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how many episode of 13 reasons why season 2

Season Episodes Originally released 13 March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) 13 May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 )

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13 Reasons Why

13 reasons why

13 Reasons Why ( stylized onscreen as TH1RTEEN R3ASONS WHY ) is an American teen drama web television series developed for Netflix by Brian Yorkey , based on the 2007 novel Thirteen Reasons Why by Jay Asher . The series revolves around seventeen year old high school student , Clay Jensen , and his deceased female friend Hannah Baker , who has committed suicide after failing to cope with the culture , gossip and lack of support from her friends and her school . A box of cassette tapes recorded by Hannah in the lead up to her suicide detail thirteen reasons why she ended her life . The series is produced by July Moon Productions , Kicked to the Curb Productions , Anonymous Content and Paramount Television , with Yorkey and Diana Son serving as showrunners .

Dylan Minnette stars as Clay , while Katherine Langford plays Hannah . Christian Navarro , Alisha Boe , Brandon Flynn , Justin Prentice , Miles Heizer , Ross Butler , Devin Druid , Amy Hargreaves , Derek Luke , Kate Walsh , and Brian d'Arcy James also star . A film from Universal Pictures based on Thirteen Reasons Why began development in February 2011 , with Selena Gomez set to star as Hannah , before being shelved in favor of a television series and Netflix ordering the show straight to series in October 2015 , with Gomez instead serving as an executive producer . The first season was released on Netflix on March 31 , 2017 . It received positive reviews from critics and audiences , who praised its subject matter and acting , particularly the performances of Minnette and Langford . For her performance , Langford received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress in a Drama Series . However , its graphic depiction of issues such as suicide and rape , along with other mature content prompted concerns from mental health professionals . In response , Netflix added a warning card and from March 2018 , a video that plays at the start of each season warning viewers about its themes . In May 2017 , Netflix renewed 13 Reasons Why for a second season ; filming began the next month and concluded that December . The second season was released on May 18 , 2018 , and received mixed reviews from critics . A third season was ordered in June 2018 and is set to be released in 2019 . Critical and audience reaction to the series has been divided , with the program generating controversy between audiences and industry reviewers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Introduced in season one 2.2. 2 Introduced in season two 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Audience viewership 5.2 Critical response 5.2. 1 Season 1 5.2. 2 Season 2 5.3 Social impact 5.4 Accolades 6 Beyond the Reasons 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Premise In season one , seventeen year old Clay Jensen returns home from school one day to find a mysterious box on his porch . Inside he discovers seven cassette tapes recorded by Hannah Baker , his deceased classmate and unrequited love , who committed suicide two weeks earlier . On the tapes , Hannah unfolds an intensely emotional audio diary , detailing why she decided to end her life . It appears each person who receives this package of old - style tapes is fundamentally related to why she killed herself . Clay is not the first to receive the tapes , but there is implied detail as to how he should pass the tapes on after hearing them . There appears to be an order to distribution of the tapes , with an additional copy held by an overseer should the plan go awry . Each tape recording refers to a different person involved in Hannah 's life contributing to a reason for her suicide . The tapes refer to both friends and enemies . In season two , months after Hannah 's suicide , Clay and the other people mentioned on the tapes , as well as close friends and Hannah 's family members , become embroiled in a civil legal battle between Hannah 's parents and Liberty High School . Alleging negligence on the part of the school , Hannah 's mother pursues her perception of justice , while her reluctance to settle pre-trial and her personal circumstances eventually break up her marriage with Hannah 's father . The story unfolds with narratives illustrating Hannah 's story told by those who present in court at trial . Clay , who perceives himself as Hannah 's failed protector , embarks on an investigation using whatever evidence he can find in an effort to impact on the civil case between Hannah 's parents and the school . Clay also endeavours to expose the corrupted culture of the High School and its favour of wealthy , sports savvy male students over the average student , which especially compromises the integrity of young girls such as Hannah . Throughout season two , Clay appears to be communicating with the ghost of Hannah as a plot narrative device . Cast and characters Main Dylan Minnette as Clay Jensen , a close friend of Hannah who becomes obsessed with finding out what happened to her . Katherine Langford as Hannah Baker , a teenager whose suicide and recorded audio cassettes spark the events of the series . Christian Navarro as Tony Padilla , Clay 's best friend at Liberty High who tries to help him deal with Hannah 's death . Alisha Boe as Jessica Davis , a student who starts attending Liberty High at the same time as Hannah . Her father is in the Air Force and as a result she has to move schools frequently . She is in a relationship with Justin . Brandon Flynn as Justin Foley , a student at Liberty High who comes from an abusive family and is in a relationship with Jessica . Justin Prentice as Bryce Walker , a student from a rich family and the captain of the football team at Liberty High . Miles Heizer as Alex Standall , a student at Liberty High , the ex-boyfriend of Jessica and a former friend of Hannah . Ross Butler as Zach Dempsey , a cowardly but kindhearted friend of Justin and Bryce at Liberty High . Devin Druid as Tyler Down , a bullied student at Liberty High and an avid photographer . Amy Hargreaves as Lainie Jensen , Clay 's attorney mother . Derek Luke as Kevin Porter , a guidance counselor at Liberty High . Kate Walsh as Olivia Baker , Hannah 's mother , who is determined to uncover the truth about the events leading to her daughter 's suicide . Brian d'Arcy James as Andy Baker , Hannah 's father . In season 2 , he has separated from his wife and moved in with the woman he cheated on his wife with for a brief period in season 1 . James was promoted to series regular for the second season , after recurring in the first . Recurring Introduced in season one Josh Hamilton as Matt Jensen , Clay 's father , a psychologist . Michele Selene Ang as Courtney Crimsen , a closeted student at Liberty High who is responsible for spreading rumors about Hannah to protect the secret of her own sexual orientation . In season 2 , she comes out on the stand during the trial of Hannah Baker , confessing her actions against Hannah that landed her on the tapes . Steven Silver as Marcus Cole , the self - centered student body president at Liberty High , who is responsible for humiliating and attempting to sexually assault Hannah on a date . In season 2 , he is suspended from school after lying on the stand during the trial and following the leaked release of the tapes soon after . Ajiona Alexus as Sheri Holland , a student and cheerleader at Liberty High who forms a bond with Clay but is also on the tapes when her actions result in Jeff 's accidental death . Tommy Dorfman as Ryan Shaver , a student at Liberty High who betrayed Hannah 's trust . Sosie Bacon as Skye Miller , an estranged friend of Clay . In the second season , Skye and Clay date for while before she leaves for a `` fresh start '' , following another self - harm incident which resulted in her bipolar disorder diagnosis . Timothy Granaderos as Montgomery de la Cruz , a bully who is a student at Liberty High . In season 2 , he secretly terroizes a number of individuals testifying at Hannah Baker 's trial . Brandon Larracuente as Jeff Atkins , a student at Liberty High and friend of Clay , who died in a tragic car accident . Steven Weber as Gary Bolan , the principal at Liberty High . Keiko Agena as Pam Bradley , the Communications teacher at Liberty High . Mark Pellegrino as Deputy Bill Standall , Alex 's father , a police officer . Joseph C. Phillips as Greg Davis , Jessica 's father , a member of the Air Force . Cindy Cheung as Karen Dempsey , Zach 's mother . Henry Zaga as Brad , Tony 's boyfriend . In season 2 , it is revealed that the couple broke up sometime between the events of season 1 and 2 . Giorgia Whigham as Kat , a friend of Hannah and her former next - door neighbor . Robert Gant as Todd Crimsen , one of Courtney 's fathers . Wilson Cruz as Dennis Vasquez , the lawyer representing Hannah 's parents at the end of season 1 and during season 2 . Introduced in season two Jake Weber as Barry Walker , Bryce 's father . Brenda Strong as Nora Walker , Bryce 's mother . Meredith Monroe as Carolyn Standall , Alex 's mother . R.J. Brown as Caleb , Tony 's boxing trainer and boyfriend . Anne Winters as Chlöe Rice , a smart , clueless , popular girl at Liberty High and the new head cheerleader who is also Bryce 's girlfriend . At the end of season 2 , it is revealed that she is pregnant . Bryce Cass as Cyrus , an edgy , cynical mischief maker who serves as an unexpected champion of the downtrodden . He befriends Tyler and the two together embark on smear campaigns against bullies . Chelsea Alden as Mackenzie , Cyrus ' sister , an artsy and witty girl who is not afraid to speak her mind . In season 2 , she briefly develops a relationship with Tyler , though the latter breaks it up . Allison Miller as Sonya Struhl , a smart and ambitious young litigator , who defends the school during the Hannah Baker trial . Brandon Butler as Scott Reed , a student at Liberty High who is on the baseball team . Samantha Logan as Nina Jones , a well - respected track star who befriends Jessica over shared sexual assault pasts . Kelli O'Hara as Jackie , a passionate advocate for victims of bullying . Ben Lawson as Rick Wlodimierz , the baseball coach at Liberty High , who supports and protects his players . Episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) 13 May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Tape 1 , Side A '' Tom McCarthy Brian Yorkey March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) Clay Jensen finds a box filled with audio cassette tapes anonymously left on his front doorstep . He plays the first in his father 's boombox and realizes they have been recorded by his recently deceased classmate Hannah Baker , before he accidentally drops and breaks the boombox when surprised by his mother . Clay steals his friend Tony 's Walkman to continue listening . Clay listens to the first tape , in which Hannah begins to relate the experiences that led to her suicide . She starts by sharing the story of her first kiss , with Justin Foley , who goes on to inadvertently spread a salacious rumor that begins the sequence of events leading to her suicide . Clay is revealed , through numerous short flashbacks , to have been in love with Hannah and to have worked with her at the local movie theater . It is revealed in this episode that Hannah has put her friend Tony in charge of the tapes . Tape subject : Justin Foley , for spreading a racy picture of Hannah along with a sexual rumor about their encounter . `` Tape 1 , Side B '' Tom McCarthy Brian Yorkey March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) Hannah reminisces about her friendship with two other new students : Jessica , who moves frequently because her father is in the Air Force , and Alex , whom they met at a coffee shop . Jessica and Alex eventually begin a relationship and stop spending time with Hannah . When Alex breaks up with Jessica , she very publicly blames Hannah . In the present , Hannah 's mother , Olivia , finds a note in her daughter 's textbook that leads her to believe Hannah was being bullied . Clay asks Jessica about the tapes , which results in Bryce Walker 's circle of peers meeting to discuss how Clay is listening to Hannah 's recordings . Tape subject : Jessica Davis , for mistakenly blaming Hannah for her breakup with Alex . `` Tape 2 , Side A '' Helen Shaver Diana Son March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) As Clay attempts to pursue a romantic relationship with Hannah , her relationships are threatened by a `` best / worst list '' made by Alex Standall , who has put a `` target '' on Hannah . In the present , Hannah 's mother , Olivia Baker , seeks out the school principal about her suspicion of bullying and makes a disturbing discovery . In the midst of his investigation , Clay turns to Alex for answers , who not only feels regret for his actions on the tapes , but also warns Clay against trusting Tony , whom Clay later sees in a violent exchange with his brothers . As Justin tries to recuperate from his recent slump , Bryce strong - arms Clay and Alex into a drinking contest in an alleyway . Tape subject : Alex Standall , for listing Hannah 's ass as the best in school to make Jessica Davis jealous and for destroying her friendship with Jessica . `` Tape 2 , Side B '' Helen Shaver Thomas Higgins March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) Hannah hears someone outside her window , and confesses to her friend , Courtney , that she has a stalker . Courtney offers to help her catch the offender in the act . While waiting for the stalker to arrive , they play an alcohol - fueled game of truth or dare that leads to the two of them kissing on Hannah 's bed . The stalker , school photographer Tyler Down , takes a photo of the girls and sends it around the school . This effectively ends Courtney and Hannah 's friendship as Courtney distances herself from Hannah to avoid being revealed as one of the people in the photograph . In the present , Clay goes to Hannah 's house and talks to her mother , though is unable to admit how close he and Hannah were . He also confronts Tony about the incident with his brothers . Tony responds that `` people have to make their own justice '' and proves he has an extra set of tapes . Inspired by this , Clay takes a naked picture of Tyler and sends it around the school in revenge . Tape subject : Tyler Down , for stalking Hannah and spreading the photo of her and Courtney 's kiss around the school . 5 5 `` Tape 3 , Side A '' Kyle Patrick Alvarez Julia Bicknell March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) Courtney , afraid of her classmates finding out about her sexuality , spreads a rumor that the girls in the leaked photos are Hannah and Laura , an openly lesbian classmate . Courtney also adds to the rumor about Hannah and Justin , worsening Hannah 's poor reputation . In the present , Clay takes Courtney to visit Hannah 's grave . She leaves , not ready to face her involvement in the loss of her classmate or be more open about her sexuality . Tony arrives with Clay 's bike and gives him a tape with the song he and Hannah danced to at the Winter Formal . Later , Justin , Zach and Alex force Clay into the car with them by stealing his bike and scare him into silence about the tapes by driving over the speed limit . They are pulled over by the police but face no consequences as the officer is revealed to be Alex 's father . Clay denies knowing Hannah to his mother , who has been asked to represent the school in the lawsuit the Bakers are bringing . Tape subject : Courtney Crimsen , for deflecting attention about both her sexuality and the photo Tyler took of her and Hannah by spreading further rumors about Hannah . 6 6 `` Tape 3 , Side B '' Kyle Patrick Alvarez Nic Sheff March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) Hannah 's date on Valentine 's Day with Marcus does not go as planned due to the rumors that she is promiscuous . In the present , Alex gets into a fight with Montgomery and they both must appear before the student honor board . Clay helps Sheri on an assignment , and they nearly hook up , but Sheri reveals she is only there because she is on the tapes and wants Clay to like her despite her role in Hannah 's death . Tape subject : Marcus Cole , for humiliating and attempting to sexually assault Hannah in public on their Dollar Valentine date . 7 7 `` Tape 4 , Side A '' Gregg Araki Elizabeth Benjamin March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) After Hannah refuses to go out with Zach , he gets revenge by sabotaging her emotionally during a class project . Zach removes compliments from Hannah 's box , affecting her self - confidence . In the present , Clay hears Zach 's tape and keys his car in an act of revenge , but things turn out to be different than they appeared . Clay is now having both auditory and visual hallucinations of Hannah during the day , including seeing her dead body on the floor of the basketball court during a game and hearing her tape playing over the school 's intercom system . He returns the tapes to Tony , unable to continue listening . Tape subject : Zach Dempsey , for stealing the `` positive notes '' destined to Hannah in Communications class out of revenge for her rejecting him and his help . 8 8 `` Tape 4 , Side B '' Gregg Araki Kirk Moore March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) Hannah is touched by poetry recited by fellow student Ryan Shaver , and joins the Evergreen Poetry Club , a place where people write and perform their own poetry , and listen and critique others . Hannah presents some extremely revealing and confessional poetry at the poetry club after Ryan encourages her . Ryan betrays her by publishing the poem without her knowledge or consent in his school magazine . Almost everyone in school finds the poem hilarious , but Clay is both touched and disturbed by it , not realizing Hannah is the author . In the present day , Tony confides to Clay about the night of Hannah 's death , and Clay takes back the tapes . Clay later gives the poem to Hannah 's mother . Tape subject : Ryan Shaver , for stealing a poem Hannah wrote detailing her personal problems and publishing it in the school newspaper without her consent . 9 9 `` Tape 5 , Side A '' Carl Franklin Hayley Tyler March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) While hiding in Jessica 's room during a party , Hannah witnesses Bryce Walker raping an unconscious and intoxicated Jessica . In the present , Marcus warns Clay the worst is yet to come and again attempts to scare him into silence about the tapes , this time by planting drugs in his backpack to get him suspended from school . Clay finally admits to his mother that he and Hannah were close . After getting suspicious legal advice from his mother , he goes to Justin 's apartment to retrieve his bike and talk about getting justice for Jessica . Justin finally admits that what happened in the tapes is real , and claims it is better if Jessica does not know the truth . Tape subject : Justin Foley ( and seemingly Hannah Baker herself ) , for allowing Bryce to rape his girlfriend Jessica . 10 10 `` Tape 5 , Side B '' Carl Franklin Nathan Louis Jackson March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) After the party , Hannah gets a ride home from her classmate , cheerleader Sheri Holland . They have what appears to be a minor accident , knocking over a stop sign . While Hannah wants to call the police to report it , Sheri refuses to do so , because she is afraid she will get in trouble . While Hannah is on her way to find a phone to call the authorities , the downed stop sign causes a serious accident at that intersection , resulting in the death of Clay 's friend Jeff Atkins , which was incorrectly considered a drunk driving accident . When Hannah tries to tell Clay about the stop sign , he pushes her away , thinking she is being unnecessarily dramatic . In the present , Jessica 's behavior becomes more erratic . Clay finds out that Sheri is trying to make up for her mistake in her own way , and he tells Jeff 's parents that Jeff was sober when he died . Tape subject : Sheri Holland , for abandoning Hannah after crashing her car into a stop sign , which ultimately caused the death of another student . 11 11 `` Tape 6 , Side A '' Jessica Yu Diana Son March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) With Tony 's support , Clay finally listens to his tape and is overcome with guilt to the point of contemplating his own suicide because he feels he did not do enough to prevent Hannah 's death . Tony manages to calm him down . Justin finds out Jessica is at Bryce 's home . He confronts her there and admits that Bryce raped her on the night of the party , causing her to break up with him . Olivia Baker finds a list with the names of all the people on the tapes , although she does not know what the list means . Tape subject : Ostensibly Clay Jensen , for complying with Hannah 's request to leave her alone at Jessica 's party . However , Hannah is explicit in stating Clay is not included in the list , but is there because he must be , as he is part of the story . 12 12 `` Tape 6 , Side B '' Jessica Yu Elizabeth Benjamin March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) After accidentally losing her parents ' store 's earnings , a depressed Hannah stumbles upon a party being thrown by Bryce . The night ends in tragedy when she ends up alone with him , and he rapes her in his hot tub . This leads Hannah to create a list of people ( the one that her mother found in the previous episode ) who she feels were responsible for leading her to her current circumstances , which becomes the inspiration for the creation of the tapes . In the present , everyone on Hannah 's list is subpoenaed to testify in the lawsuit between the Bakers and the school . The subjects of the tapes disagree over what to do . Tyler eventually suggests they pin everything on Bryce , but Alex refuses and says they should tell the truth . Sheri turns herself in . Clay goes to Bryce 's house , on the pretext of buying marijuana , to confront him about the events of the night he raped Hannah . Clay provokes Bryce to attack him and is badly beaten . However , Clay has been secretly recording their conversation and gets Bryce to admit that he raped Hannah . An unknown teenager with a gunshot wound to the head is treated by paramedics . Tape subject : Bryce Walker , for raping Hannah in his hot tub . 13 13 `` Tape 7 , Side A '' Kyle Patrick Alvarez Brian Yorkey March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) Hannah begins to record the tapes and then visits Mr. Porter to tell him about her rape . Hannah secretly records the conversation , hoping he will help her . When he does not , she heads home and takes her own life . In the present , Clay gives Tony the tape of his conversation with Bryce to copy . He confronts Mr. Porter about meeting with Hannah on her last day . He also hands over the tapes , including the additional tape containing Bryce 's confession . Clay tells Porter that he is the subject of the final tape . The depositions begin , Marcus and Courtney deny their involvement in Hannah 's death as much as possible . Zach and Jessica admit their mistakes . Before his deposition , Tyler hides ammunition and guns in his room , and then reveals the existence of the tapes during his interview . Alex is revealed to have been the teenager with the gunshot wound ; he is in critical condition at the hospital . Justin leaves town out of guilt , but not before telling Bryce about the tapes . Jessica finally tells her father about her rape . At school , Clay reaches out to Skye Miller , his former friend , to avoid repeating the same mistakes he made with Hannah . Tape subject : Mr. Porter , for not believing Hannah was suicidal and for not giving her proper help . Season 2 ( 2018 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 14 `` The First Polaroid '' Gregg Araki Brian Yorkey May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) Five months after the events of the first season , Hannah 's trial moves to court . Tyler is the first to testify in the trial and does so truthfully . Skye and Clay are dating , but Clay starts to hallucinate Hannah . Mr Porter confronts Bryce in the bathroom about raping Hannah . Jessica returns to school , as does Alex who survived his suicide attempt , but has lost much of his memory from before it , including the contents of Hannah 's tapes . Tony is given the note Hannah left him the night she died , and is later seen burning it . Clay finds a Polaroid photograph in his locker , with a note saying `` Hannah was n't the only one '' . Testified : Tyler Down , who talks about taking photos of Hannah and attempting to befriend her . 15 `` Two Girls Kissing '' Gregg Araki Thomas Higgins May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) Courtney reveals that she is a lesbian and had feelings for Hannah during her testimony . A group of protesters gather at the court to demand justice for Hannah , but Jessica and Alex are both threatened to avoid revealing anything incriminating when they testify . Skye and Clay fight over her suspicion that Clay is still in love with Hannah , and Skye is hospitalized soon after leaving Clay 's house . Meanwhile , Tyler befriends a classmate named Cyrus . Testified : Courtney Crimsen , who talks about her feelings towards Hannah and their kiss . 16 `` The Drunk Slut '' Karen Moncrieff Marissa Jo Cerar May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) Clay , riding home on his bicycle , is hit intentionally by a car , injuring him slightly . He visits Skye in hospital , but she breaks up with him . Clay and Alex try to encourage Jessica to reveal information about Bryce during her testimony , but she fails after seeing incriminating pictures of her stuck to the board in a classroom . Olivia asks her afterwards if she was the girl on the ninth tape , but Jessica does not answer . After discovering Jessica had been contacted by Justin , Clay finds him homeless in Oakland with Tony 's help . With no other option , Clay lets Justin stay in his bedroom with him . Skye 's parents move her to a psychiatric facility , and tell Clay not to contact her . Tyler meets the rest of Cyrus ' friends while Bryce is asked to testify . Testified : Jessica Davis , who talks about the hot - or - not list and hers and Hannah 's friendship . 17 `` The Second Polaroid '' Karen Moncrieff Hayley Tyler May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) Marcus lies about what happened with Hannah the night they went out on Valentine 's Day during his testimony ( in order to protect his reputation ) and briefly mentions Bryce , angering him . Cyrus and Tyler hear of Marcus ' lies and prank him , going to a nearby field afterwards to shoot guns . Clay finds out that Justin has been taking heroin and he and Sheri help him onto the path to sobriety . Jessica shows the threatening note she was left before her testimony to Mr Porter . Alex continues to be frustrated about not being able to remember anything and asks Clay for the tapes , who sends them to him . Clay also finds a second Polaroid photograph in his locker , which shows Bryce having sex with an unconscious girl , alongside a note saying `` he wo n't stop '' . Testified : Marcus Cole , who lies about what happened with Hannah the night they went out . 18 5 `` The Chalk Machine '' Eliza Hittman Nic Sheff May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) Tyler is confronted by Mr Porter , who suspects he was behind the pictures of Jessica found in the classroom before her testimony , but he denies involvement . Ryan testifies and talks about Hannah 's poems , saying they were written about Justin and that she and Justin maintained contact even after falling out . Afterwards , Olivia invites Ryan to help her decipher Hannah 's poems for additional clues , but Ryan soon leaves after Olivia mentions missing pages in Hannah 's journal , which Ryan had torn out . Clay realizes the Polaroid photos were taken at school and attempts to find out where . Chlöe meets with Bryce 's parents and his mother notices bruises on her . Jessica attends her first group therapy session . Mr Porter finds a brick thrown through his car window , with a threatening note attached ; he later confronts Justin 's mother and is arrested after a violent incident with her boyfriend . Testified : Ryan Shaver , who talks about the poems he wrote with Hannah and who she wrote them about . 19 6 `` The Smile at the End of the Dock '' Eliza Hittman Julia Bicknell May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) Zach testifies and reveals that he and Hannah had a romantic relationship the summer before she died , but they kept it secret . After the testimony , Clay reacts angrily and confronts Zach , ignoring his apologies , while Bryce teases Zach about his relationship , prompting a small fight between them . Justin returns to school and talks to Jessica , but she asks him to leave . He then faints after seeing Bryce , and on his return to Clay 's house , has to hide as someone breaks in , at which point Clay 's parents find out he has been staying there , but allow it to continue . Testified : Zach Dempsey , who talks about his relationship with Hannah the summer before she died . 20 7 `` The Third Polaroid '' Michael Morris Brian Yorkey May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) During Clay 's testimony , he is forced to reveal he and Hannah did drugs at a small party one night and spent the night together , and Clay ignored a comment Hannah made the next morning about wanting to die . Alex 's birthday party is derailed after a number of arguments break out . When Clay leaves the birthday party , he finds a Polaroid photograph left on his car , with a note reading `` The Clubhouse '' . After reading comments posted online about his testimony , Clay anonymously uploads Hannah 's tapes to the Internet . Meanwhile , Bryce is seen having sex with Chlöe without getting proper consent . Testified : Clay Jensen , who talks about his friendship with Hannah . 21 8 `` The Little Girl '' Michael Morris Felischa Marye May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) After the release of the tapes , Bryce returns to school to find his locker vandalized and his `` confession tape '' Clay recorded being shared among students . After Marcus is blackmailed , he calls Bryce a rapist during a speech at a ceremony , in front of a large group of parents and students , in order to protect his own reputation . Clay finally contacts Skye again and meets with her at the psychiatric facility , but she tells him she is moving to a different state . Justin overdoses on heroin , but Alex saves his life - he then returns to his mother 's home . Testified : Andy and Olivia Baker , who talk about Hannah 's life and the bullying at Liberty High . 22 9 `` The Missing Page '' Kat Candler Rohit Kumar May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) When testifying , Mr Porter reveals that since Hannah 's death he has come to believe that Hannah was raped by Bryce . He then emotionally apologizes to Hannah 's mother for the part he played in her suicide . Justin steals money from his mother 's boyfriend , and when confronted by his mother , leaves her some suggesting she leaves too in order to escape the relationship . Bryce confronts and threatens Clay under the assumption that it was Clay who blackmailed Marcus into publicly accusing Bryce of rape . Later , Clay is violently beaten at school by four masked students . He is then approached by Cyrus who invites him to join him and Tyler in vandalizing the school that evening , but when he does , he sees a group of students entering a storage shed next to the baseball field , which he correctly guesses that it 's the location of The Clubhouse . He texts Justin and they reconvene . Meanwhile , Olivia contacts a girl , Sarah , and her mother and asks them not to testify . Testified : Pam Bradley , who talks about the atmosphere at Liberty High and Kevin Porter , who talks about the day Hannah asked help from him . 23 10 `` Smile , Bitches ! '' Kat Candler Kirk Moore May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) Tony is asked to testify , but chooses not to reveal that Hannah left him her tapes because he owed her a favor after she helped him evade arrest . During Sarah 's testimony , she reveals Hannah was part of a trio of girls who bullied her at another high school . After an argument between Tyler and Mackenzie , his friendship with Cyrus breaks down . Offering marijuana , Sheri tempts some male students into taking her to The Clubhouse , where Bryce takes a picture of her and two other boys on a Polaroid camera , placing the photograph in a box filled with many others . She learns the code to unlock the door and shares it with Clay and Justin . During a baseball game , Zach confronts Bryce , tells him he knows Hannah was not lying , and quits the game . He goes to The Clubhouse to find Clay and Justin there , and hands Clay the box of Polaroid photographs taken in the Clubhouse , confessing that it was him who had given Clay the first three photographs . Clay reviews the photographs at home with Justin and Sheri , and they find a pair of photographs which show Bryce raping Chlöe . Clay also finds a picture of Hannah . Testified : Sarah , who talks about Hannah bullying her and Tony Padilla , who talks about his friendship with Hannah . 24 11 `` Bryce and Chloe '' Jessica Yu Marissa Jo Cerar & Thomas Higgins May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) Bryce testifies and says that he and Hannah had a casual sexual relationship , and that she falsely accused him of rape after he brought an end to it . When Bryce returns to school , Justin approaches him and a fight breaks out , which evolves into a mass brawl . Jessica shows Chlöe the two pictures of Bryce and her in The Clubhouse , and Chlöe confesses that it was her who stuck up the pictures in the classroom before Jessica testified . Olivia , her legal team , and Jessica ask Chlöe to testify , and she agrees , but in the courtroom she reports that she remembers Bryce having sex with her and remembers consenting . The box of Polaroid photographs taken from The Clubhouse is stolen from Clay 's car , and Alex is sent a package containing a gun and a threatening letter . Bryce 's mother later asks him whether he was telling the truth in his testimony , and , after being pressed , he confesses to raping Hannah . Through a series of flashbacks , it is revealed Bryce wanted a relationship with Hannah and was rejected himself . Clay becomes mentally tormented by hallucinations of Hannah , to the point where he contemplates both murdering Bryce and killing himself . Testified : Bryce Walker , who lies about raping Hannah , and Chloe Rice , who talks about the clubhouse but also lies about being raped by Bryce . 25 12 `` The Box of Polaroids '' Jessica Yu Hayley Tyler & Brian Yorkey May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) Justin receives a death threat before going to testify , but he tells of Bryce raping Jessica during his testimony nonetheless . Montgomery is confronted by Alex , Clay , Justin , Tony , Zach , and Scott after Alex realizes he is responsible for intimidating people during the trial , and admits to stealing the box of Polaroid photos . However , after taking Alex to their location , he reveals he was lying and escapes . As a result , Jessica is encouraged by a group of her friends to report her case of sexual assault to the police . After the trial concludes and the jury find the school district not responsible for the death , both Bryce and Justin are arrested outside the courtroom for their involvement in Jessica 's rape . Mr. Porter is fired after a performance review , and Tyler is placed on a diversion program after one of his social media posts reveals it was him who vandalized the school . Testified : Justin Foley , who talks about his relationship with Hannah and confesses about Bryce raping her . 26 13 `` Bye '' Kyle Patrick Alvarez Brian Yorkey May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) One month later , after Jessica 's sexual assault trial , Bryce is convicted but sentenced to only three months ' probation . Justin is sentenced to six months ' probation and can only be released to one of his parents , neither of whom can be found . This leads to Clay 's family adopting him , which Clay reveals to Justin after a funeral service for Hannah . Clay discovers he was included on a list of eleven `` reasons why not '' Hannah had written before her death . Tyler returns to school , but is savagely beaten and sexually assaulted by Montgomery and two of his friends . It is revealed that Justin is secretly shooting up heroin , and that Nina possesses the box of Polaroids , which she burns . The following night , at a school dance , Jessica and Justin share an intimate encounter , and Chlöe tells Jessica she is pregnant . Tyler arrives at the dance planning to orchestrate a mass school shooting , but Clay learns of his plan and confronts him , encouraging him not to do it . He peacefully disarms Tyler before Tony arrives to drive Tyler away in his car . The episode ends with sirens of the approaching police cars being heard , with Clay holding Tyler 's assault rifle in front of the school . Production Universal Studios purchased film rights to the novel on February 8 , 2011 , with Selena Gomez cast to play Hannah Baker . On October 29 , 2015 , it was announced that Netflix would be making a television adaptation of the book with Gomez instead serving as an executive producer . Tom McCarthy was hired to direct the first two episodes . The series is produced by Anonymous Content and Paramount Television with Gomez , McCarthy , Joy Gorman , Michael Sugar , Steve Golin , Mandy Teefey , and Kristel Laiblin serving as executive producers . Filming for the show took place in the Northern Californian towns of Vallejo , Benicia , San Rafael , Crockett and Sebastopol during the summer of 2016 . The 13 - episode first season and the special were released on Netflix on March 31 , 2017 . Therapy dogs were present on set for the actors because of the intense and emotional content of the series . On May 7 , 2017 , it was announced that Netflix had renewed the series for a second season . Filming for the second season began on June 12 , 2017 , but was briefly halted in October in response to the then - ongoing Northern California wildfires happening around the areas where the series was being filmed . Production on the second season wrapped in December 2017 . The second season was released on May 18 , 2018 . On June 6 , 2018 , Netflix renewed the series for a third season , which is set to be released in 2019 . Reception Audience viewership The marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the first season was the second-most viewed Netflix season in the first 30 days after it premiered , garnering 48 % of the viewers that the second season of Daredevil received , which was the most viewed season according to Jumpshot . The series also showed an 18 % increase in week - over-week viewership from week one to week two . Jumpshot , which `` analyzes click - stream data from an online panel of more than 100 million consumers '' , looked at the viewing behavior and activity of the company 's U.S. members , factoring in the relative number of U.S. Netflix viewers who watched at least one episode of the season . Critical response Season 1 The first season has received positive reviews from critics , with much of the praise for the show being aimed at its acting , directing , story , visuals , improvements upon its source material , and mature approach to dark and adult subject matter . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 80 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 , based on 51 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` 13 Reasons Why complements its bestselling source material with a gripping look at adolescent grief whose narrative maturity belies its YA milieu . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 17 critics , indicating generally favorable reviews . Jesse Schedeen of IGN praised 13 Reasons Why , giving it a 9.2 out of 10 , `` Amazing '' , stating that the show is `` a very powerful and hard - hitting series '' and `` ranks among the best high school dramas of the 21st century '' . Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe gave a glowing review for the show , saying , `` The drama is sensitive , consistently engaging , and , most importantly , unblinking . '' Maureen Ryan of Variety asserts that the show `` is undoubtedly sincere , but it 's also , in many important ways , creatively successful '' and called it `` simply essential viewing '' . Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly gave the entire season a score of B+ , calling the show `` a frank , authentically affecting portrait of what it feels like to be young , lost and too fragile for the world '' . Daniel Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter also praised the show , calling it `` an honorably mature piece of young - adult adaptation '' , and citing its performances , direction , relevance and maturity as some of the show 's strongest points . The acting , particularly Katherine Langford as Hannah and Dylan Minnette as Clay , was frequently mentioned and widely lauded in several reviews . Schedeen of IGN praised the cast , particularly Minnette and Langford , stating : `` Langford shines in the lead role ... ( and ) embodies that optimism and that profound sadness ( of Hannah 's ) as well . Minnette 's Clay is , by design , a much more stoic and reserved character ... and does a fine job in what 's often a difficult role . '' Gilbert of The Boston Globe praised the chemistry of Langford and Minnette , saying that `` watching these two young actors together is pure pleasure '' , while Schedeen of IGN also agreed , saying that they are `` often at their best together , channeling just the right sort of warm but awkward chemistry you 'd expect from two teens who ca n't quite admit to their feelings for one another '' . Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter also praises both actors : `` Langford 's heartbreaking openness makes you root for a fate you know is n't possible . The actress ' performance is full of dynamic range , setting it against Minnette 's often more complicated task in differentiating between moods that mostly go from uncomfortable to gloomy to red - eyed , hygiene - starved despair . '' Ryan of Variety also gave praise to not only the two leads , but also the supporting cast of actors , particularly Kate Walsh 's performance as Hannah 's mother , which Ryan describes as `` career - best work '' . Positive mentions from various critics , such as Ryan , Feinberg and Schedeen , were also given to the supporting cast of actors ( most particularly Alisha Boe , Miles Heizer and Christian Navarro 's respective performances of Jessica , Alex and Tony ) . Liz Shannon Miller of Indiewire , who enjoyed the show and gave it a positive score of B+ , gave praise to the racial , gender and complex diversity of its supporting cast of teens . Another aspect frequently mentioned within reviews was the show 's mature and emotional approach to its dark and adult subject matter . This was favorably reviewed by critics , such as Miller of Indiewire , particularly her statement that `` the adult edges to this story ring with honesty and truth . '' Miller , and Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter , also stated that the show can be difficult to watch at times , while Schedeen of IGN states that it is `` an often depressing and even uncomfortable show to watch ... a pretty emotionally draining experience , particularly towards the end as the pieces really start to fall into place . '' Numerous critics also praised several other aspects of the show . Feinberg highlighted the show 's directors , saying : `` A Sundance - friendly gallery of directors including Tom McCarthy , Gregg Araki and Carl Franklin keeps the performances grounded and the extremes from feeling exploitative '' , while Gilbert of The Boston Globe praised the storytelling : `` The storytelling techniques are powerful ... ( as it ) builds on the world established in the previous hour , as we continually encounter new facets of Hannah 's life and new characters . The background on the show keeps getting deeper , richer . '' Conversely , the series has also received criticism over its portrayal of teen angst . Mike Hale of The New York Times wrote a critical review , writing , `` the show does n't make ( Hannah 's ) downward progress convincing . It too often feels artificial , like a very long public service announcement . '' He also criticized the plot device that has Clay listening to the tapes one by one instead of all in one sitting like the other teens did , which Hale felt was unbelievable : `` It makes no sense as anything but a plot device , and you 'll find yourself , like Clay 's antagonists , yelling at him to listen to the rest of tapes already . '' Writing for The Guardian , Rebecca Nicholson praised some aspects of the show , including the performances from Minnette and Walsh , but was troubled by much of the plot , writing , `` a storyline that suggests the love of a sweet boy might have sorted all this out added to an uneasy feeling that stayed with me '' . Nicholson was skeptical that the show would appeal to older viewers , unlike other series set in high school such as Freaks and Geeks and My So - Called Life : `` It lacks the crossover wit of its forebears ... It 's too tied up in conveying the message that terrible behaviour can have horrible consequences to deal in any subtleties or shades of feeling . It 's largely one - note -- and that note is horrifying . ' It has to get better , ' implores one student towards the end , but given its fairly open ending , an apparent season two setup , it does not seem as if there 's much chance of that happening . '' Washington Post television critic Hank Stuever wrote a negative review , finding 13 Reasons Why `` contrived '' and implausible : `` There are 13 episodes lasting 13 super-sullen hours -- a passive - aggressive , implausibly meandering , poorly written and awkwardly acted effort that is mainly about miscommunication , delivering no more wisdom or insight about depression , bullying and suicide than one of those old ABC Afterschool Specials people now mock for being so corny . '' He also wrote that he found Hannah 's suicide tapes `` a protracted example of the teenager who fantasizes how everyone will react when she 's gone . The story ... strikes me as remarkably , even dangerously , naive in its understanding of suicide , up to and including a gruesome , penultimate scene of Hannah opening her wrists in a bathtub . '' David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the series a tepid review , saying that it was plagued by character inconsistencies , particularly Hannah . He praised Langford 's `` stunning performance '' but noted , `` There are times when we simply do n't believe the characters , when what they do or say is n't consistent with who we 've been led to believe they are ... At times , ( Hannah ) is self - possessed and indifferent at best to the behavior of the popular kids . At other times , though , relatively minor misperceived slights seem to send her into an emotional tailspin . No doubt , teenagers embody a constant whirl of conflicting emotions , but the script pushes the bounds of credibility here and there . '' He noted that overall , the series worked : `` The structure is gimmicky and the characters inconsistent , but there are still at least 13 Reasons Why the series is worthy . '' Season 2 This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2018 ) The second season received negative reviews from critics , with criticism aimed at the poor execution of its topics ; many declared it unnecessary . Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 27 % with an average rating of 5.5 / 10 , based on 25 reviews . The sites critical consensus states , `` By deviating from its source material , 13 Reasons Why can better explore its tenderly crafted characters ; unfortunately , in the process , it loses track of what made the show so gripping in the first place . '' On Metacritic the season has an average score of 49 out of 100 , based on 16 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . A scene in which the character Tyler gets viciously attacked and sexually assaulted during the finale also caused controversy from fans and critics of the series , with some describing it as `` unnecessary '' and `` traumatizing '' . The series ' showrunner has defended the scene , saying that it was included in an attempt to `` ( tell ) truthful stories about things that young people go through in as unflinching a way as we can '' . Social impact Rowan University 's Counseling and Psychological Services office mocked the show with a campaign challenging students to come up with 1300 reasons not to commit suicide . The expressions of hope were hung in windows alongside mental health contact information . The series has generated controversy over its portrayal of suicide and self - harm , prompting Netflix to add strong advisory warnings prior to the first , twelfth , and thirteenth episodes . School psychologists and educators expressed concern about the series . The superintendent of Palm Beach County , Florida schools reportedly told parents that their schools had seen an increase in suicidal and self - harming behavior from students , and that some of those students `` have articulated associations of their at - risk behavior to the 13 Reasons Why Netflix series '' . The Australian youth mental health service for 12 -- 25 year - olds , Headspace , issued a warning in late April 2017 over the graphic content featured in the series , due to the increased number of calls to the service following the show 's release in the country . Netflix however , demonstrably complied with the Australian viewer ratings system , by branding the series as `` MA15 + '' when streamed via its own interface . They accompanied its presentation with additional warnings and viewer advice , and ensured that counselling referrals were included and not easily skipped at the conclusion of each episode , even including an Australian accent in the voice over for those referrals every fifth episode . The `` MA15 + '' rating in Australia requires a guardian to accompany a minor to an Australian cinema to allow admission of those under 18 years of age . `` MA15 + '' also prohibits the admission of anyone under the age of 15 , requiring proof - of - age identification . In response to the graphic nature of the show and New Zealand 's high youth suicide rate , which was the highest among the 34 OECD countries during 2009 to 2012 , the Office of Film & Literature Classification in the country created a new rating , `` RP18 '' , allowing individuals aged 18 and over to watch the series alone and those below having to watch it with supervision from a parent or guardian . `` We stayed very true to the book and that 's initially what ( author ) Jay Asher created was a beautifully tragic , complicated yet suspenseful story and I think that 's what we wanted to do ... We wanted to do it justice and , yeah , ( the backlash is ) gon na come no matter what . It 's not an easy subject to talk about , but I 'm very fortunate with how it 's doing . '' -- Executive producer Selena Gomez , in defense of the controversy surrounding the series In April 2017 , the National Association of School Psychologists ( NASP ) in the United States released a statement regarding the series , saying : `` Research shows that exposure to another person 's suicide , or to graphic or sensationalized accounts of death , can be one of the many risk factors that youth struggling with mental health conditions cite as a reason they contemplate or attempt suicide . '' NASP sent a letter to school mental health professionals across the country about the series , reportedly a first for NASP in response to a television show . The following month , the United States Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology ( SCCAP ) released a statement also noting how strongly the show may serve as a trigger for self - injury among vulnerable youth . They lamented the depiction of mental health professionals as ineffective for youth who have experienced trauma and may have been considering suicide . The statement implored Netflix to add a tag following each episode with mental health resources , and a reminder that depression and suicide can be effectively treated by a qualified mental health professional , such as a clinical child psychologist , using evidence - based practice . Similarly , clinical psychologists such as Daniel J. Reidenberg and Erika Martinez , as well as mental health advocate MollyKate Cline of Teen Vogue magazine , have expressed concerns regarding the risk of suicide contagion . However , Eric Beeson , a counselor at The Family Institute at Northwestern University noted that `` it 's unlikely that one show alone could trigger someone to attempt suicide . '' Mental health professionals have also criticized the series ' depiction of suicide itself , much of which violates widely promulgated recommendations for reporting on actual suicides or not depicting them in fiction , in order to not encourage copycat suicides . The season finale , which depicts Hannah 's suicide in graphic detail , has been particularly criticized in this regard . Nic Sheff , a writer for the show , has defended it as intended to dispel the myth that suicides `` quietly drift off '' , and recalled how he himself was deterred from a suicide attempt by recalling a survivor 's account of how painful and horrifying it was . The NASP statement also criticized the show 's suggestion that bullying alone led Hannah to take her life , noting that while it may be a contributing factor , suicidal ideations far more often result from the bullied person having a treatable mental illness without adequate coping mechanisms . Alex Moen , a school counselor in Minneapolis , took issue with the show 's entire plotline as `` ... essentially a fantasy of what someone who is considering suicide might have -- that once you commit suicide , you can still communicate with your loved ones , and people will suddenly realize everything that you were going through and the depth of your pain ... That the cute , sensitive boy will fall in love with you and seek justice for you , and you 'll be able to orchestrate it , and in so doing kind of still be able to live . '' Other counselors criticized the depiction of Hannah 's attempt to reach out to Mr. Porter as dangerously misleading , since not only does he miss obvious signs of her suicidal ideations , but says he can not report her sexual assault to the police without her identifying the assailant . School counselors are often portrayed as ineffective or clueless in popular culture , Moen says , but Porter 's behavior in the series goes beyond that , to being unethical and possibly illegal . `` It 's ridiculous ! Counselors are not police . We do n't have to launch an investigation . We bring whatever information we do have to the police '' , she told Slate . In May 2017 , the Canadian Mental Health Association ( CMHA ) along with the Centre for Suicide Prevention ( CSP ) released a statement with similar concerns to the ones raised by NASP . CMHA believed that the series may glamorize suicide , and that some content may lead to distress in viewers , particularly in younger viewers . Furthermore , the portrayal of Hannah 's suicide does not follow the media guidelines as set out by the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention ( CASP ) and the American Association of Suicidology . CMHA and CASP did praise the show for raising awareness about `` ... this preventable health concern , '' adding that , `` Raising awareness needs to be done in a safe and responsible manner . A large and growing body of Canadian and international research has found clear links between increases in suicide rates and harmful media portrayals of suicide . '' Ways in which the portrayals of suicide may cause harm , according to CMHA and CASP , include the following : `` They may simplify suicide , such as , by suggesting that bullying alone is the cause ; they may make suicide seem romantic , such as , by putting it in the context of a Hollywood plot line ; they may portray suicide as a logical or viable option ; they may display graphic representations of suicide which may be harmful to viewers , especially young ones ; and / or they may advance the false notion that suicides are a way to teach others a lesson . '' One study found the release of 13 Reasons Why corresponded with between 900,000 and 1,500,000 more suicide - related searches in the United States , including a 26 % increase in searches for `` how to commit suicide , '' an 18 % increase for `` commit suicide , '' and a 9 % increase for `` how to kill yourself . '' A review , however , found that it is unclear if searching for information about suicide on the Internet relates to the risk of suicide . Accolades Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 Gold Derby Awards Breakthrough Performer of the Year Katherine Langford Nominated 2018 Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Katherine Langford Nominated Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Best Music Supervision in a Television Drama Season Kent Won MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Show 13 Reasons Why Nominated Best Performance in a Show Katherine Langford Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series Carl Franklin for `` Tape 5 , Side B '' Won Satellite Awards Best Actress in a Drama / Genre Series Katherine Langford Nominated Best Drama Series 13 Reasons Why Nominated Television Academy Honors Television with a Conscience 13 Reasons Why Won Beyond the Reasons With the release of the first season of the series , Netflix also released 13 Reasons Why : Beyond the Reasons , an aftershow documentary television film . The 29 - minute documentary featured cast and crew of the series , and mental health professionals discussing their experiences working on the show and dealing with difficult issues , including bullying , depression and sexual assault . A second Beyond the Reasons special was released with the second season of the series . Notes Jump up ^ While there are 35 OECD countries , figures for 2009 -- 2012 exclude Latvia , which became a member country on July 1 , 2016 . References Jump up ^ `` 13 Reasons Why '' . instantwatcher.com . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Libbey , Peter ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix Adds a Warning Video to ' 13 Reasons Why ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' Netflix Series : Dylan Minnette & Katherine Langford Lead Cast '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' Casts Amy Hargreaves ; Frances Conroy In ' The Mist ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' : Kate Walsh To Co-Star In Netflix Series , Derek Luke Also Cast '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Spotlight 's Brian d'Arcy James Cast In Netflix Series ' 13 Reasons Why ' , Joins TNT Pilot ' Civil ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . June 15 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' : Jake Weber , Brenda Strong , Meredith Monroe & RJ Brown Join Season 2 Cast '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' Adds Seven New Actors for Season 2 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( February 9 , 2011 ) . `` Selena Gomez To Star In ' 13 Reasons Why ' : Movie , adapted from Jay Asher 's young adult novel , looks back at a girl 's reasons for committing suicide '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Gives Selena Gomez 's ' 13 Reasons Why ' Straight - To - Series Order '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Adapting ' 13 Reasons Why ' Into Selena Gomez Series ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . 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Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons Why Gets Netflix Premiere Date '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keaney , Quinn ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix 's 13 Reasons Why Is the Most Important YA Adaptation Yet '' . PopSugar Celebrity UK . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' Renewed for a Second Season at Netflix '' . Variety . May 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Reasons Why Renewed for Season 2 By Netflix '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Becky ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` 13 Reasons Why Season 2 Begins Filming '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thirteen Reasons Why ' shows how adults can really mess up teen angst '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons ' why Netflix drama works despite gimmickry '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rutledge , Daniel ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` Teen suicide show 13 Reasons Why 's second season suffers terrible reviews '' . Newshub . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clark , Travis ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Season 2 of Netflix 's controversial hit ' 13 Reasons Why ' is a huge misfire that critics are calling ' pointless ' and ' boring ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Reasons Why : Season 2 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Reasons Why : Season 2 reviews '' . 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Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Kayleigh . `` Selena Gomez Responds to the ' 13 Reasons Why ' Backlash '' . Elle . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Howard , Jacqueline . `` Why teen mental health experts are focused on ' 13 Reasons Why ' '' . CNN . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix Adds More Advisory Warnings to ' 13 Reasons Why ' '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Division 53 SCCAP Statement on 13 Reasons Why '' . clinicalchildpsychology.org . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MollyKate , Cline . `` Why ' 13 Reasons Why ' Can Be Triggering for People Coping With Mental Illness '' . Teen Vogue . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Korin ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` 13 Reasons Why Is Not the Force for Mental Health Awareness People Say It Is '' . Self . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thorbecke , Catherine ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' faces backlash from suicide prevention advocacy group '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Recommendations -- Reporting on Suicide '' . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Martinelli , Marissa ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` 13 Reasons Why 's Controversial Depiction of Teen Suicide Has School Counselors Picking Up the Pieces '' . Slate . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheff , Nic ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` 13 Reasons Why Writer : Why We Did n't Shy Away from Hannah 's Suicide '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CMHA National Statement Responding to Netflix Series : 13 Reasons Why -- Canadian Mental Health Association '' . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ National Association of School Psychologists. ( 2017 ) . 13 Reasons Why Netflix series : Considerations for educators ( handout ) . Bethesda , MD : Author . at nasponline.org Archived June 6 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Accessed May 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ Ayers , John W. ; Althouse , Benjamin M. ; Leas , Eric C. ; Dredze , Mark ; Allem , Jon - Patrick ( 2017 ) . `` Internet Searches for Suicide Following the Release of 13 Reasons Why '' . JAMA Internal Medicine . 177 ( 10 ) : 1527 -- 1529 . doi : 10.1001 / jamainternmed. 2017.3333 . Jump up ^ Mok , K ; Jorm , AF ; Pirkis , J ( August 2015 ) . `` Suicide - related Internet use : A review '' . The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry. 49 ( 8 ) : 697 -- 705 . doi : 10.1177 / 0004867415569797 . PMID 25698810 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Marcus James Dixon , Daniel ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards winners : ' Big Little Lies ' and ' SNL ' sweep , while ' Stranger Things ' takes Best Drama '' . GoldDerby . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes Winners : Complete List '' . Variety . January 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sufjan Stevens , ' Greatest Showman , ' ' Girls ' Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Nominees '' . Variety . January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 MTV Movie & TV Award Winners '' . MTV . June 18 , 2018 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haring , Bruce ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Andi Mack ' , ' 13 Reasons Why ' Among Recipients Of 11th Annual Television Academy Honors '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Kayla ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' Viewers Need to Watch ' Beyond the Reasons ' '' . Decider.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Reasons Why : Beyond the Reasons '' . Netflix . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' Season 2 ' Beyond the Reasons ' Trailer '' . Global News . May 18 , 2018 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 13 Reasons Why . 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the love that i have of the life that i have

The Life that I have

the life that i have

The Life That I Have ( sometimes referred to as Yours ) is a short poem written by Leo Marks and used as a poem code in the Second World War .

In the war , famous poems were used to encrypt messages . This was , however , found to be insecure because enemy cryptanalysts were able to locate the original from published sources . Marks countered this by using his own written creations . The Life That I Have was an original poem composed on Christmas Eve 1943 and was originally written by Marks in memory of his girlfriend Ruth , who had just died in a plane crash in Canada . On 24 March 1944 , the poem was issued by Marks to Violette Szabo , a French agent of Special Operations Executive who was eventually captured , tortured and killed by the Nazis . It was made famous by its inclusion in the 1958 movie about Szabo , Carve Her Name with Pride , where the poem was said to be the creation of Violette 's husband Etienne . ( Marks allowed it to be used under the condition that its author not be identified . ) The text of the poem : The life that I have Is all that I have And the life that I have Is yours . The love that I have Of the life that I have Is yours and yours and yours . A sleep I shall have A rest I shall have Yet death will be but a pause . For the peace of my years In the long green grass Will be yours and yours and yours . Bibliography ( edit ) Leo Marks ( 1998 ) . Between Silk and Cyanide . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 255944 - 7 . Marks relates his briefing of Violette Szabo prior to her first mission , and his giving the poem to her in Chapter 65 of this book . Leo Marks ( 1999 ) . The Life That I Have . illus . by Elena Gaussen Marks . London : Souvenir . ISBN 0 - 285 - 63532 - 8 . A small 34 page book with the text of the poem , illustrated by his wife . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Marks , Leo ( 1998 ) . Between Silk and Cyanide . New York : The Free Press ( Simon and Schuster ) . p. 454 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 86422 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Carve Her Name with Pride on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Life_That_I_Have&oldid=735688162 '' Categories : English poems 1943 poems World War II poems Special Operations Executive Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2016 , at 12 : 32 . About Wikipedia

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what is it called when ducklings follow their mother

Imprinting ( psychology )

imprinting ( psychology )

In psychology and ethology , imprinting is any kind of phase - sensitive learning ( learning occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage ) that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behaviour . It was first used to describe situations in which an animal or person learns the characteristics of some stimulus , which is therefore said to be `` imprinted '' onto the subject . Imprinting is hypothesized to have a critical period .

Contents 1 Filial imprinting 2 Sexual imprinting 3 Westermarck effect 4 Baby duck syndrome 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Filial imprinting ( edit ) The best - known form of imprinting is filial imprinting , in which a young animal acquires several of its behavioural characteristics from its parent . It is most obvious in nidifugous birds , which imprint on their parents and then follow them around . It was first reported in domestic chickens , by the 19th - century amateur biologist Douglas Spalding . It was rediscovered by the early ethologist Oskar Heinroth , and studied extensively and popularized by his disciple Konrad Lorenz working with greylag geese . Lorenz demonstrated how incubator - hatched geese would imprint on the first suitable moving stimulus they saw within what he called a `` critical period '' between 13 -- 16 hours shortly after hatching . For example , the goslings would imprint on Lorenz himself ( to be more specific , on his wading boots ) , and he is often depicted being followed by a gaggle of geese who had imprinted on him . Lorenz also found that the geese could imprint on inanimate objects . In one notable experiment , they followed a box placed on a model train in circles around the track . Filial imprinting is not restricted to non-human animals that are able to follow their parents , however . The filial imprinting of birds was a primary technique used to create the movie Winged Migration ( Le Peuple Migrateur ) , which contains a great deal of footage of migratory birds in flight . The birds imprinted on handlers , who wore yellow jackets and honked horns constantly . The birds were then trained to fly along with a variety of aircraft , primarily ultralights . Imprinted geese and cranes flying with an ultralight aircraft The Italian hang - glider pilot Angelo d'Arrigo extended this technique . D'Arrigo noted that the flight of a non-motorised hang - glider is very similar to the flight patterns of migratory birds ; both use updrafts of hot air ( thermal currents ) to gain altitude that then permits soaring flight over distance . He used this fact to enable the re-introduction into the wild of threatened species of raptors . Birds that are hatched in captivity have no mentor birds to teach them traditional migratory routes . D'Arrigo had one solution to this problem . The chicks hatched under the wing of his glider and imprinted on him . Then , he taught the fledglings to fly and to hunt . The young birds followed him not only on the ground ( as with Lorenz ) but also in the air as he took the path of various migratory routes . He flew across the Sahara and over the Mediterranean Sea to Sicily with eagles , from Siberia to Iran ( 5,500 km ) with a flock of Siberian cranes , and over Mount Everest with Nepalese eagles . In 2006 , he worked with a condor in South America . In a similar project , orphaned Canada geese were trained to their normal migration route by the Canadian ultralight enthusiast Bill Lishman , as shown in the fact - based movie drama Fly Away Home . Chicks of domestic chickens prefer to be near large groups of objects that they have imprinted on . This behaviour was used to determine that very young chicks of a few days old have rudimentary counting skills . In a series of experiments , they were made to imprint on plastic balls and could figure out which of two groups of balls hidden behind screens had the most balls . American coot mothers have the ability to recognize their chicks by imprinting on cues from the first chick that hatches . This allows mothers to distinguish their chicks from parasitic chicks . The peregrine falcon has also been known to imprint on specific structures for their breeding grounds such as cliff sides and bridges and thus will favour that location for breeding . Sexual imprinting ( edit ) Sexual imprinting is the process by which a young animal learns the characteristics of a desirable mate . For example , male zebra finches appear to prefer mates with the appearance of the female bird that rears them , rather than that of the birth parent when they are different . Sexual attraction to humans can develop in non-human mammals or birds as a result of sexual imprinting when reared from young by humans . One example is London Zoo female giant panda Chi Chi . When taken to Moscow Zoo for mating with the male giant panda An An , she refused his attempts to mate with her , but made a full sexual self - presentation to a zookeeper . It commonly occurs in falconry birds reared from hatching by humans . Such birds are called `` imprints '' in falconry . When an imprint must be bred from , the breeder lets the male bird copulate with their head while they are wearing a special hat with pockets on to catch the male bird 's semen . The breeder then courts a suitable imprint female bird ( including offering food , if it is part of that species 's normal courtship ) . At `` copulation , '' the breeder puts the flat of one hand on the female bird 's back to represent the weight of a male bird , and with the other hand uses a pipette , or a hypodermic syringe without a needle , to squirt the semen into the female 's cloaca . Sexual imprinting on inanimate objects is a popular theory concerning the development of sexual fetishism . For example , according to this theory , imprinting on shoes or boots ( as with Konrad Lorenz 's geese ) would be the cause of shoe fetishism . Westermarck effect ( edit ) Main article : Westermarck effect Reverse sexual imprinting is also seen in instances where two people who live in domestic proximity during the first few years in the life of either one become desensitized to later close sexual attraction . This phenomenon , known as the Westermarck effect , was first formally described by Finnish anthropologist Edvard Westermarck in his book The History of Human Marriage ( 1891 ) . The Westermarck effect has since been observed in many places and cultures , including in the Israeli kibbutz system , and the Chinese shim - pua marriage customs , as well as in biological - related families . In the case of the Israeli kibbutzim ( collective farms ) , children were reared somewhat communally in peer groups , based on age , not biological relation . A study of the marriage patterns of these children later in life revealed that out of the nearly 3,000 marriages that occurred across the kibbutz system , only fourteen were between children from the same peer group . Of those fourteen , none had been reared together during the first six years of life . This result provides evidence not only that the Westermarck effect is demonstrable but that it operates during the period from birth to the age of six . However , Eran Shor and Dalit Simchai claimed that the case of the kibbutzim actually provides little support for the Westermarck effect . When proximity during this critical period does not occur -- for example , where a brother and sister are brought up separately , never meeting one another -- they may find one another highly sexually attractive when they meet as adults . This phenomenon is known as genetic sexual attraction . This observation supports the hypothesis that the Westermarck effect evolved because it suppressed inbreeding . This attraction may also be seen with cousin couples . Sigmund Freud argued that as children , members of the same family naturally lust for one another , making it necessary for societies to create incest taboos , but Westermarck argued the reverse , that the taboos themselves arise naturally as products of innate attitudes . Steven Pinker has written that Freud 's conception of an urge to incest may have derived from Freud 's own erotic reaction to his mother as a boy ( attested in Freud 's own writings ) , and speculates that Freud 's reaction may have been due to lack of intimacy with his mother in early childhood , as Freud was wet - nursed . Baby duck syndrome ( edit ) Ducklings following their mother . In human -- computer interaction , baby duck syndrome denotes the tendency for computer users to `` imprint '' on the first system they learn , then judge other systems by their similarity to that first system . The result is that `` users generally prefer systems similar to those they learned on and dislike unfamiliar systems '' . The issue may present itself relatively early in a computer user 's experience , and it has been observed to impede education of students in new software systems or user interfaces . See also ( edit ) Ivan Pavlov Kin recognition Kin selection Attachment theory Imprinting ( organizational theory ) Psychical inertia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How does animal imprinting work ? '' . animalanswers.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : T.L. Brink. ( 2008 ) Psychology : A Student Friendly Approach . `` Unit 12 : Developmental Psychology . '' pp. 268 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Orbituary : Angelo d'Arrigo The Guardian online , 1 April 2006 Jump up ^ Rugani , Rosa ; Fontanari , Laura ; Simoni , Eleonora ; Regolin , Lucia ; Vallortigara , Giorgio ( 2009 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Arithmetic in newborn chicks '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B. London : The Royal Society . 276 ( 1666 ) : 2451 -- 60 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2009.0044 . ISSN 0962 - 8452 . PMC 2690459 . PMID 19364746 . Jump up ^ Devine , Ann ( 1994 -- 2013 ) . `` Peregrine Falcon Dispersal and Habitat Imprinting '' ( PDF ) : 20 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . CS1 maint : Date format ( link ) Jump up ^ Immelmann , Klaus ( 1972 ) . `` Sexual and other long - term aspects of imprinting in birds and other species '' . Advances in the Study of Behavior . Advances in the Study of Behavior . New York : Academic Press . 4 : 147 -- 174 . doi : 10.1016 / S0065 - 3454 ( 08 ) 60009 - 1 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 004504 - 4 . ISSN 0065 - 3454 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Henry ( 2011 ) . The Way of the Panda : The Curious History of China 's Political Animal . Open Road Media , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4532 - 1773 - 3 Jump up ^ Dobbin , Muriel ( April 24 , 1975 ) . D.C. zoo encourages giant pandas to observe nation 's birth with own . Baltimore Sun Jump up ^ `` Modern Captive Breeding -- Part II -- Falconry related information , laws , supplies for sale '' . falconers.com . Jump up ^ Shepher , Joseph ( 1983 ) . Incest : A Biosocial View . Studies in anthropology . New York : Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 639460 - 1 . LCCN 81006552 . Jump up ^ Shor , Eran ; Simchai , Dalit ( 2009 ) . `` Incest Avoidance , the Incest Taboo , and Social Cohesion : Revisiting Westermarck and the Case of the Israeli Kibbutzim '' . American Journal of Sociology. 114 ( 6 ) : 1803 -- 1842 . doi : 10.1086 / 597178 . Jump up ^ Freud , S. ( 1913 ) Totem and Taboo in The Standard edition of the Complete Psychological works of Sigmund Freud , Vol XIII Jump up ^ Steven Pinker , How the Mind Works . Jump up ^ Allen Kent ; James G. Williams ; Rosalind Kent ( 21 June 1991 ) . Encyclopedia of Microcomputers : Geographic information system to hypertext . CRC Press . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 2707 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Baby duck syndrome : Imprinting on your first system makes change a very hard thing '' , Peter Seebach , IBM DeveloperWorks , 2 March 2005 Jump up ^ Tom J. van Weert ; Robert K. Munro ( 28 February 2003 ) . Informatics and the digital society : social , ethical , and cognitive issues . Springer . pp. 121 -- 122 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 7363 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Paul , Robert A. ( 1988 ) . `` Psychoanalysis and the Propinquity Theory of Incest Avoidance '' . Journal of Psychohistory. 15 ( 3 ) : 255 -- 261 . Spain , David H. ( 1987 ) . `` The Westermarck -- Freud Incest - Theory Debate : An Evaluation and Reformation '' . Current Anthropology. 28 ( 5 ) : 623 -- 635 , 643 -- 645 . doi : 10.1086 / 203603 . JSTOR 2743359 . Westermarck , Edvard A. ( 1921 ) . The History of Human Marriage ( 5th ed . ) . London : Macmillan . External links ( edit ) Cardoso , SH and Sabbatini , RME . Learning who is your mother . The behavior of imprinting . Brain & Mind Magazine . Nancy T. Burley , a researcher into imprinting in zebra finches Debra Lieberman , John Tooby and Leda Cosmides . `` Does morality have a biological basis ? An empirical test of the factors governing moral sentiments relating to incest . '' Accepted for publication in Proc. R. Soc . Lond . B November 2002 . 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how many movies has woody harrelson and bill murray been in together

Bill Murray

bill murray

William James Murray ( born September 21 , 1950 ) is an American actor , comedian , and writer . He first gained exposure on Saturday Night Live , a series of performances that earned him his first Emmy Award , and later starred in comedy films -- including Meatballs ( 1979 ) , Caddyshack ( 1980 ) , Stripes ( 1981 ) , Tootsie ( 1982 ) , Ghostbusters ( 1984 ) , Scrooged ( 1988 ) , Ghostbusters II ( 1989 ) , What About Bob ? ( 1991 ) , and Groundhog Day ( 1993 ) . He also co-directed Quick Change ( 1990 ) .

