles National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty Death Penalty Information Center Social policy in the United States Abortion Affirmative action Alcohol Drug policy Cannabis Death penalty Gambling Gun policy LGBT rights Same - sex marriage Prostitution United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American Civil Rights Movement 1865 -- 1895 / 1896 -- 1954 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Civil Rights Movement Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Collapse of the Soviet Union War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory states territories counties cities , towns , and villages Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive President Executive Office Cabinet / Executive departments Civil service Independent agencies Law enforcement Public policy Legislature Congress Senate Vice President President pro tempore House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Federal judiciary Supreme Court Courts of appeals District courts Law Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps Political divisions List of states and territories of the United States States Territories Federal district Native American autonomous administrative divisions United States Minor Outlying Islands Associated states Local government in the United States Federal enclave Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Vetos in the UN Security Council Ideologies Anti-Americanism Exceptionalism Nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State governments governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Wall Street Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing in the United States Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime Incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination Affirmative action Intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights Racism Same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care Health insurance Health care reform Abortion Hunger Obesity Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Capital punishment in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States&oldid=804886931 '' Categories : Capital punishment in the United States Crime in the United States United States law Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 18 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital%20punishment%20in%20the%20United%20States

where are convex mirrors used in everyday life

Curved mirror

curved mirror

A curved mirror is a mirror with a curved reflecting surface . The surface may be either convex ( bulging outwards ) or concave ( bulging inwards ) . Most curved mirrors have surfaces that are shaped like part of a sphere , but other shapes are sometimes used in optical devices . The most common non-spherical type are parabolic reflectors , found in optical devices such as reflecting telescopes that need to image distant objects , since spherical mirror systems , like spherical lenses , suffer from spherical aberration . Distorting mirrors are used for entertainment . They have convex and concave regions that produce deliberately distorted images .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Convex mirrors 1.1 Uses of convex mirror 1.2 Image 2 Concave mirrors 2.1 Uses 2.2 Image 3 Mirror shape 4 Analysis 4.1 Mirror equation , magnification , and focal length 4.2 Ray tracing 4.3 Ray transfer matrix of spherical mirrors 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Convex mirrors ( edit ) A convex mirror diagram showing the focus , focal length , centre of curvature , principal axis , etc . A convex mirror , diverging mirror , or fish eye mirror is a curved mirror in which the reflective surface bulges toward the light source . Convex mirrors reflect light outwards , therefore they are not used to focus light . Such mirrors always form a virtual image , since the focal point ( F ) and the centre of curvature ( 2F ) are both imaginary points `` inside '' the mirror , that can not be reached . As a result , images formed by these mirrors can not be projected on a screen , since the image is inside the mirror . The image is smaller than the object , but gets larger as the object approaches the mirror . A collimated ( parallel ) beam of light diverges ( spreads out ) after reflection from a convex mirror , since the normal to the surface differs with each spot on the mirror . Uses of convex mirror ( edit ) Convex mirror lets motorists see around a corner . Detail of the convex mirror in the Arnolfini Portrait The passenger - side mirror on a car is typically a convex mirror . In some countries , these are labeled with the safety warning `` Objects in mirror are closer than they appear '' , to warn the driver of the convex mirror 's distorting effects on distance perception . Convex mirrors are preferred in vehicles because they give an upright , though diminished , image . Also they provide a wider field of view as they are curved outwards . These mirrors are often found in the hallways of various buildings ( commonly known as `` hallway safety mirrors '' ) , including hospitals , hotels , schools , stores , and apartment buildings . They are usually mounted on a wall or ceiling where hallways intersect each other , or where they make sharp turns . They are useful for people accessing the hallways , especially at locations having blind spots or where visibility may be limited . They are also used on roads , driveways , and alleys to provide safety for motorists where there is a lack of visibility , especially at curves and turns . Convex mirrors are used in some automated teller machines as a simple and handy security feature , allowing the users to see what is happening behind them . Similar devices are sold to be attached to ordinary computer monitors . Convex mirrors make everything seem smaller but cover a larger area of surveillance . Round convex mirrors called Oeil de Sorcière ( French for `` sorcerer 's eye '' ) were a popular luxury item from the 15th century onwards , shown in many depictions of interiors from that time . With 15th century technology , it was easier to make a regular curved mirror ( from blown glass ) than a perfectly flat one . They were also known as `` bankers ' eyes '' due to the fact that their wide field of vision was useful for security . Famous examples in art include the Arnolfini Portrait by Jan van Eyck and the left wing of the Werl Altarpiece by Robert Campin . Image ( edit ) A virtual image in a Christmas bauble . The image on a convex mirror is always virtual ( rays have n't actually passed through the image ; their extensions do , like in a regular mirror ) , diminished ( smaller ) , and upright . As the object gets closer to the mirror , the image gets larger , until reaching approximately the size of the object , when it touches the mirror . As the object moves away , the image diminishes in size and gets gradually closer to the focus , until it is reduced to a point in the focus when the object is at an infinite distance . These features make convex mirrors very useful : since everything appears smaller in the mirror , they cover a wider field of view than a normal plane mirror does . Effect on image of object 's position relative to mirror focal point ( convex ) Object 's position ( S ) , focal point ( F ) Image Diagram S > F , S = F , S F , \ S = F , \ S < F ) Virtual Upright Reduced ( diminished / smaller ) Concave mirrors ( edit ) A concave mirror diagram showing the focus , focal length , centre of curvature , principal axis , etc . A concave mirror , or converging mirror , has a reflecting surface that bulges inward ( away from the incident light ) . Concave mirrors reflect light inward to one focal point. They are used to focus light . Unlike convex mirrors , concave mirrors show different image types depending on the distance between the object and the mirror . These mirrors are called `` converging mirrors '' because they tend to collect light that falls on them , refocusing parallel incoming rays toward a focus . This is because the light is reflected at different angles , since the normal to the surface differs with each spot on the mirror . Uses ( edit ) Concave mirrors are used in reflecting telescopes . They are also used to provide a magnified image of the face for applying make - up or shaving . In illumination applications , concave mirrors are used to gather light from a small source and direct it outward in a beam as in torches , headlamps and spotlights , or to collect light from a large area and focus it into a small spot , as in concentrated solar power . Concave mirrors are used to form optical cavities , which are important in laser construction . Some dental mirrors use a concave surface to provide a magnified image . The mirror landing aid system of modern aircraft carriers also uses a concave mirror . Image ( edit ) Effect on image of object 's position relative to mirror focal point ( concave ) Object 's position ( S ) , focal point ( F ) Image Diagram S < F ( \ displaystyle S < F ) ( Object between focal point and mirror ) Virtual Upright Magnified ( larger ) S = F ( \ displaystyle S = F ) ( Object at focal point ) Reflected rays are parallel and never meet , so no image is formed . In the limit where S approaches F , the image distance approaches infinity , and the image can be either real or virtual and either upright or inverted depending on whether S approaches F from above or below . F < S < 2 F ( \ displaystyle F < S < 2F ) ( Object between focus and centre of curvature ) Real image Inverted ( vertically ) Magnified ( larger ) S = 2 F ( \ displaystyle S = 2F ) ( Object at centre of curvature ) Real image Inverted ( vertically ) Same size Image formed at centre of curvature S > 2 F ( \ displaystyle S > 2F ) ( Object beyond centre of curvature ) Real image Inverted ( vertically ) Reduced ( diminished / smaller ) As the distance of the object increases , the image asymptotically approaches the focal point In the limit where S approaches infinity , the image size approaches zero as the image approaches F Mirror shape ( edit ) Most curved mirrors have a spherical profile . These are the simplest to make , and it is the best shape for general - purpose use . Spherical mirrors , however , suffer from spherical aberration -- parallel rays reflected from such mirrors do not focus to a single point . For parallel rays , such as those coming from a very distant object , a parabolic reflector can do a better job . Such a mirror can focus incoming parallel rays to a much smaller spot than a spherical mirror can . A toroidal reflector is a form of parabolic reflector which has a different focal distance depending on the angle of the mirror . Analysis ( edit ) Mirror equation , magnification , and focal length ( edit ) The Gaussian mirror equation , also known as the mirror and lens equation , relates the object distance d o ( \ displaystyle d_ ( \ mathrm ( o ) ) ) and image distance d i ( \ displaystyle d_ ( \ mathrm ( i ) ) ) to the focal length f ( \ displaystyle f ) : 1 d o + 1 d i = 1 f ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( d_ ( \ mathrm ( o ) ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( d_ ( \ mathrm ( i ) ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( f ) ) ) . The sign convention used here is that the focal length is positive for concave mirrors and negative for convex ones , and d o ( \ displaystyle d_ ( \ mathrm ( o ) ) ) and d i ( \ displaystyle d_ ( \ mathrm ( i ) ) ) are positive when the object and image are in front of the mirror , respectively . ( They are positive when the object or image is real . ) For convex mirrors , if one moves the 1 / d o ( \ displaystyle 1 / d_ ( \ mathrm ( o ) ) ) term to the right side of the equation to solve for 1 / d i ( \ displaystyle 1 / d_ ( \ mathrm ( i ) ) ) , the result is always a negative number , meaning that the image distance is negative -- the image is virtual , located `` behind '' the mirror . This is consistent with the behavior described above . For concave mirrors , whether the image is virtual or real depends on how large the object distance is compared to the focal length . If the 1 / f ( \ displaystyle 1 / f ) term is larger than the 1 / d o ( \ displaystyle 1 / d_ ( \ mathrm ( o ) ) ) term , 1 / d i ( \ displaystyle 1 / d_ ( \ mathrm ( i ) ) ) is positive and the image is real . Otherwise , the term is negative and the image is virtual . Again , this validates the behavior described above . The magnification of a mirror is defined as the height of the image divided by the height of the object : m ≡ h i h o = − d i d o ( \ displaystyle m \ equiv ( \ frac ( h_ ( \ mathrm ( i ) ) ) ( h_ ( \ mathrm ( o ) ) ) ) = - ( \ frac ( d_ ( \ mathrm ( i ) ) ) ( d_ ( \ mathrm ( o ) ) ) ) ) . By convention , if the resulting magnification is positive , the image is upright . If the magnification is negative , the image is inverted ( upside down ) . Ray tracing ( edit ) Main article : Ray tracing ( physics ) The image location and size can also be found by graphical ray tracing , as illustrated in the figures above . A ray drawn from the top of the object to the surface vertex ( where the optical axis meets the mirror ) will form an angle with that axis . The reflected ray has the same angle to the axis , but is below it ( See Specular reflection ) . A second