Murray garnered additional critical acclaim later in his career , starring in Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) , which earned him a Golden Globe and a BAFTA Award for Best Actor , as well as an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor . He also received Golden Globe nominations for his roles in Ghostbusters , Rushmore ( 1998 ) , Hyde Park on Hudson ( 2012 ) , St. Vincent ( 2014 ) , and the HBO miniseries Olive Kitteridge ( 2014 ) , for which he later won his second Primetime Emmy Award . Murray received the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor in 2016 . His comedy is known for its deadpan delivery . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Second City 2.2 Saturday Night Live 2.3 Film career 3 Outside show business 4 Personal life 4.1 On - set feuds 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Radio 5.4 Video games 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Murray was born on September 21 , 1950 , in Evanston , Illinois , to Lucille ( née Collins ) , a mail - room clerk , and Edward Joseph Murray II , a lumber salesman . He was raised in Wilmette , Illinois , a northern suburb of Chicago . Murray and his eight siblings were raised in a Roman Catholic Irish - American family . Three of his siblings , John Murray , Joel Murray , and Brian Doyle - Murray , are also actors . A sister , Nancy , is an Adrian Dominican nun in Michigan , who has traveled the United States in a one - woman program , portraying St. Catherine of Siena . Their father died in 1967 at the age of 46 from complications of diabetes when Bill was 17 years old . As a youth , Murray read children 's biographies of American heroes like Kit Carson , Wild Bill Hickok , and Davy Crockett . He attended St. Joseph 's grade school and Loyola Academy . During his teen years , he worked as a golf caddy to fund his education at the Jesuit high school . One of his sisters had polio and his mother suffered several miscarriages . During his teen years he was the lead singer of a rock band called the Dutch Masters and took part in high school and community theater . After graduating , Murray attended Regis University in Denver , Colorado , taking pre-medical courses . He quickly dropped out , returning to Illinois . Decades later , in 2007 , Regis awarded him an honorary Doctor of Humanities degree . On September 21 , 1970 , his 20th birthday , the police arrested Murray at Chicago 's O'Hare Airport for trying to smuggle 10 lb ( 4.5 kg ) of cannabis , which he had allegedly intended to sell . The drugs were discovered when Murray joked to the passenger next to him that he was smuggling . Murray was convicted and sentenced to probation . Career ( edit ) Second City ( edit ) With an invitation from his older brother , Brian , Murray got his start at The Second City in Chicago , an improvisational comedy troupe , studying under Del Close . In 1974 , he moved to New York City and was recruited by John Belushi as a featured player on The National Lampoon Radio Hour . Saturday Night Live ( edit ) In 1975 , an Off - Broadway version of a Lampoon show led to his first television role as a cast member of the ABC variety show Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell . That same season , another variety show titled NBC 's Saturday Night premiered . Cosell 's show lasted just one season , canceled in early 1976 . After working in Los Angeles with the `` guerrilla video '' commune TVTV on several projects , Murray rose to prominence in 1976 . He officially joined the cast of NBC 's Saturday Night Live for the show 's second season , following the departure of Chevy Chase . Murray was with SNL for three seasons from 1977 to 1980 . A Rutland Weekend Television sketch Eric Idle brought for his appearance on SNL developed into the 1978 mockumentary All You Need Is Cash with Murray ( alongside other SNL cast members ) appearing as `` Bill Murray the K '' , a send - up of New York radio host Murray the K , in a segment of the film that is a parody of the Maysles Brothers 's documentary The Beatles : The First U.S. Visit . During the first few seasons of SNL , Murray was in a romantic relationship with fellow cast member Gilda Radner . Film career ( edit ) Murray at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival Murray landed his first starring role with the film Meatballs in 1979 . He followed this up with his portrayal of Hunter S. Thompson in 1980 's Where the Buffalo Roam . In the early 1980s , he starred in a string of box - office hits , including Caddyshack , Stripes , and Tootsie . Murray was the first guest on NBC 's Late Night with David Letterman on February 1 , 1982 . He later appeared on the first episode of the Late Show with David Letterman on August 30 , 1993 , when the show moved to CBS . On January 31 , 2012 -- 30 years after his first appearance with Letterman -- Murray appeared again on his talk show . He appeared as Letterman 's final guest when the host retired on May 20 , 2015 . Murray began work on a film adaptation of the novel The Razor 's Edge . The film , which Murray co-wrote , was his first starring role in a dramatic film . He later agreed with Columbia Pictures to star in Ghostbusters -- in a role originally written for John Belushi -- to get financing for The Razor 's Edge . Ghostbusters became the highest - grossing film of 1984 . The Razor 's Edge , which was filmed before Ghostbusters but not released until after , was a box - office flop . Upset over the failure of The Razor 's Edge , Murray took four years off from acting to study philosophy and history at the Sorbonne , frequent the Cinémathèque in Paris , and spend time with his family in their Hudson River Valley home . During that time , his second son , Luke , was born . With the exception of a cameo appearance in the 1986 movie Little Shop of Horrors , he did not make any appearances in films , though he did participate in several public readings in Manhattan organized by playwright / director Timothy Mayer and in a stage production of Bertolt Brecht 's A Man 's a Man . Murray returned to films with Scrooged in 1988 and Ghostbusters II in 1989 . In 1990 , Murray made his first and only attempt at directing when he co-directed Quick Change with producer Howard Franklin . His subsequent films What About Bob ? ( 1991 ) and Groundhog Day ( 1993 ) were box - office hits . After Groundhog Day , he appeared in a series of well - received supporting roles in films like Ed Wood , Kingpin , and Space Jam ( where he appeared as himself . ) However , his starring roles in Larger than Life , and The Man Who Knew Too Little were not as successful with critics or audiences . In 1998 , he received much critical acclaim for Wes Anderson 's Rushmore , for which he won Best Supporting Actor awards from the New York Film Critics Circle , National Society of Film Critics , and the Los Angeles Film Critics Association ( tying with Billy Bob Thornton ) . Murray decided to take a turn towards more dramatic roles and experienced a resurgence in his career , taking on roles in Wild Things , Cradle Will Rock , Hamlet ( as Polonius ) , and The Royal Tenenbaums . In 2003 , he appeared in Sofia Coppola 's Lost in Translation and went on to earn a Golden Globe Award , a BAFTA Award , and an Independent Spirit Award , as well as Best Actor awards from several film critic organizations . He was considered a favorite to win the Academy Award for Best Actor , but Sean Penn ultimately won the award for his performance in Mystic River . In an interview included on the Lost in Translation DVD , Murray states that it is his favorite movie in which he has appeared . Also in 2003 , he appeared in a short cameo for Jim Jarmusch 's Coffee and Cigarettes , in which he played himself `` hiding out '' in a local coffee shop . Murray in 2014 During this time Murray still appeared in comedic roles such as Charlie 's Angels and Osmosis Jones . In 2004 , he provided the voice of Garfield in Garfield : The Movie , and again in 2006 for Garfield : A Tail of Two Kitties . Murray later said that he only took the role because he was under the mistaken impression the screenplay , co-written by Joel Cohen , was the work of Joel Coen . In 2004 , he made his third collaboration with Wes Anderson in The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou and in 2005 his second collaboration with Jim Jarmusch in Broken Flowers . That same year , Murray announced that he was taking a break from acting as he had not had the time to relax since his new breakthrough in the late 1990s . He did return to the big screen for brief cameos in Wes Anderson 's The Darjeeling Limited and in Get Smart as Agent 13 , the agent in the tree . In 2008 , he played an important role in the post-apocalyptic film City of Ember , and in 2009 , played himself in a cameo role in the zombie comedy Zombieland . Murray provided the voice for the character Mr. Badger for the 2009 animated film Fantastic Mr. Fox . Murray , Greta Gerwig , and Bryan Cranston at the Isle of Dogs press conference at Berlinale 2018 Since 2010 , Murray has been part of ensembles which received several award nominations in two Wes Anderson movies : Moonrise Kingdom ( 2012 ) and Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) . Murray was nominated for a Golden Globe for his performance in the 2014 film St. Vincent . He played a music manager in Rock the Kasbah in 2015 . In 2016 , he was the voice of Baloo in Disney 's live action remake of The Jungle Book . The film earned a 95 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , and Murray was nominated to a People 's Choice Awards for Favorite Animated Movie Voice ; he lost to Ellen DeGeneres . Murray appeared as Martin Heiss , a skeptical ghost debunker , in the reboot of Ghostbusters , which was released on July 15 , 2016 . There had been speculation that he might return to the Ghostbusters franchise for a rumored Ghostbusters 3 , he dispelled such rumors in an interview with GQ . In March 2010 , Murray appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman and talked about his return to Ghostbusters III , stating `` I 'd do it only if my character was killed off in the first reel . '' In an interview with GQ , Murray said : `` You know , maybe I should just do it . Maybe it 'd be fun to do . '' In the interview , when asked `` Is the third Ghostbusters movie happening ? What 's the story with that ? '' , Murray replied , `` It 's all a bunch of crock . '' He was part of the ensemble cast of the 2018 animated film Isle of Dogs , by Wes Anderson , which premiered at the 68th Berlin International Film Festival . Outside show business ( edit ) Murray is a partner with his brothers in Murray Bros. Caddy Shack , a restaurant located near St. Augustine , Florida . He resides in Charleston , South Carolina , where he is a very active community member . In 1978 , Murray appeared in two at - bats for the Grays Harbor Loggers Minor League Baseball team , credited with one hit and a lifetime batting average of . 500 . He is a part - owner of the St. Paul Saints independent baseball team and occasionally travels to Saint Paul , Minnesota to watch the team 's games . He also owns part of the Charleston RiverDogs , Hudson Valley Renegades , and the Brockton Rox . He has invested in a number of other minor league teams in the past , including the Utica Blue Sox , Fort Myers Miracle , Salt Lake Sting ( APSL ) , Catskill Cougars and Salt Lake City Trappers . In 2012 he was inducted into the South Atlantic League Hall of Fame for his ownership and investment activities in the league . Being very detached from the Hollywood scene , Murray does not have an agent or manager and reportedly only fields offers for scripts and roles using a personal telephone number with a voice mailbox that he checks infrequently . This practice has the downside of sometimes preventing him from taking parts in films such as Who Framed Roger Rabbit , Monsters , Inc. , The Squid and the Whale , Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , and Little Miss Sunshine . When asked about this practice , however , Murray seemed content with his inaccessibility , stating , `` It 's not that hard . If you have a good script that 's what gets you involved . People say they ca n't find me . Well , if you can write a good script , that 's a lot harder than finding someone . I do n't worry about it ; it 's not my problem . '' Murray 's popularity has been such that ( as of 2017 ) he holds an iconic status in U.S. popular culture . Murray 's eccentric and irreverent style of comedy , both on - screen and in his personal life , has caused him to be seen as a folk hero to many making him a significant meme in various media including books and the internet . In 2016 he was awarded the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor by the Kennedy Center . Personal Life ( edit ) Eric Clapton and Murray kicking off the Crossroads Guitar Festival in 2007 During the filming of Stripes , Murray married Margaret Kelly on Super Bowl Sunday in Las Vegas on January 25 , 1981 . Later , they remarried in Chicago for their families . Margaret gave birth to two sons , Homer ( born 1982 ) and Luke ( born 1985 ) . Luke is an assistant basketball coach at the University of Louisville , moving from his former position as an assistant at Xavier University in 2018 shortly after former Xavier head coach Chris Mack was hired to the same position at Louisville . Following Murray 's affair with Jennifer Butler , the couple divorced in 1996 . In 1997 , he married Butler . Together , they have four sons : Caleb ( born January 11 , 1993 ) , Jackson ( born October 6 , 1995 ) , Cooper ( born January 27 , 1997 ) , and Lincoln ( born May 30 , 2001 ) . Butler filed for divorce on May 12 , 2008 , accusing Murray of domestic violence , infidelity , and addictions to sex , marijuana , and alcohol . Their divorce was finalized on June 13 , 2008 . Murray confirmed in a 1984 interview : `` I 'm definitely a religious person , but it does n't have much to do with Catholicism anymore . I do n't think about Catholicism as much . '' Murray was once pulled over by Swedish police on suspicion of driving a golf cart under the influence of alcohol . Murray has homes in Los Angeles , California ; Rancho Santa Fe ( a suburb of San Diego ) , Martha 's Vineyard , Massachusetts ; Charleston , South Carolina ; and Palisades , New York , a suburb of New York City . Between 2008 and 2013 , Murray maintained a residence in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of New York City . During the 2000 presidential campaign , Murray supported Green Party candidate Ralph Nader . He also donated $1,000 to former Governor of Nebraska Bob Kerrey 's successful election to the United States Senate in 1988 . Bill Murray cheering for the Illinois Fighting Illini men 's basketball team at the 2005 Final Four in St. Louis Murray is a fan of several Chicago professional sports teams , especially the Chicago Cubs , Chicago Bears , and the Chicago Bulls . ( He was once a guest color commentator for a Cubs game during the 1980s . ) He was in attendance , along with fellow Cubs fans John Cusack , Eddie Vedder and Bonnie Hunt , during the Cubs ' historic Game Seven victory during the 2016 World Series . Murray is an avid Quinnipiac University basketball fan , where his son served as head of basketball operations , and he is a regular fixture at home games . He cheered courtside for the Illinois Fighting Illini 's game against the 2004 -- 05 Arizona Wildcats in the Regional Final game in Chicago . He is a fixture at home games of those teams when in his native Chicago . After traveling to Florida during the Cubs ' playoff run to help `` inspire '' the team ( Murray joked with Cubs slugger Aramis Ramírez he was very ill and needed two home runs to give him the hope to live ) , he was invited to the champagne party in the Cubs ' clubhouse when the team clinched the NL Central in late September 2007 , along with fellow actors John Cusack , Bernie Mac , James Belushi , and former Cubs player Ron Santo . Murray appears in Santo 's documentary , This Old Cub . In 2006 , Murray became the sixth recipient of Baseball Reliquary 's annual Hilda Award , established in 2001 `` to recognize distinguished service to the game by a fan . '' He sang `` Take Me Out to the Ballgame '' during a 2016 World Series game at Wrigley Field . Murray at the 70th Golden Globe Awards , January 13 , 2013 As a Chicago native , Murray appeared at the 50th annual Chicago Air & Water Show in August 2008 . He performed a tandem jump with the U.S. Army Parachute Team Golden Knights . He was the emcee for Eric Clapton 's Crossroads Guitar Festival on July 28 , 2007 , where he dressed in various guises of Clapton as he appeared through the years . He was MC again in 2010 . In 1987 , he made a sizable donation to assist in the development and building of the Nathalie Salmon House . This home has been able to provide affordable housing for low - income seniors . Michael and Lilo Salmon , the founders of Housing Opportunities and Maintenance for the Elderly ( HOME ) , have credited Murray with performing `` miracles '' for them . On - set feuds ( edit ) Murray has been known for his mood swings , leading Dan Aykroyd to refer to him as `` The Murricane '' . In the book Live from New York : An Uncensored History of Saturday Night Live , as Told By Its Stars , Writers and Guests , Chevy Chase recalls being confronted by Murray shortly before an SNL broadcast in which Chase had returned to guest host . The issue , likely to do with Chase 's insistence on doing the `` Weekend Update '' segment that had been taken over by Jane Curtin , led to Murray and Chase trading insults , with Murray telling Chase to go have sex with Jacqueline Carlin , Chase 's wife at the time , while Chase commented that Murray 's face looked `` like something Neil Armstrong had landed on . '' The argument eventually turned physical . Murray later said of the incident , `` It was an Oedipal thing , a rupture . Because we all felt mad he had left us , and somehow I was the anointed avenging angel , who had to speak for everyone . But Chevy and I are friends now . It 's all fine . '' The two later starred together in Caddyshack in 1980 . According to Den of Geek , Murray did not get along with Sean Young during the production of Stripes and has refused to work with her ever again . Murray has said in interviews that he did not get along with film director Richard Donner while filming Scrooged , stating that they would disagree with each other . Donner said of Murray : `` He 's superbly creative but occasionally difficult -- as difficult as any actor . '' Both Murray and Richard Dreyfuss have confirmed in separate interviews that they did not get along with each other during the making of What About Bob ? In addition , the film 's producer Laura Ziskin recalled having a disagreement with Murray that led to him tossing her into a lake . Ziskin confirmed in 2003 , `` Bill also threatened to throw me across the parking lot and then broke my sunglasses and threw them across the parking lot . I was furious and outraged at the time , but having produced a dozen movies , I can safely say it is not common behavior . '' Murray also had a falling out with film director and longtime collaborator Harold Ramis during the production of Groundhog Day . According to screenwriter Danny Rubin , `` They were like two brothers who were n't getting along . '' As a result , Groundhog Day ultimately served as the final film collaboration between Murray and Ramis . Murray eventually reconciled with Ramis just before Ramis ' death in February 2014 . During the making of Charlie 's Angels , it is said that Lucy Liu threw punches at Murray after he told her that she could not act . However , Murray claims that he and Liu only had an argument rather than a feud and that they have `` made peace '' since then . Murray has also denied a claim that he head - butted McG , the director of the film . Lost in Translation director Sofia Coppola said that the central scene of Scarlett Johansson and Murray lying on the bed together took multiple takes because the actors did not seem to be getting along . She eventually stopped for the day and started again the next morning . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1976 Next Stop , Greenwich Village Nick Kessel Uncredited 1979 Meatballs Tripper Harrison Nominated -- Genie Award for Best Performance by a Foreign Actor Mr. Mike 's Mondo Video Man on the Street Tarzoon : Shame of the Jungle Reporter English dub 1980 Where the Buffalo Roam Hunter S. Thompson Caddyshack Carl Spackler Loose Shoes Lefty Schwartz 1981 Stripes Pvt . John Winger 1982 Tootsie Michael Dorsey 's Room - Mate Jeff Slater 1984 Ghostbusters Dr. Peter Venkman Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nothing Lasts Forever Ted Breughel B.C. Rock The Dragon English dub Uncredited The Razor 's Edge Larry Darrell Also writer 1986 Little Shop of Horrors Arthur Denton 1988 She 's Having a Baby Himself Uncredited cameo Scrooged Francis Xavier `` Frank '' Cross Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Actor Ghostbusters II Peter Venkman Quick Change Grimm Also co-director and producer 1991 What About Bob ? Bob Wiley Nominated -- MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance 1993 Groundhog Day Phil Connors Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Actor Nominated -- MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance Mad Dog and Glory Frank Milo Ed Wood Bunny Breckinridge Kingpin Ernie McCracken Larger than Life Jack Corcoran Space Jam Himself The Man Who Knew Too Little Wallace Ritchie 1998 Wild Things Kenneth Bowden Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor With Friends Like These ... Maurice Melnick Rushmore Herman Blume American Comedy Award for Funniest Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture Nominated -- Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture 1999 Cradle Will Rock Tommy Crickshaw Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture 2000 Charlie 's Angels John Bosley Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Supporting Actor -- Action Hamlet Polonius Osmosis Jones Frank Detorre Speaking of Sex Ezri Stovall The Royal Tenenbaums Raleigh St. Clair Nominated -- Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast 2003 Lost in Translation Bob Harris BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Independent Spirit Award for Best Lead Male International Cinephile Society Award for Best Actor Iowa Film Critics Award for Best Actor Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor New York Film Critics Online Award for Best Actor Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor San Francisco Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor Satellite Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Seattle Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Southeastern Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association for Best Actor Nominated -- Academy Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Awards Circuit Community Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Internet Entertainment Writers Association Awards for Favorite Actor in a Leading Role Nominated -- Irish Film and Television Award for Best International Actor Nominated -- London Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor Nominated -- MTV Movie Award for Best Performance - Male Nominated -- Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Nominated -- Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor 2003 Coffee and Cigarettes Himself / Waiter Segment : `` Delirium '' Garfield : The Movie Garfield Voice The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou Steve Zissou Nominated -- Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy 2005 Broken Flowers Don Johnston Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy The Lost City The Writer 2006 Garfield : A Tail of Two Kitties Garfield Voice 2007 The Darjeeling Limited The Businessman Cameo 2008 Get Smart Agent 13 City of Ember Mayor Cole 2009 The Limits of Control American Fantastic Mr. Fox Clive Badger Voice Zombieland Himself Scream Award for Best Ensemble Scream Award for Best Cameo Nominated -- Detroit Film Critics Society for Best Ensemble Nominated -- MTV Movie Award for Best WTF Moment Get Low Frank Quinn Nominated -- Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated -- Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated -- Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture 2011 Passion Play Happy Shannon 2012 Moonrise Kingdom Mr. Bishop Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast 2nd place -- Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cast 2nd place -- Southeastern Film Critics Association Award for Best Ensemble Nominated -- Gotham Award for Best Ensemble Cast A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III Saul Hyde Park on Hudson Franklin D. Roosevelt Nominated -- Detroit Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy 2014 The Monuments Men Sgt . Richard Campbell The Grand Budapest Hotel M. Ivan Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture St. Vincent Vincent MacKenna Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated -- Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor in a Comedy Dumb and Dumber To Ice Pick Cameo 2015 Aloha Carson Welch Rock the Kasbah Richie Lanz 2016 The Jungle Book Baloo Voice Nominated -- People 's Choice Awards for Favorite Animated Movie Voice Ghostbusters Martin Heiss 2018 Isle of Dogs Boss Voice Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1976 -- 1980 Saturday Night Live Various roles 70 episodes ; also writer Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Program ( 1977 ) Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Series ( 1979 ) 1978 All You Need Is Cash Murray the K 1981 Saturday Night Live Himself ( host ) 2 episodes 1982 Second City Television Various roles Episode : `` Days of the Week , The / Street Beef '' Square Pegs Teacher Episode : `` No Substitutions '' Saturday Night Live Himself ( host ) Episode : `` Bill Murray / Percy Sledge '' 1993 Episode : `` Bill Murray / Sting '' 1999 Episode : `` Bill Murray / Lucinda Williams '' 1999 Himself Episode : `` 25th Anniversary Special '' 2013 -- 2014 Alpha House Senator Vernon Smits 3 episodes 2014 Olive Kitteridge Jack Kennison 2 episodes Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Movie / Miniseries Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or a Movie Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film 2015 Saturday Night Live Himself Episode : `` 40th Anniversary Special '' Parks and Recreation Mayor Walter Gunderson Episode : `` Two Funerals '' A Very Murray Christmas Himself Television film ; also writer and executive producer Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie 2016 Angie Tribeca Vic Deakins Episode : `` Tribeca 's Day Off '' Vice Principals Principal Welles Episode : `` The Principal '' 2017 -- present Bill Murray & Brian Doyle - Murray 's Extra Innings Himself ( co-host ) 10 episodes 2018 Saturday Night Live Steve Bannon Episode : `` Sam Rockwell / Halsey '' Radio ( edit ) Year Title Voice role 1973 -- 1974 The National Lampoon Radio Hour Various roles Fantastic Four Human Torch / Johnny Storm Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role 2009 Ghostbusters : The Video Game Dr. Peter Venkman 2015 Lego Dimensions ( archival material ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bill Murray . Cookcountyclerk.com ^ Jump up to : McGlone , Peggy ( October 23 , 2016 ) . `` Bill Murray accepts Mark Twain Prize : ' As much as I dreaded this ... there 's love ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Jonathan ( 30 October 2015 ) . `` Will Bill Murray ever make another good movie ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Murray profile '' . Film Reference . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2007 . Retrieved November 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Murray Family Tree '' . Ancestry.com . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2007 . Retrieved November 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Elder , Sean . `` Brilliant Careers : Bill Murray '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2008 . Retrieved November 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Murray 's Sister to Portray Saint at Local Churches '' , The Macomb Daily , May 13 , 2010 ; retrieved on June 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : White , Timothy ( November 20 , 1988 ) . `` The Rumpled Anarchy of Bill Murray '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bill Murray profile at Yahoo ! Movies Archived January 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Murray , Bill ; Peper , George ( 1999 ) . Cinderella Story : My Life in Golf . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 49571 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Regis University dropout Bill Murray earns stripes with honorary degree '' . The Denver Post . July 17 , 2007 . Retrieved March 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Chase , Chris ( July 3 , 1981 ) . `` Bill Murray , A Black Sheep Now in Stripes '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Carr , Jay ( November 20 , 1988 ) . `` Bill Murray 's Somber Side '' . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Crouch , Ian ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` The Nine Lives of `` Saturday Night Live '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved December 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bill Murray on IMDb Jump up ^ Radner , Gilda ( 1989 ) . It 's Always Something . New York : Simon & Schuster . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` David Letterman 's Final Guest Is Bill Murray '' . TIME . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fierman , Dan ( August 2010 ) . `` Bill Murray Is Ready To See You Now '' . GQ . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Film Awards & Nominations '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2008 . Retrieved November 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Murray Is Ready To See You Now '' . GQ . August 2010 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Murray biography page '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Murray Will Sing The Jungle Book 's Best Song '' . cinemablend.com . December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( August 9 , 2015 ) . `` Bill Murray to appear in new ' Ghostbusters ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Round and Round We Go -- More From Bill Murray on Ghostbusters 3 '' . Jump up ^ `` Fans Convince Murray to Do Third ' Ghostbusters ' ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Bill Murray Talks Ghostbusters 3 on Letterman '' . ShockTilYouDrop . CraveOnline . March 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2010 . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Murray Bros. Caddyshack Restaurant '' . Murraybroscaddyshack.com . February 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2010 . Retrieved March 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Murray 's Baseball Summer : An Oral History '' . FoxSports.com . Jump up ^ `` Murray 's Baseball Reference page '' . Baseball Reference . Jump up ^ `` St. Paul Saints ownership '' . Saintsbaseball.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Rick ( June 22 , 2012 ) . `` Yep , here 's Bill Murray and the Miller High Life guy at a home run derby on an aircraft carrier '' . Off the Bench . NBCSports.com . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hill , Lauren ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Bill Murray Partied Here '' . styleweekly.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Levensen , Michael ( October 26 , 2006 ) . `` A whiff of scandal bruises Brockton , team ; Rox official accused of misusing funds '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kravitz , Bob ( August 11 , 1985 ) . `` Yes , Utica . It 's Not The Big Apple , But Brett Does n't Take Managing Lightly '' . Pittsburgh Press . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Waddell , Ted ( September 5 , 2000 ) . `` What 's Next for Cougars ? '' . Sullivan County Democrat . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Benson , Lee ( April 21 , 1990 ) . `` Stung Once By Pro Soccer , S.L. Tries Again '' . DeseretNews.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Haglund , David . `` Bill Murray Inducted into South Atlantic League Hall of Fame '' . Slate.com . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How we work : Bill Murray , actor '' . rodcorp . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Heritage , Stuart ( September 10 , 2010 ) . `` Bill Murray is 60 ! Celebrate with 60 Bill Murray facts '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` The Lost Roles of Bill Murray '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Farr , John ( November 11 , 2014 ) ( Sep 19 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Murray and the Roles That Got Away '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Locke , Greg W. ( August 26 , 2011 ) . `` The Top 25 Roles Bill Murray Did n't Take '' . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bill Murray Interview ; The Talks Jump up ^ Kurutz , Steven ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` The Peculiar Ascent of Bill Murray to Secular Saint '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Burnett III , Zaron ( Oct 13 , 2014 ) . `` Why the Internet is obsessed with Bill Murray '' . The Daily Dot . Jump up ^ `` New Xavier assistant Luke Murray 's biggest recruiting advantage ? His dad was in Space Jam -- For The Win '' . For The Win . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lourim , Jake ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` University of Louisville announces full men 's basketball coaching staff '' . Courier Journal . Louisville , KY . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin , Annie ( 10 October 2014 ) . `` Bill Murray says he is single but not lonely '' . United Press International . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Murray sued for divorce '' . The Post and Courier . Charleston , South Carolina : Charleston.net . May 29 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2010 . Retrieved March 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Murray 's divorce is finalized '' . USA Today . June 26 , 2008 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schnakenberg , Robert ( 2015 ) . `` The Big Bad Book of Bill Murray : A Critical Appreciation of the World 's Finest Actor '' . Quirk Books . ISBN 9781594748226 . Jump up ^ https://yournorthcounty.com/celebrities-that-live-in-san-diego-north-county/ Jump up ^ `` Under ( one ) Hot Tin Roof '' . Martha 's Vineyard Magazine . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Murray : Funny , crazy and sweet '' . MondoStars . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2007 . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rent for Bill Murray 's former Village pad drops by $2 K '' . The Real Deal . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chen , David W. ( October 15 , 2000 ) . `` THE 2000 CAMPAIGN : THE GREEN PARTY ; In Nader Supporters ' Math , Gore Equals Bush '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Murray 's Federal Campaign Contribution Report '' . Newsmeat.com . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 9 Things We Love About Bill Murray '' . back9network.com . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wine , Steven ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Comedian Bill Murray lightens Cubs ' mood -- at least briefly '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved September 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Keller , Tom ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Murray visits with Cubs prior to finale '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved November 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hilda Award recipients '' . Baseball Reliquary . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Reliquary -- Hilda Award '' . Baseball Reliquary . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCluskey , Megan . `` Bill Murray Is Singing ' Take Me Out to the Ballgame ' at the World Series '' . Time . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Murray to parachute at Chicago Air & Water Show '' . Chicago Tribune . July 21 , 2008 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( 27 August 2013 ) . `` Bill Murray : Curious case of Hollywood 's white whale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Read , Max ( April 5 , 2012 ) . `` He 's Not Chevy , He 's an Asshole : A History of Chevy Chase 's Horrific Behavior '' . Gawker . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Semlyen , Nick ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Bill Murray On Fighting Chevy Chase '' . Empire . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( 27 September 2013 ) . `` 14 Co-stars Who Really Did n't Get Along '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 13 , 1990 ) . `` BILL MURRAY , `` QUICK CHANGE '' ARTIST `` . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Meyers , Kate ( March 19 , 1993 ) . `` A Bill Murray filmography '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mullins , Jenna ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` NEWS / 56 Facts You May Not Know About Your Favorite Holiday Films '' . E ! News . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Puskar , Susan ( December 18 , 1988 ) . `` Bill Murray is a creep in the role of ' Scrooge ' '' . The Blade . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rabin , Nathan ( October 8 , 2009 ) . `` Richard Dreyfuss '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brownfield , Paul ( 29 February 2004 ) . `` What about Bill ? ( Page 2 of 4 ) '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Horn , John ; Goldstein , Patrick ( 5 October 2003 ) . `` Even on loose sets , barbarian behavior rare '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Horn , John ; Goldstein , Patrick ( 5 October 2003 ) . `` Even on loose sets , barbarian behavior rare ( Page 2 of 2 ) '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Gregory . `` How Groundhog Day Ruined Bill Murray And Harold Ramis ' Partnership '' . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Friend , Tad ( January 7 , 2009 ) . `` Annals of Hollywood : Comedy First '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Steve . `` Harold Ramis Film '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Harold Ramis and Bill Murray : Inside The ' Groundhog Day ' Duo 's Decade - Long Feud '' . TheWrap . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Famous co-stars who absolutely hated each other '' . News.com.au . November 4 , 2014 . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Steven ( September 11 , 2003 ) . `` Bill Murray Explains That His Feud With Lucy Liu Never Even Occurred '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( October 20 , 2009 ) . `` Bill Murray says ' Charlie 's Angels ' director ' deserves to die ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marlow Stern `` Sofia Coppola Discusses Lost in Translation on its 10th anniversary '' The Daily Beast https://www.thedailybeast.com/sofia-coppola-discusses-lost-in-translation-on-its-10th-anniversary Jump up ^ `` Most Popular E-mail Newsletter '' . USA Today . November 2 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutBill Murrayat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Bill Murray on Box Office Mojo Bill Murray at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Bill Murray on IMDb Bill Murray at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Bill Murray at AllMovie `` Bill Murray collected news and commentary '' . The Guardian . Bill Murray on NETFLIX Career statistics and player information from Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) Media offices Preceded by Jane Curtin and Dan Aykroyd Weekend Update anchor ( with Jane Curtin ) 1978 -- 1980 Succeeded by Charles Rocket Preceded by Lorenzo Music Voice of Garfield 2004 -- 2006 Succeeded by Frank Welker Biography portal Comedy portal Illinois portal Film portal Television portal Drama portal Theatre portal Awards for Bill Murray BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role 1952 -- 1967 Ralph Richardson British , Marlon Brando Foreign ( 1952 ) John Gielgud British , Marlon Brando Foreign ( 1953 ) Kenneth More British , Marlon Brando Foreign ( 1954 ) Laurence Olivier British , Ernest Borgnine Foreign ( 1955 ) Peter Finch British , François Périer Foreign ( 1956 ) Alec Guinness British , Henry Fonda Foreign ( 1957 ) Trevor Howard British , Sidney Poitier Foreign ( 1958 ) Peter Sellers British , Jack Lemmon Foreign ( 1959 ) Peter Finch British , Jack Lemmon Foreign ( 1960 ) Peter Finch British , Paul Newman Foreign ( 1961 ) Peter O'Toole British , Burt Lancaster Foreign ( 1962 ) Dirk Bogarde British , Marcello Mastroianni Foreign ( 1963 ) Richard Attenborough British , Marcello Mastroianni Foreign ( 1964 ) Dirk Bogarde British , Lee Marvin Foreign ( 1965 ) Richard Burton British , Rod Steiger Foreign ( 1966 ) Paul Scofield British , Rod Steiger Foreign ( 1967 ) 1968 -- present Spencer Tracy ( 1968 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1969 ) Robert Redford ( 1970 ) Peter Finch ( 1971 ) Gene Hackman ( 1972 ) Walter Matthau ( 1973 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1974 ) Al Pacino ( 1975 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1976 ) Peter Finch ( 1977 ) Richard Dreyfuss ( 1978 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1979 ) John Hurt ( 1980 ) Burt Lancaster ( 1981 ) Ben Kingsley ( 1982 ) Michael Caine / Dustin Hoffman ( 1983 ) Haing S. Ngor ( 1984 ) William Hurt ( 1985 ) Bob Hoskins ( 1986 ) Sean Connery ( 1987 ) John Cleese ( 1988 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1989 ) Philippe Noiret ( 1990 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1991 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 1992 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1993 ) Hugh Grant ( 1994 ) Nigel Hawthorne ( 1995 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1996 ) Robert Carlyle ( 1997 ) Roberto Benigni ( 1998 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1999 ) Jamie Bell ( 2000 ) Russell Crowe ( 2001 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2002 ) Bill Murray ( 2003 ) Jamie Foxx ( 2004 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2005 ) Forest Whitaker ( 2006 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2007 ) Mickey Rourke ( 2008 ) Colin Firth ( 2009 ) Colin Firth ( 2010 ) Jean Dujardin ( 2011 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2012 ) Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 2013 ) Eddie Redmayne ( 2014 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2015 ) Casey Affleck ( 2016 ) Gary Oldman ( 2017 ) Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor Robert De Niro ( 1980 ) Burt Lancaster ( 1981 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1982 ) Eric Roberts ( 1983 ) Haing S. Ngor ( 1984 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1985 ) Bob Hoskins ( 1986 ) Albert Brooks ( 1987 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1988 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1989 ) Jeremy Irons ( 1990 ) Nick Nolte ( 1991 ) Denzel Washington ( 1992 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1993 ) Albert Finney ( 1994 ) Nicolas Cage ( 1995 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1996 ) Al Pacino ( 1997 ) Brendan Gleeson ( 1998 ) Jim Carrey ( 1999 ) Colin Farrell ( 2000 ) Brian Cox / Denzel Washington ( 2001 ) Adrien Brody ( 2002 ) Bill Murray ( 2003 ) Jamie Foxx ( 2004 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2005 ) Forest Whitaker ( 2006 ) Frank Langella ( 2007 ) Sean Penn / Mickey Rourke ( 2008 ) Jeremy Renner ( 2009 ) Jesse Eisenberg ( 2010 ) Brad Pitt ( 2011 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2012 ) Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 2013 ) Michael Keaton ( 2014 ) Paul Dano / Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2015 ) Casey Affleck ( 2016 ) Daniel Kaluuya ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Movie / Miniseries Zachary Quinto ( 2013 ) Matt Bomer ( 2014 ) Bill Murray ( 2015 ) Jesse Plemons ( 2016 ) Sterling K. Brown ( 2016 ) Alexander Skarsgård ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie Anthony Quayle ( 1975 ) Ed Flanders ( 1976 ) Burgess Meredith ( 1977 ) Howard Da Silva ( 1978 ) Marlon Brando ( 1979 ) George Grizzard ( 1980 ) David Warner ( 1981 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1982 ) Richard Kiley ( 1983 ) Art Carney ( 1984 ) Karl Malden ( 1985 ) John Malkovich ( 1986 ) Dabney Coleman ( 1987 ) John Shea ( 1988 ) Derek Jacobi ( 1989 ) Vincent Gardenia ( 1990 ) James Earl Jones ( 1991 ) Hume Cronyn ( 1992 ) Beau Bridges ( 1993 ) Michael A. Goorjian ( 1994 ) Donald Sutherland ( 1995 ) Tom Hulce ( 1996 ) Beau Bridges ( 1997 ) George C. Scott ( 1998 ) Peter O'Toole ( 1999 ) Hank Azaria ( 2000 ) Brian Cox ( 2001 ) Michael Moriarty ( 2002 ) Ben Gazzara ( 2003 ) Jeffrey Wright ( 2004 ) Paul Newman ( 2005 ) Jeremy Irons ( 2006 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2007 ) Tom Wilkinson ( 2008 ) Ken Howard ( 2009 ) David Strathairn ( 2010 ) Guy Pearce ( 2011 ) Tom Berenger ( 2012 ) James Cromwell ( 2013 ) Martin Freeman ( 2014 ) Bill Murray ( 2015 ) Sterling K. Brown ( 2016 ) Alexander Skarsgård ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series ( 1970 -- 79 ) 1970 -- 1973 Gary Belkin , Peter Bellwood , Thomas Meehan , Herb Sargent and Judith Viorst ( 1970 ) Herbert Baker , Hal Goodman , Larry Klein , Bob Schiller , Norman Steinberg , Bob Weiskopf and Flip Wilson / Bob Ellison and Marty Farrell ( 1971 ) Art Baer , Roger Beatty , Stan Burns , Stan Hart , Don Hinkley , Ben Joelson , Woody Kling , Mike Marmer , Arnie Rosen and Larry Siegel / Anne Howard Bailey ( 1972 ) Bill Angelos , Roger Beatty , Stan Hart , Robert Hilliard , Woody Kling , Arnie Kogen , Buz Kohan , Gail Parent , Tom Patchett , Larry Siegel and Jay Tarses / Joseph Bologna and Renee Taylor ( 1973 ) 1974 -- 1978 Specials Rosalyn Drexler , Ann Elder , Karyl Geld Miller , Robert Illes , Lorne Michaels , Richard Pryor , Jim Rusk , Herb Sargent , James R. Stein , Lily Tomlin , Jane Wagner , Rod Warren and George Yanok ( 1974 ) John Bradford , Cy Coleman and Bob Wells ( 1975 ) Ann Elder , Christopher Guest , Lorne Michaels , Earl Pomerantz , Jim Rusk , Lily Tomlin , Jane Wagner , Rod Warren and George Yanok ( 1976 ) Buz Kohan and Ted Strauss ( 1977 ) Chevy Chase , Tom Davis , Al Franken , Charles Grodin , Lorne Michaels , Paul Simon , Lily Tomlin and Alan Zweibel ( 1978 ) Series Roger Beatty , Gary Belkin , Dick Clair , Rudy De Luca , Arnie Kogen , Barry Harman , Barry Levinson , Jenna McMahon , Gene Perret , Bill Richmond and Ed Simmons ( 1974 ) Roger Beatty , Gary Belkin , Dick Clair , Rudy De Luca , Arnie Kogen , Barry Levinson , Jenna McMahon , Gene Perret , Bill Richmond and Ed Simmons ( 1975 ) Anne Beatts , Chevy Chase , Tom Davis , Al Franken , Lorne Michaels , Marilyn Suzanne Miller , Michael O'Donoghue , Herb Sargent , Tom Schiller , Rosie Shuster and Alan Zweibel ( 1976 ) Dan Aykroyd , John Belushi , Tom Davis , James Downey , Al Franken , Lorne Michaels , Marilyn Suzanne Miller , Bill Murray , Michael O'Donoghue , Herb Sargent , Tom Schiller , Rosie Shuster and Alan Zweibel ( 1977 ) Roger Beatty , Dick Clair , Tim Conway , Rick Hawkins , Robert Illes , Jenna McMahon , Gene Perret , Bill Richmond , Liz Sage , Larry Siegel , Franelle Silver , Ed Simmons and James Stein ( 1978 ) 1979 Alan Alda ( 1979 ) Complete list ( 1957 -- 1969 ) ( 1970 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1989 ) ( 1990 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy 1950 -- 1975 Fred Astaire ( 1950 ) Danny Kaye ( 1951 ) Donald O'Connor ( 1952 ) David Niven ( 1953 ) James Mason ( 1954 ) Tom Ewell ( 1955 ) Mario Moreno ( 1956 ) Frank Sinatra ( 1957 ) Danny Kaye ( 1958 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1959 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1960 ) Glenn Ford ( 1961 ) Marcello Mastroianni ( 1962 ) Alberto Sordi ( 1963 ) Rex Harrison ( 1964 ) Lee Marvin ( 1965 ) Alan Arkin ( 1966 ) Richard Harris ( 1967 ) Ron Moody ( 1968 ) Peter O'Toole ( 1969 ) Albert Finney ( 1970 ) Chaim Topol ( 1971 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1972 ) George Segal ( 1973 ) Art Carney ( 1974 ) Walter Matthau / George Burns ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Kris Kristofferson ( 1976 ) Richard Dreyfuss ( 1977 ) Warren Beatty ( 1978 ) Peter Sellers ( 1979 ) Ray Sharkey ( 1980 ) Dudley Moore ( 1981 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1982 ) Michael Caine ( 1983 ) Dudley Moore ( 1984 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1985 ) Paul Hogan ( 1986 ) Robin Williams ( 1987 ) Tom Hanks ( 1988 ) Morgan Freeman ( 1989 ) Gérard Depardieu ( 1990 ) Robin Williams ( 1991 ) Tim Robbins ( 1992 ) Robin Williams ( 1993 ) Hugh Grant ( 1994 ) John Travolta ( 1995 ) Tom Cruise ( 1996 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1997 ) Michael Caine ( 1998 ) Jim Carrey ( 1999 ) George Clooney ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Gene Hackman ( 2001 ) Richard Gere ( 2002 ) Bill Murray ( 2003 ) Jamie Foxx ( 2004 ) Joaquin Phoenix ( 2005 ) Sacha Baron Cohen ( 2006 ) Johnny Depp ( 2007 ) Colin Farrell ( 2008 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2009 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2010 ) Jean Dujardin ( 2011 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2012 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2013 ) Michael Keaton ( 2014 ) Matt Damon ( 2015 ) Ryan Gosling ( 2016 ) James Franco ( 2017 ) Hasty Pudding Men of the Year Bob Hope ( 1967 ) Paul Newman ( 1968 ) Bill Cosby ( 1969 ) Robert Redford ( 1970 ) James Stewart ( 1971 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1972 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1973 ) Peter Falk ( 1974 ) Warren Beatty ( 1975 ) Robert Blake ( 1976 ) Johnny Carson ( 1977 ) Richard Dreyfuss ( 1978 ) Robert De Niro ( 1979 ) Alan Alda ( 1980 ) John Travolta ( 1981 ) James Cagney ( 1982 ) Steven Spielberg ( 1983 ) Sean Connery ( 1984 ) Bill Murray ( 1985 ) Sylvester Stallone ( 1986 ) Mikhail Baryshnikov ( 1987 ) Steve Martin ( 1988 ) Robin Williams ( 1989 ) Kevin Costner ( 1990 ) Clint Eastwood ( 1991 ) Michael Douglas ( 1992 ) Chevy Chase ( 1993 ) Tom Cruise ( 1994 ) Tom Hanks ( 1995 ) Harrison Ford ( 1996 ) Mel Gibson ( 1997 ) Kevin Kline ( 1998 ) Samuel L. Jackson ( 1999 ) Billy Crystal ( 2000 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 2001 ) Bruce Willis ( 2002 ) Martin Scorsese ( 2003 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2004 ) Tim Robbins ( 2005 ) Richard Gere ( 2006 ) Ben Stiller ( 2007 ) Christopher Walken ( 2008 ) James Franco ( 2009 ) Justin Timberlake ( 2010 ) Jay Leno ( 2011 ) Jason Segel ( 2012 ) Kiefer Sutherland ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2014 ) Chris Pratt ( 2015 ) Joseph Gordon - Levitt ( 2016 ) Ryan Reynolds ( 2017 ) Paul Rudd ( 2018 ) Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead M. Emmet Walsh ( 1985 ) James Woods ( 1986 ) Dennis Quaid ( 1987 ) Edward James Olmos ( 1988 ) Matt Dillon ( 1989 ) Danny Glover ( 1990 ) River Phoenix ( 1991 ) Harvey Keitel ( 1992 ) Jeff Bridges ( 1993 ) Samuel L. Jackson ( 1994 ) Sean Penn ( 1995 ) William H. Macy ( 1996 ) Robert Duvall ( 1997 ) Ian McKellen ( 1998 ) Richard Farnsworth ( 1999 ) Javier Bardem ( 2000 ) Tom Wilkinson ( 2001 ) Derek Luke ( 2002 ) Bill Murray ( 2003 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2004 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2005 ) Ryan Gosling ( 2006 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2007 ) Mickey Rourke ( 2008 ) Jeff Bridges ( 2009 ) James Franco ( 2010 ) Jean Dujardin ( 2011 ) John Hawkes ( 2012 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2013 ) Michael Keaton ( 2014 ) Abraham Attah ( 2015 ) Casey Affleck ( 2016 ) Timothée Chalamet ( 2017 ) Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male Morgan Freeman ( 1987 ) Lou Diamond Phillips ( 1988 ) Max Perlich ( 1989 ) Bruce Davison ( 1990 ) David Strathairn ( 1991 ) Steve Buscemi ( 1992 ) Christopher Lloyd ( 1993 ) Chazz Palminteri ( 1994 ) Benicio del Toro ( 1995 ) Benicio del Toro ( 1996 ) Jason Lee ( 1997 ) Bill Murray ( 1998 ) Steve Zahn ( 1999 ) Willem Dafoe ( 2000 ) Steve Buscemi ( 2001 ) Dennis Quaid ( 2002 ) Djimon Hounsou ( 2003 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2004 ) Matt Dillon ( 2005 ) Alan Arkin ( 2006 ) Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 2007 ) James Franco ( 2008 ) Woody Harrelson ( 2009 ) John Hawkes ( 2010 ) Christopher Plummer ( 2011 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2012 ) Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Idris Elba ( 2015 ) Ben Foster ( 2016 ) Sam Rockwell ( 2017 ) Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Al Pacino ( 1975 ) Robert De Niro ( 1976 ) Richard Dreyfuss ( 1977 ) Jon Voight ( 1978 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1979 ) Robert De Niro ( 1980 ) Burt Lancaster ( 1981 ) Ben Kingsley ( 1982 ) Robert Duvall ( 1983 ) F. Murray Abraham / Albert Finney ( 1984 ) William Hurt ( 1985 ) Bob Hoskins ( 1986 ) Jack Nicholson / Steve Martin ( 1987 ) Tom Hanks ( 1988 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1989 ) Jeremy Irons ( 1990 ) Nick Nolte ( 1991 ) Clint Eastwood ( 1992 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1993 ) John Travolta ( 1994 ) Nicolas Cage ( 1995 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1996 ) Robert Duvall ( 1997 ) Ian McKellen ( 1998 ) Russell Crowe ( 1999 ) Michael Douglas ( 2000 ) Denzel Washington ( 2001 ) Daniel Day - Lewis / Jack Nicholson ( 2002 ) Bill Murray ( 2003 ) Liam Neeson ( 2004 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2005 ) Sacha Baron Cohen / Forest Whitaker ( 2006 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2007 ) Sean Penn ( 2008 ) Jeff Bridges ( 2009 ) Colin Firth ( 2010 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2011 ) Joaquin Phoenix ( 2012 ) Bruce Dern ( 2013 ) Tom Hardy ( 2014 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2015 ) Adam Driver ( 2016 ) Timothée Chalamet ( 2017 ) Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Jason Robards ( 1977 ) Robert Morley ( 1978 ) Melvyn Douglas ( 1979 ) Timothy Hutton ( 1980 ) John Gielgud ( 1981 ) John Lithgow ( 1982 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1983 ) Adolph Caesar ( 1984 ) John Gielgud ( 1985 ) Dennis Hopper ( 1986 ) Morgan Freeman ( 1987 ) Alec Guinness ( 1988 ) Danny Aiello ( 1989 ) Joe Pesci ( 1990 ) Michael Lerner ( 1991 ) Gene Hackman ( 1992 ) Tommy Lee Jones ( 1993 ) Martin Landau ( 1994 ) Don Cheadle ( 1995 ) Edward Norton ( 1996 ) Burt Reynolds ( 1997 ) Bill Murray / Billy Bob Thornton ( 1998 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1999 ) Willem Dafoe ( 2000 ) Jim Broadbent ( 2001 ) Chris Cooper ( 2002 ) Bill Nighy ( 2003 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2004 ) William Hurt ( 2005 ) Michael Sheen ( 2006 ) Vlad Ivanov ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Niels Arestrup ( 2010 ) Christopher Plummer ( 2011 ) Dwight Henry ( 2012 ) James Franco / Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Michael Shannon ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali ( 2016 ) Willem Dafoe ( 2017 ) Mark Twain Prize winners Richard Pryor ( 1998 ) Jonathan Winters ( 1999 ) Carl Reiner ( 2000 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 2001 ) Bob Newhart ( 2002 ) Lily Tomlin ( 2003 ) Lorne Michaels ( 2004 ) Steve Martin ( 2005 ) Neil Simon ( 2006 ) Billy Crystal ( 2007 ) George Carlin ( 2008 ) Bill Cosby ( 2009 ) Tina Fey ( 2010 ) Will Ferrell ( 2011 ) Ellen DeGeneres ( 2012 ) Carol Burnett ( 2013 ) Jay Leno ( 2014 ) Eddie Murphy ( 2015 ) Bill Murray ( 2016 ) David Letterman ( 2017 ) National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor Michael Caine ( 1966 ) Rod Steiger ( 1967 ) Per Oscarsson ( 1968 ) Jon Voight ( 1969 ) George C. Scott ( 1970 ) Peter Finch ( 1971 ) Al Pacino ( 1972 ) Marlon Brando ( 1973 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1974 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1975 ) Robert De Niro ( 1976 ) Art Carney ( 1977 ) Gary Busey ( 1978 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1979 ) Peter O'Toole ( 1980 ) Burt Lancaster ( 1981 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1982 ) Gérard Depardieu ( 1983 ) Steve Martin ( 1984 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1985 ) Bob Hoskins ( 1986 ) Steve Martin ( 1987 ) Michael Keaton ( 1988 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1989 ) Jeremy Irons ( 1990 ) River Phoenix ( 1991 ) Stephen Rea ( 1992 ) David Thewlis ( 1993 ) Paul Newman ( 1994 ) Nicolas Cage ( 1995 ) Eddie Murphy ( 1996 ) Robert Duvall ( 1997 ) Nick Nolte ( 1998 ) Russell Crowe ( 1999 ) Javier Bardem ( 2000 ) Gene Hackman ( 2001 ) Adrien Brody ( 2002 ) Bill Murray ( 2003 ) Jamie Foxx ( 2004 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2005 ) Forest Whitaker ( 2006 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2007 ) Sean Penn ( 2008 ) Jeremy Renner ( 2009 ) Jesse Eisenberg ( 2010 ) Brad Pitt ( 2011 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2012 ) Oscar Isaac ( 2013 ) Timothy Spall ( 2014 ) Michael B. Jordan ( 2015 ) Casey Affleck ( 2016 ) Daniel Kaluuya ( 2017 ) National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor Gene Hackman ( 1967 ) Seymour Cassel ( 1968 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1969 ) Chief Dan George ( 1970 ) Bruce Dern ( 1971 ) Eddie Albert / Joel Grey ( 1972 ) Robert De Niro ( 1973 ) Holger Löwenadler ( 1974 ) Henry Gibson ( 1975 ) Jason Robards ( 1976 ) Edward Fox ( 1977 ) Richard Farnsworth / Robert Morley ( 1978 ) Frederic Forrest ( 1979 ) Joe Pesci ( 1980 ) Robert Preston ( 1981 ) Mickey Rourke ( 1982 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1983 ) John Malkovich ( 1984 ) John Gielgud ( 1985 ) Dennis Hopper ( 1986 ) Morgan Freeman ( 1987 ) Dean Stockwell ( 1988 ) Beau Bridges ( 1989 ) Bruce Davison ( 1990 ) Harvey Keitel ( 1991 ) Gene Hackman ( 1992 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1993 ) Martin Landau ( 1994 ) Don Cheadle ( 1995 ) Martin Donovan / Tony Shalhoub ( 1996 ) Burt Reynolds ( 1997 ) Bill Murray ( 1998 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1999 ) Benicio del Toro ( 2000 ) Steve Buscemi ( 2001 ) Christopher Walken ( 2002 ) Peter Sarsgaard ( 2003 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2004 ) Ed Harris ( 2005 ) Mark Wahlberg ( 2006 ) Casey Affleck ( 2007 ) Eddie Marsan ( 2008 ) Paul Schneider / Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2010 ) Albert Brooks ( 2011 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2012 ) James Franco ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Mark Rylance ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali ( 2016 ) Willem Dafoe ( 2017 ) New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor Charles Laughton ( 1935 ) Walter Huston ( 1936 ) Paul Muni ( 1937 ) James Cagney ( 1938 ) James Stewart ( 1939 ) Charlie Chaplin ( 1940 ) Gary Cooper ( 1941 ) James Cagney ( 1942 ) Paul Lukas ( 1943 ) Barry Fitzgerald ( 1944 ) Ray Milland ( 1945 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1946 ) William Powell ( 1947 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1948 ) Broderick Crawford ( 1949 ) Gregory Peck ( 1950 ) Arthur Kennedy ( 1951 ) Ralph Richardson ( 1952 ) Burt Lancaster ( 1953 ) Marlon Brando ( 1954 ) Ernest Borgnine ( 1955 ) Kirk Douglas ( 1956 ) Alec Guinness ( 1957 ) David Niven ( 1958 ) James Stewart ( 1959 ) Burt Lancaster ( 1960 ) Maximilian Schell ( 1961 ) No award ( 1962 ) Albert Finney ( 1963 ) Rex Harrison ( 1964 ) Oskar Werner ( 1965 ) Paul Scofield ( 1966 ) Rod Steiger ( 1967 ) Alan Arkin ( 1968 ) Jon Voight ( 1969 ) George C. Scott ( 1970 ) Gene Hackman ( 1971 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1972 ) Marlon Brando ( 1973 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1974 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1975 ) Robert De Niro ( 1976 ) John Gielgud ( 1977 ) Jon Voight ( 1978 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1979 ) Robert De Niro ( 1980 ) Burt Lancaster ( 1981 ) Ben Kingsley ( 1982 ) Robert Duvall ( 1983 ) Steve Martin ( 1984 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1985 ) Bob Hoskins ( 1986 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1987 ) Jeremy Irons ( 1988 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1989 ) Robert De Niro ( 1990 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1991 ) Denzel Washington ( 1992 ) David Thewlis ( 1993 ) Paul Newman ( 1994 ) Nicolas Cage ( 1995 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1996 ) Peter Fonda ( 1997 ) Nick Nolte ( 1998 ) Richard Farnsworth ( 1999 ) Tom Hanks ( 2000 ) Tom Wilkinson ( 2001 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2002 ) Bill Murray ( 2003 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2004 ) Heath Ledger ( 2005 ) Forest Whitaker ( 2006 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2007 ) Sean Penn ( 2008 ) George Clooney ( 2009 ) Colin Firth ( 2010 ) Brad Pitt ( 2011 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2012 ) Robert Redford ( 2013 ) Timothy Spall ( 2014 ) Michael Keaton ( 2015 ) Casey Affleck ( 2016 ) Timothée Chalamet ( 2017 ) New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor Jack Nicholson ( 1969 ) Chief Dan George ( 1970 ) Ben Johnson ( 1971 ) Robert Duvall ( 1972 ) Robert De Niro ( 1973 ) Charles Boyer ( 1974 ) Alan Arkin ( 1975 ) Jason Robards ( 1976 ) Maximilian Schell ( 1977 ) Christopher Walken ( 1978 ) Melvyn Douglas ( 1979 ) Joe Pesci ( 1980 ) John Gielgud ( 1981 ) John Lithgow ( 1982 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1983 ) Ralph Richardson ( 1984 ) Klaus Maria Brandauer ( 1985 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1986 ) Morgan Freeman ( 1987 ) Dean Stockwell ( 1988 ) Alan Alda ( 1989 ) Bruce Davison ( 1990 ) Samuel L. Jackson ( 1991 ) Gene Hackman ( 1992 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1993 ) Martin Landau ( 1994 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1995 ) Harry Belafonte ( 1996 ) Burt Reynolds ( 1997 ) Bill Murray ( 1998 ) John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Benicio del Toro ( 2000 ) Steve Buscemi ( 2001 ) Dennis Quaid ( 2002 ) Eugene Levy ( 2003 ) Clive Owen ( 2004 ) William Hurt ( 2005 ) Jackie Earle Haley ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Josh Brolin ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Mark Ruffalo ( 2010 ) Albert Brooks ( 2011 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2012 ) Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Mark Rylance ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali ( 2016 ) Willem Dafoe ( 2017 ) Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( 1996 -- 2010 , retired ) Tom Cruise ( 1996 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1997 ) Ian Bannen ( 1998 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 1999 ) Michael Douglas ( 2000 ) Ewan McGregor ( 2001 ) Kieran Culkin ( 2002 ) Bill Murray ( 2003 ) Jamie Foxx ( 2004 ) Terrence Howard ( 2005 ) Joseph Cross ( 2006 ) Ryan Gosling ( 2007 ) Ricky Gervais ( 2008 ) Michael Stuhlbarg ( 2009 ) Michael Cera ( 2010 ) Motion Picture Drama ( 1996 -- 2010 , retired ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1996 ) Robert Duvall ( 1997 ) Edward Norton ( 1998 ) Terence Stamp ( 1999 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2000 ) Brian Cox ( 2001 ) Michael Caine / Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2002 ) Sean Penn ( 2003 ) Don Cheadle ( 2004 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2005 ) Forest Whitaker ( 2006 ) Viggo Mortensen ( 2007 ) Richard Jenkins ( 2008 ) Jeremy Renner ( 2009 ) Colin Firth ( 2010 ) Motion Picture ( 2011 -- present ) Ryan Gosling ( 2011 ) Bradley Cooper ( 2012 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2013 ) Michael Keaton ( 2014 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2015 ) Andrew Garfield / Viggo Mortensen ( 2016 ) Gary Oldman / Harry Dean Stanton ( 2017 ) Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( 1996 -- 2005 , retired ) Cuba Gooding Jr. ( 1996 ) Rupert Everett ( 1997 ) Bill Murray ( 1998 ) William H. Macy ( 1999 ) Willem Dafoe ( 2000 ) Jim Broadbent ( 2001 ) Michael Constantine ( 2002 ) Eugene Levy ( 2003 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2004 ) Val Kilmer ( 2005 ) Motion Picture Drama ( 1996 -- 2005 , retired ) Armin Mueller - Stahl ( 1996 ) Burt Reynolds ( 1997 ) Donald Sutherland ( 1998 ) Harry Lennix ( 1999 ) Bruce Greenwood ( 2000 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2001 ) Dennis Haysbert ( 2002 ) Djimon Hounsou ( 2003 ) Christopher Walken ( 2004 ) Danny Huston ( 2005 ) Motion Picture ( 2006 -- present ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2006 ) Casey Affleck / Tom Wilkinson ( 2007 ) Michael Shannon ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Albert Brooks ( 2011 ) Javier Bardem ( 2012 ) Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K. 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any region of spontaneous firing other than the sa node is

Sinoatrial node

sinoatrial node

The sinoatrial node ( SA node ) , also known as sinus node , is a group of cells located in the wall of the right atrium of the heart . These cells have the ability to spontaneously produce an electrical impulse ( action potential ; see below for more details ) , that travels through the heart via the electrical conduction system ( see figure 1 ) causing it to contract . In a healthy heart , the SA node continuously produces action potential , setting the rhythm of the heart and so is known as the heart 's natural pacemaker . The rate of action potential production ( and therefore the heart rate ) is influenced by nerves that supply it .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Location 1.2 Microanatomy 1.3 Blood supply 1.4 Venous drainage 2 Function 2.1 Pacemaking 3 Nerve supply 4 Clinical significance 5 History 6 Additional images 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) The sinoatrial node is a banana - shaped structure that varies in size , usually between 10 - 30 millimeters ( mm ) long , 5 -- 7 mm wide , and 1 -- 2 mm deep . Location ( edit ) The SA node is located in the wall ( myocardium ) of the right atrium , laterally to the entrance of the superior vena cava in a region called the sinus venarum ( hence sino - + atrial ) . It is positioned roughly between a groove called the crista terminalis located on the internal surface of the heart and the corresponding sulcus terminalis , on the external surface . These grooves run between the entrance of the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava . Microanatomy ( edit ) Figure 2 : Low magnification stained image of the SA node ( center - right on image ) and its surrounding tissue . The SA node surrounds the sinoatrial nodal artery , seen as the open lumen . Cardiac muscle cells of the right atrium can be seen to the left of the node , and fat tissue to the right . The cells of the SA node are spread out within a mesh of connective tissue , containing nerves , blood vessels , collagen and fat . Immediately surrounding the SA node cells , are paranodal cells . These cells have structures intermediate between that of the SA node cells and the rest of the atrium . The connective tissue , along with the paranodal cells insulate the SA node from the rest of the atrium , preventing the electrical activity of the atrial cells from affecting the SA node cells . The SA node cells are smaller and paler than the surrounding atrial cells , with the average cell being around 8 micrometers in diameter and 20 - 30 micrometers in length ( 1 micrometer = 0.000001 meter ) . Unlike the atrial cells , SA node cells contain fewer mitochondria ( the power plant of the cell ) , fewer myofibers ( the contractile machinery of the cell ) , and a smaller sarcoplasmic reticulum ( a calcium storage organelle that releases calcium for contraction ) . This means that the SA node cells are less equipped to contract compared to the atrial and ventricular cells . Action potentials pass from one cardiac cell to the next through pores known as gap junctions . These gap junctions are made of proteins called connexins . There are fewer gap junctions within the SA node and they are smaller in size . This is again important in insulating the SA node from the surrounding atrial cells . Blood supply ( edit ) The sinoatrial node receives its blood supply from the sinoatrial nodal artery . This blood supply , however , can differ hugely between individuals . For example , in most humans , this is a single artery , although in some cases there have been either 2 or 3 sinoatrial node arteries supplying the SA node . Also , the SA node artery , mainly originates as a branch of the right coronary artery , however in some individuals , it has arisen from the circumflex artery , which is a branch of the left coronary artery . Finally , the SA node artery commonly passes behind the superior vena cava , before reaching the SA node , however in some instances it passes in front . Despite these many differences , there does n't appear to be any advantage how many sinoatrial nodal arteries an individual has , or where they originate from Venous drainage ( edit ) There are no large veins that drain blood away from the SA node . Instead , smaller venules drain the blood directly into the right atrium . Function ( edit ) Pacemaking ( edit ) See also : Cardiac pacemaker The main role of a sinoatrial node cell is to initiate action potentials , so that it can pass throughout the heart and cause contraction . An action potential is a change in voltage ( membrane potential ) across the membrane of the cell , produced by the movement of charged atoms ( ions ) . Non-pacemaker cells ( including the ventricular and atrial cells ) have a period , immediately after an action potential , where the membrane potential remains relatively constant ; this is known as a resting membrane potential . This resting phase ( see cardiac action potential , phase 4 ) ends when another action potential reaches the cell . This produces a positive change in membrane potential ( known as depolarisation ) , which initiates the start of the next action potential . Pacemaker cells , however , do n't have this resting phase . Instead , immediately after one action potential , the membrane potential of these cells begins to depolarise again automatically , this is known as the pacemaker potential . Once the pacemaker potential reaches a set value , known as the threshold value , it then produces an action potential . Other cells within the heart ( including the purkinje fibers and atrioventricular node ; AVN ) can also initiate action potentials ; however , they do so at a slower rate and therefore , if the SA node is working , it usually beats the AVN to it . Outlined below are the 3 phases of a sinoatrial node action potential . In the ventricular action potential , there are 5 phases ( labelled 0 - 4 ) , however pacemaker action potentials do n't have an obvious phase 1 or 2 . Phase 4 Figure 3 : Sinoatrial node action potential waveform , outlining major ion currents involved ( downward deflection indicates ions moving into the cell , upwards deflection indicates ions flowing out of the cell ) . This phase is also known as the pacemaker potential . Immediately following an action potential , when the membrane potential is very negative ( it is hyperpolarised ) the voltage slowly begins to increase . This is initially due to the closing of potassium channels , which reduces the flow of potassium ions ( I ) out of the cell ( see phase 3 , below ) . Alongside the deactivation of the potassium channels , channels known as hyperpolarisation - activated cyclic nucleotide -- gated ( HCN ) channels , are activated . Activation of these channels at very negative membrane potential is an unusual property for ion channels , therefore the flow of sodium ( Na ) and some potassium ( K ) through the activated HCN channel is referred to as a funny current ( I ) . This funny current causes the membrane potential of the cell to gradually increase , as the positive charge ( Na and K ) is flowing into the cell . Another mechanism involved in pacemaker potential is known as the calcium clock . Here , calcium is released spontaneously from the sarcoplasmic reticulum ( a calcium store ) into the cell , this is known as a spontaneous Ca spark . This in - crease in calcium within the cell then activates a sodium - calcium exchanger ( NCX ) , which removes one Ca from the cell , and exchanges it for 3 Na into the cell ( therefore removing a charge of + 2 from the cell , but allowing a charge of + 3 to enter the cell ) therefore in - creasing the membrane potential . The calcium is later pumped back into the cell via calcium channels located on the cell membrane and SR membrane . The increase in membrane potential produced by these mechanisms , activates T - type calcium channels and then L - type calcium channels ( which open very slowly ) . These channels allow a flow of calcium ions ( Ca ) into the cell , making the membrane potential more positive . Phase 0 This is the depolarisation phase . When the membrane potential reaches a threshold value ( around - 20 to - 50 mV ) , it begins to rapidly depolarise ( become more positive ) . This is mainly due to the flow of Ca through the L - type calcium channels , which are now fully open . During this stage the T - type calcium channels and HCN channels deactivate . Phase 3 This phase is the repolarisation phase . This occurs due to the inactivation of the L - type calcium channels ( preventing the movement of Ca into the cell ) , and the activation of potassium channels , which allows the flow of K out of the cell , making the membrane potential more negative . Nerve supply ( edit ) Heart rate depends on the rate at which the sinoatrial node produces action potentials . At rest , heart rate is between 60 and 100 beats per minute . This is a result of the activity of two sets of nerves , one acting to slow down action potential production ( these are parasympathetic nerves ) and the other acting to speed up action potential production ( sympathetic nerves ) . The sympathetic nerves begin in the thoracic region of the spinal cord ( in particular T1 - T4 ) . These nerves release a neurotransmitter called noradrenaline ( NA ) . This binds to a receptor on the SA node membrane , called a beta - 1adrenoceptor . Binding of NA to this receptor activates a G - protein ( in particular a G - Protein , S for stimulatory ) which initiates a series of reactions ( known as the cAMP pathway ) that results in the production of a molecule called cyclic adenosinemonophosphate ( cAMP ) . This cAMP binds to the HCN channel ( see above ) . Binding of cAMP to the HCN , increases the flow of Na and K into the cell , speeding up the pacemaker potential , so producing action potentials at a quicker rate , and increasing heart rate . An increase in heart rate is known as positive chronotropy . The parasympathetic nerves supplying the SA node ( in particular the Vagus nerves ) originate in the brain . These nerves release a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine ( ACh ) . ACh binds to a receptor called an M2 muscarinic receptor , located on the SA node membrane . Activation of this M2 receptor , then activates a protein called a G - protein ( in particular G protein , i for inhibitory ) . Activation of this G - protein , blocks the cAMP pathway , reducing its effects , therefore inhibiting sympathetic activity and slowing action potential production . As well as this , the G - protein also activates a potassium channel , which allows K to flow out of the cell , making the membrane potential more negative and slowing the pacemaker potential , therefore decreasing the rate of action potential production and therefore decreasing heart rate . A decrease in heart rate is known as negative chronotropy . The first cell to produce the action potential in the SA node is n't always the same , this is known as pacemaker shift . In certain species of animals , for example , in dogs , a superior shift ( i.e. the cell that produces the fastest action potential in the SA node is higher than previously ) usually produced an increased heart rate whereas an inferior shift ( i.e. the cell producing the fastest action potential within the SA node is further down than previously ) produced a decreased heart rate . Clinical significance ( edit ) Sinus node dysfunction describes an irregular heartbeat caused by faulty electrical signals of the heart . When the heart 's sinoatrial node is defective , the heart 's rhythms become abnormal -- typically too slow or exhibiting pauses in its function or a combination , and very rarely faster than normal . Blockage of the arterial blood supply to the SA node ( most commonly due to a myocardial infarction or progressive coronary artery disease ) can therefore cause ischaemia and cell death in the SA node . This can disrupt the electrical pacemaker function of the SA node , and can result in sick sinus syndrome . If the SA node does not function , or the impulse generated in the SA node is blocked before it travels down the electrical conduction system , a group of cells further down the heart will become its pacemaker . History ( edit ) The sinoatrial node was first discovered by a young medical student , Martin Flack , in the heart of a mole , whilst his mentor , Sir Arthur Keith , was on a bicycle ride with his wife . They made the discovery in a makeshift laboratory set up in a picturesque farmhouse in Kent , England , called Mann 's Place . Their discovery was published in 1907 . Additional images ( edit ) Heart ; conduction system ( SA node labeled 1 ) Schematic representation of the atrioventricular bundle See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Cardiac pacemaker Cardiology Heart block Sinus bradycardia Sinus tachycardia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ . Keith A , Flack M. The form and nature of the muscular connections between the pri - mary divisions of the vertebrate heart . J Anat Physiol 1907 ; 41 : 172 -- 189 . Jump up ^ MONFREDI , O. , DOBRZYNSKI , H. , MONDAL , T. , BOYETT , M.R. and MORRIS , G.M. ( 2010 ) ' The anatomy and physiology of the Sinoatrial Node - A contemporary review ' , Pacing and Clinical Electro - physiology , 33 ( 11 ) , pp. 1392 -- 1406 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 8159.2010. 02838. x . Jump up ^ Csepe , Thomas A. ; Zhao , Jichao ; Hansen , Brian J. ; Li , Ning ; Sul , Lidiya V. ; Lim , Praise ; Wang , Yufeng ; Simonetti , Orlando P. ; Kilic , Ahmet ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Human Sinoatrial Node Structure : 3D Microanatomy of Sinoatrial Conduction Pathways '' . Progress in biophysics and molecular biology . 120 ( 1 - 3 ) : 164 -- 178 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pbiomolbio. 2015.12. 011 . ISSN 0079 - 6107 . PMC 4808362 . PMID 26743207 . Jump up ^ Chandler , N. , Aslanidi , O. , Buckley , D. , Inada , S. , Birchall , S. , Atkinson , A. , Kirk , D. , Monfredi , O. , Molenaar , P. , Anderson , R. , Sharma , V. , Sigg , D. , Zhang , H. , Boyett , M. and Dobrzynski , H. ( 2011 ) ' Computer three - dimensional anatomical recon - struction of the human sinus node and a novel paranodal area ' , Anatomical record ( Hoboken , N.J. : 2007 ). , 294 ( 6 ) , pp. 970 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Elsevier , Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary , Elsevier . Jump up ^ MONFREDI , O. , DOBRZYNSKI , H. , MONDAL , T. , BOY - ETT , M.R. and MORRIS , G.M. ( 2010 ) ' The anatomy and physiology of the Sinoatrial Node - A con - temporary review ' , Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology , 33 ( 11 ) , pp. 1392 -- 1406 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 8159.2010. 02838. x . Jump up ^ MON - FREDI , O. , DOBRZYNSKI , H. , MONDAL , T. , BOYETT , M.R. and MORRIS , G.M. ( 2010 ) ' The anatomy and physiology of the Sinoatrial Node - A contemporary review ' , Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiol - ogy , 33 ( 11 ) , pp. 1392 -- 1406 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 8159.2010. 02838. x . Jump up ^ 6 . Chandler NJ , Greener ID , Tellez JO , Inada S , Musa H , Molenaar P , Difrancesco D , et al. Molecular architecture of the human sinus node : Insights into the function of the cardiac pacemaker . Circulation 2009 ; 119 : 1562 -- 1575 . Jump up ^ MONFREDI , O. , DOBRZYNSKI , H. , MONDAL , T. , BOYETT , M.R. and MOR - RIS , G.M. ( 2010 ) ' The anatomy and physiology of the Sinoatrial Node - A contemporary re-view ' , Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology , 33 ( 11 ) , pp. 1392 -- 1406 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 8159.2010. 02838. x . Jump up ^ Honjo , H. , Boyett , M.R. , Kodama , I. and Toyama , J. ( 1996 ) ' Correlation between electrical activity and the size of rabbit sino - atrial node cells ' , 496 ( Pt 3 ) . Jump up ^ Boyett , Honjo , H. and Kodama , I. ( 2000 ) ' The sinoatrial node , a heterogeneous pace - maker structure ' , Cardiovascular research. , 47 ( 4 ) , pp. 658 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Boyett , Honjo , H. and Kodama , I. ( 2000 ) ' The sinoatrial node , a heterogeneous pacemaker structure ' , Cardiovascular research. , 47 ( 4 ) , pp. 658 -- 87 . Jump up ^ MONFREDI , O. , DOBRZYNSKI , H. , MONDAL , T. , BOYETT , M.R. and MORRIS , G.M. ( 2010 ) ' The anatomy and physiology of the Sinoatrial Node - A contemporary review ' , Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology , 33 ( 11 ) , pp. 1392 -- 1406 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 8159.2010. 02838. x . Jump up ^ Vikse , J. , Henry , B.M. , Roy , J. , Ramakrishnan , P.K. , Hsieh , W.C. , Walocha , J.A. and Tomaszewski , K.A. ( 2016b ) ' Anatomical variations in the Sinoatrial Nodal artery : A Meta - Analysis and clinical con - siderations ' , 11 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Anderson , K.R. , Ho , S.Y. and Anderson , R.H. ( 1979 ) ' Location and vascular supply of sinus node in human heart ' , 41 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ MONFREDI , O. , DOBRZYNSKI , H. , MONDAL , T. , BOYETT , M.R. and MORRIS , G.M. ( 2010 ) ' The anatomy and physiology of the Sinoatrial Node - A contemporary review ' , Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology , 33 ( 11 ) , pp. 1392 -- 1406 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 8159.2010. 02838. x . Jump up ^ Tsien , R.W. ; Carpenter , D.O. ( 1978 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Ionic mechanisms of pacemaker activity in cardiac Purkinje fibers '' . Federation Proceedings . 37 ( 8 ) : 2127 -- 2131 . ISSN 0014 - 9446 . PMID 350631 . Jump up ^ Vassalle , M. ( 1977 ) . `` The relationship among cardiac pacemakers : Overdrive suppression '' . Circulation Research . 41 ( 3 ) : 269 -- 77 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. res. 41.3. 269 . PMID 330018 . Jump up ^ Irisawa H , Brown HF , Giles W. Cardiac pacemaking in the sinoatrial node . Physiol Rev 1993 ; 73 : 197 -- 227 . Jump up ^ DiFrancesco , D. ( 2010 ) ' The role of the funny current in pacemaker activi - ty ' , Circulation research. , 106 ( 3 ) , pp. 434 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Joung , B. , Chen , P. and Lin , S. ( 2011 ) ' The role of the calcium and the voltage clocks in sinoatrial node dysfunction ' , Yonsei medical journal. , 52 ( 2 ) , pp. 211 -- 9 Jump up ^ Verkerk , A. , Borren , van , Peters , R. , Broekhuis , E. , Lam , K. , Coronel , R. , Bakker , de , Tan , H. and Wilders , R. ( 2007 ) ' Single cells isolated from human sinoatrial node : Action potentials and numerical reconstruction of pacemaker current ' , Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society . IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society . Annual Conference. , 2007 , pp. 904 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Clark , R.B. , Mangoni , M.E. , Lueger , A. , Couette , B. , Nargeot , J. and Giles , W.R. ( 2004 ) ' A rapidly activating delayed rectifier K+ current reg - ulates pacemaker activity in adult mouse sinoatrial node cells ' , Article , 286 ( 5 ) , pp. 1757 -- 1766 . doi : 10.1152 / ajpheart. 00753.2003 . Jump up ^ Gordan , R. , Gwathmey , J.K. and Xie , L. - H. ( 2015 ) ' Autonomic and endocrine control of cardiovascular func - tion ' , 7 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Larsson , P.H. ( 2010 ) ' How is the heart rate regulated in the sinoatrial node ? Another piece to the puzzle ' , 136 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Osterried - er W. , Noma A. , Trautwein W. ( 1980 ) On the kinetics of the potassium current activated by acetylcholine in the SA node of the rabbit heart . Pflügers Arch. 386 : 101 -- 109 . Jump up ^ MONFREDI , O. , DOBRZYNSKI , H. , MONDAL , T. , BOYETT , M.R. and MORRIS , G.M. ( 2010 ) ' The anatomy and physiology of the Sinoatrial Node - A con - temporary review ' , Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology , 33 ( 11 ) , pp. 1392 -- 1406 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 8159.2010. 02838. x . Jump up ^ Sinus node dysfunction Mount Sinai Hospital , New York Jump up ^ Junctional Rhythm at eMedicine Jump up ^ Silverman , M.E. ; Hollman , A. ( 1 October 2007 ) . `` Discovery of the sinus node by Keith and Flack : on the centennial of their 1907 publication '' . Heart . 93 ( 10 ) : 1184 -- 1187 . doi : 10.1136 / hrt. 2006.105049 . PMC 2000948 . PMID 17890694 . Jump up ^ Boyett MR , Dobrzynski H ( June 2007 ) . `` The sinoatrial node is still setting the pace 100 years after its discovery '' . Circ . Res. 100 ( 11 ) : 1543 -- 5 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCRESAHA. 107.101101 . PMID 17556667 . External links ( edit ) Anatomy figure : 20 : 06 - 01 at Human Anatomy Online , SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` The conduction system of the heart . '' Diagram at gru.net thoraxlesson4 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) ( thoraxheartinternalner ) http://www.healthyheart.nhs.uk/heart_works/heart03.shtml ( hide ) Anatomy of the heart General Surface base apex sulci coronary interatrial anterior interventricular posterior interventricular borders right left Internal atria interatrial septum pectinate muscles terminal sulcus ventricles interventricular septum trabeculae carneae chordae tendineae papillary muscle valves cusps atrioventricular septum cardiac skeleton intervenous tubercle Chambers Right heart ( venae cavae , coronary sinus ) → right atrium ( atrial appendage , fossa ovalis , limbus of fossa ovalis , crista terminalis , valve of inferior vena cava , valve of coronary sinus ) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle ( infundibulum , moderator band / septomarginal trabecula , crista supraventricularis ) , → pulmonary valve → ( pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation ) Left heart ( pulmonary veins ) → left atrium ( atrial appendage ) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve ( aortic sinus ) → ( aorta and systemic circulation ) Layers Endocardium heart valves Myocardium Conduction system cardiac pacemaker SA node Bachmann 's bundle AV node bundle of His bundle branches Purkinje fibers Pericardial cavity pericardial sinus Pericardium fibrous pericardium sternopericardial ligaments serous pericardium epicardium / visceral layer fold of left vena cava Blood supply Circulatory system Coronary circulation Coronary arteries Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinoatrial_node&oldid=835161851 '' Categories : Cardiac anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 23 : 03 . 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how much area india lost in kargil war

Kargil war

kargil war

`` Operation Vijay ( 1999 ) '' redirects here . For the 1961 Indian operation , see Annexation of Goa . Kargil War Part of the Indo - Pakistani wars and conflicts and the Kashmir conflict Location of the conflict Date May -- July 1999 ( 2 months ) Location Kargil district , Jammu and Kashmir Result Decisive Indian victory India regains possession of Kargil Territorial changes None Belligerents India Pakistan Commanders and leaders Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ved Prakash Malik Pervez Musharraf Strength 30,000 5,000 Casualties and losses Indian official figures 527 killed 1,363 wounded 1 POW 1 fighter jet shot down 1 fighter jet crashed 1 helicopter shot down Pakistani claims 1,600 ( as claimed by Musharraf ) Independent figures 700 killed Pakistani figures 453 killed ( Pakistan army claim ) 8 POWs Other Pakistani claims 357 killed and 665 + wounded ( according to Pervez Musharraf ) 2,700 -- 4,000 killed ( according to Nawaz Sharif ) Indian claims 737 + -- 1,200 killed ( 249 dead bodies recovered in Indian territory , of which 244 dead bodies were buried ) 1000 + wounded Kargil War Battle of Tiger Hill Battle of Tololing Operation Safed Sagar Operation Talwar Operation Vijay Indo - Pakistani conflicts Kashmir conflict War of 1947 War of 1965 War of 1971 Siachen conflict Kargil War 2001 -- 02 standoff 2008 standoff Border skirmishes 2011 2013 2014 -- 15 2016 -- present The Kargil War ( Hindi : करगिल युद्ध , kargil yuddh , Urdu : کرگل جنگ ‬ ‎ kargil jang ) , also known as the Kargil conflict , was an armed conflict between India and Pakistan that took place between May and July 1999 in the Kargil district of Kashmir and elsewhere along the Line of Control ( LOC ) . In India , the conflict is also referred to as Operation Vijay ( Hindi : विजय , literally `` Victory '' ) which was the name of the Indian operation to clear the Kargil sector . The cause of the war was the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers disguised as Kashmiri militants into positions on the Indian side of the LOC , which serves as the de facto border between the two states . During the initial stages of the war , Pakistan blamed the fighting entirely on independent Kashmiri insurgents , but documents left behind by casualties and later statements by Pakistan 's Prime Minister and Chief of Army Staff showed involvement of Pakistani paramilitary forces , led by General Ashraf Rashid . The Indian Army , later supported by the Indian Air Force , recaptured a majority of the positions on the Indian side of the LOC infiltrated by the Pakistani troops and militants . Facing international diplomatic opposition , the Pakistani forces withdrew from the remaining Indian positions along the LOC . The war is one of the most recent examples of high - altitude warfare in mountainous terrain , which posed significant logistical problems for the combating sides . It is also one of the very few instances of direct , conventional warfare between nuclear states ( i.e. , those possessing nuclear weapons ) . India had conducted its first successful test in 1974 ; Pakistan , which had been developing its nuclear capability in secret since around the same time , conducted its first known tests in 1998 , just two weeks after a second series of tests by India . Contents 1 Location 2 Background 3 War progress 3.1 Conflict events 3.2 Occupation by Pakistan 3.3 India discovers infiltration and mobilises 3.3. 1 Naval action 3.4 India attacks Pakistani positions 3.5 Withdrawal and final battles 4 World opinion 5 Gallantry awards 5.1 India 5.2 Pakistan 6 Impact and influence of media 7 WMDs and the nuclear factor 8 Aftermath 8.1 India 8.2 Kargil Review Committee 8.3 Pakistan 9 Casualties 10 Kargil War Memorial , India 11 Popular culture 12 Notes 13 Footnotes 14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading 16.1 Indian literature on Kargil war 16.2 Pakistan literature on Kargil theatre 17 External links Location Before the Partition of India in 1947 , Kargil was part of the Baltistan district of Ladakh , a sparsely populated region with diverse linguistic , ethnic and religious groups , living in isolated valleys separated by some of the world 's highest mountains . The First Kashmir War ( 1947 -- 48 ) concluded with the LOC bisecting the Baltistan district , with the town and district of Kargil lying on the Indian side in the Ladakh subdivision of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir . After Pakistan 's defeat in the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 , the two nations signed the Simla Agreement promising not to engage in armed conflict with respect to that boundary . The town of Kargil is located 205 km ( 127 mi ) from Srinagar , facing the Northern Areas across the LOC . Like other areas in the Himalayas , Kargil has a continental climate . Summers are cool with frigid nights , while winters are long and chilly with temperatures often dropping to − 48 ° C ( − 54 ° F ) . An Indian national highway ( NH 1D ) connecting Srinagar to Leh cuts through Kargil . The area that witnessed the infiltration and fighting is a 160 km long stretch of ridges overlooking this only road linking Srinagar and Leh . The military outposts on the ridges above the highway were generally around 5,000 metres ( 16,000 ft ) high , with a few as high as 5,485 metres ( 18,000 ft ) . Apart from the district capital , Kargil , the populated areas near the front line in the conflict included the Mushko Valley and the town of Drass , southwest of Kargil , as well as the Batalik sector and other areas , northeast of Kargil . Kargil was targeted partly because the terrain was conducive to the preemptive seizure of several unoccupied military positions . With tactically vital features and well - prepared defensive posts atop the peaks , a defender on the high ground would enjoy advantages akin to a fortress . Any attack to dislodge a defender from high ground in mountain warfare requires a far higher ratio of attackers to defenders , and the difficulties would be exacerbated by the high altitude and freezing temperatures . Kargil is just 173 km ( 107 mi ) from the Pakistani - controlled town of Skardu , which was capable of providing logistical and artillery support to Pakistani combatants . A road between Kargil and Skardu exists , which was closed in 1949 . Background The town of Kargil is strategically located . After the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 , there had been a long period with relatively few direct armed conflicts involving the military forces of the two neighbours -- notwithstanding the efforts of both nations to control the Siachen Glacier by establishing military outposts on the surrounding mountains ridges and the resulting military skirmishes in the 1980s . During the 1990s , however , escalating tensions and conflict due to separatist activities in Kashmir , some of which were supported by Pakistan , as well as the conducting of nuclear tests by both countries in 1998 , led to an increasingly belligerent atmosphere . In an attempt to defuse the situation , both countries signed the Lahore Declaration in February 1999 , promising to provide a peaceful and bilateral solution to the Kashmir conflict . During the winter of 1998 -- 1999 , some elements of the Pakistani Armed Forces were covertly training and sending Pakistani troops and paramilitary forces , some allegedly in the guise of mujahideen , into territory on the Indian side of the LOC . The infiltration was codenamed `` Operation Badr '' ; its aim was to sever the link between Kashmir and Ladakh , and cause Indian forces to withdraw from the Siachen Glacier , thus forcing India to negotiate a settlement of the broader Kashmir dispute . Pakistan also believed that any tension in the region would internationalise the Kashmir issue , helping it to secure a speedy resolution . Yet another goal may have been to boost the morale of the decade - long rebellion in Indian Administered Kashmir by taking a proactive role . Pakistani Lieutenant general Shahid Aziz , and then head of ISI analysis wing , has confirmed there were no mujahideen but only regular Pakistan Army soldiers who took part in the Kargil War . `` There were no Mujahideen , only taped wireless messages , which fooled no one . Our soldiers were made to occupy barren ridges , with hand held weapons and ammunition '' , Lt Gen Aziz wrote in his article in The Nation daily in January 2013 . Some writers have speculated that the operation 's objective may also have been retaliation for India 's Operation Meghdoot in 1984 that seized much of Siachen Glacier . According to India 's then army chief Ved Prakash Malik , and many scholars , much of the background planning , including construction of logistical supply routes , had been undertaken much earlier . On several occasions during the 1980s and 1990s , the army had given Pakistani leaders ( Zia ul Haq and Benazir Bhutto ) similar proposals for infiltration into the Kargil region , but the plans had been shelved for fear of drawing the nations into all - out war . Some analysts believe that the blueprint of attack was reactivated soon after Pervez Musharraf was appointed chief of army staff in October 1998 . After the war , Nawaz Sharif , Prime Minister of Pakistan during the Kargil conflict , claimed that he was unaware of the plans , and that he first learned about the situation when he received an urgent phone call from Atal Bihari Vajpayee , his counterpart in India . Sharif attributed the plan to Musharraf and `` just two or three of his cronies '' , a view shared by some Pakistani writers who have stated that only four generals , including Musharraf , knew of the plan . Musharraf , however , asserted that Sharif had been briefed on the Kargil operation 15 days ahead of Vajpayee 's journey to Lahore on 20 February . War progress Further information : Kargil order of battle Conflict events Date ( 1999 ) Event 3 May Pakistani intrusion in Kargil reported by local shepherds 5 May Indian Army patrol sent up ; Five Indian soldiers captured and tortured to death . 9 May Heavy shelling by Pakistan Army damages ammunition dump in Kargil 10 May Infiltrations first noticed in Dras , Kaksar , and Mushkoh sectors Mid-May Indian Army moves in more troops from Kashmir Valley to Kargil Sector 26 May IAF launches air strikes against infiltrators 27 May IAF loses two fighters -- MiG - 21 and MiG - 27 ; . Flt Lt Nachiketa taken POW 28 May IAF MI - 17 shot down by Pakistan ; four air crew dead 1 June Pakistan steps up attacks ; bombs NH 1A 5 June Indian Army releases documents recovered from three Pakistani soldiers indicating Pakistan 's involvement 6 June Indian Army launches major offensive in Kargil 9 June Indian Army re-captures two key positions in the Batalic sector 11 June India releases intercepts of conversation between Pakistani Army Chief Gen Pervez Musharraf , while on a visit to China and Chief of General Staff Lt Gen Aziz Khan in Rawalpindi , as proof of Pakistani Army 's involvement 13 June Indian Army secures Tololing in Dras 15 June U.S. President Bill Clinton , in a telephonic conversation , asks Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif to pull out from Kargil 29 June Indian Army captures two vital posts : Point 5060 and Point 5100 near Tiger Hill 2 July Indian Army launches three - pronged attack in Kargil 4 July Indian Army recaptures Tiger Hill after an 11 - hour battle 5 July Indian Army takes control of Dras . Sharif announces Pakistani army 's withdrawal from Kargil following his meeting with Clinton 7 July India recaptures Jubar Heights in Batalik 11 July Pakistan begins pullout ; India captures key peaks in Batalik 14 July Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee declares Operation Vijay a success . Government sets condition for talks with Pakistan 26 July Kargil conflict officially comes to an end . Indian Army announces complete eviction of Pakistani intruders . There were three major phases to the Kargil War . First , Pakistan infiltrated forces into the Indian - controlled section of Kashmir and occupied strategic locations enabling it to bring NH1 within range of its artillery fire . The next stage consisted of India discovering the infiltration and mobilising forces to respond to it . The final stage involved major battles by Indian and Pakistani forces resulting in India recapturing most of the territories held by Pakistani forces and the subsequent withdrawal of Pakistani forces back across the Line of Control after international pressure . Occupation by Pakistan Infiltration and military build - up During February 1999 , the Pakistan Army sent forces to occupy some posts on the Indian side of the LOC . Troops from the elite Special Services Group as well as four to seven battalions of the Northern Light Infantry ( a paramilitary regiment not part of the regular Pakistani army at that time ) covertly and overtly set up bases on the vantage points of the Indian - controlled region . According to some reports , these Pakistani forces were backed by Kashmiri guerrillas and Afghan mercenaries . According to General Ved Malik , the bulk of the infiltration occurred in April 1999 . Pakistani intrusions took place in the heights of the lower Mushkoh Valley , along the Marpo La ridgeline in Dras , in Kaksar near Kargil , in the Batalik sector east of the Indus River , on the heights above of the Chorbatla sector where the LOC turns North and in the Turtok sector south of the Siachen area . India discovers infiltration and mobilises Initially , these incursions were not detected for a number of reasons : Indian patrols were not sent into some of the areas infiltrated by the Pakistani forces and heavy artillery fire by Pakistan in some areas provided cover for the infiltrators . But by the second week of May , the ambushing of an Indian patrol team led by Capt Saurabh Kalia , who acted on a tip - off by a local shepherd in the Batalik sector , led to the exposure of the infiltration . Initially , with little knowledge of the nature or extent of the infiltration , the Indian troops in the area assumed that the infiltrators were jihadis and claimed that they would evict them within a few days . Subsequent discovery of infiltration elsewhere along the LOC , and the difference in tactics employed by the infiltrators , caused the Indian army to realise that the plan of attack was on a much bigger scale . The total area seized by the ingress is generally accepted to between 130 km2 -- 200 km2 ; The Government of India responded with Operation Vijay , a mobilisation of 200,000 Indian troops . However , because of the nature of the terrain , division and corps operations could not be mounted ; subsequent fighting was conducted mostly at the regimental or battalion level . In effect , two divisions of the Indian Army , numbering 20,000 , plus several thousand from the Paramilitary forces of India and the air force were deployed in the conflict zone . The total number of Indian soldiers that were involved in the military operation on the Kargil - Drass sector was thus close to 30,000 . The number of infiltrators , including those providing logistical backup , has been put at approximately 5,000 at the height of the conflict . This figure includes troops from Pakistan - administered Kashmir who provided additional artillery support . The Indian Air Force launched Operation Safed Sagar in support of the mobilisation of Indian land forces , but its effectiveness during the war was limited by the high altitude and weather conditions , which in turn limited bomb loads and the number of airstrips that could be used . Naval Action The Indian Navy also prepared to blockade the Pakistani ports ( primarily the Karachi port ) to cut off supply routes under Operation Talwar . The Indian Navy 's western and eastern fleets joined in the North Arabian Sea and began aggressive patrols and threatened to cut Pakistan 's sea trade . This exploited Pakistan 's dependence on sea - based oil and trade flows . Later , then - Prime Minister of Pakistan , Nawaz Sharif disclosed that Pakistan was left with just six days of fuel to sustain itself if a full - scale war had broken out . India attacks Pakistani positions This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The terrain of Kashmir is mountainous and at high altitudes ; even the best roads , such as National Highway 1D from Leh to Srinagar , are only two lanes . The rough terrain and narrow roads slowed down traffic , and the high altitude , which affected the ability of aircraft to carry loads , made control of NH 1D ( the actual stretch of the highway which was under Pakistani fire ) a priority for India . From their observation posts , the Pakistani forces had a clear line - of - sight to lay down indirect artillery fire on NH 1D , inflicting heavy casualties on the Indians . This was a serious problem for the Indian Army as the highway was the main logistical and supply route . The Pakistani shelling of the arterial road posed the threat of Leh being cut off , though an alternative ( and longer ) road to Leh existed via Himachal Pradesh . Indian soldiers after winning a battle during the Kargil War The infiltrators , apart from being equipped with small arms and grenade launchers , were also armed with mortars , artillery and anti-aircraft guns . Many posts were also heavily mined , with India later stating to have recovered more than 8,000 anti-personnel mines according to an ICBL report . Pakistan 's reconnaissance was done through unmanned aerial vehicles and AN / TPQ - 36 Firefinder radars supplied by the US . The initial Indian attacks were aimed at controlling the hills overlooking NH 1D , with high priority being given to the stretches of the highway near the town of Kargil . The majority of posts along the Line of Control were adjacent to the highway , and therefore the recapture of nearly every infiltrated post increased both the territorial gains and the security of the highway . The protection of this route and the recapture of the forward posts were thus ongoing objectives throughout the war . The Indian Army 's first priority was to recapture peaks that were in the immediate vicinity of NH 1D . This resulted in Indian troops first targeting the Tiger Hill and Tololing complex in Dras , which dominated the Srinagar - Leh route . This was soon followed by the Batalik - Turtok sub-sector which provided access to Siachen Glacier . Some of the peaks that were of vital strategic importance to the Pakistani defensive troops were Point 4590 and Point 5353 . While 4590 was the nearest point that had a view of NH 1D , point 5353 was the highest feature in the Dras sector , allowing the Pakistani troops to observe NH 1D . The recapture of Point 4590 by Indian troops on 14 June was significant , notwithstanding the fact that it resulted in the Indian Army suffering the most casualties in a single battle during the conflict . Though most of the posts in the vicinity of the highway were cleared by mid-June , some parts of the highway near Drass witnessed sporadic shelling until the end of the war . IAF MiG - 21s were used extensively in the Kargil War . Once India regained control of the hills overlooking NH 1D , the Indian Army turned to driving the invading force back across the Line of Control . The Battle of Tololing , amongst other assaults , slowly tilted the combat in India 's favour . The Pakistani troops at Tololing were aided by Pakistani fighters from Kashmir . Some of the posts put up a stiff resistance , including Tiger Hill ( Point 5140 ) that fell only later in the war . Indian troops found well - entrenched Pakistani soldiers at Tiger Hill , and both sides suffered heavy casualties . After a final assault on the peak in which ten Pakistani soldiers and five Indian soldiers were killed , Tiger Hill finally fell . A few of the assaults occurred atop hitherto unheard of peaks -- most of them unnamed with only Point numbers to differentiate them -- which witnessed fierce hand to hand combat . As the operation was fully underway , about 250 artillery guns were brought in to clear the infiltrators in the posts that were in the line - of - sight . The Bofors FH - 77B field howitzer played a vital role , with Indian gunners making maximum use of the terrain . However , its success was limited elsewhere due to the lack of space and depth to deploy it . It was in this type of terrain that aerial attacks were used with limited effectiveness . French made Mirage 2000H of the IAF were tasked to drop laser - guided bombs to destroy well - entrenched positions of the Pakistani forces . The IAF lost a MiG - 27 strike aircraft , which it attributed to an engine failure , and a MiG - 21 fighter which was shot down by Pakistan ; initially Pakistan said it shot down both jets after they crossed into its territory . One Indian Mi - 8 helicopter was also lost due to Stinger SAMs . On 27 May 1999 , Flt . Lt. Nachiketa developed engine trouble in the Batalik sector and bailed out of his craft . Sqn Ldr Ajay Ahuja went out of his way to locate his comrade but was shot down by a shoulder - fired Stinger missile . According to reports , he had bailed out of his stricken plane safely but was apparently killed by his captors as his body was returned riddled with bullet wounds . In many vital points , neither artillery nor air power could dislodge the outposts manned by the Pakistani soldiers , who were out of visible range . The Indian Army mounted some direct frontal ground assaults which were slow and took a heavy toll given the steep ascent that had to be made on peaks as high as 18,000 feet ( 5,500 m ) . Since any daylight attack would be suicidal , all the advances had to be made under the cover of darkness , escalating the risk of freezing . Accounting for the wind chill factor , the temperatures were often as low as − 15 ° C to − 11 ° C ( 12 ° F to 5 ° F ) near the mountain tops . Based on military tactics , much of the costly frontal assaults by the Indians could have been avoided if the Indian Military had chosen to blockade the supply route of the opposing force , creating a siege . Such a move would have involved the Indian troops crossing the LoC as well as initiating aerial attacks on Pakistani soil , a manoeuvre India was not willing to exercise fearing an expansion of the theatre of war and reduced international support for its cause . Two months into the conflict , Indian troops had slowly retaken most of the ridges that were encroached by the infiltrators ; according to the official count , an estimated 75 % -- 80 % of the intruded area and nearly all the high ground were back under Indian control . Withdrawal and final battles Following the outbreak of armed fighting , Pakistan sought American help in de-escalating the conflict . Bruce Riedel , who was then an aide to President Bill Clinton , reported that US intelligence had imaged Pakistani movements of nuclear weapons to forward deployments for fear of the Kargil hostilities escalating into a wider conflict . However , President Clinton refused to intervene until Pakistan had removed all forces from the Indian side of the Line of Control . Following the Washington accord of 4 July 1999 , when Sharif agreed to withdraw Pakistani troops , most of the fighting came to a gradual halt , but some Pakistani forces remained in positions on the Indian side of the LOC . In addition , the United Jihad Council ( an umbrella for extremist groups ) rejected Pakistan 's plan for a climb - down , instead deciding to fight on . The Indian army launched its final attacks in the last week of July ; as soon as the Drass subsector had been cleared of Pakistani forces , the fighting ceased on 26 July . The day has since been marked as Kargil Vijay Diwas ( Kargil Victory Day ) in India . By the end of the war , Pakistan had to withdraw under international pressure and due to pressure from continued fighting at battle front and left India in control of all territory south and east of the Line of Control , as was established in July 1972 as per the Simla Agreement . World opinion Pakistan was criticised by other countries for instigating the war , as its paramilitary forces and insurgents crossed the Line of Control . Pakistan 's primary diplomatic response , one of plausible deniability linking the incursion to what it officially termed as `` Kashmiri freedom fighters '' , was in the end not successful . Veteran analysts argued that the battle was fought at heights where only seasoned troops could survive , so poorly equipped `` freedom fighters '' would neither have the ability nor the wherewithal to seize land and defend it . Moreover , while the army had initially denied the involvement of its troops in the intrusion , two soldiers were awarded the Nishan - E-Haider ( Pakistan 's highest military honour ) . Another 90 soldiers were also given gallantry awards , most of them posthumously , confirming Pakistan 's role in the episode . India also released taped phone conversations between the Army Chief and a senior Pakistani general where the latter is recorded saying : `` the scruff of ( the militants ) necks is in our hands '' , although Pakistan dismissed it as a `` total fabrication '' . Concurrently , Pakistan made several contradicting statements , confirming its role in Kargil , when it defended the incursions saying that the LOC itself was disputed . Pakistan also attempted to internationalise the Kashmir issue , by linking the crisis in Kargil to the larger Kashmir conflict but , such a diplomatic stance found few backers on the world stage . As the Indian counter-attacks picked up momentum , Pakistani prime minister Nawaz Sharif flew to meet US President Bill Clinton on 4 July to obtain support from the United States . Clinton rebuked Sharif , however , and asked him to use his contacts to rein in the militants and withdraw Pakistani soldiers from Indian territory . Clinton would later reveal in his autobiography that `` Sharif 's moves were perplexing '' since the Indian Prime Minister had travelled to Lahore to promote bilateral talks aimed at resolving the Kashmir problem and `` by crossing the Line of Control , Pakistan had wrecked the ( bilateral ) talks '' . On the other hand , he applauded Indian restraint for not crossing the LoC and escalating the conflict into an all - out war . G8 nations supported India and condemned the Pakistani violation of the LOC at the Cologne summit . The European Union also opposed Pakistan 's violation of the LOC . China , a long - time ally of Pakistan , insisted on a pullout of forces to the pre-conflict positions along the LOC and settling border issues peacefully . Other organisations like the ASEAN Regional Forum too supported India 's stand on the inviolability of the LOC . Faced with growing international pressure , Sharif managed to pull back the remaining soldiers from Indian territory . The joint statement issued by Clinton and Sharif conveyed the need to respect the Line of Control and resume bilateral talks as the best forum to resolve all disputes . Gallantry awards India A number of Indian soldiers earned awards for gallantry : Grenadier Yogendra Singh Yadav , 18 Grenadiers , Param Vir Chakra Lieutenant Manoj Kumar Pandey , 1 / 11 Gorkha Rifles , Param Vir Chakra , Posthumous Captain Vikram Batra , 13 JAK Rifles , Param Vir Chakra , Posthumous Rifleman Sanjay Kumar , 13 JAK Rifles , Param Vir Chakra Captain Anuj Nayyar , 17 JAT Regiment , Maha Vir Chakra , Posthumous Major Rajesh Singh Adhikari , 18 Grenadiers , Maha Vir Chakra , Posthumous Captain Haneef - u-ddin , 11 Rajputana Rifles , Vir Chakra , posthumous Major Mariappan Saravanan , 1 Bihar , Vir Chakra , Posthumous Squadron Leader Ajay Ahuja , Indian Air Force , Vir Chakra , Posthumous Havildar Chuni Lal , 8 JAK LI , Vir Chakra . Also awarded Sena Medal for gallantry and posthumously awarded Ashoka Chakra as a Naib Subedar . Colonel Magod Basappa Ravindranath , 2 Rajputana Rifles , Vir Chakra Pakistan Two Pakistani soldiers received the Nishan - e-Haider , Pakistan 's highest military gallantry award : Captain Karnal Sher Khan , 27th Sindh Regiment , Nishan - e-Haider , Posthumous Havaldaar Lalak Jan , Northern Light Infantry , Nishan - e-Haider , Posthumous Impact and influence of media The Kargil War was significant for the impact and influence of the mass media on public opinion in both nations . Coming at a time of exploding growth in electronic journalism in India , the Kargil news stories and war footage were often telecast live on TV , and many websites provided in - depth analysis of the war . The conflict became the first `` live '' war in South Asia and it was given such detailed media coverage that one effect was the drumming up of jingoistic feelings . The conflict soon turned into a news propaganda war , in which press briefings given by government officials of each nation produced conflicting claims and counterclaims . The Indian government placed a temporary News Embargo on information from Pakistan , banning the telecast of the state - run Pakistani channel PTV and blocking access to online editions of the Dawn newspaper . The Pakistani media criticised this apparent curbing of freedom of the press in India , while India media claimed it was in the interest of national security . The Indian government ran advertisements in foreign publications including The Times and The Washington Post detailing Pakistan 's role in supporting extremists in Kashmir in an attempt to garner political support for its position . As the war progressed , media coverage of the conflict was more intense in India than in Pakistan . Many Indian channels showed images from the battle zone in a style reminiscent of CNN 's coverage of the Gulf War ( one of the shells fired by Pakistan troops even hit a Doordarshan transmission centre in Kargil while coverage continued ) . Reasons for India 's increased coverage included the greater number of privately owned electronic media in India compared to Pakistan and relatively greater transparency in the Indian media . At a seminar in Karachi , Pakistani journalists agreed that while the Indian government had taken the press and the people into its confidence , Pakistan had not . The print media in India and abroad was largely sympathetic to the Indian cause , with editorials in newspapers based in the west and other neutral countries observing that Pakistan was largely responsible for the conflict . Some analysts believe that Indian media , which was both larger in number and more credible , may have acted as a force multiplier for the Indian military operation in Kargil and served as a morale booster . As the fighting intensified , the Pakistani version of events found little backing on the world stage . This helped India gain valuable diplomatic recognition for its position . Wmds and the nuclear factor Since Pakistan and India each had weapons of mass destruction , many in the international community were concerned that if the Kargil conflict intensified , it could lead to nuclear war . Both countries had tested their nuclear capability in 1998 ( India conducted its first test in 1974 while it was Pakistan 's first - ever nuclear test ) . Many pundits believed the tests to be an indication of the escalating stakes in the scenario in South Asia . When the Kargil conflict started just a year after the nuclear tests , many nations desired to end it before it intensified . International concerns increased when Pakistani foreign secretary Shamshad Ahmad made a statement on 31 May warning that an escalation of the limited conflict could lead Pakistan to use `` any weapon '' in its arsenal . This was immediately interpreted as a threat of nuclear retaliation by Pakistan in the event of an extended war , and the belief was reinforced when the leader of Pakistan 's senate noted , `` The purpose of developing weapons becomes meaningless if they are not used when they are needed '' . Many such ambiguous statements from officials of both countries were viewed as warnings of an impending nuclear crisis where the combatants would consider use of their limited nuclear arsenals in `` tactical '' nuclear warfare in the belief that it would not have ended in mutual assured destruction , as could have occurred in a nuclear conflict between the United States and the USSR . Some experts believe that following nuclear tests in 1998 , the Pakistani military was emboldened by its nuclear deterrent to markedly increase coercion against India . The nature of the India - Pakistan conflict took a more sinister turn when the United States received intelligence that Pakistani nuclear warheads were being moved towards the border . Bill Clinton tried to dissuade Pakistan prime minister Nawaz Sharif from nuclear brinkmanship , even threatening Pakistan of dire consequences . According to a White House official , Sharif seemed to be genuinely surprised by this supposed missile movement and responded that India was probably planning the same . In a May 2000 article , Sanjay Badri - Maharaj claimed that India too had readied at least five nuclear - tipped ballistic missiles , but could not back up this claim with any official proof . Sensing a deteriorating military scenario , diplomatic isolation , and the risks of a larger conventional and nuclear war , Sharif ordered the Pakistani army to vacate the Kargil heights . He later claimed in his official biography that General Pervez Musharraf had moved nuclear warheads without informing him . Recently however , Pervez Musharraf revealed in his memoirs that Pakistan 's nuclear delivery system was not operational during the Kargil war ; something that would have put Pakistan under serious disadvantage if the conflict went nuclear . The threat of WMD included chemical and even biological weapons . Pakistan accused India of using chemical weapons and incendiary weapons such as napalm against the Kashmiri fighters . India , on the other hand , showcased a cache of gas masks as proof that Pakistan may have been prepared to use non-conventional weapons . US official and the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons determined that Pakistani allegations of India using banned chemicals in its bombs were unfounded . Aftermath India From the end of the war until February 2000 , the Indian stock market rose by more than 30 % . The next Indian national budget included major increases in military spending . There was a surge in patriotism , with many celebrities expressing their support for the Kargil cause . Indians were angered by media reports of the death of pilot Ajay Ahuja , especially after Indian authorities reported that Ahuja had been murdered and his body mutilated by Pakistani troops . The war had produced higher than expected fatalities for the Indian military , with a sizeable percentage of them including newly commissioned officers . One month after conclusion of the Kargil War , the Atlantique Incident , in which a Pakistan Navy plane was shot down by India , briefly reignited fears of a conflict between the two countries . After the war , the Indian government severed ties with Pakistan and increased defence preparedness . India increased its defence budget as it sought to acquire more state of the art equipment . Media reported about military procurement irregularities and criticism of intelligence agencies like Research and Analysis Wing , which failed to predict the intrusions or the identity / number of infiltrators during the war . An internal assessment report by the armed forces , published in an Indian magazine , showed several other failings , including `` a sense of complacency '' and being `` unprepared for a conventional war '' on the presumption that nuclearism would sustain peace . It also highlighted the lapses in command and control , the insufficient troop levels and the dearth of large - calibre guns like the Bofors . In 2006 , retired Air Chief Marshal , A. Y . Tipnis , alleged that the Indian Army did not fully inform the government about the intrusions , adding that the army chief Ved Prakash Malik , was initially reluctant to use the full strike capability of the Indian Air Force , instead requesting only helicopter gunship support . Soon after the conflict , India also decided to complete the project , previously stalled by Pakistan , to fence the entire LOC . The end of the Kargil conflict was followed by the 13th Indian General Elections to the Lok Sabha , which gave a decisive mandate to the National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) government . It was re-elected to power in September -- October 1999 with a majority of 303 seats out of 545 in the Lok Sabha . On the diplomatic front , Indo - US relations improved , as the United States appreciated Indian attempts to restrict the conflict to a limited geographic area . Relations with Israel -- which had discreetly aided India with ordnance supply and matériel such as unmanned aerial vehicles , laser - guided bombs , and satellite imagery -- also were bolstered . Kargil Review committee Soon after the war the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government set up an inquiry into its causes and to analyse perceived Indian intelligence failures . The high - powered committee was chaired by eminent strategic affairs analyst K. Subrahmanyam and given powers to interview anyone with current or past associations with Indian security , including former Prime Ministers . The committee 's final report ( also referred to as the `` Subrahmanyam Report '' ) led to a large - scale restructuring of Indian Intelligence . It , however , came in for heavy criticism in the Indian media for its perceived avoidance of assigning specific responsibility for failures over detecting the Kargil intrusions . The Committee was also embroiled in controversy for indicting Brigadier Surinder Singh of the Indian Army for his failure to report enemy intrusions in time , and for his subsequent conduct . Many press reports questioned or contradicted this finding and claimed that Singh had in fact issued early warnings that were ignored by senior Indian Army commanders and , ultimately , higher government functionaries . In a departure from the norm the final report was published and made publicly available . Some chapters and all annexures , however , were deemed to contain classified information by the government and not released . K. Subrahmanyam later wrote that the annexures contained information on the development of India 's nuclear weapons program and the roles played by Prime Ministers Rajiv Gandhi , P. V. Narasimha Rao and V. P. Singh . Pakistan Nawaz Sharif , Prime minister at that time , after a few months a military coup d'état was initiated that ousted him and his government . Shortly after declaring itself a nuclear weapons state , Pakistan had been humiliated diplomatically and militarily . Faced with the possibility of international isolation , the already fragile Pakistan economy was weakened further . The morale of Pakistan forces after the withdrawal declined as many units of the Northern Light Infantry suffered heavy casualties . The government refused to accept the dead bodies of many officers , an issue that provoked outrage and protests in the Northern Areas . Pakistan initially did not acknowledge many of its casualties , but Sharif later said that over 4,000 Pakistani troops were killed in the operation . Responding to this , Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf said , `` It hurts me when an ex-premier undermines his own forces '' , and claimed that Indian casualties were more than that of Pakistan . The legacy of Kargil war still continues to be debated on Pakistan 's news channels and television political correspondents , which Musharraf repeatedly appeared to justify . Many in Pakistan had expected a victory over the Indian military based on Pakistani official reports on the war , but were dismayed by the turn of events and questioned the eventual retreat . The military leadership is believed to have felt let down by the prime minister 's decision to withdraw the remaining fighters . However , some authors , including Musharraf 's close friend and former American CENTCOM Commander General Anthony Zinni , and former Prime minister Nawaz Sharif , state that it was General Musharraf who requested Sharif to withdraw the Pakistani troops . In 2012 , Musharraf 's senior officer and retired major - general Abdul Majeed Malik maintained that Kargil was a `` total disaster '' and bitterly criticised General Musharraf . Pointing out the fact that Pakistan was in no position to fight India in that area ; the Nawaz Sharif government initiated the diplomatic process by involving the US President Bill Clinton and got Pakistan out of the difficult scenario . Malik maintained that soldiers were not `` Mujaheddin '' but active - duty serving officers and soldiers of the Pakistan Army . The PAF F - 16s had valuable significance for the patrolling missions but none of the F - 16s took active participation in the conflict . In a national security meeting with Prime minister Nawaz Sharif at the Joint Headquarters , General Musharraf became heavily involved with serious altercations with Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Fasih Bokhari who ultimately called for a court - martial against General Musharraf . Taking participation in the arguments , Chief of Air Staff Air Chief Marshal PQ Mehdi quoted that `` any intervention by the Navy and the PAF into disputed land of Indian - controlled Kashmir would be perceived as an escalation to all - out declared war '' . After witnessing Musharraf 's criticism given to his fellow officers , ACM PQ Mehdi decided to give Musharraf a favour after issuing orders to PAF 's F - 16s for the patrolling missions near the Skardu Valley . The Pakistan Navy largely remained camouflaged during the entire conflict , and only submarines were deployed for patrolling missions . With Sharif placing the onus of the Kargil attacks squarely on the army chief Pervez Musharraf , there was an atmosphere of uneasiness between the two . On 12 October 1999 , General Musharraf staged a bloodless coup d'état , ousting Nawaz Sharif . Benazir Bhutto , an opposition leader in the parliament and former prime minister , called the Kargil War `` Pakistan 's greatest blunder '' . Many ex-officials of the military and the Inter-Services Intelligence ( Pakistan 's principal intelligence agency ) also believed that `` Kargil was a waste of time '' and `` could not have resulted in any advantage '' on the larger issue of Kashmir . A retired Pakistan Army 's Lieutenant - General Ali Kuli Khan , lambasted the war as `` a disaster bigger than the East Pakistan tragedy '' , adding that the plan was `` flawed in terms of its conception , tactical planning and execution '' that ended in `` sacrificing so many soldiers '' . The Pakistani media criticised the whole plan and the eventual climbdown from the Kargil heights since there were no gains to show for the loss of lives and it only resulted in international condemnation . Despite calls by many , no public commission of inquiry was set up in Pakistan to investigate the people responsible for initiating the conflict . The Pakistan Muslim League ( PML ( N ) ) published a white paper in 2006 , which stated that Nawaz Sharif constituted an inquiry committee that recommended a court martial for General Pervez Musharraf , but Musharraf `` stole the report '' after toppling the government , to save himself . The report also claims that India knew about the plan 11 months before its launch , enabling a complete victory for India on military , diplomatic and economic fronts . A statement in June 2008 by a former X Corps commander and Director - General of Military Intelligence ( M.I. ) that time , Lieutenant - General ( retired ) Jamshed Gulzar Kiani said that : `` As Prime minister , Nawaz Sharif `` was never briefed by the army '' on the Kargil attack , reignited the demand for a probe of the episode by legal and political groups . Though the Kargil conflict had brought the Kashmir dispute into international focus , which was one of Pakistan 's aims , it had done so in negative circumstances that eroded its credibility , since the infiltration came just after a peace process between the two countries was underway . The sanctity of the LOC too received international recognition . President Clinton 's move to ask Islamabad to withdraw hundreds of armed militants from Indian - administered Kashmir was viewed by many in Pakistan as indicative of a clear shift in US policy against Pakistan . After the war , a few changes were made to the Pakistan armed forces . In recognition of the Northern Light Infantry 's performance in the war , which even drew praise from a retired Indian Lt. General , the regiment was incorporated into the regular army . The war showed that despite a tactically sound plan that had the element of surprise , little groundwork had been done to gauge the politico - diplomatic ramifications . And like previous unsuccessful infiltrations attempts , such as Operation Gibraltar , which sparked the 1965 war , there was little co-ordination or information sharing among the branches of the Pakistani Armed Forces . One US Intelligence study is reported to have stated that Kargil was yet another example of Pakistan 's ( lack of ) grand strategy , repeating the follies of the previous wars . In 2013 , General Musharraf 's close collaborator and confidential subordinate Lieutenant General ( retired ) Shahid Aziz revealed to Pakistan 's news televisions and electronic media , that `` ( Kargil ) adventure ' was India 's intelligence failure and Pakistan 's miscalculated move , the Kargil operation was known only to General Parvez Musharraf and four of his close collaborators '' . Casualties Memorial of Operation Vijay Pakistan army losses have been difficult to determine . Pakistan confirmed that 453 soldiers were killed . The US Department of State had made an early , partial estimate of close to 700 fatalities . According to numbers stated by Nawaz Sharif there were over 4,000 fatalities . His PML ( N ) party in its `` white paper '' on the war mentioned that more than 3,000 Mujahideens , officers and soldiers were killed . Another major Pakistani political party , the Pakistan Peoples Party , also says that `` thousands '' of soldiers and irregulars died . Indian estimates stand at 1,042 Pakistani soldiers killed . Musharraf , in his Hindi version of his memoirs , titled `` Agnipath '' , differs from all the estimates stating that 357 troops were killed with a further 665 wounded . Apart from General Musharraf 's figure on the number of Pakistanis wounded , the number of people injured in the Pakistan camp is not yet fully known although they are at least more than 400 according to Pakistan army 's website . One Indian pilot was officially captured during the fighting , while there were eight Pakistani soldiers who were captured during the fighting , and were repatriated on 13 August 1999 . India gave its official casualty figures as 527 dead and 1,363 wounded . Kargil war memorial , India Main article : Dras War Memorial The main entrance of Kargil War Memorial by the Indian Army at Dras , India The Kargil War memorial , built by the Indian Army , is located in Dras , in the foothills of the Tololing Hill . The memorial , located about 5 km from the city centre across the Tiger Hill , commemorates the martyrs of the Kargil War . A poem `` Pushp Kii Abhilasha '' ( Wish of a Flower ) by Makhanlal Chaturvedi , a renowned 20th century neo-romantic Hindi poet , is inscribed on the gateway of the memorial greets visitors . The names of the soldiers who lost their lives in the War are inscribed on the Memorial Wall and can be read by visitors . A museum attached to the Kargil War Memorial , which was established to celebrate the victory of ' Operation Vijay ' , houses pictures of Indian soldiers , archives of important war documents and recordings , Pakistani war equipments and gear , and official emblems of the Army from the Kargil war . A giant national flag , weighing 15 kg was hoisted at the Kargil war memorial to commemorate the 13th anniversary of India 's victory in the war . Popular culture The brief conflict provided considerable dramatic material for filmmakers and authors in India . Some documentaries which were shot on the subject were used by the ruling party coalition , led by Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) , in furthering its election campaign that immediately followed the war . The following is a list of the major films and dramas on the subject . Lord John Marbury is a 1999 episode in the first season of The West Wing that depicts a fictionalised representation of the Kargil conflict . Pentagram 's single , ' Price of Bullets ' , released in 1999 dealt with the Kargil War . Shaheed - E-Kargil ( 2001 ) , a Hindi movie directed by Dilip Gulati was released in 2001 , based on the incident of Kargil conflict . LOC : Kargil ( 2003 ) , a Hindi movie which depicts many incidents from the war was one of the longest in Indian movie history , running for more than four hours . Lakshya ( 2004 ) , another Hindi movie portraying a fictionalised account of the conflict . Movie critics have generally appreciated the realistic portrayal of characters . The film also received good reviews in Pakistan because it portrays both sides fairly . Sainika ( 2002 ) , the Kannada film directed by Mahesh Sukhdhare depicted the life of a soldier with Kargil war as one of the events . Starring C.P. Yogishwar and Sakshi Shivanand . Dhoop ( 2003 ) , Hindi film , directed by national award winner Ashwini Chaudhary , which depicted the life of Anuj Nayyar 's parents after his death . Anuj Nayyar was a captain in the Indian army and was awarded Maha Vir Chakra posthumously . Om Puri plays the role of S.K. Nayyar , Anuj 's father . Mission Fateh -- Real Stories of Kargil Heroes , a TV series telecast on Sahara channel chronicling the Indian Army 's missions . Fifty Day War -- A theatrical production on the war , directed by Aamir Raza Husain , the title indicating the length of the Kargil conflict . This was claimed to be the biggest production of its kind in Asia , budget of Rs. 15 million , involving real aircraft and explosions in an outdoor setting . Kurukshetra ( 2008 ) -- A Malayalam film directed by a former Indian Army Major Ravi ( Retd ) based on his experience of Kargil War . Laag ( 2000 ) -- A Pakistani film - drama based on the armed intrusions and struggle of Pakistan army soldiers in the conflict . Kargil Kartoons ( 1999 ) -- With a support of the cartoons of eight leading cartoonists , Shekhar Gurera compiled a collection of cartoons dedicated to the Indian defence forces . He also coordinated Kargil Kartoons ( A Collection of Cartoons and a chain of Cartoon Exhibition ) , the solidarity gesture of drawing on - the - spot cartoons of army men who passing through the New Delhi railway station on their way to Kargil . The cartoons on Kargil War were later exhibited at The Lalit Kala Academy , New Delhi . 25 -- 31 July 1999 , followed by the chain exhibition of cartoons at Jaipur , Chandigarh , Patna and Indore . Stumped ( 2003 ) -- A film expressing the mixed emotions of 1999 Cricket World Cup celebrations and mourning associated with individual 's casualty in the Kargil war . Mausam ( 2011 film ) was a 2011 romantic drama film directed by Pankaj Kapoor , spanned over the period between 1992 and 2002 covering major events . Many other movies like Tango Charlie drew heavily upon the Kargil episode , which still continues to be a plot for mainstream movies with a Malayalam movie Keerthi Chakra . The impact of the war in the sporting arena was visible during the India - Pakistan clash in the 1999 Cricket World Cup , which coincided with the Kargil timeline . The game witnessed heightened passions and was one of the most viewed matches in the tournament . Notes Jump up ^ Praagh , David Van ( 2003 ) . The Greater Game : India 's Race with Destiny and China . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 253 . ISBN 9780773526396 . By then , India had won decisively in the mountains of Kashmir . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Myra ( 2017 ) . Defeat is an Orphan : How Pakistan Lost the Great South Asian War . Oxford University Press . pp. 27 , 53 , 64 , 66 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84904 - 858 - 3 . p. 27 : It was not so much that India won the Great South Asian War but that Pakistan lost it . p. 53 : The story of the Kargil War -- Pakistan 's biggest defeat by India since 1971 -- is one that goes to the heart of why it lost the Great South Asian War . p. 64 : Afterwards , Musharraf and his supporters would claim that Pakistan won the war militarily and lost it diplomatically . In reality , the military and diplomatic tides turned against Pakistan in tandem . p. 66 : For all its bravado , Pakistan had failed to secure even one inch of land . Less than a year after declaring itself a nuclear - armed power , Pakistan had been humiliated diplomatically and militarily . Jump up ^ Lavoy , Peter René , ed. ( 2009 ) . Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia : The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict . Cambridge University Press . p. 180 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 76721 - 7 . The false optimism of the architects of the Kargil intrusion , colored by the illusion of a cheap victory , was not only the main driver of the operation , and hence the crisis , it also was the cause of Pakistan 's most damaging military defeat since the loss of East Pakistan in December 1971 . Jump up ^ Dettman , Paul R. ( 2001 ) . India Changes Course : Golden Jubilee to Millennium . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 130 , 131 , 140 , 177 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97308 - 7 . p. 130 : the BJP could go to the people as the party that had undergirded India 's victory over Pakistan in the Kargil ' war ' . p. 131 : Another of India 's institutions that had benefited from India 's victory in the Kargil war was its military establishment . p. 140 : He went on to take credit for the conduct of a `` war '' effort that had led to a diplomatic as well as a military victory . p. 177 : For India , Vajpayee had led the military and diplomatic effort that had won the Kargil `` war . '' For the world , he had done so while keeping India 's armed forces on their own side of the LOC in Kashmir and he had prevented the outbreak of a multi-front general war with Pakistan . Jump up ^ Perkovich , George ( 2002 ) . India 's Nuclear Bomb : The Impact on Global Proliferation . University of California Press . p. 479 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23210 - 5 . The Kargil war ended as had previous wars , with an Indian victory . ^ Jump up to : Chakraborty , A. K. `` Kargil War Brings into Sharp Focus India 's Commitment to Peace '' . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Breakdown of casualties into Officers , JCOs , and Other Ranks '' . Parliament of India Website . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Complete Roll of Honour of Indian Army 's Killed in Action during Op Vijay '' . Indian Army . Archived from the original on 22 December 2007 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Official statement giving breakdown of wounded personnel '' . Parliament of India Website . Archived from the original on 16 February 2008 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Musharraf claims Kargil was a big success militarily for Pakistan '' . Greater Kashmir. 1 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2013 . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tavares , Rodrigo ( 2006 ) . Understanding Regional Peace and Security . Göteborg University . p. 297 . ISBN 9789187380679 . the US State Department quoted the Pakistani military casualties at 700 , but according to the then PM Nawaz Sharif ( quoted in Gulf News , February 2002 ) , the entire Northern Light Infantry of Pakistan was wiped out during the conflict claiming 2,700 lives . Jump up ^ `` Pak quietly names 453 men killed in Kargil war '' . 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Army admits to Kargil martyrs '' . NDTV . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tribune Report on Pakistani POWs '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Musharraf now has Pak 's Kargil toll : 357 '' . Indian Express . 7 October 2006 . Retrieved 2 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kargil probe body had sought Musharraf 's court martial '' . thenews.com . Retrieved 2 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Over 4,000 soldiers killed in Kargil : Sharif '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Malik , V.P. ( 2006 ) . Kargil from Surprise to Victory . HarperCollins . p. 342 . ISBN 9788172236359 . According to our intelligence estimates , their Army suffered over 737 casualties , primarily due to our artillery fire . Jump up ^ Pubby , Manu ( 19 November 2010 ) . `` Kargil : Pak suffered most casualties at Batalik '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Indian records say a total of 249 bodies of Pakistani soldiers were recovered during the battle but estimates of total enemy casualties is put around 1000 - 1200 . Jump up ^ Kanwal , Gurmeet ( 2009 ) . `` Pakistan 's Strategic Blunder at Kargil '' ( PDF ) . CLAWS Journal : 72 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . The army recovered 249 dead bodies of Pakistani regular soldiers from the area of operations in Kargil ; 244 dead bodies were buried as per military norms with religious rites ; five bodies were accepted by Pakistan and taken back Jump up ^ `` How artillery changed the tide of the Kargil war '' . The Economic Times . 25 July 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ It is also sometimes referred to as Operation Vijay Kargil so as to distinguish it from Operation Vijay , the operation by the Military of India that led to the capture of Goa , Daman and Diu and Anjidiv Islands . ^ Jump up to : `` 1999 Kargil Conflict '' . GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Tom Clancy ; Tony Zinni ; Tony Koltz ( 2004 ) . Battle Ready . Grosset & Dunlap . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15176 - 1 . 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Hali , `` The role of media in war '' , Defence Journal , August 2000 . Jump up ^ Quoted in News Desk , `` Pakistan May Use Any Weapon '' , The News , 31 May 1999 . Jump up ^ Pakistan 's Nuclear Weapons Program Archived 12 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) Jump up ^ George Perkovich , `` Options Available to the United States to Counter a Nuclear Iran '' , Testimony before the United States House Committee on Armed Services , 1 February 2006 . Jump up ^ India had deployed Agni during Kargil , Article from `` Indian Express '' 19 June 2000 Jump up ^ `` Musharraf moved nuclear weapons in Kargil war '' . The Nation . Archived from the original on 23 December 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NTI : Country Overview '' , Nuclear Threat Initiative ( Archive on the Wayback Machine ) Jump up ^ `` The Spoils of War '' . TIME.com. 10 April 2000 . Jump up ^ Centre files second affidavit in Kargil scam The Financial Express 14 April 2005 Jump up ^ `` Kargil coffin scam '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ War Against Error , Cover story on Outlook , 28 February 2005 ( Online edition ) Jump up ^ `` Army was reluctant to tell govt about Kargil : Tipnis '' , 7 October 2006 , The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Fencing Duel '' Archived 27 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , India Today Jump up ^ Paul R. Dettman , `` India Changes Course '' ( Greenwood Publishing Group : 2001 ) , ISBN 0 - 275 - 97308 - 5 , pp. 117 -- 118 Jump up ^ News reports from Daily Times ( Pakistan ) and BBC mentioning the Israeli military support to India during the conflict . Jump up ^ `` Kargil : Subrahmanyam Committee 's Report '' . Indian News . Archived from the original on 19 October 2006 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kargil report shows the way '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Pg 56 -- 60 Dixit , JN , `` India - Pakistan in War & Peace '' , Routledge , 2002 . Books.google.co.in. 2 August 2003 . ISBN 9780203301104 . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The sacking of a Brigadier '' . Frontline . Archived from the original on 8 September 2001 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Scapegoat for the system '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 1 July 2001 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Army 's Kargil inquiry indicts Brig Surinder Singh '' . Rediff . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Kargil Story '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 20 December 2001 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` P. V. Narasimha Rao and the Bomb '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Narasimha Rao and the Bomb '' . informaworld . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Myra ( 2017 ) . Defeat Is an Orphan : How Pakistan Lost the Great South Asian War . Random House India . ISBN 9789385990830 . Less than a year after declaring itself a nuclear - armed power , Pakistan had been humiliated diplomatically and militarily ^ Jump up to : Samina Ahmed , `` Diplomatic Fiasco : Pakistan 's Failure on the Diplomatic Front Nullifies its Gains on the Battlefield '' , Belfer Center for International Affairs , Kennedy School of Government . Jump up ^ Daryl Lindsey and Alicia Montgomery . `` Coup d'itat : Pakistan gets a new sheriff '' . salon.com . Archived from the original on 20 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Samina Ahmed , `` A Friend for all Seasons '' , ( Belfer Center for International Affairs , Kennedy School of Government ) Jump up ^ `` Pakistan refuses to take even officers ' bodies '' . Rediff.com. 11 July 1999 . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sorry for the inconvenience '' . Jump up ^ Second - Class Citizens by M. Ilyas Khan , The Herald , July 2000 . Online scanned version of the article ( PDF ) Jump up ^ `` Musharraf and the truth about Kargil '' , The Hindu , 25 September 2006 Jump up ^ `` Over soldier 's killed in Kargil : Sharif '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 5 August 2004 ) . `` India suffered more casualties in Kargil than Pakistan , claims Musharraf '' . Expressindia.com . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Badmi , Vaseem ( 30 January 2013 ) . `` 11th Hour '' . ARY News TV . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Bacha , Sana ( 30 January 2013 ) . `` Top Story '' . Dunya News . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ K. Ratnayake , `` Pakistani opposition presses for Sharif 's resignation '' , 7 August 1999 , Can Sharif deliver ? , Michael Krepon . `` The Stability - Instability Paradox in South Asia '' -- Hosted on Henry L. Stimson Centre . Jump up ^ Tom Clancy ; Tony Koltz ( 2004 ) . Battle Ready . Grosset & Dunlap . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15176 - 1 . Jump up ^ Musharraf Vs. Sharif : Who 's Lying ? Archived 11 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Tariq Butt ( 14 November 2012 ) . `` Kargil was a total disaster '' . The News International , 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Daily Times Report ( 9 October 2002 ) . `` Musharraf planned coup much before Oct 12 : Fasih Bokhari '' . Daily Times . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . Navy chief says the general feared court martial for masterminding Kargil Jump up ^ Tufail , PAF , Brigadier Kaisar ( 28 January 2009 ) . `` Himalayan Showdown '' . Air Forces Monthly ( UK ) . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Tufail , Kaisar . `` Kargil Conflict and Pakistan Air Force '' . Kaisar Tufail at Air Force Monthly . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Admiral Mohammad Anwer ( 2006 ) . Stolen Stripes and Broken Medals : Autobiography of a Senior Naval Officer . Karachi Pakistan : AuthorHouse ( 20 October 2006 ) . p. 252 . ISBN 9781425900205 . Jump up ^ `` Kargil Was Success Only For Pervez '' . Farjinews.blogspot.com. 24 July 2009 . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Select Media Reports from Urdu Media in Pakistan Archived 4 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) ^ Jump up to : Kargil was a bigger disaster than 1971 Archived 6 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . -- Interview of Lt Gen Ali Kuli Khan Khattak . Jump up ^ Review of Musharraf 's memoirs by S. A. Haleem Archived 24 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jang , 19 October 2006 Jump up ^ `` Victory in reverse : the great climbdown '' , Dawn Jump up ^ Ayaz Amir , `` For this submission what gain ? '' , Dawn Jump up ^ `` Today 's Newspaper -- The News International '' . The News International , Pakistan . Jump up ^ Ill - conceived planning by Musharraf led to second major military defeat in Kargil : PML - N Pak Tribune , 6 August 2006 Jump up ^ Call for Musharraf treason trial By M Ilyas Khan BBC News 3 June 2008 Jump up ^ Lawmakers demand probe into Kargil debacle Archived 2 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Associated Press of Pakistan 3 June 2008 Jump up ^ MNAs seek probe into Kargil debacle By Naveed Butt Archived 2 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . The Nation Jump up ^ `` Analysis : Shift in US Kashmir stance ? '' , BBC 17 June 1999 Jump up ^ Irfan Husain , `` Kargil : the morning after '' , 29 April 2000 Dawn Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Kargil : A blessing in disguise ? '' , Daily Times , 19 July 2004 , Pakistan Jump up ^ APP ( 30 January 2013 ) . `` Kargil adventure was India 's intelligence failure , Pakistan 's miscalculated move : Ex-Pak General '' . National Turk English . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ex General reveals details about Kargil fiasco '' . GEO News . 29 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Khalid Kaikani ( 29 January 2013 ) . `` Kargil adventure was four - man show : general '' . Dawn News . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Ill - conceived planning by Musharraf led to second major military defeat in Kargil : PML - N 6 August 2006 , PakTribune Jump up ^ `` Indo - Pak summit 2001 '' . Pakistan Peoples Party . 12 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Indian Army rubbishes Musharraf 's Kargil claims Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` President Musharaffs disclosure on Pakistani Casualties in his book '' . Indian Express . Archived from the original on 22 May 2008 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Pakistan army publishes list of army regulars who died in various conflicts , November 2010 Jump up ^ `` Tribune Report on Pakistani POWs '' . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ http://kavitakosh.org/kk/ पुष्प_की_अभिलाषा_ / _माखनलाल_चतुर्वेदी Jump up ^ 15 - kg Tricolour hoisted at Kargil war memorial Jammu and Kashmir Videos - IBNLive . Ibnlive.in.com ( 25 July 2012 ) . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ LOC : Kargil main page on the website IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Lakshya '' . rottentomatoes.com. 18 June 2004 . Jump up ^ Bollywood 's Kargil -- Ihsan Aslam Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Daily Times Jump up ^ `` Sainika Film Story '' . KannadaAudio.com . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Dhoop on IMDb Jump up ^ `` The larger than life director '' . Financial Express . 19 February 2000 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Kargil Kartoons a collection of cartoons Jump up ^ `` Humour for warriors up front , '' Archived 28 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Indian Express , 14 July 1999 . Jump up ^ `` The Hindu : Bowled over by the star of ' Stumped ' '' . hindu.com . Jump up ^ Tango Charlie on IMDb Jump up ^ Keerthi Chakra on IMDb Jump up ^ Hasan , Uzair ( 14 February 2015 ) . `` India vs. Pakistan : A Match Made In Heaven And Hell '' . HuffPost . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Ashwani Shrotriya . `` Operation Vijay : Everything You Need To Know In 4 Minutes '' , Dainik Bhaskar Footnotes ^ Note ( I ) : Names for the conflict : There have been various names for the conflict . During the actual fighting in Kargil , the Indian Government was careful not to use the term `` war '' , calling it a `` war - like situation '' , even though both nations indicated that they were in a `` state of war '' . Terms like Kargil `` conflict '' , Kargil `` incident '' or the official military assault , `` Operation Vijay '' , were thus preferred . After the end of the war however , the Indian Government increasingly called it the `` Kargil War '' , even though there had been no official declaration of war . Other less popularly used names included `` Third Kashmir War '' and Pakistan 's codename given to the infiltration : `` Operation Badr '' . See also Indo - Pakistani wars and conflicts Gudiya , Kargil war victim References Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia : The Cause and Consequences of the 1999 Limited War in Kargil the CCC Kargil Project . Kargil Conflict ( GlobalSecurity.org ) Limited Conflict Under the Nuclear Umbrella ( RAND Corporation ) War in Kargil ( Center for Contemporary Conflict ) ( PDF ) Essay on the outcomes of the Kargil War Stephen P. Cohen ( 2004 ) . The Idea of Pakistan . Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 1502 - 1 . Kargil Review Committee ( 2000 ) . From Surprise to Reckoning : The Kargil Review Committee Report . SAGE Publications . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 9466 - 1 . ( Executive summary of the report , Online ) Limited War with Pakistan : Will It Secure India 's Interests ? ACDIS Occasional Paper by Suba Chandran , Published 2004 by Program in Arms Control , Disarmament , and International Security ( ACDIS ) , University of Illinois . An Analysis of the Kargil Conflict 1999 , by Shaukat Qadir , RUSI Journal , April 2002 ( PDF ) V.P. Malik ( 2006 ) . Kargil ; From Surprise to Victory . Harper Collins , New Delhi , India . Further reading Indian literature on Kargil war M.K. Akbar ( 1999 ) . Kargil Cross Border Terrorism . South Asia Books . ISBN 81 - 7099 - 734 - 8 . Amarinder Singh ( 2001 ) . A Ridge Too Far : War in the Kargil Heights 1999 . Motibagh Palace , Patiala . ASIN : B0006E8KKW . Jasjit Singh ( 1999 ) . Kargil 1999 : Pakistan 's Fourth War for Kashmir . South Asia Books . ISBN 81 - 86019 - 22 - 7 . J.N. Dixit ( 2002 ) . India - Pakistan in War & Peace . Books Today . ISBN 0 - 415 - 30472 - 5 . Ranjan Kumar Singh . Sarhad Zero Mile . Parijat Prakashan . ISBN 81 - 903561 - 0 - 0 . Mona Bhan . Counterinsurgency , Democracy and the Politics of Identity in India . Routledge Contemporary South Asia Series . Kapila , Subhash ( 2007 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Pakistan 's Lessons from its Kargil War ( 1999 ) : An Analysis '' . South Asia Analysis Group . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 25 . < Pakistan literature on Kargil theatre Muhammad Ayub . An Army ; Its role and Rule ( A History of the Pakistan Army From Independence to Kargil 1947 -- 1999 ) . Rosedog Books , Pittsburgh . Pennsylvania , USA . ISBN 0 - 8059 - 9594 - 3 . Hussain , PA , Ashfaq ( 2008 ) . Witness to Blunder . Idara Matbuaat - e-Sulemani . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Mazari , Shireen M. ( 2003 ) . The Kargil conflict , 1999 : separating fact from fiction ( 1st ed . ) . Islamabad : Institute of Strategic Studies . ISBN 9789698772000 . Aziz , PA , Shahid ( 2008 ) . Yeh Khamoshi Kahan Tak ? . Islamabad , Pakistan : Army Press Publications . Anwar , PN , Admiral Muhammad ( 18 October 2006 ) . Stolen Stripes and Broken Medals . Bloomington , US : Autor House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4259 - 0020 - 5 . Musharraf , Pervez ( 2006 ) . In the Line of Fire : A Memoir . New York ( u.a. ) : Free Press . ISBN 074 - 3283449 . Hilali , A.Z. ( 2005 ) . `` Renewal of US -- Pakistan Partnership : President BIll Clinton in Kargil War '' . US -- Pakistan relationship : Soviet invasion of Afghanistan . Burlington , VT : Ashgate . ISBN 978 - 0754 - 642206 . Aziz , Mazhar ( 2008 ) . `` L'État , c'est militaire ' '' . Military control in Pakistan : The parallel state . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 203 - 93357 - 5 . Kiani , PA , Jameshed Gulzar . `` Making an example '' . GEO Television Press Publishers . Archived from the original on 6 June 2008 . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Siddiqa , Ayesha ( 2007 ) . Military Inc . London : Pluto Press . ISBN 9780745325453 . Nawaz , Shuja ( 2008 ) . Crossed Swords : Pakistan , Its Army , and the Wars Within . Karachi : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195476606 . External links This article contains Indic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks or boxes , misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Kargil War '' dated 2006 - 08 - 10 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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where did the la rams originally come from

The Los Angeles Rams are a professional American football team that play in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The Rams franchise was founded in 1936 as the Cleveland Rams in the short - lived second American Football League before joining the NFL the next year . In 1946 , the franchise moved to Los Angeles . The Rams franchise remained in the metro area until 1994 , when they moved to St. Louis , and were known as the St. Louis Rams from 1995 to 2015 . The Rams franchise returned to Los Angeles in 2016 . This article chronicles the franchise 's history during their time in Los Angeles , from playing at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum between 1946 and 1979 , to playing at Anaheim Stadium ( now known as Angel Stadium of Anaheim ) in Anaheim from 1980 to 1994 , and its return to Southern California beginning with the 2016 season .

Cleveland

History of the Los Angeles Rams

history of the los angeles rams

The Los Angeles Rams are a professional American football team that play in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The Rams franchise was founded in 1936 as the Cleveland Rams in the short - lived second American Football League before joining the NFL the next year . In 1946 , the franchise moved to Los Angeles . The Rams franchise remained in the metro area until 1994 , when they moved to St. Louis , and were known as the St. Louis Rams from 1995 to 2015 . The Rams franchise returned to Los Angeles in 2016 . This article chronicles the franchise 's history during their time in Los Angeles , from playing at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum between 1946 and 1979 , to playing at Anaheim Stadium ( now known as Angel Stadium of Anaheim ) in Anaheim from 1980 to 1994 , and its return to Southern California beginning with the 2016 season .

Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1946 -- 48 : Starting over in Los Angeles 1.2 1949 -- 56 : Three - end formation 1.3 1957 -- 64 : Newcomers to L.A. and record attendance 1.3. 1 Tanking out 1.4 1965 -- 69 : The Fearsome Foursome 1.5 1970 -- 72 : Changes 1.6 1973 -- 79 : NFC West champions 1.7 1979 : First Super Bowl appearance 1.8 1980 -- 82 : The move to Anaheim 1.9 1983 -- 91 : Robinson takes over the Rams and the Dickerson era 1.10 1992 -- 94 : The end of the original Southern California team 1.10. 1 Georgia 's endgame for the Los Angeles Rams 1.11 1995 : Departure 2 1995 -- 2015 : St. Louis Era 2.1 Time in St. Louis 2.2 Attempts to move the NFL back to Los Angeles 2.2. 1 Seattle Seahawks 2.2. 2 1999 NFL expansion 2.2. 3 Using Los Angeles as leverage 2.2. 4 City of Champions Revitalization Initiative ; Los Angeles Entertainment Center 2.2. 5 Stadium issues in St. Louis 2.2. 6 Filing for relocation ; Houston meetings 3 2016 -- present : New era begins 3.1 Jared Goff era 3.1. 1 Fisher 's firing 4 Sean McVay era 5 List of seasons 6 Pro Football Hall of Famers 6.1 Retired numbers 7 Radio and television 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 References History ( edit ) 1946 -- 48 : starting over in Los Angeles ( edit ) On January 12 , 1946 , Dan Reeves was denied a request by the other National Football League ( NFL ) owners to move his team , the Cleveland Rams to Los Angeles and the then - 103,000 - seat Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . Reeves threatened to end his relationship with the NFL and get out of the professional football business altogether unless the Rams transfer to Los Angeles was permitted . A settlement was reached and , as a result , Reeves was allowed to move his team to Los Angeles . Consequently , the NFL became the first professional coast - to - coast sports entertainment industry . From 1933 , when Joe Lillard left the Chicago Cardinals , through 1946 , there were no Black players in American professional football . After the Rams had received approval to move to Los Angeles , the Rams entered into negotiations to lease the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . The Rams were advised that a precondition to them getting a lease was that they would have to integrate the team with at least one African - American ; the Rams agreed to this condition . Subsequently , the Rams signed Kenny Washington on March 21 , 1946 . The signing of Washington caused `` all hell to break loose '' among the owners of the NFL franchises . The Rams added a second black player , Woody Strode , on May 7 , 1946 , giving them two black players going into the 1946 season . The Rams were the first team in the NFL to play in Los Angeles ( the 1926 Los Angeles Buccaneers were strictly a road team ) , but they were not the only professional football team to play its home games in the Coliseum between 1946 and 1949 . The upstart All - America Football Conference had the Los Angeles Dons compete there as well . Reeves was taking a gamble that Los Angeles was ready for its own professional football team -- and suddenly there were two in the City of Angels . Reeves was proved to be correct when the Rams played their first pre-season game against the Washington Redskins in front of a crowd of 95,000 fans . The team finished their first season in L.A. with a 6 -- 4 -- 1 record , second place behind the Chicago Bears . At the end of the season Walsh was fired as head coach . The Coliseum would be the home of the Rams for more than 30 years ( the Dons merged with them in late 1949 ) , but the facility was already over 20 years old on the day of the first kickoff . In 1948 , halfback Fred Gehrke painted horns on the Rams ' helmets , making the first modern helmet emblem in pro football . The Rams ' play - by - play announcer from 1937 through 1965 was Robert J. `` Bob '' Kelley , known as `` The Voice of the Rams '' , also broadcast for NCAA teams Notre Dame and Michigan football as well as the Los Angeles Angels Pacific Coast League team and American League team . Kelley had an early evening talk show on L.A. radio station KMPC , that was considered by most sports enthusiasts as highly entertaining . Kelley was generally considered a Legend and a true professional , one of the great radio , play - by - play announcers of our time . At the beginning of the 1951 World Championship game after the kickoff , Kelley was able to cite every player on the field prior to the first snap from scrimmage , an 80 - yard touchdown ( `` and I think he 's going to go all the way '' ) . 1949 -- 56 : three - end formation ( edit ) Elroy Hirsch spent nine seasons with the Los Angeles Rams from 1949 -- 1957 . The Rams ' first heyday in Southern California was from 1949 to 1955 , when they played in the pre-Super Bowl era NFL Championship Game four times , winning once in the 1951 . During this period , they had the best offense in the NFL , even though there was a quarterback change from Bob Waterfield to Norm Van Brocklin in 1951 . The defining Offensive players of this period were wide receiver Elroy Hirsch , Van Brocklin and Waterfield . Teamed with fellow Hall of Famer Tom Fears , Hirsch helped create the style of Rams football as one of the first big play receivers . During the 1951 Championship season , Hirsch posted a then stunning 1,495 receiving yards with 17 touchdowns . The popularity of this wide - open offense enabled the Los Angeles Rams to become the first pro football team to have all their games televised in 1950 . 1957 -- 64 : newcomers to L.A. and record attendance ( edit ) Los Angeles Times clipping documenting the Rams ' 1957 record attendance of 102,368 on November 10 , 1957 In the late 1950s and early 1960s , the Los Angeles Rams went from being the only major professional sports franchise in Southern California and Los Angeles to being one of five . The Los Angeles Dodgers moved from Brooklyn in 1958 , the Los Angeles Chargers of the upstart AFL was established in 1960 , the Los Angeles Lakers moved from Minneapolis in 1960 , and the Los Angeles Angels were awarded to Gene Autry in 1961 . In spite of this , the Rams continued to thrive in Southern California . In the first two years after the Dodgers moved to California , the Rams drew an average of 83,681 in 1958 and 74,069 in 1959 . The Rams were so popular in Los Angeles that the upstart Chargers chose to relocate to San Diego rather than attempt to compete with the immensely popular Rams . The Los Angeles Times put the Chargers plight as such : `` Hilton ( the Chargers owner at the time ) quickly realized that taking on the Rams in L.A. was like beating his head against the wall . '' During this time , the Rams were not as successful on the field as they had been during their first decade . The team 's combined record from 1957 to 1964 was 24 -- 35 -- 1 (. 407 ) , but the Rams continued to fill the cavernous Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum on a regular basis . While the National Football League 's average attendance ranged from the low 30,000 s to the low 40,000 s during this time , the Rams were drawing anywhere from 10,000 to 40,000 fans more than the league average . In 1957 , the Rams set the all - time NFL attendance record that stood until 2006 and broke the 100,000 mark twice during the 1958 campaign . Tanking out ( edit ) The Rams posted losing records in all but two seasons between 1956 and 1966 . In those two seasons , the club finished with a 6 and 6 record in 1957 followed by an 8 and 4 mark and a strong second place showing the next year . Led by business executive Pete Rozelle 's shrewd understanding of how to use television as a ( then - ) revolutionary promotional device , the Rams remained a business success despite the team 's poor record . In a 1957 game against the San Francisco 49ers , the Rams set a record for attendance for a regular - season NFL game ( 102,368 people ) . The Rams drew over 100,000 fans twice the following year . 1965 -- 69 : the Fearsome Foursome ( edit ) The 1960s were defined by the Rams great defensive line of Rosey Grier , Merlin Olsen , Deacon Jones , and Lamar Lundy , dubbed the `` Fearsome Foursome . '' It was this group of players who restored the on - field luster of the franchise in 1967 when the Rams reached ( but lost ) the conference championship under legendary coach George Allen . That 1967 squad would become the first NFL team to surpass one million spectators in a season , a feat the Rams would repeat the following year . In each of those two years , the L.A. Rams drew roughly double the number of fans that could be accommodated by their current stadium for a full season . George Allen led the Rams from 1966 to 1970 and introduced many innovations , including the hiring of a young Dick Vermeil as one of the first special teams coaches . Though Allen would enjoy five straight winning seasons and win two divisional titles in his time with the Rams he never won a playoff game with the team , losing in 1967 to Green Bay 28 -- 7 and in 1969 23 -- 20 to Minnesota . Allen would leave after the 1970 season to take the head coaching job for the Washington Redskins . 1970 -- 72 : changes ( edit ) Quarterback Roman Gabriel played eleven seasons for the Rams dating from 1962 -- 72 . From 1967 -- 71 , Gabriel led the Rams to either a first - or second - place finish in their division every year . He was voted the MVP of the entire NFL in 1969 , for a season in which he threw for 2,549 yards and 24 TDs while leading the Rams to the playoffs . During the 1970 season , Gabriel combined with his primary receiver Jack Snow for 51 receptions totaling 859 yards . This would prove to be the best season of their eight seasons as teammates . In 1972 , Chicago industrialist Robert Irsay purchased the Rams for $19 million and then traded the franchise to Carroll Rosenbloom for his Baltimore Colts and cash . The Rams remained solid contenders in the 1970s , winning seven straight NFC West championships between 1973 -- 79 . Though they clearly were the class of the NFC in the 1970s along with the Dallas Cowboys and Minnesota Vikings , they lost the first four conference championship games they played in that decade , losing twice each to Minnesota ( 1974 , 1976 ) and Dallas ( 1975 , 1978 ) and failing to win a league championship . 1973 -- 79 : NFC West champions ( edit ) Wordmark logo , used by the Rams from 1973 -- 1984 . Jack Youngblood giving his Pro Football Hall of Fame induction speech in 2001 . The Rams ' coach for this run was Chuck Knox , who led the team through 1977 . The Chuck Knox - coached Rams featured an unremarkable offense carried into the playoffs annually by an elite defensive unit . The defining player of the 1970s L.A. Rams was Jack Youngblood . Youngblood was called the ' Perfect Defensive End ' by fellow Hall of Famer Merlin Olsen . His toughness was legendary , notably playing on a broken leg during the Rams ' run to the 1980 Super Bowl . His blue - collar ethic stood in opposition to the perception that the Rams were a soft ' Hollywood ' team . However , several Rams players from this period took advantage of their proximity to Hollywood and crossed over into acting after their playing careers ended . Most notable of these was Fred Dryer , who starred in the TV series Hunter from 1984 to 1991 , as well as Olsen , who retired after 1976 . During the 1977 offseason , the Rams , looking for a veteran quarterback , acquired Joe Namath from the Jets . In spite of a 2 -- 1 start to the regular season , Namath 's bad knees rendered him nearly immobile and after a Monday night defeat in Chicago , he never played again . With Pat Haden at the helm , the Rams won the division and advanced to the playoffs , but lost at home to Minnesota . Chuck Knox left for the Bills in 1978 , after which Ray Malavasi became head coach . Going 12 -- 4 , the team won the NFC West for the sixth year in a row and defeated the Vikings , thus avenging their earlier playoff defeat . However , success eluded them again as they were shut out in the NFC Championship by the Cowboys . 1979 : first Super Bowl appearance ( edit ) Main article : 1979 Los Angeles Rams season Ironically , it was the Rams ' weakest divisional winner ( an aging 1979 team that only achieved a 9 -- 7 record ) that would achieve the team 's greatest success in that period . Led by third - year quarterback Vince Ferragamo , the Rams shocked the heavily favored and two - time defending NFC champion Dallas Cowboys 21 -- 19 in the Divisional Playoffs , then shut out the upstart Tampa Bay Buccaneers 9 -- 0 in the conference championship game to win the NFC and reach their first Super Bowl . Along with Ferragamo , key players for the Rams were halfback Wendell Tyler , offensive lineman Jackie Slater , and Pro Bowl defenders Jack Youngblood and Jack `` Hacksaw '' Reynolds . The Rams ' opponent in their first Super Bowl was the defending champion Pittsburgh Steelers . The game would be a virtual home game for the Rams as it was played in Pasadena at the Rose Bowl . Although some oddsmakers set the Rams as a 101⁄2 point underdog , the Rams played Pittsburgh very tough , leading at halftime 13 -- 10 and at the end of the third quarter 19 -- 17 . In the end , however , the Steelers finally asserted themselves , scoring two touchdowns in the 4th quarter and completely shutting down the Rams offense to win their fourth Super Bowl , 31 -- 19 . 1980 -- 82 : the move to Anaheim ( edit ) Anaheim Stadium , the home of the Los Angeles Rams from 1980 -- 1994 Prior to the 1979 NFL season , owner Carroll Rosenbloom died in a drowning accident , and his widow , Georgia Frontiere , inherited 70 percent ownership of the team . Frontiere then fired stepson Steve Rosenbloom and assumed total control of Rams operations . As had been planned prior to Rosenbloom 's death , the Rams moved from their longtime home at the Coliseum to Anaheim Stadium in nearby Orange County in 1980 . The reason for the move was twofold . First , the NFL 's blackout rule forbade games from being shown on local television if they did not sell out within 72 hours of the opening kickoff . As the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum seated 92,604 at the time , it was rarely possible to sell that many tickets even in the Rams ' best years , and so most Rams home games were blacked out . Second , this move was following the population pattern in Southern California . During the 1970s and 1980s , the decline of manufacturing industries in the northeastern United States combined with the desire of many people to live in a warmer climate caused a large - scale population shift to the southern and western states . As a result , many affluent new suburbs were built in the Los Angeles area . Anaheim Stadium was originally built in 1966 to be the home of the California Angels . To accommodate the Rams ' move , the ballpark was reconfigured and enclosed to accommodate a capacity of 69,008 in the football configuration . With their new , smaller home , the Rams had no problem selling out games . The Rams playing in their inaugural season at Anaheim Stadium in 1980 . In 1980 , the team posted an 11 -- 5 record , but only managed a wild card spot and were sent packing after a loss to the Cowboys . Age and injuries finally caught up with the Rams in 1981 , as they only won six games and missed the playoffs for the first time in nine years . After the 1982 season was shortened to nine games by a strike , the Rams went 2 -- 7 , the worst record ever in NFL . In 1982 , the Oakland Raiders moved to Los Angeles and took up residence in the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . The combined effect of these two moves was to divide the Rams ' traditional fanbase in two . This was coupled with the early 1980s being rebuilding years for the club , while the Raiders were winners of Super Bowl XVIII in the 1983 season . Meanwhile , the Los Angeles Lakers won championships in 1980 and 1982 en route to winning five titles in that decade , the Los Angeles Dodgers won the World Series in 1981 and 1988 , and even the Los Angeles Kings made a deep run in the playoffs in 1982 . As a result , the Rams declined sharply in popularity during the 1980s . 1983 -- 91 : Robinson takes over the Rams and the Dickerson era ( edit ) Eric Dickerson ( 29 ) , one of the best running backs in history , was most famous for his time with the Los Angeles Rams . In 1984 , Dickerson rushed for 2,105 yards in the season , a record that still stands today . The hiring of coach John Robinson in 1983 provided a needed boost for pro football in Orange County . The former USC coach began by cutting the aged veterans left over from the 1970s teams . His rebuilding program began to show results when the team rebounded to 9 -- 7 in 1983 and defeated Dallas in the playoffs . However , the season ended after a rout at the hands of the soon - to - be champion Redskins . Another trip to the playoffs in 1984 saw them lose to the Giants . They made the NFC Championship Game in 1985 after winning the division , where they would be shut out by the eventual champion Chicago Bears 24 -- 0 . The most notable player for the Rams during that period was running back Eric Dickerson , who was drafted in 1983 out of SMU and won Rookie of the Year . In 1984 , Dickerson rushed for 2,105 yards , setting a new NFL record . Dickerson would end his five hugely successful years for the Rams in 1987 by being traded to the Indianapolis Colts for a number of players and draft picks after a bitter contract dispute , shortly after the players ' strike that year ended . Dickerson was the Rams ' career rushing leader until 2010 , with 7,245 yards . Despite this trade , the Rams remained contenders due to the arrival of the innovative offensive leadership of Ernie Zampese . Zampese brought the intricate timing routes he had used in making the San Diego Chargers a state - of - the - art offense . Under Zampese , the Rams rose steadily from 28th rated offense in 1986 to 3rd in 1990 . The late 1980s Rams featured a gifted young QB in Jim Everett , a solid rushing attack and a fleet of talented WRs led by Henry Ellard . After a 10 -- 6 season in 1986 , the Rams were booted from the playoffs by Washington . After one game of the 1987 season was lost to the players ' strike , the NFL employed substitutes , most of which were given derogatory nicknames ( in this case the Los Angeles Shams ) . After a 2 -- 1 record , the Rams ' regulars returned , but the team only went 6 -- 9 and did not qualify for the postseason . The Rams managed to return in 1988 with a 10 -- 6 record , but then were defeated by Minnesota in the wild card round . Los Angeles won the first five games of 1989 , including a sensational defeat of the defending champion 49ers . They beat the Eagles in the wild card game , then beat the Giants in overtime before suffering a 30 -- 3 flogging at the hands of the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game . Although it was n't apparent at the time , the 1989 NFC Championship Game was the end of an era . The Rams did not have another winning season in their first stint in Los Angeles . They crumbled to 5 -- 11 in 1990 , followed by a 3 -- 13 season in 1991 . 1992 -- 94 : the end of the original Southern California team ( edit ) The Rams hosting the Atlanta Falcons at Anaheim Stadium in 1991 . Robinson was fired at the end of the 1991 season . The return of Chuck Knox as head coach , after Knox 's successful stints as head coach of the Buffalo Bills and Seattle Seahawks , would not boost the Rams ' fortunes . His run - oriented offense marked the end of the Zampese tenure in 1993 . Knox ' game plans called for an offense that would be steady , if unspectacular . Unfortunately for the Rams , Knox 's offense was not only aesthetically unpleasing but dull as well , especially by 1990s standards . The Rams finished last in the NFC West during all three years of Knox ' second stint , and were never a serious contender during this time . As the losses piled up and the team was seen as playing uninspired football , the Rams ' already dwindling fan base was reduced even further . By 1994 , support for the Rams had withered to the point where they were barely part of the Los Angeles sports landscape . With sellouts becoming fewer and far between , the Rams saw more of their games blacked out in Southern California . One of the few bright spots during this time was Jerome Bettis , a bruising running back from Notre Dame . Bettis flourished in Knox ' offense , running for 1,429 yards as a rookie , and 1,025 in his sophomore effort . As it has become increasingly common with sports franchises , the Rams began to blame much of their misfortune on their stadium situation . With Orange County mired in a deep recession resulting largely from defense sector layoffs , the Rams were unable to secure a new or improved stadium in the Los Angeles area , which ultimately cast their future in Southern California into doubt . Georgia 's endgame for the Los Angeles Rams ( edit ) The first half of the 1990s featured four straight 10 - loss seasons , no playoff appearances , and waning fan interest . The return of Chuck Knox as head coach ( after his successful stints as head coach of the Buffalo Bills and Seattle Seahawks ) , would not boost the Rams ' fortunes . His run - oriented offense brought the end of Zampese 's tenure , in 1993 . John Shaw , the team 's general manager , was perceived by some to continually squander NFL Draft picks on sub-standard talent . The offensive scheme was not only unspectacular to watch , but dull by 1990s standards -- further alienating fans . Team management traded quarterback Jim Everett , and released All - Pro linebacker Kevin Greene , which set the once - proud franchise further back . At this point , Georgia Frontiere blamed the poor front office decisions on their stadium situation . However , neither Orange County nor the city of Los Angeles were prepared to build a taxpayer - financed stadium just for the Rams . Claiming that Southern California was so unprofitable that the Rams would go bankrupt without a new stadium , Mrs. Frontiere decided to move the team . Rams helmet from 1989 -- 1994 . Georgia Frontiere initially attempted to relocate the Rams to Baltimore , but her fellow owners turned that proposal down . Mrs. Frontiere then sought to relocate the team to St. Louis . This move was initially voted down as well . The other owners ( led by Buffalo 's Ralph Wilson , the Jets ' Leon Hess , the Giants ' Wellington Mara , Washington 's Jack Kent Cooke , Arizona 's Bill Bidwill and Minnesota 's John Skoglund ) believed that the Rams ' financial problems were due to the Frontieres ' mismanagement . When Georgia Frontiere threatened to sue the league , Commissioner Paul Tagliabue acquiesced to Frontiere 's demands . As part of the relocation deal , the city of St. Louis agreed to build a taxpayer - financed stadium , the Trans World Dome ( now the Dome at America 's Center ) and guaranteed that the stadium 's amenities would be maintained in the top 25 percent of all NFL stadiums . Frontiere waived the clause after a 10 - year threshold period passed , as the city implemented a later plan to improve the stadium . The move left many in the Los Angeles area , and many of those indifferent to the whole situation , embittered toward the NFL . That sentiment was best expressed by Fred Dryer , who at the time said `` I hate these people ( the organization and its owner ) for what they did , taking the Rams logo with them when they moved to St. Louis . That logo belonged to Southern California . '' Steve Rosenbloom , the general manager of the team during Carroll Rosenbloom 's tenure , opined that teams come and go , but for a team to leave Los Angeles -- the second largest media market in America -- for St. Louis ( approximately the 18th - largest ) was simply irresponsible and foolish , in spite of the notoriously fickle support of Los Angeles fans . With the Raiders moving from Los Angeles back to Oakland only a few months later , the NFL would have no franchise in Los Angeles for the first time in 50 seasons . 1995 : departure ( edit ) By 1995 , the Rams franchise had withered to a mere shadow of its former self . Accusations and excuses were constantly thrown back and forth between the Rams fan base , ownership , and local politicians . Many in the fan base blamed the ownership of Georgia Frontiere for the franchise 's woes , while ownership cited the out - dated stadium and withering fan support . Frontiere finally gave up and decided to move the Rams to St. Louis . However , on March 15 , 1995 , the other league owners rejected Frontiere 's bid to move the franchise by a 21 -- 3 -- 6 vote . Then - Commissioner Paul Tagliabue stated after rejecting the move , `` This was one of the most complex issues we have had to approach in years . We had to balance the interest of fans in Los Angeles and in St. Louis that we appreciate very much . In my judgment , they did not meet the guidelines we have in place for such a move . '' The commissioner also added : `` Once the bridges have been burned and people get turned off on a sports franchise , years of loyalty is not respected and it is difficult to get it back . By the same token , there are millions of fans in that area who have supported the Rams in an extraordinary way . The Rams have 50 years of history and the last 5 or so years of difficult times can be corrected . '' Frontiere , however , responded with a thinly veiled threat at a lawsuit . The owners eventually acquiesced to her demands , wary of going through a long , protracted legal battle . Tagliabue simply stated that `` The desire to have peace and not be at war was a big factor '' in allowing the Rams move to go forward . In a matter of a month , the vote had gone from 21 -- 6 opposed to 23 -- 6 in favor . Jonathan Kraft , son of Patriots owner Robert Kraft , elaborated on the commissioner 's remarks by saying that `` about five or six owners did n't want to get the other owners into litigation , so they switched their votes . '' Only six teams remained in opposition to the Rams move from Los Angeles : the Pittsburgh Steelers , New York Giants , New York Jets , Buffalo Bills , Arizona Cardinals , and Washington Redskins . After the vote was over , Steelers owner Dan Rooney publicly stated that he opposed the move of the Los Angeles Rams because `` I believe we should support the fans who have supported us for years . '' 1995 -- 2015 : St. Louis era ( edit ) Time in St. Louis ( edit ) Main articles : History of the St. Louis Rams and 1999 St. Louis Rams season While in St. Louis , the Rams played their first few home games at Busch Memorial Stadium before the Trans World Dome ( now known as the Dome at America 's Center ) was completed during the middle of the 1995 season . Aided by an offense nicknamed `` The Greatest Show on Turf '' , a period of success occurred between 1999 and 2004 when the team qualified for the playoffs in five out of those six seasons , including a win in Super Bowl XXXIV against the Tennessee Titans , and a loss to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XXXVI . Other than that period of success , the St. Louis Rams repeatedly suffered losing seasons . Attempts to move the NFL back to Los Angeles ( edit ) Main article : History of the National Football League in Los Angeles Within months of the moves of the Rams and Raiders , several NFL teams were rumored to be replacements . They included the Cleveland Browns , the Cincinnati Bengals , the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , and the Seattle Seahawks . However , the Browns moved to become the Baltimore Ravens in 1996 amid major controversy , and a new Browns team occupied a new stadium in 1999 . The Bengals , Buccaneers and Seahawks , meanwhile , used L.A. 's vacancy as leverage to convince their cities to help finance new stadiums . Meanwhile , various entities proposed new stadiums in Los Angeles in an attempt to lure a team to the market . Seattle Seahawks ( edit ) The closest Los Angeles had come to getting a new NFL franchise was prior to 2016 was the Seattle Seahawks . In March 1996 , Seahawks owner Ken Behring moved office equipment and some athletic gear to the elementary school in Anaheim that once held Rams practices , hoping to get approval for a permanent move to Southern California . He also had plans to change the team 's name and colors if a move to Los Angeles was successful . Because of an owners ' revolt , Behring halted the process and moved the equipment back to Seattle . Eventually , Paul Allen bought the team and kept it in Seattle by building Seahawks Stadium , now known as CenturyLink Field . 1999 NFL expansion ( edit ) Los Angeles again came close to regaining an NFL team in 1999 , when the NFL approved a new franchise , the league 's 32nd , for Los Angeles , on the condition that the city and NFL agree on a stadium site and stadium financing . Those agreements were never reached , and on October 6 , 1999 , the franchise was awarded to a Houston ownership group instead , which formed the Houston Texans . Using Los Angeles as leverage ( edit ) During the Rams ' 21 - year absence from Los Angeles , the market had been used on many different occasions as leverage to finance new stadiums or upgrade existing venues . An excellent example of this was when Indianapolis Colts owner Jim Irsay 's airplane appeared at Van Nuys Airport , presumably for meetings with local officials on moving his team to Los Angeles . He eventually signed a deal to build a new venue in Indianapolis and Los Angeles continued to be without representation in the National Football League . City of champions revitalization initiative ; Los Angeles entertainment Center ( edit ) Main article : Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park On January 31 , 2014 , both the Los Angeles Times and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch reported that Rams owner Stan Kroenke had purchased approximately 60 acres of land adjacent to the Forum in Inglewood , California . The purchase price was rumored to have been between $90 million and $100 million . Commissioner Roger Goodell represented that Mr. Kroenke informed the league of the purchase . As an NFL owner , any purchase of land in which a potential stadium could be built must be disclosed to the league . Kroenke subsequently announced plans to build an NFL stadium on the site , in connection with the owners of the adjacent 238 - acre Hollywood Park site , Stockbridge Capital Group . This development has further fueled rumors that the Rams intend to return its management and football operations to Southern California . The land was initially targeted for a Walmart Supercenter but Walmart could not get the necessary permits to build it . Kroenke is married to Ann Walton Kroenke who is a member of the Walton family and many of Kroenke 's real estate deals have involved Walmart properties . On January 5 , 2015 , the Los Angeles Times reported that Kroenke Sports & Entertainment and Stockbridge Capital Group were partnering up in developing a new NFL stadium on the Inglewood property owned by Kroenke . The project will include a stadium of 80,000 seats and a performance venue of 6,000 seats while reconfiguring the previously approved Hollywood Park plan for up to 890,000 square feet of retail , 780,000 square feet of office space , 2,500 new residential units , a 300 - room hotel and 25 acres of public parks , playgrounds , open space and pedestrian and bicycle access . The stadium would likely be ready by 2018 . In lieu of this , St. Louis countered with a stadium plan for the north riverfront area of downtown , with the hope of keeping the Rams in the city . On February 24 , 2015 , the Inglewood City Council approved the stadium plan and the initiative with construction on the stadium planned to begin in December 2015 . On December 21 , 2015 , Construction was officially underway for the stadium on the Hollywood Park site . Stadium issues in St. Louis ( edit ) Main article : The Dome at America 's Center § The loss of the Rams ( 2012 -- 2016 ) The Rams and the St. Louis CVC began negotiating deals to get the Rams home stadium , the Edward Jones Dome into the top 25 percent of stadiums in the league ( i.e. , top eight teams of the 32 NFL teams in reference to luxury boxes , amenities and overall fan experience ) . Under the terms of the lease agreement , the St. Louis CVC was required to make modifications to the Edward Jones Dome in 2005 . However , then - owner , Georgia Frontiere , waived the provision in exchange for cash that served as a penalty for the city 's noncompliance . The city of St. Louis , in subsequent years , made changes to the scoreboard and increased the natural lighting by replacing panels with windows , although the overall feel remains dark . The minor renovations which totaled about $70 million did not bring the stadium within the specifications required under the lease agreement ; thus , keeping the Dome in a state of uncertainty . On February 1 , 2013 , an Arbitrator ( 3 panel ) selected to preside over the arbitration process found that the Edward Jones Dome was not in the top 25 percent of all NFL venues as required under the terms of the lease agreement between the Rams and the CVC . The Arbitrator ( three panel ) further found that the estimated $700 million in proposed renovations by the Rams was not unreasonable given the terms of the lease agreement . Finally , the city of St. Louis was ordered to pay the Rams attorneys ' fees which totaled a reported $2 million . Publicly , city , county and state officials expressed no interest in providing further funding to the Edward Jones Dome in light of those entities , as well as taxpayers , continuing to owe approximately $300 million more on that facility . As such , if a resolution was not reached by the end of the 2014 NFL season and the city of St. Louis remained non-compliant in its obligations under the lease agreement , the Rams would be free to nullify their lease and go to a year - to - year lease . Months later , the Rams scheduled to play in London , which violates the Edward Jones Dome 's terms of lease . Filing for relocation ; Houston meetings ( edit ) Rally held at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in support of the Rams moving back to Los Angeles . On January 4 , 2016 , the St. Louis Rams filed for relocation to move to the Los Angeles area for the 2016 NFL season . They were among the three teams ( the Rams , Oakland Raiders , and the San Diego Chargers ) that filed for relocation to Los Angeles . All three franchises previously played in the Los Angeles metropolitan area . Weeks later , the NFL owners gathered in Houston for a meeting on January 11 and January 12 , a meeting that decided the end of the Los Angeles race . A few days before the scheduled owners meeting , Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones suggested that the Rams and Chargers should share Stan Kroenke 's Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park . This suggestion was taken as a possible option discussed in the Houston meetings . During the Los Angeles meeting , the Committee on Los Angeles Opportunities , which consists of six NFL owners , favored the Carson project over the Rams ' Inglewood project . Despite this , thanks to Jerry Jones ' pitch , the first round of voting during the meeting , the Rams got the greater amount of votes , conquering the Carson project 21 -- 11 . However , the Rams did not meet the required 24 votes in the second round of voting the Rams Inglewood project received 20 votes while the Chargers and Raiders Carson project received only 12 votes . After hours of searching to find a compromise , it was determined that the Rams would relocate to Los Angeles and the Chargers would have the option to join them , while the Raiders would have the option to join the Rams if the Chargers elected not to move . The Chargers used their option in January 2017 becoming the Los Angeles Chargers . 2016 -- present : new era begins ( edit ) Until the Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park has finished construction and is ready for use , the Rams are playing their home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , which had been home to the team for 33 seasons ( 1946 -- 1979 ) , and is currently also the home of the USC Trojans college football team . The Rams move to Los Angeles is also being used to help expand the league 's presence around the globe . In 2016 , the Rams faced the New York Giants in London at Twickenham Stadium , as part of the NFL 's International Series . The Rams are also expected to play a game in China in time for the 2018 NFL season . Kevin Demoff , the team 's Executive Vice President of Football Operations / Chief Operating Officer , told The Guardian that he sees L.A. as a gateway to Asia and says being in L.A. will help sell the brand , more so , than in St. Louis . Los Angeles Rams secondary wordmark , 2016 -- present On February 4 , 2016 , the Los Angeles Rams selected Oxnard , California to be the site of their minicamp , offseason team activities , and offseason program that began on April 18 . In March , it was announced that the Rams would be featured on HBO 's Hard Knocks . On March 30 , California Lutheran University and the Rams reached an agreement that allowed the team to have regular - season training operations at CLU 's campus for the next two years . The Rams paid for two practice fields , paved parking , and modular buildings constructed on the northwestern corner of the campus . Jared Goff era ( edit ) Jared Goff in his 2016 rookie season On April 13 , 2016 , the Los Angeles Rams traded their 2016 first - round pick , two second - round picks , a third - round pick , and their 2017 first - round and third - round picks to the Tennessee Titans in exchange for the number one pick , alongside their fourth - round pick and a sixth - round pick . The Rams waited until after Lakers guard Kobe Bryant 's last game before announcing the blockbuster trade . On April 28 , 2016 , the Rams selected quarterback Jared Goff from California , with the 1st overall pick in the 1st round , along with tight end Tyler Higbee and wide receiver Pharoh Cooper in the 4th round with the 110th and 117th picks , tight end Temarrick Hemingway , linebacker Josh Forrest , and wide receiver Mike Thomas in the 6th round with the 190th , 193th , and 206th picks . In June 2016 , it was reported that the Rams had sold 63,000 season tickets , which was short of their goal of 70,000 . Later on July 12 , 2016 , it was reported that they had sold 70,000 tickets , reaching their goal . In July 2016 , the Rams signed a three - year agreement with UC Irvine to use the university 's facilities for training camp , with an option to extend it to two more years . On July 29 , 2016 , the Los Angeles Times reported that the Rams would host their first training - camp practice and `` Rams Family Day '' on Saturday , August 6 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , which was open to the public . The Rams played their first game in the Los Angeles area since 1994 , a 22 - year absence , with a preseason opener against the Dallas Cowboys at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum on August 13 . The Rams defeated the Cowboys 28 -- 24 in front of a crowd of 89,140 , a record attendance for a pre-season game . On September 12 , 2016 , the Rams played their first regular season game since returning to Los Angeles , where they lost to the San Francisco 49ers 28 -- 0 at Levi 's Stadium . On September 18 , in front of over 91,000 fans at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , The Rams played their first home game on September 18 , 2016 , defeating the Seattle Seahawks 9 - 3 Fisher 's firing ( edit ) On December 12 , 2016 , the team fired head coach Jeff Fisher after starting the season 4 − 9 . The team announced later that day that John Fassel would be taking over as interim head coach . Fassel is the son of former NFL head coach Jim Fassel and has been the Rams special teams coach since the 2012 season . Sean McVay era ( edit ) On January 12 , 2017 ( the same day the Chargers moved to the Los Angeles area as the team did ) the Rams hired Sean McVay for the teams head coaching vacancy . McVay has become the youngest head coach in NFL history . McVay was the offensive coordinator the Redskins , working under coach Jay Gruden . Quarterback Jared Goff had began to come into his own under McVay and running back Todd Gurley had return to dominance . List of seasons ( edit ) This section only lists the Rams ' seasons in Los Angeles . For list of seasons of the entire Rams franchise , see List of Los Angeles Rams seasons . Season Team League Conference Division Regular Season Attendance Postseason Results Awards Finish Wins Losses Ties Rams Average NFL Average Los Angeles Rams ( 1946 -- 1994 ) 1946 1946 NFL West 2nd 6 42,834 ( 2 / 10 ) 34,397 1947 1947 NFL West 4th 6 6 0 32,130 ( 5 / 10 ) 30,226 1948 1948 NFL West 3rd 6 5 28,258 ( 5 / 10 ) 26,240 1949 1949 NFL West 1st 8 44,043 ( 1 / 10 ) 24,798 Lost NFL Championship ( Eagles ) 14 -- 0 1950 1950 NFL National 1st 9 0 26,341 ( 6 / 13 ) 27,070 Won National Conference Playoff ( Bears ) 24 -- 14 Lost NFL Championship ( Browns ) 30 -- 28 1951 1951 NFL National 1st 8 0 44,196 ( 1 / 12 ) 28,741 Won NFL Championship ( 2 ) ( Browns ) 24 -- 17 1952 1952 NFL National 2nd 9 0 53,157 ( 1 / 12 ) 31,278 Lost National Conference Playoff ( Lions ) 31 -- 21 Hamp Pool ( COY ) 1953 1953 NFL Western 3rd 8 54,744 ( 1 / 12 ) 32,895 1954 1954 NFL Western 4th 6 5 54,734 ( 1 / 12 ) 33,769 1955 1955 NFL Western 1st 8 66,159 ( 1 / 12 ) 37,796 Lost NFL Championship ( Browns ) 38 -- 14 1956 1956 NFL Western T - 5th 8 0 61,190 ( 1 / 12 ) 38,293 1957 1957 NFL Western 4th 6 6 0 74,296 ( 1 / 12 ) 42,160 1958 1958 NFL Western T - 2nd 8 0 83,681 ( 1 / 12 ) 44,690 1959 1959 NFL Western 6th 10 0 74,069 ( 1 / 12 ) 46,134 1960 1960 NFL Western 6th 7 61,724 ( 1 / 21 ) 32,150 1961 1961 NFL Western 6th 10 0 47,992 ( 7 / 22 ) 33,874 1962 1962 NFL Western 7th 12 41,572 ( 9 / 22 ) 35,355 1963 1963 NFL Western 6th 5 9 0 42,302 ( 9 / 22 ) 36,610 1964 1964 NFL Western 5th 5 7 55,764 ( 5 / 22 ) 40,636 1965 1965 NFL Western 7th 10 0 40,333 ( 13 / 22 ) 43,489 1966 1966 NFL Western 3rd 8 6 0 49,776 ( 10 / 24 ) 45,732 1967 1967 NFL Western Coastal 1st 11 60,000 ( 6 / 25 ) 48,606 Lost Conference Playoff Game ( Packers ) 28 -- 7 George Allen ( COY ) Deacon Jones ( DPOY ) 1968 1968 NFL Western Coastal 2nd 10 65,127 ( 4 / 26 ) 48,777 Deacon Jones ( DPOY ) 1969 1969 NFL Western Coastal 1st 11 0 71,242 ( 3 / 26 ) 51,053 Lost Conference Playoff Game ( Vikings ) 23 -- 20 Roman Gabriel ( MVP ) / ( Rams MVP ) 1970 1970 NFL NFC West 2nd 9 71,242 ( 2 / 26 ) 54,375 Merlin Olsen ( Rams MVP ) 1971 1971 NFL NFC West 2nd 8 5 72,453 ( 3 / 26 ) 56,935 Isiah Robertson ( DROY ) Marlin McKeever ( Rams MVP ) 1972 1972 NFL NFC West 3rd 6 7 72,461 ( 4 / 26 ) 58,416 Merlin Olsen ( Rams MVP ) 1973 1973 NFL NFC West 1st 12 0 74,168 ( 2 / 26 ) 55,339 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Cowboys ) 27 -- 16 Chuck Knox ( COY ) John Hadl ( NFC ) / ( Rams MVP ) NFL NFC West 1st 10 0 75,492 ( 2 / 26 ) 52,098 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Redskins ) 19 -- 10 Lost Conference Championship ( Vikings ) 14 -- 10 Lawrence McCutcheon ( Rams MVP ) NFL NFC West 1st 12 0 65,284 ( 4 / 26 ) 52,754 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Cardinals ) 35 -- 23 Lost Conference Championship ( Cowboys ) 37 -- 7 Jack Youngblood ( DPOY ) / ( Rams MVP ) 1976 1976 NFL NFC West 1st 10 63,141 ( 4 / 26 ) 53,983 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Cowboys ) 14 -- 12 Lost Conference Championship ( Vikings ) 24 -- 13 Jack Youngblood ( Rams MVP ) 1977 1977 NFL NFC West 1st 10 0 53,585 ( 10 / 28 ) 52,711 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 14 -- 7 Lawrence McCutcheon ( Rams MVP ) 1978 1978 NFL NFC West 1st 12 0 53,388 ( 14 / 28 ) 53,983 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 34 -- 10 Lost Conference Championship ( Cowboys ) 28 -- 0 Jim Youngblood ( Rams MVP ) 1979 1979 NFL NFC West 1st 9 7 0 52,970 ( 17 / 28 ) 55,960 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Cowboys ) 21 -- 19 Won Conference Championship ( Buccaneers ) 9 -- 0 Lost Super Bowl XIV ( Steelers ) 31 -- 19 Jack Youngblood ( Rams MVP ) Kent Hill ( Rams ROY ) 1980 1980 NFL NFC West 2nd 11 5 0 62,550 ( 8 / 28 ) 56,667 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Cowboys ) 34 -- 13 Vince Ferragamo ( Rams MVP ) Johnnie Johnson ( Rams ROY ) 1981 1981 NFL NFC West 3rd 6 10 0 60,503 ( 11 / 28 ) 57,665 Nolan Cromwell ( Rams MVP ) Jairo Penaranda ( Rams ROY ) 1982 1982 NFL NFC 14th 7 0 51,690 ( 16 / 28 ) 52,527 Vince Ferragamo ( Rams MVP ) Barry Redden ( Rams ROY ) NFL NFC West 2nd 9 7 0 52,780 ( 15 / 28 ) 54,364 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Cowboys ) 24 -- 17 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Redskins ) 51 -- 7 Eric Dickerson ( OROY ) / NFC / Rams MVP / Rams ROY 1984 1984 NFL NFC West 2nd 10 6 0 54,455 ( 17 / 28 ) 55,528 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Giants ) 16 -- 13 Eric Dickerson ( NFC ) / ( Rams MVP ) Ron Brown ( Rams ROY ) 1985 1985 NFL NFC West 1st 11 5 0 56,242 ( 15 / 28 ) 55,408 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Cowboys ) 20 -- 0 Lost Conference Championship ( Bears ) 24 -- 0 LeRoy Irvin ( Rams MVP ) Dale Hatcher ( Rams ROY ) 1986 1986 NFL NFC West 2nd 10 6 0 59,285 ( 10 / 28 ) 56,872 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Redskins ) 19 -- 7 Eric Dickerson ( OPOY ) ( NFC ) / ( Rams MVP ) Jim Everett ( Rams ROY ) NFL NFC West 3rd 6 9 0 47,356 ( 18 / 28 ) 48,639 Charles White ( Rams MVP ) Cliff Hicks ( Rams ROY ) 1988 1988 NFL NFC West 2nd 10 6 0 54,469 ( 17 / 28 ) 56,727 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Vikings ) 28 -- 17 Henry Ellard ( Rams MVP ) Robert Delpino ( Rams ROY ) 1989 1989 NFL NFC West 2nd 11 5 0 58,846 ( 11 / 28 ) 57,257 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Eagles ) 21 -- 7 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Giants ) 19 -- 13 Lost Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 30 -- 3 Jim Everett ( Rams MVP ) Darryl Henley ( Rams ROY ) 1990 1990 NFL NFC West 3rd 5 11 0 59,920 ( 12 / 28 ) 59,665 Buford McGee ( Rams MVP ) Bern Brostek ( Rams ROY ) 1991 1991 NFL NFC West 4th 13 0 51,586 ( 22 / 28 ) 58,926 Robert Delpino ( Rams MVP ) Todd Lyght ( Rams ROY ) 1992 1992 NFL NFC West 4th 6 10 0 47,811 ( 25 / 28 ) 58,734 Jackie Slater ( Rams MVP ) Sean Gilbert ( Rams ROY ) 1993 1993 NFL NFC West 4th 5 11 0 45,401 ( 25 / 28 ) 59,352 Jerome Bettis ( OROY ) ( Rams MVP ) / ( Rams ROY ) 1994 1994 NFL NFC West 4th 12 0 43,312 ( 28 / 28 ) 60,107 Shane Conlan ( Rams MVP ) Isaac Bruce ( Rams ROY ) St. Louis Rams ( 1995 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Rams ( 2016 -- present ) 2016 2016 NFL NFC West 4th 12 0 84,457 ( 2 / 32 ) 2017 2017 NFL NFC West - - - - Total 11 Division titles 4 Conference Titles 1 NFL Title ( 1951 ) 368 309 18 ( regular season ) 12 20 0 ( playoffs ) 380 329 18 ( regular season and playoffs ) * Between 1946 and 1994 , the Los Angeles Rams Played a total of 679 Regular Season Games and 32 Playoff Games ( 711 Games ) * Between 1946 and 1994 , the Los Angeles Rams had a total record of 364 - 297 ( Regular ) , 12 - 20 ( Postseason ) , and 376 - 317 ( Total ) Pro Football Hall of Famers ( edit ) This section only lists Pro Football Hall of Famers who were with the Rams when they played in Los Angeles . For a complete list of Rams Hall of Fame inductees ( including those that only played when the team was in St. Louis ) , see Los Angeles Rams # Pro Football Hall of Famers . Former Los Angeles Rams in the Pro Football Hall of Fame include Jerome Bettis ( 36 ) , Joe Namath ( 12 ) , Ollie Matson ( 33 ) , Andy Robustelli ( 84 ) , Dick `` Night Train '' Lane ( 81 ) , and general manager Tex Schramm . GM and later NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle and coach Sid Gillman are also members of the Hall of Fame , but were elected on the basis of their performances with other teams or ( in the case of Rozelle ) NFL administration . Los Angeles Rams Hall of Famers No . Player Class Position ( s ) Tenure -- George Allen 2002 Coach 1966 -- 1970 36 Jerome Bettis 2015 RB 1993 -- 1994 76 Bob Brown OT 1969 -- 1970 29 Eric Dickerson 1999 RB 1983 -- 1987 55 Tom Fears 1970 End 1948 -- 1956 40 Elroy `` Crazy Legs '' Hirsch 1968 RB , WR 1949 -- 1957 75 Deacon Jones 1980 DE 1961 -- 1971 65 Tom Mack 1999 1966 -- 1978 74 Merlin Olsen 1982 DT 1962 -- 1976 -- Dan Reeves 1967 Owner 1946 -- 1971 67 , 48 Les Richter 2011 LB , K 1954 -- 1962 78 Jackie Slater 2001 OT 1976 -- 1994 25 Norm Van Brocklin 1971 QB , P 1949 -- 1957 7 Bob Waterfield 1965 QB , DB , K , P 1946 -- 1952 85 Jack Youngblood 2001 DE 1971 -- 1984 91 Kevin Greene 2016 LB , DE 1985 -- 1992 Retired numbers ( edit ) Numbers that have been retired by the Rams . This list includes players who have played most of their career in Los Angeles Only . Los Angeles Rams retired numbers N ° Player Position Tenure 7 Bob Waterfield QB 1945 -- 52 29 Eric Dickerson RB 1983 -- 87 74 Merlin Olsen DT 1962 -- 76 75 Deacon Jones DE 1961 -- 71 78 Jackie Slater OT 1976 -- 95 85 Jack Youngblood DE 1971 -- 84 -- Bob Waterfield played his first season in Cleveland -- Jackie Slater played his last season in St. Louis Radio and television ( edit ) The Rams were the first NFL team to televise their home games ; in a sponsorship arrangement with Admiral television , all home games of the 1950 NFL season were shown locally . The Rams also televised games in the early 1950s . The 1951 NFL Championship Game was the first championship game televised coast - to - coast ( via the DuMont Network ) . During the team 's years in Los Angeles all games were broadcast on KMPC radio ( 710 AM ) ; play - by - play announcers were Bob Kelley ( who accompanied the team from Cleveland and worked until his death in 1966 ) , Dick Enberg ( 1966 -- 77 ) , Al Wisk ( 1978 -- 79 ) , Bob Starr ( 1980 -- 89 , 1993 ) , Eddie Doucette ( 1990 ) , Paul Olden ( 1991 -- 92 ) , and Steve Physioc ( 1994 ) . Analysts included Gil Stratton , Steve Bailey , Dave Niehaus ( 1968 -- 72 ) , Don Drysdale ( 1973 -- 76 ) , Dick Bass ( 1977 -- 86 ) , Jack Youngblood ( 1987 -- 91 ) , Jack Snow ( 1992 -- 94 ) , and Deacon Jones ( 1994 ) . In popular culture ( edit ) In the 1978 film Heaven Can Wait , Joe Pendleton ( Warren Beatty ) , a fictional quarterback for the Los Angeles Rams , is looking forward to leading his team to the Super Bowl . See also ( edit ) History of the National Football League in Los Angeles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rams unveil new logo during L.A. news conference '' . NFL.com . National Football League . January 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : MacCambridge , 2005 , pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Littlewood , 1990 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Lyons , 2010 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Yost , 2006 , p. 57 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Davis writes Halas engineered the approval of the Rams move to Los Angeles , Davis , 2005 , p. 201 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Lyons , 2010 , p. 117 -- 118 . Jump up ^ `` Ebony Magazine May 1969 '' . Ebony Magazine . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MacCambridge , 2005 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Levy , 2003 , p. 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Davis , 2005 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Strode , 1990 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Coenen , 2005 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ MacCambridge writes he was signed on May 4 , 1946 . MacCambridge , 2005 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Ross , 1999 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Rathet , 1984 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ James P. Quirk and Rodney D. Fort , Pay Dirt : The Business of Professional Team Sports , p. 438 , ISBN 0 - 691 - 01574 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Fun Facts '' . St. Louis Rams . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dwyre , Bill ( November 30 , 2009 ) . `` Barron Hilton 's Chargers turned short stay into long - term success '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( January 6 , 2015 ) . `` Whether Rams return or not , they 're still family '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RAMS STATISTICS - ATTENDANCE '' . Bring Back the Los Angeles Rams . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ George , Thomas ( March 16 , 1995 ) . `` PRO FOOTBALL ; N.F.L. Owners Reject Rams ' Bid to Move To St. Louis '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ T.J. Simers ; Bill Plaschke ( March 16 , 1995 ) . `` League Owners Reject Rams ' Move to St. Louis '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simers , T.J. ( April 13 , 1995 ) . `` NFL Owners OK Rams ' Move to St. Louis '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nightengale , Bob -- Without Disney , Angels could become X-rated . ( sale of California Angels to Walt Disney Co in jeopardy ) . Sporting News , March 25 , 1996 Jump up ^ `` Texans Team History '' . Houston Texans . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fenno , Nathan ; Farmer , Sam ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` NFL teams often use L.A. to get better deals to stay where they are '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Farmer , Sam ; Vincent , Roger ( 5 January 2015 ) . `` Owner of St. Louis Rams plans to build NFL stadium in Inglewood '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagoner , Nick ( February 1 , 2014 ) . `` Stan Kroenke buys 60 acres in L.A '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Piper , Brandie ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Report : Rams owner bought 60 acres of land in California '' . KSDK . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Sam ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` A return of L.A. Rams ? Owner is said to buy possible stadium site '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wickersham , Seth ; Van Natta Jr. , Don ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Wow Factor : The Real Story of the NFL Owners Battle To Bring Football Back To Los Angeles '' . ESPN The Magazine . ESPN . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Rams to relocate to L.A. ; Chargers first option to join '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rams to Return to Los Angeles '' . St. Louis Rams . January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rams headed back to Los Angeles ; Chargers have option to join '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rams to Play First Ever NFL Game at Twickenham Stadium '' . St. Louis Rams . November 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Partra , Kevin . `` Los Angeles Rams expected to play in China in 2018 '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Les ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Could the LA Rams become the NFL 's first truly global team ? '' . Guardian . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . We do n't want to play games in just London ; we want to explore the Asian opportunity `` , Demoff said . `` We want to grow the brand internationally . I think there 's an opportunity to grow the Rams brand and I think the league wants to grow their brand in that market . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Los Angeles Rams will be featured on ' Hard Knocks ' '' . National Football League . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Rams choose Cal Lutheran for temporary training site '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Rams training moving to Cal Lutheran '' . Los Angeles Rams . March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . The facility at Cal Lutheran is the home base for about 130 athletes , coaches , trainers and other staff members . Jump up ^ Orr , Conor ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` L.A. Rams trade up to acquire No. 1 pick from Titans '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Klein , Gary . `` Rams will hold first training - camp practice Saturday '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Bain , Nate ( August 13 , 2016 ) . `` Rams Victorious in Return to Los Angeles '' . Los Angeles Rams . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Klein , Gary ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` It was n't pretty but Rams win home opener , 9 - 3 , over Seahawks '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orr , Conor ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Los Angeles Rams fire head coach Jeff Fisher '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Fassel Named Rams Interim Head Coach '' . Los Angeles Rams . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dan Reeves moved the team due to poor attendance at and competing against the Cleveland Browns , the Rams became the first NFL team based on the West Coast . Jump up ^ 1982 was a strike - shortened season so the league was divided up into two conferences instead of its normal divisional alignment . Jump up ^ The strike of 1987 reduced the regular season schedule from sixteen to fifteen games . ^ Jump up to : 1946 -- 1994 Los Angeles Rams Founded in 1936 Played in Cleveland ( 1936 -- 45 ) and St. Louis ( 1995 -- 2015 ) Based in Los Angeles , California Headquartered in Thousand Oaks , California Franchise Franchise History in Cleveland in St. Louis Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Statistics Broadcasters Awards Stadiums Cleveland Stadium League Park Shaw Stadium Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Anaheim Stadium Busch Stadium Edward Jones Dome Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( under construction ) Culture Rampage Cheerleaders Heaven Can Wait ( film ) Melonheads Carroll Rosenbloom John Ramsey Lore The Greatest Show on Turf Bull Elephant backfield Fearsome Foursome Rivalries San Francisco 49ers Kansas City Chiefs Retired numbers 7 28 29 74 75 78 80 85 Division championships ( 13 ) 1967 1969 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1985 1999 2001 2003 Conference championships ( 8 ) 1945 1949 1950 1951 1955 1979 1999 2001 League championships ( 3 ) 1945 1951 1999 ( XXXIV ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1937 -- present ) Conference : National Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1936 ) Seasons ( 81 ) 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Sports teams based in Greater Los Angeles Baseball MLB Los Angeles Angels Los Angeles Dodgers CL Inland Empire 66ers Lake Elsinore Storm Lancaster JetHawks Rancho Cucamonga Quakes PL High Desert Yardbirds Hollywood Stars Basketball NBA Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers WNBA Los Angeles Sparks G League Agua Caliente Clippers South Bay Lakers ABA Los Angeles Slam Oceanside A-Team Orange County Novastars American football NFL Los Angeles Chargers Los Angeles Rams WFA Pacific Warriors West Coast Lightning IWFL California Quake LFL Los Angeles Temptation Ice hockey NHL Anaheim Ducks Los Angeles Kings AHL Ontario Reign Soccer MLS LA Galaxy Los Angeles FC ( beginning 2018 ) NASL California United FC ( beginning 2018 ) USL LA Galaxy II Orange County SC PDL FC Golden State Force Orange County SC U-23 Southern California Seahorses Ventura County Fusion NPSL City of Angels FC Deportivo Coras USA Orange County FC Oxnard Guerreros FC SoCal SC Sport Club Corinthians USA Temecula FC MASL Ontario Fury UWS Santa Clarita Blue Heat So Cal Crush FC Roller derby WFTDA Angel City Derby Girls Ventura County Derby Darlins West Coast Derby Knockouts RDCL Los Angeles Derby Dolls Rugby SCRFU Back Bay RFC Belmont Shore RFC Los Angeles RFC Santa Monica Rugby Club Team tennis WTT Orange County Breakers Ultimate AUDL Los Angeles Aviators College athletics ( NCAA Div . I ) Cal State Fullerton Cal State Northridge Long Beach State Loyola Marymount Pepperdine UC Irvine UC Riverside UCLA USC Venues Current Anaheim Convention Center Angel Stadium Citizens Business Bank Arena Dodger Stadium The Forum Galen Center Honda Center Long Beach Arena Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Pauley Pavilion Rose Bowl Staples Center StubHub Center Walter Pyramid Breakers Stadium at the Newport Beach Tennis Club Former Gilmore Field Gilmore Stadium Grand Olympic Auditorium Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena Pan-Pacific Auditorium Wrigley Field Future Banc of California Stadium ( scheduled to open in 2018 ) Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( scheduled to open in 2020 ) Rivalries Freeway Series Freeway Face - Off Lakers -- Clippers rivalry UCLA -- USC rivalry Los Angeles Rams 1951 NFL champions 7 Bob Waterfield 10 Tom Keane 11 Stan West 13 Tank Younger 24 Tommy Kalmanir 25 Norm Van Brocklin 27 Marvin Johnson 30 Woodley Lewis 31 Dick Hoerner 32 Dan Towler 33 Jerry Williams 40 Crazy Legs Hirsch 41 Glenn Davis 42 Herb Rich 44 Harry Thompson 50 Leon McLaughlin 55 Tom Fears 56 Jack Zilly 57 Don Paul 58 Jack Finlay 63 Larry Brink 67 Dick Daugherty 70 Charlie Toogood 71 Tom Dahms 72 Bobby Collier 73 Jack Halliday 76 Don Simensen 77 Vitamin Smith 78 Jim Winkler 80 Bob Boyd 84 Andy Robustelli 88 Norb Hecker Head coach Joe Stydahar Assistant coaches : Red Hickey Hamp Pool Ray Richards Sports in Orange County , California Baseball MLB Los Angeles Angels Ice hockey NHL Anaheim Ducks Tennis WTT Orange County Breakers Roller derby RDCL Orange County Roller Girls College athletics NCAA Division I Cal State Fullerton UC Irvine Soccer USL Orange County SC NASL California United FC ( beginning 2018 ) PDL Orange County SC U-23 NPSL Orange County FC Defunct / Relocated NFL Los Angeles Rams ABA Anaheim Amigos NBA Los Angeles Clippers NBA D - League Anaheim Arsenal NASL California Surf APSL Los Angeles Salsa AFL Anaheim Piranhas NLL Anaheim Storm RHI Anaheim Bullfrogs WFL Southern California Sun CISL Anaheim Splash Venues Anaheim Convention Center Angel Stadium Anteater Ballpark Anteater Recreation Center Anteater Stadium Bren Events Center Crawford Hall Goodwin Field Honda Center Titan Gym Titan Stadium Currently on hiatus . Only played occasional games in Orange County Sports teams based in California Australian rules football USAFL Golden Gate Roos Los Angeles Dragons Orange County Bombers Sacramento Suns San Diego Lions Baseball MLB Los Angeles Angels Los Angeles Dodgers Oakland Athletics San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants PCL Fresno Grizzlies Sacramento River Cats CL Inland Empire 66ers Lake Elsinore Storm Lancaster JetHawks Modesto Nuts Rancho Cucamonga Quakes San Jose Giants Stockton Ports Visalia Rawhide PA Pittsburg Diamonds San Rafael Pacifics Sonoma Stompers Vallejo Admirals CWL Canada A 's Palm Desert Coyotes Palm Springs Chill Palm Springs POWER PL Bakersfield Train Robbers California City Whiptails High Desert Yardbirds Hollywood Stars Monterey Amberjacks GWL Chico Heat Lincoln Potters San Francisco Seals Yuba - Sutter Gold Sox Basketball NBA Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Sacramento Kings WNBA Los Angeles Sparks G League Agua Caliente Clippers Santa Cruz Warriors South Bay Lakers American football NFL Los Angeles Chargers Los Angeles Rams Oakland Raiders San Francisco 49ers WFA Central Cal War Angels Inland Empire Ravens Kern County Crusaders Los Angeles Warriors San Diego Surge Ventura County Wolfpack IWFL Carson Bobcats North County Stars Sacramento Sirens LFL Los Angeles Temptation Ice hockey NHL Anaheim Ducks Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks AHL Bakersfield Condors Ontario Reign San Diego Gulls San Jose Barracuda Stockton Heat Roller derby WFTDA Angel City Derby Girls Bay Area Derby Central Coast Roller Derby Derby Revolution of Bakersfield Humboldt Roller Derby Sacred City Derby Girls Sac City Rollers Santa Cruz Derby Girls Silicon Valley Roller Girls Sonoma County Roller Derby RDCL Los Angeles Derby Dolls Orange County Roller Girls San Diego Derby Dolls Rugby PRP Golden Gate RFC Old Mission Beach Athletic Club Santa Monica Rugby Club Belmont Shore RFC Olympic Club SCRFU Finlander Rugby Club Soccer MLS LA Galaxy San Jose Earthquakes Los Angeles FC ( 2018 ) NASL California United FC ( 2018 ) San Diego 1904 FC ( 2018 ) San Francisco Deltas USL Fresno FC ( 2018 ) LA Galaxy II Orange County SC Sacramento Republic FC PDL Fresno Fuego FC Golden State Force Orange County SC U-23 San Diego Zest FC San Francisco City FC SoCal Surf Southern California Seahorses Ventura County Fusion NPSL Albion SC Pros CD Aguiluchos USA City of Angels FC Deportivo Coras USA East Bay FC Stompers Napa Valley 1839 FC Orange County FC Oxnard Guerreros FC Sacramento Gold SoCal SC Sonoma County Sol Sports Club Corinthians USA Temecula FC Arena soccer MASL Ontario Fury San Diego Sockers Turlock Express Tennis WTT Orange County Breakers San Diego Aviators Ultimate AUDL Los Angeles Aviators San Diego Growlers San Francisco FlameThrowers San Jose Spiders Lacrosse NLL San Diego Seals ( 2018 ) Sports in Los Angeles Sports in San Diego Sports in the San Francisco Bay Area College Sports in California History of the National Football League American Football Conference AFC East Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets AFC North Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers AFC South Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans AFC West Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders National Football Conference NFC East Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins NFC North Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings NFC South Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers NFC West Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Defunct Teams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Los_Angeles_Rams&oldid=810264486 '' Categories : History of the Los Angeles Rams Los Angeles Rams National Football League history by team American football in Los Angeles History of Los Angeles National Football League in Los Angeles Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 06 : 29 . 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who plays the voice of mike wazowski in monsters inc

Billy Crystal as Michael `` Mike '' Wazowski , a short , round green monster with a single big eyeball and skinny limbs . Mike is Sulley 's station runner and coach on the scare floor , and the two are close friends and roommates . Mike is charming and generally the more organized of the two , but is prone to neurotics and his ego sometimes leads him astray . He is dating Celia Mae , who calls him `` Googly - Bear '' .