ray can be drawn from the top of the object passing through the focal point and reflecting off the mirror at a point somewhere below the optical axis . Such a ray will be reflected from the mirror as a ray parallel to the optical axis . The point at which the two rays described above meet is the image point corresponding to the top of the object . Its distance from the axis defines the height of the image , and its location along the axis is the image location . The mirror equation and magnification equation can be derived geometrically by considering these two rays . Ray transfer matrix of spherical mirrors ( edit ) Further information : Ray transfer matrix analysis The mathematical treatment is done under the paraxial approximation , meaning that under the first approximation a spherical mirror is a parabolic reflector . The ray matrix of a spherical mirror is shown here for the concave reflecting surface of a spherical mirror . The C ( \ displaystyle C ) element of the matrix is − 1 f ( \ displaystyle - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( f ) ) ) , where f ( \ displaystyle f ) is the focal point of the optical device . Boxes 1 and 3 feature summing the angles of a triangle and comparing to π radians ( or 180 ° ) . Box 2 shows the Maclaurin series of arccos ⁡ ( − r R ) ( \ displaystyle \ arccos \ left ( - ( \ frac ( r ) ( R ) ) \ right ) ) up to order 1 . The derivations of the ray matrices of a convex spherical mirror and a thin lens are very similar . See also ( edit ) Anamorphosis Concentrated solar power - a method of solar power generation using curved mirrors or arrays of mirrors List of telescope parts and construction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ NAYAK . ENGINEERING PHYSICS . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . ISBN 9781259006449 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Hecht , Eugene ( 1987 ) . `` 5.4. 3 '' . Optics ( 2nd ed . ) . Addison Wesley . pp. 160 -- 1 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 11609 - X . Jump up ^ Venice Botteghe : Antiques , Bijouterie , Coffee , Cakes , Carpet , Glass Archived 2017 - 03 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lorne Campbell , National Gallery Catalogues ( new series ) : The Fifteenth Century Netherlandish Paintings , pp. 178 - 179 , 188 - 189 , 1998 , ISBN 1 - 85709 - 171 - X Jump up ^ Joshi , Dhiren M. Living Science Physics 10 . Ratna Sagar . ISBN 9788183322904 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sura 's Year Book 2006 ( English ) . Sura Books . ISBN 9788172541248 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Al - Azzawi , Abdul ( 2006 - 12 - 26 ) . Light and Optics : Principles and Practices . CRC Press . ISBN 9780849383144 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Java applets to explore ray tracing for curved mirrors Concave mirrors -- real images , Molecular Expressions Optical Microscopy Primer Spherical mirrors , online physics lab `` Grinding the World 's Largest Mirror '' Popular Science , December 1935 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curved_mirror&oldid=830411528 '' Categories : Mirrors Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano Қазақша Македонски 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Српски / srpski Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 March 2018 , at 17 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curved%20mirror

who has sold more kelly clarkson or carrie underwood

Contestant Total sales First album Second album Third album Fourth album Fifth album Sixth album Seventh album Eighth album 1 . Carrie Underwood ( season 4 , winner ) 16,389,000 Some Hearts ( November 15 , 2005 ) Arista Nashville 7,450,000 8x Platinum Peak : # 2 Carnival Ride ( October 23 , 2007 ) Arista Nashville 3,400,000 4x Platinum Peak : # 1 Play On ( November 3 , 2009 ) Arista Nashville 2,300,000 3x Platinum Peak : # 1 Blown Away ( May 1 , 2012 ) Arista Nashville 1,794,800 2x Platinum Peak : # 1 Storyteller ( October 23 , 2015 ) Arista Nashville 752,100 Platinum Peak : # 2 Cry Pretty ( September 14 , 2018 ) Capitol Nashville 2 . Kelly Clarkson ( season 1 , winner ) 14,351,250 Thankful ( April 15 , 2003 ) RCA 2,800,000 2x Platinum Peak : # 1 Breakaway ( November 30 , 2004 ) RCA 6,355,000 6x Platinum Peak : # 3 My December ( June 26 , 2007 ) RCA 858,000 Platinum Peak : # 2 All I Ever Wanted ( March 10 , 2009 ) RCA 1,004,000 N / A Peak : # 1 Stronger ( October 24 , 2011 ) RCA 1,129,000 Platinum Peak : # 2 Wrapped in Red ( October 29 , 2013 ) RCA 942,000 Platinum Peak : # 3 Piece by Piece ( March 3 , 2015 ) RCA 284,000 Gold Peak : # 1 Meaning of Life ( October 27 , 2017 ) Atlantic 201,250 N / A Peak : # 2 3 . Chris Daughtry ( as Daughtry ) ( season 5 , 4th place ) 7,352,000 Daughtry ( November 21 , 2006 ) RCA 5,040,000 4x Platinum Peak : # 1 Leave This Town ( July 14 , 2009 ) RCA 1,357,000 Platinum Peak : # 1 Break the Spell ( November 21 , 2011 ) RCA 513,000 Gold Peak : # 8 Baptized ( November 19 , 2013 ) RCA 270,000 N / A Peak : # 6 TBA ( 2018 ) RCA 4 . Clay Aiken ( season 2 , runner - up ) 5,069,000 Measure of a Man ( October 14 , 2003 ) RCA 2,786,000 2x Platinum Peak : # 1 Merry Christmas with Love ( November 16 , 2004 ) RCA 1,416,000 Platinum Peak : # 4 A Thousand Different Ways ( September 19 , 2006 ) RCA 531,000 Gold Peak : # 2 On My Way Here ( May 6 , 2008 ) RCA 165,000 N / A Peak : # 4 Tried and True / Steadfast ( June 1 , 2010 ) / ( March 26 , 2012 ) Decca / Universal 80,000 N / A Peak : # 9 / # 120 5 . Fantasia Barrino ( season 3 , winner ) 3,332,000 Free Yourself ( November 23 , 2004 ) J Records 1,839,000 Platinum Peak : # 8 Fantasia ( December 12 , 2006 ) J Records 530,000 Gold Peak : # 19 Back to Me ( August 24 , 2010 ) J Records 490,000 N / A Peak : # 2 Side Effects of You ( April 23 , 2013 ) RCA 300,000 Peak : # 2 The Definition Of ... ( July 28 , 2016 ) RCA 32,000 Peak : # 6 6 . Ruben Studdard ( season 2 , winner ) 2,644,000 Soulful ( December 9 , 2003 ) J Records 1,792,000 Platinum Peak : # 1 I Need an Angel ( November 23 , 2004 ) J Records 483,000 Gold Peak : # 20 The Return ( October 17 , 2006 ) J Records 238,000 N / A Peak : # 8 Love Is ( May 19 , 2009 ) Hickory Records 50,000 N / A Peak : # 36 Letters from Birmingham ( March 13 , 2012 ) Shanachie 17,000 N / A Peak : # 150 Unconditional Love ( February 4 , 2014 ) The Verve Music Group 6,000 N / A Peak : # 46 7 . Scotty McCreery ( season 10 , winner ) 2,229,000 Clear as Day ( October 4 , 2011 ) Mercury Nashville 1,166,000 Platinum Peak : # 1 Christmas With Scotty McCreery ( October 16 , 2012 ) Mercury Nashville 382,000 Gold Peak : # 4 See You Tonight ( October 15 , 2013 ) Mercury Nashville 269,900 