Billy Crystal

Monsters , Inc. .

monsters, inc..

Monsters , Inc. is a 2001 American computer - animated comedy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures . Featuring the voices of John Goodman , Billy Crystal , Steve Buscemi , James Coburn , and Jennifer Tilly , the film was directed by Pete Docter in his directorial debut , and executive produced by John Lasseter and Andrew Stanton . The film centers on two monsters employed at the titular energy - producing factory Monsters , Inc. -- top scarer James P. `` Sulley '' Sullivan and his one - eyed partner and best friend Mike Wazowski . In the film , employees at Monsters , Inc. generate their city 's power by scaring children , but they themselves are afraid that the children are toxic to them , and when one child enters the factory , Sulley and Mike must return her home before it is too late .

Docter began developing the film in 1996 , and wrote the story with Jill Culton , Jeff Pidgeon , and Ralph Eggleston . Fellow Pixar director Andrew Stanton wrote the screenplay with screenwriter Daniel Gerson . The characters went through many incarnations over the film 's five - year production process . The technical team and animators found new ways to render fur and cloth realistically for the film . Randy Newman , who composed the music for Pixar 's three prior films , returned to compose its fourth . Monsters , Inc. was praised by critics and proved to be a major box office success from its release on November 2 , 2001 , generating over $577 million worldwide . Monsters , Inc. saw a 3D re-release in theaters on December 19 , 2012 . Twelve years later , a prequel , Monsters University , directed by Dan Scanlon , was released on June 21 , 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Animation 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Accolades 6 Music 6.1 Track listing 6.2 Chart positions 7 Lawsuits 8 Prequel 9 Other media 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Plot ( edit ) The city of Monstropolis in the monster world is powered by energy from the screams of human children . At the Monsters , Inc. factory , skilled monsters employed as `` scarers '' venture into the human world to scare children and harvest their screams , through doors that activate portals to the children 's bedroom closets . It is considered dangerous work , as human children are believed to be `` toxic '' . Energy production is falling because children are becoming less easily scared , and company chairman , Henry J. Waternoose , is determined to find a solution . James P. `` Sulley '' Sullivan is the organization 's top scarer , but his chief rival Randall Boggs is close behind . One day , Sulley discovers that Randall has left a door activated on the scare floor and a small girl has entered the factory . After several failed attempts to put her back , Sulley conceals her and takes her out of the factory . He interrupts his best friend Mike Wazowski 's date with his girlfriend , Celia , at a sushi restaurant , and chaos erupts when the child is discovered . Sulley and Mike manage to escape with the child before the Child Detection Agency ( CDA ) quarantines the restaurant . They soon discover that she is not really toxic after all ; Sulley grows attached to her and calls her `` Boo , '' while Mike is just anxious to be rid of her . When they smuggle her back into the factory disguised as a baby monster in an attempt to send her home , Randall discovers her and tries to kidnap her , but he mistakenly kidnaps Mike instead . He straps Mike to a large machine called `` The Scream Extractor , '' which he intends to use to revolutionize the scaring industry and solve the monster world 's energy problems by forcefully extracting screams from kidnapped human children . Before Randall can use the machine on Mike , Sulley intervenes and reports Randall to Waternoose . Waternoose , secretly in league with Randall , instead exiles Mike and Sulley to the Himalayas . The two are taken in by a Yeti , who tells them about a nearby village which Sulley realizes he can use to return to the factory . Sulley prepares to leave , but Mike refuses to go with him . Meanwhile , Randall is preparing to use the Scream Extractor on Boo , but Sulley arrives and saves her . Randall and Sulley fight , and after Mike returns and the two reconcile , they overpower Randall , take Boo , and flee . Randall pursues them to the door vault , and a wild chase ensues among the millions of doors as they move in and out of the storage vault on rails to the factory floor . Boo 's laughter causes all the doors to activate , allowing the monsters to pass in and out of the human world . Randall attempts to kill Sulley , but Boo overcomes her fear and attacks him . Sulley and Mike trap Randall in the human world , where two residents at a trailer park mistake him for an alligator and beat him with a shovel . Sulley and Mike then trick Waternoose into revealing his plot with Randall , while Mike secretly records the entire conversation for the CDA to view . The CDA arrests Waternoose , while Sulley and Mike say goodbye to Boo and return her home before her door is shredded to prevent any more contact with her . With the factory temporarily shut down , Sulley is named the new CEO of Monsters , Inc . Under his leadership , the energy crisis is solved by harvesting children 's laughter instead of screams , as laughter has been found to be much more potent . Mike takes Sulley aside , revealing he has rebuilt Boo 's door and only needs one final piece , which Sulley took as a memento . Sulley enters and joyfully reunites with Boo . Voice cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Monsters , Inc. characters John Goodman as James P. `` Sulley '' Sullivan , a large , furry blue monster with horns and purple spots . Even though Sulley excels at scaring children , he is a gentle giant by nature . At the film 's beginning , Sulley has been the `` Best Scarer '' at Monsters , Inc. for several months running . Billy Crystal as Michael `` Mike '' Wazowski , a short , round green monster with a single big eyeball and skinny limbs . Mike is Sulley 's station runner and coach on the scare floor , and the two are close friends and roommates . Mike is charming and generally the more organized of the two , but is prone to neurotics and his ego sometimes leads him astray . He is dating Celia Mae , who calls him `` Googly - Bear '' . Mary Gibbs as Mary `` Boo '' , a three - year - old human girl who is unafraid of any monster except Randall , the scarer assigned to her door . She believes Sulley is a large cat and refers to him as `` Kitty '' . The book based on the film gives Boo 's `` real '' name as Mary Gibbs , the name of her voice actress . In the film , one of Boo 's drawings is covered with the name `` Mary '' . Steve Buscemi as Randall Boggs , a purple eight - legged lizard monster with a chameleon - like ability to change skin color and blend in completely with his surroundings . He is a snide and preening character who makes himself a rival to Sulley and Mike in scream collection . James Coburn as Henry J. Waternoose III , an arthropodic monster with a crab - like lower body . Waternoose is the CEO of Monsters , Inc. , a job passed down through his family for three generations . He acts as a mentor to Sulley , holding great faith in him as a scarer . Jennifer Tilly as Celia Mae , a gorgon - like monster with one eye and tentacle - like legs . Celia is the receptionist for Monsters , Inc. and Mike 's girlfriend . Bob Peterson as Roz , a slug - like monster with a raspy voice reminiscent of Selma Diamond 's who administrates for Scarefloor F where Sulley , Mike , and Randall work . At the end of the movie , it is revealed that Roz is `` agent number 1 '' of the CDA , and has worked undercover at Monsters , Inc. for two and a half years . John Ratzenberger as Yeti aka . The Abominable Snowman , a furry white monster who was banished to the Himalayas . He was inspired by the Abominable Snowman from the 1964 Rankin / Bass animated special Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer . Frank Oz as Jeff Fungus , Randall 's red - skinned , three - eyed assistant . He is generally incompetent and is often bullied by Randall . Dan Gerson as Smitty and Needleman , two goofy adolescent monsters with cracking voices who work as janitors and operate the Door Shredder when required . The pair of them idolize Sulley and are generally seen as a nuisance by Mike . Steve Susskind as Jerry Slugworth , a red seven - fingered monster who manages Scare Floor F and is a good friend of Waternoose . Bonnie Hunt as Ms. Flint , a female monster who trains new monsters to scare children . Jeff Pidgeon as Thaddeus `` Phlegm '' Bile , a trainee scarer for Monsters , Inc . Samuel Lord Black as George Sanderson , a chubby , oranged - furred monster with a sole horn on top of his head . A running gag throughout the film involves George repeatedly making contact with human artifacts ( such as socks and the like which cling to his fur via static ) , prompting his scare coach to trigger `` 23 -- 19 '' incidents with the CDA resulting in him mobbed , shaved bald , and sterilized . Phil Proctor as Charlie , George 's assistant with sea - green skin and tendrils for limbs . He is friends with George , Mike , and Sulley but is quick to call the CDA on his scarer at the drop of a hat . Joe Ranft as Pete `` Claws '' Ward , a blue monster with razor - sharp claws and horrifying breath . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) When production began in earnest on Monsters , Inc. in 2000 , Pixar relocated to a larger building in Emeryville , California . The idea for Monsters , Inc. was conceived in a lunch in 1994 attended by John Lasseter , Pete Docter , Andrew Stanton and Joe Ranft during the production of Toy Story . One of the ideas that came out of the brainstorming session was a film about monsters . `` When we were making Toy Story '' , Docter said , `` everybody came up to me and said ' Hey , I totally believed that my toys came to life when I left the room . ' So when Disney asked us to do some more films , I wanted to tap into a childlike notion that was similar to that . I knew monsters were coming out of my closet when I was a kid . So I said , ' Hey , let 's do a film about monsters . ' '' Docter began work on the film that would become Monsters , Inc. in 1996 while others focused on A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) and Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) . Its code name was Hidden City , named for Docter 's favorite restaurant in Point Richmond . By early - February 1997 , Docter had drafted a treatment together with Harley Jessup , Jill Culton , and Jeff Pidgeon that bore some resemblance to the final film . Docter pitched the story to Disney with some initial artwork on February 4 that year . He and his story team left with some suggestions in hand and returned to pitch a refined version of the story on May 30 . At this pitch meeting , longtime Disney animator Joe Grant -- whose work stretched back to Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) -- suggested the title Monsters , Inc. , a play on the title of a gangster film Murder , Inc. , which stuck . The film marks the first Pixar feature to not be directed by Lasseter instead being helmed by Docter , as well as Lee Unkrich and David Silverman who served as co-directors . Writing ( edit ) The story line took on many forms during production . His original idea featured a 30 - year - old man dealing with monsters that he drew in a book as a child coming back to bother him as an adult . Each monster represented a fear he had , and conquering those fears caused the monsters eventually to disappear . After Docter scrapped the initial concept of a 30 - year - old terrified of monsters , he decided on a buddy story between a monster and a child titled simply Monsters , in which the monster character of Sulley ( known at this stage as Johnson ) was an up - and - comer at his workplace , where the company 's purpose was to scare children . Sulley 's eventual sidekick , Mike Wazowski , had not yet been added . Between 1996 and 2000 , the lead monster and child went through radical changes as the story evolved . As the story continued to develop , the child varied in age and gender . Ultimately , the story team decided that a girl would be the best counterpart for a furry , 8 - foot - tall ( 96 in ) co-star . After a girl was settled upon , the character continued to undergo changes , at one point being from Ireland and at another time being an African - American character . Originally the character of the little girl , known as Mary , became a fearless seven - year - old who has been toughened by years of teasing and pranks from four older brothers . In stark contrast , Johnson is nervous about the possibility of losing his job after the boss at Monsters , Inc. announces a downsizing is on the way . He feels envious because another scarer , Ned ( who later became Randall ) , is the company 's top performer . Through various drafts , Johnson 's occupation went back - and - forth from being a scarer and from working in another area of the company such as a janitor or a refinery worker , until his final incarnation as the best scarer at Monsters , Inc . Throughout development Pixar worried that having a main character whose main goal was to scare children would alienate audiences and make them not empathize with him . Docter would later describe that the team `` bent over backwards trying to create a story that still had monsters '' while still solving the problem , A key moment came when the team decided `` Okay , he 's the BEST scarer there . He 's the star quarterback '' with Docter noting that before that moment `` design after design , we really did n't know what he was about . '' Disney noted to Pixar early on that they did not want the character to `` look like a guy in a suit . '' To this end Johnson was originally planned to have tentacles for feet ; however , this caused many problems in early animation tests . The idea was later largely rejected , as it was thought that audiences would be distracted by the tentacles . Mary 's age also differed from draft to draft until the writers settled on the age of 3 . `` We found that the younger she was , the more dependent she was on Sulley '' , Docter said . Eventually Johnson was renamed Sullivan . The name was suggested by an animator who had attended Texas A&M University , inspired by one of Texas A&M 's historic icons , Lawrence Sullivan Ross , nicknamed `` Sulley '' by students . Sullivan was also planned to wear glasses throughout the film . However , the creators found it a dangerous idea because the eyes were a perfectly readable and clear way of expressing a character 's personality ; thus , the idea was rejected . The idea of a monster buddy for the lead monster emerged at an April 6 , 1998 `` story summit '' in Burbank with employees from Disney and Pixar . A term coined by Lasseter , a `` story summit '' was a crash exercise that would yield a finished story in only two days . Such a character , the group agreed , would give the lead monster someone to talk to about his predicament . Development artist Ricky Nierva drew a concept sketch of a rounded , one - eyed monster as a concept for the character , and everyone was generally receptive to it . Docter named the character Mike for the father of his friend Frank Oz , a director and Muppet performer . Jeff Pidgeon and Jason Katz story - boarded a test in which Mike helps Sulley choose a tie for work , and Mike Wazowski soon became a vital character in the film . Originally , Mike had no arms and had to use his legs as appendages ; however , due to some technical difficulties , arms were soon added to him . Screenwriter Dan Gerson joined Pixar in 1999 and worked on the film with the filmmakers on a daily basis for almost two years . He considered it his first experience in writing a feature film . He explained , `` I would sit with Pete ( Docter ) and David Silverman and we would talk about a scene and they would tell me what they were looking for . I would make some suggestions and then go off and write the sequence . We 'd get together again and review it and then hand it off to a story artist . Here 's where the collaborative process really kicked in . The board artist was not beholden to my work and could take liberties here and there . Sometimes , I would suggest an idea about making the joke work better visually . Once the scene moved on to animation , the animators would plus the material even further . '' Casting ( edit ) Bill Murray was considered for the voice role of James P. `` Sulley '' Sullivan . He screen tested for the role and was interested , but when Pete Docter was unable to make contact with him , he took it as a `` no '' . The voice role of Sulley went to John Goodman , the longtime co-star of the comedy series Roseanne and a regular in the films of the Coen brothers . Goodman interpreted the character to himself as the monster equivalent of a National Football League player . `` He 's like a seasoned lineman in the tenth year of his career , '' he said at the time . `` He is totally dedicated and a total pro . '' Billy Crystal , having regretted turning down the part of Buzz Lightyear years prior , accepted that of Mike Wazowski , Sulley 's one - eyed best friend and scare assistant . The casting of Steve Buscemi as Randall , Sulley 's rival , saw a reunion between himself and John Goodman ; they had previously worked together on The Big Lebowski and Barton Fink . Animation ( edit ) The `` door vault '' scene is one of the film 's most elaborate sets . In November 2000 , early in the production of Monsters , Inc. , Pixar packed up and moved for the second time since its Lucasfilm years . The company 's approximately 500 employees had become spread among three buildings , separated by a busy highway . The company moved from Point Richmond to a much bigger campus in Emeryville , co-designed by Lasseter and Steve Jobs . In production , Monsters Inc. differed from earlier Pixar features , as every main character in this movie had its own lead animator -- John Kahrs on Sulley , Andrew Gordon on Mike , and Dave DeVan on Boo . Kahrs found that the `` bearlike quality '' of Goodman 's voice provided an exceptionally good fit with the character . He faced a difficult challenge , however , in dealing with Sulley 's sheer mass ; traditionally , animators conveyed a figure 's heaviness by giving it a slower , more belabored movement , but Kahrs was concerned that such an approach to a central character would give the film a `` sluggish '' feel . Like Goodman , Kahrs came to think of Sulley as a football player , one whose athleticism enabled him to move quickly in spite of his size . To help the animators with Sulley and other large monsters , Pixar arranged for Rodger Kram , a University of California , Berkeley expert on the locomotion of heavy mammals , to lecture on the subject . Adding to Sulley 's lifelike appearance was an intense effort by the technical team to refine the rendering of fur . Other production houses had tackled realistic fur , most notably Rhythm & Hues in its 1993 polar bear commercials for Coca - Cola and in its talking animals ' faces in the 1995 film Babe . This film , however , required fur on a far larger scale . From the standpoint of Pixar 's engineers , the quest for fur posed several significant challenges ; one was to figure out how to animate a large numbers of hairs -- 2,320,413 of them on Sulley -- in a reasonably efficient way , and another was to make sure that the hairs would cast shadows on other ones . Without self - shadowing , either fur or hair takes on an unrealistic flat - colored look ( e.g. , in Toy Story , the hair on Andy 's toddler sister , as seen in that movie 's opening sequence , is hair without self - shadowing ) . The first fur test allowed Sulley to run an obstacle course . Results were not satisfactory , as such objects would catch and stretch out the fur due to the extreme amount of motion . Another similar test was also unsuccessful , because , this time , the fur would go through the objects . Pixar then set up a Simulation department and created a new fur simulation program called Fizt ( short for `` physics tool '' ) . After a shot with Sulley in it had been animated , this department took the data for that shot and added Sulley 's fur . Fizt allowed the fur to react in a more natural way . Every time when Sulley would have to move , his fur would ( automatically ) react to his movements , thus taking the effects of wind and gravity into account as well . The Fizt program also controlled the movement of Boo 's clothes , which provided another `` breakthrough '' . The deceptively simple - sounding task of animating cloth was also a challenge to animate thanks to those hundreds of creases and wrinkles that automatically occurred in the clothing when the wearer moved . Also , this meant they would have to solve the complex problem of how to keep cloth untangled -- in other words , to keep it from passing through itself when parts of it intersect . Fizt applied the same system to Boo 's clothes as to Sulley 's fur . First of all , Boo would be animated shirtless ; the Simulation department then used Fizt to apply the shirt over Boo 's body , and every time she would move , her clothes also would react to her movements in a more natural manner . To solve the problem of cloth - to - cloth collisions , Michael Kass , Pixar 's senior scientist , was joined on Monsters , Inc. by David Baraff and Andrew Witkin and developed an algorithm they called `` global intersection analysis '' to handle the problem . The complexity of the shots in the film , including elaborate sets such as the door vault , required more computing power to render than any of Pixar 's earlier efforts combined . The render farm in place for Monsters , Inc. was made up of 3500 Sun Microsystems processors , compared with 1400 for Toy Story 2 and only 200 for Toy Story . Release ( edit ) The film premiered on October 28 , 2001 , at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California . It was theatrically released on November 2 , 2001 in the United States , in Australia on December 26 , 2001 , and in the United Kingdom on February 8 , 2002 . The theatrical release was accompanied with the Pixar short animated film For the Birds . As with A Bug 's Life and Toy Story 2 , a montage of `` outtakes '' and a performance of a play based on a line from the film were made and included in the end credits of the film starting on December 7 , 2001 . After the success of the 3D re-release of The Lion King , Disney and Pixar re-released Monsters , Inc. in 3D on December 19 , 2012 . Home Media ( edit ) Monsters , Inc. was released on VHS and DVD on September 17 , 2002 . It was then released on Blu - ray on November 10 , 2009 , and on Blu - ray 3D on February 19 , 2013 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Monsters , Inc. ranked number 1 at the box office on its opening weekend , grossing $62,577,067 in North America alone . The film had a small drop - off of 27.2 % over its second weekend , earning another $45,551,028 . In its third weekend , the film experienced a larger decline of 50.1 % , placing itself in the second position just after Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . In its fourth weekend , however , there was an increase of 5.9 % , making $24,055,001 that weekend for a combined total of over $525 million . As of May 2013 , it is the eighth - biggest fourth weekend ever for a film . The film made $289,916,256 in North America , and $287,509,478 in other territories , for a worldwide total of $577,425,734 . The film is Pixar 's ninth highest - grossing film worldwide and sixth in North America . For a time , the film surpassed Toy Story 2 as the second highest - grossing animated film of all time , only behind 1994 's The Lion King . In the U.K. , Ireland , and Malta , it earned £ 37,264,502 ( $53,335,579 ) in total , marking the sixth highest - grossing animated film of all time in the country and the thirty - second highest - grossing film of all time . In Japan , although earning $4,471,902 during its opening and ranking second behind The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring for the weekend , it moved to first place on subsequent weekends due to exceptionally small decreases or even increases and dominated for six weeks at the box office . It finally reached $74,437,612 , standing as 2001 's third highest - grossing film and the third largest U.S. animated feature of all time in the country behind Toy Story 3 and Finding Nemo . Critical reception ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 96 % based on 192 reviews , with an average score of 8 / 10 . The critical consensus was , `` Clever , funny , and delightful to look at , Monsters , Inc. delivers another resounding example of how Pixar elevated the bar for modern all - ages animation . '' Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics , calculated a score of 78 based on 34 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Charles Taylor from Salon.com stated , `` ( i ) t 's agreeable and often funny , and adults who take their kids to see it might be surprised to find themselves having a pretty good time . '' Elvis Mitchell from The New York Times gave it a positive review , praising the film 's use of `` creative energy '' , saying `` There has n't been a film in years to use creative energy as efficiently as Monsters , Inc . '' Although Mike Clark from USA Today thought the comedy was sometimes `` more frenetic than inspired and viewer emotions are rarely touched to any notable degree , '' he also viewed the film as `` visually inventive as its Pixar predecessors . '' ReelViews film critic James Berardinelli gave the film 3 ⁄ stars out of 4 and wrote that the film was `` one of those rare family films that parents can enjoy ( rather than endure ) along with their kids . '' Roger Ebert from the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , calling it `` cheerful , high - energy fun , and like the other Pixar movies , has a running supply of gags and references aimed at grownups . '' Lisa Schwarzbaum from Entertainment Weekly gave the film a `` B '' grade and praised the film 's animation , stating `` Everything from Pixar Animation Studios -- the snazzy , cutting - edge computer animation outfit -- looks really , really terrific and unspools with a liberated , heppest - moms - and - dads - on - the - block iconoclasm . '' Accolades ( edit ) See also : Table of Pixar awards and nominations for Monsters , Inc . Monsters , Inc. won the Academy Award for Best Original Song ( Randy Newman , after fifteen previous nominations , for `` If I Did n't Have You '' ) . It was one of the first animated films to be nominated for Best Animated Feature ( lost to Shrek ) . It was also nominated for Best Original Score ( lost to The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ) and Best Sound Editing ( lost to Pearl Harbor ) . At the Kid 's Choice Awards in 2002 , it was nominated for `` Favorite Voice in an Animated Movie '' for Billy Crystal ( who lost to Eddie Murphy in Shrek ) . Music ( edit ) Monsters , Inc . Soundtrack album by Randy Newman Released October 23 , 2001 Recorded 2000 -- 2001 Genre Score Length 1 : 00 : 30 Label Walt Disney Randy Newman chronology Meet the Parents ( 2000 ) Meet the Parents 2000 Monsters , Inc . ( 2001 ) Seabiscuit ( 2003 ) Seabiscuit 2003 Pixar soundtrack chronology Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Toy Story 2 1999 Monsters , Inc . ( 2001 ) Monsters , Inc. 2001 Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) Finding Nemo 2003 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Empire Filmtracks.com Movie Wave Soundtrack.net Monsters Inc. was Randy Newman 's fourth feature film collaboration with Pixar . The end credits song `` If I Did n't Have You '' was sung by John Goodman and Billy Crystal . The album was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score and a Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media . The score lost both these awards to The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring , but after sixteen nominations , the song `` If I Did n't Have You '' finally won Newman his first Academy Award for Best Original Song . It also won a Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Randy Newman . No . Title Length 1 . `` If I Did n't Have You '' ( performed by Billy Crystal and John Goodman ) 3 : 41 2 . `` Monsters , Inc . '' 2 : 09 3 . `` School '' 1 : 38 4 . `` Walk to Work '' 3 : 29 5 . `` Sulley and Mike '' 1 : 57 6 . `` Randall Appears '' 0 : 49 7 . `` Enter the Heroes '' 1 : 03 8 . `` The Scare Floor '' 2 : 41 9 . `` Oh , Celia ! '' 1 : 09 10 . `` Boo 's Adventures in Monstropolis '' 6 : 23 11 . `` Boo 's Tired '' 1 : 03 12 . `` Putting Boo Back '' 2 : 22 13 . `` Boo Escapes '' 0 : 52 14 . `` Celia 's Mad '' 1 : 41 15 . `` Boo Is a Cube '' 2 : 19 16 . `` Mike 's in Trouble '' 2 : 19 17 . `` The Scream Extractor '' 2 : 12 18 . `` Sulley Scares Boo '' 1 : 10 19 . `` Exile '' 2 : 17 20 . `` Randall 's Attack '' 2 : 22 21 . `` The Ride of the Doors '' 5 : 08 22 . `` Waternoose is Waiting '' 3 : 14 23 . `` Boo 's Going Home '' 3 : 34 24 . `` Kitty '' 1 : 20 25 . `` If I Did n't Have You '' ( performed by Newman ) 3 : 38 Total length : 1 : 00 : 30 Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Peak position US Top Soundtracks ( Billboard ) 25 Lawsuits ( edit ) A drawing of a character for Stanley Mouse 's `` Excuse My Dust '' , a film that he had tried to sell to Hollywood in 1998 Shortly before the film 's release , Pixar was sued by children 's songwriter Lori Madrid of Wyoming , stating that the company had stolen her ideas from her 1997 poem `` There 's a Boy in My Closet . '' Madrid mailed her poem to six publishers in October 1999 , notably Chronicle Books , before turning it into a local stage musical in August 2001 . After seeing the trailer for Monsters , Inc. , Madrid concluded that Chronicle Books had passed her work to Pixar and that the film was based on her work . In October 2001 , she filed the suit against Chronicle Books , Pixar , and Disney in a federal court in Cheyenne , Wyoming . Her lawyer asked the court to issue a preliminary injunction , that would forbid Pixar and Disney from releasing the film while the suit was pending . In a hearing on November 1 , 2001 -- the day before the film 's scheduled release on 5,800 screens in 3,200 theaters across the country -- the judge refused to issue the injunction . On June 26 , 2002 , he ruled that the film had nothing in common with the poem . In November 2002 , Stanley Mouse filed a lawsuit , in which he alleged that the characters of Mike and Sulley were based on drawings of Excuse My Dust , a film that he had tried to sell to Hollywood in 1998 . The lawsuit also stated that a story artist from Pixar visited Mouse in 2000 , and discussed Mouse 's work with him . A Disney spokeswoman responded , by saying that the characters in Monsters , Inc. were `` developed independently by the Pixar and Walt Disney Pictures creative teams , and do not infringe on anyone 's copyrights '' . The case was ultimately settled under undisclosed terms . Prequel ( edit ) Main article : Monsters University A prequel , titled Monsters University , was released on June 21 , 2013 . John Goodman , Billy Crystal , and Steve Buscemi reprised their roles of Sulley , Mike , and Randall , while Dan Scanlon directed the film . The prequel 's plot focuses on Sulley and Mike 's studies at Monsters University , where they start off as rivals but soon become best friends . Other Media ( edit ) An animated short , Mike 's New Car , was made by Pixar in 2002 in which the two main characters have assorted misadventures with a car Mike has just bought . This film was not screened in theaters , but is included with all home video releases of Monsters , Inc. , and on Pixar 's Dedicated Shorts DVD . In August 2002 , a manga version of Monsters , Inc. was made by Hiromi Yamafuji and distributed in Kodansha 's Comic Bon Bon magazine in Japan ; the manga was published in English by Tokyopop until it went out of print . A series of video games , including a multi-platform video game were created based on the film . The video games included Monsters , Inc. , Monsters , Inc . Scream Team and Monsters , Inc . Scream Arena . A game titled Monsters , Inc . Run was released on the App Store for iPhone , iPod Touch , and iPad on December 13 , 2012 . Feld Entertainment toured a Monsters , Inc. edition of their Walt Disney 's World on Ice skating tour from 2003 to 2007 . Monsters , Inc. has inspired three attractions at Disney theme parks around the world . In 2006 Monsters , Inc . Mike & Sulley to the Rescue ! opened at Disneyland Resort 's Disney California Adventure in Anaheim , California . In 2007 , Monsters , Inc . Laugh Floor opened at Walt Disney World Resort 's Magic Kingdom in Lake Buena Vista , Florida , replacing The Timekeeper . The show is improvisational in nature , and features the opportunity for Guests to interact with the monster comedians and submit jokes of their own via text message . In 2009 Monsters , Inc . Ride & Go Seek opened at Tokyo Disney Resort 's Tokyo Disneyland in Chiba , Japan . In 2009 , Boom ! Studios produced a Monsters Inc. comic book mini-series that ran for four issues . The storyline takes place after the movie and focuses on Sulley and Mike 's daily struggles to operate Monsters Inc. on its new laughter - focused company policy . At the same time , their work is impeded by the revenge schemes of Randall and Waternoose , as well as a human child ( indirectly revealed to be Sid Phillips from the Toy Story franchise ) who has hijacked the company 's closet door technology to commit a string of toy thefts throughout the human world . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Animation portal Disney portal Cartoon portal 2000s portal List of animated feature films List of computer - animated films References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Detail view of Movies Page '' . afi.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) -- Box Office Mojo '' . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` Pixar 's Monsters University : When Hairy Met Scary '' . Time . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Veltman , Chloe ( December 31 , 2001 ) . `` Fun factory '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2015 . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Karl ( October 26 , 2001 ) . `` Monsters , Inc. : The Secret Behind Why Pixar Is So Good '' . Animated World Network . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2015 . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nusair , David . `` Top 5 John Ratzenberger Roles in Pixar Films '' . About.com . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Abominable . Can you believe that ? Do I look abominable to you ? Why ca n't they call me the Adorable Snowman , or the Agreeable Snowman , for crying out loud ? I 'm a nice guy . Jump up ^ Brown , Scott ( November 9 , 2001 ) . `` The moments you missed in Monsters , Inc . '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2015 . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Price , p. 157 ^ Jump up to : Monsters Inc. , 2002 DVD , commentary Jump up ^ Price , p. 195 Jump up ^ Ziebarth , Christian ( July 1 , 2005 ) . `` Joe Grant Life Celebration '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Price , p. 197 ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc . `` Pete Docter dives deep into Monsters , Inc. legacy and creation , 15 years later '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monsters Inc : Production Notes '' . Culture.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( November 13 , 2009 ) . `` The Original Pitch for ' Monsters , Inc . ' '' . Cinematical . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2010 . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Price , p. 196 ^ Jump up to : Early Tests . Commentary by Thomas Porter , Steve May and Michael Fong , Monsters Inc. 2002 DVD . Jump up ^ Price , p. 180 Jump up ^ Farr , John ( September 19 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Murray and the Roles That Got Away '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` The Lost Roles of Bill Murray '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Price , p. 198 Jump up ^ Fischer , Paul . `` Billy Crystal -- Cranky Critic StarTalk '' . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2008 . Retrieved March 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pearlman , Cindy ( October 28 , 2001 ) . `` Crystal clear on ' Monsters ' '' ( Fee required ) . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved March 16 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Price , p. 199 ^ Jump up to : Price , p. 200 Jump up ^ 2002 , Monsters Inc , DVD - Behind the Scenes ^ Jump up to : Price , p. 201 Jump up ^ `` World Premiere of Disney / Pixar 's MONSTERS , INC . '' . The Free Library . October 28 , 2001 . Retrieved March 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monsters , Inc . UK Cinema Release Date '' . Filmdates.co.uk . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( February 13 , 2002 ) . `` Oscar Spotlight : Animated Short Film '' . IGN . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Animated ' Outtakes ' Show Life ' Behind The Screams ' With Disney / Pixar 's ' Monsters , Inc . ' '' . PR Newswire . December 4 , 2001 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast , ' ' The Little Mermaid , ' ' Finding Nemo , ' ' Monsters , Inc . ' get 3 - D re-releases '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Moves Up ' Monsters Inc 3D ' To December '' . Deadline . July 24 , 2012 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Most Anticipated Monster Movie Hit Comes to DVD and VHS '' . Pixar . March 1 , 2002 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2006 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McCutcheon , David ( August 10 , 2009 ) . `` Monsters , Inc . Founded '' . IGN . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Monsters , Inc. - 3D : Ultimate Collector 's Edition '' . High - Def Digest . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Monsters , Inc . -- Weekend Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Weekends : 2nd -- 12th -- Weekend Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pixar Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom and Ireland and Malta Box Office Index '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Monsters , Inc . Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monsters , Inc. reviews at Metacritic.com '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Charles ( November 2 , 2001 ) . `` Monsters , Inc : The new animated feature from Pixar has too much Disney pap and not enough Gothic . '' . Salon . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2010 . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Elvis ( November 2 , 2001 ) . `` Monsters of Childhood With Feelings and Agendas '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clark , Mike ( November 5 , 2001 ) . `` ' Monsters , Inc . ' yields dividends '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` Monsters , Inc . -- A movie review by James Berardinelli '' . Reelviews.net . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( November 2 , 2001 ) . `` Monsters , Inc . '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lisa Schwarzbaum ( November 9 , 2001 ) . `` Monsters , Inc . '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monsters - Inc - - Cast , Crew , Director and Awards '' . The New York Times . October 20 , 2013 . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Phares , Heather. Monsters , Inc . ( An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack ) . AllMusic . Jump up ^ Freer , Ian . Monsters , Inc . Soundtrack review Archived November 10 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Empire . Jump up ^ Monsters , Inc . ( Randy Newman ) . Filmtracks.com . October 30 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Southall , James ( 2002 ) . Monsters , Inc ... Movie Wave . Jump up ^ Goldwasser , Dan ( October 21 , 2001 ) . Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) Soundtrack . Soundtrack.net Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Monsters , Inc . ( An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack ) - Randy Newman Awards . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Alicia Gaura , Maria ( November 9 , 2002 ) . `` Sonoma artist claims ' Monsters , Inc . ' a rip - off '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Price . 2008 . pp. 187 - 188 . Jump up ^ Price . 2008 . p. 189 - 193 . ^ Jump up to : Shiels , Maggie ( November 14 , 2002 ) . `` Monsters Inc faces ' copying ' lawsuit '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2009 . Retrieved September 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ S.M. Oliva ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` Animation is Built On Plagiarism ... '' . Archive.mises.org . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mike 's New Car - Pixar Short : Pete Docter , Roger Gould , Gale Gortney : Amazon Video '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tokyopop licensed Monsters Inc . Manga August 20 , 2002 by Anime News Network . Retrieved January 2013 Jump up ^ `` Monsters , Inc . - Used for PlayStation 2 '' . GameStop . January 16 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Monsters Inc . Run ' by Disney Mobile Now Available for Apple iDevices '' . Stitch Kingdom . December 13 , 2012 . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Paul de Barros ( October 29 , 2004 ) . `` Entertainment & the Arts Fur and flips : `` Monsters , Inc . '' on ice Seattle Times Newspaper `` . Community.seattletimes.nwsource.com . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monsters , Inc : Mike and Sulley to the Rescue at Disney 's California Adventure '' . Themeparkinsider.com . June 9 , 2012 . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monsters , Inc . Laugh Floor Walt Disney World Resort '' . Disney . March 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monsters , Inc . Ride & Go Seek ! Tokyo Disneyland '' . Tokyodisneyresort.co.jp . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monsters , Inc. : Laugh Factory ( Volume ) '' . Comicvine.com . January 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Price , David ( 2008 ) . The Pixar Touch . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 307 - 26575 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monsters , Inc ... Wikiquote has quotations related to : Monsters , Inc . Official website Pixar website Monsters , Inc. at AllMovie Monsters , Inc. ( manga ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Monsters , Inc. at The Big Cartoon DataBase Monsters , Inc. on IMDb Monsters , Inc. at the TCM Movie Database Monsters , Inc. at Rotten Tomatoes Monsters , Inc. at Metacritic Monsters , Inc. at Box Office Mojo Monsters , Inc . Films Monsters , Inc . Monsters University Video games Monsters , Inc . Monsters , Inc . Scream Team Monsters , Inc . Scream Arena Music `` If I Did n't Have You '' Monsters , Inc . Scream Factory Favorites Shorts Mike 's New Car Party Central Attractions Monsters , Inc . Mike & Sulley to the Rescue ! Monsters , Inc . Laugh Floor Monsters , Inc . Ride & Go Seek Miscellaneous Characters Pixar Feature films Released Toy Story ( 1995 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL E ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Cars 2 ( 2011 ) Brave ( 2012 ) Monsters University ( 2013 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) The Good Dinosaur ( 2015 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Cars 3 ( 2017 ) Upcoming Coco ( 2017 ) The Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) Toy Story 4 ( 2019 ) Short films Luxo Jr. ( 1986 ) Red 's Dream ( 1987 ) Tin Toy ( 1988 ) Knick Knack ( 1989 ) Geri 's Game ( 1997 ) For the Birds ( 2000 ) Mike 's New Car ( 2002 ) Boundin ' ( 2003 ) Jack - Jack Attack ( 2005 ) Mr. Incredible and Pals ( 2005 ) One Man Band ( 2005 ) Mater and the Ghostlight ( 2006 ) Lifted ( 2006 ) Your Friend the Rat ( 2007 ) Presto ( 2008 ) Rescue Squad Mater ( 2008 ) Mater the Greater ( 2008 ) El Materdor ( 2008 ) BURN - E ( 2008 ) Tokyo Mater ( 2008 ) Partly Cloudy ( 2009 ) Dug 's Special Mission ( 2009 ) George & A.J. ( 2009 ) Day & Night ( 2010 ) La Luna ( 2011 ) Hawaiian Vacation ( 2011 ) Small Fry ( 2011 ) Partysaurus Rex ( 2012 ) The Legend of Mor'du ( 2012 ) The Blue Umbrella ( 2013 ) Party Central ( 2013 ) Lava ( 2014 ) Sanjay 's Super Team ( 2015 ) Riley 's First Date ? ( 2015 ) Piper ( 2016 ) Lou ( 2017 ) Series Cars Toons ( 2008 -- 14 ) Toy Story Toons ( 2011 -- 12 ) Compilations Tiny Toy Stories ( 1996 ) Pixar Short Films Collection , Volume 1 ( 2007 ) Cars Toons : Mater 's Tall Tales ( 2010 ) Pixar Short Films Collection , Volume 2 ( 2012 ) Other work Beach Chair ( 1986 ) Light & Heavy ( 1990 ) Surprise ( 1991 ) Television specials Toy Story of Terror ! ( 2013 ) Toy Story That Time Forgot ( 2014 ) Franchises Toy Story ( 1995 -- present ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 -- 13 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 -- 16 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 -- present ) Cars ( 2006 -- present ) Associated productions The Adventures of André and Wally B. ( 1984 ) It 's Tough to Be a Bug ! ( 1998 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ( 2000 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command ( 2000 -- 01 ) Exploring the Reef ( 2003 ) Turtle Talk with Crush ( 2004 ) John Carter ( 2012 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Borrowed Time ( 2016 ) Documentaries The Pixar Story ( 2007 ) Products Pixar Image Computer RenderMan Marionette People John Lasseter Edwin Catmull Steve Jobs Alvy Ray Smith Jim Morris See also List of Pixar characters List of Pixar awards and nominations feature films short films List of Pixar film references Computer Graphics Lab Industrial Light & Magic Lucasfilm Animation Circle 7 Animation Pixar Canada A Computer Animated Hand The Works The Shadow King Pixar universe The Walt Disney Studios Book Films directed by Pete Docter Features Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) Up ( 2009 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Shorts Mike 's New Car ( 2002 ) Films directed by Lee Unkrich Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Films by Andrew Stanton Written and directed A Bug 's Life ( 1998 , co-directed ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) John Carter ( 2012 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Written only Toy Story ( 1995 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) BURN - E ( 2008 , short ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monsters,_Inc.&oldid=805009442 '' Categories : 2001 films English - language films Monsters , Inc . 2001 computer - animated films 2000s American animated films 2000s comedy films 2000s monster movies 2000s science fiction films 3D re-releases American films American 3D films American buddy films American animated science fiction films American children 's animated comedy films American computer - animated films American monster movies Animated buddy films Directorial debut films Fictional companies Films directed by Pete Docter Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in Nepal Film scores by Randy Newman Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Monster movies Parallel universes in fiction Pixar animated films Screenplays by Pete Docter Screenplays by Andrew Stanton Tokyopop titles Walt Disney Pictures films Yeti in fiction Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2017 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 13 : 54 . 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how far is canton ohio from toledo ohio

Canton , Ohio

canton, ohio

Canton ( / ˈkæntən / ) is a city in and the county seat of Stark County , Ohio , United States . Canton is located approximately 60 miles ( 97 km ) south of Cleveland in Northeast Ohio . The city lies on the edge of Ohio 's extensive Amish country , particularly in Holmes and Wayne counties to the city 's west and southwest . Canton is the largest municipality in the Canton - Massillon , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Stark and Carroll counties . As of the 2010 Census , the population was 404,422 . The city proper had 73,007 residents , making Canton eighth among Ohio cities in population .

Founded in 1805 alongside the Middle and West Branches of Nimishillen Creek , Canton became a heavy manufacturing center because of its numerous railroad lines . However , its status in that regard began to decline during the late 20th century , as shifts in the manufacturing industry led to the relocation or downsizing of many factories and workers . After this decline , the city 's industry diversified into the service economy , including retailing , education , finance and healthcare . Canton is chiefly notable for being the home of the Pro Football Hall of Fame and the birthplace of the National Football League . 25th U.S. President William McKinley conducted the famed front porch campaign , which won him the presidency of the United States in the 1896 election , from his home in Canton . The McKinley National Memorial and the William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum commemorate his life and presidency . Canton was also chosen as the site of the First Ladies National Historic Site largely in honor of his wife , Ida Saxton McKinley . Canton is currently experiencing an urban renaissance , anchored by its growing and thriving arts district centrally located in the downtown area . Several historic buildings have been rehabilitated and converted into upscale lofts , attracting thousands of new downtown residents into the city . Furthering this downtown development , in June 2016 , Canton became one of the first cities in Ohio to allow the open consumption of alcoholic beverages in a `` designated outdoor refreshment area '' pursuant to a state law enacted in 2015 ( Sub . H.B. No. 47 ) . Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Address system 2.2 Topography 2.3 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 2000 census 3.2 2010 census 4 Government 4.1 Local Government 4.2 State Government 4.3 Federal Government 5 Economy 5.1 Principal employers 6 Arts and education 7 Media 7.1 Print 7.2 Television 7.3 Radio 7.3. 1 AM 7.3. 2 FM 8 Neighborhoods 9 Sports 10 Transportation 11 In popular culture 12 Notable people 13 Sister cities 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) Burial site of President William McKinley William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum Canton was founded in 1805 , incorporated as a village in 1822 , and re-incorporated as a city in 1838 . Bezaleel Wells , the surveyor who divided the land of the town , named it after Canton ( a traditional English name for Guangzhou , China ) . The name was a memorial to a trader named John O'Donnell , whom Wells admired . O'Donnell had named his Maryland plantation after the Chinese city , as he had been the first person to transport goods from there to Baltimore . Canton was the adopted home of President William McKinley . Born in Niles , McKinley first practiced law in Canton around 1867 , and was prosecuting attorney of Stark County from 1869 to 1871 . The city was his home during his successful campaign for Ohio governor , the site of his front - porch presidential campaign of 1896 and the campaign of 1900 . Canton is now the site of the William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum and the McKinley National Memorial , dedicated in 1907 . In 1888 the Dueber Watch Case Company and the Hampden Watch Company moved to Canton . In 1923 the two businesses merged to become the Dueber - Hampden Watch Company . Geography ( edit ) Address system ( edit ) Canton 's street layout forms the basis for the system of addresses in Stark County . Canton proper is divided into address quadrants ( NW , NE , SW , SE ) by Tuscarawas Street ( dividing N and S ) and Market Avenue ( dividing E and W ) . Due to shifts in the street layout , the E-W divider becomes Cleveland Avenue south of the city , merging onto Ridge Road farther out . The directionals are noted as suffixes to the street name ( e.g. Tuscarawas St W , 55th Street NE ) . Typically within the city numbered streets run east and west and radiate from the Tuscarawas Street baseline , while named avenues run north and south . This system extends into Stark County but is not shared by the cities of Massillon , Louisville , East Canton or North Canton , which have their own internal address grids . Topography ( edit ) Nimishillen Creek Canton is located at an elevation of 1060 feet ( 323 m ) . Nimishillen Creek and its East , Middle and West Branches flow through the city . Canton is bordered by Plain Township and North Canton to the north , Meyers Lake and Perry Township to the west , Canton Township to the South , and Nimishillen Township , Osnaburg Township and East Canton to the east . Annexations were approved in December 2006 extending Canton 's eastern boundary to East Canton 's border . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 25.48 square miles ( 65.99 km ) , of which , 25.46 square miles ( 65.94 km ) is land and 0.02 square miles ( 0.05 km ) is water . Climate ( edit ) Canton has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfa ) , typical of much of the Midwestern United States , with very warm , humid summers and cold winters . Winters tend to be cold , with average January high temperatures of 33 ° F ( 1 ° C ) , and average lows of 19 ° F ( − 7 ° C ) , with considerable variation in temperatures . During a typical January , high temperatures of over 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) are just as common as low temperatures of below 0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) . Snowfall is lighter than the snow belt areas to the north . Akron - Canton Airport generally averages 47.1 inches ( 120 cm ) of snow per season . Springs are short with rapid transition from hard winter to summer weather . Summers tend to be warm , sometimes hot , with average July high temperatures of 82 ° F ( 28 ° C ) , and average July low of 62 ° F ( 17 ° C ) . Summer weather is more stable , generally humid with thunderstorms fairly common . Temperatures reach or exceed 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) about 9 times each summer , on average . Fall usually is the driest season with many clear , warm days and cool nights . The all - time record high in the Akron - Canton area of 104 ° F ( 40 ° C ) was established on August 6 , 1918 , and the all - time record low of − 25 ° F ( − 32 ° C ) was set on January 19 , 1994 . hide Climate data for Canton , Ohio ( Akron - Canton Airport ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 73 ( 23 ) 76 ( 24 ) 83 ( 28 ) 89 ( 32 ) 94 ( 34 ) 100 ( 38 ) 102 ( 39 ) 104 ( 40 ) 99 ( 37 ) 89 ( 32 ) 80 ( 27 ) 76 ( 24 ) 104 ( 40 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 33.6 ( 0.9 ) 37.2 ( 2.9 ) 47.2 ( 8.4 ) 60.1 ( 15.6 ) 69.8 ( 21 ) 78.5 ( 25.8 ) 82.5 ( 28.1 ) 80.8 ( 27.1 ) 73.4 ( 23 ) 61.5 ( 16.4 ) 49.7 ( 9.8 ) 37.4 ( 3 ) 59.3 ( 15.2 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 19.3 ( − 7.1 ) 21.4 ( − 5.9 ) 28.6 ( − 1.9 ) 38.9 ( 3.8 ) 48.6 ( 9.2 ) 57.8 ( 14.3 ) 62.0 ( 16.7 ) 60.7 ( 15.9 ) 53.4 ( 11.9 ) 42.5 ( 5.8 ) 34.0 ( 1.1 ) 24.0 ( − 4.4 ) 40.9 ( 4.9 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 25 ( − 32 ) − 20 ( − 29 ) − 6 ( − 21 ) 10 ( − 12 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 32 ( 0 ) 41 ( 5 ) 39 ( 4 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 20 ( − 7 ) − 1 ( − 18 ) − 16 ( − 27 ) − 25 ( − 32 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.60 ( 66 ) 2.30 ( 58.4 ) 2.98 ( 75.7 ) 3.55 ( 90.2 ) 4.28 ( 108.7 ) 3.83 ( 97.3 ) 4.07 ( 103.4 ) 3.56 ( 90.4 ) 3.45 ( 87.6 ) 2.83 ( 71.9 ) 3.28 ( 83.3 ) 2.83 ( 71.9 ) 39.56 ( 1,004.8 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 12.6 ( 32 ) 10.8 ( 27.4 ) 8.0 ( 20.3 ) 2.7 ( 6.9 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.4 ( 1 ) 3.0 ( 7.6 ) 10.2 ( 25.9 ) 47.7 ( 121.2 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 17.1 14.1 14.0 14.3 14.0 12.1 11.3 9.6 10.2 10.9 13.8 16.2 157.6 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 13.1 9.4 6.6 2.5 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 3.4 10.3 45.8 Source : NOAA ( extremes 1887 -- present ) Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1830 1,257 -- 1850 2,603 -- 1860 4,041 55.2 % 1870 8,660 114.3 % 1880 12,258 41.5 % 1890 26,189 113.6 % 1900 30,667 17.1 % 1910 50,217 63.7 % 1920 87,091 73.4 % 1930 104,906 20.5 % 1940 108,401 3.3 % 1950 116,912 7.9 % 1960 113,631 − 2.8 % 1970 110,053 − 3.1 % 1980 94,730 − 13.9 % 84,161 − 11.2 % 2000 80,806 − 4.0 % 73,007 − 9.7 % Est. 2017 70,909 − 2.9 % Sources : Location of the Canton - Massillon Metropolitan Statistical Area in Ohio Market Street , Showing Northwest Corner Public Square , Canton , Ohio Canton is the largest principal city of the Canton - Massillon Metropolitan Statistical Area , a metropolitan area that covers Carroll and Stark counties and had a combined population of 404,422 at the 2010 census . 2000 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2000 , there were 80,806 people , 32,489 households , and 19,785 families residing in the city . The population density was 3,932.1 people per square mile ( 1,518.2 / km ) . There were 35,502 housing units at an average density of 1,728.0 per square mile ( 667.0 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 74.45 % White , 21.04 % African American , 0.49 % Native American , 0.32 % Asian , 0.03 % Pacific Islander , 0.61 % from other races , and 3.06 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.24 % of the population . There were 32,489 households out of which 30.0 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 37.1 % were married couples living together , 19.1 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 39.1 % were non-families. 33.0 % of all households were made up of individuals and 12.4 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 3.04 . In the city the age distribution of the population shows 26.6 % under the age of 18 , 9.8 % from 18 to 24 , 29.1 % from 25 to 44 , 20.2 % from 45 to 64 , and 14.3 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 34 years . For every 100 females , there were 87.5 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 81.9 males . The median income for a household in the city was $28,730 , and the median income for a family was $35,680 . Males had a median income of $30.628 versus $21,581 for females . The per capita income for the city was $15,544 . About 15.4 % of families and 19.2 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 27.4 % of those under age 18 and 11.3 % of those age 65 or over . 2010 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2010 , there were 73,007 people , 29,705 households , and 17,127 families residing in the city . The population density was 2,867.5 inhabitants per square mile ( 1,107.1 / km ) . There were 34,571 housing units at an average density of 1,357.9 per square mile ( 524.3 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 69.1 % White , 24.2 % African American , 0.5 % Native American , 0.3 % Asian , 1.0 % from other races , and 4.8 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.6 % of the population . There were 29,705 households of which 31.5 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 30.8 % were married couples living together , 21.1 % had a female householder with no husband present , 5.7 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 42.3 % were non-families. 35.4 % of all households were made up of individuals and 11.6 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 3.04 . The median age in the city was 35.6 years . 25.1 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 10.8 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 25.6 % were from 25 to 44 ; 25.6 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 12.8 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 47.4 % male and 52.6 % female . Government ( edit ) Local Government ( edit ) Canton City Hall Canton has a mayor -- council government and is the largest city in Ohio to operate without a charter . The city council is divided among nine wards with three at - large seats and the council president . The 2016 -- 2017 elected officials of the City of Canton consist of : City of Canton Elected Officials 2016 - 2017 Position Name Mayor Thomas M. Bernabei Council President Allen Schulman Council at - Large James Babcock Council at - Large Thomas Harmon Council at - Large Bill Smuckler Council Ward 1 Greg Hawk Council Ward 2 Thomas E. West Council Ward 3 Jason Scaglione Council Ward 4 Chris Smith ( Assistant Majority Leader ) Council Ward 5 Robert Fisher Council Ward 6 David R. Dougherty Council Ward 7 John Mariol II Council Ward 8 Edmond J. Mack Council Ward 9 Frank Morris ( Majority Leader ) Auditor Richard A. Mallon II Treasurer Kim Perez Law Director Joseph Martuccio State Government ( edit ) Canton is represented by the following office holders at the Ohio state government : City of Canton State Representatives Position Name State Senator Scott Oelslager State Representative Stephen Slesnick Federal Government ( edit ) The City of Canton is represented by the following U.S. federal officials : City of Canton Federal Representatives Position Name U.S. Senator Sherrod Brown U.S. Senator Rob Portman U.S. Representative Bob Gibbs U.S. Representative Jim Renacci Economy ( edit ) Production of Half - track armored cars in a converted automobile plant . Diebold Safe and Lock Company , Canton , Ohio . The Canton area 's economy is primarily industrial , with significant health care and agricultural segments . The city is home to the TimkenSteel Corporation , a major manufacturer of specialty steel . Several other large companies operate in the greater - Canton area , including Timken Company a maker of tapered roller bearings ; Belden Brick Company , a brick and masonry producer ; Diebold , a maker of ATMs , electronic voting devices , and bank vaults , and Medline Industries , a manufacturer and distributor of health care supplies . The area is also home to several regional food producers , including Nickles Bakery ( baked goods ) , Case Farms ( poultry ) , and Shearer 's Foods ( snack foods ) . Poultry production and dairy farming are also important segments of the Canton area 's economy . In recent years , Canton has experienced a very low unemployment rate . The healthcare sector is particularly strong , with Aultman Hospital and Mercy Medical Center among its largest employers . Nevertheless , as in many industrial areas of the United States , employment in the manufacturing sector is in a state of decline . LTV Steel ( formerly Republic Steel ) suffered bankruptcy in 2000 . Republic Steel emerged and continues to maintain operations in Canton . Hoover Company , a major employer for decades in the region reached an agreement to sell Hoover to Hong Kong - based Techtronic Industries . The main plant in nearby North Canton closed its doors in September 2007 . On June 30 , 2014 , the Timken Company and TimkenSteel split , forming two separate companies at the urging of shareholders . The Timken Company relocated to neighboring Jackson Township , while TimkenSteel remains headquartered in Canton . In response to this changing manufacturing landscape , the city is undergoing a transition to a retail and service - based economy . Beginning in the 1970s , Canton , like many mid-size American cities , lost most of its downtown retail business to the suburbs . The majority of the Canton area 's `` box store '' retail is located in the general vicinity of the Belden Village Mall in Jackson Township . However , in recent years , the downtown area has seen significant rejuvenation , with cafes , restaurants , and the establishment of an arts district . A few retail centers remain in Canton at or near the city limits . Tuscarawas Street ( Lincoln Way ) , a leg of the Lincoln Highway connecting Canton with nearby Massillon , is home to the Canton Centre Mall and several retail outlets of varying size . A vein of commerce runs along Whipple Avenue , connecting the Canton Centre area with the Belden Village area . A similar vein runs north from the downtown area , along Cleveland and Market avenues . Connecting Cleveland and Market avenues is a small shopping district on 30th Street NW , and retail lines the Route 62 corridor leading from Canton to Louisville and Alliance . In recent years , Canton has come to experience a renaissance . At the heart of this transformation is the Pro Football Hall of Fame , with its multimillion - dollar `` Hall of Fame Village '' expansion project . This project has been complemented with significant investments by city leaders in urban redevelopment , which continued with the transformation of the Hotel Onesto into the Historic Onesto Lofts . Other urban renewal plans are underway , which include the redevelopment of the downtown Market Square area . Private investment has furthered Canton 's transformation , which is illustrated by the multimillion - dollar creation of the Gervasi Vineyard , which draws patrons throughout the region . In furtherance of these development initiatives , Canton was one of the first cities in Ohio to create a `` designated outdoor refreshment area '' legalizing the possession and consumption of `` open container '' alchohlic beverages in its downtown area . Principal employers ( edit ) According to Canton 's 2016 Popular Annual Financial Report , the top employers in the city are : # Employer # of Employees % of City Employment Aultman Hospital 5,000 15.95 % Stark County 2,577 8.22 % Mercy Medical 2,550 8.13 % Timken Steel 2,500 7.97 % 5 Canton City Schools 1,077 3.44 % 6 City of Canton 906 2.89 % 7 Fresh Mark Inc . 866 2.76 % 8 Republic Steel 440 1.40 % 9 MK Morse Co . 439 1.40 % 10 Nationwide 320 1.02 % NA Total 16,675 53.19 % Arts and education ( edit ) The Canton Museum of Art , founded in 1935 , is a broad - based community arts organization designed to encourage and promote the fine arts in Canton . The museum focuses on 19th and 20th Century American artists , specifically works on paper , and on American ceramics , beginning in the 1950s . The museum sponsors annual shows of work of high school students in Canton and Stark County , and financial scholarships are awarded . Educational Outreach programs take the museum off - site to libraries , parochial schools , area public schools , five inner city schools and a school for students with behavioral disorders . The city 's Arts District , located downtown , is the site of monthly First Friday arts celebrations . Canton 's K - 12 students are primarily served by the Canton City School District , although students north of 17th Street NW have an overlap with Plain Local School District . Canton Local School District serves the better part of Canton South . Malone University , a private , four - year liberal arts college affiliated with the Evangelical Friends Church , is located on 25th Street NW . Catholic - run Walsh University is located nearby in North Canton . Stark State College and a branch of Kent State University are also nearby , in Jackson Township . Also , in downtown Canton , there is a small annex for Stark State College to be used by the Early College High School students who are located on the Timken Campus . The city is also served by two Catholic high schools : St. Thomas Aquinas High School and Central Catholic High School ( located in Perry Township ) . Perry Township is also home to Perry High School which serves students from both the Massillon and Canton area . Catholic grade schools within the city limits of Canton are St. Peter , St. Joseph , and Our Lady of Peace . Additional Catholic schools in the Canton area include Canton St. Michael School , ranked first in the Power of the Pen state tournament in 2010 , and Canton St. Joan of Arc School . There is also Heritage Christian School ( K - 12 ) , a Christian grade school and high school . Canton Country Day School is a private PreK - 8 school located just outside city limits in nearby Plain Township . Within the city limits is the private Canton Montessori School , which teaches according to the Montessori Plan for education proposed by Maria Montessori in the early 20th century . Canton has the main branch of Stark County District Library . Media ( edit ) Print ( edit ) Canton is served in print by The Repository , the city 's only newspaper . Television ( edit ) Canton is part of the greater Cleveland television media market . However , due to its proximity to Youngstown , it is common for residents to receive stations from that area . There are also three television stations that are licensed to Canton , though none of them are major network affiliates . Channel 17 : WDLI -- ( TBN ) -- serving Canton / Akron / Cleveland -- Christian Channel 39 : WIVM - LD -- ( RTV ) -- Canton -- Local , independent Channel 47 : WRLM -- ( TCT ) -- Canton -- Christian Canton also has a cable Public - access television channel , Canton City Schools TV 11 . The content varies based on the viewer 's location . Citizens located in North Canton will see North Canton 's programming instead of Canton City 's . Those within the borders of Plain Local Schools will see Eagle Television 's programming . Radio ( edit ) AM ( edit ) 1060 : WILB , ( Living Bread Radio Inc. , Catholic ) -- Canton 1480 : WHBC , ( NextMedia Group , News / Talk ) -- Canton 1520 : WINW , ( Gospel ) -- Canton FM ( edit ) 92.5 : WDJQ , ( Top 40 / CHR ) `` Q92 '' -- Alliance 94.1 : WHBC - FM , ( NextMedia Group , Hot AC ) `` Mix 94.1 '' -- Canton 95.9 : WNPQ , ( Tuscarawas Broadcasting Co. , Contemporary Christian ) `` 95.9 The Light '' -- New Philadelphia 99.7 : W259BW / WHOF HD2 , ( iHeartRadio , Country ) `` Canton 's New Country '' - Canton 101.7 : WHOF ( iHeartRadio , Variety Hits ) `` My 101.7 '' -- North Canton 106.9 : WRQK ( iHeartRadio , Rock ) `` Rock 106.9 '' -- Canton Neighborhoods ( edit ) Crystal Park Dueber Harter Heights Highland Park Market Heights Ridgewood Summit Vassar Park West Park West Branch Park Sports ( edit ) Front entrance to the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Canton is home to the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The American Professional Football Association , the forerunner of the NFL , was founded in a Canton car dealership on September 17 , 1920 . The Canton Bulldogs were an NFL football team that played from 1920 -- 1923 skipped 1924 season then played 1925 to ' 26 before folding . Main article : History of the National Football League Every summer , Canton is the home of the Pro Football Hall of Fame Enshrinement Festival , which includes a hot air balloon festival , ribs burn - off , fashion show , community parade , Sunday morning race , enshrinee dinner , and the Pro Football Hall of Fame Grand Parade . The festival culminates in the enshrinement of the new inductees and the NFL / Hall of Fame Game , a pre-season exhibition between teams representing the AFC and NFC at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium . Main article : Pro Football Hall of Fame Game Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium , used during the regular season by Canton McKinley High School ( as well as some other area schools and colleges ) , was rated the number one high school football venue in America by the Sporting News in 2002 . This may be partly attributable to the Bulldogs ' rivalry with the nearby Massillon Washington High School Tigers , which is regarded as one of the best rivalries in all of high school football . Three of the Ohio High School Athletic Association state final football games are hosted in Canton at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium . The other three take place in nearby Massillon , Ohio , at Paul Brown Tiger Stadium . The Canton Legends played in the American Indoor Football Association at the Canton Civic Center . Operations were suspended in 2009 . The Continental Indoor Football League also has offices in Canton . The first official female bodybuilding competition was held in Canton in November 1977 and was called the Ohio Regional Women 's Physique Championship . Canton is also home to an NBA G League team , the Canton Charge , which started play with the 2011 -- 12 season . The Cleveland Cavaliers have full control over the team . The Charge play their home games at the Canton Memorial Civic Center . The Canton Invaders of the National Professional Soccer League II and American Indoor Soccer Association played home games at the Canton Memorial Civic Center from 1984 until 1996 , winning five league championships . In 2009 , the Ohio Vortex became an expansion team in the Professional Arena Soccer League . Operations have since been suspended . Canton has been home to professional baseball on several occasions . A number of minor league teams called Canton home in the early 1900s , including the Canton Terriers in the 1920s and ' 30s . The Canton -- Akron Indians were the AA affiliate of the major league Cleveland Indians for nine years , playing at Thurman Munson Memorial Stadium until the team relocated north to Akron following the 1996 season . Two independent minor league teams , the Canton Crocodiles and the Canton Coyotes , both members of the Frontier League , called Munson Stadium home for several years afterward . The Crocodiles , who won the league championship in their inaugural season in 1997 , moved to Washington , Pennsylvania , in 2002 , and the Coyotes moved to Columbia , Missouri , in 2003 , after just one season in Canton . Canton is home to the Bluecoats Drum and Bugle Corps , a world class competitor in Drum Corps International . The Bluecoats have been a part of the `` top five '' finalists in the DCI World Championships since 2013 , and took home the Founders ' Trophy in 2016 , with their show entitled `` Down Side Up '' . Transportation ( edit ) Canton is connected to the Interstate Highway System via Interstate 77 which connects Canton to Charleston , West Virginia , and points south , and to Cleveland and Akron , Ohio , to the north . U.S. Route 30 connects Canton to Fort Wayne , Indiana , and points west , and to Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , and points east . U.S. Route 62 connects Canton to Columbus , Ohio , and points southwest , and to Youngstown , Ohio , and points northeast . The city has several arterial roads . Ohio 43 ( Market Avenue , Walnut Avenue and Cherry Avenue ) , Ohio 153 ( 12th Street and Mahoning Road ) , Ohio 172 ( Tuscarawas Street ) / The Lincoln Highway , Ohio 297 ( Whipple Avenue and Raff Avenue ) , Ohio 627 ( Faircrest Street ) , Ohio 687 ( Fulton Drive ) , and Ohio 800 ( Cleveland Avenue ) / A.K.A. Old Route 8 . Amtrak offers daily service to Chicago and Washington , D.C. , from a regional passenger station located in Alliance , Ohio . Norfolk Southern and the Wheeling - Lake Erie railroads provide freight service in Canton . Akron - Canton Regional Airport ( IATA : CAK , IACO : KCAK ) is a commercial Class C airport located 10 miles ( 16 km ) north of the city and provides daily commercial passenger and air freight service . Stark Area Regional Transit Authority ( SARTA ) provides public transit bus service within the county , including service to Massillon , the Akron - Canton Regional Airport , and the Amtrak station located in Alliance . In popular culture ( edit ) On the July 21 , 2008 , Stephen Colbert on The Colbert Report made a comment about John McCain making a campaign stop in Canton , Ohio , and `` not the crappy Canton in Georgia . '' The comment resulted in a local uproar , with the Canton , Georgia , mayor insisting Colbert had never visited the town along with an invitation for him to do so . On July 30 , 2008 , Colbert apologized for the story , insisting that he was incorrect and that the `` real '' crappy Canton was Canton , Kansas , after which he made several jokes at the Kansas town 's expense . On August 5 , Colbert apologized to citizens of Canton , Georgia and Canton , Kansas , then directing his derision on Canton , South Dakota . Colbert later went on to offer a half - hearted apology to Canton , South Dakota before proceeding to mock Canton , Texas . On October 28 , Colbert turned his attention back to Canton , Ohio after Barack Obama made a campaign stop there , forcing Colbert to find it `` crappy . '' In 2009 , the city was mistakenly listed on Google 's map service as `` Colesville '' . A rumor that the mistake was the result of a prank by rival football fans was denied by Google spokeswoman Elaine Filadelfo . Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Canton , Ohio Sister cities ( edit ) Canton has two sister cities : -- Acre , Israel -- Saltillo , Coahuila , Mexico References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mayor : City of Canton Retrieved January 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2013 . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Driving Directions from Canton , Ohio to Cleveland , Ohio '' . Mapquest . June 5 , 2007 . Retrieved June 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Census shows sharp population decline in Canton '' . CantonRep.com . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2011 . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Matas , Alison ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Construction of apartments underway at Hercules site in Canton '' . The Repository . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Wang , Robert ( 2016 - 06 - 03 ) . `` City officials , First Friday attendees kick off outdoor refreshment district '' . The Repository . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Time ( 2016 - 10 - 28 ) . `` To Enliven Downtowns , Some Cities Promote Public Drinking '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` cantonrep.com '' . 2007 - 03 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic Names Information System entry for Canton '' . Retrieved January 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ DeLorme ( 1991 ) . Ohio Atlas & Gazetteer . Yarmouth , Maine : DeLorme . ISBN 0 - 89933 - 233 - 1 . Jump up ^ CantonRep.com -- Canton and Stark County News Archived 2007 - 09 - 30 at Archive.is Jump up ^ `` CantonRep.com -- Canton and Stark County News '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Weatherbase : Historical Weather for Akron , Ohio '' . Retrieved November 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Population : Ohio '' ( PDF ) . 1910 U.S. Census . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Population : Ohio '' ( PDF ) . 1930 US Census . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Inhabitants : Ohio '' ( PDF ) . 18th Census of the United States . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio : Population and Housing Unit Counts '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets : Subcounty Population Estimates : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2012 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 17 June 2013 . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Components Archived May 26 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Office of Management and Budget , May 11 , 2007 . Accessed 2008 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Mayor of the City of Canton '' . cantonohio.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Allen Schulman , President of Canton City Council '' . cantonohio.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Allen Schulman '' . 15 December 2013 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Babcock , Canton City Council '' . cantonohio.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Harmon , Canton City Council '' . cantonohio.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Smuckler , Canton City Council '' . cantonohio.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Hawk , Canton City Council '' . cantonohio.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas E. West , Canton City Council '' . cantonohio.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Department , City of Canton , I.T. `` Jason Scaglione , Canton City Council '' . cantonohio.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Smith , Canton City Council '' . cantonohio.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Fisher , Canton City Council '' . cantonohio.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` David R. Dougherty , Canton City Council '' . cantonohio.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` John Mariol II , Canton City Council '' . cantonohio.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Edmond Mack , Canton City Council '' . cantonohio.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Edmond J. Mack Attorney Tzangas Plakas Mannos Ltd . - Akron / Canton , OH '' . www.lawlion.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Morris , Canton City Council '' . cantonohio.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Richard A. Mallon II , Auditor of the City of Canton '' . cantonohio.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` City of Canton Income Tax Department '' . www.cantonincometax.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Martuccio , Law Director of the City of Canton '' . cantonohio.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Senator Scott Oelslager ( R ) - District 29 The Ohio Senate '' . ohiosenate.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Representative Stephen Slesnick ( D ) - District 49 The Ohio House of Representatives '' . www.ohiohouse.gov . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Home United States Senator Sherrod Brown '' . www.brown.senate.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Portman '' . www.portman.senate.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Congressman Bob Gibbs '' . Congressman Bob Gibbs . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Renacci , Congressman Jim . `` Congressman Jim Renacci '' . Congressman Jim Renacci . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Canton Comprehensive Plan ( PDF ) . The City of Canton . 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Local jobless rate remains low in November '' . The Repository . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Edd ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Canton Repository '' . Retrieved Oct 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Football Hall of Fame trustees approve master plan for ' Hall of Fame Village ' '' . 11 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ report , CantonRep.com staff . `` Canton City Council to vote on tax break for Onesto '' . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Matas , Alison . `` Plans for Market Square get preliminary OK from council '' . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio Winery and Italian Restaurant - Gervasi Vineyard Canton Ohio - Dining and Inn Hotel '' . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Wang , Robert . `` City officials , First Friday attendees kick off outdoor refreshment district '' . The Repository . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Tim ; Policy ( 2016 - 10 - 28 ) . `` To Enliven Downtowns , Some Cities Promote Public Drinking '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` City of Canton PAFR 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Locations '' . Stark County District Library . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Football Hall of Fame Enshrinement Festival Canton , Ohio '' . www.profootballhoffestival.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Fawcett Stadium history '' . Times Reporter. 2015 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Montville , Leigh ( 1994 - 11 - 14 ) . `` The Centurians '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Maria R. ( 1 January 1998 ) . Women of Steel : Female Bodybuilders and the Struggle for Self - definition . NYU Press . ISBN 9780814750940 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Home - Canton Charge '' . Canton Charge . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Who are the Bluecoats ? ' '' . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Recap Roundup : 2016 DCI World Championship Finals ' '' . Drum Corps International . 14 August 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gumbrecht , Jamie ( July 23 , 2008 ) . `` Colbert 's ' crappy Canton ' comment puzzles mayor '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Jump up ^ Crawley , Paul ( July 31 , 2008 ) . `` Colbert Apologizes To Canton ... Sort Of '' . WXIA - TV . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert slams Canton , Kansas '' . Kansas City Star . July 31 , 2008 . In `` apologizing '' to Canton , Ga. , on Wednesday 's `` The Colbert Report '' , Stephen Colbert slammed Canton , Kan . Jump up ^ `` Google maps goof calls Canton , Ohio , ' Colesville ' '' . Arizona Daily Star . Associated Press . October 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2012 . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Edd ( October 27 , 2009 ) . `` Mr. Wells called it Canton , Google calls it Colesville '' . The ( Canton ) Repository . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2009 . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Folks at Google offices in California already have heard rumors that the name change somehow is related to the McKinley - Massillon football game this weekend . That 's not the case , Filadelfo said several times . `` It 's simply an error when the map was being labeled '' , she said . Jump up ^ Torres , Robert ( 2009 - 12 - 25 ) . `` Canton creating Sister Cities in Israel , Mexico to encourage investment '' . cantonohio.gov . Director of Development . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Ohio portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canton , Ohio . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Canton , Ohio . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Canton ( Ohio ) . City website Canton City Schools Stark County District Library Places adjacent to Canton , Ohio Akron North Canton Youngstown Perry Heights Canton East Canton Columbus Canton South Pittsburgh Municipalities and communities of Stark County , Ohio , United States County seat : Canton Cities Alliance ‡ Canal Fulton Canton Louisville Massillon North Canton Villages Beach City Brewster East Canton East Sparta Hartville Hills and Dales Limaville Magnolia ‡ Meyers Lake Minerva ‡ Navarre Waynesburg Wilmot Townships Bethlehem Canton Jackson Lake Lawrence Lexington Marlboro Nimishillen Osnaburg Paris Perry Pike Plain Sandy Sugar Creek Tuscarawas Washington CDPs Greentown North Lawrence Perry Heights Richville Robertsville Uniontown Unincorporated communities Avondale Belfort Cairo Crystal Springs East Greenville Freeburg Harrisburg Justus Mapleton Marchand Marlboro Maximo McDonaldsville Middlebranch New Baltimore New Franklin Newman North Industry Oval City Paris Pigeon Run Sippo Trump Waco Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties State of Ohio Columbus ( capital ) Topics History Geography People Government Administrative divisions Law Elections Delegations Colleges and universities Motto Tourist attractions Portal Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Allegheny Plateau Appalachian Ohio The Bluegrass Central Ohio Glacial till plains Great Black Swamp Lake Erie Lake Erie Islands Mahoning Valley Miami Valley Northeast Ohio Northwest Ohio Vacationland Western Reserve Metro areas Akron Canton Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Dayton Findlay - Tiffin Huntington - Ashland Lima Mansfield Steubenville Toledo Youngstown - Warren Largest cities Akron Canton Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Cuyahoga Falls Dayton Elyria Euclid Hamilton Kettering Lakewood Lorain Mansfield Mentor Middletown Newark Parma Springfield Toledo Youngstown Counties Adams Allen Ashland Ashtabula Athens Auglaize Belmont Brown Butler Carroll Champaign Clark Clermont Clinton Columbiana Coshocton Crawford Cuyahoga Darke Defiance Delaware Erie Fairfield Fayette Franklin Fulton Gallia Geauga Greene Guernsey Hamilton Hancock Hardin Harrison Henry Highland Hocking Holmes Huron Jackson Jefferson Knox Lake Lawrence Licking Logan Lorain Lucas Madison Mahoning Marion Medina Meigs Mercer Miami Monroe Montgomery Morgan Morrow Muskingum Noble Ottawa Paulding Perry Pickaway Pike Portage Preble Putnam Richland Ross Sandusky Scioto Seneca Shelby Stark Summit Trumbull Tuscarawas Union Van Wert Vinton Warren Washington Wayne Williams Wood Wyandot Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton,_Ohio&oldid=864279751 '' Categories : Canton , Ohio Cities in Ohio Cities in Stark County , Ohio Populated places established in 1805 County seats in Ohio 1805 establishments in Ohio Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig 한국어 Ido Italiano Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 08 : 01 ( UTC ) . 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when was school leaving age raised to 16

Raising of school leaving age in England and Wales

raising of school leaving age in england and wales

The raising of school leaving age ( shortened to ROSLA ) is the name given by the government to refer to changes regarding the legal age a child is permitted to leave compulsory education as specified under an Education Act . In most countries , the school leaving age often reflects when young people are seen to be mature enough within their society , but not necessarily when they are old enough to be regarded as an adult .

In England and Wales , this age has been raised numerous times since the introduction of compulsory education in 1870 . On 1 September 1972 , the age was raised from 15 to 16 , following preparations which began eight years earlier in 1964 . This left a gap year of school leavers who , by law , had to complete an additional year of education from 1973 onwards . There are several reasons why the government may wish to increase the school leaving age , considering it has raised the age numerous times over the 19th and 20th centuries , the last time being in 2015 . With past age raisings , the reasons given have been focused mainly on generating more skilled labour by providing additional time for students to gain additional skills and qualifications . In recent years , it became apparent that most 16 to 18 year - olds have not been motivated to continue their education after completion of their GCSEs , thus increasing the overall unemployment rate given many are unable to find work . The British government hoped that by making education compulsory up to the age of 17 by 2013 and 18 by 2015 , it could change this . Contents ( hide ) 1 19th century 2 20th century 2.1 The Fisher Act of 1918 2.2 Butler 's post-war education changes 2.2. 1 Reasons 2.2. 2 Effects 2.3 Leaving age raised to 16 2.3. 1 ROSLA Buildings 2.4 Education Act 1996 3 21st century 3.1 Education and Skills Act 2008 3.1. 1 Participation Age 3.1. 2 Reasons 3.1. 3 Opposition 3.1. 4 Effects 4 See also 5 Further reading 6 References 7 External links 19th century ( edit ) William Edward Forster drafted the first Education Act in 1870 Prior to the 19th century , there were very few schools . Most of those that existed were run by the church , for the church , stressing religious education . In the latter part of the 19th Century , compulsory attendance at school ceased to be a matter for local option , with the introduction of the Elementary Education Act 1870 a milestone in the British school education system . Children had to attend between the ages of 5 and 10 though with some local discretion such as early leaving in agricultural areas . The introduction of the Elementary Education Act 1870 ( applying to England and Wales ) , commonly known as Forster 's Education Act having been drawn up by William Edward Forster , created the concept of compulsory education for children under thirteen , although the decision to make education compulsory was at the discretion of school boards ; education was compulsory in approximately 40 % of schools by 1873 . In areas where education was considered a problem , elected school boards could be set up . These boards could , at their discretion , create local by - laws , confirmed by Parliament , to require attendance and fine the parents of children who did not attend . There were exemptions for illness , living more than a certain distance ( typically one mile ) from a school , or certification of having reached the required standard ( which varied by board ) which were made mandatory across England and Wales by the 1880 Act . The Elementary Education Act 1880 insisted on compulsory attendance from 5 -- 10 years . For poorer families , ensuring their children attended school proved difficult , as it was more tempting to send them working if the opportunity to earn an extra income was available . Attendance Officers often visited the homes of children who failed to attend school , which often proved to be ineffective . Children under the age of 13 who were employed were required to have a certificate to show they had reached the educational standard ; employers of these children who were n't able to show this were penalised . An act brought into force thirteen years later went under the name of the Elementary Education ( School Attendance ) Act 1893 , which stated a raised minimum leaving age to 11 . Later the same year , the act was also extended for blind and deaf children , who previously had no means of an official education . This act was later amended in 1899 to raise the school leaving age up to 12 years of age . 20th century ( edit ) The start of the 20th century saw school boards abolished in 1902 and replaced with local education authorities , which are still in use to the present day . The Fisher Act of 1918 ( edit ) The year 1918 saw the introduction of the Education Act 1918 , commonly also known as the Fisher Act as it was devised by Herbert Fisher . The act enforced compulsory education from 5 -- 14 years , but also included provision for compulsory part - time education for all 14 to 18 - year - olds . There were also plans for expansion in tertiary education , by raising the participation age to 18 though cuts in public spending after World War I made this impractical . This is the first act which starting planning provisions for young people to remain in education until the age of 18 . The 1918 act was not implemented until a further act of 1921 was passed . Butler 's post-war education changes ( edit ) HORSA Huts , constructed circa 1947 to handle the increased student numbers as a result of the leaving age increase In 1944 , Rab Butler introduced the Education Act 1944 which amongst other changes , including the introduction of the Tripartite System , included raising the school leaving age to 15 . Although the act should have been brought into effect as from September 1939 , it was not implemented because of the effects of World War II , but was eventually enforced from April 1947 . The Comprehensive school system has since replaced the Tripartite System brought in by this act across most of England . This act also recommended compulsory part - time education for all children until the age of 18 , but was dropped , in similar fashion to the 1918 Act , to cut spending after World War II . Reasons ( edit ) Changes in government approaches towards education meant that it was no longer regarded adequate for a child to leave education aged 14 , as that is the age when they were seen to really understand and appreciate the value of education , as well as being the period when adolescence was at its height . It was beginning to be seen as the worst age for a sudden switch from education to employment , with around 80 % of children in 1938 leaving education at this age , many having only had primary - school level education . Although there were concerns about the effects of having less labour from these children , it was hoped that the outcome of a larger quantity of more qualified , skilled workers would eliminate the deficit problem from the loss of unskilled labour . Effects ( edit ) This act introduced the 11 + examination to determine if a child should be eligible for a grammar school , secondary modern or technical college , under the Tripartite System , but has since been phased out across the majority of the United Kingdom , with just several boroughs in England and Northern Ireland still using it . League tables published in March 2007 showed grammar schools throughout the country were outperforming comprehensive schools ; data published ten years later in 2017 suggested a similar clear division between student attainment in grammar schools compared to comprehensive schools . Changes in society and approaches towards education , including equal opportunities , has meant that it is now recognised that all children deserve to have the same educational opportunities without singling out those who learn at a slower rate than others , thus every child has the opportunity to gain secondary school level qualifications or similar , regardless of background or intelligence . Leaving age raised to 16 ( edit ) In 1964 , preparations began to raise the school leaving age to 16 . These were delayed in 1968 , and eventually the decision was taken in 1971 that the new upper age limit be enforced from 1 September 1972 onwards . As well as raising the school leaving age in 1972 , the year also saw the introduction of the Education ( Work Experience ) Act , allowing LEAs to organise work experience for the additional final year school students . In some counties around the country , these changes also led to the introduction of middle schools in 1968 , where students were kept at primary or junior school for an additional year , meaning that the number of students in secondary schools within these areas remained virtually constant through the change . In others , more radical changes led to middle schools for pupils aged up to 13 opening in smaller secondary school buildings , with other schools accommodating students over 13 . As of 2010 , there are fewer than 300 middle schools across England , situated in just 22 local education authorities ; the number of remaining middle schools has gradually fallen since the mid-1980s . ROSLA buildings ( edit ) For many secondary schools around England and Wales in areas without a Middle School , accommodating for the new 5th year students would be a struggle . A popular solution was to provide those schools with a pre-fabricated building ( often referred to as ROSLA Buildings or ROSLA Blocks ) that were in need of additional capacity , providing them with the resources to cope with the new generation of 5th year students . This solution proved popular with many schools across the country , not least due to the low cost involved for materials and construction , but also the speed which these buildings could be erected . Many were supplied by F. Pratten and Co Ltd . The ROSLA Buildings were delivered to schools in self assembly packs , being assembled by a team often within days , regardless of weather conditions . Consequently , they were not intended to stand long - term , though some have proven to have stood much longer than was initially planned . Many ROSLA Buildings shared similar exterior attributes such as their design , with the only difference being the separation of rooms within the building . The room separation within the building was decided upon by senior school management , hence many walls are false from being added in after construction . Although the majority of schools around England and Wales have since replaced the ROSLA Building at their site , there are still numerous schools around the country which are still actively using these buildings . Education Act 1996 ( edit ) Between 1976 and 1997 , the minimum school leaving arrangements were : A child whose sixteenth birthday falls in the period 1 September to 31 January inclusive , may leave compulsory schooling at the end of the Spring term ( the following Easter ) . A child whose sixteenth birthday falls in the period 1 February to 31 August , may leave on the Friday before the last Monday in May . Under the Education Act 1996 , a new single school leaving date was set for 1998 and all subsequent years thereafter . This was set as the last Friday in June in the school year which the child reaches the age of 16 . 21st century ( edit ) Education and skills Act 2008 ( edit ) Graph showing the percentage of young people in employment or training , at ages 16 and 18 respectively . Reports published in November 2006 suggested that Education Secretary Alan Johnson was exploring ways to raise the school leaving age in England to 18 , just over 40 years later than the last rise in 1972 , pointing to the decline in unskilled jobs and the need for young people to be equipped for modern day employment . Participation age ( edit ) A year later , on 6 November 2007 , Prime Minister Gordon Brown unveiled the government 's plans in his Queen 's Speech . The plans included the duty for parents to assist their children in education or training participation until the date of their 18th birthday , as well as detailing proposed moves to reform the apprenticeship system and to improve achievement for children in care . The Education and Skills Act 2008 , when it came into force in the 2013 academic year , initially required participation in some form of education or training until the school year in which the child turned 17 , followed by the age being raised to the young person 's 18th birthday in 2015 . This was referred to as raising the `` participation age '' to distinguish it from the school leaving age which remains at 16 . To qualify as participation the young person must be in education or training for the equivalent of one day a week ( at a minimum ) . The local council is responsible for ensuring that a suitable place is available . The Act makes similar powers available to the National Assembly for Wales . A spokesperson for the Welsh Assembly indicated that it would want to encourage more young people to stay in education , but without compulsion , so school leavers there are not required to continue with any education or training . Reasons ( edit ) Figures were published in June 2006 showing that 76.2 % of all young people aged 16 -- 18 are already in further education or training , meaning that the rise might only affect around 25 % of young people who may have otherwise sought employment immediately upon finishing compulsory education . This did not specifically state that young people would remain in secondary school , but rather by law be required to continue their education full or part - time , whether that be in sixth form , college or work based training . Around 80 % of 16 - year - olds stay in full - time academic or vocational education , or go on a government - financed training course . In a survey of 859 people , 9 / 10 supported the plans for the age increase . Proportion of 16 - 18 year olds in Education & training , employment and NEET . Reports published by the DfES showed that although there are around 70 % of 16 year olds who remain in full - time education , this declines to less than 50 % by the time they reach 18 , with the majority finding unskilled employment and even fewer going into employment where their training has relevance . There is also a small increase in those who become unemployed by the time they reach 18 , which the government hoped to reduce with the act . It is these cases of unemployment which the government believes to be the toughest , whom it classifies as NEET ( Not in Education , Employment or Training ) . In 2006 an additional 7 % of 16 year olds fell into this category and the proportion rose to 13 % among 18 year olds . In practice , only 1 % of young people are classified as NEET during their time aged 16 -- 18 , due to churn between training , employment and NEET classification . In 2015 the percentage of 16 - 18 classified as NEET fell to 7.5 % , the lowest figure since 2000 . The government believed that the changes were needed because of the collapse in unskilled jobs in the economy , which means that young school leavers at 16 years of age are finding it increasingly more difficult to find employment , consequentially in many cases making them unemployable . Within the last 40 years , the number of unskilled jobs available have more than halved , from 8 million in the 1960s to 3.5 by 2007 , with predictions of further drops to just 600,000 by 2020 due to the increasing demand for skilled labour . This , together with fewer students continuing their further education , increase the difficulty for young school leavers to find work if they were either not able , or chose not to , stay on at school and complete further education . s Opposition ( edit ) Whilst the government is eager to implement the changes , many oppose the proposal , some on civil liberties grounds . Compulsory school attendance is usually justified by reference to the argument that minors are incapable of making sufficiently reasoned choices . However , the 16 - 18 age group falls into a grey area , being regarded as effectively adult in a number of contexts . Indeed , in some jurisdictions ( e.g. Scotland ) , individuals are considered to reach full maturity at 16 . The proposal of using criminal sanctions to enforce attendance under this new system was opposed by MPs from both the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats , who believed compulsion and threats were the wrong approach to increasing participation . A spokesperson for the DfES said the proposals were not about `` forcing young people to do something they do n't want to '' , and that `` we are letting young people down if we allow them to leave education and training without skills at the age of 16 . '' However , the Prime Minister 's Queen 's Speech in November 2007 , which discussed the raise in school leaving age , suggested that pupils who failed to comply with new laws are to be expected to face fines or community service , rather than custodial sentencing which had previously been proposed . Local Authorities will also be expected to ensure pupils are participating up to 18 years of age . Effects ( edit ) The downward trend in the number of unskilled jobs available throughout the country is continuing . The government believes that the extension of compulsory education until the age of 18 will mean many more young people will leave education in a much better position to find skilled employment . Speaking in March 2007 , Chancellor Gordon Brown stated that around 50,000 teenagers would be paid a training allowance to sign up to college - based courses , with estimates on the available number of apprenticeships available to double to around 500,000 by 2020 , with 80 % being available in England , which will be an increase from the current 250,000 apprenticeships available , offered by 130,000 employers . A skills commission report released in 2013 , backed by Labour MP Barry Sheerman , suggests that young people were being let down by the education system , with particular criticism aimed towards the lack of information , advice and guidance available to 14 - 19 year olds . The government were hopeful that the changes would have an effect on preventing the increase in crime levels , as figures reported a substantial percentage of young people leaving school were turning to a life of crime , with many being unable to find suitable work due to lack of skills and qualifications . See also ( edit ) School leaving age Education in England Compulsory education Tripartite System Further reading ( edit ) http://www.thepotteries.org/dates/education.htm References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` School leaving age set to be 18 '' . BBC News . 12 January 2007 . Jump up ^ What happens after the age of 16 ? BBC.co.uk , 19 November 2014 ^ Jump up to : Education leaving age brief Politics.co.uk , 12 June 2007 ^ Jump up to : Lincolnshire School Resources Genuki.org.uk ^ Jump up to : School leaving age may be raised news.bbc.co.uk , 10 November 2006 Jump up ^ `` Education Acts 1870 1873 1876 '' . Intriguing History . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 15 Crucial Events in the History of English Schools '' . Oxford Royale. 18 September 2014 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Key dates in British Education ( 1000 - 1899 ) ThePotteries.org ^ Jump up to : `` Q&A : The new school leaving age '' . The Guardian . 29 November 2007 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Education in England - 3 www.educationengland.org.uk Jump up ^ `` From tripartite to comprehensive schools and the New Right '' . Sociology Twynham. 21 December 2008 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rab Butler 's 1944 act brings free secondary education for all '' . BBC News . 17 January 2014 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Dent , H.C. ( 1 January 1947 ) . `` Raising the School - Leaving Age in Britain '' . The School Review . 55 ( 9 ) : 523 -- 525 . JSTOR 1082674 . Jump up ^ `` Grammar school and the 11 + explained '' . Relocate Global . 20 July 2016 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 11 + exam ' put people off study ' '' . The Herald Scotland . 18 September 2012 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grammars still dominate league tables '' . The Telegraph . 2 March 2007 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grammar school children excel while comprehensives fall behind , figures show '' . The Telegraph . 19 January 2017 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Education leaving age '' . politics.co.uk . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Education in England - Timeline educationengland.org.uk Jump up ^ `` Middle Schools in the UK '' . UK Middle Schools . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spaxton V.C. Primary School . '' Jump up ^ `` Wiltshire Community History '' . Wiltshire Council . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pratten Hut -- St Dunstan School , Calne , Wiltshire - UK Schools '' . Jump up ^ `` School website for The Rainbow Pre-School Learning Centre Warminster with Ofsted inspection report '' . Jump up ^ `` Guidance for maintained schools , academies , independent schools and local authorities '' ( PDF ) . Gov.uk . November 2016 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Staying on - The best days of their lives will soon drag on a bit longer '' . The Economist. 18 January 2007 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Raising the Participation Age - Timeline HMSO , 24 August 2012 ^ Jump up to : Participation Age Myth Buster HMSO , 29 July 2013 ^ Jump up to : School leaving age HMSO , 19 November 2014 ^ Jump up to : School leaving age plans unveiled BBC News , 6 November 2007 Jump up ^ `` Brown backs idea of raising school - leaving age '' . The Guardian . 10 November 2006 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Sponsored by ( 18 January 2007 ) . `` School - leaving age : Staying on '' . The Economist . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Education until 18 will prevent life of crime '' . The Telegraph . 7 March 2007 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://readingroom.lsc.gov.uk/lsc/National/45_-_2006_NEET.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/454401/Quarterly_Brief_NEET_Q2_2015.pdf Jump up ^ `` Education and Training to be Compulsory for Under - 18s '' . TrainingZone. 15 January 2017 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Plan to raise school leaving age to 18 ' will leave thousands with worthless qualifications ' '' . Daily Mail . 14 January 2008 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Sentenced to rot in their failed schools Sunday Times , 25 March 2007 Jump up ^ Staying on ' must not be forced ' news.bbc.co.uk , 11 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` School leaving age will be raised to 18 '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 23 March 2007 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Sheerman backs Skills Commission report that says young people are being let down the education system '' . The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. 1 November 2013 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raising of school leaving age in England and Wales . Text of the Education Act 1996 ( c. 56 ) as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raising_of_school_leaving_age_in_England_and_Wales&oldid=800647902 '' Categories : History of education in England History of education in Wales History of education in the United Kingdom Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom Compulsory education Minimum ages Education law Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Use dmy dates from December 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 21 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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fabled offer of milk to the stork and the fox

The fox and the stork

the fox and the stork

The Fox and the Stork , also known as The Fox and the Crane , is one of Aesop 's fables and is first recorded in the collection of Phaedrus . It is numbered 426 in the Perry Index .

The fable and its uses ( edit ) The 1884 fountain design by Catalan sculptor Eduard Batiste Alentorn ( es ) in Barcelona A fox invites the stork to eat with him and provides soup in a bowl , which the fox can lap up easily ; however , the stork can not drink it with its beak . The stork then invites the fox to a meal , which is served in a narrow - necked vessel . It is easy for the stork to access but impossible for the fox . The moral drawn is that the trickster must expect trickery in return and that the golden rule of conduct is for one to do to others what one would wish for oneself . The fable has been illustrated since the Middle Ages in Europe . One of the earliest depictions is on the top of a column on the north side of the cloisters in the Collegiata di Sant'Orso in Aosta . In the Romanesque style of the 12th century , both the fox 's and the stork 's tricks are shown on different sides . While medieval and early Renaissance pictorial convention allowed composite designs the episodes of the two meals both appeared in the same design . Thereafter , only one could appear , and it was usually the stork 's revenge that was depicted . However , since the 19th century some artists have been returning to composite designs . One exception in the applied arts occurred when both episodes were included among the thirty nine hydraulic statues built for the Versailles labyrinth that was constructed for Louis XIV to further the Dauphin 's education . A similar solution is provided by the suggestive sculptures in the square of Barzy - sur - Marne , where the two animals are juxtaposed at right angles and the meal is left to the viewer 's imagination . A different solution was chosen by Pieter Bruegel the Elder in his depiction of Netherlandish Proverbs ( 1559 ) . The saying ' The fox and the crane entertain each other ' had come to mean that tricksters look out for their own advantage , so the two are pictured at the centre of the painting seated before their preferred receptacle . The story 's popularity was further assured after it appeared in La Fontaine 's Fables ( I. 18 ) . It then began to be applied on a number of domestic items , including buttons , firebacks , snuff graters , household china and tiles , and on wallpaper . Among the artists who have chosen it as a subject are Frans Snyders ( about 1650 ) , Jan van Kessel , senior ( 1661 ) , Jean - Baptiste Oudry ( 1747 ) and his son Jacques - Charles , Hippolyte Lecomte , and Philippe Rousseau ( 1816 -- 1887 ) . It also features on the right - hand side of Gustav Klimt 's `` The Fable '' ( 1883 ) . There the fox is accompanied by two storks , one of which has a frog in its beak -- in reference to the fable of The Frogs Who Desired a King . In the contemporary fountain sculpture by the Catalan Eduard Batiste Alentorn ( 1855 -- 1920 ) in Barcelona 's Parc de la Ciutadella , the frustrated fox kicks over the tall vessel , from which the fountain 's water pours . In the 20th century , Le Renard et la Cigogne figured in the series of medals illustrating La Fontaine 's fables cast by Jean Vernon ( 1940 ) and Marc Chagall made it Plate 9 in his etchings of them ( 1952 ) . Among European musical settings was one by Louis Lacombe ( op . 72 , 1875 ) . Later it appeared as the first piece in Andre Asriel 's 6 Fabeln nach Aesop ( 1972 ) . In 1995 it was among the seven in Catalan translation that the composer Xavier Benguerel i Godó set for recitation with orchestral accompaniment . The fable has also appeared on postage stamps illustrating La Fontaine 's fables . These include the 35 franc air mail stamp issued by Dahomey in 1995 to commemorate the tricentenary of his death , the 170 forint stamp issued as part of a set by Hungary in 1960 , and a Monaco commemoration of the 350th anniversary of the fabulist 's birth . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mythfolklore.net '' . Mythfolklore.net . Retrieved 18 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Wikimedia Jump up ^ Wikimedia Jump up ^ See Laura Gibb 's collection of book illustrations Jump up ^ Bibliothèque nationale de France scan of Charles Perrault 's description of the Labyrinth Jump up ^ Champagne Fay site Jump up ^ English translation Jump up ^ Creighton University website Jump up ^ Harmonie du Logis Jump up ^ `` Examples in the collection of the Victorian & Albert Museum '' . Collections.vam.ac.uk. 25 August 2009 . Retrieved 18 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Culture.gouv.fr '' . Retrieved 18 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Wikimedia Jump up ^ Česky . `` Wikigalery.org '' . Wikigallery.org . Retrieved 18 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Art-prints-on-demand.com '' . Art-prints-on-demand.com . Retrieved 18 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Flickr.com '' . Flickr.com. 30 May 2010 . Retrieved 18 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Culture.gouv.fr '' . Retrieved 18 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Artnet Jump up ^ `` Klimgallery.org '' . Klimtgallery.org . Retrieved 18 January 2012 . Jump up ^ V Coins Jump up ^ Contemporary Art Holdings Jump up ^ There is a performance on You Tube Jump up ^ `` Available on YouTube '' . Videosurf.com . Retrieved 18 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Creighton.edu '' . Creighton.edu . Retrieved 18 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Creighton.edu '' . Creighton.edu. 1 December 1960 . Retrieved 18 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Creighton.edu '' . Creighton.edu . Retrieved 18 January 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Fox and the Crane Media related to The fox and the stork at Wikimedia Commons 15th -- 20th century book illustrations online Aesop Aesop 's Fables The Ant and the Grasshopper The Ass and his Masters The Ass and the Pig The Ass Carrying an Image The Ass in the Lion 's Skin The Astrologer who Fell into a Well The Bear and the Travelers The Belly and the Members The Bird - catcher and the Blackbird The Bird in Borrowed Feathers The Boy Who Cried Wolf The Cat and the Mice The Cock and the Jewel The Cock , the Dog and the Fox The Crow and the Pitcher The Crow and the Snake The Deer without a Heart The Dog and Its Reflection The Dog and the Wolf The Dove and the Ant The Farmer and the Stork The Farmer and the Viper The Fir and the Bramble The Fisherman and the Little Fish The Fowler and the Snake The Fox and the Crow The Fox and the Grapes The Fox and the Mask The Fox and the Sick Lion The Fox and the Stork The Fox and the Weasel The Fox and the Woodman The Frog and the Ox The Frogs Who Desired a King The Goat and the Vine The Goose That Laid the Golden Eggs The Honest Woodcutter The Horse and the Donkey The Lion and the Fox The Lion and the Mouse The Lion , the Bear and the Fox The Man with two Mistresses The Mischievous Dog The Miser and his Gold The Mountain in Labour The Mouse and the Oyster The North Wind and the Sun The Oak and the Reed The Old Man and Death The Old Woman and the Doctor The Rose and the Amaranth The Satyr and the Traveller The Sick Kite The Snake and the Crab The Snake in the Thorn Bush The Tortoise and the Hare Town Mouse and Country Mouse The Travellers and the Plane Tree The Trees and the Bramble The Two Pots The Walnut Tree Washing the Ethiopian white The Wolf and the Crane The Wolf and the Lamb The Woodcutter and the Trees The Young Man and the Swallow Apocryphal An ass eating thistles The Bear and the Gardener Belling the cat ( also known as The Mice in Council ) The Blindman and the Lame The Boy and the Filberts Chanticleer and the Fox The Dog in the Manger The drowned woman and her husband The Elm and the Vine The Fox and the Cat The Gourd and the Palm - tree The Hawk and the Nightingale Jumping from the frying pan into the fire The milkmaid and her pail The miller , his son and the donkey The Monkey and the Cat The Priest and the Wolf The Scorpion and the Frog The Shepherd and the Lion Still waters run deep The Wolf in Sheep 's Clothing Related Jataka tales Panchatantra Perry Index The labyrinth of Versailles The Lion 's Share Aesop 's Fables ( album ) Screen adaptations Aesop 's Film Fables The Grasshopper and the Ants Print adaptations Ysopet The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian `` The Cock and the Jasp '' `` The Taill of how this forsaid Tod maid his Confessioun to Freir Wolf Waitskaith '' `` The Taill of Schir Chanticleir and the Foxe '' `` The Taill of the Uponlandis Mous and the Burges Mous '' La Fontaine 's Fables Translators Demetrius of Phalerum Phaedrus Babrius Avianus Dositheus Magister Alexander Neckam Adémar de Chabannes Odo of Cheriton John Lydgate Kawanabe Kyōsai Laurentius Abstemius Roger L'Estrange Gabriele Faerno Hieronymus Osius Marie de France Robert Henryson Jean de La Fontaine Ivan Krylov Nicolas Trigault Zhang Geng Robert Thom Zhou Zuoren portal : Novels Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fox_and_the_Stork&oldid=791176497 '' Categories : Aesop 's Fables La Fontaine 's Fables Foxes in literature Fictional storks Literary duos Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2012 Interlanguage link template link number Talk About Wikipedia Wikisource Català Español Esperanto Français 한국어 עברית 日本 語 Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 July 2017 , at 16 : 31 . 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what are the contribution limits for a sep ira

The total contribution to a SEP - IRA account should not exceed the lesser of 25 % of income ( 20 % for self - employed before self - employed tax deduction is included ) ; ( see below ) or $42,000 ( for 2005 ) , $44,000 ( 2006 ) , $45,000 ( 2007 ) , $46,000 ( 2008 ) , $49,000 ( 2009 - 2011 ) , $50,000 ( 2012 ) , $51,000 ( 2013 ) , $52,000 ( 2014 ) , $53,000 ( 2015 & 2016 ) , and $54,000 ( 2017 ) . For 2010 and 2011 , the compensation used in the calculation was capped at $245,000 ( e.g. , an employer making a 10 % contribution can not contribute more than $24,500 for any employee ) .

SEP - IRA

sep - ira

A Simplified Employee Pension Individual Retirement Arrangement ( SEP IRA ) is a variation of the Individual Retirement Account used in the United States . SEP IRAs are adopted by business owners to provide retirement benefits for themselves and their employees . There are no significant administration costs for self - employed person with no employees . If the self - employed person does have employees , all employees must receive the same benefits under a SEP plan . Since SEP IRAs are a type of IRA , funds can be invested the same way as most other IRAs .

The deadline for establishing the plan and making contributions is the filing deadline for the employer 's tax return , including extensions . The most strict conditions employers may place on employee eligibility are as follows . The employee must be included if they : attained age 21 have worked for the employer in three of the previous five years have received at least $600 in compensation for the tax year ( 2015 ) Employers may use less restrictive criteria . SEP - IRA funds are taxed at ordinary income tax rates when qualified withdrawals are taken after age 59 1 / 2 ( as for traditional IRAs ) . Contributions to a SEP plan are deductible , lowering a taxpayer 's income tax liability in the contribution year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contribution limits 1.1 Self - employed 1.1. 1 FICA tax 1.1. 2 Reduced rate 1.1. 3 Overall 2 Withdrawal Rules 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Contribution limits ( edit ) SEP - IRA contributions are treated as part of a profit - sharing plan . For employees , the employer may contribute up to 25 % of the employee 's wages to the employee 's SEP - IRA account . For example , if an employee earns $40,000 in wages , the employer could contribute up to $10,000 to the SEP - IRA account . The total contribution to a SEP - IRA account should not exceed the lesser of 25 % of income ( 20 % for self - employed before self - employed tax deduction is included ) ; ( see below ) or $42,000 ( for 2005 ) , $44,000 ( 2006 ) , $45,000 ( 2007 ) , $46,000 ( 2008 ) , $49,000 ( 2009 - 2011 ) , $50,000 ( 2012 ) , $51,000 ( 2013 ) , $52,000 ( 2014 ) , $53,000 ( 2015 & 2016 ) , and $54,000 ( 2017 ) . For 2010 and 2011 , the compensation used in the calculation was capped at $245,000 ( e.g. , an employer making a 10 % contribution can not contribute more than $24,500 for any employee ) . Self - employed ( edit ) The contribution limit for self - employed persons is more complicated ; barring limits , it is 18.587045 % ( approximately 18.6 % ) of net profit . The computation is in IRS Pub 560 , section 5 , Table and Worksheets for the Self - Employed , specifically Deduction Worksheet for Self - Employed . Two complications are : Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax ( FICA ) Reduced rate FICA tax ( edit ) SEP contribution limits are computed not from net profit but from net profit adjusted for the deduction for self - employment tax ( 2006 Form 1040 , line 27 , from Schedule SE , Section A , line 6 , or Section B , line 13 ) . Barring limits , this is half the 15.3 % FICA tax , levied on net earnings , which is 92.35 % of net profit . Therefore , adjusted net profit ( net profit minus deduction for self - employment tax ) is 92.935225 % of net profit , which is close to but slightly more than net earnings . Reduced rate ( edit ) The limit of 25 % applies to wages , not ( adjusted ) net profit . In the above example , where an employee earns $40,000 and the employer contributes 25 % of that , $10,000 , the employee has received $50,000 total , of which 20 % goes to the SEP - IRA . When a business is a sole proprietorship , the employee / owner both pays themselves wages and may also make a SEP contribution , which is limited to 25 % of wages , namely , profits minus SEP contribution . For a particular contribution rate CR , the reduced rate is CR / ( 1 + CR ) ; for a 25 % contribution rate , this yields a 20 % reduced rate , as in the above . Overall ( edit ) Thus the overall contribution limit ( barring limits ) is 20 % of 92.9 % ( that is , 18.6 % ) of net profit . For example , if a sole proprietor has $50,000 net profit from self - employment on Schedule C , then the `` 1 / 2 of self - employment tax credit '' , $3,532 , shown on adjustments to income at the bottom of form 1040 , will be deducted from the net profit . The result is then multiplied by 20 % to arrive at the maximum SEP deduction , $9,293 . Withdrawal rules ( edit ) SEP contributions and earnings are held in SEP - IRAs and can be withdrawn at any time , subject to the general limitations imposed on Traditional IRA . A withdrawal is taxable in the year received . If a participant makes a withdrawal before age 591⁄2 , generally a 10 % additional tax applies . SEP contributions and earnings may be rolled over tax - free to other Individual retirement account and retirement plans . SEP contributions and earnings must eventually be distributed following the IRA required IRA Required Minimum Distributions . See also ( edit ) 401 ( k ) 457 plan Roth IRA SIMPLE IRA Solo 401 ( k ) Traditional IRA Form 1099 - R References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is a SEP IRA ? '' . money.cnn.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` SEP Plan FAQs - Participation Requirements '' . irs.gov . Internal Revenue Service . 2016 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` IRS Pub 560 ( Retirement Plans for Small Business - SEP , SIMPLE , and Qualified Plans ) '' ( PDF ) . irs.gov . Jump up ^ `` Simplified Employee Pension ( SEP ) IRA '' . SelfDirected.org . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) IRS Pub 590 ( Individual Retirement Arrangements ) IRS Form 5305 ( SEP Agreement ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEP-IRA&oldid=794853690 '' Categories : Individual Retirement Accounts Retirement plans in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 August 2017 , at 12 : 24 . About Wikipedia

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the us economy was built on a political system that emphasizes