N / A Peak : # 6 Season Change ( March 16 , 2018 ) Thirty Tiger 63,700 N / A Peak : # 7 8 . Kellie Pickler ( season 5 , 6th place ) 1,557,000 Small Town Girl ( October 31 , 2006 ) BNA 900,000 Gold Peak : # 9 Kellie Pickler ( September 30 , 2008 ) BNA 470,000 N / A Peak : # 9 100 Proof ( January 24 , 2012 ) BNA 90,000 N / A Peak : # 7 The Woman I Am November 11 , 2013 Black River Entertainment 47,000 N / A Peak : # 19 9 . David Cook ( season 7 , winner ) 1,510,000 David Cook ( November 18 , 2008 ) RCA 1,380,000 Platinum Peak : # 3 This Loud Morning ( June 28 , 2011 ) RCA 133,000 N / A Peak : # 7 Digital Vein ( September 18 , 2015 ) InGrooves Music 11,000 N / A Peak : # 35 10 . Phillip Phillips ( season 11 , winner ) 1,495,000 The World from the Side of the Moon ( November 19 , 2012 ) Interscope 1,033,000 Platinum Peak : # 4 Behind the Light ( May 19 , 2014 ) Interscope 123,000 N / A Peak : # 7 Collateral ( January 19 , 2018 ) Interscope 5,000 N / A Peak : # 141 11 . Jennifer Hudson ( season 3 , 7th place ) 1,446,000 Jennifer Hudson ( September 30 , 2008 ) Arista 839,000 Gold Peak : # 2 I Remember Me ( March 22 , 2011 ) Arista 459,000 Gold Peak : # 2 JHUD ( September 23 , 2014 ) RCA 61,000 N / A Peak : # 10 12 . Jordin Sparks ( season 6 , winner ) 1,313,000 Jordin Sparks ( November 20 , 2007 ) Jive 1,056,000 Platinum Peak : # 10 Battlefield ( July 21 , 2009 ) Jive 190,000 N / A Peak : # 7 Right Here , Right Now ( August 21 , 2015 ) Louder Than Life N / A Peak : # 161 13 . Adam Lambert ( season 8 , runner - up ) 1,291,000 For Your Entertainment ( November 23 , 2009 ) RCA 863,000 Gold Peak : # 3 Trespassing ( May 15 , 2012 ) RCA 197,000 N / A Peak : # 1 The Original High ( June 16 , 2015 ) Warner Bros Records 52,000 N / A Peak : # 3 14 . David Archuleta ( season 7 , runner - up ) 1,156,000 David Archuleta ( November 11 , 2008 ) Jive 765,000 Gold Peak : # 2 Christmas from the Heart ( October 13 , 2009 ) Jive 246,000 N / A Peak : # 30 The Other Side of Down ( October 5 , 2010 ) Jive 67,000 N / A Peak : # 13 Begin . ( August 7 , 2012 ) Highway Records 14,000 N / A Peak : # 28 No Matter How Far ( 2013 ) E1 Music 5,000 N / A Peak : # 110 15 . Josh Gracin ( season 2 , 4th place ) 804,000 Josh Gracin ( June 15 , 2004 ) Lyric Street 703,000 Gold Peak : # 11 We Were n't Crazy ( April 1 , 2008 ) Lyric Street 86,000 N / A Peak : # 33 Redemption ( November 8 , 2011 ) Average Joe 's 4,000 N / A Peak : N / A 16 . Taylor Hicks ( season 5 , winner ) 768,000 Taylor Hicks ( December 12 , 2006 ) Arista 705,000 Platinum Peak : # 2 The Distance ( March 10 , 2009 ) Modern Whomp 52,000 N / A Peak : # 58 17 . Bo Bice ( season 4 , runner - up ) 757,000 The Real Thing ( December 13 , 2005 ) RCA 673,000 Gold Peak : # 4 See the Light ( October 23 , 2007 ) StratArt 62,000 N / A Peak : # 150 ( May 18 , 2010 ) Saguaro Road 11,000 N / A Peak : # 154 18 . Elliott Yamin ( season 5 , 3rd place ) 696,000 Elliott Yamin ( March 20 , 2007 ) Hickory Records RED Distribution 527,000 Gold Peak : # 3 Sounds of the Season ( October 14 , 2007 ) Hickory Records 81,000 N / A Peak : # 32 My Kind of Holiday ( October 7 , 2008 ) TRP Records , Fontana Distribution 27,000 N / A Peak : # 162 Fight For Love ( May 5 , 2009 ) Hickory Records 49,000 N / A Peak : # 26 Let 's Get to What 's Real ( March 27 , 2012 ) E1 / Purpose Music Group 2,000 N / A Peak : N / A

Carrie Underwood

List of American Idol alumni album sales in the united states

list of american idol alumni album sales in the united states

This article provides a list of albums recorded by alumni of the popular American televised singing competition American Idol in the post-Idol career . It only lists main albums released in the alumni 's post-Idol career . American Idol compilations , individual artist 's pre-Idol recordings , EPs , and compilation albums are not listed here , however , the numbers in parentheses may include sales from these releases . For complete list of releases including those not listed here for each artist , please see their individual discography pages ( linked here in the total number in parentheses ) . Sales figure listed are for U.S. only .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Artists with RIAA certified albums 2 Artists without RIAA certified albums 3 References 4 External links Artists with RIAA certified albums ( edit ) This first list only includes contestants with at least one certified album for units shipped in U.S. ( Gold , Platinum , and / or Multi-platinum ) . Total albums sold listed in this pages for each artist is shown first . The numbers in parentheses are for sales for all albums including EPs and compilations which may not be listed here . Contestant Total sales First album Second album Third album Fourth album Fifth album Sixth album Seventh album Eighth album 1 . Carrie Underwood ( season 4 , winner ) 16,389,000 Some Hearts ( November 15 , 2005 ) Arista Nashville 7,450,000 8x Platinum Peak : # 2 Carnival Ride ( October 23 , 2007 ) Arista Nashville 3,400,000 4x Platinum Peak : # 1 Play On ( November 3 , 2009 ) Arista Nashville 2,300,000 3x Platinum Peak : # 1 Blown Away ( May 1 , 2012 ) Arista Nashville 1,794,800 2x Platinum Peak : # 1 Storyteller ( October 23 , 2015 ) Arista Nashville 752,100 Platinum Peak : # 2 Cry Pretty ( September 14 , 2018 ) Capitol Nashville 2 . Kelly Clarkson ( season 1 , winner ) 14,351,250 Thankful ( April 15 , 2003 ) RCA 2,800,000 2x Platinum Peak : # 1 Breakaway ( November 30 , 2004 ) RCA 6,355,000 6x Platinum Peak : # 3 My December ( June 26 , 2007 ) RCA 858,000 Platinum Peak : # 2 All I Ever Wanted ( March 10 , 2009 ) RCA 1,004,000 N / A Peak : # 1 Stronger ( October 24 , 2011 ) RCA 1,129,000 Platinum Peak : # 2 Wrapped in Red ( October 29 , 2013 ) RCA 942,000 Platinum Peak : # 3 Piece by Piece ( March 3 , 2015 ) RCA 284,000 Gold Peak : # 1 Meaning of Life ( October 27 , 2017 ) Atlantic 201,250 N / A Peak : # 2 3 . Chris Daughtry ( as Daughtry ) ( season 5 , 4th place ) 7,352,000 Daughtry ( November 21 , 2006 ) RCA 5,040,000 4x Platinum Peak : # 1 Leave This Town ( July 14 , 2009 ) RCA 1,357,000 Platinum Peak : # 1 Break the Spell ( November 21 , 2011 ) RCA 513,000 Gold Peak : # 8 Baptized ( November 19 , 2013 ) RCA 270,000 N / A Peak : # 6 TBA ( 2018 ) RCA 4 . Clay Aiken ( season 2 , runner - up ) 5,069,000 Measure of a Man ( October 14 , 2003 ) RCA 2,786,000 2x Platinum Peak : # 1 Merry Christmas with Love ( November 16 , 2004 ) RCA 1,416,000 Platinum Peak : # 4 A Thousand Different Ways ( September 19 , 2006 ) RCA 531,000 Gold Peak : # 2 On My Way Here ( May 6 , 2008 ) RCA 165,000 N / A Peak : # 4 Tried and True / Steadfast ( June 1 , 2010 ) / ( March 26 , 2012 ) Decca / Universal 80,000 N / A Peak : # 9 / # 120 5 . Fantasia Barrino ( season 3 , winner ) 3,332,000 Free Yourself ( November 23 , 2004 ) J Records 1,839,000 Platinum Peak : # 8 Fantasia ( December 12 , 2006 ) J Records 530,000 Gold Peak : # 19 Back to Me ( August 24 , 2010 ) J Records 490,000 N / A Peak : # 2 Side Effects of You ( April 23 , 2013 ) RCA 300,000 Peak : # 2 The Definition Of ... ( July 28 , 2016 ) RCA 32,000 Peak : # 6 6 . Ruben Studdard ( season 2 , winner ) 2,644,000 Soulful ( December 9 , 2003 ) J Records 1,792,000 Platinum Peak : # 1 I Need an Angel ( November 23 , 2004 ) J Records 483,000 Gold Peak : # 20 The Return ( October 17 , 2006 ) J Records 238,000 N / A Peak : # 8 Love Is ( May 19 , 2009 ) Hickory Records 50,000 N / A Peak : # 36 Letters from Birmingham ( March 13 , 2012 ) Shanachie 17,000 N / A Peak : # 150 Unconditional Love ( February 4 , 2014 ) The Verve Music Group 6,000 N / A Peak : # 46 7 . Scotty McCreery ( season 10 , winner ) 2,229,000 Clear as Day ( October 4 , 2011 ) Mercury Nashville 1,166,000 Platinum Peak : # 1 Christmas With Scotty McCreery ( October 16 , 2012 ) Mercury Nashville 382,000 Gold Peak : # 4 See You Tonight ( October 15 , 2013 ) Mercury Nashville 269,900 N / A Peak : # 6 Season Change ( March 16 , 2018 ) Thirty Tiger 63,700 N / A Peak : # 7 8 . Kellie Pickler ( season 5 , 6th place ) 1,557,000 Small Town Girl ( October 31 , 2006 ) BNA 900,000 Gold Peak : # 9 Kellie Pickler ( September 30 , 2008 ) BNA 470,000 N / A Peak : # 9 100 Proof ( January 24 , 2012 ) BNA 90,000 N / A Peak : # 7 The Woman I Am November 11 , 2013 Black River Entertainment 47,000 N / A Peak : # 19 9 . David Cook ( season 7 , winner ) 1,510,000 David Cook ( November 18 , 2008 ) RCA 1,380,000 Platinum Peak : # 3 This Loud Morning ( June 28 , 2011 ) RCA 133,000 N / A Peak : # 7 Digital Vein ( September 18 , 2015 ) InGrooves Music 11,000 N / A Peak : # 35 10 . Phillip Phillips ( season 11 , winner ) 1,495,000 The World from the Side of the Moon ( November 19 , 2012 ) Interscope 1,033,000 Platinum Peak : # 4 Behind the Light ( May 19 , 2014 ) Interscope 123,000 N / A Peak : # 7 Collateral ( January 19 , 2018 ) Interscope 5,000 N / A Peak : # 141 11 . Jennifer Hudson ( season 3 , 7th place ) 1,446,000 Jennifer Hudson ( September 30 , 2008 ) Arista 839,000 Gold Peak : # 2 I Remember Me ( March 22 , 2011 ) Arista 459,000 Gold Peak : # 2 JHUD ( September 23 , 2014 ) RCA 61,000 N / A Peak : # 10 12 . Jordin Sparks ( season 6 , winner ) 1,313,000 Jordin Sparks ( November 20 , 2007 ) Jive 1,056,000 Platinum Peak : # 10 Battlefield ( July 21 , 2009 ) Jive 190,000 N / A Peak : # 7 Right Here , Right Now ( August 21 , 2015 ) Louder Than Life N / A Peak : # 161 13 . Adam Lambert ( season 8 , runner - up ) 1,291,000 For Your Entertainment ( November 23 , 2009 ) RCA 863,000 Gold Peak : # 3 Trespassing ( May 15 , 2012 ) RCA 197,000 N / A Peak : # 1 The Original High ( June 16 , 2015 ) Warner Bros Records 52,000 N / A Peak : # 3 14 . David Archuleta ( season 7 , runner - up ) 1,156,000 David Archuleta ( November 11 , 2008 ) Jive 765,000 Gold Peak : # 2 Christmas from the Heart ( October 13 , 2009 ) Jive 246,000 N / A Peak : # 30 The Other Side of Down ( October 5 , 2010 ) Jive 67,000 N / A Peak : # 13 Begin . ( August 7 , 2012 ) Highway Records 14,000 N / A Peak : # 28 No Matter How Far ( 2013 ) E1 Music 5,000 N / A Peak : # 110 15 . Josh Gracin ( season 2 , 4th place ) 804,000 Josh Gracin ( June 15 , 2004 ) Lyric Street 703,000 Gold Peak : # 11 We Were n't Crazy ( April 1 , 2008 ) Lyric Street 86,000 N / A Peak : # 33 Redemption ( November 8 , 2011 ) Average Joe 's 4,000 N / A Peak : N / A 16 . Taylor Hicks ( season 5 , winner ) 768,000 Taylor Hicks ( December 12 , 2006 ) Arista 705,000 Platinum Peak : # 2 The Distance ( March 10 , 2009 ) Modern Whomp 52,000 N / A Peak : # 58 17 . Bo Bice ( season 4 , runner - up ) 757,000 The Real Thing ( December 13 , 2005 ) RCA 673,000 Gold Peak : # 4 See the Light ( October 23 , 2007 ) StratArt 62,000 N / A Peak : # 150 ( May 18 , 2010 ) Saguaro Road 11,000 N / A Peak : # 154 18 . Elliott Yamin ( season 5 , 3rd place ) 696,000 Elliott Yamin ( March 20 , 2007 ) Hickory Records RED Distribution 527,000 Gold Peak : # 3 Sounds of the Season ( October 14 , 2007 ) Hickory Records 81,000 N / A Peak : # 32 My Kind of Holiday ( October 7 , 2008 ) TRP Records , Fontana Distribution 27,000 N / A Peak : # 162 Fight For Love ( May 5 , 2009 ) Hickory Records 49,000 N / A Peak : # 26 Let 's Get to What 's Real ( March 27 , 2012 ) E1 / Purpose Music Group 2,000 N / A Peak : N / A ^ Note 1 Aiken 's album , Tried & True was re-packaged and re-released by Decca under the new name , Steadfast , concurrent with his appearance on The Celebrity Apprentice in 2012 Artists without RIAA certified albums ( edit ) The following is a list of other American Idol alumni album sales and reflects that commercial success can be achieved through association with American Idol and with post-Idol promotion , although the degree of success varies considerably . This list only includes contestants who have numbers available , and again does not include EPs , American Idol compilations , or pre-Idol recordings , numbers in parentheses however may include sales from these releases : Rank Former Contestant Total Sales Albums 19 . Mandisa ( season 5 , 9th place ) 928,000 True Beauty ( 2007 ) # 43 -- 226,000 It 's Christmas ( 2008 ) # 85 -- 64,000 Freedom ( 2009 ) # 83 -- 152,000 What If We Were Real ( 2011 ) # 66 -- 270,000 Overcomer ( 2013 ) # 29 - 140,000 20 . Katharine McPhee ( season 5 , runner - up ) 475,000 Katharine McPhee ( 2007 ) # 2 -- 381,000 Unbroken ( 2010 ) # 27 -- 45,000 Christmas Is the Time ... To Say I Love You ( 2010 ) did not chart -- 23,000 Hysteria ( 2015 ) did not chart 21 . Lauren Alaina ( season 10 , runner - up ) 459,500 Wildflower ( 2011 ) # 5 -- 303,000 Road Less Traveled ( 2016 ) # 31 -- 34,500 22 . Bucky Covington ( season 5 , 8th place ) did not chart 436,000 Bucky Covington ( 2007 ) # 4 -- 433,000 Good Guys ( 2012 ) # 178 -- 3,000 23 . Blake Lewis ( season 6 , runner - up ) 413,000 A.D.D. ( Audio Day Dream ) ( 2007 ) # 10 -- 350,000 Heartbreak on Vinyl ( 2009 ) # 135 -- 10,000 Portrait of a Chameleon ( 2013 ) did not chart -- 2,000 24 . Kris Allen ( season 8 , winner ) 401,600 Kris Allen ( 2009 ) # 11 -- 346,000 Thank You Camellia ( 2012 ) # 26 -- 35,000 Horizons ( 2014 ) # 80 -- 4,000 Letting You In ( 2016 ) 25 . William Hung ( Season 3 , Auditioner ) 242,000 Inspiration ( 2004 ) # 34 -- 200,000 Hung for the Holidays ( 2004 ) did not chart -- 35,000 Miracle : Happy Summer from William Hung ( 2005 ) did not chart -- 7,000 26 . Kimberley Locke ( season 2 , 3rd place ) 241,000 One Love ( 2004 ) # 