Economic History of the United States

economic history of the united states

The economic history of the United States is about characteristics of and important developments in the U.S. economy from colonial times to the present . The emphasis is on economic performance and how it was affected by new technologies , especially those that improved productivity , which is the main cause of economic growth . Also covered are the change of size in economic sectors and the effects of legislation and government policy . Specialized business history is covered in American business history .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Colonial economy to 1780s 1.1 Demographics 1.2 The economy 1.2. 1 New England 1.3 Urban centers 1.4 Political environment 1.4. 1 Mercantilism : old and new 1.4. 2 Free enterprise 1.4. 3 Taxation 1.5 The American Revolution 2 The New Nation 2.1 Industry and commerce 2.1. 1 Transportation 2.1. 2 Automatic flour mill 2.1. 3 Cotton gin 2.1. 4 Mechanized textile manufacturing 2.2 Finance , money and banking 3 The early 19th century 3.1 Political developments 3.2 Agriculture , commerce and industry 3.2. 1 Population growth 3.2. 2 Labor shortage 3.2. 3 Agriculture 3.2. 4 Roads 3.2. 5 Canals 3.2. 6 Steam power 3.2. 7 Mechanical power transmission 3.2. 8 Shipbuilding 3.2. 9 Steamboats and steam ships 3.2. 10 Railroads 3.2. 11 Manufacturing 3.2. 11.1 Development of interchangeable parts 3.3 Finance , money and banking 3.3. 1 Economics of the War of 1812 4 The mid 19th century 4.1 Commerce , industry and agriculture 4.1. 1 Railroads 4.1. 2 Iron industry 4.1. 3 Coal displaces wood 4.1. 4 Manufacturing 4.1. 5 Steam power 4.1. 6 Steamboats and ships 4.1. 7 Telegraph 4.1. 8 Urbanization 4.1. 9 Agriculture 4.1. 9.1 Slave labor 4.2 Finance , money and banking 4.2. 1 Panic of 1857 4.3 Immigration surge 4.4 Collapse of the South 4.5 Political developments 4.5. 1 Treasury 4.5. 2 Land grants 4.5. 3 Banking 4.5. 4 Education 4.5. 5 Civil War 5 Late 19th century 5.1 Commerce , industry and agriculture 5.1. 1 Railroads 5.1. 2 Steel 5.1. 3 Electric lights and electric street railways 5.1. 4 Communications 5.1. 5 Modern business management 5.1. 6 Agriculture 5.1. 7 Oil , minerals and mining 5.1. 7.1 Oil 5.1. 7.2 Coal 5.1. 7.3 Iron ore 5.1. 8 Finance , money and banking 5.1. 9 Water supply and sewers 5.1. 10 Labor unions 5.1. 11 Political developments 6 Early 20th century 6.1 Economic growth and the 1910 break 6.2 Industry , commerce and agriculture 6.2. 1 Electrification 6.2. 2 Manufacturing 6.2. 3 Electric street railways 6.2. 4 Electrochemicals 6.2. 5 Railroads 6.2. 6 Automobiles and trucks 6.2. 7 Highway system 6.2. 8 Water supply and sewers 6.2. 9 Agriculture 6.2. 10 Communications 6.2. 10.1 Telephone 6.2. 10.2 Radio 6.2. 11 Finance , money and banking 6.3 Political developments 6.3. 1 World War I 6.3. 2 Roaring twenties : 1920 -- 1929 6.4 Quality of life 7 From 1929 through World War II 7.1 Pre-war industry , commerce , and agriculture 7.1. 1 Manufacturing 7.2 Great Depression : 1929 -- 1941 7.2. 1 Spending 7.2. 2 Banking crisis 7.2. 3 Unemployment 7.2. 4 Relief 7.2. 5 New Deal impact 7.3 Wartime output and controls : 1940 -- 1945 7.4 Household gas , water , electricity , sanitation , heating , refrigeration 8 Postwar prosperity : 1945 -- 1973 8.1 Agriculture 8.1. 1 Farm machinery , fertilizer and high yield seed varieties 8.1. 2 Government policies 8.2 Aircraft and air transportation industries 8.3 Housing 8.4 Interstate highway system 8.5 Computer Technology 8.6 Fiscal Policy 8.7 Military and space spending 9 Late 20th century 9.1 Post industrial ( service ) economy 9.2 Service sector expansion 9.3 Productivity slowdown 9.4 Inflation woes : 1970s 9.5 Deregulation and Reaganomics : 1976 -- 1992 9.6 The rise of globalization : 1990s -- late 2000s 10 The 21st century 10.1 Great Recession 11 Historical statistics 11.1 GDP 11.1. 1 1790 -- 2006 GDP 11.2 Employment 11.3 Manufacturing 11.4 Wealth and Income 11.5 Productivity 11.6 Inequality 11.7 Health spending 11.8 Tariff Rates 11.9 Trade Balance 11.10 Inflation 11.11 US Federal Tax 11.12 Government spending 11.13 Debt 11.14 Deficit 12 See also 13 Footnotes 14 Bibliography 14.1 References 14.2 Special studies 14.3 Data 15 External links Colonial economy to 1780s ( edit ) Shipping scene in Salem , Massachusetts , a shipping hub , in the 1770s The colonial economy differed significantly from that of most other regions in that land and natural resources were abundant in America but labor was scarce . From 1700 to 1775 the output of the thirteen colonies increased 12 fold , giving the colonies an economy about 30 % the size of Britain 's at the time of independence . Population growth was responsible for over three - quarters of the economic growth of the British American colonies . The free white population had the highest standard of living in the world . There was very little change in productivity and little in the way of introduction of new goods and services . Under the colonial system Britain put restrictions on the type of products that could be made in the colonies and put restrictions on trade outside the British Empire . Demographics ( edit ) Initial colonization of North America was extremely difficult and the great majority of settlers before 1625 died in their first year . Settlers had to depend on what they could hunt and gather plus what they brought with them and on uncertain shipments of food , tools and supplies until they could build shelters and forts , clear land and grow enough food and build gristmills , sawmills , iron works and blacksmith shops to be self - supporting . They also had to defend themselves against raids from hostile Indians . After 1829 population growth was very rapid due to high birth rates ( 8 children per family versus 4 in Europe ) and lower death rates than in Europe , and immigration . The long life expectancy of the colonists was due to the abundant supplies of food and firewood and the low population density that limited spread of infectious diseases . The death rate from diseases , especially malaria , was higher in the warm , humid southern colonies than in cold New England . The higher birth rate was due to better employment opportunities . Many young adults in Europe delayed marriage for financial reasons . Also there were many servants in Europe who were not permitted to marry . The population of white settlers grew from an estimated 40,000 in 1650 to 235,000 in 1700 . In 1690 there were an estimated 13,000 black slaves . The population grew at an annual rate of over 3 % throughout the 18th century , doubling every 25 years or less . By 1775 the population had grown to 2.6 million , of which 2.1 million were white , 540,000 black and 50,000 Native American , giving the colonies about one third of the population of Britain . The three most populated colonies in 1775 were Virginia , with a 21 % share , and Pennsylvania and Massachusetts with 11 % each . The economy ( edit ) The colonial economy of what would become the United States was pre-industrial , primarily characterized by subsistence farming . Farm households also were engaged in handicraft production , mostly for home consumption , but with some goods sold . The market economy was based on extracting and processing natural resource and agricultural products for local consumption , such as mining , gristmills and sawmills , and the export of agricultural products . The most important agricultural exports were raw and processed feed grains ( wheat , Indian corn , rice , bread and flour ) and tobacco . Tobacco was a major crop in the Chesapeake Bay region and rice a major crop in South Carolina . Dried and salted fish was also a significant export . North Carolina was the leading producer of naval stores , which included turpentine ( used for lamps ) , rosin ( candles and soap ) , tar ( rope and wood preservative ) and pitch ( ships ' hulls ) . Another export was potash , which was derived from hardwood ashes and was used as a fertilizer and for making soap and glass . The colonies depended on Britain for many finished goods , partly because laws prohibited making many types of finished goods in the colonies . These laws achieved the intended purpose of creating a trade surplus for Britain . The colonial balance trade in goods was heavily in favor of Britain ; however , American shippers were able to offset roughly half of the goods trade deficit with revenues earned by shipping between ports within the British Empire . The largest non-agricultural segment was ship building , which was from 5 to 20 % of total employment . About 45 % of American made ships were sold to foreigners . Exports and related services accounted for about one - sixth of income in the decade before revolution . Just before the revolution , tobacco was about a quarter of the value of exports . Also at the time of the revolution the colonies produced about 15 % of world iron , although the value of exported iron was small compared to grains and tobacco . The mined American iron ores at that time were not large deposits and were not all of high quality ; however , the huge forests provided adequate wood for making charcoal . Wood in Britain was becoming scarce and coke was beginning to be substituted for charcoal ; however , coke made inferior iron . Britain encouraged colonial production of pig and bar iron , but banned construction of new colonial iron fabrication shops in 1750 , but the ban was mostly ignored by the colonists . Settlement was sparse during the colonial period and transportation was severely limited by lack of improved roads . Towns were located on or near the coasts or navigable inland waterways . Even on improved roads , which were rare during the colonial period , wagon transport was very expensive . Economical distance for transporting low value agricultural commodities to navigable waterways varied but was limited to something on the order of less than 25 miles . In the few small cities and among the larger plantations of South Carolina , and Virginia , some necessities and virtually all luxuries were imported in return for tobacco , rice , and indigo exports . By the 18th century , regional patterns of development had become clear : the New England colonies relied on shipbuilding and sailing to generate wealth ; plantations ( many using slave labor ) in Maryland , Virginia , and the Carolinas grew tobacco , rice , and indigo ; and the middle colonies of New York , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and Delaware shipped general crops and furs . Except for slaves , standards of living were generally high -- higher , in fact , than in England itself . New England ( edit ) The New England region 's economy grew steadily over the entire colonial era , despite the lack of a staple crop that could be exported . All the provinces and many towns as well , tried to foster economic growth by subsidizing projects that improved the infrastructure , such as roads , bridges , inns and ferries . They gave bounties and subsidies or monopolies to sawmills , grist mills , iron mills , pulling mills ( which treated cloth ) , salt works and glassworks . Most important , colonial legislatures set up a legal system that was conducive to business enterprise by resolving disputes , enforcing contracts , and protecting property rights . Hard work and entrepreneurship characterized the region , as the Puritans and Yankees endorsed the `` Protestant Ethic '' , which enjoined men to work hard as part of their divine calling . The benefits of growth were widely distributed in New England , reaching from merchants to farmers to hired laborers . The rapidly growing population led to shortages of good farm land on which young families could establish themselves ; one result was to delay marriage , and another was to move to new lands farther west . In the towns and cities , there was strong entrepreneurship , and a steady increase in the specialization of labor . Wages for men went up steadily before 1775 ; new occupations were opening for women , including weaving , teaching , and tailoring . The region bordered New France , and in the numerous wars the British poured money in to purchase supplies , build roads and pay colonial soldiers . The coastal ports began to specialize in fishing , international trade and shipbuilding -- and after 1780 in whaling . Combined with growing urban markets for farm products , these factors allowed the economy to flourish despite the lack of technological innovation . The Connecticut economy began with subsistence farming in the 17th century , and developed with greater diversity and an increased focus on production for distant markets , especially the British colonies in the Caribbean . The American Revolution cut off imports from Britain , and stimulated a manufacturing sector that made heavy use of the entrepreneurship and mechanical skills of the people . In the second half of the 18th century , difficulties arose from the shortage of good farmland , periodic money problems , and downward price pressures in the export market . In agriculture there was a shift from grain to animal products . The colonial government from time to time attempted to promote various commodities such as hemp , potash , and lumber as export items to bolster its economy and improve its balance of trade with Great Britain . Urban centers ( edit ) Historian Carl Bridenbaugh examined in depth five key cities : Boston ( population 16,000 in 1760 ) , Newport Rhode Island ( population 7500 ) , New York City ( population 18,000 ) , Philadelphia ( population 23,000 ) , and Charles Town ( Charlestown , South Carolina ) , ( population 8000 ) . He argues they grew from small villages to take major leadership roles in promoting trade , land speculation , immigration , and prosperity , and in disseminating the ideas of the Enlightenment , and new methods in medicine and technology . Furthermore , they sponsored a consumer taste for English amenities , developed a distinctly American educational system , and began systems for care of people meeting welfare . The cities were not remarkable by European standards , but they did display certain distinctly American characteristics , according to Bridenbaugh . There was no aristocracy or established church , there was no long tradition of powerful guilds . The colonial governments were much less powerful and intrusive than corresponding national governments in Europe . They experimented with new methods to raise revenue , build infrastructure , and solve urban problems . They were more democratic than European cities , in that a large fraction of the men could vote , and class lines were more fluid . Contrasted to Europe , printers ( especially as newspaper editors ) had a much larger role in shaping public opinion , and lawyers moved easily back and forth between politics and their profession . Bridenbaugh argues that by the mid-18th century , the middle - class businessmen , professionals , and skilled artisans dominated the cities . He characterizes them as `` sensible , shrewd , frugal , ostentatiously moral , generally honest , '' public spirited , and upwardly mobile , and argues their economic strivings led to `` democratic yearnings '' for political power . Numerous historians have explored the roles of working - class men , including slaves , in the economy of the colonial cities , and in the early Republic . There were few cities in the entire South , and Charleston ( Charles Town ) and New Orleans were the most important before the Civil War . The colony of South Carolina was settled mainly by planters from the overpopulated sugar island colony of Barbados , who brought large numbers of African slaves from that island . On the eve of the Revolution , 95 percent of the American population lived outside the cities -- much to the frustration of the British , who were able to capture the cities with their Royal Navy , but lacked the manpower to occupy and subdue the countryside . In explaining the importance of the cities in shaping the American Revolution , Benjamin Carp compares the important role of waterfront workers , taverns , churches , kinship networks , and local politics . Historian Gary B. Nash emphasizes the role of the working class , and their distrust of their betters , in northern ports . He argues that working class artisans and skilled craftsmen made up a radical element in Philadelphia that took control of the city starting about 1770 and promoted a radical Democratic form of government during the revolution . They held power for a while , and used their control of the local militia disseminate their ideology to the working class and to stay in power until the businessmen staged a conservative counterrevolution . Political environment ( edit ) Mercantilism : old and new ( edit ) The colonial economies of the world operated under the economic philosophy of mercantilism , a policy by which countries attempted to run a trade surplus in order to accumulate gold reserves . The colonial powers of England , France , Spain and the Dutch Republic tried to protect their investments in colonial ventures by limiting trade between each other 's colonies . Spain clung to old style mercantilism , primarily concerned with enriching the Spanish government by accumulating gold and silver . The Dutch and particularly the British approach was more conducive to private business . A mercantile policy that affected the British American colonies was the Navigation Acts , which were passed by the British Parliament between 1651 and 1673 . Important features of the Navigation Acts are : Foreign vessels were excluded from carrying trade between ports within the British Empire Manufactured goods from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England Enumerated items , which included furs , ship masts , rice , indigo and tobacco , were only allowed to be exported to Great Britain . Although the Navigation Acts were enforced , they had a negligible effect on commerce and profitability of trade . On the eve of independence Britain was in the early stage of the Industrial Revolution , with cottage industries and workshops providing finished goods for export to the colonies . At that time 50 % of wrought iron , beaver hats , cordage , nails , linen , silk , printed cotton produced in Britain was consumed the British American colonies . Free enterprise ( edit ) The domestic economy of the British American colonies enjoyed a great deal of freedom , although some of their freedom was due to lack of enforcement of British regulations on commerce and industry . Adam Smith used the colonies as an example of the benefits of free enterprise . Colonists paid minimal taxes . Some colonies , such as Virginia , were founded principally as business ventures . England 's success at colonizing what would become the United States was due in large part to its use of charter companies . Charter companies were groups of stockholders ( usually merchants and wealthy landowners ) who sought personal economic gain and , perhaps , wanted also to advance England 's national goals . While the private sector financed the companies , the king also provided each project with a charter or grant conferring economic rights as well as political and judicial authority . The colonies did not show profits , however , and the disappointed English investors often turned over their colonial charters to the settlers . The political implications , although not realized at the time , were enormous . The colonists were left to build their own governments and their own economy . Taxation ( edit ) The colonial governments had few expenses and taxes were minimal . Although the colonies provided an export market for finished goods made in Britain or sourced by British merchants and shipped from Britain , the British incurred the expenses of providing protection against piracy by the British Navy and other military expenses . An early tax was the Molasses Act of 1733 . In the 1760s the London government raised small sums by new taxes on the colonies . This occasioned an enormous uproar , from which historians date the origins of the American Revolution . The issue was not the amount of the taxes -- they were quite small -- but rather the constitutional authority of Parliament versus the colonial assemblies to vote taxes . New taxes included the Sugar Act of 1764 , the Stamp Act of 1765 and taxes on tea and other colonial imports . Historians have debated back and forth about the cost imposed by the Navigation Acts , which were less visible and rarely complained about . However , by 1995 , the consensus view among economic historians and economists was that the `` costs imposed on ( American ) colonists by the trade restrictions of the Navigation Acts were small . '' The American Revolution ( edit ) Americans in the Thirteen Colonies demanded their rights as Englishmen , as they saw it , to select their own representatives to govern and tax them -- which Britain refused . The Americans attempted resistance through boycotts of British manufactured items , but the British responded with a rejection of American rights and the Intolerable Acts of 1774 . In turn , the Americans launched the American Revolution , resulting in an all - out war against the British and to independence for the new United States of America . The British tried to crush the American economy with a blockade of all ports , but with 90 % of the people in farming , and only 10 % in cities , the American economy proved resilient and able to support a sustained war , which lasted from 1775 to 1783 . Revolutionary era cartoon showing US sawing of the horn of a cow ( symbolizing a break from British commerce ) with a distressed Englishman watching as other European powers wait to collect milk . The cartoon represents the commercial status of the US during the Revolution . The American Revolution ( 1775 -- 1783 ) brought a dedication to unalienable rights to `` life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness '' , which emphasize individual liberty and economic entrepreneurship , and simultaneously a commitment to the political values of liberalism and republicanism , which emphasize natural rights , equality under the law for all citizens , civic virtue and duty , and promotion of the general welfare . Britain 's war against the Americans , French and Spanish cost about £ 100 million . The Treasury borrowed 40 % of the money it needed and raised the rest through an efficient system of taxation . Heavy spending brought France to the verge of bankruptcy and revolution . Congress and the American states had no end of difficulty financing the war . In 1775 there was at most 12 million dollars in gold in the colonies , not nearly enough to cover existing transactions , let alone on a major war . The British made the situation much worse by imposing a tight blockade on every American port , which cut off almost all imports and exports . One partial solution was to rely on volunteer support from militiamen , and donations from patriotic citizens . Another was to delay actual payments , pay soldiers and suppliers in depreciated currency , and promise it would be made good after the war . Indeed , in 1783 the soldiers and officers were given land grants to cover the wages they had earned but had not been paid during the war . Not until 1781 , when Robert Morris was named Superintendent of Finance of the United States , did the national government have a strong leader in financial matters . Morris used a French loan in 1782 to set up the private Bank of North America to finance the war . Seeking greater efficiency , Morris reduced the civil list , saved money by using competitive bidding for contracts , tightened accounting procedures , and demanded the federal government 's full share of money and supplies from the states . Congress used four main methods to cover the cost of the war , which cost about 66 million dollars in specie ( gold and silver ) . Congress made two issues of paper money , in 1775 -- 1780 , and in 1780 -- 81 . The first issue amounted to 242 million dollars . This paper money would supposedly be redeemed for state taxes , but the holders were eventually paid off in 1791 at the rate of one cent on the dollar . By 1780 , the paper money was `` not worth a Continental '' , as people said , and a second issue of new currency was attempted . The second issue quickly became nearly worthless -- but it was redeemed by the new federal government in 1791 at 100 cents on the dollar . At the same time the states , especially Virginia and the Carolinas , issued over 200 million dollars of their own currency . In effect , the paper money was a hidden tax on the people , and indeed was the only method of taxation that was possible at the time . The skyrocketing inflation was a hardship on the few people who had fixed incomes -- but 90 percent of the people were farmers , and were not directly affected by that inflation . Debtors benefited by paying off their debts with depreciated paper . The greatest burden was borne by the soldiers of the Continental Army , whose wages -- usually in arrears -- declined in value every month , weakening their morale and adding to the hardships suffered by their families . Starting in 1776 , the Congress sought to raise money by loans from wealthy individuals , promising to redeem the bonds after the war . The bonds were in fact redeemed in 1791 at face value , but the scheme raised little money because Americans had little specie , and many of the rich merchants were supporters of the Crown . Starting in 1776 , the French secretly supplied the Americans with money , gunpowder and munitions in order to weaken its arch enemy , Great Britain . When France officially entered the war in 1778 , the subsidies continued , and the French government , as well as bankers in Paris and Amsterdam loaned large sums to the American war effort . These loans were repaid in full in the 1790s . Beginning in 1777 , Congress repeatedly asked the states to provide money . But the states had no system of taxation either , and were little help . By 1780 Congress was making requisitions for specific supplies of corn , beef , pork and other necessities -- an inefficient system that kept the army barely alive . The cities played a major role in fomenting the American Revolution , but they were hard hit during the war itself , 1775 - 83 . They lost their main role as oceanic ports , because of the blockade by the British Navy . Furthermore , the British occupied the cities , especially New York 1776 - 83 , and the others for briefer periods . During the occupations they were cut off from their hinterland trade and from overland communication . When the British finally departed in 1783 , they took out large numbers of wealthy merchants who resumed their business activities elsewhere in the British Empire . The new nation ( edit ) Chart 1 : trends in economic growth , 1700 -- 1850 The U.S. Constitution , adopted in 1787 , established that the entire nation was a unified , or common market , with no internal tariffs or taxes on interstate commerce . The extent of federal power was much debated , with Alexander Hamilton taking a very broad view as the first Secretary of the Treasury during the presidential administration of George Washington . Hamilton successfully argued for the concept of `` implied powers '' , whereby the federal government was authorized by the Constitution to create anything necessary to support its contents , even if it not specifically noted in it ( build lighthouses , etc . ) . He succeeded in building strong national credit based on taking over the state debts and bundling them with the old national debt into new securities sold to the wealthy . They in turn now had an interest in keeping the new government solvent . Hamilton funded the debt with tariffs on imported goods and a highly controversial tax on whiskey . Hamilton believed the United States should pursue economic growth through diversified shipping , manufacturing , and banking . He sought and achieved Congressional authority to create the First Bank of the United States in 1791 ; the charter lasted until 1811 . After the war , the older cities finally restored their economic basis ; newer growing cities included Salem , Massachusetts ( which opened a new trade with China ) , New London , Connecticut , and Baltimore , Maryland . The Washington administration under the leadership of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton set up a national bank in 1791 , and local banks began to flourish in all the cities . Merchant entrepreneurship flourished and was a powerful engine of prosperity in the cities . World peace lasted only a decade , for in 1793 a two decades of war between Britain and France and their allies broke out . As the leading neutral trading partner the United States did business with both sides . France resented it , and the Quasi-War of 1798 - 99 disrupted trade . Outraged at British impositions on American merchant ships , and sailors , the Jefferson and Madison administrations engaged in economic warfare with Britain 1807 - 1812 , and then full - scale warfare 1812 to 1815 . Industry and commerce ( edit ) Transportation ( edit ) There were very few roads outside of cities and no canals in the new nation . In 1792 it was reported that the cost of transport of many crops to seaport was from one - fifth to one half their cost . The cheapest form of transportation was by water , along the seacoast or on lakes and rivers . In 1816 it was reported that `` A ton of goods could be brought 3000 miles from Europe for about $9 , but for that same sum it could be moved only 30 miles in this country '' . Automatic flour mill ( edit ) In the mid 1780s Oliver Evans invented a fully automatic mill that could process grain with practically no human labor or operator attention . This was a revolutionary development in two ways : 1 ) it used bucket elevators and conveyor belts , which would eventually revolutionize materials handling , and 2 ) it used governors , a forerunner of modern automation , for control . Cotton gin ( edit ) `` The First Cotton Gin '' conjectural image from 1869 Cotton was at first a small - scale crop in the South . Cotton farming boomed following the improvement of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney . It was 50 times more productive at removing the seeds than with a roller . Soon , large cotton plantations , based on slave labor , expanded in the richest lands from the Carolinas westward to Texas . The raw cotton was shipped to textile mills in Britain , France and New England . Mechanized textile manufacturing ( edit ) Samuel Slater ( 1768 -- 1835 ) In the final decade of the 18th century England was beginning to enter the rapid growth period of the Industrial Revolution , but the rest of the world was completely devoid of any type of large scale mechanized industry . Britain prohibited the export of textile machinery and designs and did not allow mechanics with such skills to emigrate . Samuel Slater , who worked as mechanic at a cotton spinning operation in England , memorized the design of the machinery . He was able to disguise himself as a laborer and emigrated to the U.S. , where he heard there was a demand for his knowledge . In 1789 Slater began working as a consultant to Almy & Brown in Rhode Island who were trying to successfully spin cotton on some equipment they had recently purchased . Slater determined that the machinery was not capable of producing good quality yarn and persuaded the owners to have him design new machinery . Slater found no mechanics in the U.S. when he arrived and had great difficulty finding someone to build the machinery . Eventually he located Oziel Wilkinson and his son David to produce iron castings and forgings for the machinery . According to David Wilkinson : `` all the turning of the iron for the cotton machinery built by Mr. Slater was done with hand chisels or tools in lathes turned by cranks with hand power '' . By 1791 Slater had some of the equipment operating . In 1793 Slater and Brown opened a factory in Pawtucket , Rhode Island , which was the first successful water powered roller spinning cotton factory in the U.S. ( See : Slater Mill Historic Site ) . David Wilkinson went on to invent a metalworking lathe which won him a Congressional prize . Finance , money and banking ( edit ) Main article : History of banking in the United States § New Nation The First Bank of the United States was chartered in 1791 . It was designed by Alexander Hamilton and faced strenuous opposition from agrarians led by Thomas Jefferson , who deeply distrusted banks and urban institutions . They closed the Bank in 1811 , just when the War of 1812 made it more important than ever for Treasury needs . The early 19th century ( edit ) The United States was pre-industrial throughout the first third of the 19th century . Most people lived on farms and produced much of what they consumed . A considerable percentage of the non-farm population was engaged in handling goods for export . The country was an exporter of agricultural products . The U.S. built the best ships in the world . The textile industry became established in New England , where there was abundant water power . Steam power began being used in factories , but water was the dominant source of industrial power until the Civil War . The building of roads and canals , the introduction of steamboats and the first railroads were the beginning of a transportation revolution that would accelerate throughout the century . Political developments ( edit ) Main articles : Tariffs in United States history , List of tariffs in the United States , and Protectionism in the United States Tariff Rates ( France , UK , US ) Average Tariff Rates in USA ( 1821 - 2016 ) The institutional arrangements of the American System were initially formulated by first Secretary of the Treasury , Alexander Hamilton , who proposed the creation of a government - sponsored bank and increased tariffs to encourage industrial development . Following Hamilton 's death at the hands of Aaron Burr , the American school of political economy was championed in the antebellum period by Henry Clay and the Whig Party generally . Specific government programs and policies which gave shape and form to the American School and the American System include the establishment of the Patent Office in 1802 ; the creation of the Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1807 and other measures to improve river and harbor navigation ; the various Army expeditions to the west , beginning with Lewis and Clark 's Corps of Discovery in 1804 and continuing into the 1870s , almost always under the direction of an officer from the Army Corps of Topographical Engineers , and which provided crucial information for the overland pioneers that followed ; the assignment of Army Engineer officers to assist or direct the surveying and construction of the early railroads and canals ; the establishment of the First Bank of the United States and Second Bank of the United States as well as various protectionist measures ( e.g. , the tariff of 1828 ) . Thomas Jefferson and James Madison opposed a strong central government ( and , consequently , most of Hamilton 's economic policies ) , but they could not stop Hamilton , who wielded immense power and political clout in the Washington administration . In 1801 , however , Jefferson became president and turned to promoting a more decentralized , agrarian democracy called Jeffersonian democracy . ( He based his philosophy on protecting the common man from political and economic tyranny . He particularly praised small farmers as `` the most valuable citizens '' . ) However , Jefferson did not change Hamilton 's basic policies . As president in 1811 Madison let the bank charter expire , but the War of 1812 proved the need for a national bank and Madison reversed positions . The Second Bank of the United States was established in 1816 , with a 20 - year charter . Thomas Jefferson was able to purchase the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 for $15 million , although the treasury at the time only had $10 million . The Louisiana Purchase greatly expanded the size of the United States , adding extremely good farmland , the Mississippi River and the city of New Orleans . Wars from 1793 to 1814 caused withdrawal of most foreign shipping from the U.S. , leaving trade in the Caribbean and Central and South America open for the U.S. Seizure of U.S. ships by France and Britain during the Napoleonic Wars led to the Embargo Act of 1807 which prohibited most foreign trade . The War of 1812 , by cutting off almost all foreign trade , created a home market for goods made in the U.S. ( even if they were more expensive ) , changing an early tendency toward free trade into a protectionism characterized by nationalism and protective tariffs . States built roads and waterways , such as the Cumberland Pike ( 1818 ) and the Erie Canal ( 1825 ) , opening up markets for western farm products . The Whig Party supported Clay 's American System , which proposed to build internal improvements ( e.g. roads , canals and harbors ) , protect industry , and create a strong national bank . The Whig legislation program was blocked at the national level by the Democrats , but similar modernization programs were enacted in most states on a bipartisan basis . The role of the Federal Government in regulating interstate commerce was firmly established by the landmark Supreme Court ruling in Gibbons v Ogden , which decided against allowing states to grant exclusive rights to steamboat companies operating between states . President Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) , leader of the new Democratic Party , opposed the Second Bank of the United States , which he believed favored the entrenched interests of rich . When he was elected for a second term , Jackson blocked the renewal of the bank 's charter . Jackson opposed paper money and demanded the government be paid in gold and silver coins . The Panic of 1837 stopped business growth for three years . Agriculture , commerce and industry ( edit ) Population growth ( edit ) Although there was relatively little immigration from Europe , the rapid expansion of settlements to the West , and the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 , opened up vast frontier lands . The high birth rate , and the availability of cheap land caused the rapid expansion of population . The average age was under 20 , with children everywhere . The population grew from 5.3 million people in 1800 , living on 865,000 square miles of land to 9.6 million in 1820 on 1,749,000 square miles . By 1840 , the population had reached 17,069,000 on the same land . New Orleans and St. Louis joined the United States and grew rapidly ; entirely new cities were begun at Pittsburgh , Marietta , Cincinnati , Louisville , Lexington , Nashville and points west . The coming of the steamboat after 1810 made upstream traffic economical on major rivers , especially the Hudson , Ohio , Mississippi , Illinois , Missouri , Tennessee , and Cumberland rivers . Historian Richard Wade has emphasized the importance of the new cities in the Westward expansion in settlement of the farmlands . They were the transportation centers , and nodes for migration and financing of the westward expansion . The newly opened regions had few roads , but a very good river system in which everything flowed downstream to New Orleans . With the coming of the steamboat after 1815 , it became possible to move merchandise imported from the Northeast and from Europe upstream to new settlements . The opening of the Erie Canal made Buffalo the jumping off point for the lake transportation system that made important cities out of Cleveland , Detroit , and especially Chicago . Labor shortage ( edit ) The U.S. economy of the early 19th century was characterized by labor shortages , as noted by numerous contemporary observers . The labor shortage was attributed to the cheapness of land and the high returns on agriculture . All types of labor were in high demand , especially unskilled labor and experienced factory workers . Labor prices in the U.S. were typically between 30 and 50 percent higher than in Britain . Women factory workers were especially scarce . The elasticity of labor was low in part because of lack of transportation and low population density . The relative labor scarcity and high price was an incentive for capital investment , particularly in machinery . Agriculture ( edit ) Main article : History of agriculture in the United States The U.S. economy was primarily agricultural in the early 19th century . Westward expansion plus the building of canals and the introduction of steamboats opened up new areas for agriculture . Much land was cleared and put into growing cotton in the Mississippi valley and in Alabama , and new grain growing areas were brought into production in the Mid West . Eventually this put severe downward pressure on prices , particularly of cotton , first from 1820 to 1823 and again from 1840 to 1843 . Before the Industrial Revolution most cotton was spun and woven near where it was grown , leaving little raw cotton for the international marketplace . World cotton demand experienced strong growth due to mechanized spinning and weaving technologies of the Industrial Revolution . Although cotton was grown in India , China , Egypt , the Middle East and other tropical and sub-tropical areas , the Americas , particularly the U.S. , had sufficient suitable land available to support large scale cotton plantations , which were highly profitable . A strain of cotton seed brought from Mexico to Natchez , Mississippi in 1806 would become the parent genetic material for over 90 % of world cotton production today ; it produced bolls that were three to four times faster to pick. The cotton trade , excluding financing , transport and marketing , was 6 percent or less of national income in the 1830s . Cotton became the United States ' largest export . Sugar cane was being grown in Louisiana , where it was refined into granular sugar . Growing and refining sugar required a large amount of capital . Some of the nation 's wealthiest people owned sugar plantations , which often had their own sugar mills . Southern plantations , which grew cotton , sugar cane and tobacco , used negro slave labor . Roads ( edit ) Construction of the first macadamized road in the United States ( 1823 ) . In the foreground , workers are breaking stones `` so as not to exceed 6 ounces ( 170 g ) in weight or to pass a two - inch ( 5 cm ) ring '' . There were only a few roads outside of cities at the beginning of the 19th century , but turnpikes were being built . A ton - mile by wagon cost from between 30 and 70 cents in 1819 . Robert Fulton 's estimate for typical wagonage was 32 cents per ton - mile . The cost of transporting wheat or corn to Philadelphia exceeded the value at 218 and 135 miles , respectively . To facilitate westward expansion , in 1801 Thomas Jefferson began work on the Natchez Trace , which was to connect Daniel Boone 's Wilderness Road , which ended in Nashville , Tennessee , with the Mississippi River . Following the Louisiana Purchase the need for additional roads to the West were recognized by Thomas Jefferson , who authorized the construction of the Cumberland Road in 1806 . The Cumberland Road was to connect Cumberland Maryland on the Potomac River with the Wheeling ( West ) Virginia on the Ohio River , which was on the other side of the Alleghany Mountains . Mail roads were also built to New Orleans . The building of roads in the early years of the 19th century greatly lowered transportation costs and was a factor in the deflation of 1819 to 1821 , which was one of the most severe in U.S. history . Some turnpikes were wooden plank roads , which typically cost about $1,500 to $1,800 per mile , but wore out quickly . Macadam roads in New York cost an average of $3,500 per mile , while high - quality roads cost between $5,000 and $10,000 per mile . Canals ( edit ) Scene of Lockport on the Erie Canal ( W.H. Bartlett 1839 ) Because a horse can pull a barge carrying a cargo of over 50 tons compared to the typical one ton or less hauled by wagon , and the horse required a wagoner versus a couple of men for the barge , water transportation costs were a small fraction of wagonage costs . Canals ' shipping costs were between two and three cents per ton - mile , compared to 17 - 20 cents by wagon . The cost of constructing a typical canal was between $20,000 and $30,000 per mile . Only 100 miles of canals had been built in the U.S. by 1816 , and only a few were longer than two miles . The early canals were typically financially successful , such as those carrying coal in eastern Pennsylvania , where canal building was concentrated until 1820 . The 325 - mile Erie Canal , which connected Albany , New York , on the Hudson River with Buffalo , New York , on Lake Erie , began operation in 1825 . Wagon cost from Buffalo to New York City in 1817 was 19.2 cents per ton - mile . By Erie Canal c. 1857 to 1860 the cost was 0.81 cents . The Erie Canal was a great commercial success and had a large regional economic impact . The Delaware and Raritan Canal was also very successful . Also important was the 2.5 - mile canal bypassing the falls on the Ohio River at Louisville , which opened in 1830 . The success of some of the early canals led to a canal building boom , during which work began on many canals which would prove to be financially unsuccessful . As the canal boom was underway in the late 1820s , a small number of horse railways were being built . These were quickly followed by the first steam railways in the 1830s . Steam power ( edit ) In 1780 the United States had three major steam engines , all of which were used for pumping water : two in mines and one for New York City 's water supply . Most power in the U.S. was supplied by water wheels and water turbines after their introduction in 1840 . By 1807 when the North River Steamboat ( unofficially called Clermont ) first sailed , there were estimated to be fewer than a dozen steam engines operating in the U.S. Steam power did not overtake water power until sometime after 1850 . Oliver Evans began developing a high pressure steam engine that was more practical than the engine developed around the same time by Richard Trevithick in England . The high pressure engine did away with the separate condenser and thus did not require cooling water . It also had a higher power to weight ratio , making it suitable for powering steamboats and locomotives . Evans produced a few custom steam engines from 1801 to 1806 , when he opened the Mars Works foundry and factory near Philadelphia , where he produced additional engines . In 1812 he produced his successful Colombian engine at Mars . As his business grew and orders were being shipped inland , Evans and a partner formed the Pittsburgh Steam Engine Company in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Steam engines soon became common in public water supply , sawmills and flour milling , especially in areas with little or no water power . Mechanical power Transmission ( edit ) In 1828 Paul Moody substituted leather belting for gearing in mills . Leather belting from line shafts was the common way to distribute power from steam engines and water turbines in mills and factories . In the factory boom of the late 19th century it was common for large factories the have many miles of line shafts . Leather belting continued in use until it was displaced by unit drive electric motors in the early decades of the 20th century . Shipbuilding ( edit ) Shipbuilding remained a sizable industry . U.S. - built ships were superior in design , required smaller crews and cost between 40 and 60 percent less to build than European ships . The British gained the lead in shipbuilding after they introduced iron - hulled ships in the mid 19th century . Steamboats and steam ships ( edit ) For Steamboat monopoly , see Gibbons v. Ogden . Commercial steamboat operations began in 1807 within weeks of the launch of Robert Fulton 's North River Steamboat , often referred to as the Clermont . The first steamboats were powered by Boulton and Watt type low pressure engines , which were very large and heavy in relation to the smaller high pressure engines . In 1807 Robert L. Stevens began operation of the Phoenix , which used a high pressure engine in combination with a low pressure condensing engine . The first steamboats powered only by high pressure were the Aetna and Pennsylvania designed and built by Oliver Evans . In the winter of 1811 to 1812 , the New Orleans became the first steamboat to travel down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers from Pittsburgh to New Orleans . The commercial feasibility of steamboats on the Mississippi and its tributaries was demonstrated by the Enterprise in 1814 . By the time of Fulton 's death in 1815 he operated 21 of the estimated 30 steamboats in the U.S. The number of steamboats steadily grew into the hundreds . There were more steamboats in the Mississippi valley than anywhere else in the world . Early steamboats took 30 days to travel from New Orleans to Louisville , which was from half to one - quarter the time by keel boat . Due to improvements in steamboat technology , by 1830 the time from New Orleans to Louisville was halved . In 1820 freight rates for keel boats were five cents per ton - mile versus two cents by steamboat , falling to one - half cent per pound by 1830 . The SS Savannah crossed from Savannah to Liverpool in 1819 as the first trans - Atlantic steamship ; however , until the development of more efficient engines , trans - ocean ships had to carry more coal than freight . Early trans - ocean steamships were used for passengers and soon some companies began offering regularly scheduled service . Railroads ( edit ) Railroads were an English invention , and the first entrepreneurs imported British equipment in the 1830s . By the 1850s the Americans had developed their own technology . The early lines in the 1830s and 1840s were locally funded , and connected nearby cities or connected farms to navigable waterways . They primarily handled freight rather than passengers . The first locomotives were imported from England . One such locomotive was the John Bull which arrived in 1831 . While awaiting assembly , Matthias W. Baldwin , who had designed and manufactured a highly successful stationary steam engine , was able to inspect the parts and obtain measurements . Baldwin was already working on an experimental locomotive based on designs shown at the Rainhill Trials in England . Baldwin produced his first locomotive in 1832 ; he went on to found the Baldwin Locomotive Works , one of the largest steam locomotive manufacturers . In 1833 when there were few locomotives in the U.S. , three quarters were made in England . In 1838 there were 346 locomotives recorded in the U.S. , three - fourths of which were made in the U.S. Ohio had more railroads built in the 1840s than any other state . Ohio 's railroads put the canals out of business . A typical mile of railroad cost $30,000 compared to the $20,000 per mile of canal , but a railroad could carry 50 times as much traffic . Railroads appeared at the time of the canal boom , causing its abrupt end , although some canals flourished for an additional half - century . Manufacturing ( edit ) Starting with textiles in the 1790s , factories were built to supply a regional and national market . The power came from waterfalls , and most of the factories were built alongside the rivers in rural New England and upstate New York . Boston Manufacturing Co. , Waltham , Massachusetts Before 1800 , most cloth was made in home workshops , and housewives sewed it into clothing for family use or trade with neighbors . In 1810 the secretary of the treasury estimated that two - thirds of rural household clothing , including hosiery and linen , was produced by households . By the 1820s , housewives bought the cloth at local stores , and continued their sewing chores . The American textile industry was established during the long period of wars from 1793 to 1815 , when cheap cloth imports from Britain were unavailable . Samuel Slater secretly brought in the plans for complex textile machinery from Britain , and built new factories in Rhode Island using the stolen designs . By the time the Embargo Act of 1807 cut off trade with Britain , there here were 15 cotton spinning mills in operation . These were all small operations , typically employing fewer than 50 people , and most used Arckwright water frames powered by small streams . They were all located in southeastern New England . In 1809 the number of mills had grown to 62 , with 25 under construction . To meet increased demand for cloth several manufacturers resorted to the putting - out system of having the handloom weaving done in homes . The putting - out system was inefficient because of the difficulty of distributing the yarn and collecting the cloth , embezzlement of supplies , lack of supervision and poor quality . To overcome these problems the textile manufacturers began to consolidate work in central workshops shops where they could supervise operations . Taking this to the next level , in 1815 Francis Cabot Lowell of the Boston Manufacturing Company built the first integrated spinning and weaving factory in the world at Waltham , Massachusetts , using plans for a power loom that he smuggled out of England . This was the largest factory in the U.S. , with a workforce of about 300 . It was a very efficient , highly profitable mill that , with the aid of the Tariff of 1816 , competed effectively with British textiles at a time when many smaller operations were being forced out of business . The Fall River Manufactory , located on the Quequechan River in Fall River , Massachusetts , was founded 1813 by Dexter Wheeler and cousin David Anthony . By 1827 there were 10 cotton mills in the Fall River area , which soon became the country 's leading producer of printed cotton cloth . The U.S. began exporting textiles in the 1830s ; the Americans specialized in coarse fabrics , while the British exported finer cloth that reached a somewhat different market . Cloth production -- mostly cotton but also wool , linen and silk -- became the leading American industry . The building of textile machinery became a major driving force in the development of advanced mechanical devices . The shoe industry began transitioning from production by craftsmen to the factory system , with division of labor . Low return freight rates from Europe offered little protection from imports to domestic industries . Development of interchangeable parts ( edit ) Main article : Interchangeable parts Standardization and interchangeability have been cited as major contributors to the exceptional growth of the U.S. economy . The idea of standardization of armaments was originated by French General Jean - Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval , who in 1765 began instituting the Gribeauval system . Honoré Blanc , who had served as inspector general of the three French arsenals , began producing muskets with interchangeable locks in France when Thomas Jefferson was minister to France . Jefferson wrote a letter to John Jay about these developments in 1785 . The idea of armament standardization was advocated by Louis de Tousard , who fled the French Revolution and in 1795 joined the U.S. Corps of Artillerists and Engineers where he taught artillery and engineering he learned in France . At the suggestion of George Washington , Tousard had been working on an artillery manual , which he published as The American Artillerist 's Companion ( 1809 ) . Tousard 's manual , which was a standard textbook for officer training , stressed the importance of developing a system of standardized armaments . Fears of war stemming from the XYZ Affair caused the U.S. to begin offering cash advance contracts for producing small arms to private individuals in 1798 . Two notable recipients of these contracts associated with interchangeable parts were Eli Whitney and Simeon North . Although Whitney was not able to make interchangeable parts , he was a proponent of using machinery for gun making ; however , he employed only the simplest machines in his factory . North eventually made progress toward some degree of interchangeability and developed special machinery . North 's shop used the first known milling machine ( c. 1816 ) , a fundamental machine tool . The experience of the War of 1812 led the War Department to issue a request for contract proposals for firearms with interchangeable parts . Previously , parts from each firearm had to be carefully custom fitted ; almost all infantry regiments necessarily included an artificer or armorer who could perform this intricate gunsmithing . The requirement for interchangeable parts forced forward the development of modern metal - working machine tools , including milling machines , grinders , shapers and planers . The Federal Armories perfected the use of machine tools by developing fixtures to correctly position the parts being machined and jigs to guide the cutting tools over the proper path . Systems of blocks and gauges were also developed to check the accuracy and precision of the machined parts . Developing the manufacturing techniques for making interchangeable parts by the Federal Armories took over two decades ; however , the first interchangeable small arms parts were not made to a high degree of precision . It was n't until mid century or later that parts for U.S. rifles and handguns could be considered truly interchangeable with a degree of precision . In 1853 when the British Parliamentary Committee on Small Arms questioned gun maker Samuel Colt , and machine tool makers James Nasmyth and Joseph Whitworth , there was still some question about what constituted interchangeability and whether it could be achieved at a reasonable cost . The machinists ' skills were called armory practice and the system eventually became known as the American system of manufacturing . Machinists from the armories eventually spread the technology to other industries , such as clocks and watches , especially in the New England area . It was n't until late in the 19th century that interchangeable parts became widespread in U.S. manufacturing . Among the items using interchangeable parts were some sewing machine brands and bicycles . The development of these modern machine tools and machining practices made possible the development of modern industry capable of mass production ; however , large scale industrial production did not develop in the U.S. until the late 19th century . Finance , money and banking ( edit ) Further information : Banking in the Jacksonian Era and Panic of 1837 The charter for the First Bank of the United States expired in 1811 . Its absence caused serious difficulties for the national government trying to finance the War of 1812 over the refusal of New England bankers to help out . President James Madison reverses earlier Jeffersonian opposition to banking , and secured the opening of a new national bank . The Second Bank of the United States was chartered in 1816 . Its leading executive was Philadelphia banker Nicholas Biddle . It collapsed in 1836 , under heavy attack from President Andrew Jackson during his Bank War . There were three economic downturns in the early 19th century . The first was the result of the Embargo Act of 1807 , which shut off most international shipping and trade due to the Napoleonic Wars . The embargo caused a depression in cities and industries dependent on European trade . The other two downturns were depressions accompanied by significant periods of deflation during the early 19th century . The first and most severe was during the depression from 1818 to 1821 when prices of agricultural commodities declined by almost 50 percent . A credit contraction caused by a financial crisis in England drained specie out of the U.S. The Bank of the United States also contracted its lending . The price of agricultural commodities fell by almost 50 percent from the high in 1815 to the low in 1821 , and did not recover until the late 1830s , although to a significantly lower price level . Most damaging was the price of cotton , the U.S. 's main export . Food crop prices , which had been high because of the famine of 1816 that was caused by the year without a summer , fell after the return of normal harvests in 1818 . Improved transportation , mainly from turnpikes , significantly lowered transportation costs . The third economic downturn was the depression of the late 1830s to 1843 , following the Panic of 1837 , when the money supply in the United States contracted by about 34 percent with prices falling by 33 percent . The magnitude of this contraction is matched only by the Great Depression . A fundamental cause of the Panic of 1837 was depletion of Mexican silver mines . Despite the deflation and depression , GDP rose 16 percent from 1839 to 1843 , partly because of rapid population growth . In order to dampen speculation in land , Andrew Jackson signed the executive order known as the Specie Circular in 1836 , requiring sale of government land to be paid in gold and silver . Branch mints at New Orleans ; Dahlonega , Georgia ; and Charlotte , North Carolina , were authorized by congress in 1835 and became operational in 1838 . Gold was being withdrawn from the U.S. by England and silver had also been taken out of the country because it had been under valued relative to gold by the Coinage Act of 1834 . Canal projects began to fail . The result was the financial Panic of 1837 . In 1838 there was a brief recovery . The business cycle upturn occurred in 1843 . Economic historians have explored the high degree of financial and economic instability in the Jacksonian era . For the most part , they follow the conclusions of Peter Temin , who absolved Jackson 's policies , and blamed international events beyond American control , such as conditions in Mexico , China and Britain . A survey of economic historians in 1995 show that the vast majority concur with Temin 's conclusion that `` the inflation and financial crisis of the 1830s had their origin in events largely beyond President Jackson 's control and would have taken place whether or not he had acted as he did vis - a-vis the Second Bank of the U.S. '' Economics of the war of 1812 ( edit ) The War of 1812 was financed by borrowing , by new issues of private bank notes and by an inflation in prices of 15 % . The government was a very poor manager during the war , with delays in payments and confusion , as the Treasury took in money months after it was scheduled to pay it out . Inexperience , indecision , incompetence , partisanship and confusion the main hallmarks . The federal government 's management system was designed to minimize the federal role before 1812 . The Republicans in power deliberately wanted to downsize the power and roles of the federal government ; when the war began , the Federalist opposition worked hard to sabotage operations . Problems multiplied rapidly in 1812 , and all the weaknesses were magnified , especially regarding the Army and the Treasury . There were no serious reforms before the war ended . In financial matters , the decentralizing ideology of the Republicans meant they wanted the First Bank of the United States to expire in 1811 , when its 20 - year charter ran out . Its absence made it much more difficult to handle the financing of the war , and cause special problems in terms of moving money from state to state , since state banks were not allowed to operate across state lines . The bureaucracy was terrible , often missing deadlines . On the positive side , over 120 new state banks were created all over the country , and they issued notes that financed much of the war effort , along with loans raised by Washington . Some key Republicans , especially Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin realized the need for new taxes , but the Republican Congress was very reluctant and only raised small amounts . The whole time , the Federalists in Congress and especially the Federalist - controlled state governments in the Northeast , and the Federalist - aligned financial system in the Northeast , was strongly opposed to the war and refused to help in the financing . Indeed , they facilitated smuggling across the Canadian border , and sent large amounts of gold and silver to Canada , which created serious shortages of specie in the US . Across the two and half years of the war , 1812 - 1815 , the federal government took in more money than it spent . Cash out was $119.5 million , cash in was $154.0 million . Two - thirds of the income was borrowing that had to be paid back in later years ; the national debt went from $56.0 million in 1812 to $127.3 million in 1815 . Out of the GDP ( gross domestic product ) of about $925 million ( in 1815 ) , this was not a large burden for a national population of 8 million people ; it was paid off in 1835 . A new Second Bank of the United States was set up in 1816 , and after that the financial system performed very well , even though there was still a shortage of gold and silver . The economy grew every year 1812 - 1815 , despite a large loss of business by East Coast shipping interests . Wartime inflation averaged 4.8 % a year . The national economy grew 1812 - 1815 at the rate of 3.7 % a year , after accounting for inflation . Per capita GDP grew at 2.2 % a year , after accounting for inflation . Money that would have been spent on imports -- mostly cloth -- was diverted to opening new factories , which were profitable since British cloth was not available . This gave a major boost to the industrial revolution , as typified by the Boston Associates . The Boston Manufacturing Company built the first integrated spinning and weaving factory in the world at Waltham , Massachusetts , in 1813 . The mid 19th century ( edit ) The mid-19th century was a period of transition toward industrialization , particularly in the Northeast , which produced cotton textiles and shoes . The population of the West ( generally meaning from Ohio to and including Wisconsin , Minnesota , Iowa and Missouri and south to include Kentucky ) grew rapidly . The West was primarily a grain and pork producing region , with an important machine tool industry developing around Cincinnati , Ohio . The Southern economy was based on plantation agriculture , primarily cotton , tobacco and sugar , produced with slave labor . The market economy and factory system were not typical before 1850 , but developed along transportation routes . Steamboats and railroads , introduced in the early part of the century , became widespread and aided westward expansion . The telegraph was introduced in 1844 and was in widespread use by the mid 1850s . A machine tool industry developed and machinery became a major industry . Sewing machines began being manufactured . The shoe industry became mechanized . Horse drawn reapers became widely introduced , significantly increasing the productivity of farming . The use of steam engines in manufacturing increased and steam power exceeded water power after the Civil War . Coal displaced wood as the major fuel . The combination of railroads , the telegraph and machinery and factories began to create an industrial economy . The longest economic expansion of the United States occurred in the recession - free period between 1841 - 1856 . A 2017 study attributes this expansion primarily to `` a boom in transportation - goods investment following the discovery of gold in California . '' Commerce , industry and agriculture ( edit ) The depression that began in 1839 ended with an upswing in economic activity in 1843 . Table 1 : Sector shares Employment % Output % ( 1860 prices ) Year Agriculture Industry Services Agriculture Industry Services 1840 68 12 20 47 21 31 1850 60 17 23 42 29 29 1860 56 19 25 38 28 34 1870 53 22 25 35 31 34 1880 52 23 25 31 32 38 1890 43 26 31 22 41 37 1900 40 26 33 20 40 39 Source : Joel Mokyr Railroads ( edit ) Main article : Rail transportation in the United States Railroads opened up remote areas and drastically cut the cost of moving freight and passengers . By 1860 long distance bulk rates had fallen by 95 % , less than half of which was due to the general fall in prices . This large fall in transportation costs created `` a major revolution in domestic commerce . '' As transportation improved , new markets continuously opened . Railroads greatly increased the importance of hub cities such as Atlanta , Billings , Chicago , and Dallas . Railroads were a highly capital intensive business , with a typical cost of $30,000 per mile with a considerable range depending on terrain and other factors . Private capital for Railroads during the period from 1830 -- 1860 was inadequate . States awarded charters , funding , tax breaks , land grants , and provided some financing . Railroads were allowed banking privileges and lotteries in some states . Private investors provided a small but not insignificant share or railroad capital . A combination of domestic and foreign investment along with the discovery of gold and a major commitment of America 's public and private wealth , enabled the nation to develop a large - scale railroad system , establishing the base for the country 's industrialization . Table 2 : Railroad Mileage Increase by Groups of States 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 New England 2,507 3,660 4,494 5,982 6,831 Middle States 3,202 6,705 10,964 15,872 21,536 Southern States 2,036 8,838 11,192 14,778 29,209 Western States and Territories 1,276 11,400 24,587 52,589 62,394 Pacific States and Territories 23 1,677 4,080 9,804 TOTAL NEW TRACK USA 9,021 30,626 52,914 93,301 129,774 Source : Chauncey M. Depew ( ed . ) , One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795 -- 1895 p 111 1864 , Pennsylvania oil drilling early in the history of the petroleum industry in the United States Railroad executives invented modern methods for running large - scale business operations , creating a blueprint that all large corporations basically followed . They created career tracks that took 18 - year - old boys and turned them into brakemen , conductors and engineers . They were first to encounter managerial complexities , labor union issues , and problems of geographical competition . Due to these radical innovations , the railroad became the first large - scale business enterprise and the model for most large corporations . Historian Larry Haeg argues from the perspective of the end of the nineteenth century : Railroads created virtually every major American industry : coal , oil , gas , steel , lumber , farm equipment , grain , cotton , textile factories , California citrus . 1900 panoramic image of the Chicago slaughter houses Iron industry ( edit ) The most important technological innovation in mid 19th century pig iron production was the adoption of hot blast , which was developed and patented in Scotland in 1828 . Hot blast is a method of using heat from the blast furnace exhaust gas to preheat combustion air , saving a considerable amount of fuel . It allowed much higher furnace temperatures and increased the capacity of furnaces . Hot blast allowed blast furnaces to use anthracite or lower grade coal . Anthracite was difficult to light with cold blast . High quality metallurgical coking coal deposits of sufficient size for iron making were only available in Great Britain and western Germany in the 19th century , but with less fuel required per unit of iron , it was possible to use lower grade coal . The use of anthracite was rather short lived because the size of blast furnaces increased enormously toward the end of the century , forcing the use of coke , which was more porous and did not impede the upflow of the gases through the furnace . Charcoal would have been crushed by the column of material in tall furnaces . Also , the capacity of furnaces would have eventually exceeded the wood supply , as happened with locomotives . Iron was used for a wide variety of purposes . In 1860 large consumers were numerous types of castings , especially stoves . Of the $32 million of bar , sheet and railroad iron produced , slightly less than half was railroad iron . The value added by stoves was equal to the value added by rails . Coal displaces wood ( edit ) Coal displaced wood during the mid-nineteenth century . In 1840 wood was the major fuel while coal production was minor . In 1850 wood was 90 % of fuel consumption and 90 % of that was for home heating . By 1880 wood was only 5 % of fuel consumption . Cast iron stoves for heating and cooking displaced inefficient fireplaces . Wood was a byproduct of land clearing and was placed along the banks of rivers for steamboats . By mid century the forests were being depleted while steamboats and locomotives were using enough wood to create shortages along their routes ; however , railroads , canals and navigable internal waterways were able to bring coal to market at a price far below the cost of wood . Coal sold in Cincinnati for 10 cents per bushel ( 94 pounds ) and in New Orleans for 14 cents . Charcoal production was very labor and land intensive . It was estimated that to fuel a typical sized 100 ton of pig iron per week furnace in 1833 at a sustained yield , a timber plantation of 20,000 acres was required . The trees had to be hauled by oxen to where they were cut , stacked on end and covered with earth or put in a kiln to be charred for about a week . Anthracite reduced labor cost to $2.50 per ton compared to charcoal at $15.50 per ton . Manufacturing ( edit ) Manufacturing became well established during the mid 19th century . Labor in the U.S. was expensive and industry made every effort to economize by using machinery . Woodworking machinery such as circular saws , high speed lathes , planers and mortising machines and various other machines amazed the British , as was reported by Joseph Whitworth . See : American system of manufacturing # Use of machinery In the early 19th century machinery was made mostly of wood with iron parts . By the mid century machines were being increasingly of all iron , which allowed them to operate at higher speeds and with higher precision . The demand for machinery created a machine tool industry that designed and manufactured lathes , metal planers , shapers and other precision metal cutting tools . The shoe industry was the second to be mechanized , beginning in the 1840s . Sewing machines were developed for sewing leather . A leather rolling machine eliminated hand hammering , and was thirty times faster . Blanchard lathes began being used for making shoe lasts ( forms ) in the 1850s , allowing the manufacture of standard sizes . By the 1850s much progress had been made in the development of the sewing machine , with a few companies making the machines , based on a number of patents , with no company controlling the right combination of patents to make a superior machine . To prevent damaging lawsuits , in 1856 several important patents were pooled under the Sewing Machine Combination , which licensed the patents for a fixed fee per machine sold . The sewing machine industry was a beneficiary of machine tools and the manufacturing methods developed at the Federal Armories . By 1860 two sewing machine manufacturers were using interchangeable parts . The sewing machine increased the productivity of sewing cloth by a factor of 5 . In 1860 the textile industry was the largest manufacturing industry in terms of workers employed ( mostly women and children ) , capital invest and value of goods produced . That year there were 5 million spindles in the U.S. Steam power ( edit ) The Treasury Department 's steam engine report of 1838 was the most valuable survey of steam power until the 1870 Census . According to the 1838 report there were an estimated 2,000 engines totaling 40,000 hp , of which 64 % were used in transportation , mostly in steamboats . The Corliss steam engine , patented in 1848 , was called the most significant development in steam engineering since James Watt . The Corliss engine was more efficient than previous engines and maintained more uniform speed in response to load changes , making it suitable for a wide variety of industrial applications . It was the first steam engine that was suitable for cotton spinning . Previously steam engines for cotton spinning pumped water to a water wheel that powered the machinery . Steam power greatly expanded during the late 19th century with the rise of large factories , the expanded railroad network and early electric lighting and electric street railways . Steamboats and ships ( edit ) The number of steamboats on western rivers in the U.S. grew from 187 in 1830 to 735 in 1860 . Total registered tonnage of steam vessels for the U.S. grew from 63,052 in 1830 to 770,641 in 1860 . Until the introduction of iron ships , the U.S. made the best in the world . The design of U.S. ships required fewer crew members to operate . U.S. made ships cost from 40 % to 60 % as much as European ships , and lasted longer . The screw propeller was tested on Lake Ontario in 1841 before being used on ocean ships . Propellers began being used on Great Lakes ships in 1845 . Propellers caused vibrations which were a problem for wooden ships . The SS Great Britain , launched in 1845 , was the first iron ship with a screw propeller . Iron ships became common and more efficient multiple expansion engines were developed . After the introduction of iron ships , Britain became the leading shipbuilding country . The U.S. tried to compete by building wooden clipper ships , which were fast , but too narrow to carry economic volumes of low value freight . Telegraph ( edit ) Congress approved funds for a short demonstration telegraph line from Baltimore to Washington D.C. , which was operational in 1844 . The telegraph was quickly adopted by the railroad industry , which needed rapid communication to coordinate train schedules , the importance of which had been highlighted by a collision on the Western Railroad in 1841 . Railroads also needed to communicate over a vast network in order to keep track of freight and equipment . Consequently , railroads installed telegraphs lines on their existing right - of - ways . By 1852 there were 22,000 miles of telegraph lines in the U.S. , compared to 10,000 miles of track . Urbanization ( edit ) By 1860 , on the eve of Civil War , 16 % of the people lived in cities with 2500 or more people and one third of the nation 's income came from manufacturing . Urbanized industry was limited primarily to the Northeast ; cotton cloth production was the leading industry , with the manufacture of shoes , woolen clothing , and machinery also expanding . Most of the workers in the new factories were immigrants or their children . Between 1845 and 1855 , some 300,000 European immigrants arrived annually . Many remained in eastern cities , especially mill towns and mining camps , while those with farm experience and some savings bought farms in the West . Agriculture ( edit ) Threshing machine from 1881 . Steam engines were also used instead of horses . Adriance reaper , late 19th century In antebellum period the U.S. supplied 80 % of Britain 's cotton imports . Just before the Civil War the value of cotton was 61 % of all goods exported from the U.S. The westward expansion into the highly productive heartland was aided the new railroads , and both population and grain production in the West expanded dramatically . Increased grain production was able to capitalize on high grain prices caused by poor harvests in Europe during the time of the Great Famine in Ireland Grain prices also rose during the Crimean War , but when the war ended U.S. exports to Europe fell dramatically , depressing grain prices . Low grain prices were a cause of the Panic of 1857 . Cotton and tobacco prices recovered after the panic . Agriculture was the largest single industry and it prospered during the war . Prices were high , pulled up by a strong demand from the army and from Britain , which depended on American wheat for a fourth of its food imports . John Deere developed a cast steel plow in 1837 which was lightweight and had a moldboard that efficiently turned over and shed the plowed earth . It was easy for a horse to pull and was well suited to cutting the thick prairie sod of the Midwest . He and his brother Charles founded Deere and Company which continues into the 21st century as the largest maker of tractors , combines , harvesters and other farm implements . Threshing machines , which were a novelty at the end of the 18th century , began being widely introduced in the 1830s and 1840s . Mechanized threshing required less than half the labor of hand threshing . The Civil War acted as a catalyst that encouraged the rapid adoption of horse - drawn machinery and other implements . The rapid spread of recent inventions such as the reaper and mower made the work force efficient , even as hundreds of thousands of farmers were in the army . Many wives took their place , and often consulted by mail on what to do ; increasingly they relied on community and extended kin for advice and help . The 1862 Homestead Act opened up the public domain lands for free . Land grants to the railroads meant they could sell tracts for family farms ( 80 to 200 acres ) at low prices with extended credit . In addition the government sponsored fresh information , scientific methods and the latest techniques through the newly established Department of Agriculture and the Morrill Land Grant College Act . Slave labor ( edit ) In 1860 , there were 4.5 million Americans of African descent , 4 million of which were slaves , worth $3 billion . They were mainly owned by southern planters of cotton and sugar cane . An estimated 60 % of the value of farms in Alabama , Georgia , Louisiana , Mississippi and South Carolina was in slaves , with less than a third in land and buildings . In the aftermath of the Panic of 1857 , which left many northern factory workers unemployed and deprived to the point of causing bread riots , supporters of slavery pointed out that slaves were generally better fed and had better living quarters than many free workers . It is estimated that slaves received 15 % more in imputed wages than the free market . Finance , money and banking ( edit ) Further information : History of banking in the United States § 1837 -- 1863 : `` Free Banking '' Era , and National Bank Act After the expiration of the charter of the Second Bank of the United States , federal revenues were handled by the Independent Treasury beginning in 1846 . The Second Bank of the U.S. had also maintained some control over other banks , but in its absence banks were only under state regulation . One of the main problems with banks was over-issuance of banknotes . These were redeemable in specie ( gold or silver ) upon presentation to the chief cashier of the bank . When people lost trust in a bank they rushed to redeem its notes , and because banks issued more notes than their specie reserves , the bank could n't redeem the notes , often causing the bank to fail . In 1860 there were over 8,000 state chartered banks issuing notes . In 1861 the U.S. began issuing United States Notes as legal tender . Banks began paying interest on deposits and using the proceeds to make short term call loans , mainly to stock brokers . New York banks created a clearing house association in 1853 in which member banks cleared accounts with other city banks at the close of the week . The clearinghouse association also handled notes from banks in other parts of the country . The association was able to detect banks that were issuing excessive notes because they could not settle . Panic of 1857 ( edit ) The recovery from the depression that followed the Panic of 1837 began in 1843 and lasted until the Panic of 1857 . The panic was triggered by the August 24 failure of the well regarded Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Co . A manager in the New York branch , one of the city 's largest financial institutions , had embezzled funds and made excessive loans . The company 's president announced suspension of specie redemption , which triggered a rush to redeem banknotes , causing many banks to fail because of lack of specie . The United States had been running a trade deficit , draining gold out of the country . Because of the tariff revenues , the U.S. Treasury held a considerable amount of gold , which kept it out of circulation . On September 12 , the SS Central America , which was carrying $1.5 million in gold from California , sank , contributing to the panic . Secretary of the Treasury Howell Cobb came to the aid of New York mercantile interests by buying back some of the national debt . On September 25 the Bank of Pennsylvania suspended specie payment , starting a nationwide bank run . The danger of interest bearing deposits became apparent when bankers had to call loans made to stock brokers , many of who were unable to pay . Banks then had to curtail credit to commercial and industrial customers . Many business were unable to pay workers back wages because they held so many worthless banknotes . The Crimean War , which had cut off Russian wheat exports , ended in 1856 . The war had caused high wheat prices and overexpansion in the U.S. , which had been exporting wheat to Europe . Bountiful western harvests in 1857 caused grain prices to fall . Good harvests in England , France and Russia caused collapse in demand for U.S. grains in 1858 and 1859 . This caused railroad shipments from the West to fall , which resulted in the bankruptcy of some railroads . The inability of the West to sell its crops hurt businesses in other regions , such as New England , which manufactured shoes sold in the West . Cotton and tobacco prices fell , but unlike grains , soon recovered . The panic left many northern wage earners unemployed , most temporarily , but high unemployment lingered for a couple of years . Immigration surge ( edit ) Immigration to the U.S. surged following the Great Famine ( Ireland ) . There were about 3 million immigrants during the decade of the 1850s . They were mainly from Germany , Ireland and England . Collapse of the South ( edit ) See also : Economy of the Confederate States of America The wartime devastation of the South was great and poverty ensued ; incomes of whites dropped , but income of the former slaves rose . During Reconstruction railroad construction was heavily subsidized ( with much corruption ) , but the region maintained its dependence on cotton . Former slaves became wage laborers , tenant farmers , or sharecroppers . They were joined by many poor whites , as the population grew faster than the economy . As late as 1940 the only significant manufacturing industries were textile mills ( mostly in the upland Carolinas ) and some steel in Alabama . The industrial advantages of the North over the South helped secure a Northern victory in the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . The Northern victory sealed the destiny of the nation and its economic system . The slave - labor system was abolished ; sharecropping emerged and replaced slavery to supply the labor needed for cotton production , but cotton prices plunged during the Depression of 1873 , leading Southern plantations to decline in profitability . Northern industry , which had expanded rapidly before and during the war , surged ahead . Industrialists came to dominate many aspects of the nation 's life , including social and political affairs . Political developments ( edit ) From the 1830s to 1860 , Congress repeatedly rejected Whig calls for higher tariffs , and its policies of economic nationalism , which included increased state control , regulation and macroeconomic development of infrastructure . President Andrew Jackson , for example , did not renew the charter of the Second Bank of the United States . The tariff was lowered time and again before the Civil War . Proposals to fund massive western railroad projects , or to give free land to homesteaders , were defeated by Southerners afraid these policies would strengthen the North . The Civil War changed everything . Territorial expansion of the United States to the area of the Lower 48 States was essentially completed with the Texas annexation ( 1845 ) , the Oregon Treaty ( 1846 ) , the Mexican cession ( 1848 ) and the Gadsden Purchase ( 1853 ) . Treasury ( edit ) In 1860 the Treasury was a small operation that funded the small - scale operations of the government through the low tariff and land sales . Revenues were trivial in comparison with the cost of a full - scale war , but the Treasury Department under Secretary Salmon P. Chase showed unusual ingenuity in financing the war without crippling the economy . Many new taxes were imposed , and always with a patriotic theme comparing the financial sacrifice to the sacrifices of life and limb . The government paid for supplies in real money , which encouraged people to sell to the government regardless of their politics . By contrast the Confederacy gave paper promissory notes when it seized property , so that even loyal Confederates would hide their horses and mules rather than sell them for dubious paper . Overall the Northern financial system was highly successful in raising money and turning patriotism into profit , while the Confederate system impoverished its patriots . The United States needed $3.1 billion to pay for the immense armies and fleets raised to fight the Civil War -- over $400 million just in 1862 . The largest tax sum by far came from new excise taxes -- a sort of value added tax -- that was imposed on every sort of manufactured item . Second came much higher tariffs , through several Morrill tariff laws . Third came the nation 's first income tax ; only the wealthy paid and it was repealed at war 's end . Apart from taxes , the second major source was government bonds . For the first time bonds in small denominations were sold directly to the people , with publicity and patriotism as key factors , as designed by banker Jay Cooke . State banks lost their power to issue banknotes . Only national banks could do that , and Chase made it easy to become a national bank ; it involved buying and holding federal bonds and financiers rushed to open these banks . Chase numbered them , so that the first one in each city was the `` First National Bank '' . Fourth the government printed `` greenbacks '' -- paper money -- which were controversial because they caused inflation . Secretary Chase , though a long - time free - trader , worked with Congressman Justin Morrill to pass a second tariff bill in summer 1861 , raising rates another 10 points in order to generate more revenues . These subsequent bills were primarily revenue driven to meet the war 's needs , though they enjoyed the support of protectionists such as Carey , who again assisted Morrill in the bill 's drafting . The Morrill Tariff of 1861 was designed to raise revenue . The tariff act of 1862 served not only to raise revenue , but also to encourage the establishment of factories free from British competition by taxing British imports . Furthermore , it protected American factory workers from low paid European workers , and as a major bonus attracted tens of thousands of those Europeans to immigrate to America for high wage factory and craftsman jobs . Land grants ( edit ) Homesteaders in central Nebraska in 1886 The U.S. government owned vast amounts of good land ( mostly from the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 and the Oregon Treaty with Britain in 1846 ) . The challenge was to make the land useful to people and to provide the economic basis for the wealth that would pay off the war debt . The government did this by breaking it up into smaller plots for private ownership , through various federal laws . Bounty - land warrants were issued to military veterans in the United States from 1775 to 1855 . The land grants were used extensively for settlement of pre-Louisiana Purchase lands east of the Mississippi River , including the Ohio Territory , the Northwest Territory , and the Platte Purchase in Missouri . About 180 million acres were granted to railroad construction companies between 1850 and 1871 . The Land Grant Act of 1850 provided for 3.75 million acres of land to the states to support railroad projects ; by 1857 21 million acres of public lands were used for railroads in the Mississippi River valley , and the stage was set for more substantial Congressional subsidies to future railroads . The Pacific Railroad Acts financed several transcontinental railroads by granting land directly to corporations for the first time . In addition to operating revenues , railroads were able to finance networks crossing vast distances by selling granted property adjacent to the tracks ; these would become highly desirable plots for new settlers and businesses because of the easy access to long - distance transportation . Morrill Land - Grant Acts starting in 1860 benefited colleges and universities . Various Homestead Acts distributed land nearly for free in return for improvements such as building a house , farming , or planting trees . Between 1862 and 1934 , the federal government granted 1.6 million homesteads and distributed 270,000,000 acres ( 420,000 sq mi ) of federal land for private ownership . This was a total of 10 % of all land in the United States . Eligibility for the last such program , in Alaska , ended in 1986 . The Land Office made about 100 million acres of direct sales in the western United States from 1850 to 1900 , benefiting cattle ranchers and speculators . The economic and military power of the federal government was used to clear Native Americans from land desired by European - American settlers . Land grants creating the Indian Reservation system were used by the Indian Appropriations Act of 1851 to segregate native tribes , but later acts opened some of that land to white settlement , notably including a land run opening the Unassigned Lands in Oklahoma . The Dawes Act of 1887 pressured Native Americans to assimilate to European - American culture , offering former tribal land to individuals separating from their tribes and putting `` surplus '' reservation land up for auction . Overall , about half of Indian Reservation land was sold to white Americans by 1906 , about 75 million acres . Further information : Land grant § United_States Banking ( edit ) The North 's most important war measure was perhaps the creation of a system of national banks that provided a sound currency for the industrial expansion . Even more important , the hundreds of new banks that were allowed to open were required to purchase government bonds . Thereby the nation monetized the potential wealth represented by farms , urban buildings , factories , and businesses , and immediately turned that money over to the Treasury for war needs . Education ( edit ) British Parliamentary Committee members Joseph Whitworth and George Wallis were very impressed at the educational level of workers in the U.S. , commenting that `` ... so that everybody reads ... and intelligence penetrates through the lowest grades of society . '' They also remarked that most states had compulsory education laws requiring a minimum of three months per year schooling for child factory workers . Civil war ( edit ) The Union grew rich fighting the war , as the Confederate economy was destroyed . The Republicans in control in Washington had a Whig vision of an industrial nation , with great cities , efficient factories , productive farms , national banks , and high - speed rail links . The South had resisted policies such as tariffs to promote industry and homestead laws to promote farming because slavery would not benefit ; with the South gone , and Northern Democrats very weak in Congress , the Republicans enacted their legislation . At the same time they passed new taxes to pay for part of the war , and issued large amounts of bonds to pay for the most of the rest . ( The remainder can be charged to inflation . ) They wrote an elaborate program of economic modernization that had the dual purpose of winning the war and permanently transforming the economy . The key policy - maker in Congress was Thaddeus Stevens , as chairman of the Ways and Means Committee . He took charge of major legislation that funded the war effort and revolutionized the nation 's economic policies regarding tariffs , bonds , income and excise taxes , national banks , suppression of money issued by state banks , greenback currency , and western railroad land grants . Historians have debated whether or not the Civil War sped up the rate of economic growth in the face of destruction throughout the South and the diversion of resources to military supplies and away from civilian goods . In any case the war taught new organizational methods , prioritized engineering skills , and shifted the national attention from politics to business . Late 19th century ( edit ) Commerce , industry and agriculture ( edit ) See also : Gilded Age In the last third of the 19th century the United States entered a phase of rapid economic growth which doubled per capita income over the period . By 1895 , the USA leaped ahead of Britain for first place in manufacturing output . For the first time , exports of machinery and consumer goods became important . For example , Standard Oil led the way in exporting kerosene ; Russia was its main rival in international trade . Singer Corporation led the way in developing a global marketing strategy for its sewing machines . The greatly expanded railroad network , using inexpensive steel rails produced by new steel making processes , dramatically lowered transportation cost to areas without access to navigable waterways . Low freight rates allowed large manufacturing facilities with great economies of scale . Machinery became a large industry and many types of machines were developed . Businesses were able to operate over wide areas and chain stores arose . Mail order companies started operating . Rural Free Delivery began in the early 1890s , but it was not widely implemented for a decade . Companies created a new management systems to carry out their operations on a large scale . Companies integrated processes to eliminate unnecessary steps and to eliminate middlemen . An explosion of new discoveries and inventions took place , a process called the Second Industrial Revolution . The electric light , telephone , steam turbine , internal combustion engine , automobile , phonograph , typewriter and tabulating machine were some of the many inventions of the period . New processes for making steel and chemicals such as dyes and explosives were invented . The pneumatic tire , improved ball bearings , machine tools and newly developed metal stamping techniques enabled the large scale production of bicycles in the 1890s . Another significant development was the widespread introduction of electric street railways ( trams , trolleys or streetcars ) in the 1890s . Improvements in transportation and other technological progress caused prices to fall , especially during the so - called long depression , but the rising amount of gold and silver being mined eventually resulted in mild inflation during the 1890s and beyond . Table 3 : Ten leading U.S. industries by value added ( millions of 1914 $ 's ) 1860 1880 1900 1920 Industry Value added Industry Value added Industry Value added Industry Value added Cotton goods 59 Machinery 111 Machinery 432 Machinery 576 Lumber 54 Iron and steel 105 Iron and steel 339 Iron and steel 493 Boots and shoes 53 Cotton goods 97 Printing and publishing 313 Lumber 393 Flour and meal 43 Lumber 87 Lumber 300 Cotton goods 364 Men 's clothing 39 Boots and shoes 82 Clothing 262 Shipbuilding 349 Machinery 31 Men 's clothing 78 Liquor 224 Automotive 347 Woolen goods 27 Flour and meal 64 Cotton goods 196 General shop construction 328 Leather goods 24 Woolen goods 60 Masonry and brick 140 Printing and publishing 268 Cast iron 23 Printing 58 General shop construction 131 Electrical machinery 246 Printing 20 Liquor 44 Meatpacking 124 Clothing 239 Source : Joel Mokyr Steel workers in 1905 , Meadville , Philadelphia Railroads ( edit ) Real gross national product per capita of the United States 1869 -- 1918 Pork packing in Cincinnati , 1873 Railroads saw their greatest growth in new track added in the last three decades of the 19th century . ( See Table 2 ) Railroads also enjoyed high productivity growth during this time , mainly because of the introduction of new processes that made steel inexpensive . Steel rails lasted roughly ten times longer than iron rails . Steel rails , which became heavier as steel prices fell , enabled heavier , more powerful locomotives that could pull longer trains . Rail cars made of steel on steel rails could be made longer cars and had a load carrying to car weight ratio of 2 : 1 compared to cars made of iron at 1 : 1 . In 1890 David Ames Wells estimated wagon transport at 16 cents per ton - mile compared to railroads at less than one cent per ton - mile . Railroads competed fiercely for passengers and freight by expanding their routes , too often into increasingly marginal ones . The high capital required for expansion plus the low rates , driven by competition and by what the market would bear , resulted in a large percentage of railroad track in bankruptcy . A practical refrigerated ( ice cooled ) railcar was introduced in 1881 . This made it possible to ship cattle and hog carcasses , which weighed only 40 % as much as live animals . Gustavus Franklin Swift developed an integrated network of cattle procurement , slaughtering , meat - packing and shipping meat to market . Up to that time cattle were driven great distances to railroad shipping points , causing the cattle to lose considerable weight . Swift developed a large business , which grew in size with the entry of several competitors . Steel ( edit ) Main articles : Carnegie Steel Company and History of the steel industry ( 1850 -- 1970 ) In the last three decades of the 19th century iron and steel became a leading industry , in second place by value added , with machinery being in first place . The Bessemer process was the first large scale process for producing steel , which it was able to do at low cost . The first U.S. licensed Bessemer plant began operation in 1865 . Bessemer steel was used mostly for rails . Due to difficulty in controlling quality and embrittlement with aging , Bessemer steel was not suitable for structural purposes . The Siemens - Martin process , or open hearth process , produced a suitable grade structural steel . Open hearth steel displaced wrought iron as a structural material in the 1880s . Open hearth steel began being used in a wide variety of applications including high rise buildings , ships , machinery , pipelines , rails and bridges . Electric lights and electric street railways ( edit ) Main article : Electrification Early electrification was too limited to have a big impact on the late 19th century economy . Electricity was also very expensive because of the low conversion efficiency of fuel to power , the small scale of power plants and the fact that most utilities offered only nighttime service . Daytime service became common during the early 20th century after the introduction of the AC motor , which tended to be used more during the day , balancing the load . Until that time a large share of power was self - generated by the user , such as a factory , hotel or electric street railway ( tram or streetcar ) . Electric street railways were introduced in the U.S. in 1888 when Frank J. Sprague designed and built the first practical system , the Richmond Union Passenger Railway in Richmond , Virginia . Electric street railways rapidly spread to cities around the country in the following years . The early electric street railways typically generated their own power and also operated as electric utilities , which served to even out daily load because the main use of power for lighting was after the peak usage by railways . Until the early 1880s electricity had been used mainly in telegraphy and electroplating . Efficient dynamo 's were introduced in the 1870s and began being used to power electric carbon arc lamps after 1879 . In 1880 Thomas Edison patented his invention of a long lasting incandescent light bulb and a system for distributing electrical power . In 1882 he opened the Pearl Street Station in Manhattan , which was the first central power station in the U.S. Using DC placed severe restrictions on the distance power could be transmitted due to power losses . With DC there was no way to transform power to high voltages , which would have reduced the current and lowered the transmission losses . Power can be safely generated to about 2000 volts , but this is a dangerous voltage for household use . With alternating current voltage can be changed up or down using a transformer . AC power began being widely introduced in the 1890s . Communications ( edit ) Following the failure of the first short lived Transatlantic telegraph cable of 1858 , a second , more durable cable was completed in 1865 , connecting Nova Scotia to England . By 1890 there was an international telegraph network . After invention of the telephone in 1876 additional development work was required to make it commercially viable . The first telephones were for local calls . Long distance calling came into being in the 1890s , but the technology to make transcontinental calls took until 1915 to be operational . Automatic telephone switching , which eliminated the need for telephone operators to manually connect local calls on a switchboard , was introduced in 1892 ; however it did not become widespread for several decades . Modern business management ( edit ) Before railroads most businesses were run by a sole proprietor or were a partnership . The owners typically ran the daily operations . The railroad industry was the first to adopt modern business management practices in response to the need to operate over vast areas , to maintain continuous long distance communications , to manage a complex network , to track trains and freight . Railroads hired professional managers and divided work into various corporate departments , and developed the organization diagram . Another modern business innovation was vertical integration , by which companies expanded to encompass all stages of a business , from producing the raw materials , processing them into saleable products and selling the finished products . Notable examples occurred in the steel and petroleum industries . Agriculture ( edit ) Main article : History of agriculture in the United States § Railroad Age : 1860 - 1910 A dramatic expansion in farming took place . The number of farms tripled from 2.0 million in 1860 to 6.0 million in 1905 . The number of people living on farms grew from about 10 million in 1860 to 22 million in 1880 to 31 million in 1905 . The value of farms soared from $8.0 billion in 1860 to $30 billion in 1906 . The federal government issued 160 - acre ( 65 ha ) tracts virtually free to settlers under the Homestead Act of 1862 . Even larger numbers of settlers purchased lands at very low interest from the new railroads , which were trying to create markets . The railroads advertised heavily in Europe and brought over , at low fares , hundreds of thousands of farmers from Germany , Scandinavia and Britain . Despite their remarkable progress and general prosperity , 19th - century U.S. farmers experienced recurring cycles of hardship , caused primarily by falling world prices for cotton and wheat . Along with the mechanical improvements which greatly increased yield per unit area , the amount of land under cultivation grew rapidly throughout the second half of the century , as the railroads opened up new areas of the West for settlement . The wheat farmers enjoyed abundant output and good years from 1876 to 1881 when bad European harvests kept the world price high . They then suffered from a slump in the 1880s when conditions in Europe improved . The farther west the settlers went , the more dependent they became on the monopolistic railroads to move their goods to market , and the more inclined they were to protest , as in the Populist movement of the 1890s . Wheat farmers blamed local grain elevator owners ( who purchased their crop ) , railroads and eastern bankers for the low prices . Sales of various types of horse pulled harvesting machines increased dramatically between the Civil war and the end of the century . Harvesting machine improvements included automatic rakers , which eliminated the manual raker , allowing operation by a single man , and combination harvester and binders . To modernize traditional agriculture reformers founded the Grange movement , in 1867 . The Granges focused initially on social activities to counter the isolation most farm families experienced . Women 's participation was actively encouraged . Spurred by the Panic of 1873 , the Grange soon grew to 20,000 chapters and 1.5 million members . The Granges set up their own marketing systems , stores , processing plants , factories and cooperatives . Most went bankrupt . The movement also enjoyed some political success during the 1870s . A few Midwestern states passed `` Granger Laws '' , limiting railroad and warehouse fees . Federal land grants helped each state create an agricultural college and a network of extension agents who demonstrated modern techniques to farmers . Wheat and cotton farmers in the 1890s supported the Populist movement , but failed in their demands for free silver and inflation . Instead the 1896 election committed the nation to the gold standard and a program of sustained industrialization . Farmers in the Midwest and East gave verbal support to the Populists . They focused on the nearby urban markets , rather than on highly fluctuating European markets for weaving cotton . Oil , minerals and mining ( edit ) Oil ( edit ) Further information : Standard Oil In the 1850s an advance in lighting was the use of kerosene lamps with glass chimneys , which produced a good quality light at a relatively affordable price . Kerosene lighting effectively extended the day and made it easier to read at night . An industry developed to produce coal oil , as kerosene was then called . Kerosene was also being distilled from Pennsylvania crude oil by Samuel Kier . George Bissell paid a visit Dartmouth College , which he had attended , and saw a sample of `` rock oil '' from Pennsylvania . Suspecting that the oil may have potential as an illuminant and lubricant , he organized an investor group . In 1853 Bissell 's group , which became the Pennsylvania Rock Oil Co. , hired Yale chemistry professor Benjamin Silliman , Jr. to perform an analysis of `` rock oil '' . Silliman 's report of April 1864 stated that `` rock oil '' could yield an excellent illuminating oil . However , there was no economical means for producing sufficient commercial quantities of oil . Bissell had a chance insight when he saw a picture of oil derricks used to produce an oil based patent medicine obtained as a byproduct of a brine well . Following a shareholder disagreement , Bissell and fellow investor Jonathan Eveleth investor split with Pennsylvania Rock Oil Co. and formed Seneca Oil in 1858 . Edwin Drake , a shareholder , was hired by the company to drill for oil . The site chosen to drill the well was on Oil Creek near Titusville , PA , where a water well was producing oil . Drake chose to use brine well drilling technology based on the technique used in China since ancient times that reached the West in the late 1820s , except that Drake used iron cable , an iron well casing and a steam engine . The Drake Well hit oil at a depth of 69.55 feet on August 27 , 1858 , starting a drilling boom in the region . Among the numerous refineries that were started were several along a new rail link to Cleveland , Ohio , where John D. Rockefeller and his partner Maurice Clark owned a grocery produce shipping business . Rockefeller and Clark also got in the refining business , and in 1865 the partners decided to hold a private auction between the two , with Rockefeller being the successful bidder . The refining industry was intensely competitive , and by 1869 there was three times the capacity needed , a situation which lasted many years , with the number of refineries reaching 6000 . In 1870 John D. Rockefeller , his brother William Rockefeller , Henry Flagler , Oliver Burr Jennings and silent partner Stephen V. Harkness formed Standard Oil . John D. Rockefeller was the master planner and organizer of the systematic plan to form combinations with or acquire competitors and enter all phases of the oil industry from production to transportation , refining and distribution , a concept called vertical integration . Standard Oil sought every possible advantage over its competitors . One method was using Standard 's high shipping volume to secure discounts and drawbacks ( payments from railroads for transporting competitors products ) from railroads . By 1879 Standard oil controlled 90 % of U.S. refining capacity . Producers in the Pennsylvania oil region tried to counter Standard Oil 's transportation arrangements buy building the first long distance pipeline , the 110 mile long Tidewater Pipeline to Williamsport , Pennsylvania , which was on the Reading Railroad . Standard Oil fought back by building four pipelines of its own . Standard continued to monopolize the oil industry in the U.S. until it was broken up by the 1911 supreme court case Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States . Efficient gas mantles and electric lighting were eroding the illuminating oil market beginning in the 1880s ; however a previously low value byproduct of refining was gasoline , which more than offset the role of kerosene in the early 20th century . Coal ( edit ) Coal was found in abundance in the Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania south to Kentucky . Iron ore ( edit ) Large iron ore mines opened in the Lake Superior region of the upper Midwest . Steel mills thrived in places where these coal and iron ore could be brought together to produce steel . Large copper and silver mines opened , followed by lead mines and cement factories . Finance , money and banking ( edit ) During the period , a series of recessions happened . The recession of 1869 resulted from a stock market panic , which lowered stock prices 20 % and briefly cut wheat prices in half . It was one of the shortest and mildest recessions in American economic history . Panic of 1873 created one of the worst and longest depressions in American history , seriously affecting every aspect of the economy and bringing the railroad expansion to a halt . The New York Stock Exchange closed for ten days . Of the country 's 364 railroads , 89 went bankrupt , a total of 18,000 businesses failed between 1873 and 1875 , unemployment reached 14 % by 1876 , during a time which became known in Britain as the Long Depression . Politically , the Democrats took control of Congress in 1874 , the election of 1876 was deadlocked . The end of the Gilded Age coincided with the Panic of 1893 , a deep depression that lasted until 1897 . Wheat and cotton farmers in the West and South were especially hard hit , and moved toward radicalism . President Grover Cleveland was forced to ask the Wall Street bankers help keep the Treasury liquid . Agrarian spokesmen William Jennings Bryan called for an inflationary policy of using cheap silver to effectively replace expensive gold . Bryan lost in a major political realignment in favor of the conservative pro-gold Republicans in the election of 1896 . Water supply and sewers ( edit ) Europe had a substantial amount of water supply and sewer infrastructure installed by the mid 1870s . In 1880 only 0.3 % of urban households had filtered water , with this figure rising to 1.5 % in 1890 and 6.3 % in 1900 . Labor unions ( edit ) Main article : Labor unions in the United States Workers in New York in 1871 demand the eight - hour day The American labor movement began with the first significant labor union , the Knights of Labor in 1869 . The Knights collapsed in the 1880s and were displaced by strong international unions that banded together as the American Federation of Labor under Samuel Gompers . Rejecting socialism , the AFL unions negotiated with owners for higher wages and better working conditions . Union growth was slow until 1900 , then grew to a peak during World War I . Political developments ( edit ) Concern over railroads ' unfair practices , such as freight rates favoring certain shippers , led to the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 which created the nation 's first regulatory agency , the Interstate Commerce Commission . Early 20th century ( edit ) Economic growth and the 1910 break ( edit ) The period from 1890 to 1910 was one of rapid economic growth of above 4 % , in part due to rapid population growth . However , a sharp break in the growth rate to around 2.8 % occurred from 1910 to 1929 . Economists are uncertain what combination of supply and demand factors caused the break , but productivity growth was strong , enabling the labor cost per unit of output to decline from 1910 to 1929 . The growth rate in hours worked fell 57 % compared to the decline in the growth rate of output of 27 % . It is generally accepted that the new technologies and more efficient business methods permanently shifted the supply and demand relationship for labor , with labor being in surplus ( except during both world wars when the economy was engaged in war - time production and millions of men served in the armed forces ) . The technologies that became widespread after 1910 , such as electrification , internal powered transportation and mass production , were capital saving . Total non-residential fixed business fell after 1910 due to the fall of investment in structures . Industry , commerce and agriculture ( edit ) Further information : Causes of the Great Depression § Specific theories of cause # Productivity shock Two of the most transformative technologies of the century were widely introduced during the early decades : electrification , powered by high pressure boilers and steam turbines and automobiles and trucks powered by the internal combustion engine . Chain stores experienced rapid growth . Standardization was urged by Dept. of Commerce for consumer goods such as bedspreads and screws . A simplified standardization program was issued during World War I . Electrification ( edit ) Main article : Electrification Electrification was one of the most important drivers of economic growth in the early 20th century . The revolutionary design of electric powered factories caused the period of the highest productivity growth in manufacturing . There was large growth in the electric utility industry and the productivity growth of electric utilities was high as well . At the turn of the 20th century electricity was used primarily for lighting and most electric companies did not provide daytime service . Electric motors that were used in daytime , such as the DC motors that powered street railways , helped balance the load , and many street railways generated their own electricity and also operated as electric utilities . The AC motor , developed in the 1890s , was ideal for industrial and commercial power and greatly increased the demand for electricity , particular during daytime . Electrification in the U.S. started in industry around 1900 , and by 1930 about 80 % of power used in industry was electric . Electric utilities with central generating stations using steam turbines greatly lowered the cost of power , with businesses and houses in cities becoming electrified . In 1900 only 3 % of households had electricity , increasing to 30 % by 1930 . By 1940 almost all urban households had electricity . Electrical appliances such as irons , cooking appliances and washing machines were slowly adopted by households . Household mechanical refrigerators were introduced in 1919 but were in only about 8 % of households by 1930 , mainly because of their high cost . The electrical power industry had high productivity growth . Many large central power stations , equipped with high pressure boilers and steam turbine generators began being built after 1913 . These central stations were designed for efficient handling of coal from the layout of the rail yards to the conveyor systems . They were also much more fuel efficient , lowering the amount of fuel per kilowatt - hour of electricity to a small fraction of what it had been . In 1900 it took 7 lbs coal to generate one kilowatt hour . In 1960 it took 0.9 lb / kw hr . Manufacturing ( edit ) Main article : Mass production § Factory electrification Rapid economic growth in the early decades of the 20th century were largely due to productivity growth in manufacturing . Factory electrification revolutionized manufacturing . Unit drive , which means using a single electric motor for powering a single machine , eliminated line shafts previously used to transmit power from a small number of steam engines or hydraulic turbines . Line shafts created constraints on building arrangement that impeded the efficient flow of materials because they presented traffic barriers and required multi-story buildings for economy . It was not uncommon for large manufacturing sites to have many miles of line shafts . Electric motors were much more economical to operate than steam engines in terms of energy efficiency and operator attention . Electric motors were also lower in capital cost . Frederick W. Taylor was the best known pioneer in the field of scientific management in the late 19th century , carefully timing and plotting the functions of various workers and then devising new , more efficient ways for them to do their jobs . Ford Motor Co. used techniques of scientific management although Henry Ford claimed not to know of the Taylor 's system . Ford Motor used every practical means to reduce the effort and movement of workers in order to reduce the time involved in making parts , moving parts and assembling parts into automobiles . Ford used electric powered factories and in 1913 Ford introduced the assembly line , a step in the process that became known as mass - production . The price of a Ford Model T fell from $900 in 1908 - 9 to $360 in 1916 , despite the fact that wages doubled to $5 per day in 1914 . Production grew from 13,840 in 1909 to 132,702 in 1916 . Productivity for this period , measured in output of Model T 's per worker , rose 150 % . Taking his cue from developments during the progressive era , Ford offered a very generous wage -- $5 a day -- to his workers , arguing that a mass production enterprise could not survive if average workers could not buy the goods . However , the wage increase did not extend to women , and Ford expanded the company 's Sociological Department to monitor his workers and ensure that they did not spend their newfound bounty on `` vice and cheap thrills '' . Gasoline powered tractors were introduced . The Fordson began mass production in 1917 . Electric street railways ( edit ) Electric street railways developed into a major mode of transportation , and electric inter-urban service connected many cities in the Northeast and Midwest . Electric street railways also carried freight , which was important before trucks became widely introduced . The widespread adoption of the automobile and motor bus halted the expansion of the electric street railways during the 1920s . Electrochemicals ( edit ) Electrochemicals are chemicals and metals produced by an electrolytic process . Important examples include aluminum made by the Hall -- Héroult process and chlorine and caustic ( sodium and potassium compounds ) . Chlorine and caustic had been produced by chemical processes but producing aluminum this way was prohibitively expensive . A large plant using Hall -- Héroult process was opened in Pittsburgh , USA in 1888 and others opened around the world . Falling electricity prices in the early 20th century greatly lowered the cost of making electrochemicals . There was high demand for aluminum for aircraft during World War I and afterward for commercial aviation . Some other electrochemicals are chromium , manganese and tungsten . Chlorine began being used for treating household water to kill microorganisms . Railroads ( edit ) Main article : Rail transportation in the United States At the beginning of the 20th century the railroad network had over-expanded with many miles of unprofitable routes . In 1906 Congress gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to regulate freight rates and the industry was unable to increase revenue enough to cover rising costs . By 1916 , the peak year of track mileage , one - sixth of the nations railroad trackage was in bankruptcy . The railroads proved inadequate to the increased freight volume created by World War I . There were major traffic jams in the system and critical supplies were experiencing delays . In December 1917 the railroads were taken over by the government and put under control of the United States Railroad Administration ( USRA ) . The USRA ordered 1,930 new standardized steam locomotives and over 100,000 railcars . The USRA 's control over the railroads ended in March 1920 . Automobiles and trucks ( edit ) By the dawn of the 20th century , automobiles had begun to replace horse - drawn carriages . Numerous companies were building cars , but car manufacturing was challenging . Consequently , prices were high and production was low . Mass production techniques of the mid 1910s brought down the cost of automobiles and sales grew dramatically . By 1919 automobile registrations were 6.6 million and truck registrations were 898,000 . Replacing horses with cars and trucks eliminated enormous quantities of horse manure and urine from city streets , greatly reducing the labor for street cleaning and also improving sanitation and living conditions . Reducing the number of horses for transportation freed up between one - sixth and one - quarter of all farm land . Highway system ( edit ) In 1900 there were only 200 miles of paved roads outside of cities in the U.S. By the late 1920s automobiles were becoming common , but there were few highways connecting cities . The Federal road building program ended in 1818 , leaving states to build roads until the Federal Road act of 1916 . A national highway system was agreed on in 1926 , at which time there were 23.1 million cars and 3.5 million trucks.In 1926 , when an interstate program ( not to be confused with the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways ) began , there were 23.1 million cars and 3.5 million trucks . The system was nearly complete when the U.S. entered World War II in December , 1941 . Water supply and sewers ( edit ) At the turn of the century approximately one - third of urban households had running water ; however , most of it was untreated and carried disease causing microorganisms . The widespread building of water treatment plants and piping of water to and sewage from urban households occurred in the early decades of the century . The number of urban households supplied with running filtered water increased from 6.3 % in 1900 to 25 % in 1910 and 42 % in 1925 . In 1908 the Jersey City Water Works in New Jersey was the first to sterilize water using sodium hypochlorite ( chlorine bleach ) . Chlorination of drinking water became common in urban water supplies by the 1930s and contributed to a sharp reduction in many diseases such as hepatitis A , typhoid fever , cholera and dysentery . Agriculture ( edit ) Tractors appeared on farms and farmers began using automobiles and trucks to haul produce . Combined harvester - threshers reduced labor cost 85 % compared to using binders and stationary threshers . Communications ( edit ) Telephone ( edit ) Before 1900 telephones were used primarily by businesses . The number of telephones per 100 households was approximately 2 in 1900 , but the number steadily grew until it peaked at 45 in 1929 , then declined to 33 in 1933 . Automatic telephone switching , which was introduced in 1892 , eliminated the need for telephone operators to manually connect local calls on a switchboard . By 1929 , 31.9 % of the Bell system was automatic . Radio ( edit ) Main article : History of radio Radio communications using Morse code were introduced in the first decade of the 20th century . Their main use was for communicating with ships . Ship radio became more widely used after the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912 . Radio technology advanced rapidly . The triode vacuum tube made it possible to build amplifiers for broadcasting and for receivers . Radio circuit design also advanced , allowing better signals with less noise . By the early 1920s radios began being mass - produced and commercial broadcast stations were set up around the country . Finance , money and banking ( edit ) Main article : Wall Street § History A major economic downturn in 1906 ended the expansion from the late 1890s . This was followed by the Panic of 1907 . The Panic of 1907 was a factor in the establishment of the Federal Reserve Bank in 1913 . The mild inflation of the 1890s , attributed to the rising gold supply from mining , continued until World War I , at which time inflation rose sharply with wartime shortages including labor shortages . Following the war the rate of inflation fell , but prices remained above the prewar level . The U.S. economy prospered during World War I , partly due to sales of war goods to Europe . The stock market had its best year in history in 1916 . The U.S. gold reserves doubled between 1913 and 1918 , causing the price level to rise . Interest rates had been held low to minimize interest on war bonds , but after the final war bonds were sold in 1919 , the Federal Reserve raised the discount rate from 4 % to 6 % . Interest rates rose and the money supply contracted . The economy entered the Depression of 1920 - 21 , which was a sharp decline financially . By 1923 , the economy had returned to full employment . A debt fueled boom developed following the war . Jerome ( 1934 ) gives an unattributed quote about finance conditions that allowed the great industrial expansion of the post WW I period : Probably never before in this country had such a volume of funds been available at such low rates for such a long period . There was also a real estate and housing bubble in the 1920s , especially in Florida , which burst in 1925 . Alvin Hansen stated that housing construction during the 1920s decade exceeded population growth by 25 % . See also : Florida land boom of the 1920s Debt reached unsustainable levels . Speculation in stocks drove prices up to unpresented valuation levels . The stock market crashed in late October 1929 . Political developments ( edit ) See also : Progressive Era The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was the first of a series of legislation that led to the establishment of the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) . Another such act passed the same year was the Federal Meat Inspection Act . The new laws helped the large packers , and hurt small operations that lacked economy of scale or quality controls . The Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which allowed the Federal Government to tax all income , was adopted in 1913 . The Emergency Quota Act ( 1921 ) established a quota system on immigrants by country of origin , with the maximum number of annual immigrants from a country limited to 3 % of the number of that national background living in the U.S. according to the 1910 United States Census . The Immigration Act of 1924 reduced the quota from 3 % to 2 % and added additional restrictions on certain nationalities . In the early years of American history , most political leaders were reluctant to involve the federal government too heavily in the private sector , except in the area of transportation . In general , they accepted the concept of laissez - faire , a doctrine opposing government interference in the economy except to maintain law and order . This attitude started to change during the latter part of the 19th century , when small business , farm , and labor movements began asking the government to intercede on their behalf . Fear of monopolies ( `` trusts '' ) is shown in this attack on Rockefeller 's Standard Oil Company By the start of the 20th century , a middle class had developed that was leery of both the business elite and the somewhat radical political movements of farmers and laborers in the Midwest and West . Known as Progressives , these people favored government regulation of business practices to , in their minds , ensure competition and free enterprise . Congress enacted a law regulating railroads in 1887 ( the Interstate Commerce Act ) , and one preventing large firms from controlling a single industry in 1890 ( the Sherman Antitrust Act ) . These laws were not rigorously enforced , however , until the years between 1900 and 1920 , when Republican President Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 -- 1909 ) , Democrat President Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1921 ) , and others sympathetic to the views of the Progressives came to power . Many of today 's U.S. regulatory agencies were created during these years , including the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission . Ida M. Tarbell wrote a series of articles against the Standard Oil monopoly . The series helped pave the way for the breakup of the monopoly . Noon hour in a furniture factory . Indianapolis , Indiana , 1908 Muckrakers were journalists who encouraged readers to demand more regulation of business . Upton Sinclair 's The Jungle ( 1906 ) showed America the horrors of the Chicago Union Stock Yards , a giant complex of meat processing that developed in the 1870s . The federal government responded to Sinclair 's book with the new regulatory Food and Drug Administration . President Wilson in 1913 using tariff , currency , and anti-trust laws to `` prime the pump '' and get the economy working . When Democrat Woodrow Wilson was elected President with a Democrat controlled Congress in 1912 he implemented a series of progressive policies . In 1913 , the Sixteenth Amendment was ratified , and the income tax was instituted in the United States . Wilson resolved the longstanding debates over tariffs and antitrust , and created the Federal Reserve , a complex business - government partnership that to this day dominates the financial world . World war I ( edit ) Main article : United States home front during World War I See also : Liberty bond The World War involved a massive mobilization of money , taxes , and banking resources to pay for the American war effort and , through government - to - government loans , most of the Allied war effort as well . Roaring Twenties : 1920 -- 1929 ( edit ) Main article : Roaring Twenties People filing tax forms in 1920 Under Republican President Warren G. Harding , who called for normalcy and an end to high wartime taxes , Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon raised the tariff , cut other taxes , and used the large surplus to reduce the federal debt by about a third from 1920 to 1930 . Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover worked to introduce efficiency , by regulating business practices . This period of prosperity , along with the culture of the time , was known as the Roaring Twenties . The rapid growth of the automobile industry stimulated industries such as oil , glass , and road - building . Tourism soared and consumers with cars had a much wider radius for their shopping . Small cities prospered , and large cities had their best decade ever , with a boom in construction of offices , factories and homes . The new electric power industry transformed both business and everyday life . Telephones and electricity spread to the countryside , but farmers never recovered from the wartime bubble in land prices . Millions migrated to nearby cities . However , in October 1929 , the Stock market crashed and banks began to fail in the Wall Street Crash of 1929 . Quality of life ( edit ) The early decades of the 20th century was remarkable for the improvements of the quality of life in the U.S. The quality of housing improved , with houses offering better protection against cold . Floor space per occupant increased . Sanitation was greatly improved by the building of water supply and sewage systems , plus the treatment of drinking water by filtration and chlorination . The change over to internal combustion took horses off the streets and eliminated horse manure and urine and the flies they attracted . Federal regulation of food products and processing , including government inspection of meat processing plants helped lower the incidence of food related illness and death . Infant mortality , which had been declining dramatically in the last quarter of the 19th century , continued to decline . The workweek , which averaged 53 hours in 1900 , continued to decline . The burden of household chores lessened considerably . Hauling water and firewood into the home every day was no longer necessary for an increasing number of households . Electric light was far less expensive and higher quality than kerosene lamp light . Electric light also eliminated smoke and fumes and reduced the fire hazard . From 1929 through world war II ( edit ) Prewar industry , commerce , and agriculture ( edit ) Despite the Great Depression and World War II , the middle decades of the 20th century were among the highest for productivity growth . The research developed through informal cooperation between U.S. industry and academia grew rapidly and by the late 1930s exceeded the size of that taking place in Britain ( although the quality of U.S. research was not yet on par with British and German research at the time ) . Manufacturing ( edit ) Productivity growth in manufacturing slowed from the electrification era of the early century , but remained moderate . Automation of factories became widespread during the middle decades as industry invested in newly developed instruments and controls that allowed fewer workers to operate vast factories , refineries and chemical plants with fewer workers . Great Depression : 1929 -- 1941 ( edit ) Main article : Great Depression in the United States Further information : Causes of the Great Depression Stock exchange trading floor after the 1929 crash `` Broke , baby sick , and car trouble ! '' Dorothea Lange 's photo of Missouri migrants living in a truck in California . Many displaced people moved to California to look for work during the Depression . John Steinbeck depicted the situation in The Grapes of Wrath Following the stock market crash , the worldwide economy plunged into the Great Depression . The U.S. money supply began to contract by one - third . The protectionist Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act incited retaliation by Canada , Britain , Germany and other trading partners . Congress , in 1932 , worried about the rapidly growing deficit and national debt , and raised income tax rates . Economists generally agree that these measures deepened an already serious crisis . By 1932 , the unemployment rate was 25 % . Conditions were worse in heavy industry , lumbering , export agriculture ( cotton , wheat , tobacco ) , and mining . Conditions were not quite as bad in white collar sectors and in light manufacturing . Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected President in 1932 without a specific program . He relied on a highly eclectic group of advisors who patched together many programs , known as the New Deal . Table 2 : Depression Data 1929 1931 1933 1937 1938 1940 Real Gross National Product ( GNP ) 101.4 84.3 68.3 103.9 103.7 113.0 Consumer Price Index 122.5 108.7 92.4 102.7 99.4 100.2 Index of Industrial Production 109 75 69 112 89 126 Money Supply M2 ( $ billions ) 46.6 42.7 32.2 45.7 49.3 55.2 Exports ( $ billions ) 5.24 2.42 1.67 3.35 3.18 4.02 Unemployment ( % of civilian work force ) 3.1 16.1 25.2 13.8 16.5 13.9 in 1929 dollars 1935 -- 39 = 100 Spending ( edit ) Government spending increased from 8.0 % of GNP under Hoover in 1932 to 10.2 % of GNP in 1936 . Roosevelt balanced the `` regular '' budget the emergency budget was funded by debt , which increased from 33.6 % of GNP in 1932 to 40.9 % in 1936 . Deficit spending had been recommended by some economists , most notably John Maynard Keynes in Britain . Roosevelt met Keynes but did not pay attention to his recommendations . After a meeting with Keynes , who kept drawing diagrams , Roosevelt remarked that `` He must be a mathematician rather than a political economist '' . Banking crisis ( edit ) In 1929 -- 33 the economy was destabilized by bank failures . The initial reasons were substantial losses in investment banking , followed by bank runs . Bank runs occurred when a large number of customers lost confidence in their deposits ( which were not insured ) and rushed to withdraw their deposits . Runs destabilized many banks to the point where they faced bankruptcy . Between 1929 and 1933 40 % of all banks ( 9,490 out of 23,697 banks ) went bankrupt . Much of the Great Depression 's economic damage was caused directly by bank runs . Hoover had already considered a bank holiday to prevent further bank runs , but rejected the idea because he was afraid to trip a panic . Roosevelt acted as soon as he took office ; he closed all the banks in the country and kept them all closed until he could pass new legislation . On March 9 , Roosevelt sent to Congress the Emergency Banking Act , drafted in large part by Hoover 's top advisors . The act was passed and signed into law the same day . It provided for a system of reopening sound banks under Treasury supervision , with federal loans available if needed . Three - quarters of the banks in the Federal Reserve System reopened within the next three days . Billions of dollars in hoarded currency and gold flowed back into them within a month , thus stabilizing the banking system . By the end of 1933 , 4,004 small local banks were permanently closed and merged into larger banks . Their deposits totalled $3.6 billion ; depositors lost a total of $540 million , and eventually received on average 85 cents on the dollar of their deposits ; it is a common myth that they received nothing back . The Glass -- Steagall Act limited commercial bank securities activities and affiliations between commercial banks and securities firms to regulate speculations . It also established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) , which insured deposits for up to $250,000 , ended the risk of runs on banks . Unemployment ( edit ) Unemployment reached 25 percent in the worst days of 1932 -- 33 , but it was unevenly distributed . Job losses were less severe among women than men , among workers in nondurable industries ( such as food and clothing ) , in services and sales , and in government jobs . The least skilled inner city men had much higher unemployment rates , as did young people who had a hard time getting their first job , and men over the age of 45 who if they lost their job would seldom find another one because employers had their choice of younger men . Millions were hired in the Great Depression , but men with weaker credentials were never hired , and fell into a long - term unemployment trap . The migration that brought millions of farmers and townspeople to the bigger cities in the 1920s suddenly reversed itself , as unemployment made the cities unattractive , and the network of kinfolk and more ample food supplies made it wise for many to go back . City governments in 1930 -- 31 tried to meet the depression by expanding public works projects , as president Herbert Hoover strongly encouraged . However tax revenues were plunging , and the cities as well as private relief agencies were totally overwhelmed by 1931 men were unable to provide significant additional relief . They fell back on the cheapest possible relief , soup kitchens which provided free meals for anyone who showed up . After 1933 new sales taxes and infusions of federal money helped relieve the fiscal distress of the cities , but the budgets did not fully recover until 1941 . The federal programs launched by Hoover and greatly expanded by president Roosevelt 's New Deal used massive construction projects to try to jump start the economy and solve the unemployment crisis . The alphabet agencies ERA , CCC , FERA , WPA and PWA built and repaired the public infrastructure in dramatic fashion , but did little to foster the recovery of the private sector . FERA , CCC , and especially WPA focused on providing unskilled jobs for long - term unemployed men . Relief ( edit ) The extent to which the spending for relief and public works provided a sufficient stimulus to revive the U.S. economy , or whether it harmed the economy , is also debated . If one defines economic health entirely by the gross domestic product , the U.S. had gotten back on track by 1934 , and made a full recovery by 1936 , but as Roosevelt said , one third of the nation was ill fed , ill - housed and ill - clothed . See Chart 3 . GNP was 34 % higher in 1936 than 1932 , and 58 % higher in 1940 on the eve of war . The economy grew 58 % from 1932 to 1940 in 8 years of peacetime , and then grew another 56 % from 1940 to 1945 in 5 years of wartime . The unemployment rate fell from 25.2 % in 1932 to 13.9 % in 1940 when the draft started . During the war the economy operated under so many different conditions that comparison is impossible with peacetime , such as massive spending , price controls , bond campaigns , controls over raw materials , prohibitions on new housing and new automobiles , rationing , guaranteed cost - plus profits , subsidized wages , and the draft of 12 million soldiers . Chart 3 : GDP annual pattern and long - term trend , 1920 -- 40 , in billions of constant dollars In 1995 economist Robert Whaples stated that measuring the effect of the New Deal remains a thorny issue for economists because it is so difficult to measure the effects it had on the country . A survey of academic specialists by Whaples showed that 49 % of those economists surveyed felt that the New Deal lengthened and deepened the depression , while 51 % disagreed . The same survey also showed that only 5 % of professional historians and 27 % of professional economists felt the same way . However , economist Eric Rauchway of the University of California stated `` very few people disapprove of most of the New Deal reforms '' , which include Social Security , the Securities and Exchange Commission , the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. , and Fannie Mae . Regardless , unemployment peaked in 1932 at 25 % and was reduced to 13.9 % by 1940 . As Broadus Mitchell summarized , `` Most indexes worsened until the summer of 1932 , which may be called the low point of the depression economically and psychologically '' . Economic indicators show the American economy declined until February 1933 . After Roosevelt took office , there began a steady , sharp upward recovery that persisted until the brief Recession of 1937 -- 1938 ( see graph ) after which they continued their upward climb . Thus the Federal Reserve Index of Industrial Production bottomed at 52.8 on July 1 , 1932 and was practically unchanged at 54.3 on March 1 , 1933 ; however by July 1 , 1933 , it had climbed to 85.5 ( with 1935 -- 39 = 100 , and for comparison 2005 = 1,342 ) . New Deal impact ( edit ) A 2017 review of the published scholarship summarized the findings of researchers as follows : The studies find that public works and relief spending had state income multipliers of around one , increased consumption activity , attracted internal migration , reduced crime rates , and lowered several types of mortality . The farm programs typically aided large farm owners but eliminated opportunities for share croppers , tenants , and farm workers . The Home Owners ' Loan Corporation 's purchases and refinancing of troubled mortgages staved off drops in housing prices and home ownership rates at relatively low ex post cost to taxpayers . The Reconstruction Finance Corporation 's loans to banks and railroads appear to have had little positive impact , although the banks were aided when the RFC took ownership stakes . Wartime output and controls : 1940 -- 1945 ( edit ) Women making aluminum shells for the war in 1942 Unemployment dropped to 2 % , relief programs largely ended , and the industrial economy grew rapidly to new heights as millions of people moved to new jobs in war centers , and 16 million men and 300,000 women were drafted or volunteered for military service . All economic sectors grew during the war . Farm output went from an index ( by volume ) of 106 in 1939 to 128 in 1943 . Coal output went from 446 million tons in 1939 to 651 in 1943 ; oil from 1.3 billion barrels to 1.5 billion . Manufacturing output doubled , from a volume index of 109 in 1939 to 239 in 1943 . Railroads strained to move it all to market , going from an output of 13.6 billion loaded car miles in 1939 to 23.3 in 1943 . The War Production Board coordinated the nation 's productive capabilities so that military priorities would be met . Converted consumer - products plants filled many military orders . Automakers built tanks and aircraft , for example , making the United States the `` arsenal of democracy '' . In an effort to prevent rising national income and scarce consumer products from causing inflation , the newly created Office of Price Administration rationed and set prices for consumer items ranging from sugar to meat , clothing and gasoline , and otherwise tried to restrain price increases . It also set rent in war centers . Six million women took jobs in manufacturing and production ; most were newly created temporary jobs in munitions . Some were replacing men away in the military . These working women were symbolized by the fictional character of Rosie the Riveter . After the war many women returned to household work as men returned from military service . The nation turned to the suburbs , as a pent - up demand for new housing was finally unleashed . Household gas , water , electricity , sanitation , heating , refrigeration ( edit ) By 1940 nearly 100 % of urban homes had electricity , 80 % had indoor flush toilets , 73 % had gas heating or cooking , 58 % central heating , 56 % had mechanical refrigerators . Postwar prosperity : 1945 -- 1973 ( edit ) Further information : Post -- World War II economic expansion The period from the end of World War II to the early 1970s was a golden era of economic growth . $200 billion in war bonds matured , and the G.I. Bill financed a well - educated work force . The middle class swelled , as did GDP and productivity . This growth was distributed fairly evenly across the economic classes , which some attribute to the strength of labor unions in this period -- labor union membership peaked historically in the U.S. during the 1950s , in the midst of this massive economic growth . Much of the growth came from the movement of low income farm workers into better paying jobs in the towns and cities -- a process largely completed by 1960 . Congress created the Council of Economic Advisors , to promote high employment , high profits and low inflation . The Eisenhower administration ( 1953 -- 1961 ) supported an activist contracyclical approach that helped to establish Keynesianism as a bipartisan economic policy for the nation . Especially important in formulating the CEA response to the recession -- accelerating public works programs , easing credit , and reducing taxes -- were Arthur F. Burns and Neil H. Jacoby . `` '' I am now a Keynesian in economics `` , proclaimed Republican President Richard Nixon in 1969 . Although this period brought economic expansion to the country as a whole , it was not recession proof . The recessions of 1945 , 1949 , 1953 , 1958 , and 1960 saw a drastic decline in GDP . The `` Baby Boom '' saw a dramatic increase in fertility in the period 1942 -- 1957 ; it was caused by delayed marriages and childbearing during depression years , a surge in prosperity , a demand for suburban single - family homes ( as opposed to inner city apartments ) and new optimism about the future . The boom crested about 1957 , then slowly declined . Agriculture ( edit ) Farm machinery , fertilizer and high yield seed varieties ( edit ) Ammonia from plants built during World War II to make explosives became available for making fertilizers , leading to a permanent decline in real fertilizer prices . The early 1950s was the peak period for tractor sales in the U.S. as the few remaining horses and mules were phased out . The horsepower of farm machinery underwent a large expansion . A successful cotton picking machine was introduced in 1949 . The machine could do the work of 50 men picking by hand . Research on plant breeding produced varieties of grain crops that could produce high yields with heavy fertilizer input . This resulted in the Green revolution , beginning in the 1940s . By the century 's end yields of corn ( maize ) rose by a factor of over four . Wheat and soybean yields also rose significantly . Government policies ( edit ) Main article : United States farm bill The New Deal era farm programs were continued into the 1940s and 1950s , with the goal of supporting the prices received by farmers . Typical programs involved farm loans , commodity subsidies , and price supports . The rapid decline in the farm population led to a smaller voice in Congress . So the well - organized Farm Bureau and other lobbyists , worked in the 1970s to appeal to urban Congressman through food stamp programs for the poor . By 2000 , the food stamp program was the largest component of the farm bill . In 2010 , the Tea Party movement brought in many Republicans committed to cutting all federal subsidies , including those agriculture . Meanwhile , urban Democrats strongly opposed reductions , pointing to the severe hardships caused by the 2008 - 10 economic recession . The Agricultural Act of 2014 saw many rural Republican Congressman voting against the program despite its support from farmers ; it passed with urban support . Aircraft and air transportation industries ( edit ) Air transport was a major beneficiary of the war . The United States was the leading producer of combat aircraft during World War II and had a large surplus of machine tools and manufacturing facilities for airplanes at the end of the war . There were also experienced airplane manufacturing and maintenance personnel . Additionally , radar had been developed just before the war . The aircraft industry had the highest productivity growth of any major industry , growing by 8.9 % per year from 1929 - 1966 . Housing ( edit ) Very little housing had been built during the Great Depression and World War , except for emergency quarters near war industries . Overcrowded and inadequate apartments was the common condition . Some suburbs had developed around large cities where there was rail transportation to the jobs downtown . However , the real growth in suburbia depended on the availability of automobiles , highways , and inexpensive housing . The population had grown , and the stock of family savings had accumulated the money for down payments , automobiles and appliances . The product was a great housing boom . Whereas an average of 316,000 new housing non-farm units had been constructed from the 1930s through 1945 , there were 1,450,000 units built annually from 1946 through 1955 . The G.I. Bill guaranteed low cost loans for veterans , with very low down payments , and low interest rates . With 16 million eligible veterans , the opportunity to buy a house was suddenly at hand . In 1947 alone , 540,000 veterans bought one ; their average price was $7300 . The construction industry kept prices low by standardization -- for example standardizing sizes for kitchen cabinets , refrigerators and stoves , allowed for mass production of kitchen furnishings . Developers purchased empty land just outside the city , installed tract houses based on a handful of designs , and provided streets and utilities , or local public officials race to build schools . The most famous development was Levittown , in Long Island just east of New York City . It offered a new house for $1000 down , and $70 a month ; it featured three bedrooms , fireplace , gas range and gas furnace , and a landscaped lot of 75 by 100 feet , all for a total price of $10,000 . Veterans could get one with a much lower down payment . Interstate Highway system ( edit ) Construction of the Interstate Highway System began in 1956 . Computer technology ( edit ) Main article : Computer Mainframe business computer systems were introduced in the 1950s following the manufacture of transistors . Mainframe computers were in widespread use by the 1960s . These computers handled a variety of accounting , billing an payroll applications . One highly significant application was the Sabre airline reservations system , which first went into operation in 1960 . With Sabre reservations could be placed remotely using teleprinters and all functions were done automatically , including ticket printing . This eliminated manually handling file cards . Fiscal policy ( edit ) Federal taxes on incomes , profits and payrolls had risen to high levels during World War II and had been cut back only slowly ; the highest rates for individuals reached the 90 % level . Congress cut tax rates in 1964 . President Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 69 ) dreamed of creating a `` Great Society '' , and began many new social programs to that end , such as Medicaid and Medicare . Military and space spending ( edit ) After the Cold War began in 1947 , and especially after the Korean War began in 1950 , the government adopted a strategy in NSC 68 military spending . Economists examined how much this `` military Keynesianism '' stimulated the economy . President Eisenhower feared that excessive military spending would damage the economy , so he downsized the Army after Korea and shifted priorities to missiles and nuclear weapons ( which were much less expensive than army divisions ) . He also promoted the Interstate Highway system as necessary for national defense , and made space exploration a priority . His successor John F Kennedy made a manned mission to the moon a national priority . Much of the new spending went to California and the West , a continuation of wartime spending . An even greater impact came in the South , where it stimulated a modernization of the economy away from cotton towards manufacturing and high technology . For example , there were new , large technologically sophisticated installations at the Atomic Energy Commission 's Savannah River Site in South Carolina ; the Redstone Arsenal at Huntsville in Alabama ; nuclear research facilities at Oak Ridge , Tennessee ; and space facilities at Cape Canaveral , Florida , at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston , and at the John C. Stennis Space Center in Mississippi . The Defense Department financed some of private industry 's research and development throughout these decades , most notably ARPANET ( which would become the Internet ) . Late 20th century ( edit ) The US Trade Balance 1980 - 2010 . U.S. Trade Balance ( 1895 -- 2015 ) and Trade Policy Number of countries having a banking crisis in each year since 1800 . This is based on This Time is Different : Eight Centuries of Financial Folly which covers only 70 countries . The general upward trend might be attributed to many factors . One of these is a gradual increase in the percent of people who receive money for their labor . The dramatic feature of this graph is the virtual absence of banking crises during the period of the Bretton Woods agreement , 1945 to 1971 . This analysis is similar to Figure 10.1 in Reinhart and Rogoff ( 2009 ) . For more details see the help file for `` bankingCrises '' in the Ecdat package available from the Comprehensive R Archive Network ( CRAN ) . Post industrial ( service ) economy ( edit ) Manufacturing employment and nominal value added shares of the economy have been in a steady decline since World War II . In the late 1960s manufacturing 's share of both employment and nominal value added was about 26 % , falling to about 11 % and 12 % respectively by the end of the century . Per - capita steel consumption in the U.S. peaked in 1977 , then fell by half before staging a modest recovery to levels well below the peak . Service sector expansion ( edit ) The decline in the relative size of manufacturing coincided with a rise in the size of the service sector . Productivity slowdown ( edit ) Technological innovations of the final third of the 20th century were significant , but were not as powerful as those of the first two - thirds of the century . Manufacturing productivity growth continued at a somewhat slower rate than in earlier decades , but overall productivity was dragged down by the relative increase in size of the government and service sectors . Inflation woes : 1970s ( edit ) The postwar boom ended with a number of events in the early 1970s : the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1971 the growing influx of imported manufacturing goods , such as automobiles and electronics the 1973 oil crisis , productivity growth fell to a low level after 1973 and remained low until the 1990s , the 1973 -- 1974 stock market crash , and the ensuing displacement of Keynesian economics by monetarist economics , especially by the free - market Chicago School of Economics , led by economist Milton Friedman . At the same time , the consensus among experts moved against New - Deal - style regulation , in favor of deregulation . In the late 1960s it was apparent to some that this juggernaut of economic growth was slowing down , and it began to become visibly apparent in the early 1970s . The United States grew increasingly dependent on oil importation from OPEC after peaking production in 1970 , resulting in oil supply shocks in 1973 and 1979 . Stagflation gripped the nation , and the government experimented with wage and price controls under President Nixon . The Bretton Woods Agreement collapsed in 1971 -- 1972 , and President Nixon closed the gold window at the Federal Reserve , taking the United States entirely off the gold standard . President Gerald Ford introduced the slogan , `` Whip Inflation Now '' ( WIN ) . In 1974 , productivity shrunk by 1.5 % , though this soon recovered . In 1976 , Jimmy Carter won the Presidency . Carter would later take much of the blame for the even more turbulent economic times to come , though some say circumstances were outside his control . Inflation continued to climb skyward . Productivity growth was small , when not negative . Interest rates remained high , with the prime reaching 20 % in January 1981 ; Art Buchwald quipped that 1980 would go down in history as the year when it was cheaper to borrow money from the Mafia than the local bank . Unemployment dropped mostly steadily from 1975 to 1979 , although it then began to rise sharply . This period also saw the increased rise of the environmental and consumer movements , and the government established new regulations and regulatory agencies such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration , the Consumer Product Safety Commission , the Nuclear Regulatory Commission , and others . Deregulation and Reaganomics : 1976 -- 1992 ( edit ) Deregulation gained momentum in the mid-1970s , spurred by slow productivity growth and increasing operation and capital costs in several key sectors . It was not until 1978 that the first meaningful deregulation legislation , the Airline Deregulation Act , was cleared by Congress . Transportation deregulation accelerated in 1980 , with the deregulation of railroads and trucking . Deregulation of interstate buses followed in 1982 . In addition to transportation deregulation , savings and loan associations and banks were partially deregulated with the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act in 1980 and the Garn -- St. Germain Depository Institutions Act in 1982 . On a broader front , the economy initially recovered at a brisk pace from the 1973 -- 75 recession . Incoming president Jimmy Carter instituted a large fiscal stimulus package in 1977 in order to boost the economy . However , inflation began a steep rise beginning in late 1978 , and rose by double digits following the 1979 energy crisis . In order to combat inflation , Carter appointed Paul Volcker to the Federal Reserve , who raised interest rates and caused a sharp recession in the first six months of 1980 . In March 1980 , Carter introduced his own policies for reducing inflation , and the Federal Reserve brought down interest rates to cooperate with the initiatives . During the 1980 recession , manufacturing shed 1.1 million jobs , while service industries remained intact . Employment in automotive manufacturing in particular suffered , experiencing a 33 % reduction by the end of the recession . Collectively these factors contributed to the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980 . The Federal Reserve once again began to raise interest rates in 1981 , which plunged the economy back into recession . Unemployment rose to a peak of 10.8 % in December 1982 , a post-war high . In 1981 , Ronald Reagan introduced Reaganomics . That is , fiscally expansive economic policies , cutting marginal federal income tax rates by 25 % . Inflation dropped dramatically from 13.5 % annually in 1980 to just 3 % annually in 1983 due to a short recession and the Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker 's tighter control of the money supply and interest rates . Real GDP began to grow after contracting in 1980 and 1982 . The unemployment rate continued to rise to a peak of 10.8 % by late 1982 , but dropped well under 6 % unemployment at the end of Reagan 's presidency in January 1989 . 20 million jobs were created under Reagan 's presidency -- which were made up of 82 percent high - paying and long - term jobs . From 1982 to 1987 the Dow Jones Industrial Average gained over 1900 points from 776 in 1982 to 2722 in 1987 -- about a 350 % increase . An economic boom took place from 1983 until a recession began in 1990 . Between 1983 and 1989 the number of people below the poverty line decreased by 3.8 million . The boom saw the increasing popularity of electronic appliances like computers , cell phones , music players and video games . Credit cards were a symbol of the boom . The Reagan tax cuts seemed to work and Americans were able to shrug off the crash of 1987 by the beginning of 1988 . The growth ended by 1990 after seven years of stock market growth and prosperity for the upper and middle class . The federal debt spawned by his policies tripled ( from $930 billion in 1981 to $2.6 trillion in 1988 ) , reaching record levels . Though debt almost always increased under every president in the latter half of the 20th century , it declined as a percentage of GDP under all Presidents after 1950 and prior to Reagan . In addition to the fiscal deficits , the U.S. started to have large trade deficits . Also it was during his second term that the Tax Reform Act of 1986 was passed . Vice President George H.W. Bush was elected to succeed Reagan in 1988 . The early Bush Presidency 's economic policies were sometimes seen as a continuation of Reagan 's policies , but in the early 1990s , Bush went back on a promise and increased taxes in a compromise with Congressional Democrats . He ended his presidency on a moderate note , signing regulatory bills such as the Americans With Disabilities Act , and negotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement . In 1992 , Bush and third - party candidate Ross Perot lost to Democrat Bill Clinton . The advent of deindustrialization in the late 1960s and early 1970s saw income inequality increase dramatically to levels never seen before . But at the same time , most orthodox economists , and most policy makers , pointed to the fact that consumers could buy so many goods , even with the inflation of the 1970s , as evidence that the general shift away from manufacturing and into services was creating widespread prosperity . In 1968 , the U.S. Gini coefficient was 0.386 . In 2005 , the American Gini coefficient had reached 0.469 . Critics of economic policies favored by Republican and Democratic administrations since the 1960s , particularly those expanding `` free trade '' and `` open markets '' ( see Neoliberalism ) say that these policies , though benefiting trading as well as the cost of products in the U.S. , could have taken their own on the prosperity of the America middle - class . But in this period , consumers were buying as never before with so many products and goods at such low costs and in high quantities . Critics however argued that this consumer behavior was giving a false reading of the health of the economy , because it was being paid for by taking on rapidly increasing levels of indebtedness , thus covering up the stagnating wages and earnings of most of the workforce . The rise of globalization : 1990s -- late 2000s ( edit ) Main article : New economy This graph shows three major stock indices since 1975 . Notice the meteoric rise of the stock market in the 1990s , followed by the collapse of the dot - com bubble in 2000 on the tech - heavy NASDAQ . During the 1990s , government debt increased by 75 % , GDP rose by 69 % , and the stock market as measured by the S&P 500 grew more than threefold . From 1994 to 2000 real output increased , inflation was manageable and unemployment dropped to below 5 % , resulting in a soaring stock market known as the dot - com boom . The second half of the 1990s was characterized by well - publicized initial public offerings of high - tech and `` dot - com '' companies . By 2000 , however , it was evident a bubble in stock valuations had occurred , such that beginning in March 2000 , the market would give back some 50 % to 75 % of the growth of the 1990s . The economy worsened in 2001 with output increasing only 0.3 % and unemployment and business failures rising substantially , and triggering a recession that is often blamed on the September 11 attacks . An additional factor in the fall of the US markets and in investor confidence included numerous corporate scandals . From 2001 - 07 , the red - hot housing market across the United States fueled a false sense of security regarding the strength of the U.S. economy . The 21st century ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( November 2017 ) Main article : Economy of the United States Great recession ( edit ) Further information : Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 and Automotive industry crisis of 2008 -- 10 In 2008 , a series of related economic disasters hit the American and European financial systems . The bursting of a worldwide bubble in housing set the recession in motion . The end of housing bubbles in California , Florida and Arizona led to the collapse of housing prices and the shrinkage of construction sector . Millions of mortgages ( averaging about $200,000 each ) had been bundled into securities called collateralized debt obligations that were resold worldwide . Many banks and hedge funds had borrowed hundreds of billions of dollars to buy these securities , which were now `` toxic '' because their value was unknown and no one wanted to buy them . A series of the largest banks in the U.S. and Europe collapsed ; some went bankrupt , such as Lehman Brothers with $690 billion in assets ; others such as the leading insurance company AIG , the leading bank Citigroup , and the two largest mortgage companies were bailed out by the government . Congress voted $700 billion in bailout money , and the Treasury and Federal Reserve committed trillions of dollars to shoring up the financial system , but the measures did not reverse the declines . Banks drastically tightened their lending policies , despite infusions of federal money . The government for the first time took major ownership positions in the largest banks . The stock market plunged 40 % , wiping out tens of trillions of dollars in wealth ; housing prices fell 20 % nationwide wiping out trillions more . By late 2008 distress was spreading beyond the financial and housing sectors , especially as the `` Big Three '' of the automobile industry ( General Motors , Ford and Chrysler ) were on the verge of bankruptcy , and the retail sector showed major weaknesses . Critics of the $700 billion Troubled Assets Relief Program ( TARP ) expressed anger that much of the TARP money that has been distributed to banks is seemingly unaccounted for , with banks being secretive on the issue . Percent of US civilian working age population employed , 1995 -- 2012 President Barack Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 in February 2009 ; the bill provides $787 billion in stimulus through a combination of spending and tax cuts . The plan is largely based on the Keynesian theory that government spending should offset the fall in private spending during an economic downturn ; otherwise the fall in private spending may perpetuate itself and productive resources , such as the labor hours of the unemployed , will be wasted . Critics claim that government spending can not offset a fall in private spending because government must borrow money from the private sector in order to add money to it . However , most economists do not think such `` crowding out '' is an issue when interest rates are near zero and the economy is stagnant . Opponents of the stimulus also point to problems of possible future inflation and government debt caused by such a large expenditure . In the U.S. , jobs paying between $14 and $21 per hour made up about 60 % those lost during the recession , but such mid-wage jobs have comprised only about 27 % of jobs gained during the recovery through mid-2012 . In contrast , lower - paying jobs constituted about 58 % of the jobs regained . Historical Statistics ( edit ) GDP ( edit ) 1790 -- 2006 GDP ( edit ) United States Annual Economic Data United States Annual Economic Data Year GDP Nominal ( $ billions ) GDP Adjusted ( $ billions ) Population ( millions ) GDP per capita Nominal ( $ ) GDP per capita Adjusted ( $ ) 1790 0.19 3.60 3.929 48 916 1791 0.21 3.82 4.048 52 944 1792 0.22 4.10 4.171 53 983 1793 0.25 4.43 4.297 58 1031 1794 0.31 5.00 4.428 70 1129 1795 0.38 5.31 4.562 83 1164 1796 0.41 5.47 4.700 87 1164 1797 0.41 5.57 4.843 85 1150 1798 0.41 5.80 4.990 82 1162 1799 0.44 6.20 5.141 86 1206 1800 0.48 6.55 5.297 91 1237 1801 0.51 6.87 5.486 93 1252 1802 0.45 7.09 5.679 79 1248 1803 0.48 7.21 5.872 82 1228 1804 0.53 7.49 6.065 87 1235 1805 0.56 7.88 6.258 89 1259 1806 0.61 8.26 6.451 95 1280 1807 0.58 8.27 6.644 87 1245 1808 0.64 8.28 6.838 94 1211 1809 0.68 8.92 7.031 97 1269 1810 0.70 9.40 7.224 97 1301 1811 0.76 9.82 7.460 102 1316 1812 0.78 10.2 7.700 101 1326 1813 0.96 10.8 7.939 121 1358 1814 1.06 11.2 8.179 130 1372 1815 0.91 11.3 8.419 108 1342 1816 0.81 11.3 8.659 94 1304 1817 0.76 11.5 8.899 85 1297 1818 0.72 12.0 9.139 79 1308 1819 0.72 12.3 9.379 77 1309 1820 0.70 12.8 9.618 73 1328 1821 0.73 13.4 9.939 73 1351 1822 0.80 14.0 10.268 78 1360 1823 0.75 14.5 10.596 71 1364 1824 0.75 15.3 10.924 69 1400 1825 0.81 16.0 11.252 72 1421 1826 0.86 16.6 11.580 74 1431 1827 0.91 17.1 11.909 76 1433 1828 0.89 17.3 12.237 73 1415 1829 0.92 18.0 12.565 73 1431 1830 1.01 19.5 12.901 78 1518 1831 1.04 21.2 13.321 78 1591 1832 1.12 22.6 13.742 82 1646 1833 1.14 23.3 14.162 80 1647 1834 1.20 23.7 14.582 82 1625 1835 1.32 25.0 15.003 88 1664 1836 1.46 25.7 15.423 95 1667 1837 1.54 26.0 15.843 97 1639 1838 1.58 27.1 16.264 97 1663 1839 1.65 27.8 16.684 99 1666 1840 1.55 27.8 17.123 91 1622 1841 1.63 28.4 17.733 92 1603 1842 1.60 29.4 18.345 87 1600 1843 1.55 30.8 18.957 82 1623 1844 1.69 32.6 19.569 86 1665 1845 1.84 34.6 20.182 91 1715 1846 2.04 37.4 20.794 98 1799 1847 2.39 40.0 21.406 112 1870 1848 2.41 41.4 22.018 109 1881 1849 2.40 42.0 22.631 106 1855 1850 2.56 43.9 23.261 110 1889 1851 2.70 47.5 24.086 112 1972 1852 3.04 53.0 24.911 122 2128 1853 3.28 57.3 25.736 127 2226 1854 3.68 59.3 26.561 139 2232 1855 3.94 61.7 27.386 144 2254 1856 4.00 64.1 28.212 142 2270 1857 4.13 64.4 29.037 142 2218 1858 4.05 67.1 29.862 136 2247 1859 4.38 72.0 30.687 143 2346 1860 4.32 72.3 31.513 137 2296 1861 4.58 73.7 32.351 142 2277 1862 5.76 82.9 33.188 174 2497 1863 7.60 89.3 34.026 223 2624 1864 9.43 90.4 34.863 270 2592 1865 9.86 93.0 35.701 276 2606 1866 8.98 88.8 36.538 246 2430 1867 8.33 90.4 37.376 223 2418 1868 8.14 93.9 38.213 213 2458 1869 7.85 96.6 39.051 201 2473 1870 7.79 100 39.905 195 2509 1871 7.68 105 40.938 188 2573 1872 8.21 113 41.972 196 2683 1873 8.68 123 43.006 202 2824 1874 8.43 124 44.040 191 2815 1875 8.05 123 45.073 179 2726 1876 8.21 128 46.107 178 2781 1877 8.27 132 47.141 175 2804 1878 8.31 139 48.174 172 2894 1879 9.36 157 49.208 190 3188 1880 10.4 170 50.262 206 3379 1881 11.6 191 51.542 226 3708 1882 12.2 201 52.821 231 3800 1883 12.3 206 54.100 227 3808 1884 11.8 203 55.379 212 3667 1885 11.4 201 56.658 202 3552 1886 12.0 218 57.938 208 3764 1887 13.0 234 59.217 219 3944 1888 13.8 249 60.496 227 4108 1889 13.8 258 61.775 224 4169 1890 15.2 284 63.056 240 4502 1891 15.5 287 64.361 240 4459 1892 16.4 301 65.666 250 4590 1893 15.5 284 66.970 231 4242 1894 14.2 271 68.275 208 3972 1895 15.6 300 69.580 224 4313 1896 15.4 294 70.885 218 4153 1897 16.1 307 72.189 223 4256 1898 18.2 344 73.494 248 4685 1899 19.5 365 74.799 261 4884 1900 20.7 376 76.094 272 4943 1901 22.4 397 77.584 289 5112 1902 24.2 417 79.163 305 5261 1903 26.1 429 80.632 323 5317 1904 25.8 414 82.166 314 5034 1905 28.9 459 83.822 344 5480 1906 30.9 475 85.450 362 5564 1907 34.0 492 87.008 391 5649 1908 30.3 439 88.710 342 4949 1909 32.2 468 90.490 356 5169 1910 33.4 473 92.407 362 5116 1911 34.3 488 93.863 366 5200 1912 37.4 511 95.335 392 5359 1913 39.1 531 97.225 403 5462 1914 36.5 490 99.111 368 4948 1915 38.7 504 100.546 385 5011 1916 49.6 574 101.961 487 5626 1917 59.7 560 103.268 578 5418 1918 75.8 610 103.208 735 5910 1919 78.3 615 104.514 749 5883 1920 88.4 609 106.461 830 5721 1921 73.6 595 108.538 678 5483 1922 73.4 628 110.049 667 5708 1923 85.4 711 111.947 763 6350 1924 87.0 733 114.109 762 6422 1925 90.6 750 115.829 782 6475 1926 97.0 799 117.397 826 6806 1927 95.5 807 119.035 803 6777 1928 97.4 816 120.509 808 6771 1929 103.6 865.2 121.767 851 7105 1930 91.2 790.7 123.077 741 6424 1931 76.5 739.9 124.040 617 5965 1932 58.7 643.7 124.840 470 5156 1933 56.4 635.5 125.579 449 5061 1934 66.0 704.2 126.374 522 5572 1935 73.3 766.9 127.250 576 6027 1936 83.8 866.6 128.053 654 6768 1937 91.9 911.1 128.825 713 7072 1938 86.1 879.7 129.825 663 6776 1939 92.2 950.7 130.880 704 7264 1940 101.4 1034.1 131.954 768 7837 1941 126.7 1211.1 133.121 952 9098 1942 161.9 1435.4 133.920 1209 10718 1943 198.6 1670.9 134.245 1479 12447 1944 219.8 1806.5 132.885 1654 13594 1945 223.1 1786.3 132.481 1684 13483 1946 222.3 1589.4 140.054 1587 11348 1947 244.2 1574.5 143.446 1702 10976 1948 269.2 1643.2 146.093 1843 11248 1949 267.3 1634.6 148.665 1798 10995 1950 293.8 1777.3 151.235 1943 11752 1951 339.3 1915.0 153.310 2213 12491 1952 358.3 1988.3 155.687 2301 12771 1953 379.4 2079.5 158.242 2398 13141 1954 380.4 2065.4 161.164 2360 12816 1955 414.8 2212.8 164.308 2525 13467 1956 437.5 2255.8 167.306 2615 13483 1957 461.1 2301.1 170.371 2706 13506 1958 467.2 2279.2 173.320 2696 13150 1959 506.6 2441.3 176.289 2874 13848 1960 526.4 2501.8 179.979 2925 13901 1961 544.7 2560.0 182.992 2977 13990 1962 585.6 2715.2 185.771 3152 14616 1963 617.7 2834.0 188.483 3277 15036 1964 663.6 2998.6 191.141 3472 15688 1965 719.1 3191.1 193.526 3716 16489 1966 787.8 3399.1 195.576 4028 17380 1967 832.6 3484.6 197.457 4217 17647 1968 911.0 3652.7 199.399 4564 18319 1969 984.6 3765.4 201.385 4889 18698 1970 1038.5 3771.9 203.984 5091 18491 1971 1127.1 3898.6 206.827 5449 18850 1972 1238.3 4105.0 209.284 5917 19614 1973 1382.7 4341.5 211.357 6542 20541 1500.0 4319.6 213.342 7031 20247 1638.3 4311.2 215.465 7604 20009 1976 1825.3 4540.9 217.583 8389 20870 1977 2030.9 4750.5 219.760 9241 21617 1978 2294.7 5015.0 222.095 10332 22580 1979 2563.3 5173.4 224.567 11414 23037 1980 2789.5 5161.7 227.225 12276 22716 1981 3128.4 5291.7 229.466 13633 23061 1982 3255.0 5189.3 231.664 14051 22400 3536.7 5423.8 233.792 15128 23199 1984 3933.2 5813.6 235.825 16678 24652 1985 4220.3 6053.7 237.924 17738 25444 1986 4462.8 6263.6 240.133 18585 26084 4739.5 6475.1 242.289 19561 26725 1988 5103.8 6742.7 244.499 20875 27578 5484.4 6981.4 246.819 22220 28286 5803.1 7112.5 249.623 23247 28493 1991 5995.9 7100.5 252.981 23701 28067 6337.7 7336.6 256.514 24707 28601 6657.4 7532.7 259.919 25613 28981 7072.2 7835.5 263.126 26878 29779 1995 7397.7 8031.7 266.278 27782 30163 7816.9 8328.9 269.394 29017 30917 8304.3 8703.5 272.647 30458 31922 1998 8747.0 9066.9 275.854 31709 32868 1999 9268.4 9470.3 279.040 33215 33939 2000 9817.0 9817.0 282.217 34785 34785 10128.0 9890.7 285.226 35509 34677 2002 10469.6 10048.8 288.126 36337 34876 2003 10960.8 10301.0 290.796 37692 35423 11685.9 10675.8 293.638 39797 36357 2005 12433.9 11003.4 296.507 41935 37110 2006 13194.7 11319.4 299.98 44071 37807 Contributions to Percent Change in Real GDP ( 1930 -- 1946 ) , source Bureau of Economic Analysis Contributions to Percent Change in Real GDP ( 1947 -- 1973 ) , source Bureau of Economic Analysis Contributions to Percent Change in Real GDP ( 1974 -- 1990 ) , source Bureau of Economic Analysis Contributions to Percent Change in Real GDP ( 1991 -- 2008 ) , source Bureau of Economic Analysis GDP per capita growth . Real GDP per capita in the United States Historical growth of the US economy from 1961 - 2015 GDP per person in the United States US Gross Private Domestic Investment and Corporate Profits After Tax as shares of Gross Domestic Product US share of world GDP ( % ) since 1980 . US share of world GDP ( nominal ) peaked in 1985 with 32.74 % of global GDP ( nominal ) . The second highest share was 32.24 % in 2001 . US share of world GDP ( PPP ) peaked in 1999 with 23.78 % of global GDP ( PPP ) . The share has been declining each year since then . U.S. in global economy Employment ( edit ) Main article : Unemployment in the United States The Percentage of the US working age population employed , 1995 -- 2012 . Official U.S. unemployment rate , 1950 -- 2005 United States mean duration of unemployment 1948 -- 2010 . Average annual hours worked All employees , private industries , by branches Manufacturing ( edit ) Main articles : Manufacturing in the United States and Economy of the United States by sector U.S. manufacturing employment Wealth and income ( edit ) Main articles : Income in the United States and Wealth in the United States See also : Personal income in the United States , Household income in the United States , Income inequality in the United States , Affluence in the United States , and United States counties by per capita income U.S. Change in real income versus selected goods and services v1 Real compensation per hour in the US . Does not include non-cash compensation . ( 1947 -- 2013 ) . Real GDP , Real Wages and Trade Policy in the U.S. ( 1947 -- 2014 ) Real wages do not include non-cash compensation . Historical graph of real wages in the US from 1964 to 2005 . Productivity ( edit ) `` The share of national income going to employees is at approximately the same level now as it was in 1970 . '' `` Much of the apparent divergence between pay and productivity stems from using different surveys and formulas to calculate inflation . '' Productivity and real median family income growth , 1947 -- 2009 . Does not reflect change in family caused by rise in single mother households or non cash compensation . U.S. Productivity , Real Hourly Compensation and Trade Policy ( 1948 - 2013 ) Inequality ( edit ) Main articles : Income inequality in the United States and Poverty in the United States Top income inequality in the United States and France Top 1 % fiscal income share Gini Coefficient for Household Income ( 1967 -- 2007 ) , source United States Chamber of Commerce U.S. Income Shares of Top 1 % and 0.1 % 1913 - 2013 Income inequality panel - v1 Health spending ( edit ) Main article : Health care in the United States Life expectancy compared to healthcare spending from 1970 to 2008 , in the US and the next 19 most wealthy countries by total GDP . Health spending as a share of GDP International Comparison - Healthcare spending as % GDP Tariff Rates ( edit ) Main articles : List of tariffs in the United States , Tariffs in United States history , and Protectionism in the United States Average Tariff Rates in USA ( 1821 - 2016 ) Average tariff rates ( France , UK , US ) Average Tariff Rates for Selected Countries ( 1913 - 2007 ) Average Tariff Rates on manufactured products Trade Balance ( edit ) Main article : Foreign trade of the United States U.S. Trade Balance and Trade Policy ( 1895 -- 2015 ) Imports vs exports & net imports US Trade Balance 1980 2010 Merchandise exports ( 1870 - 1992 ) Inflation ( edit ) United States historical inflation rate , 1666 -- 2004 . U.S. federal tax ( edit ) Main article : Taxation in the United States U.S. federal effective tax rates by income percentile and component as projected for 2014 by the Tax Policy Center . CBO estimates of historical effective federal tax rates broken down by income level . Government spending ( edit ) Main article : United States federal budget Federal , state , and local government spending as a % of GDP history Revenue and Expense as % GDP . Debt ( edit ) Main article : United States public debt Assets of the United States as a fraction of GDP 1960 -- 2008 Liabilities of the United States as a fraction of GDP 1960 -- 2009 Development of US federal government debt ceiling from 1990 to January 2012 . Deficit and debt increases 2001 -- 2016 . U.S. public net debt and the total public debt Deficit ( edit ) Annual federal deficit as a percent of GDP `` Twin deficit '' ( 1960 -- 2006 ) See also ( edit ) Credit in the Thirteen Colonies History of agriculture in the United States History of banking in the United States History of coal mining in the United States List of regions by past GDP ( PPP ) Productivity improving technologies ( historical ) Wall Street 's history Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Perkins 1988 Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( March 1995 ) . `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 1 ) : 144 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700040602 . JSTOR 2123771 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . There is an overwhelming consensus that Americans ' economic standard of living on the eve of the Revolution was among the highest in the world . Jump up ^ Perkins 1988 , pp. 1 Jump up ^ Perkins 1988 , pp. 1 -- 5 Jump up ^ Perkins 1988 , pp. x ^ Jump up to : Perkins 1988 Jump up ^ Perkins 1988 , pp. 31 Jump up ^ Perkins 1988 , pp. 24 , 28 Jump up ^ Atack , Jeremy ; Passell , Peter ( 1994 ) . A New Economic View of American History . New York : W.W. Norton and Co. p. 36 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 96315 - 2 . Jump up ^ Atack & Passell 1994 , pp. 36 ^ Jump up to : Atack & Passell 1994 Jump up ^ Landes , David . S. ( 1969 ) . The Unbound Prometheus : Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present . Cambridge , New York : Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge . pp. 89 -- 92 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6 . Jump up ^ Atack & Passell 1994 , pp. 55 Jump up ^ Taylor , George Rogers ( 1969 ) . The Transportation Revolution , 1815 - 1860 . p. 56 . ISBN 978 - 0873321013 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Edwin J. ( 1988 ) . The Economy of Colonial America ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Columbia University Press . Jump up ^ Jack P. Greene and J.R. Pole , eds. , A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) chapter 7 Jump up ^ Margaret Alan Newell , `` The Birth of New England in the Atlantic Economy : From its Beginning to 1770 , '' in Peter Temin , ed. , Engines of Enterprise : An Economic History of New England ( Harvard UP , 2000 ) , pp. 11 -- 68 , esp . p. 41 Jump up ^ Gloria L. Main and Jackson T. Main , `` The Red Queen in New England ? '' , William and Mary Quarterly ( 1999 ) 56 # 1 pp 121 -- 50 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Bruce C. Daniels , `` Economic Development in Colonial and Revolutionary Connecticut : An Overview , '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1980 ) 37 # 3 pp. 429 - 450 in JSTOR Jump up ^ P. Bradley Nutting , `` Colonial Connecticut 's Search for a Staple : A Mercantile Paradox , '' New England Journal of History ( 2000 ) 57 # 1 pp 58 - 69 . Jump up ^ Freeman W. Meyer , `` The Evolution of the Interpretation of Economic Life in Colonial Connecticut , '' Connecticut History ( 1985 ) 26 # 1 pp 33 - 43 . Jump up ^ Carl Bridenbaugh , Cities in the Wilderness - The First Century of Urban Life in America 1625 - 1742 ( 1938 ) online edition Jump up ^ Carl Bridenbaugh , Cities in Revolt : Urban Life in America , 1743 - 1776 ( 1955 ) , pp 147 , 332 Jump up ^ Benjamin L. Carp , `` Cities in review , '' Common - Place ( July 2003 ) 3 # 4 online Archived March 15 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Seth Rockman , `` Work in the Cities of Colonial British North America , '' Journal of Urban History ( 2007 ) 33 # 6 pp 1021 - 1032 Jump up ^ Seth Rockman , `` Class and the History of Working People in the Early Republic . '' Journal of the Early Republic ( 2005 ) 25 # 4 pp : 527 - 535 . online Jump up ^ Peter Wood , Origins of American Slavery ( 1997 ) , pp. 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Walter J. Fraser , Charleston ! Charleston ! : The History of a Southern City ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Benjamin L. Carp , Rebels Rising : Cities and the American Revolution ( 2007 ) online edition Jump up ^ Gary B. Nash , The Urban Crucible : The Northern Seaports and the Origins of the American Revolution ( 2nd ed. 1986 ) pp 240 - 47 ; the first edition of 1979 was entitled Urban Crucible : Social Change , Political Consciousness , and the Origins of the American Revolution Jump up ^ Schweikart , Larry ; Allen , Michael ( 2004 ) . A Patriot 's History of the United States . USA : Sentinel , member of Penguin Group . pp. 12 -- 17 . ISBN 1595230017 . Jump up ^ Perkins 1988 , pp. 26 Jump up ^ Perkins 1988 , pp. 13 Jump up ^ Edmund Morgan , and Helen M. Morgan , The Stamp Act Crisis : Prologue to Revolution ( 1953 ) . Jump up ^ John Phillip Reid , `` ' In Our Contracted Sphere ' : The Constitutional Contract , the Stamp Act Crisis , and the Coming of the American Revolution , '' Columbia Law Review 76 # 1 pp. 21 - 47 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Larry Sawers , `` The Navigation Acts Revisited . '' Economic History Review ( 1992 ) 45 # 2 pp : 262 - 284 . online Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( March 1995 ) . `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 1 ) : 140 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700040602 . JSTOR 2123771 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Merrill Jensen , The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole , eds. , A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) chapters 42 , 48 Jump up ^ Paul Kennedy , The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers ( 1987 ) p. 81 , 119 Jump up ^ John Brewer , The sinews of power : war , money , and the English state , 1688 -- 1783 ( 1990 ) p 91 Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettels , The Emergence of a National Economy , 1775 -- 1815 ( 1962 ) pp 23 -- 44 Jump up ^ Charles Rappleye , Robert Morris : Financier of the American Revolution ( 2010 ) pp 225 -- 52 Jump up ^ Oliver Harry Chitwood , A History of Colonial America ( 1961 ) pp 586 -- 589 Jump up ^ Ralph Volney Harlow , `` Aspects of Revolutionary Finance , 1775 -- 1783 '' , American Historical Review Vol. 35 , No. 1 ( Oct. , 1929 ) , pp. 46 -- 68 in JSTOR Jump up ^ E. James Ferguson , The power of the purse : A history of American public finance , 1776 -- 1790 ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Erna Risch , Supplying Washington 's Army ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ E. Wayne Carp , To Starve the Army at Pleasure : Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture , 1775 -- 1783 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettles , The Emergence of a National Economy , 1775 - 1815 ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettels , The Emergence of a National Economy , 1775 -- 1815 ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ Robert A. East , `` The Business Entrepreneur in a Changing Colonial Economy , 1763 - 1795 , '' Journal of Economic History ( May , 1946 ) , Vol. 6 , Supplement pp. 16 - 27 in JSTOR Jump up ^ North 1966 , pp. 34 Jump up ^ Taylor & year - 1969 Jump up ^ Angela Lakwete ( 2005 ) . Inventing the Cotton Gin : Machine and Myth in Antebellum America . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Lewis Cecil Gray , History of agriculture in the southern United States to 1860 ( 2 vol 1933 ) Jump up ^ Thomson , Ross ( 2009 ) . Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age : Technological Invention in the United States 1790 - 1865 . Baltimore , MD : The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9141 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bray Hammond , Banks and Politics in America , from the Revolution to the Civil War ( 1957 ) . Jump up ^ Larry Schweikart , ed . Banking and Finance to 1913 ( 1990 ) , an encyclopedia with short articles by experts , ^ Jump up to : Taylor 1969 , pp. 126 Jump up ^ Taylor , George Rogers ( 1969 ) . The Transportation Revolution , 1815 -- 1860 . ISBN 978 - 0873321013 . Jump up ^ Lind , Michael ( 1997 ) . Hamilton 's Republic : Readings in the American Democratic Nationalist Tradition . Jump up ^ Boritt , Gabor S. ( 1994 ) . Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream . Jump up ^ Bray Hammond , Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War ( 1958 ) ^ Jump up to : North , Douglas C. ( 1966 ) . The Economic Growth of the United States 1790 - 1860 . New York , London : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0393003468 . Jump up ^ Matthew H. Wahlert , `` Towards Protectionism : An Examination of the Napoleonic Wars , the War of 1812 and America 's Trade Policy '' , New England Journal of History , Fall 2011 , Vol. 68 Issue 1 , pp 4 -- 20 Jump up ^ Carter Goodrich , ed . The Government and the economy , 1783 -- 1861 ( 1967 ) , primary sources and a detailed overview Jump up ^ Bray Hammond , Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War ( 1958 ) ; Taylor , The Transportation Revolution 1815 -- 1860 ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ Bureau of the Census , Historical Statistics of the United States : Colonial Times to 1970 ( 1976 ) series A-1 and A-2 , p 8 Jump up ^ George Rogers Taylor , The transportation revolution , 1815 - 1860 ( 1951 ) pp 15 - 73 . Jump up ^ Richard C. Wade , The urban frontier : pioneer life in early Pittsburgh , Cincinnati , Lexington , Louisville , and St. Louis ( 1959 ) . Jump up ^ Habakkuk , H.J. ( 1962 ) . American and British Technology in the Nineteenth Century . London , U.K. , New York , USA : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521094474 . Jump up ^ Beckert , Sven ( 2014 ) . Empire of Cotton : A Global History . US : Vintage Books Division Penguin Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 71396 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Beckert , Sven ( 2014 ) . Empire of Cotton : A Global History . US : Vintage Books Division Penguin Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 71396 - 5 . Jump up ^ North 1966 Jump up ^ `` 1823 -- First American Macadam Road '' . US Department of Transportation -- Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor 1969 , pp. 133 Jump up ^ Taylor 1969 , pp. 30 Jump up ^ Taylor 1969 , pp. 53 Jump up ^ Atack & Passell 1994 Jump up ^ North 1966 , pp. 146 Jump up ^ Taylor , George Rogers ( 1969 ) . The Transportation Revolution , 1815 - 1860 . ISBN 978 - 0873321013 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Louis C. ( 1985 ) . A History of Industrial Power in the United States , 1730 - 1930 , Vol. 2 : Steam Power . Charlottesville : University Press of Virginia . Jump up ^ Eugene S. Ferguson , Oliver Evans , Inventive Genius of the American Industrial Revolution ( Hagley Museum & Library , 1980 ) . Jump up ^ Thomson 2009 , pp. 32 ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Louis C. ; Bryant , Lynwood ( 1991 ) . A History of Industrial Power in the United States , 1730 -- 1930 , Vol. 3 : The Transmission of Power . Cambridge , Massachusetts : MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 08198 - 9 . Jump up ^ Taylor 1969 Jump up ^ Hunter 1985 , pp. 14 -- 31 ^ Jump up to : Taylor 1969 , pp. 63 Jump up ^ Thomson , Ross ( 2009 ) . Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age : Technological Invention in the United States 1790 - 1865 . Baltimore , MD : The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9141 - 0 . Jump up ^ Atack & Passell 1994 , pp. 429 Jump up ^ Thomson , Ross ( 2009 ) . Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age : Technological Invention in the United States 1790 - 1865 . Baltimore , MD : The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 236 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9141 - 0 . Jump up ^ Taylor 1969 , pp. 46 Jump up ^ Victor Clark , History of manufactures in the United States : 1607 - 1860 . Vol. 1 . ( 1916 ) . online Jump up ^ Chandler 1993 , pp. 51 Jump up ^ David Montgomery , `` The Working Classes of the Pre-Industrial American City , 1780 - 1830 , '' Labor History ( 1968 ) 9 # 1 pp 3 - 22 , esp . p. 4 Jump up ^ Barbara M. Tucker , Samuel Slater and the origins of the American textile industry : 1790 - 1860 ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Chandler 1993 , pp. 57 -- 9 Jump up ^ Kenton Beerman , `` The Beginning of a Revolution : Waltham and the Boston Manufacturing Company . '' The Concord Review ( 1994 ) online . Jump up ^ Peter Temin , `` Product quality and vertical integration in the early cotton textile industry . '' Journal of Economic History ( 1988 ) 48 # 4 pp : 891 - 907 . Jump up ^ Clark , History of Manufacturers 1 : 529 - 77 Jump up ^ George S. Gibb , The Saco - Lowell Shops : Textile Machinery Building in New England , 1813 - 1949 ( 1950 ) . ^ Jump up to : Thomson , Ross ( 1989 ) . The Path to Mechanized Shoe Production in the United States . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0807818671 . Jump up ^ North 1966 , pp. 126 Jump up ^ Rosenberg 1982 , pp. 818 ^ Jump up to : Hounshell , David A. ( 1984 ) , From the American System to Mass Production , 1800 - 1932 : The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States , Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 2975 - 8 , LCCN 83016269 Jump up ^ Merritt Roe Smith , Harpers Ferry Armory and the New Technology : The Challenge of Change ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ David R. Meyer , Networked Machinists : High - Technology Industries in Antebellum America ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Otto Mayr , et al. ( eds . ) , Yankee Enterprise : The Rise of the American System of Manufactures ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Edwin J. Perkins , American public finance and financial services , 1700 - 1815 ( 1994 ) pp 324 - 48 . Complete text line free Jump up ^ Bray Hammond , `` Andrew Jackson 's Battle with the ' Money Power ' '' American Heritage ( June 1956 ) 7 # 4 online Jump up ^ Robert V. Remini , Andrew Jackson and the bank war ( 1967 ) . Jump up ^ Taylor , George Rogers ( 1951 ) . The Transportation Revolution , 1815 - 1860 . New York , Toronto : Rinehart & Co. pp. 133 , 331 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87332 - 101 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Atack , Jeremy ; Passell , Peter ( 1994 ) . A New Economic View of American History . New York : W.W. Norton and Co. p. 102 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 96315 - 2 . Jump up ^ Schweikart , Larry ; Allen , Michael ( 2004 ) . A Patriot 's History of the United States . USA : Sentinel , member of Penguin Group . ISBN 1595230017 . Jump up ^ Robert Whaples , `` Were Andrew Jackson 's Policies ' Good for the Economy ' ? '' Independent Review ( 2014 ) 18 # 4 online Jump up ^ Leonard D. White , The Jeffersonians : A Study in Administrative History 1801 1829 ( 1951 ) pp 118 - 19 , 146 , 216 - 37 , 285 , 419 , 554 Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker et al. eds. ( 2012 ) . The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . pp. 16 -- 17 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) . Jump up ^ Tucker , Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 p. 210 Jump up ^ See tables 5 and 6 , in Paul Studenski and Herman Edward Krooss ( 1963 ) . Financial History of the United States . p. 77 . and p 79 . Jump up ^ Robert V. Remini ( 2008 ) . Andrew Jackson : A Biography . p. 180 . Jump up ^ Jane Ellen Knodell ( 2016 ) . The Second Bank of the United States : `` Central '' Banker in an Era of Nation - building , 1816 -- 1836 . Taylor & Francis . p. 99 . Jump up ^ See `` Inflation Calculator '' Jump up ^ Louis Johnston and Samuel H. Williamson , `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? '' MeasuringWorth , 2018 '' online Jump up ^ Curtis Nettels , The emergence of a national economy : 1775 - 1815 ( 1962 ) pp 335 - 40 . Jump up ^ H.E. Bergquist Jr , `` The Boston Manufacturing Company and Anglo - American Relations 1807 -- 1820 . '' Business History 15.1 ( 1973 ) : 45 - 55 . 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Jump up ^ Larry Haeg , Harriman vs. Hill : Wall Street 's Great Railroad War ( University of Minnesota Press , 2013 ) p 7 Jump up ^ Landes 1969 , pp. 88 Jump up ^ Hunter 1985 , pp. 40 -- 405 Jump up ^ North 1966 Jump up ^ Hunter 1985 , pp. 415 Jump up ^ Hunter 1985 , pp. 403 -- 21 Jump up ^ Gordon , Robert B ( 1996 ) . American Iron 1607 - 1900 . Baltimore and London : Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 45 , 48 -- 53 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6816 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hunter 1985 , pp. 400 Jump up ^ Roe , Joseph Wickham ( 1916 ) , English and American Tool Builders , New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press , LCCN 16011753 . Reprinted by McGraw - Hill , New York and London , 1926 ( LCCN 27 - 24075 ) ; and by Lindsay Publications , Inc. , Bradley , Illinois , ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 917914 - 73 - 7 ). Report of the British Commissioners to the New York Industrial Exhibition , London 1854 Jump up ^ Roe , Joseph Wickham ( 1916 ) , English and American Tool Builders , New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press , LCCN 16011753 . Reprinted by McGraw - Hill , New York and London , 1926 ( LCCN 27 - 24075 ) ; and by Lindsay Publications , Inc. , Bradley , Illinois , ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 917914 - 73 - 7 ) . Jump up ^ Beckert , Sven ( 2014 ) . Empire of Cotton : A Global History . US : Vintage Books Division Penguin Random House . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 71396 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hunter 1985 , pp. 69 , 73 Jump up ^ Hunter 1985 , pp. 30 Jump up ^ Taylor 1969 , pp. 62 Jump up ^ Cowan , Ruth Schwartz ( 1997 ) , A Social History of American Technology , New York : Oxford University Press , p. 108 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 504605 - 6 Jump up ^ Taylor 1969 , pp. 118 ^ Jump up to : Chandler 1993 ^ Jump up to : Atack & Passell 1994 , pp. 469 ^ Jump up to : Walter Licht , Industrializing America : The Nineteenth Century ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Atack & Passell 1994 , pp. 136 Jump up ^ Beckert , Sven ( 2014 ) . Empire of Cotton : A Global History . US : Vintage Books Division Penguin Random House . p. 243 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 71396 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Huston , James L ( 1986 ) . The Panic of 1857 and the Coming of the Civil War . Baton Rouge , LA : LSU Press . Jump up ^ Fite , Social and industrial conditions in the North during the Civil War , ( 1910 ) pp 1 -- 23 ; Paludan , A People 's Contest '' pp 159 -- 69 Jump up ^ Paul W. Gates , Agriculture and the Civil War ( 1965 ) covers 1850 -- 1870 Jump up ^ Edward C. Kendall , John Deere 's steel plow ( Smithsonian Institution , 1959 ) Jump up ^ Neil Dahlstrom and Jeremy Dahlstrom , The John Deere Story : A Biography of Plowmakers John & Charles Deere ( Northern Illinois University Press , 2005 ) Jump up ^ Atack & Passell 1994 , pp. 282 Jump up ^ Clark , Gregory ( 2007 ) . A Farewell to Alms : A Brief Economic History of the World . Princeton University Press . p. 286 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12135 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grain Harvesting History '' ( PDF ) . Shenandoah Valley Agricultural Research and Extension Center . Jump up ^ J.L. Anderson , `` The Vacant Chair on the Farm : Soldier Husbands , Farm Wives , and the Iowa Home Front , 1861 -- 1865 '' , Annals of Iowa , Summer / Fall 2007 , Vol. 66 Issue 3 / 4 , pp. 241 -- 265 Jump up ^ Fred A. Shannon , The Farmer 's Last Frontier : Agriculture , 1860 -- 1897 ( 1945 ) Jump up ^ Atack & Passell 1994 , pp. 307 Jump up ^ Atack & Passell 1994 , pp. 336 Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Banks ( April 2013 ) . `` A Brief History of U.S. Paper Currency '' . Federal Reserve Banks . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Huston 1986 Jump up ^ Huston 1986 , pp. 3 Jump up ^ North 1966 , pp. 209 Jump up ^ Huston 1986 , pp. 5 Jump up ^ Gavin Wright , Old South , New South : Revolutions in the Southern Economy since the Civil War ( 1986 ) ; Roger Ransom , Conflict and Compromise : The Political Economy of Slavery , Emancipation and the American Civil War ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Guelzo , Allen C. ( 1999 ) . Abraham Lincoln : Redeemer President . Grand Rapids , Mich. : W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3872 - 3 . Jump up ^ Jane Flaherty , `` ' The Exhausted Condition of the Treasury ' on the Eve of the Civil War '' , Civil War History , Volume 55 , Number 2 , June 2009 , pp. 244 -- 277 in Project MUSE Jump up ^ John Niven , Salmon P. Chase : a biography ( 1995 ) p. 331 Jump up ^ Jane Flaherty , The revenue imperative ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Jerry W. Markham , A financial history of the United States ( 2001 ) vol 3 p 220 Jump up ^ Bray Hammond , Sovereignty and the Empty Purse : Banks and Politics in the Civil War ( 1970 ) . Jump up ^ Richardson , 100 , 113 Jump up ^ James L. Huston , `` A Political Response to Industrialism : The Republican Embrace of Protectionist Labor Doctrines '' , Journal of American History , June 1983 , Vol. 70 Issue 1 , pp 35 -- 57 in JSTOR Jump up ^ https://www.archives.gov/research/military/bounty-land-1775-1855.pdf Jump up ^ http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1165 ^ Jump up to : http://faculty.polytechnic.org/gfeldmeth/chart.land.pdf Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer , The American Congress : the building of democracy , p. 288 Jump up ^ The Homestead Act of 1862 ; Archives.gov Jump up ^ US Department of the Interior , National Park Service . `` Homesteading by the Numbers '' , accessed February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ North 1966 , pp. 174The Industry of the United States in Machinery , Manufactures and Useful and Applied Arts , compiled from the Official Reports of Messrs Whitworth and Wallis , London , 1854 . Jump up ^ Emerson David Fite , Social and industrial conditions in the North during the Civil War ( 1910 ) online edition Jump up ^ Heather Cox Richardson ( 1997 ) . The Greatest Nation of the Earth : Republican Economic Policies During the Civil War . Harvard University Press . pp. 9 , 41 , 52 , 111 , 116 , 120 , 182 , 202 . Jump up ^ Ralph Andreano , ed . The Economic Impact of the American Civil War ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ Fareed Zakaria ( 1999 ) . From Wealth to Power : The Unusual Origins of America 's World Role . Princeton UP . p. 46 . Jump up ^ G. Gareth Jones , `` The oil - fuel market in Britain 1900 -- 14 : A lost cause revisited . '' Business History 20 # 2 ( 1978 ) : 131 - 152 . Jump up ^ Andrew Godley , `` Selling the Sewing Machine Around the World : Singer 's International Marketing Strategies , 1850 -- 1920 , '' Enterprise & Society ( 2006 ) 7 # 2 pp. 266 - 314 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Gordon , Robert J. ( 2016 ) . The Rise and Fall of American Growth . Princeton , NJ USA : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14772 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Wells , David A. ( 1891 ) . Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well - Being of Society . New York : D. Appleton and Co . ISBN 0 - 543 - 72474 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Stapleford , Thomas ( 2009 ) . The Cost of Living in America : A Political History of Economic Statistics , 1880 - 2000 . Cambridge University Peess . pp. 69 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg 1982 , pp. 7 Jump up ^ Alfred D. Chandler , Strategy and Structure : Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise ( 1962 ) . pp 25 - 28 ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Louis C. ; Bryant , Lynwood ( 1991 ) . A History of Industrial Power in the United States , 1730 - 1930 , Vol. 3 : The Transmission of Power . Cambridge , Massachusetts , London : MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 08198 - 9 . Jump up ^ McNeil , Ian ( 1990 ) . An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology . London : Routledge . p. 383 . ISBN 0415147921 . ^ Jump up to : Nye , David E. ( 1990 ) . Electrifying America : Social Meanings of a New Technology . Cambridge , MA , USA and London , England : The MIT Press . Jump up ^ Bennett , S. ( 1993 ) . A History of Control Engineering 1930 - 1955 . London : Peter Peregrinus Ltd . On behalf of the Institution of Electrical Engineers . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 86341 - 280 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Jerome , Harry ( 1934 ) . Mechanization in Industry , National Bureau of Economic Research . p. 158 . Jump up ^ Chandler 1993 Jump up ^ Fred A. Shannon , The farmer 's last frontier : agriculture , 1860 - 1897 ( 1945 ) complete text online Archived 2012 - 07 - 10 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Historical Statistics ( 1975 ) p. 437 series K1 - K16 Jump up ^ William Clark , Farms and farmers : the story of American agriculture ( 1970 ) p. 205 Jump up ^ Shannon , Farmer 's Last Frontier : Agriculture , 1860 - 1897 ( 1945 ) , ch 1 Jump up ^ Elwyn B. Robinson , History of North Dakota ( 1982 ) p 203 Jump up ^ D. Sven Nordin , Rich Harvest : A History of the Grange , 1867 -- 1900 ( 1974 ) ^ Jump up to : Yergin , Daniel ( 1992 ) . The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money & Power . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 1012 - 6 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , The Emergence of Modern America , ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ Quentin R. Skrabec Jr. ( 2014 ) . The 100 Most Important American Financial Crises : An Encyclopedia of the Lowest Points in American Economic History . ABC - CLIO . pp. 331 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Skrabec Jr. ( 2014 ) . The 100 Most Important American Financial Crises : An Encyclopedia of the Lowest Points in American Economic History . p. 337 . Jump up ^ Daniel J. Leab , ed . Encyclopedia of American Recessions and Depressions ( 2014 ) pp 227 - 76 Jump up ^ Daniel J. Leab , ed . Encyclopedia of American Recessions and Depressions ( 2014 ) pp 27 - 328 Jump up ^ Wyatt Wells , `` Rhetoric of the standards : The debate over gold and silver in the 1890s , '' Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era ( 2015 ) . 14 # 1 pp 49 - 68 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon 2016 , pp. 216 -- 7 Jump up ^ Melvyn Dubofsky and Foster Rhea Dulles . Labor in America : A History ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Vatter , Harold G. ; Walker , John F. ; Alperovitz , Gar ( 2005 ) . `` The onset and persistence of secular stagnation in the U.S. economy : 1910 - 1990 , Journal of Economic Issues '' . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Robert J. ( 2016 ) . The Rise and Fall of American Growth . Princeton , NJ USA : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14772 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Constable , George ; Somerville , Bob . A Century of Innovation : Twenty Engineering Achievements That Transformed Our Lives . Joseph Henry Press . ISBN 0309089085 . Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav ( 2006 ) . Transforming the Twentieth Century : Technical Innovations and Their Consequences . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Nathan ( 1982 ) . Inside the Black Box : Technology and Economics . Cambridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 27367 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Louis C. ; Bryant , Lynwood ( 1991 ) . A History of Industrial Power in the United States , 1730 - 1930 , Vol. 3 : The Transmission of Power . Cambridge , Massachusetts , London : MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 08198 - 9 . Jump up ^ Warren D. Devine , Jr . `` From Shafts to Wire : Historical Perspective on Electrification '' . 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New York : Oxford University Press . p. 61 . ISBN 0195076176 . Jump up ^ Broadus Mitchell , The Depression Decade : From New Era through New Deal , 1929 -- 1941 ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Source GNP : U.S. Dept of Commerce , National Income and Product Accounts ( 1 ) ; Mitchell 446 , 449 , 451 ; Money supply M2 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Historical Statistics ( 1976 ) series Y457 , Y493 , F32 Jump up ^ Moggridge , Donald Edward ( 1992 ) . Maynard Keynes : An Economist 's Biography . New York : Routledge . p. 582 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 05141 - 5 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ R.W. Hafer , The Federal Reserve System ( Greenwood , 2005 ) p 18 Jump up ^ Ben Bernanke , `` Nonmonetary effects of the financial crisis in the propagation of the Great Depression '' , ( 1983 ) American Economic Review . Am 73 # 3 257 -- 76 . Jump up ^ `` Bottom -- Printout -- TIME '' . Time.com . March 13 , 1933 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Milton Friedman ; Anna Jacobson Schwartz ( 1963 ) . 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A Great Leap Forward : 1930s Depression and U.S. Economic Growth . New Haven , London : Yale University Press . pp. 22 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 15109 - 1 . Jump up ^ White , William J. `` Economic History of Tractors in the United States '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Rifkin , Jeremy ( 1995 ) . The End of Work : The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era . Putnam Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 87477 - 779 - 8 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav ( 2004 ) . Enriching the Earth : Fritz Haber , Carl Bosch , and the Transformation of World Food Production . MIT Press . ISBN 0262693135 . Jump up ^ USDA Statistics Jump up ^ Perdue University Dept . Agronomy Jump up ^ Carl Zulauf and David Orden. `` 80 Years of Farm Bills -- Evolutionary Reform . '' Choices ( 2016 ) online Jump up ^ Christopher Bosso , Framing the Farm Bill : Interests , Ideology , and Agricultural Act of 2014 ( 2017 ) . 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Jump up ^ Total Compensation Reflects Growth in Productivity , National Bureau of Economic Research Jump up ^ When you measure it properly , worker 's compensation is driven by productivity Jump up ^ https://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/economic-synopses/2016/08/12/labor-compensation-and-labor-productivity-recent-recoveries-and-the-long-term-trend/ Jump up ^ Kenworthy , Lane ( July 10 , 2011 ) . `` America 's inefficient health - care system : another look '' . Consider the Evidence ( blog ) . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Effective tax rates : income , payroll , corporate and estate taxes combined '' . Peter G. Peterson Foundation . July 1 , 2013 . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` T13 - 0174 -- Average Effective Federal Tax Rates by Filing Status ; by Expanded Cash Income Percentile , 2014 '' . Tax Policy Center . July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Distribution of Household Income and Federal Taxes , 2010 '' . The US Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) . December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Table 7.3 -- Statutory Limits on Federal Debt : 1940 -- Current '' . Office of Management and Budget . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Atack , Jeremy ; Passell , Peter ( 1994 ) . A New Economic View of American History : From Colonial Times to 1940 . New York : W.W. Norton and Co . ISBN 0 - 393 - 96315 - 2 . 1st edition was Lee , Susan Previant , and Peter Passell . A New Economic View of American History ( 1979 ) online 1st edition Carson , Thomas , ed . Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History ( 1999 ) Chandler , Alfred D . The Visible Hand : The Management Revolution in American Business ( 1993 ) online Clark , Victor S. History of Manufacturers in the United States ( 3 vol. 1929 ) ; comprehensive coverage to the 1920s online Cochran ; Thomas C. 200 Years of American Business . ( 1977 ) online Davis , Lance , Jonathan R.T. Hughes and Duncan M. McDougall . American Economic History : The Development Of A National Economy ( 2012 ) Dubofsky , Melvyn , and Foster Rhea Dulles . Labor in America : A History ( 2004 ) online older edition Engerman , Stanley L. and Robert E. Gallman , eds . The Cambridge Economic History of the United States ( 2000 ) , cover 1790 -- 1914 ; heavily quantitative Engerman , Stanley L. ; Gallman , Robert E. ( 1996 ) . The Cambridge Economic History of the United States : vol 1 : The Colonial Era . Cambridge Up . online Faulkner , Harold U . The Decline of Laissez Faire , 1897 -- 1917 ( 1951 ) , survey of the era Faulkner , Harold U. Economic history of the United States ( 1937 ) online Fite , Emerson David . Social and industrial conditions in the North during the Civil War ( 1910 ) online edition , old but still useful French , Michael . US Economic History since 1945 ( 1997 ) Gordon , John Steele An Empire of Wealth : The Epic History of American Economic Power ( 2004 ) , popular history Gordon , Robert J. ( 2016 ) . The Rise and Fall of American Growth . Princeton , NJ USA : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14772 - 7 . Hughes , Jonathan and Louis P. Cain . American Economic History ( 8th Edition ) ( 2010 ) , textbook Kirkland ; Edward C. Industry Comes of Age : Business , Labor and Public Policy , 1860 -- 1897 ( 1961 ) , survey of era Kirkland ; Edward C. A History of American Economic Life ( 1951 ) , textbook online ; also online McCusker , John J. and Russell R. Menard . The Economy of British America , 1607 - 1789 ( 1991 ) Matson , Cathy , ed . The Economy of Early America : Historical Perspectives and New Directions ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search Meyer , Balthasar Henry , and Caroline Elizabeth MacGill . History of Transportation in the United States before 1860 ( 1917 ) . online Mitchell , Broadus . The Depression Decade : From New Era through New Deal , 1929 -- 1941 ( 1947 ) broad economic history of the era ; online Mokyr , Joel , ed . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History ( 5 vol. 2003 ) , worldwide coverage by experts text search Morris , Charles R. A Rabble of Dead Money : The Great Crash and the Global Depression : 1929 - 1939 ( PublicAffairs , 2017 ) , 389 pp. online review Nettels , Curtis P . The Emergence of a National Economy , 1775 -- 1815 ( 1962 ) broad economic history of the era Nettels , Curtis P. Roots of American Civilization ( 1938 ) , strong on colonial economics online Perkins , Edwin . The Economy of Colonial America ( 1988 ) Porter , Glen . Encyclopedia of American Economic History : Studies of the Principal Movements and Ideas ( 3 vol 1980 ) Rosenberg , Nathan Inside the Black Box : Technology and Economics ( 1982 ) Schmidt , Louis Bernard , and Earle Dudley Ross . Readings in the Economic History of American Agriculture ( 1925 ) , primary sources ; online Sellers , Charles , The Market Revolution : Jacksonian America , 1815 -- 1846 ( 1994 ) online Soule , George . The Prosperity Decade : From War to Depression , 1917 -- 1929 ( 1947 ) broad economic history of decade Studenski , Paul , and Herman Krooss . A Financial History of the United States ( 1952 ) Taylor , George Rogers . The Transportation Revolution 1815 -- 1860 ( 1962 ) broad economic history of the era Temin , Peter . The Jacksonian Economy ( 1969 ) online Walton , Gary M. and Hugh Rockoff . History of the American Economy with Economic Applications ( 2012 ) , textbook Whaples , Robert and Dianne C. Betts , eds . Historical Perspectives on the American Economy : Selected Readings ( 1995 ) articles Woytinsky , W.S. World Population and Production : Trends and Outlook ( 1953 ) . 1268 pp , tables , maps , analysis covering most industrial powers , 1800 -- 1950 ; US is heavily represented Woytinsky , W.S. World commerce and governments : Trends and outlook ( 1955 ) , 907pp References ( edit ) This article contains public domain text from the United States Department of State from `` State.gov '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 30 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Special studies ( edit ) Chandler , Alfred D . The Visible Hand : The Managerial Revolution in American Business ( 1977 ) , business history Chandler , Alfred D. ; Strategy and Structure : Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise ( 1969 ) online Chandler , Alfred D. and James W. Cortada . A Nation Transformed by Information : How Information Has Shaped the United States from Colonial Times to the Present ( 2000 ) online Chernow , Ron . The house of Morgan : an American banking dynasty and the rise of modern finance ( 2001 ) . Folsom , Burt , et al . The Myth of the Robber Barons ( 2010 ) Gaspar , Vitor . `` The making of a continental financial system : Lessons for Europe from early American history . '' Journal of European Integration 37.7 ( 2015 ) : 847 - 859 , summarizes Hamilton 's achievements in Atlantic perspective . Goldin , Claudia Understanding the Gender Gap : An Economic History of American Women ( 1990 ) , quantitative Gordon , Robert . `` U.S. Economic Growth since 1870 : One Big Wave '' , American Economic Review 89 : 2 ( May 1999 ) , 123 -- 28 ; in JSTOR Gordon , Robert . The Rise and Fall of American Growth : The U.S. Standard of Living since the Civil War ( 2016 ) , Comprehensive coverage by leading scholar . Klebaner , Benjamin J. American commercial banking : A history ( Twayne , 1990 ) . online Lindert , Peter H. and Jeffrey G. Williamson . Unequal Gains : American Growth and Inequality since 1700 ( 2016 ) Mason , David L. From buildings and loans to bail - outs : A history of the American savings and loan industry , 1831 -- 1995 ( Cambridge University Press , 2004 ) . Misa , Thomas J. A Nation of Steel : The Making of Modern America , 1865 -- 1925 ( 1995 ) chapter 1 online , on steel industry Morris , Charles R . The Tycoons : How Andrew Carnegie , John D. Rockefeller , Jay Gould , and J.P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy ( 2005 ) Morris , Charles R. A Rabble of Dead Money : The Great Crash and the Global Depression : 1929 - 1939 ( 2017 ) Murphy , Sharon Ann . Other People 's Money : How Banking Worked in the Early American Republic ( 2017 ) online review Ransom , Roger . Conflict and Compromise : The Political Economy of Slavery , Emancipation and the American Civil War ( 1989 ) Schweikart , Larry , ed . Banking and Finance to 1913 ( 1990 ) ; Banking and Finance , 1913 - 1989 ( 2 vol 1990 ) , an encyclopedia with short articles by experts Wright , Gavin . Old South , New South : Revolutions in the Southern Economy since the Civil War ( 1986 ) Wright , Gavin . The Political Economy of the Cotton South : Households , Markets , and Wealth in the Nineteenth Century ( 1978 ) online Wright , Robert E. and David J. Cowen . Financial Founding Fathers : The Men Who Made America Rich , University of Chicago Press , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 91068 - 7 . Yarrow , Andrew L. `` The big postwar story : Abundance and the rise of economic journalism . '' Journalism History 32.2 ( 2006 ) : 58 + online Data ( edit ) Bureau of the Census , Historical Statistics of the United States : Colonial Times to 1970 ( 1976 ) part 1 online ; part 2 online ; volumes 1 and 2 Carter , Susan B. et al. eds . The Historical Statistics of the United States ( 6 vol : Cambridge UP , 2006 ) ; huge compilation of statistical data ; online Council of Economic Advisors , Economic Report of the President ( annual 1947 -- ) , complete series online ; important analysis of current trends and policies , plus statistical tables Bureau of Economic Analysis : Official United States GDP data What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? Annual Observations in Table and Graphical Format for years 1790 to Present . Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of the Finances , 1789 -- 1980 Annual Report of the Comptroller of the Currency , 1863 -- 1980 Annual Report of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System 75 Years of American Finance , a graphic presentation of American financial history from 1861 through 1938 Statistical Abstract of the United States Long Term Economic Growth -- 1860 -- 1965 : A Statistical Compendium Business Booms and Depressions since 1775 , a chart of the past trend of price inflation , federal debt , business , national income , stocks and bond yields for the United States from 1775 to 1943 . Budget of the United States Government External links ( edit ) 594 historic photographs regarding American business and commerce ; these are pre-1923 and out of copyright . 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in the european modern painting who is the initiator of impressionism