16 -- 212,000 Based on a True Story ( 2007 ) # 160 -- 22,000 Christmas ( 2008 ) did not chart -- 3,000 27 . Crystal Bowersox ( season 9 , runner - up ) 230,000 Farmer 's Daughter ( 2010 ) # 28 -- 205,000 All That For This ( 2013 ) # 71 -- 8,000 28 . Danny Gokey ( season 8 , 3rd place ) 204,000 My Best Days ( 2010 ) # 4 -- 204,000 Hope in Front of Me ( 2014 ) # 40 29 . James Durbin ( season 10 , 4th place ) 194,000 Memories of a Beautiful Disaster ( 2011 ) # 36 -- 123,000 Celebrate ( 2014 ) # 83 30 . Lee DeWyze ( season 9 , winner ) 178,000 Live It Up ( 2010 ) # 19 -- 153,000 Frames ( 2013 ) # 116 -- 3,000 Oil & Water ( 2016 ) 31 . Diana DeGarmo ( Season 3 , Runner - Up ) 168,000 Blue Skies ( 2004 ) # 52 32 . Justin Guarini ( season 1 , runner - up ) 146,000 Justin Guarini ( 2003 ) # 20 -- 146,000 Stranger Things Have Happened ( 2005 ) did not chart 33 . Haley Reinhart ( season 10 , 3rd place ) 143,500 Listen Up ! ( 2012 ) # 17 -- 77,000 Better ( 2016 ) did not chart -- 7,500 34 . Colton Dixon ( season 11 , 7th place ) 128,000 A Messenger ( 2013 ) # 15 -- 100,000 Anchor ( 2014 ) # 23 -- 28,000 The Calm Before the Storm ( 2015 ) did not chart 35 . Tamyra Gray ( season 1 , 4th place ) 123,000 The Dreamer ( 2004 ) # 23 36 . Jason Castro ( Season 7 , 4th Place ) 105,000 Jason Castro ( 2010 ) # 18 -- 54,000 Who I Am ( 2010 ) # 198 -- 18,000 Only a Mountain ( 2013 ) did not chart -- 20,000 37 . Allison Iraheta ( Season 8 , 4th Place ) 103,000 Just Like You ( 2009 ) # 35 38 . Melinda Doolittle ( season 6 , 3rd place ) 091,000 Coming Back to You ( 2009 ) # 58 39 . Casey James ( season 9 , 3rd place ) 077,000 Casey James ( 2012 ) # 23 40 . Chris Sligh ( season 6 , 10th place ) 064,000 Running Back to You ( 2008 ) # 190 -- 54,000 The Anatomy of Broken ( 2010 ) did not chart -- 10,000 41 . LaToya London ( Season 3 , 4th Place ) 058,000 Love & Life ( 2005 ) # 82 42 . Phil Stacey ( season 6 , 6th place ) 058,000 Phil Stacey ( 2008 ) # 43 -- 40,000 Into the Light ( 2009 ) did not chart -- 18,000 43 . Mario Vazquez ( season 4 , Top 12 ) 056,000 Mario Vazquez ( 2006 ) # 80 44 . George Huff ( season 3 , 5th place ) 52,000 Miracles ( 2005 ) did not chart -- 29,000 George Huff ( 2009 ) did not chart -- 4,000 45 . Brooke White ( season 7 , 5th place ) 048,000 High Hopes & Heartbreak ( 2009 ) # 50 -- 29,000 Gemini ( 2011 ) did not chart -- 2,000 46 . Carly Smithson ( as a part of We Are the Fallen ) ( Season 7 , 6th Place ) 041,000 Tear the World Down ( 2010 ) # 33 47 . Jessica Sanchez ( Season 11 , Runnerup ) 38,000 Me , You & the Music ( 2013 ) # 26 -- 17,000 48 . Kristy Lee Cook ( season 7 , 7th place ) 032,000 Why Wait ( 2008 ) # 49 49 . Candice Glover ( Season 12 , Winner ) 027,000 Music Speaks ( 2014 ) # 14 50 . Casey Abrams ( season 10 , 6th place ) 27,000 Casey Abrams ( 2012 ) # 101 51 . Constantine Maroulis ( season 4 , 6th place ) 25,000 Constantine ( 2007 ) # 75 52 . Caleb Johnson ( season 13 , winner ) 024,000 Testify ( 2014 ) # 24 53 . Paris Bennett ( season 5 , 5th place ) 22,300 Princess P ( 2007 ) # 133 -- 22,000 A Royal Christmas ( 2008 ) did not chart -- 300 54 . R.J. Helton ( season 1 , 5th place ) 022,000 Real Life ( 2004 ) did not chart 55 . John Stevens ( Season 3 , 6th Place ) 021,000 Red ( 2005 ) did not chart 56 . Michael Johns ( season 7 , 8th place ) 020,000 Hold Back My Heart ( 2009 ) # 97 57 . Jasmine Trias ( season 3 , 3rd place ) 014,000 Jasmine Trias ( 2005 ) did not chart 58 . Ace Young ( season 5 , 7th place ) 010,000 Ace Young ( 2008 ) # 160 59 . LaKisha Jones ( season 6 , 4th place ) 00 7,000 So Glad I 'm Me ( 2009 ) did not chart 60 . Nick Fradiani ( season 14 , winner ) 00 5,000 Hurricane ( 2016 ) # 121 61 . Danny Noriega ( season 7 , semi ) 00 5,000 Till Death Do Us Party ( 2014 ) # 59 62 . Jim Verraros ( season 1 , 9th place ) 00 4,300 Rollercoaster ( 2005 ) did not chart Do Not Disturb ( 2011 ) did not chart 63 . Carmen Rasmusen ( season 2 , 6th place ) 00 3,100 Nothin ' Like the Summer ( 2007 ) did not chart 64 . Kimberly Caldwell ( season 2 , 7th place ) 00 3,000 Without Regret ( 2011 ) did not chart 65 . Ayla Brown ( season 5 , Top 16 ) 00 3,000 Forward ( 2006 ) did not chart 66 . Corey Clark ( season 2 , 9th place ) 00 2,600 Corey Clark ( 2005 ) did not chart 67 . Tim Halperin ( Season 10 , Semifinal ) 00 2,000 Rise and Fall ( 2011 ) did not chart 68 . Jon Peter Lewis ( Season 3 , 8th Place ) 00 1,600 Stories from Hollywood ( 2006 ) did not chart -- 1,100 Break the Silence ( 2008 ) did not chart -- 500 69 . Michael Sarver ( season 8 , 10th place ) 00 1,000 Michael Sarver ( 2010 ) did not chart 70 . Josiah Leming ( season 7 , Hollywood round ) 00 1,000 Come On Kid ( 2010 ) did not chart 71 . Kree Harrison ( season 12 , 2nd place ) 000 900 This Old Thing ( 2016 ) did not chart References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Kelly Clarkson 's Career Sales & ' Wild Thoughts ' About Rihanna '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adele 's ' 25 ' Hits 5 Million Sold in U.S. Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Some Hearts '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( October 11 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Chart Beat 's ' Piano Man ' Returns ! '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Carnival Ride '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Play On '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top Country Catalog Album Sales Chart : April 18 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Blown Away '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` Top 10 Country Albums Chart : April 24 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Storyteller '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Carr , Mary Kate ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Carrie Underwood announces new album release date '' . Entertainment Weekley . Time Inc . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Thankful '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Breakaway '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- My December '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Stronger '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Wrapped in Red '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Chart Data '' . Twitter . 26 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Idols Top 10 Selling Performers of All Time '' . Billboard . Facebook . ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Daughtry ^ Jump up to : Masley , Ed ( Jan 17 , 2013 ) . `` Hotlist : Best - selling ' American Idol ' albums '' . Jump up ^ Norman Byrd ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Daughtry fans get ' Baptized ' just before the holidays '' . AXS . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Daughtry -- Break the Spell '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Phillips Takes Idol Title '' . Chart Watch . Yahoo . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` American certifications -- Clay Aiken '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 12 - 29 - 2010 ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 01 - 19 - 2011 01 - 12 - 2011 numbers posted in comments section of Idol chatter 01 - 19 - 2011 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2012 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson 's ' Stronger ' hits the half - million mark '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Fantasia Archived 2013 - 02 - 01 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Fantasia Moves Forward Despite Personal Challenges Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7461832/dj-khaled-earns-his-first-no-1-album-on-billboard-200-album-chart-major-key ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Ruben Studdard ^ Jump up to : Ruben Studdard Reconnects With ' Love Is ' Jump up ^ Does Winning Idol Even Matter Any More Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Finalists : From Sanjaya to Taylor Hicks , Where Are They Now ? '' . The Daily Beast. 2012 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rauly Ramirez ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` Toni Braxton & Babyface 's Triumphant No. 1 Return to Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) . `` ' Idol ' sales : Scotty 's new single , more '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Scotty McCreery -- Clear as Day '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( December 18 , 2013 ) . `` Country Album Chart News : The Week of December 18 , 2013 : Garth Brooks , Duck Dynasty , Cassadee Pope , Parmalee , & Scotty McCreery '' . Roughstock . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Scotty McCreery -- Christmas with Scotty McCreery '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Country Album Chart Report For April 15 , 2015 '' . Roughstock . Sales figure given here Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` Top 10 Country Albums Sales Chart : May 14 , 2018 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wade Jessen ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Kellie Pickler Debuts in Top Five On Top Country Albums Chart '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Kellie Pickler Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Country Album Chart News : The Week of January 22 , 2013 : Jennifer Nettles , Jon Pardi , Rosanne Cash Debut In Top 5 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ RIAA Search - David Cook Archived 2015 - 11 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( 2013 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Chart Watch : Eminem Returns to # 1 , Gaga Sinks to # 8 '' . Yahoo Music . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Phillip Phillips -- The World from the Side of the Moon '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : Lynch , Joe ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` 9 Albums That Flopped in 2014 ( Or Did They ? ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bill Keveney ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` TV singing shows fail to create stars '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : Washington Post 05 - 23 - 2011 ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Jennifer Hudson Archived 2013 - 02 - 01 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Elysa Gardner ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Hudson is happy to be ' this real girl ' '' . USA TODAY . ^ Jump up to : `` American Idol 's All Time Top 24 ( 2012 ) '' . Billboard.com . February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ RIAA Search -- Jordin Sparks Archived 2015 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Selling American Idols '' . Arizona Central . July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Adam Lambert Will Tour as Solo Artist ' If People Like This Record ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ RIAA search - Adam Lambert Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CUVjID_UYAEKt7B.png ^ Jump up to : Chart Watch 02 - 20 - 2011 Jump up ^ RIAA Search - David Archuleta Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 01 - 07 - 2011 Jump up ^ Brian Mansfield ( Aug 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Idol ' album sales : Underwood , Clarkson , McCreery '' . Idol Chatter . USA today . Retrieved Aug 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 04 - 03 ) . `` Colton Dixon 's sales soar after ' Idol ' performance '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 12 - 08 - 2010 Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Josh Gracin Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 08 - 03 - 2011 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2011 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Daughtry 's 129,000 sales ' Spell ' a top - ten debut '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Taylor Hicks Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Bo Bice ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Ken ( 2008 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Idol sales : Cook returns to top 10 at year 's end '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 09 - 22 - 2010 ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 03 - 04 - 2010 Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Elliott Yamin Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 1 - 16 - 2008 ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 03 - 12 - 2009 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2012 - 04 - 18 ) . `` James Durbin sales up 520 perfect after ' Idol ' appearance '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MANDISA 'S YEAR KICKS OFF WITH FIRST GRAMMY ® AWARD MAKING HER ONE OF ONLY FIVE AMERICAN IDOL ALUMNI TO WIN COVETED GRAMOPHONE '' . Star Radio . January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 03 - 30 - 2011 Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson : One Million ' Stronger ' '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . January 2 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chatter 04 - 27 - 2011 '' Jump up ^ `` Mandisa : Overcomer '' . Capitol Music . Jump up ^ Timothy Yap ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Mandisa Gets the Remix Treatment with `` Get Up : The Remixes '' `` . Hallels . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( January 9 , 2013 ) . `` Phillip Philips ' album sales rise '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Top 10 Country Album Sales Chart : January 8 , 2018 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) . `` ' Idol ' sales : Phillip Phillips ' ' Home ' expansion '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol 's ' Blake Lewis Signs With Republic , Lands Microsoft Campaign '' . Billboard . February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The best - selling Idol albums from 2009 '' . Idol Chatter. 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Blake Lewis Signs To Republic Records , Teases New Tune '' . Reality Rocks . Feb 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shirley Halperin ( 2012 - 09 - 19 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Kris Allen and RCA Records Part Ways ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( 2013 - 01 - 16 ) . `` ' Ask Billboard : KRIS ALLEN SALES ) '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : ' Idol ' Hits New Low '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` Will ' The Voice ' ever find a Kelly Clarkson or Carrie Underwood ? Chart '' . EW.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Grossman , Samantha ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` American Idol 's William Hung : Where Is He Now ? '' . TIME Magazine . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Ken ( 2008 - 01 - 10 ) . `` The Ultimate SoundScan Sales / Download Checklist '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 7 - 30 - 2008 Jump up ^ American Idol : With Scotty McCreery 's Successful Debut , Did Universal Learn From Sony 's Mistakes ? Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 03 - 16 - 2011 Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Finalist JAMES DURBIN 's Collaboration With QUIET RIOT Guitarist ALEX GROSSI : ' Roads ' Lyric Video '' . BLABBERMOUTH.NET . February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jason Lipshutz ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Lee DeWyze 's ' Frames ' : Exclusive Album Premiere '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` Chart Moves : The Beatles Beat Backstreet Boys ; Tedeschi Trucks Band 's Best Week '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Chart Watch Extra : The American Idol Alumni Association Archived 2009 - 03 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ole Label Services Soars with Anthem '' . ole Majorly Indie. 2016 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) . `` ' Idol ' sales : Seven singers in the Billboard 200 '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 11 - 09 - 2010 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2011 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Chris Brown , Jennifer Hudson debut in The Billboard 200 's two top spots '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 04 - 24 ) . `` ' Idol ' performance boosts Fantasia sales '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No ' Idol ' albums in the Top 40 this week '' . USA Today . August 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 01 - 15 - 2010 Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 10 - 14 - 2009 Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 02 - 23 - 2011 Jump up ^ Billboard 20 Jan 2007 Jump up ^ Bonus sales numbers -- and free downloads , too Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2011 - 08 - 31 ) . `` Four Season 10 Idols stay in the top 200 '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ WE ARE THE FALLEN : First Episode Of ' Interrogation Video Blog ' - Sep. 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 01 - 07 - 2009 Jump up ^ Andy Graham . `` SoundScanner : Beck And Kid Cudi Crash The Charts '' . VH1 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) . `` ' Idol ' performance puts Casey Abrams on the charts '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 5 - 21 - 2008 Jump up ^ Max Willens ( May 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' These Were The Biggest Flops ' American Idol ' Has Ever Produced '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 6 - 11 - 2008 archived post Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : ' American Idol ' Reaches New Low for Winner 's Debut Albumd '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Adore Delano Sets ' Drag Race ' Record '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 6 - 25 - 2008 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` The Billboard 200 : Where are the Idols ? '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Ken ( 2008 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Steady week for Idols on album chart '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 08 - 04 - 2010 Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Top 10 Country Albums Sales Chart : July 21 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . External links ( edit ) Idol chatter ( hide ) American Idol Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Finalists Winners Kelly Clarkson Ruben Studdard Fantasia Barrino Carrie Underwood Taylor Hicks Jordin Sparks David Cook Kris Allen Lee DeWyze Scotty McCreery Phillip Phillips Candice Glover Caleb Johnson Nick Fradiani Trent Harmon Maddie Poppe Runners - up Justin Guarini Clay Aiken Diana DeGarmo Bo Bice Katharine McPhee Blake Lewis David Archuleta Adam Lambert Crystal Bowersox Lauren Alaina Jessica Sanchez Kree Harrison Jena Irene Clark Beckham La'Porsha Renae Caleb Lee Hutchinson Winners ' singles `` A Moment Like This '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Believe '' `` Inside Your Heaven '' `` Do I Make You Proud '' `` This Is My Now '' `` The Time of My Life '' `` No Boundaries '' `` Beautiful Day '' `` I Love You This Big '' `` Home '' `` I Am Beautiful '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beautiful Life '' `` Falling '' `` Going Going Gone '' Concert tours 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 Related programming Idol ( franchise ) American Juniors Idol Christmas Idol Extra Idol Gives Back Idol Rewind World Idol Related articles Alumni album sales Alumni awards and nominations Alumni in film , television and theater Alumni single sales Compilation series Controversies Discography Finalists Hot 100 singles `` Judge Me Tender '' The American Idol Experience Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_American_Idol_alumni_album_sales_in_the_United_States&oldid=843229416 '' Categories : American Idol Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 19 : 34 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20American%20Idol%20alumni%20album%20sales%20in%20the%20United%20States