The Impressionists faced harsh opposition from the conventional art community in France . The name of the style derives from the title of a Claude Monet work , Impression , soleil levant ( Impression , Sunrise ) , which provoked the critic Louis Leroy to coin the term in a satirical review published in the Parisian newspaper Le Charivari .

Claude Monet

Impressionism

impressionism

Impressionism is a 19th - century art movement characterised by relatively small , thin , yet visible brush strokes , open composition , emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities ( often accentuating the effects of the passage of time ) , ordinary subject matter , inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience , and unusual visual angles . Impressionism originated with a group of Paris - based artists whose independent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s .

The Impressionists faced harsh opposition from the conventional art community in France . The name of the style derives from the title of a Claude Monet work , Impression , soleil levant ( Impression , Sunrise ) , which provoked the critic Louis Leroy to coin the term in a satirical review published in the Parisian newspaper Le Charivari . The development of Impressionism in the visual arts was soon followed by analogous styles in other media that became known as impressionist music and impressionist literature . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Beginnings 3 Impressionist techniques 4 Content and composition 5 Main Impressionists 6 Gallery 7 Timeline : Lives of the Impressionists 8 Associates and influenced artists 9 Beyond France 10 Sculpture , photography and film 11 Music and literature 12 Post-Impressionism 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links Overview ( edit ) Pierre - Auguste Renoir , Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette ( Bal du moulin de la Galette ) , Musée d'Orsay , 1876 Radicals in their time , early Impressionists violated the rules of academic painting . They constructed their pictures from freely brushed colours that took precedence over lines and contours , following the example of painters such as Eugène Delacroix and J.M.W. Turner . They also painted realistic scenes of modern life , and often painted outdoors . Previously , still lifes and portraits as well as landscapes were usually painted in a studio . The Impressionists found that they could capture the momentary and transient effects of sunlight by painting outdoors or en plein air . They portrayed overall visual effects instead of details , and used short `` broken '' brush strokes of mixed and pure unmixed colour -- not blended smoothly or shaded , as was customary -- to achieve an effect of intense colour vibration . Impressionism emerged in France at the same time that a number of other painters , including the Italian artists known as the Macchiaioli , and Winslow Homer in the United States , were also exploring plein - air painting . The Impressionists , however , developed new techniques specific to the style . Encompassing what its adherents argued was a different way of seeing , it is an art of immediacy and movement , of candid poses and compositions , of the play of light expressed in a bright and varied use of colour . The public , at first hostile , gradually came to believe that the Impressionists had captured a fresh and original vision , even if the art critics and art establishment disapproved of the new style . By recreating the sensation in the eye that views the subject , rather than delineating the details of the subject , and by creating a welter of techniques and forms , Impressionism is a precursor of various painting styles , including Neo-Impressionism , Post-Impressionism , Fauvism , and Cubism . Beginnings ( edit ) In the middle of the 19th century -- a time of change , as Emperor Napoleon III rebuilt Paris and waged war -- the Académie des Beaux - Arts dominated French art . The Académie was the preserver of traditional French painting standards of content and style . Historical subjects , religious themes , and portraits were valued ; landscape and still life were not . The Académie preferred carefully finished images that looked realistic when examined closely . Paintings in this style were made up of precise brush strokes carefully blended to hide the artist 's hand in the work . Colour was restrained and often toned down further by the application of a golden varnish . The Académie had an annual , juried art show , the Salon de Paris , and artists whose work was displayed in the show won prizes , garnered commissions , and enhanced their prestige . The standards of the juries represented the values of the Académie , represented by the works of such artists as Jean - Léon Gérôme and Alexandre Cabanel . In the early 1860s , four young painters -- Claude Monet , Pierre - Auguste Renoir , Alfred Sisley , and Frédéric Bazille -- met while studying under the academic artist Charles Gleyre . They discovered that they shared an interest in painting landscape and contemporary life rather than historical or mythological scenes . Following a practice that had become increasingly popular by mid-century , they often ventured into the countryside together to paint in the open air , but not for the purpose of making sketches to be developed into carefully finished works in the studio , as was the usual custom . By painting in sunlight directly from nature , and making bold use of the vivid synthetic pigments that had become available since the beginning of the century , they began to develop a lighter and brighter manner of painting that extended further the Realism of Gustave Courbet and the Barbizon school . A favourite meeting place for the artists was the Café Guerbois on Avenue de Clichy in Paris , where the discussions were often led by Édouard Manet , whom the younger artists greatly admired . They were soon joined by Camille Pissarro , Paul Cézanne , and Armand Guillaumin . Édouard Manet , The Luncheon on the Grass ( Le déjeuner sur l'herbe ) , 1863 During the 1860s , the Salon jury routinely rejected about half of the works submitted by Monet and his friends in favour of works by artists faithful to the approved style . In 1863 , the Salon jury rejected Manet 's The Luncheon on the Grass ( Le déjeuner sur l'herbe ) primarily because it depicted a nude woman with two clothed men at a picnic . While the Salon jury routinely accepted nudes in historical and allegorical paintings , they condemned Manet for placing a realistic nude in a contemporary setting . The jury 's severely worded rejection of Manet 's painting appalled his admirers , and the unusually large number of rejected works that year perturbed many French artists . After Emperor Napoleon III saw the rejected works of 1863 , he decreed that the public be allowed to judge the work themselves , and the Salon des Refusés ( Salon of the Refused ) was organized . While many viewers came only to laugh , the Salon des Refusés drew attention to the existence of a new tendency in art and attracted more visitors than the regular Salon . Alfred Sisley , View of the Saint - Martin Canal , Paris , 1870 , Musée d'Orsay Artists ' petitions requesting a new Salon des Refusés in 1867 , and again in 1872 , were denied . In December 1873 , Monet , Renoir , Pissarro , Sisley , Cézanne , Berthe Morisot , Edgar Degas and several other artists founded the Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres , Sculpteurs , Graveurs ( `` Cooperative and Anonymous Association of Painters , Sculptors , and Engravers '' ) to exhibit their artworks independently . Members of the association were expected to forswear participation in the Salon . The organizers invited a number of other progressive artists to join them in their inaugural exhibition , including the older Eugène Boudin , whose example had first persuaded Monet to adopt plein air painting years before . Another painter who greatly influenced Monet and his friends , Johan Jongkind , declined to participate , as did Édouard Manet . In total , thirty artists participated in their first exhibition , held in April 1874 at the studio of the photographer Nadar . Claude Monet , Haystacks , ( sunset ) , 1890 -- 1891 , Museum of Fine Arts , Boston The critical response was mixed . Monet and Cézanne received the harshest attacks . Critic and humorist Louis Leroy wrote a scathing review in the newspaper Le Charivari in which , making wordplay with the title of Claude Monet 's Impression , Sunrise ( Impression , soleil levant ) , he gave the artists the name by which they became known . Derisively titling his article The Exhibition of the Impressionists , Leroy declared that Monet 's painting was at most , a sketch , and could hardly be termed a finished work . He wrote , in the form of a dialog between viewers , Impression -- I was certain of it . I was just telling myself that , since I was impressed , there had to be some impression in it ... and what freedom , what ease of workmanship ! Wallpaper in its embryonic state is more finished than that seascape . Claude Monet , Woman with a Parasol - Madame Monet and Her Son ( Camille and Jean Monet ) , 1875 , National Gallery of Art , Washington , D.C. The term Impressionist quickly gained favour with the public . It was also accepted by the artists themselves , even though they were a diverse group in style and temperament , unified primarily by their spirit of independence and rebellion . They exhibited together -- albeit with shifting membership -- eight times between 1874 and 1886 . The Impressionists ' style , with its loose , spontaneous brushstrokes , would soon become synonymous with modern life . Monet , Sisley , Morisot , and Pissarro may be considered the `` purest '' Impressionists , in their consistent pursuit of an art of spontaneity , sunlight , and colour . Degas rejected much of this , as he believed in the primacy of drawing over colour and belittled the practice of painting outdoors . Renoir turned away from Impressionism for a time during the 1880s , and never entirely regained his commitment to its ideas . Édouard Manet , although regarded by the Impressionists as their leader , never abandoned his liberal use of black as a colour , and never participated in the Impressionist exhibitions . He continued to submit his works to the Salon , where his painting Spanish Singer had won a 2nd class medal in 1861 , and he urged the others to do likewise , arguing that `` the Salon is the real field of battle '' where a reputation could be made . Camille Pissarro , Boulevard Montmartre , 1897 , the Hermitage , Saint Petersburg Among the artists of the core group ( minus Bazille , who had died in the Franco - Prussian War in 1870 ) , defections occurred as Cézanne , followed later by Renoir , Sisley , and Monet , abstained from the group exhibitions so they could submit their works to the Salon . Disagreements arose from issues such as Guillaumin 's membership in the group , championed by Pissarro and Cézanne against opposition from Monet and Degas , who thought him unworthy . Degas invited Mary Cassatt to display her work in the 1879 exhibition , but also insisted on the inclusion of Jean - François Raffaëlli , Ludovic Lepic , and other realists who did not represent Impressionist practices , causing Monet in 1880 to accuse the Impressionists of `` opening doors to first - come daubers '' . The group divided over invitations to Paul Signac and Georges Seurat to exhibit with them in 1886 . Pissarro was the only artist to show at all eight Impressionist exhibitions . The individual artists achieved few financial rewards from the Impressionist exhibitions , but their art gradually won a degree of public acceptance and support . Their dealer , Durand - Ruel , played a major role in this as he kept their work before the public and arranged shows for them in London and New York . Although Sisley died in poverty in 1899 , Renoir had a great Salon success in 1879 . Monet became secure financially during the early 1880s and so did Pissarro by the early 1890s . By this time the methods of Impressionist painting , in a diluted form , had become commonplace in Salon art . Impressionist techniques ( edit ) Mary Cassatt , Lydia Leaning on Her Arms ( in a theatre box ) , 1879 French painters who prepared the way for Impressionism include the Romantic colourist Eugène Delacroix , the leader of the realists Gustave Courbet , and painters of the Barbizon school such as Théodore Rousseau . The Impressionists learned much from the work of Johan Barthold Jongkind , Jean - Baptiste - Camille Corot and Eugène Boudin , who painted from nature in a direct and spontaneous style that prefigured Impressionism , and who befriended and advised the younger artists . A number of identifiable techniques and working habits contributed to the innovative style of the Impressionists . Although these methods had been used by previous artists -- and are often conspicuous in the work of artists such as Frans Hals , Diego Velázquez , Peter Paul Rubens , John Constable , and J. M. W. Turner -- the Impressionists were the first to use them all together , and with such consistency . These techniques include : Short , thick strokes of paint quickly capture the essence of the subject , rather than its details . The paint is often applied impasto . Colours are applied side - by - side with as little mixing as possible , a technique that exploits the principle of simultaneous contrast to make the colour appear more vivid to the viewer . Grays and dark tones are produced by mixing complementary colours . Pure impressionism avoids the use of black paint . Wet paint is placed into wet paint without waiting for successive applications to dry , producing softer edges and intermingling of colour . Impressionist paintings do not exploit the transparency of thin paint films ( glazes ) , which earlier artists manipulated carefully to produce effects . The impressionist painting surface is typically opaque . The paint is applied to a white or light - coloured ground . Previously , painters often used dark grey or strongly coloured grounds . The play of natural light is emphasized . Close attention is paid to the reflection of colours from object to object . Painters often worked in the evening to produce effets de soir -- the shadowy effects of evening or twilight . In paintings made en plein air ( outdoors ) , shadows are boldly painted with the blue of the sky as it is reflected onto surfaces , giving a sense of freshness previously not represented in painting . ( Blue shadows on snow inspired the technique . ) New technology played a role in the development of the style . Impressionists took advantage of the mid-century introduction of premixed paints in tin tubes ( resembling modern toothpaste tubes ) , which allowed artists to work more spontaneously , both outdoors and indoors . Previously , painters made their own paints individually , by grinding and mixing dry pigment powders with linseed oil , which were then stored in animal bladders . Many vivid synthetic pigments became commercially available to artists for the first time during the 19th century . These included cobalt blue , viridian , cadmium yellow , and synthetic ultramarine blue , all of which were in use by the 1840s , before Impressionism . The Impressionists ' manner of painting made bold use of these pigments , and of even newer colours such as cerulean blue , which became commercially available to artists in the 1860s . The Impressionists ' progress toward a brighter style of painting was gradual . During the 1860s , Monet and Renoir sometimes painted on canvases prepared with the traditional red - brown or grey ground . By the 1870s , Monet , Renoir , and Pissarro usually chose to paint on grounds of a lighter grey or beige colour , which functioned as a middle tone in the finished painting . By the 1880s , some of the Impressionists had come to prefer white or slightly off - white grounds , and no longer allowed the ground colour a significant role in the finished painting . Content and composition ( edit ) Camille Pissarro , Hay Harvest at Éragny , 1901 , National Gallery of Canada , Ottawa , Ontario Prior to the Impressionists , other painters , notably such 17th - century Dutch painters as Jan Steen , had emphasized common subjects , but their methods of composition were traditional . They arranged their compositions so that the main subject commanded the viewer 's attention . The Impressionists relaxed the boundary between subject and background so that the effect of an Impressionist painting often resembles a snapshot , a part of a larger reality captured as if by chance . Photography was gaining popularity , and as cameras became more portable , photographs became more candid . Photography inspired Impressionists to represent momentary action , not only in the fleeting lights of a landscape , but in the day - to - day lives of people . Berthe Morisot , Reading , 1873 , Cleveland Museum of Art The development of Impressionism can be considered partly as a reaction by artists to the challenge presented by photography , which seemed to devalue the artist 's skill in reproducing reality . Both portrait and landscape paintings were deemed somewhat deficient and lacking in truth as photography `` produced lifelike images much more efficiently and reliably '' . In spite of this , photography actually inspired artists to pursue other means of creative expression , and rather than compete with photography to emulate reality , artists focused `` on the one thing they could inevitably do better than the photograph -- by further developing into an art form its very subjectivity in the conception of the image , the very subjectivity that photography eliminated '' . The Impressionists sought to express their perceptions of nature , rather than create exact representations . This allowed artists to depict subjectively what they saw with their `` tacit imperatives of taste and conscience '' . Photography encouraged painters to exploit aspects of the painting medium , like colour , which photography then lacked : `` The Impressionists were the first to consciously offer a subjective alternative to the photograph '' . Claude Monet , Jardin à Sainte - Adresse , 1867 , Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York. , a work showing the influence of Japanese prints Another major influence was Japanese ukiyo - e art prints ( Japonism ) . The art of these prints contributed significantly to the `` snapshot '' angles and unconventional compositions that became characteristic of Impressionism . An example is Monet 's Jardin à Sainte - Adresse , 1867 , with its bold blocks of colour and composition on a strong diagonal slant showing the influence of Japanese prints Edgar Degas was both an avid photographer and a collector of Japanese prints . His The Dance Class ( La classe de danse ) of 1874 shows both influences in its asymmetrical composition . The dancers are seemingly caught off guard in various awkward poses , leaving an expanse of empty floor space in the lower right quadrant . He also captured his dancers in sculpture , such as the Little Dancer of Fourteen Years . Main Impressionists ( edit ) Berthe Morisot , The Harbour at Lorient , 1869 , National Gallery of Art , Washington , D.C. The central figures in the development of Impressionism in France , listed alphabetically , were : Frédéric Bazille ( who only posthumously participated in the Impressionist exhibitions ) ( 1841 -- 1870 ) Gustave Caillebotte ( who , younger than the others , joined forces with them in the mid-1870s ) ( 1848 -- 1894 ) Mary Cassatt ( American - born , she lived in Paris and participated in four Impressionist exhibitions ) ( 1844 -- 1926 ) Paul Cézanne ( although he later broke away from the Impressionists ) ( 1839 -- 1906 ) Edgar Degas ( who despised the term Impressionist ) ( 1834 -- 1917 ) Armand Guillaumin ( 1841 -- 1927 ) Édouard Manet ( who did not participate in any of the Impressionist exhibitions ) ( 1832 -- 1883 ) Claude Monet ( the most prolific of the Impressionists and the one who embodies their aesthetic most obviously ) ( 1840 -- 1926 ) Berthe Morisot ( who participated in all Impressionist exhibitions except in 1879 ) ( 1841 -- 1895 ) Camille Pissarro ( 1830 -- 1903 ) Pierre - Auguste Renoir ( who participated in Impressionist exhibitions in 1874 , 1876 , 1877 and 1882 ) ( 1841 -- 1919 ) Alfred Sisley ( 1839 -- 1899 ) Gallery ( edit ) Frédéric Bazille , Paysage au bord du Lez , 1870 , Minneapolis Institute of Art Alfred Sisley , Bridge at Villeneuve - la - Garenne , 1872 , Metropolitan Museum of Art Berthe Morisot , The Cradle , 1872 , Musée d'Orsay Armand Guillaumin , Sunset at Ivry ( Soleil couchant à Ivry ) , 1873 , Musee d'Orsay Édouard Manet , Boating , 1874 , Metropolitan Museum of Art Alfred Sisley , La Seine au Point du jour , 1877 , Museum of modern art André Malraux - MuMa , Le Havre Édouard Manet , The Plum , 1878 , National Gallery of Art , Washington , D.C. Édouard Manet , A Bar at the Folies - Bergère ( Un Bar aux Folies - Bergère ) , 1882 , Courtauld Institute of Art Edgar Degas , After the Bath , Woman Drying Herself , c. 1884 -- 1886 ( reworked between 1890 and 1900 ) , MuMa , Le Havre Edgar Degas , L'Absinthe , 1876 , Musée d'Orsay , Paris Edgar Degas , Dancer with a Bouquet of Flowers ( Star of the Ballet ) , 1878 Edgar Degas , Woman in the Bath , 1886 , Hill - Stead Museum , Farmington , Connecticut Edgar Degas , Dancers at The Bar , 1888 , The Phillips Collection , Washington , D.C. Gustave Caillebotte , Paris Street , Rainy Day , 1877 , Art Institute of Chicago Pierre - Auguste Renoir , On the Terrace , 1881 , Art Institute of Chicago Pierre - Auguste Renoir , Girl with a Hoop , 1885 Claude Monet , The Cliff at Étretat after the Storm , 1885 , Clark Art Institute , Williamstown , Massachusetts Mary Cassatt , The Child 's Bath ( The Bath ) , 1893 , oil on canvas , Art Institute of Chicago Berthe Morisot , Portrait of Mme Boursier and Her Daughter , c. 1873 , Brooklyn Museum Timeline : Lives of the Impressionists ( edit ) The Impressionists Associates and influenced artists ( edit ) James Abbott McNeill Whistler , Nocturne in Black and Gold : The Falling Rocket , 1874 , Detroit Institute of Arts Among the close associates of the Impressionists were several painters who adopted their methods to some degree . These include Jean - Louis Forain ( who participated in Impressionist exhibitions in 1879 , 1880 , 1881 and 1886 ) and Giuseppe De Nittis , an Italian artist living in Paris who participated in the first Impressionist exhibit at the invitation of Degas , although the other Impressionists disparaged his work . Federico Zandomeneghi was another Italian friend of Degas who showed with the Impressionists . Eva Gonzalès was a follower of Manet who did not exhibit with the group . James Abbott McNeill Whistler was an American - born painter who played a part in Impressionism although he did not join the group and preferred grayed colours . Walter Sickert , an English artist , was initially a follower of Whistler , and later an important disciple of Degas ; he did not exhibit with the Impressionists . In 1904 the artist and writer Wynford Dewhurst wrote the first important study of the French painters published in English , Impressionist Painting : its genesis and development , which did much to popularize Impressionism in Great Britain . By the early 1880s , Impressionist methods were affecting , at least superficially , the art of the Salon . Fashionable painters such as Jean Béraud and Henri Gervex found critical and financial success by brightening their palettes while retaining the smooth finish expected of Salon art . Works by these artists are sometimes casually referred to as Impressionism , despite their remoteness from Impressionist practice . The influence of the French Impressionists lasted long after most of them had died . Artists like J.D. Kirszenbaum were borrowing Impressionist techniques throughout the twentieth century . Beyond France ( edit ) The Girl with Peaches ( 1887 , Tretyakov Gallery ) by Valentin Serov Arthur Streeton 's 1889 landscape Golden Summer , Eaglemont , held at the National Gallery of Australia , is an example of Australian impressionism . Peder Severin Krøyer 's 1888 work Hip , Hip , Hurrah ! , held at the Gothenburg Museum of Art , shows members of the Skagen Painters . As the influence of Impressionism spread beyond France , artists , too numerous to list , became identified as practitioners of the new style . Some of the more important examples are : The American Impressionists , including Mary Cassatt , William Merritt Chase , Frederick Carl Frieseke , Childe Hassam , Willard Metcalf , Lilla Cabot Perry , Theodore Robinson , Edmund Charles Tarbell , John Henry Twachtman , Catherine Wiley and J. Alden Weir . The Australian Impressionists , including Tom Roberts , Arthur Streeton , Walter Withers , Charles Conder and Frederick McCubbin ( who were prominent members of the Heidelberg School ) , and John Peter Russell , a friend of Van Gogh , Rodin , Monet and Matisse . The Amsterdam Impressionists in the Netherlands , including George Hendrik Breitner , Isaac Israëls , Willem Bastiaan Tholen , Willem de Zwart , Willem Witsen and Jan Toorop . Anna Boch , Vincent van Gogh 's friend Eugène Boch , Georges Lemmen and Théo van Rysselberghe , Impressionist painters from Belgium . Ivan Grohar , Rihard Jakopič , Matija Jama , and Matej Sternen , Impressionists from Slovenia . Their beginning was in the school of Anton Ažbe in Munich and they were influenced by Jurij Šubic and Ivana Kobilca , Slovenian painters working in Paris Wynford Dewhurst , Walter Richard Sickert , and Philip Wilson Steer were well known Impressionist painters from the United Kingdom . Pierre Adolphe Valette , who was born in France but who worked in Manchester , was the tutor of L.S. Lowry . The German Impressionists , including Lovis Corinth , Max Liebermann , Ernst Oppler , Max Slevogt and August von Brandis . László Mednyánszky in Hungary Theodor von Ehrmanns and Hugo Charlemont who were rare Impressionists among the more dominant Vienna Secessionist painters in Austria William John Leech , Roderic O'Conor , and Walter Osborne in Ireland Konstantin Korovin and Valentin Serov in Russia Francisco Oller y Cestero , a native of Puerto Rico and a friend of Pissarro and Cézanne James Nairn in New Zealand . William McTaggart in Scotland . Laura Muntz Lyall , a Canadian artist Władysław Podkowiński , a Polish Impressionist and symbolist Nicolae Grigorescu in Romania Nazmi Ziya Güran , who brought Impressionism to Turkey Chafik Charobim in Egypt Eliseu Visconti in Brazil Joaquín Sorolla in Spain Faustino Brughetti , Fernando Fader , Candido Lopez , Martín Malharro , Walter de Navazio , Ramón Silva in Argentina Skagen Painters a group of Scandinavian artists who painted in a small Danish fishing village Nadežda Petrović in Serbia Ásgrímur Jónsson in Iceland Fujishima Takeji in Japan Frits Thaulow in Norway and later France . Sculpture , photography and film ( edit ) The sculptor Auguste Rodin is sometimes called an Impressionist for the way he used roughly modeled surfaces to suggest transient light effects . Pictorialist photographers whose work is characterized by soft focus and atmospheric effects have also been called Impressionists . French Impressionist Cinema is a term applied to a loosely defined group of films and filmmakers in France from 1919 -- 1929 , although these years are debatable . French Impressionist filmmakers include Abel Gance , Jean Epstein , Germaine Dulac , Marcel L'Herbier , Louis Delluc , and Dmitry Kirsanoff . Music and literature ( edit ) Main articles : Impressionist music and Impressionism ( literature ) Claude Monet , Water Lilies , 1916 , The National Museum of Western Art , Tokyo Musical Impressionism is the name given to a movement in European classical music that arose in the late 19th century and continued into the middle of the 20th century . Originating in France , musical Impressionism is characterized by suggestion and atmosphere , and eschews the emotional excesses of the Romantic era . Impressionist composers favoured short forms such as the nocturne , arabesque , and prelude , and often explored uncommon scales such as the whole tone scale . Perhaps the most notable innovations of Impressionist composers were the introduction of major 7th chords and the extension of chord structures in 3rds to five - and six - part harmonies . The influence of visual Impressionism on its musical counterpart is debatable . Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel are generally considered the greatest Impressionist composers , but Debussy disavowed the term , calling it the invention of critics . Erik Satie was also considered in this category , though his approach was regarded as less serious , more musical novelty in nature . Paul Dukas is another French composer sometimes considered an Impressionist , but his style is perhaps more closely aligned to the late Romanticists . Musical Impressionism beyond France includes the work of such composers as Ottorino Respighi ( Italy ) Ralph Vaughan Williams , Cyril Scott , and John Ireland ( England ) , and Manuel De Falla , and Isaac Albeniz ( Spain ) . The term Impressionism has also been used to describe works of literature in which a few select details suffice to convey the sensory impressions of an incident or scene . Impressionist literature is closely related to Symbolism , with its major exemplars being Baudelaire , Mallarmé , Rimbaud , and Verlaine . Authors such as Virginia Woolf , D.H. Lawrence , and Joseph Conrad have written works that are Impressionistic in the way that they describe , rather than interpret , the impressions , sensations and emotions that constitute a character 's mental life . Camille Pissarro , Children on a Farm , 1887 Post-Impressionism ( edit ) Main article : Post-Impressionism Post-Impressionism developed from Impressionism . During the 1880s several artists began to develop different precepts for the use of colour , pattern , form , and line , derived from the Impressionist example : Vincent van Gogh , Paul Gauguin , Georges Seurat , and Henri de Toulouse - Lautrec . These artists were slightly younger than the Impressionists , and their work is known as post-Impressionism . Some of the original Impressionist artists also ventured into this new territory ; Camille Pissarro briefly painted in a pointillist manner , and even Monet abandoned strict plein air painting . Paul Cézanne , who participated in the first and third Impressionist exhibitions , developed a highly individual vision emphasising pictorial structure , and he is more often called a post-Impressionist . Although these cases illustrate the difficulty of assigning labels , the work of the original Impressionist painters may , by definition , be categorised as Impressionism . Georges Seurat , A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte , 1884 -- 1886 , The Art Institute of Chicago Vincent van Gogh , Cypresses , 1889 , Metropolitan Museum of Art Paul Gauguin , The Midday Nap , 1894 , Metropolitan Museum of Art Paul Cézanne , The Card Players , 1894 -- 1895 , Musée d'Orsay , Paris See also ( edit ) Art periods Expressionism ( as a reaction to Impressionism ) Les XX Luminism ( Impressionism ) Macchiaioli Cantonese school of painting Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Exceptions include Canaletto , who painted outside and may have used the camera obscura . Jump up ^ Nathalia Brodskaya , Impressionism , Parkstone International , 2014 , pp. 13 - 14 ^ Jump up to : Samu , Margaret . `` Impressionism : Art and Modernity '' . In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art , 2000 ( October 2004 ) Jump up ^ Bomford et al. 1990 , pp. 21 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Greenspan , Taube G. `` Armand Guillaumin '' , Grove Art Online . Oxford Art Online , Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Seiberling , Grace , `` Impressionism '' , Grove Art Online . Oxford Art Online , Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Denvir ( 1990 ) , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Denvir ( 1990 ) , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Bomford et al. 1990 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Jensen 1994 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Denvir ( 1990 ) , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Rewald ( 1973 ) , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Gordon ; Forge ( 1988 ) , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Distel et al. ( 1974 ) , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Richardson ( 1976 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Denvir ( 1990 ) , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Rewald ( 1973 ) , p. 603 . Jump up ^ Distel , Anne , Michel Hoog , and Charles S. Moffett. 1974 . Impressionism ; a Centenary Exhibition , the Metropolitan Museum of Art , December 12 , 1974 -- February 10 , 1975 . ( New York ) : ( Metropolitan Museum of Art ) . p. 190 . ISBN 0870990977 . Jump up ^ Rewald ( 1973 ) , p. 475 -- 476 . Jump up ^ Bomford et al. 1990 , pp. 39 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Renoir and the Impressionist Process Archived 2011 - 01 - 05 at the Wayback Machine ... The Phillips Collection , retrieved May 21 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Wallert , Arie ; Hermens , Erma ; Peek , Marja ( 1995 ) . Historical painting techniques , materials , and studio practice : preprints of a symposium , University of Leiden , Netherlands , 26 - 29 June , 1995 . ( Marina Del Rey , Calif . ) : Getty Conservation Institute . p. 159 . ISBN 0892363223 . ^ Jump up to : Stoner , Joyce Hill ; Rushfield , Rebecca Anne ( 2012 ) . The conservation of easel paintings . London : Routledge . p. 177 . ISBN 1136000410 . Jump up ^ Stoner , Joyce Hill ; Rushfield , Rebecca Anne ( 2012 ) . The conservation of easel paintings . London : Routledge . p. 178 . ISBN 1136000410 . Jump up ^ Rosenblum ( 1989 ) , p. 228 . ^ Jump up to : Levinson , Paul ( 1997 ) The Soft Edge ; a Natural History and Future of the Information Revolution , Routledge , London and New York Jump up ^ Sontag , Susan ( 1977 ) On Photography , Penguin , London Jump up ^ Metropolitan Museum of Art Jump up ^ Gary Tinterow , Origins of Impressionism , Metropolitan Museum of Art , 1994 , page 433 Jump up ^ Baumann ; Karabelnik , et al. ( 1994 ) , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Cole , Bruce ( 1991 ) . Art of the Western World : From Ancient Greece to Post Modernism . Simon and Schuster . p. 242 . ISBN 0671747282 Jump up ^ Denvir ( 1990 ) , p. 140 . Jump up ^ `` Joconde : catalogue collectif des collections des musées de France '' . www.culture.gouv.fr . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Denvir ( 1990 ) , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Rewald ( 1973 ) , p. 476 -- 477 . Jump up ^ Kleiner , Fred S. , and Helen Gardner ( 2014 ) . Gardner 's art through the ages : a concise Western history . Boston , MA : Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . p. 382 . ISBN 9781133954798 . References ( edit ) Baumann , Felix Andreas , Marianne Karabelnik - Matta , Jean Sutherland Boggs , and Tobia Bezzola ( 1994 ) . Degas Portraits . London : Merrell Holberton . ISBN 1 - 85894 - 014 - 1 Bomford , David , Jo Kirby , John Leighton , Ashok Roy , and Raymond White ( 1990 ) . Impressionism . London : National Gallery . ISBN 0 - 300 - 05035 - 6 Denvir , Bernard ( 1990 ) . The Thames and Hudson Encyclopaedia of Impressionism . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 20239 - 7 Distel , Anne , Michel Hoog , and Charles S. Moffett ( 1974 ) . Impressionism ; a centenary exhibition , the Metropolitan Museum of Art , December 12 , 1974 - February 10 , 1975 . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 0 - 8709 - 9097 - 7 Eisenman , Stephen F ( 2011 ) . `` From Corot to Monet : The Ecology of Impressionism '' . Milan : Skira . ISBN 8857207064 . Gordon , Robert ; Forge , Andrew ( 1988 ) . Degas . New York : Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 1142 - 6 Gowing , Lawrence , with Adriani , Götz ; Krumrine , Mary Louise ; Lewis , Mary Tompkins ; Patin , Sylvie ; Rewald , John ( 1988 ) . Cézanne : The Early Years 1859 - 1872 . New York : Harry N. Abrams . Jensen , Robert ( 1994 ) . Marketing modernism in fin - de-siècle Europe . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0691033331 . Moskowitz , Ira ; Sérullaz , Maurice ( 1962 ) . French Impressionists : A Selection of Drawings of the French 19th Century . Boston and Toronto : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 58560 - 2 Rewald , John ( 1973 ) . The History of Impressionism ( 4th , Revised Ed . ) . New York : The Museum of Modern Art . ISBN 0 - 87070 - 360 - 9 Richardson , John ( 1976 ) . Manet ( 3rd Ed . ) . Oxford : Phaidon Press Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7148 - 1743 - 0 Rosenblum , Robert ( 1989 ) . Paintings in the Musée d'Orsay . New York : Stewart , Tabori & Chang . ISBN 1 - 55670 - 099 - 7 Moffett , Charles S. ( 1986 ) . `` The New Painting , Impressionism 1874 - 1886 '' . Geneva : Richard Burton SA . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Impressionist paintings . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Impressionism Look up impressionism in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Hecht Museum Mauclair , Camille ( 1903 ) : The French Impressionists ( 1860 - 1900 ) at Project Gutenberg Museumsportal Schleswig - Holstein Suburban Pastoral The Guardian , 24 February 2007 Impressionism : Paintings collected by European Museums ( 1999 ) was an art exhibition co-organized by the High Museum of Art , Atlanta , the Seattle Art Museum , and the Denver Art Museum , touring from May through December 1999 . Online guided tour Monet 's Years at Giverny : Beyond Impressionism , exhibition catalogue fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art , which discusses Monet 's role in this movement Degas : The Artist 's Mind , exhibition catalogue fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art , which discusses Degas 's role in this movement Definition of impressionism on the Tate Art Glossary Impressionism Originators Frédéric Bazille Eugène Boudin Gustave Caillebotte Mary Cassatt Paul Cézanne Edgar Degas Armand Guillaumin Édouard Manet Claude Monet Berthe Morisot Camille Pissarro Pierre - Auguste Renoir Alfred Sisley Patrons Gustave Caillebotte Henry O. Havemeyer Ernest Hoschedé Dealers Paul Durand - Ruel Georges Petit Ambroise Vollard American artists William Merritt Chase Frederick Carl Frieseke Childe Hassam Willard Metcalf Lilla Cabot Perry Theodore Robinson John Henry Twachtman J. Alden Weir Canadian artists Henri Beau William Blair Bruce William Brymner Marc - Aurèle de Foy Suzor - Coté Maurice Galbraith Cullen Helen Galloway McNicoll James Wilson Morrice Robert Wakeham Pilot Other artists Marie Bracquemond Giovanni Battista Ciolina Lovis Corinth Antoine Guillemet Nazmi Ziya Güran Max Liebermann Laura Muntz Lyall Konstantin Korovin Henry Moret Francisco Oller Władysław Podkowiński John Peter Russell Valentin Serov Max Slevogt Joaquín Sorolla Philip Wilson Steer Eliseu Visconti Other media Music Literature French Impressionist Cinema See also American Impressionism The Ten California Impressionism Pennsylvania Impressionism Canadian Impressionism Heidelberg School Amsterdam Impressionism Decorative Impressionism Post-Impressionism Related The Impressionists ( 2006 drama ) Louis Leroy Post-Impressionism 19th - century movements Neo-impressionism Divisionism Pointillism Cloisonnism Les Nabis Synthetism Symbolism Art Nouveau Artists Cuno Amiet Charles Angrand Émile Bernard Edvard Munch Pierre Bonnard Marius Borgeaud Paul Cézanne Henri - Edmond Cross Maurice Denis Georges Dufrénoy Paul Gauguin Hippolyte Petitjean Paul Ranson Odilon Redon Henri Rousseau René Schützenberger Paul Sérusier Georges Seurat Paul Signac Henri de Toulouse - Lautrec Charles Laval Georges Lemmen Maximilien Luce Vincent van Gogh Théo van Rysselberghe Félix Vallotton Édouard Vuillard 20th - century movements Fauvism Die Brücke Der Blaue Reiter Expressionism Cubism Artists Georges Braque Charles Camoin André Derain Raoul Dufy Henri Matisse Albert Gleizes Ernst Ludwig Kirchner Karl Schmidt - Rottluff Wassily Kandinsky Sonia Lewitska Franz Marc Jean Metzinger Henry Ottmann Francis Picabia Pablo Picasso Robert Antoine Pinchon Henriette Tirman Jean Marchand Othon Friesz Exhibitions Artistes Indépendants Les XX Volpini Exhibition Le Barc de Boutteville La Libre Esthétique Ambroise Vollard Salon d'Automne Salon des Indépendants Salon des Cent Salon des Tuileries Critics Félix Fénéon Albert Aurier See also Impressionism Modernism Modern art Secessionism Modernism Milestones Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe ( 1862 - 63 ) Olympia ( 1863 ) A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte ( 1886 ) Mont Sainte - Victoir ( 1887 ) The Starry Night ( 1889 ) Ubu Roi ( 1896 ) Verklärte Nacht ( 1899 ) Le bonheur de vivre ( 1905 - 1906 ) Les Demoiselles d'Avignon ( 1907 ) The Dance ( 1909 - 10 ) The Firebird ( 1910 ) Afternoon of a Faun ( 1912 ) Nude Descending a Staircase , No. 2 ( 1912 ) The Rite of Spring ( 1913 ) In Search of Lost Time ( 1913 -- 1927 ) The Metamorphosis ( 1915 ) Black Square ( 1915 ) Fountain ( 1917 ) The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari ( 1920 ) Six Characters in Search of an Author ( 1921 ) Ulysses ( 1922 ) The Waste Land ( 1922 ) The Magic Mountain ( 1924 ) Battleship Potemkin ( 1925 ) The Sun Also Rises ( 1926 ) The Threepenny Opera ( 1928 ) The Sound and the Fury ( 1929 ) Un Chien Andalou ( 1929 ) Villa Savoye ( 1931 ) The Blue Lotus ( 1936 ) Fallingwater ( 1936 ) Waiting for Godot ( 1953 ) Literature Guillaume Apollinaire Djuna Barnes Tadeusz Borowski André Breton Mikhail Bulgakov Anton Chekhov Joseph Conrad Alfred Döblin E.M. Forster William Faulkner Gustave Flaubert Ford Madox Ford André Gide Knut Hamsun Jaroslav Hašek Ernest Hemingway Hermann Hesse James Joyce Franz Kafka Arthur Koestler D.H. Lawrence Wyndham Lewis Thomas Mann Katherine Mansfield Filippo Tommaso Marinetti Guy de Maupassant Robert Musil Katherine Anne Porter Marcel Proust Gertrude Stein Italo Svevo Virginia Woolf Poetry Anna Akhmatova Richard Aldington W.H. Auden Charles Baudelaire Luca Caragiale Constantine P. Cavafy Blaise Cendrars Hart Crane H.D. Robert Desnos T.S. Eliot Paul Éluard Odysseas Elytis F.S. Flint Stefan George Max Jacob Federico García Lorca Amy Lowell Robert Lowell Mina Loy Stéphane Mallarmé Marianne Moore Wilfred Owen Octavio Paz Fernando Pessoa Ezra Pound Lionel Richard Rainer Maria Rilke Arthur Rimbaud Giorgos Seferis Wallace Stevens Dylan Thomas Tristan Tzara Paul Valéry William Carlos Williams W.B. Yeats Visual art Josef Albers Jean Arp Balthus George Bellows Umberto Boccioni Pierre Bonnard Georges Braque Constantin Brâncuși Alexander Calder Mary Cassatt Paul Cézanne Marc Chagall Giorgio de Chirico Camille Claudel Joseph Cornell Joseph Csaky Salvador Dalí Edgar Degas Raoul Dufy Willem de Kooning Robert Delaunay Charles Demuth Otto Dix Theo van Doesburg Marcel Duchamp James Ensor Max Ernst Jacob Epstein Paul Gauguin Alberto Giacometti Vincent van Gogh Natalia Goncharova Julio González Juan Gris George Grosz Raoul Hausmann Jacques Hérold Hannah Höch Edward Hopper Frida Kahlo Wassily Kandinsky Ernst Ludwig Kirchner Paul Klee Oskar Kokoschka Pyotr Konchalovsky André Lhote Fernand Léger Franz Marc Albert Marque Jean Marchand René Magritte Kazimir Malevich Édouard Manet Henri Matisse Colin McCahon Jean Metzinger Joan Miró Amedeo Modigliani Piet Mondrian Claude Monet Henry Moore Edvard Munch Emil Nolde Georgia O'Keeffe Méret Oppenheim Francis Picabia Pablo Picasso Camille Pissarro Man Ray Odilon Redon Pierre - Auguste Renoir Auguste Rodin Henri Rousseau Egon Schiele Georges Seurat Paul Signac Alfred Sisley Edward Steichen Alfred Stieglitz Henri de Toulouse - Lautrec Édouard Vuillard Grant Wood Music George Antheil Milton Babbitt Jean Barraqué Béla Bartók Alban Berg Luciano Berio Nadia Boulanger Pierre Boulez John Cage Elliott Carter Aaron Copland Henry Cowell Henri Dutilleux Morton Feldman Henryk Górecki Josef Matthias Hauer Paul Hindemith Arthur Honegger Charles Ives Leoš Janáček György Ligeti Witold Lutosławski Olivier Messiaen Luigi Nono Harry Partch Krzysztof Penderecki Sergei Prokofiev Luigi Russolo Erik Satie Pierre Schaeffer Arnold Schoenberg Dmitri Shostakovich Richard Strauss Igor Stravinsky Karol Szymanowski Edgard Varèse Anton Webern Kurt Weill Iannis Xenakis Theatre Edward Albee Maxwell Anderson Jean Anouilh Antonin Artaud Samuel Beckett Bertolt Brecht Anton Chekhov Friedrich Dürrenmatt Jean Genet Maxim Gorky Walter Hasenclever Henrik Ibsen William Inge Eugène Ionesco Alfred Jarry Georg Kaiser Maurice Maeterlinck Vladimir Mayakovsky Arthur Miller Seán O'Casey Eugene O'Neill John Osborne Luigi Pirandello Erwin Piscator George Bernard Shaw August Strindberg John Millington Synge Ernst Toller Frank Wedekind Thornton Wilder Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz Film Ingmar Bergman Anton Giulio Bragaglia Luis Buñuel Marcel Carné Charlie Chaplin René Clair Jean Cocteau Maya Deren Alexander Dovzhenko Carl Theodor Dreyer Viking Eggeling Sergei Eisenstein Jean Epstein Robert J. Flaherty Abel Gance Isidore Isou Buster Keaton Lev Kuleshov Fritz Lang Marcel L'Herbier Georges Méliès F.W. Murnau Georg Wilhelm Pabst Vsevolod Pudovkin Jean Renoir Walter Ruttmann Victor Sjöström Josef von Sternberg Dziga Vertov Jean Vigo Robert Wiene Dance George Balanchine Merce Cunningham Clotilde von Derp Sergei Diaghilev Isadora Duncan Michel Fokine Loie Fuller Martha Graham Hanya Holm Doris Humphrey Léonide Massine Vaslav Nijinsky Alwin Nikolais Alexander Sakharoff Ted Shawn Anna Sokolow Ruth St. Denis Helen Tamiris Charles Weidman Mary Wigman Architecture Alvar Aalto Marcel Breuer Gordon Bunshaft Antoni Gaudí Walter Gropius Hector Guimard Raymond Hood Victor Horta Friedensreich Hundertwasser Philip Johnson Louis Kahn Le Corbusier Adolf Loos Konstantin Melnikov Erich Mendelsohn Pier Luigi Nervi Richard Neutra Oscar Niemeyer Hans Poelzig Antonin Raymond Gerrit Rietveld Eero Saarinen Rudolf Steiner Edward Durell Stone Louis Sullivan Vladimir Tatlin Paul Troost Jørn Utzon Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Frank Lloyd Wright Related articles American modernism Armory Show Art Deco Art Nouveau Ashcan School Avant - 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garde Claude Monet Works Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe ( 1865 - 66 ) Women in the Garden ( 1866 ) Garden at Sainte - Adresse ( 1867 ) Regatta at Sainte - Adresse ( 1867 ) L'Enfant a la tasse ( 1868 ) The Magpie ( 1868 ) Bain à la Grenouillère ( 1869 ) Impression , Sunrise ( 1872 ) Springtime ( 1872 ) Boulevard des Capucines ( 1873 ) Argenteuil Basin with a Single Sailboat ( 1874 ) Snow at Argenteuil ( 1875 ) Woman with a Parasol - Madame Monet and Her Son ( 1875 ) Bords de la Seine à Argenteuil ( 1875 ) Arrival of the Normandy Train , Gare Saint - Lazare ( 1877 ) Beach in Pourville ( 1882 ) Portrait of Père Paul ( 1882 ) The Cliff Walk at Pourville ( 1882 ) Stormy Sea in Étretat ( 1883 ) Boating on the River Epte ( 1890 ) Le Jardin de l'artiste à Giverny ( 1900 ) San Giorgio Maggiore at Dusk ( 1908 ) The Doge 's Palace Seen from San Giorgio Maggiore ( 1908 ) Le Grand Canal ( 1908 ) Le Bassin Aux Nymphéas ( 1919 ) Water Lilies ( 1919 ) Painting series Haystacks ( 1890 -- 91 ) Poplars ( 1891 ) Rouen Cathedral ( 1892 -- 1894 ) Charing Cross Bridge ( 1899 -- 1904 ) Houses of Parliament ( 1900 -- 1905 ) Water Lilies People Camille Doncieux ( first wife ) Alice Hoschedé ( second wife ) Suzanne Hoschedé ( step - daughter ) Blanche Hoschedé Monet ( step - daughter and daughter - in - law ) Jean Monet ( son ) Michel Monet ( son ) Theodore Earl Butler ( son - in - law , married Monet 's step - daughters , Suzanne and Marthe ) Jacques - François Ochard ( teacher ) Eugène Boudin ( teacher ) Ernest Hoschedé ( patron ) Paul Durand - Ruel ( dealer ) Places Monet 's home and gardens Musée de l'Orangerie Musée d'Orsay Musée Marmottan Monet Portrayals The Improvised Field Hospital ( 1865 painting ) A Studio at Les Batignolles ( 1870 painting ) The Impressionists ( 2006 series ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impressionism&oldid=850216687 '' Categories : Impressionism Art movements French art Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles which contain graphical timelines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - 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how many movies are there of a star is born

It has been remade three times : in 1954 ( starring Judy Garland and James Mason ) , in 1976 ( starring Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson ) , and in 2018 ( starring Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) .

A Star is Born ( 1937 film )

a star is born ( 1937 film )

A Star Is Born Original theatrical poster Directed by William A. Wellman Produced by David O. Selznick Written by William A. Wellman Robert Carson Dorothy Parker Alan Campbell Starring Janet Gaynor Fredric March Music by Max Steiner Cinematography W. Howard Greene Edited by James E. Newcom Anson Stevenson Production company Selznick International Pictures Distributed by United Artists Release date April 20 , 1937 ( 1937 - 04 - 20 ) Running time 111 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1.2 million Box office over $2 million A Star Is Born is a 1937 American Technicolor romantic drama film produced by David O. Selznick , directed by William A. Wellman from a script by Wellman , Robert Carson , Dorothy Parker , and Alan Campbell , and starring Janet Gaynor ( in her one and only Technicolor film ) as an aspiring Hollywood actress , and Fredric March ( in his Technicolor debut ) as a fading movie star who helps launch her career . The supporting cast features Adolphe Menjou , May Robson , Andy Devine , Lionel Stander , and Owen Moore . It has been remade three times : in 1954 ( starring Judy Garland and James Mason ) , in 1976 ( starring Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson ) , and in 2018 ( starring Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Background 5 Soundtrack 6 Reception 7 Academy Awards 8 Adaptations to other media 9 Remakes 10 Ownership and copyright status 11 Home media 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Plot ( edit ) Janet Gaynor in A Star Is Born ( 1937 ) North Dakota farmgirl Esther Victoria Blodgett ( Janet Gaynor ) yearns to become a Hollywood actress . Although her aunt and father discourage such thoughts , Esther 's grandmother ( May Robson ) gives Esther her savings to follow her dream . Esther goes to Hollywood and tries to land a job as an extra , but so many others have had the same idea that the casting agency has stopped accepting applications . Esther is told that her chances of becoming a star are one in 100,000 . She befriends a new resident at her boarding house , assistant director Danny McGuire ( Andy Devine ) , himself out of work . When Danny and Esther go to a concert to celebrate Danny 's employment , Esther has her first encounter with Norman Maine ( Fredric March ) , an actor she admires greatly . Norman has been a major star for years , but his alcoholism has sent his career into a downward spiral . Danny gets Esther a one - time waitressing job at a fancy Hollywood party . While serving hors d'œuvre , she catches Norman 's eye . He gets his longtime producer and good friend , Oliver Niles ( Adolphe Menjou ) , to give her a screen test . Impressed , Oliver gives her a new name ( `` Vicki Lester '' ) and a contract . She practices her few lines for her first tiny role . When the studio has trouble finding a female lead for Norman 's current film , entitled The Enchanted Hour , Norman persuades Oliver to cast Esther . The film makes her an overnight success , even as viewers continue to lose interest in Norman . Norman proposes to Vicki ; she accepts when he promises to give up drinking . They elope without publicity , much to press agent Matt Libby 's ( Lionel Stander ) disgust , and enjoy a trailer - camping honeymoon in the mountains . When they return , Vicki 's popularity continues to skyrocket , while Norman realizes his own career is over , despite Oliver 's attempts to help him . Norman stays sober for a while , but his frustration over his situation finally pushes him over the edge . He starts drinking again . When Vicki wins the industry 's top award ( the Academy Award for Best Actress ) , he interrupts her acceptance speech by drunkenly demanding three awards for the worst acting of the year . A stay at a sanatorium seems to cure Norman 's increasingly disruptive alcoholism , but a chance encounter with Libby gives the press agent an opportunity to vent his long - concealed contempt and dislike for Norman . Norman goes on a four - day drinking binge and winds up arrested for drunk driving . In court , the judge sentences him to 90 days of incarceration , but Esther pleads with the judge to put Norman under her care . The judge , who is impressed with Vicki 's acting success , suspends Norman 's sentence and puts Norman 's custody into Vicki 's hands . Vicki decides to give up her career in order to devote herself to his rehabilitation . After Norman overhears her discussing her plan with Oliver , he drowns himself in the Pacific Ocean . Shattered , Vicki decides to quit and go home . Soon afterward , her grandmother shows up once she hears Vicki is quitting . Her grandmother tells her of a letter Norman sent her when they got married . The letter stated how proud he was of Vicki , and how much he loved her . Because of her grandmother 's words , and the reminder of Norman 's deep love , Vicki is convinced to stay in show business . At the premiere of her next film at Grauman 's Chinese Theatre , when Vicki is asked to say a few words into the microphone to her many fans listening across the world , she announces , `` Hello everybody . This is Mrs. Norman Maine . '' March and Gaynor Cast ( edit ) Janet Gaynor as Esther Blodgett / Vicki Lester Fredric March as Norman Maine Adolphe Menjou as Oliver Niles May Robson as Grandmother Lettie Andy Devine as Daniel `` Danny '' McGuire Lionel Stander as Matt Libby Owen Moore as Casey Burke Peggy Wood as Miss Phillips Elizabeth Jenns as Anita Regis Edgar Kennedy as Pop Randall J.C. Nugent as Mr. Blodgett Guinn `` Big Boy '' Williams as posture coach Clara Blandick as Aunt Mattie ( uncredited ) Lillian Harmer as wardrobe woman ( uncredited ) Carole Landis as girl in beret at Santa Anita bar ( uncredited ) George Chandler as Delivery Man ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) A Star Is Born was filmed from October to December 1936 with an estimated budget of $1,173,639 , and premiered in Los Angeles , California , on April 20 , 1937 , at Grauman 's Chinese Theatre . The film 's New York premiere took place two days later at Radio City Music Hall . It is not known how much Dorothy Parker contributed to the finished script . When she first saw the film , Parker was proud of her contribution and boasted about both the script and the film , but in later life she believed that she had contributed nothing of significance . Early in their careers , Budd Schulberg ( then a script reader for David O. Selznick ) and Ring Lardner , Jr. ( who was working in Selznick 's publicity department ) were assigned to write some additional dialogue for the film , a collaboration which produced Janet Gaynor 's ( and the film 's ) final words : `` This is Mrs. Norman Maine . '' The line was used again in the 1954 Warner Bros. musical remake starring Judy Garland and James Mason . George Cukor , who directed the remake , suggested adding the scene in the 1937 film where Menjou offers the fading star a supporting role . Adolphe Menjou and ... ... Andy Devine from the film 's trailer Background ( edit ) Some film historians believe that the marriage of Barbara Stanwyck and Frank Fay was the film 's real - life inspiration . John Bowers has also been identified as inspiration for the Norman Maine character and the dramatic suicide - by - drowning scene near the end of the film ( Bowers drowned in November 1936 ) . The film contains several inside jokes , including Gaynor 's brief imitations of Greta Garbo , Katharine Hepburn , and Mae West ; the `` Crawford Smear '' , referring to Joan Crawford 's lipstick ; and the revelation that the glamorous Norman Maine 's real last name is Hinkle . ( Hinkle was the real last name of silent film star Agnes Ayres , and not far removed from Fredric March 's real last name , Bickel . ) This film also has some similarity to the earlier film What Price Hollywood ? ( 1932 ) , released by RKO Radio Pictures . The 1932 film 's original title was The Truth About Hollywood based on a story by Adela Rogers St. Johns . St. Johns loosely based her plot on the experiences of actress Colleen Moore and her husband , alcoholic producer John McCormick ( 1893 -- 1961 ) , and the life and death of director Tom Forman , who committed suicide following a nervous breakdown . Four years after What Price Hollywood ? was released , Selznick approached George Cukor and asked him to direct A Star Is Born . Cukor felt the plot was too similar to What Price Hollywood ? so he declined . RKO executives considered filing a plagiarism suit against Selznick International Pictures because of the similarities in the story , but eventually chose not to take legal action . Cukor later directed the 1954 musical remake starring Judy Garland . A common Hollywood myth about the film is that Lana Turner appeared as an extra in one of the scenes in the film . Turner often denied the myth over the years , mentioning that she was discovered several months after the picture had finished production . March in the trailer Soundtrack ( edit ) `` A Star is Born '' , sung by Buddy Clark with the orchestra of Eddy Duchin . The lyrics were written by Dorothy Dick to the music of Max Steiner . Reception ( edit ) Contemporary reviews were very positive . Frank S. Nugent of The New York Times called the film `` one of the year 's best shows '' as well as `` good entertainment by any standards , including the artistic , and convincing proof that Hollywood need not travel to Ruritania for its plots ; there is drama aplenty in its own backyard . '' Variety raved : `` A smash which unquestionably will rate among the half dozen best of the season ... While the story is somewhat reminiscent of other behind - the - scene yarns , the manner of its telling makes it convincing and distinguished . '' Harrison 's Reports called it `` a powerful human interest drama '' and `` great entertainment . '' Film Daily said it was `` superbly done in all departments , '' and John Mosher of The New Yorker called it `` a pleasant movie '' with `` many nice touches . '' On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film received an approval rating of 100 % based on 11 reviews , with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . By the end of 1939 the film had earned a profit of $181,000 . Academy Awards ( edit ) At the 10th Academy Awards , A Star is Born was nominated in seven categories , winning in one . Wellman won the award for original story , the only Oscar he was to win during his career . W. Howard Greene received an honorary Academy Award for the film 's color photography ; this award was recommended by a committee of leading cinematographers after viewing all the color pictures made during the year . Wins Best Writing ( Original Story ) : William Wellman , Robert Carson Special Award : W. Howard Greene Nominations Outstanding Production : Selznick International Pictures ; the first color film to be nominated for best picture . Best Director : William Wellman Best Actor : Fredric March Best Actress : Janet Gaynor Best Assistant Director : Eric Stacey Best Writing ( Screenplay ) : Dorothy Parker , Alan Campbell , Robert Carson Adaptations to other media ( edit ) At the time of the release of the film , a 15 - minute transcription -- a pre-recorded radio show issued on 16 - inch disc -- promoting the film 's release was made . The narrated promotional radio show included sound clips from the film . The show was recorded and released through the World Broadcasting System , with disc matrix number H - 1636 - 2 . The film was adapted as a radio play on the September 13 , 1937 , episode of Lux Radio Theater with Robert Montgomery and Janet Gaynor , the November 17 , 1940 , episode of The Screen Guild Theater starring Loretta Young and Burgess Meredith , the December 28 , 1942 , episode of Lux Radio Theater with Judy Garland and Walter Pidgeon , the June 29 , 1946 , episode of Academy Award Theater , starring Fredric March , the May 23 , 1948 , episode of the Ford Theatre and the June 16 , 1950 , episode of Screen Director 's Playhouse starring Fredric March . Remakes ( edit ) A Star Is Born has been remade three times , in 1954 with Judy Garland and James Mason , in 1976 with Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson , and in 2018 with Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper . Production on the 2018 version began in 2017 , with the film slated to be released on October 5 , 2018 . Play media The entire film Ownership and copyright status ( edit ) See also : List of films in the public domain in the United States Selznick International Pictures dissolved leaving the film 's rights to financier John Hay Whitney . Whitney then sold the film to Film Classics , Inc. in 1943 . With declining rerun revenue , Film Classics place the film up for sale with producer Edward L. Alperson with the intent to remake the film . Instead Alperson sold the film 's copyright including film , story , screenplay , and score to Warner Bros. in 1953 . Warner in 1954 issued the first remake . In 1965 , the film entered the public domain in the United States because Warner did not renew its copyright registration in the 28th year after publication . The original 35mm master elements remain with Warner Bros . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on Blu - ray in the US by Kino Lorber Inc. on February 2012 , featuring an authorized edition from the estate of David O. Selznick from the collection of George Eastman House . See also ( edit ) List of films with a 100 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes , a film review aggregator website References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hanson , Patricia King , ed. ( 1993 ) . The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States : Feature Films , 1931 - 1940 . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . pp. 2368 -- 2369 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07908 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Thomson , David ( 1993 ) . Showman : The Life of David O. Selznick . Abacus . p. 245 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 349 - 10523 - 9 . Jump up ^ Brown , Gene ( 1995 ) . Movie Time : A Chronology of Hollywood and the Movie Industry from its Beginnings to the Present . New York : MacMillan . p. 135 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 860429 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` 1937 '' . GraumansChinese.org . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Courageous ' Set For Two - A-Day on Coast '' . Variety . New York : Variety , Inc. : 21 April 7 , 1937 . Jump up ^ `` The Broadway Parade '' . Film Daily . New York : Wid 's Films and Film Folk , Inc. : 2 April 19 , 1937 . Jump up ^ Meade , Marion ( 1989 ) . Dorothy Parker : What Fresh Hell Is This ? . Penguin Publishing Group . p. 259 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 46219 - 5 . Jump up ^ McGilligan , Patrick ( 1997 ) . `` Ring Lardner , Jr. : American Skeptic '' . Backstory 3 : Interviews with Screenwriters of the 60s . Berkeley : University of California Press . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 -- via California Digital Library . Jump up ^ `` What Price Hollywood ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McGilligan , Patrick ( 1991 ) . George Cukor : A Double Life . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 05419 - X . Jump up ^ Levy , Emanuel ( 1994 ) . George Cukor : Master of Elegance . New York : William Morrow & Company . ISBN 0 - 688 - 11246 - 3 . Jump up ^ Nugent , Frank S. ( April 23 , 1937 ) . `` Movie Review - A Star is Born '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Film reviews '' . Variety . New York : Variety , Inc. : 15 April 28 , 1937 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born '' . Harrison 's Reports . New York : Harrison 's Reports , Inc. : 71 May 1 , 1937 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews '' . Film Daily . New York : Wid 's Films and Film Folk , Inc. : 7 April 23 , 1937 . Jump up ^ Mosher , John ( May 1 , 1937 ) . `` The Current Cinema '' . The New Yorker . New York : F-R Publishing Corp. : 81 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born ( 1937 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 10th Academy Awards ( 1937 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts an Sciences ( oscars.org ) . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Booker , Keith M. ( 2011 ) . Historical Dictionary of American Cinema . Scarecrow Press . p. 410 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7459 - 6 . Jump up ^ Franks , Don ( 2004 ) . Entertainment Awards : A Music , Cinema , Theatre and Broadcasting Guide , 1928 through 2003 ( 3rd ed . ) . McFarland . p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 0806 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Those Were The Days '' . Nostalgia Digest . 41 ( 3 ) : 32 -- 39 . Summer 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's A Star Is Born shifts release date back to fall 2018 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Matthew ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` 11 Classic Films in the Public Domain '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hayes , David ( ed . ) . `` Classic Film Museum , Inc. vs Warner Bros. Inc '' . Citations and Case Summaries . Copyright Registration and Renewal Information Chart and Web Site ( copyrightdata.com ) . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fishman , Stephen ( 2014 ) . The Public Domain : How to Find & Use Copyright - Free Writings , Music , Art & More . Nolo . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4133 - 2028 - 2 . Jump up ^ Pierce , David ( June 2007 ) . `` Forgotten Faces : Why Some of Our Cinema Heritage Is Part of the Public Domain '' . Film History : An International Journal . 19 ( 2 ) : 125 -- 43 . doi : 10.2979 / FIL. 2007.19. 2.125 . ISSN 0892 - 2160 . JSTOR 25165419 . OCLC 15122313 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to A Star Is Born ( 1937 film ) . A Star Is Born on IMDb A Star Is Born is available for free download at the Internet Archive A Star Is Born at AllMovie A Star Is Born at the TCM Movie Database A Star Is Born at the American Film Institute Catalog Streaming audio A Star Is Born on Lux Radio Theater : September 13 , 1937 A Star Is Born on Screen Guild Theater : November 17 , 1940 A Star Is Born on Lux Radio Theater : December 28 , 1942 A Star Is Born on Academy Award Theater : June 29 , 1946 A Star Is Born on Ford Theater : May 23 , 1948 A Star Is Born Films 1937 1954 1976 2018 Music `` The Man That Got Away '' `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' 1976 soundtrack Related What Price Hollywood ? Films directed by William A. Wellman 1920s Second Hand Love The Man Who Won Big Dan Cupid 's Fireman Not a Drum Was Heard The Vagabond Trail The Circus Cowboy When Husbands Flirt The Boob You Never Know Women The Cat 's Pajamas Wings The Legion of the Condemned Ladies of the Mob Beggars of Life Chinatown Nights The Man I Love Woman Trap 1930s Dangerous Paradise Young Eagles Maybe It 's Love Other Men 's Women The Public Enemy Night Nurse The Star Witness Safe in Hell The Hatchet Man So Big ! Love Is a Racket The Purchase Price The Conquerors Frisco Jenny Central Airport Lilly Turner Heroes for Sale Midnight Mary Wild Boys of the Road Female College Coach Looking for Trouble Stingaree The President Vanishes Call of the Wild Robin Hood of El Dorado Small Town Girl A Star Is Born Nothing Sacred Men with Wings Beau Geste The Light That Failed 1940s Reaching for the Sun Roxie Hart The Great Man 's Lady Thunder Birds Lady of Burlesque The Ox - Bow Incident Buffalo Bill This Man 's Navy The Story of G.I. Joe Gallant Journey Magic Town The Iron Curtain Yellow Sky Battleground 1950s The Next Voice You Hear ... The Happy Years Across the Wide Missouri It 's a Big Country Westward the Women My Man and I Island in the Sky The High and the Mighty Track of the Cat Blood Alley Good - bye , My Lady Darby 's Rangers Lafayette Escadrille Television Light 's Diamond Jubilee ( co-directed ) Filmography of David O. Selznick Roulette ( 1924 ) Forgotten Faces ( 1928 ) Chinatown Nights ( 1929 ) Betrayal ( 1929 ) The Man I Love ( 1929 ) The Four Feathers ( 1929 ) Street of Chance ( 1930 ) What Price Hollywood ? ( 1932 ) A Bill of Divorcement ( 1932 ) Rockabye ( 1932 ) The Animal Kingdom ( 1932 ) Topaze ( 1933 ) Our Betters ( 1933 ) Christopher Strong ( 1933 ) Dinner at Eight ( 1933 ) Night Flight ( 1933 ) Meet the Baron ( 1933 ) Dancing Lady ( 1933 ) Viva Villa ! ( 1934 ) Manhattan Melodrama ( 1934 ) David Copperfield ( 1935 ) Vanessa : Her Love Story ( 1935 ) Reckless ( 1935 ) Anna Karenina ( 1935 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1935 ) Little Lord Fauntleroy ( 1936 ) The Garden of Allah ( 1936 ) A Star Is Born ( 1937 ) The Prisoner of Zenda ( 1937 ) Nothing Sacred ( 1937 ) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1938 ) The Young in Heart ( 1938 ) Made for Each Other ( 1939 ) Intermezzo : A Love Story ( 1939 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) Reward Unlimited ( 1944 , short ) Since You Went Away ( 1944 ) I 'll Be Seeing You ( 1945 ) Spellbound ( 1945 ) Duel in the Sun ( 1946 ) The Paradine Case ( 1948 ) Portrait of Jennie ( 1948 ) The Third Man ( 1949 ) Gone to Earth ( 1950 ) Stazione Termini ( 1954 ) Light 's Diamond Jubilee ( 1954 , TV ) A Farewell to Arms ( 1957 ) LCCN : n80016857 VIAF : 182657814 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Star_Is_Born_(1937_film)&oldid=856536326 '' Categories : 1937 films English - language films 1930s drama films American films American drama films Films based on short fiction Films about actors Films shot in Lone Pine , California Films set in Los Angeles Films that won the Academy Award for Best Story Selznick International Pictures films United Artists films Films directed by William A. Wellman Screenplays by Dorothy Parker Films scored by Max Steiner American black - and - white films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 22 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what does the expression policing by the letter of the law mean

Law and order ( politics )

law and order ( politics )

In politics , law and order refers to demands for a strict criminal justice system , especially in relation to violent and property crime , through stricter criminal penalties . These penalties may include longer terms of imprisonment , mandatory sentencing , three - strikes laws , and in some countries , capital punishment .

Supporters of `` law and order '' argue that incarceration is the most effective means of crime prevention . Opponents of law and order argue that a system of harsh criminal punishment is ultimately ineffective because it does not address underlying or systemic causes of crime . Contents ( hide ) 1 Political issue in the United States 1.1 Causes 1.1. 1 Riots 1.1. 2 Crime 1.2 Results 2 International issue 3 Criticisms 4 Order without law 5 See also 6 Further reading 7 References Political issue in the United States ( edit ) `` Law and order '' became a powerful conservative theme in the U.S. in the 1960s . The leading proponents in the late 1960s were Republicans Ronald Reagan ( as governor of California ) and Richard Nixon ( as presidential candidate in 1968 ) . They used it to dissolve a liberal consensus about crime that involved federal court decisions and a pushback against illegal drugs and violent gang activity . White ethnics in northern cities turned against the Democratic party , blaming it for being soft on crime and rioters . The political demand for `` law and order '' was made by John Adams and Thomas Jefferson in the 1780s and 1790s . It was a political slogan in Kentucky around 1900 after the assassination of Governor William Goebel . The term was used by Barry Goldwater in his run for president in 1964 . Liberals , Flamm ( 2005 ) argues , were unable to craft a compelling message for anxious voters . Instead , liberals either ignored the crime crisis , claimed that law and order was a racist ruse , or maintained that social programs would solve the `` root causes '' of civil disorder , which by 1968 seemed increasingly unlikely and contributed to a loss of faith in the ability of the government to do what it was sworn to do -- protect personal security and private property . Conservatives rejected the liberal notions . `` How long are we going to abdicate law and order , '' House GOP leader Gerald Ford demanded in 1966 , `` in favor of a soft social theory that the man who heaves a brick through your window or tosses a firebomb into your car is simply the misunderstood and underprivileged product of a broken home ? '' Flamm ( 2005 ) documents how conservatives constructed a persuasive message that argued that the Civil Rights Movement had contributed to racial unrest and Johnson 's Great Society had rewarded rather than punished the perpetrators of violence . Conservatives demanded that the national government should promote respect for law and order and contempt for those who violated it , regardless of cause . After Reagan took office in 1981 and started appointing tough conservative judges , the law became a weapon against crime . The number of prisoners tripled from 500,000 in 1980 to 1.5 million in 1994 . Conservatives at the state level built many more prisons and convicts served much longer terms , with less parole . By the time they were released they were much older and thus much less violent . Causes ( edit ) Two developments were involved . Riots ( edit ) Although the Civil Rights Act of July 2 , 1964 forbade all discrimination on the basis of race , in 1965 police brutality towards a Black man during a traffic stop resulted in a major riot by among Blacks in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles Watts riots # Aftermath , the government 's response to which is considered by many to have been a failure . ( 1 ) . Indeed , every summer from 1964 through 1970 was a `` long hot summer '' , though 1967 is particularly called that since 159 riots occurred that year Long , hot summer of 1967 . Additionally , after the April 4 , 1968 murder of Martin Luther King , a new wave of riots broke out in over 100 cities , with nights of violence against police and looting and burning of local white - owned businesses . The inner neighborhoods of many major cities , such as Detroit , Los Angeles , Newark and New York , were burned out . National Guard and Army troops were called out . At one point machine gun units were stationed on the steps of the Capitol building in Washington to prevent rioters from burning it down . Crime ( edit ) Secondly there was a dramatic rise in violent street crime , including drug - related murders , as well as armed robberies , rapes and violent assaults . Inner city neighborhoods became far more violent and people tried to move out to safer ones . The number of violent crimes more than tripled from 288,000 in 1960 ( including 9,110 murders ) to 1,040,000 in 1975 ( including 20,510 murders ) . Then the numbers levelled off . In response to sharply rising rates of crime in the 1960s , treatment of criminal offenders , both accused and convicted , became a highly divisive topic in the 1968 U.S. Presidential Election . Republican Vice Presidential candidate Spiro Agnew , then the governor of Maryland , often used the expression ; Agnew and Nixon won and were reelected in 1972 . Notorious crimes by released murders occurred in the 1980s and 1990s , are often credited with influencing politics along Law and Order lines ( 2 ) . Most notably the release of the murderer Willie Horton who committed a rape and a rampage of severe violence when he was released Willie Horton , is generally credited with favoring the election of president George H.W. Bush over the man who released him , Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis . Whatever the cause , Bush beat Dukakis by a margin of both popular and electoral college votes that has not been surpassed since United States presidential election , 1988 . Also , the release of the murderer Reginald McFadden who went on a serial murder and rape spree ( 3 ) by the acting governor of Pennsylvania , Mark Singel may have been a contributing factor in the election of Pennsylvania governor Tom Ridge . Ridge 's win against Singel was quite clear at 45 % to 39 % Pennsylvania gubernatorial election , 1994 . Results ( edit ) Advocates of stricter policies toward crime and those accused of crime have won many victories since the issue became important . Highlights include stringent laws dealing with the sale and use of illicit drugs . For example , the Rockefeller drug laws passed in New York state in 1973 -- and later , laws mandating tougher sentences for repeat offenders , such as the three - strikes laws adopted by many U.S. states starting in 1993 and the re-legalization of the death penalty in several states . Opponents of these and similar laws have often accused advocates of racism . Civil rights groups have steadfastly opposed the trend toward harsher measures generally . The law - and - order issue caused a deep rift within the Democratic Party in the late 1960s and 1970s , and this rift was seen by many political scientists as a major contributing factor in Ronald Reagan 's two successful Presidential runs in 1980 and 1984 . In both elections , millions of registered Democrats voted for Reagan , and they collectively became known as `` Reagan Democrats '' . Many of these voters eventually changed their party registration and became Republicans , especially in the South . Though violent crimes are the primary focus of law - and - order advocates , quality - of - life crimes are sometimes also included under the law - and - order umbrella , particularly in local elections . A tough stance on this matter greatly helped Rudy Giuliani win two terms as mayor of New York in the 1990s , and was also widely cited as propelling Gavin Newsom to victory over a more liberal opponent in San Francisco 's mayoral election of 2003 . Richard Riordan also became Los Angeles ' new mayor in 1993 for the first time in 20 years after Tom Bradley retired . Platt ( 1995 ) argues that the intensity of law - and - order campaigns represents a significant shift in criminal justice that involves modernization and increased funding for police technology and personnel , privatization of security services and surveillance , higher rates of incarceration , and greater racial inequality in security and punishment . International issue ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2017 ) Crime has also become a prominent issue in Canadian , British , Australian , South African , French , German , and New Zealand politics , following the lead of the United States . Criticisms ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2009 ) Critics of law - and - order politics commonly point to actual and potential abuses of judicial and police powers , including police brutality and misconduct , racial profiling , prison overcrowding , and miscarriages of justice . As an example , they argue that while crime in New York City dropped under Mayor Giuliani , reports of police brutality increased during the same period . This period included the fatal shootings of Amadou Diallo and Sean Bell , and the Abner Louima incident . In extreme cases , civil unrest has broken out in retaliation against law - and - order politics , as happened in London 's Brixton district in 1981 , Los Angeles in 1992 , France in 2005 , and Ferguson , Missouri in 2014 . In 2009 , Pennsylvania juvenile court judges Mark Ciavarella and Michael Conahan were pleaded guilty in the `` kids for cash '' scandal , of taking kickbacks from private prison industry officials in exchange for sentencing over 1,000 youths to prison terms for minor offenses . Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio , a role model of tougher sentencing campaigners for his hardline corrections policies , was investigated by the FBI -- starting in 2009 -- for alleged abuses of power and intimidation of dissenting officials , among other controversies . A United States Supreme Court ruling in 2011 ordered the State of California to cut its inmate population , citing prison overcrowding to be in violation of the Eighth Amendment . Order without law ( edit ) In a limited number of cases , it can be argued that order can be maintained without law . Robert Ellickson , in his book Order without Law : How Neighbors Settle Disputes , concludes that it is sometimes possible for order to be maintained without law in small , close - knit groups . Ellickson examines rural Shasta County , California , in which cattle openly roam and sometimes destroy crops . He finds that since social norms call for the cattle owner to pay for the damaged crops , the disputes are settled without law . According to Ellickson , not only is the law not necessary to maintain order in this case , but it is more efficient for social norms to govern the settling of disputes . See also ( edit ) Back to Basics ( campaign ) Civil disobedience Culture war Ira Carmen Justice of the Peace Peace , order and good government ( Commonwealth ) Queen 's peace ( common law ) Penal harm Penal populism Three - strikes law War on Drugs Wedge politics Zero tolerance Zucht und Ordnung Further reading ( edit ) Flamm , Michael W. Law and Order : Street Crime , Civil Unrest , and the Crisis of Liberalism in the 1960s ( 2005 ) Hameiri , Shahar . `` Governing disorder : the Australian Federal Police and Australia 's new regional frontier , '' Pacific Review , Dec 2009 , Vol. 22 Issue 5 , pp 549 -- 574 Niaz , Ilhan . `` The Debate on Law and Order and Development : Pakistani Elite 's Orientations , '' Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies , '' Summer 2009 , Vol. 32 Issue 4 , pp 1 - 19 Platt , Anthony M. `` The Politics of Law and Order , '' Social Justice Volume : 21 . Issue : 3 . 1994 . pp 3 + Don Weatherburn . Law and Order in Australia : Rhetoric and Reality ( Sydney : The Federation Press , 2004 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael W. Flamm , Law and Order : Street Crime , Civil Unrest , and the Crisis of Liberalism in the 1960s ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ John Adams ( 1856 ) . The works of John Adams , second President of the United States . Volume 1 . p. 439 . ISBN 9781623764623 . Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferson ( 1829 ) . Memoir , correspondence , and miscellanies from the papers of T. Jefferson . p. 370 . Jump up ^ Tribune Almanac and Political Register : 1901 . 1901 . pp. 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ FBI , Uniform Crime Reports ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Ann K. Johnson , Urban Ghetto Riots , 1965 - 1968 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Janet L. Abu - Lughod , Race , Space , and Riots in Chicago , New York , and Los Angeles ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Robert M. Fogelson , Violence as Protest : A Study of Riots and Ghettos ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders , Report on Civil Disorders ( 1968 ) , the famous the Kerner Commission Report Jump up ^ FBI Uniform Crime Reports . Violent crimes included murder , rape , robbery and aggravated assault . Source : Table Ec1 - 10 - Estimated crimes known to police , by type of offense : 1960 - 1997 , in Susan Carter , ed . Historical Statistics of the United States Millennial Edition Online ( 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : Flamm , Law and Order ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Anthony M. Platt , `` Crime Rave '' , Monthly Review : An Independent Socialist Magazine , June 1995 , Vol. 47 # 2 pp 35 - 46 Jump up ^ `` Rudy Giuliani on Crime '' . Ontheissues.org . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Giuliani and Violence in Pre-9 / 11 New York '' . Huffingtonpost.com. 2011 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Trial Puts Giuliani , NYPD on Defensive '' . Washingtonpost.com. 1999 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Americas US judges admit taking kickbacks '' . BBC News . 2009 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` US judges admit to jailing children for money '' . Stuff.co.nz . Reuters. 22 February 2009 . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Wingett , Yvonne ( 2009 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Sources : FBI asking questions on Arpaio '' . Azcentral.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Wingett , Yvonne ( 2010 - 03 - 05 ) . `` FBI expands Joe Arpaio probe to Maricopa County Attorney '' . Azcentral.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Fischel , William A. ( 1993 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Review of Order without Law : How Neighbors Settle Disputes '' . Land Economics . 69 ( 1 ) : 113 -- 115 . doi : 10.2307 / 3146284 . JSTOR 3146284 . Jump up ^ Civil Rights . Law and Order : Street Crime , Civil Unrest , and the Crisis of Liberalism in the 1960s ( Columbia Studies in Contemporary American History ) : Michael W. Flamm : 9780231115131 : Amazon.com : Books . Amazon.com . ASIN 023111513X . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Politics of Law and Order '' by Platt , Anthony M. - Social Justice , Vol. 21 , Issue 3 , Fall 1994 Online Research Library : Questia Reader `` . Questia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_and_order_(politics)&oldid=846007313 '' Categories : Political catchphrases American political catchphrases Hidden categories : CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN Articles with limited geographic scope from March 2013 USA - centric All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2018 Articles to be expanded from September 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles to be expanded from April 2009 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Հայերեն Қазақша Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 17 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who became two times prime minister of india

No Name ( birth -- death ) Portrait Prior Office Party ( Alliance ) Elected constituency Term of office Appointed by Lok Sabha Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1889 -- 1964 ) Vice President of Executive Council Indian National Congress Phulpur , Uttar Pradesh 15 August 1947 15 April 1952 16 years , 286 days Lord Mountbatten Constituent Assembly 15 April 1952 17 April 1957 Rajendra Prasad 1st 17 April 1957 2 April 1962 2nd 2 April 1962 27 May 1964 3rd -- Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) ( 1898 -- 1998 ) Minister of Labour and Employment Indian National Congress Sabarkantha , Gujarat 27 May 1964 9 June 1964 13 days Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Lal Bahadur Shastri ( 1904 -- 1966 ) Minister of Home Affairs Indian National Congress Allahabad , Uttar Pradesh 9 June 1964 11 January 1966 1 year , 216 days Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan -- Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) ( 1898 -- 1998 ) Minister of Home Affairs Indian National Congress Sabarkantha , Gujarat 11 January 1966 24 January 1966 13 days Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Indira Gandhi ( 1917 -- 1984 ) Minister of Information and Broadcasting Prime Minister ( Re-elected ) Indian National Congress Rajya Sabha MP for Uttar Pradesh 24 January 1966 4 March 1967 11 years , 59 days Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 4 March 1967 15 March 1971 V.V. Giri 4th 15 March 1971 24 March 1977 5th Morarji Desai ( 1896 -- 1995 ) Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister of India before he resigned in 1969 Janata Party Surat , Gujarat 24 March 1977 28 July 1979 2 years , 126 days B.D. Jatti ( acting President ) 6th Charan Singh ( 1902 -- 1987 ) Minister of Finance Janata Party ( Secular ) with INC Baghpat , Uttar Pradesh 28 July 1979 14 January 1980 170 days Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 3 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1917 -- 1984 ) Former Prime Minister Indian National Congress ( I ) Medak , Andhra Pradesh 14 January 1980 31 October 1984 4 years , 291 days Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 7th 6 Rajiv Gandhi ( 1944 -- 1991 ) MP for Amethi Indian National Congress ( I ) Amethi , Uttar Pradesh 31 October 1984 31 December 1984 5 years , 32 days Zail Singh 31 December 1984 2 December 1989 8th 7 Vishwanath Pratap Singh ( 1931 -- 2008 ) Minister of Defence Janata Dal ( National Front ) Fatehpur , Uttar Pradesh 2 December 1989 10 November 1990 343 days R. Venkataraman 9th 8 Chandra Shekhar ( 1927 -- 2007 ) MP for Ballia Samajwadi Janata Party with INC Ballia , Uttar Pradesh 10 November 1990 21 June 1991 223 days R. Venkataraman 9 Pamulaparti Venkata Narasimha Rao ( 1921 -- 2004 ) Minister of External Affairs Indian National Congress ( I ) Nandyal , Andhra Pradesh 21 June 1991 16 May 4 years , 330 days R. Venkataraman 10th 10 Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( 1924 -- 2018 ) Minister of External Affairs Bharatiya Janata Party Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh 16 May 1 June 16 days Shankar Dayal Sharma 11th 11 Haradanahalli Doddegowda Deve Gowda ( born 1933 ) Chief Minister of Karnataka Janata Dal ( United Front ) Rajya Sabha MP for Karnataka 1 June 21 April 1997 324 days Shankar Dayal Sharma 12 Inder Kumar Gujral ( 1919 -- 2012 ) Minister of External Affairs Janata Dal ( United Front ) Rajya Sabha MP for Bihar 21 April 1997 19 March 1998 332 days Shankar Dayal Sharma ( 10 ) Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( 1924 -- 2018 ) Former Prime Minister Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh 19 March 1998 10 October 1999 6 years , 64 days K.R. Narayanan 12th 10 October 1999 22 May 13th 13 Manmohan Singh ( born 1932 ) Minister of Finance Indian National Congress ( UPA ) Rajya Sabha MP for Assam 22 May 22 May 2009 10 years , 4 days A.P.J. Abdul Kalam 14th 22 May 2009 26 May 2014 Pratibha Patil 15th 14 Narendra Modi ( born 1950 ) Chief Minister of Gujarat Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh 26 May 2014 Incumbent 4 years , 95 days Pranab Mukherjee 16th

List of Prime Ministers of India

list of prime ministers of india

India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFoS IPS ) Central Civil Services ( IRS IFS IA&AS IPoS IRAS IRTS IRPS ICAS IDAS IDES ICLS IIS ITrS IP&TAFS IOFS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas Prime Ministers of India ( by state of birth ) The Prime Minister of India is the chief executive of the Government of India . In India 's parliamentary system , the Constitution names the President as head of state de jure , but his or her de facto executive powers are vested in the Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers . Appointed and sworn - in by the President , the Prime Minister is usually the leader of the party or alliance that has a majority in the Lok Sabha , the lower house of India 's Parliament . Since 1947 , India has had fourteen Prime Ministers , fifteen including Gulzarilal Nanda who twice acted in the role . The first was Jawaharlal Nehru of the Indian National Congress party , who was sworn - in on 15 August 1947 , when India gained independence from the British . Serving until his death in May 1964 , Nehru remains India 's longest - serving prime minister . He was succeeded by fellow Congressman Lal Bahadur Shastri , whose 19 - month term also ended in death . Indira Gandhi , Nehru 's daughter , succeeded Shastri in 1966 to become the country 's first woman premier . Eleven years later , she was voted out of power in favour of the Janata Party , whose leader Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress prime minister . After he resigned in 1979 , his former deputy Charan Singh briefly held office until Indira Gandhi was voted back six months later . Indira Gandhi 's second stint as Prime Minister ended five years later on the morning of 31 October 1984 , when she was gunned down by her own bodyguards . That evening , her son Rajiv Gandhi was sworn - in as India 's youngest premier , and the third from his family . Thus far , members of Nehru - Gandhi family have been Prime Minister for a total of 37 years and 303 days . Rajiv 's five - year term ended with his former cabinet colleague , V.P. Singh of the Janata Dal , forming the year - long National Front coalition government in 1989 . A seven - month interlude under Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar followed , after which the Congress party returned to power , forming the government under P.V. Narasimha Rao in June 1991 . Rao 's five - year term was succeeded by four short - lived governments -- the Bharatiya Janata Party 's Atal Bihari Vajpayee for 13 days in 1996 , a year each under United Front prime ministers H.D. Deve Gowda and I.K. Gujral , and Vajpayee again for 19 months in 1998 -- 99 . After Vajpayee was sworn - in for the third time , in 1999 , he managed to lead his National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) government to a full five - year term , the first non-Congressman to do so . Vajpayee was succeeded by Congressman Manmohan Singh , the first Sikh premier , whose United Progressive Alliance government was in office for 10 years between 2004 and 2014 . The incumbent Prime Minister of India is Narendra Modi who has headed the BJP - led NDA government since 26 May 2014 which is India 's first non-Congress single party majority government . Contents 1 Key 2 Prime Ministers of India 3 See also 4 References 4.1 General 4.2 Specific Key ( edit ) Colour key for party of the prime ministers Bharatiya Janata Party Indian National Congress designated Indian National Congress ( I ) 1977 -- 1996 Janata Dal Janata Party Janata Party ( Secular ) Samajwadi Janata Party Other key No : Incumbent number Assassinated or died in office Returned to office after a previous term Resigned Resigned following a no - confidence motion Prime Ministers of India ( edit ) No Name ( birth -- death ) Portrait Prior Office Party ( Alliance ) Elected constituency Term of office Appointed by Lok Sabha Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1889 -- 1964 ) Vice President of Executive Council Indian National Congress Phulpur , Uttar Pradesh 15 August 1947 15 April 1952 16 years , 286 days Lord Mountbatten Constituent Assembly 15 April 1952 17 April 1957 Rajendra Prasad 1st 17 April 1957 2 April 1962 2nd 2 April 1962 27 May 1964 3rd -- Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) ( 1898 -- 1998 ) Minister of Labour and Employment Indian National Congress Sabarkantha , Gujarat 27 May 1964 9 June 1964 13 days Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Lal Bahadur Shastri ( 1904 -- 1966 ) Minister of Home Affairs Indian National Congress Allahabad , Uttar Pradesh 9 June 1964 11 January 1966 1 year , 216 days Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan -- Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) ( 1898 -- 1998 ) Minister of Home Affairs Indian National Congress Sabarkantha , Gujarat 11 January 1966 24 January 1966 13 days Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Indira Gandhi ( 1917 -- 1984 ) Minister of Information and Broadcasting Prime Minister ( Re-elected ) Indian National Congress Rajya Sabha MP for Uttar Pradesh 24 January 1966 4 March 1967 11 years , 59 days Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 4 March 1967 15 March 1971 V.V. Giri 4th 15 March 1971 24 March 1977 5th Morarji Desai ( 1896 -- 1995 ) Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister of India before he resigned in 1969 Janata Party Surat , Gujarat 24 March 1977 28 July 1979 2 years , 126 days B.D. Jatti ( acting President ) 6th Charan Singh ( 1902 -- 1987 ) Minister of Finance Janata Party ( Secular ) with INC Baghpat , Uttar Pradesh 28 July 1979 14 January 1980 170 days Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 3 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1917 -- 1984 ) Former Prime Minister Indian National Congress ( I ) Medak , Andhra Pradesh 14 January 1980 31 October 1984 4 years , 291 days Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 7th 6 Rajiv Gandhi ( 1944 -- 1991 ) MP for Amethi Indian National Congress ( I ) Amethi , Uttar Pradesh 31 October 1984 31 December 1984 5 years , 32 days Zail Singh 31 December 1984 2 December 1989 8th 7 Vishwanath Pratap Singh ( 1931 -- 2008 ) Minister of Defence Janata Dal ( National Front ) Fatehpur , Uttar Pradesh 2 December 1989 10 November 1990 343 days R. Venkataraman 9th 8 Chandra Shekhar ( 1927 -- 2007 ) MP for Ballia Samajwadi Janata Party with INC Ballia , Uttar Pradesh 10 November 1990 21 June 1991 223 days R. Venkataraman 9 Pamulaparti Venkata Narasimha Rao ( 1921 -- 2004 ) Minister of External Affairs Indian National Congress ( I ) Nandyal , Andhra Pradesh 21 June 1991 16 May 4 years , 330 days R. Venkataraman 10th 10 Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( 1924 -- 2018 ) Minister of External Affairs Bharatiya Janata Party Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh 16 May 1 June 16 days Shankar Dayal Sharma 11th 11 Haradanahalli Doddegowda Deve Gowda ( born 1933 ) Chief Minister of Karnataka Janata Dal ( United Front ) Rajya Sabha MP for Karnataka 1 June 21 April 1997 324 days Shankar Dayal Sharma 12 Inder Kumar Gujral ( 1919 -- 2012 ) Minister of External Affairs Janata Dal ( United Front ) Rajya Sabha MP for Bihar 21 April 1997 19 March 1998 332 days Shankar Dayal Sharma ( 10 ) Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( 1924 -- 2018 ) Former Prime Minister Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh 19 March 1998 10 October 1999 6 years , 64 days K.R. Narayanan 12th 10 October 1999 22 May 13th 13 Manmohan Singh ( born 1932 ) Minister of Finance Indian National Congress ( UPA ) Rajya Sabha MP for Assam 22 May 22 May 2009 10 years , 4 days A.P.J. Abdul Kalam 14th 22 May 2009 26 May 2014 Pratibha Patil 15th 14 Narendra Modi ( born 1950 ) Chief Minister of Gujarat Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh 26 May 2014 Incumbent 4 years , 95 days Pranab Mukherjee 16th Jump up ^ Although the Prime Minister can be a member of either house of the Parliament , they have to command the confidence of the Lok Sabha . Upon dissolution of the Lok Sabha , the outgoing PM remains in office until their successor is sworn - in . Jump up ^ The Constituent Assembly of India consisted of 389 members elected in 1946 by the provincial assemblies by a single , transferable - vote system of proportional representation . The Assembly was replaced by the Provisional Parliament of India after adoption of the Constitution on 26 January 1950 until the first general elections . Jump up ^ Chandra Shekhar officially resigned as Prime Minister on 13 March 1991 , but he and his ministers continued in office until Rao succeeded him . Timeline See also ( edit ) Government of India portal India portal Prime Minister 's Office List of Prime Ministers of India by longevity List of Presidents of India References ( edit ) General ( edit ) `` Former Prime Minister 's of India '' . Prime Minister 's Office ( PMO ) . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . `` Gallery of Prime Ministers '' . Press Information Burea . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Guha , Ramachandra ( 2011 ) . India After Gandhi : The History of the World 's Largest Democracy . Pan Macmillan . ISBN 9780330540209 . Brass , Paul R. ( 1994 ) . The Politics of India Since Independence . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521459709 . Specific ( edit ) Jump up ^ Constitutional Government in India . S. Chand Publishing . 2003 . ISBN 9788121922036 . Jump up ^ `` Former Prime Ministers Prime Minister of India '' . www.pmindia.gov.in . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` In India , next generation of Gandhi dynasty '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Diplomat , Ankit Panda , The . `` BJP , Modi Win Landslide Victory in Indian Elections '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Indian National Congress '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Former Prime Ministers '' . PM India . Archived from the original on 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Narendra Modi appointed Prime Minister , swearing in on May 26 '' . The Times of India . 20 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) Lal Bahadur Shastri Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) Indira Gandhi Morarji Desai Charan Singh Rajiv Gandhi V.P. Singh Chandra Shekhar P.V. Narasimha Rao Atal Bihari Vajpayee H.D. Deve Gowda I.K. Gujral Manmohan Singh Narendra Modi List List by longevity Official residence PM 's Office Indian union ministries Interim Nehru I Nehru II Nehru III Nehru IV Shastri I. Gandhi I I. Gandhi II Desai C. Singh I. Gandhi III R. Gandhi V.P. Singh Chandra Shekhar Rao Vajpayee I Deve Gowda Gujral Vajpayee II Vajpayee III M. Singh I M. Singh II Modi Lists of Prime Ministers Lists of Prime Ministers by country Abkhazia Albania Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Bhutan Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cambodia Canada Catalonia Congo Croatia Cuba Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Denmark Djibouti Dominica Egypt Equatorial Guinea Fiji Finland France Ghana Great Britain Greece Greenland Grenada Guinea Guyana Haiti Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Jammu and Kashmir Japan Jordan Kampuchea Kazakhstan Korea Kuwait Lebanon Libya Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malaysia Malta Mauritania Mauritius Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Nagorno - Karabakh Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles Newfoundland New Zealand Niger North Korea Northern Cyprus Northern Ireland North Rhine - Westphalia Norway Pakistan Palestine Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Prussia Qatar Queen Elizabeth II Queen Victoria Republika Srpska Rhodesia Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa São Tomé and Príncipe Serbia Serbian Krajina Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Korea South Vietnam Soviet Union Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Syria Tajikistan Tanganyika Tanzania Tatarstan Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Vietnam Yugoslavia Government ministries of India President ( List ) Government of India Prime Minister ( List Office ) Deputy Prime Minister Council of Ministers Current Agriculture and Farmers Welfare AYUSH Chemicals and Fertilizers Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Communications Consumer Affairs Culture Defence Drinking Water and Sanitation Earth Sciences Electronics and Information Technology Environment , Forest and Climate Change External Affiars Finance Food Processing Industries Health and Family Welfare Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Home Affairs Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Mines Minority Affairs New and Renewable Energy North East Panchayati Raj Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Petroleum Power Railways Road Transport and Highways Rural Development Science and Technology Shipping Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Social Justice and Empowerment Statistics and Programme Implementation Steel Textiles Tourism Tribal Affairs Urban Development Water Resources Women and Child Development Defunct Communications and Information Technology Overseas Indian Affairs Surface Transport Ministers Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Defence External Affairs Finance Health and Family Welfare Home Affairs Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Minority Affairs North Eastern Region Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Railways Science and Technology Tribal Affairs Secretaries Cabinet Defence Finance Foreign Home Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_India&oldid=857096047 '' Categories : Prime Ministers of India Lists of prime ministers Lists of political office - holders in India Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Use dmy dates from May 2013 Use Indian English from May 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা भोजपुरी Deutsch فارسی Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português संस्कृतम् Simple English Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు ತುಳು اردو 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 14 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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theoretical analysis that best explain different aspect of law in nigeria

Law

law

Lady Justice , a goddess symbolising justice who bears a sword -- symbolising the coercive power of a tribunal -- , scales -- representing an objective standard by which competing claims are weighed -- and a blindfold indicating that justice should be impartial and meted out objectively , without fear or favor and regardless of money , wealth , power or identity . Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior . Law is a system that regulates and ensures that individuals or a community adhere to the will of the state . State - enforced laws can be made by a collective legislature or by a single legislator , resulting in statutes , by the executive through decrees and regulations , or established by judges through precedent , normally in common law jurisdictions . Private individuals can create legally binding contracts , including arbitration agreements that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court process . The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution , written or tacit , and the rights encoded therein . The law shapes politics , economics , history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people . A general distinction can be made between ( a ) civil law jurisdictions , in which a legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates their laws , and ( b ) common law systems , where judge - made precedent is accepted as binding law . Historically , religious laws played a significant role even in settling of secular matters , and is still used in some religious communities . Islamic Sharia law is the world 's most widely used religious law , and is used as the primary legal system in some countries , such as Iran and Saudi Arabia . The adjudication of the law is generally divided into two main areas . Criminal law deals with conduct that is considered harmful to social order and in which the guilty party may be imprisoned or fined . Civil law ( not to be confused with civil law jurisdictions above ) deals with the resolution of lawsuits ( disputes ) between individuals or organizations . Law provides a source of scholarly inquiry into legal history , philosophy , economic analysis and sociology . Law also raises important and complex issues concerning equality , fairness , and justice . Contents 1 Definition 1.1 Mainstream definitions 1.2 Whether it is possible or desirable to define law 2 History 3 Legal theory 3.1 Philosophy 3.2 Positive law and non-positive law discussions 3.3 Economic analysis 3.4 Sociology 4 Legal systems 4.1 Civil law 4.2 Common law and equity 4.3 Religious law 4.3. 1 Sharia law 5 Legal institutions 5.1 Judiciary 5.2 Legislature 5.3 Executive 5.4 Military and police 5.5 Bureaucracy 5.6 Legal profession 5.7 Civil society 6 Legal subjects 6.1 International law 6.2 Constitutional and administrative law 6.3 Criminal law 6.4 Contract law 6.5 Tort law 6.6 Property law 6.7 Equity and trusts 6.8 Further disciplines 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Definition ( edit ) Main articles : Definition of law and Analytical jurisprudence Mainstream definitions ( edit ) Numerous definitions of law have been put forward over the centuries . The Third New International Dictionary from Merriam - Webster defines law as : `` Law is a binding custom or practice of a community ; a rule or mode of conduct or action that is prescribed or formally recognized as binding by a supreme controlling authority or is made obligatory by a sanction ( as an edict , decree , rescript , order , ordinance , statute , resolution , rule , judicial decision , or usage ) made , recognized , or enforced by the controlling authority . '' The Dictionary of the History of Ideas published by Scribner 's in 1973 defined the concept of law accordingly as : `` A legal system is the most explicit , institutionalized , and complex mode of regulating human conduct . At the same time , it plays only one part in the congeries of rules which influence behavior , for social and moral rules of a less institutionalized kind are also of great importance . '' Whether it is possible or desirable to define law ( edit ) There have been several attempts to produce `` a universally acceptable definition of law '' . In 1972 , one source indicated that no such definition could be produced . McCoubrey and White said that the question `` what is law ? '' has no simple answer . Glanville Williams said that the meaning of the word `` law '' depends on the context in which that word is used . He said that , for example , `` early customary law '' and `` municipal law '' were contexts where the word `` law '' had two different and irreconcilable meanings . Thurman Arnold said that it is obvious that it is impossible to define the word `` law '' and that it is also equally obvious that the struggle to define that word should not ever be abandoned . It is possible to take the view that there is no need to define the word `` law '' ( e.g. `` let 's forget about generalities and get down to cases '' ) . History ( edit ) Main article : Legal history King Hammurabi is revealed the code of laws by the Mesopotamian sun god Shamash , also revered as the god of justice . The history of law links closely to the development of civilization . Ancient Egyptian law , dating as far back as 3000 BC , contained a civil code that was probably broken into twelve books . It was based on the concept of Ma'at , characterised by tradition , rhetorical speech , social equality and impartiality . By the 22nd century BC , the ancient Sumerian ruler Ur - Nammu had formulated the first law code , which consisted of casuistic statements ( `` if ... then ... '' ) . Around 1760 BC , King Hammurabi further developed Babylonian law , by codifying and inscribing it in stone . Hammurabi placed several copies of his law code throughout the kingdom of Babylon as stelae , for the entire public to see ; this became known as the Codex Hammurabi . The most intact copy of these stelae was discovered in the 19th century by British Assyriologists , and has since been fully transliterated and translated into various languages , including English , Italian , German , and French . The Old Testament dates back to 1280 BC and takes the form of moral imperatives as recommendations for a good society . The small Greek city - state , ancient Athens , from about the 8th century BC was the first society to be based on broad inclusion of its citizenry , excluding women and the slave class . However , Athens had no legal science or single word for `` law '' , relying instead on the three - way distinction between divine law ( thémis ) , human decree ( nomos ) and custom ( díkē ) . Yet Ancient Greek law contained major constitutional innovations in the development of democracy . Roman law was heavily influenced by Greek philosophy , but its detailed rules were developed by professional jurists and were highly sophisticated . Over the centuries between the rise and decline of the Roman Empire , law was adapted to cope with the changing social situations and underwent major codification under Theodosius II and Justinian I . Although codes were replaced by custom and case law during the Dark Ages , Roman law was rediscovered around the 11th century when medieval legal scholars began to research Roman codes and adapt their concepts . Latin legal maxims ( called brocards ) were compiled for guidance . In medieval England , royal courts developed a body of precedent which later became the common law . A Europe - wide Law Merchant was formed so that merchants could trade with common standards of practice rather than with the many splintered facets of local laws . The Law Merchant , a precursor to modern commercial law , emphasised the freedom to contract and alienability of property . As nationalism grew in the 18th and 19th centuries , the Law Merchant was incorporated into countries ' local law under new civil codes . The Napoleonic and German Codes became the most influential . In contrast to English common law , which consists of enormous tomes of case law , codes in small books are easy to export and easy for judges to apply . However , today there are signs that civil and common law are converging . EU law is codified in treaties , but develops through the precedent laid down by the European Court of Justice . The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution for a country , containing 444 articles , 12 schedules , numerous amendments and 117,369 words . Ancient India and China represent distinct traditions of law , and have historically had independent schools of legal theory and practice . The Arthashastra , probably compiled around 100 AD ( although it contains older material ) , and the Manusmriti ( c. 100 -- 300 AD ) were foundational treatises in India , and comprise texts considered authoritative legal guidance . Manu 's central philosophy was tolerance and pluralism , and was cited across Southeast Asia . This Hindu tradition , along with Islamic law , was supplanted by the common law when India became part of the British Empire . Malaysia , Brunei , Singapore and Hong Kong also adopted the common law . The eastern Asia legal tradition reflects a unique blend of secular and religious influences . Japan was the first country to begin modernising its legal system along western lines , by importing bits of the French , but mostly the German Civil Code . This partly reflected Germany 's status as a rising power in the late 19th century . Similarly , traditional Chinese law gave way to westernisation towards the final years of the Qing Dynasty in the form of six private law codes based mainly on the Japanese model of German law . Today Taiwanese law retains the closest affinity to the codifications from that period , because of the split between Chiang Kai - shek 's nationalists , who fled there , and Mao Zedong 's communists who won control of the mainland in 1949 . The current legal infrastructure in the People 's Republic of China was heavily influenced by Soviet Socialist law , which essentially inflates administrative law at the expense of private law rights . Due to rapid industrialisation , today China is undergoing a process of reform , at least in terms of economic , if not social and political , rights . A new contract code in 1999 represented a move away from administrative domination . Furthermore , after negotiations lasting fifteen years , in 2001 China joined the World Trade Organisation . Legal theory ( edit ) Main article : Jurisprudence Philosophy ( edit ) Main article : Philosophy of law `` But what , after all , is a law ? ( ... ) When I say that the object of laws is always general , I mean that law considers subjects en masse and actions in the abstract , and never a particular person or action . ( ... ) On this view , we at once see that it can no longer be asked whose business it is to make laws , since they are acts of the general will ; nor whether the prince is above the law , since he is a member of the State ; nor whether the law can be unjust , since no one is unjust to himself ; nor how we can be both free and subject to the laws , since they are but registers of our wills . '' Jean - Jacques Rousseau , The Social Contract , II , 6 . The philosophy of law is commonly known as jurisprudence . Normative jurisprudence asks `` what should law be ? '' , while analytic jurisprudence asks `` what is law ? '' John Austin 's utilitarian answer was that law is `` commands , backed by threat of sanctions , from a sovereign , to whom people have a habit of obedience '' . Natural lawyers on the other side , such as Jean - Jacques Rousseau , argue that law reflects essentially moral and unchangeable laws of nature . The concept of `` natural law '' emerged in ancient Greek philosophy concurrently and in connection with the notion of justice , and re-entered the mainstream of Western culture through the writings of Thomas Aquinas , notably his Treatise on Law . Hugo Grotius , the founder of a purely rationalistic system of natural law , argued that law arises from both a social impulse -- as Aristotle had indicated -- and reason . Immanuel Kant believed a moral imperative requires laws `` be chosen as though they should hold as universal laws of nature '' . Jeremy Bentham and his student Austin , following David Hume , believed that this conflated the `` is '' and what `` ought to be '' problem . Bentham and Austin argued for law 's positivism ; that real law is entirely separate from `` morality '' . Kant was also criticised by Friedrich Nietzsche , who rejected the principle of equality , and believed that law emanates from the will to power , and can not be labelled as `` moral '' or `` immoral '' . In 1934 , the Austrian philosopher Hans Kelsen continued the positivist tradition in his book the Pure Theory of Law . Kelsen believed that although law is separate from morality , it is endowed with `` normativity '' , meaning we ought to obey it . While laws are positive `` is '' statements ( e.g. the fine for reversing on a highway is € 500 ) ; law tells us what we `` should '' do . Thus , each legal system can be hypothesised to have a basic norm ( Grundnorm ) instructing us to obey . Kelsen 's major opponent , Carl Schmitt , rejected both positivism and the idea of the rule of law because he did not accept the primacy of abstract normative principles over concrete political positions and decisions . Therefore , Schmitt advocated a jurisprudence of the exception ( state of emergency ) , which denied that legal norms could encompass all of political experience . Bentham 's utilitarian theories remained dominant in law until the 20th century . Later in the 20th century , H.L.A. Hart attacked Austin for his simplifications and Kelsen for his fictions in The Concept of Law . Hart argued law is a system of rules , divided into primary ( rules of conduct ) and secondary ones ( rules addressed to officials to administer primary rules ) . Secondary rules are further divided into rules of adjudication ( to resolve legal disputes ) , rules of change ( allowing laws to be varied ) and the rule of recognition ( allowing laws to be identified as valid ) . Two of Hart 's students continued the debate : In his book Law 's Empire , Ronald Dworkin attacked Hart and the positivists for their refusal to treat law as a moral issue . Dworkin argues that law is an `` interpretive concept '' , that requires judges to find the best fitting and most just solution to a legal dispute , given their constitutional traditions . Joseph Raz , on the other hand , defended the positivist outlook and criticised Hart 's `` soft social thesis '' approach in The Authority of Law . Raz argues that law is authority , identifiable purely through social sources and without reference to moral reasoning . In his view , any categorisation of rules beyond their role as authoritative instruments in mediation are best left to sociology , rather than jurisprudence . Positive law and non-positive law discussions ( edit ) One definition is that law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behaviour . In The Concept of Law Hart argued law is a `` system of rules '' ; Austin said law was `` the command of a sovereign , backed by the threat of a sanction '' ; Dworkin describes law as an `` interpretive concept '' to achieve justice in his text titled Law 's Empire ; and Raz argues law is an `` authority '' to mediate people 's interests . Holmes said `` The prophecies of what the courts will do in fact , and nothing more pretentious , are what I mean by the law . '' In his Treatise on Law Aquinas argues that law is a rational ordering of things which concern the common good that is promulgated by whoever is charged with the care of the community . This definition has both positivist and naturalist elements . Economic analysis ( edit ) Main article : Law and economics In the 18th century Adam Smith presented a philosophical foundation for explaining the relationship between law and economics . The discipline arose partly out of a critique of trade unions and U.S. antitrust law . The most influential proponents , such as Richard Posner and Oliver Williamson and the so - called Chicago School of economists and lawyers including Milton Friedman and Gary Becker , are generally advocates of deregulation and privatisation , and are hostile to state regulation or what they see as restrictions on the operation of free markets . Richard Posner , one of the Chicago School , runs a blog with Bank of Sweden Prize winning economist Gary Becker . The most prominent economic analyst of law is 1991 Nobel Prize winner Ronald Coase , whose first major article , The Nature of the Firm ( 1937 ) , argued that the reason for the existence of firms ( companies , partnerships , etc . ) is the existence of transaction costs . Rational individuals trade through bilateral contracts on open markets until the costs of transactions mean that using corporations to produce things is more cost - effective . His second major article , The Problem of Social Cost ( 1960 ) , argued that if we lived in a world without transaction costs , people would bargain with one another to create the same allocation of resources , regardless of the way a court might rule in property disputes . Coase used the example of a nuisance case named Sturges v Bridgman , where a noisy sweetmaker and a quiet doctor were neighbours and went to court to see who should have to move . Coase said that regardless of whether the judge ruled that the sweetmaker had to stop using his machinery , or that the doctor had to put up with it , they could strike a mutually beneficial bargain about who moves that reaches the same outcome of resource distribution . Only the existence of transaction costs may prevent this . So the law ought to pre-empt what would happen , and be guided by the most efficient solution . The idea is that law and regulation are not as important or effective at helping people as lawyers and government planners believe . Coase and others like him wanted a change of approach , to put the burden of proof for positive effects on a government that was intervening in the market , by analysing the costs of action . Sociology ( edit ) Main article : Sociology of law Sociology of law is a diverse field of study that examines the interaction of law with society and overlaps with jurisprudence , philosophy of law , social theory and more specialised subjects such as criminology . The institutions of social construction , social norms , dispute processing and legal culture are key areas for inquiry in this knowledge field . Sociology of law is sometimes seen as a sub-discipline of sociology , but its ties to the academic discipline of law are equally strong , and it is best seen as a transdisciplinary and multidisciplinary study focused on the theorisation and empirical study of legal practices and experiences as social phenomena . In the United States the field is usually called law and society studies ; in Europe it is more often referred to as socio - legal studies . At first , jurists and legal philosophers were suspicious of sociology of law . Kelsen attacked one of its founders , Eugen Ehrlich , who sought to make clear the differences and connections between positive law , which lawyers learn and apply , and other forms of ' law ' or social norms that regulate everyday life , generally preventing conflicts from reaching barristers and courts . Contemporary research in sociology of law is much concerned with the way that law is developing outside discrete state jurisdictions , being produced through social interaction in many different kinds of social arenas , and acquiring a diversity of sources of ( often competing or conflicting ) authority in communal networks existing sometimes within nation states but increasingly also transnationally . Max Weber in 1917 , Weber began his career as a lawyer , and is regarded as one of the founders of sociology and sociology of law . Around 1900 Max Weber defined his `` scientific '' approach to law , identifying the `` legal rational form '' as a type of domination , not attributable to personal authority but to the authority of abstract norms . Formal legal rationality was his term for the key characteristic of the kind of coherent and calculable law that was a precondition for modern political developments and the modern bureaucratic state . Weber saw this law as having developed in parallel with the growth of capitalism . Another leading sociologist , Émile Durkheim , wrote in his classic work The Division of Labour in Society that as society becomes more complex , the body of civil law concerned primarily with restitution and compensation grows at the expense of criminal laws and penal sanctions . Other notable early legal sociologists included Hugo Sinzheimer , Theodor Geiger , Georges Gurvitch and Leon Petrażycki in Europe , and William Graham Sumner in the U.S. Legal systems ( edit ) Main article : List of national legal systems In general , legal systems can be split between civil law and common law systems . The term `` civil law '' referring to a legal system should not be confused with `` civil law '' as a group of legal subjects distinct from criminal or public law . A third type of legal system -- accepted by some countries without separation of church and state -- is religious law , based on scriptures . The specific system that a country is ruled by is often determined by its history , connections with other countries , or its adherence to international standards . The sources that jurisdictions adopt as authoritatively binding are the defining features of any legal system . Yet classification is a matter of form rather than substance , since similar rules often prevail . Civil law ( edit ) Main article : Civil law ( legal system ) First page of the 1804 edition of the Napoleonic Code . Civil law is the legal system used in most countries around the world today . In civil law the sources recognised as authoritative are , primarily , legislation -- especially codifications in constitutions or statutes passed by government -- and custom . Codifications date back millennia , with one early example being the Babylonian Codex Hammurabi . Modern civil law systems essentially derive from the legal practice of the 6th - century Eastern Roman Empire whose texts were rediscovered by late medieval Western Europe . Roman law in the days of the Roman Republic and Empire was heavily procedural , and lacked a professional legal class . Instead a lay magistrate , iudex , was chosen to adjudicate . Decisions were not published in any systematic way , so any case law that developed was disguised and almost unrecognised . Each case was to be decided afresh from the laws of the State , which mirrors the ( theoretical ) unimportance of judges ' decisions for future cases in civil law systems today . From 529 -- 534 AD the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I codified and consolidated Roman law up until that point , so that what remained was one - twentieth of the mass of legal texts from before . This became known as the Corpus Juris Civilis . As one legal historian wrote , `` Justinian consciously looked back to the golden age of Roman law and aimed to restore it to the peak it had reached three centuries before . '' The Justinian Code remained in force in the East until the fall of the Byzantine Empire . Western Europe , meanwhile , relied on a mix of the Theodosian Code and Germanic customary law until the Justinian Code was rediscovered in the 11th century , and scholars at the University of Bologna used it to interpret their own laws . Civil law codifications based closely on Roman law , alongside some influences from religious laws such as canon law , continued to spread throughout Europe until the Enlightenment ; then , in the 19th century , both France , with the Code Civil , and Germany , with the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch , modernised their legal codes . Both these codes influenced heavily not only the law systems of the countries in continental Europe ( e.g. Greece ) , but also the Japanese and Korean legal traditions . Today , countries that have civil law systems range from Russia and China to most of Central and Latin America . With the exception of Louisiana 's Civil Code , the United States follows the common law system described below . Common law and equity ( edit ) Main article : Common law King John of England signs Magna Carta In common law legal systems , decisions by courts are explicitly acknowledged as `` law '' on equal footing with statutes adopted through the legislative process and with regulations issued by the executive branch . The `` doctrine of precedent '' , or stare decisis ( Latin for `` to stand by decisions '' ) means that decisions by higher courts bind lower courts , and future decisions of the same court , to assure that similar cases reach similar results . In contrast , in `` civil law '' systems , legislative statutes are typically more detailed , and judicial decisions are shorter and less detailed , because the judge or barrister is only writing to decide the single case , rather than to set out reasoning that will guide future courts . Common law originated from England and has been inherited by almost every country once tied to the British Empire ( except Malta , Scotland , the U.S. state of Louisiana , and the Canadian province of Quebec ) . In medieval England , the Norman conquest the law varied - shire - to - shire , based on disparate tribal customs . The concept of a `` common law '' developed during the reign of Henry II during the late 12th century , when Henry appointed judges that had authority to create an institutionalized and unified system of law `` common '' to the country . The next major step in the evolution of the common law came when King John was forced by his barons to sign a document limiting his authority to pass laws . This `` great charter '' or Magna Carta of 1215 also required that the King 's entourage of judges hold their courts and judgments at `` a certain place '' rather than dispensing autocratic justice in unpredictable places about the country . A concentrated and elite group of judges acquired a dominant role in law - making under this system , and compared to its European counterparts the English judiciary became highly centralized . In 1297 , for instance , while the highest court in France had fifty - one judges , the English Court of Common Pleas had five . This powerful and tight - knit judiciary gave rise to a systematized process of developing common law . However , the system became overly systematized -- overly rigid and inflexible . As a result , as time went on , increasing numbers of citizens petitioned the King to override the common law , and on the King 's behalf the Lord Chancellor gave judgment to do what was equitable in a case . From the time of Sir Thomas More , the first lawyer to be appointed as Lord Chancellor , a systematic body of equity grew up alongside the rigid common law , and developed its own Court of Chancery . At first , equity was often criticized as erratic , that it varied according to the length of the Chancellor 's foot . Over time , courts of equity developed solid principles , especially under Lord Eldon . In the 19th century in England , and in 1937 in the U.S. , the two systems were merged . In developing the common law , academic writings have always played an important part , both to collect overarching principles from dispersed case law , and to argue for change . William Blackstone , from around 1760 , was the first scholar to collect , describe , and teach the common law . But merely in describing , scholars who sought explanations and underlying structures slowly changed the way the law actually worked . Religious law ( edit ) Main article : Religious law Religious law is explicitly based on religious precepts . Examples include the Jewish Halakha and Islamic Sharia -- both of which translate as the `` path to follow '' -- while Christian canon law also survives in some church communities . Often the implication of religion for law is unalterability , because the word of God can not be amended or legislated against by judges or governments . However a thorough and detailed legal system generally requires human elaboration . For instance , the Quran has some law , and it acts as a source of further law through interpretation , Qiyas ( reasoning by analogy ) , Ijma ( consensus ) and precedent . This is mainly contained in a body of law and jurisprudence known as Sharia and Fiqh respectively . Another example is the Torah or Old Testament , in the Pentateuch or Five Books of Moses . This contains the basic code of Jewish law , which some Israeli communities choose to use . The Halakha is a code of Jewish law which summarises some of the Talmud 's interpretations . Nevertheless , Israeli law allows litigants to use religious laws only if they choose . Canon law is only in use by members of the Catholic Church , the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Anglican Communion . A trial in the Ottoman Empire , 1879 , when religious law applied under the Mecelle Sharia law ( edit ) Main article : Sharia Until the 18th century , Sharia law was practiced throughout the Muslim world in a non-codified form , with the Ottoman Empire 's Mecelle code in the 19th century being a first attempt at codifying elements of Sharia law . Since the mid-1940s , efforts have been made , in country after country , to bring Sharia law more into line with modern conditions and conceptions . In modern times , the legal systems of many Muslim countries draw upon both civil and common law traditions as well as Islamic law and custom . The constitutions of certain Muslim states , such as Egypt and Afghanistan , recognise Islam as the religion of the state , obliging legislature to adhere to Sharia . Saudi Arabia recognises Quran as its constitution , and is governed on the basis of Islamic law . Iran has also witnessed a reiteration of Islamic law into its legal system after 1979 . During the last few decades , one of the fundamental features of the movement of Islamic resurgence has been the call to restore the Sharia , which has generated a vast amount of literature and affected world politics . Legal institutions ( edit ) It is a real unity of them all in one and the same person , made by covenant of every man with every man , in such manner as if every man should say to every man : I authorise and give up my right of governing myself to this man , or to this assembly of men , on this condition ; that thou givest up , thy right to him , and authorise all his actions in like manner . Thomas Hobbes , Leviathan , XVII The main institutions of law in industrialised countries are independent courts , representative parliaments , an accountable executive , the military and police , bureaucratic organisation , the legal profession and civil society itself . John Locke , in his Two Treatises of Government , and Baron de Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws , advocated for a separation of powers between the political , legislature and executive bodies . Their principle was that no person should be able to usurp all powers of the state , in contrast to the absolutist theory of Thomas Hobbes ' Leviathan . Max Weber and others reshaped thinking on the extension of state . Modern military , policing and bureaucratic power over ordinary citizens ' daily lives pose special problems for accountability that earlier writers such as Locke or Montesquieu could not have foreseen . The custom and practice of the legal profession is an important part of people 's access to justice , whilst civil society is a term used to refer to the social institutions , communities and partnerships that form law 's political basis . Judiciary ( edit ) Main article : Judiciary A judiciary is a number of judges mediating disputes to determine outcome . Most countries have systems of appeal courts , answering up to a supreme legal authority . In the United States , this authority is the Supreme Court ; in Australia , the High Court ; in the UK , the Supreme Court ; in Germany , the Bundesverfassungsgericht ; and in France , the Cour de Cassation . For most European countries the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg can overrule national law , when EU law is relevant . The European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg allows citizens of the Council of Europe member states to bring cases relating to human rights issues before it . The judges of the International Court of Justice in the Hague Some countries allow their highest judicial authority to overrule legislation they determine to be unconstitutional . For example , in Brown v. Board of Education , the United States Supreme Court nullified many state statutes that had established racially segregated schools , finding such statutes to be incompatible with the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . A judiciary is theoretically bound by the constitution , just as all other government bodies are . In most countries judges may only interpret the constitution and all other laws . But in common law countries , where matters are not constitutional , the judiciary may also create law under the doctrine of precedent . The UK , Finland and New Zealand assert the ideal of parliamentary sovereignty , whereby the unelected judiciary may not overturn law passed by a democratic legislature . In communist states , such as China , the courts are often regarded as parts of the executive , or subservient to the legislature ; governmental institutions and actors exert thus various forms of influence on the judiciary . In Muslim countries , courts often examine whether state laws adhere to the Sharia : the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt may invalidate such laws , and in Iran the Guardian Council ensures the compatibility of the legislation with the `` criteria of Islam '' . Legislature ( edit ) Main article : Legislature The debating chamber of the European Parliament Prominent examples of legislatures are the Houses of Parliament in London , the Congress in Washington D.C. , the Bundestag in Berlin , the Duma in Moscow , the Parlamento Italiano in Rome and the Assemblée nationale in Paris . By the principle of representative government people vote for politicians to carry out their wishes . Although countries like Israel , Greece , Sweden and China are unicameral , most countries are bicameral , meaning they have two separately appointed legislative houses . In the ' lower house ' politicians are elected to represent smaller constituencies . The ' upper house ' is usually elected to represent states in a federal system ( as in Australia , Germany or the United States ) or different voting configuration in a unitary system ( as in France ) . In the UK the upper house is appointed by the government as a house of review . One criticism of bicameral systems with two elected chambers is that the upper and lower houses may simply mirror one another . The traditional justification of bicameralism is that an upper chamber acts as a house of review . This can minimise arbitrariness and injustice in governmental action . To pass legislation , a majority of the members of a legislature must vote for a bill ( proposed law ) in each house . Normally there will be several readings and amendments proposed by the different political factions . If a country has an entrenched constitution , a special majority for changes to the constitution may be required , making changes to the law more difficult . A government usually leads the process , which can be formed from Members of Parliament ( e.g. the UK or Germany ) . However , in a presidential system , the government is usually formed by an executive and his or her appointed cabinet officials ( e.g. the United States or Brazil ) . Executive ( edit ) Main article : Executive ( government ) The G20 meetings are composed of representatives of each country 's executive branch . The executive in a legal system serves as the centre of political authority of the State . In a parliamentary system , as with Britain , Italy , Germany , India , and Japan , the executive is known as the cabinet , and composed of members of the legislature . The executive is led by the head of government , whose office holds power under the confidence of the legislature . Because popular elections appoint political parties to govern , the leader of a party can change in between elections . The head of state is apart from the executive , and symbolically enacts laws and acts as representative of the nation . Examples include the President of Germany ( appointed by members of federal and state legislatures ) , the Queen of the United Kingdom ( an hereditary office ) , and the President of Austria ( elected by popular vote ) . The other important model is the presidential system , found in the United States and in Brazil . In presidential systems , the executive acts as both head of state and head of government , and has power to appoint an unelected cabinet . Under a presidential system , the executive branch is separate from the legislature to which it is not accountable . Although the role of the executive varies from country to country , usually it will propose the majority of legislation , and propose government agenda . In presidential systems , the executive often has the power to veto legislation . Most executives in both systems are responsible for foreign relations , the military and police , and the bureaucracy . Ministers or other officials head a country 's public offices , such as a foreign ministry or defence ministry . The election of a different executive is therefore capable of revolutionising an entire country 's approach to government . Military and police ( edit ) Main articles : Military and Police U.S. Customs and Border Protection officers While military organisations have existed as long as government itself , the idea of a standing police force is a relatively modern concept . For example , Medieval England 's system of traveling criminal courts , or assizes , used show trials and public executions to instill communities with fear to maintain control . The first modern police were probably those in 17th - century Paris , in the court of Louis XIV , although the Paris Prefecture of Police claim they were the world 's first uniformed policemen . Max Weber famously argued that the state is that which controls the monopoly on the legitimate use of force . The military and police carry out enforcement at the request of the government or the courts . The term failed state refers to states that can not implement or enforce policies ; their police and military no longer control security and order and society moves into anarchy , the absence of government . Bureaucracy ( edit ) Main article : Bureaucracy The United Nations ' New York headquarters houses civil servants that serve its 193 member states . The etymology of `` bureaucracy '' derives from the French word for `` office '' ( bureau ) and the Ancient Greek for word `` power '' ( kratos ) . Like the military and police , a legal system 's government servants and bodies that make up its bureaucracy carry out the directives of the executive . One of the earliest references to the concept was made by Baron de Grimm , a German author who lived in France . In 1765 he wrote , The real spirit of the laws in France is that bureaucracy of which the late Monsieur de Gournay used to complain so greatly ; here the offices , clerks , secretaries , inspectors and intendants are not appointed to benefit the public interest , indeed the public interest appears to have been established so that offices might exist . Cynicism over `` officialdom '' is still common , and the workings of public servants is typically contrasted to private enterprise motivated by profit . In fact private companies , especially large ones , also have bureaucracies . Negative perceptions of `` red tape '' aside , public services such as schooling , health care , policing or public transport are considered a crucial state function making public bureaucratic action the locus of government power . Writing in the early 20th century , Max Weber believed that a definitive feature of a developed state had come to be its bureaucratic support . Weber wrote that the typical characteristics of modern bureaucracy are that officials define its mission , the scope of work is bound by rules , and management is composed of career experts who manage top down , communicating through writing and binding public servants ' discretion with rules . Legal profession ( edit ) Main article : Legal profession In civil law systems such as those of Italy , France , Germany , Spain and Greece , there is a distinct category of notary , a legally trained public official , compensated by the parties to a transaction . This is a 16th - century painting of such a notary by Flemish painter Quentin Massys . A corollary of the rule of law is the existence of a legal profession sufficiently autonomous to invoke the authority of the independent judiciary ; the right to assistance of a barrister in a court proceeding emanates from this corollary -- in England the function of barrister or advocate is distinguished from legal counselor . As the European Court of Human Rights has stated , the law should be adequately accessible to everyone and people should be able to foresee how the law affects them . In order to maintain professionalism , the practice of law is typically overseen by either a government or independent regulating body such as a bar association , bar council or law society . Modern lawyers achieve distinct professional identity through specified legal procedures ( e.g. successfully passing a qualifying examination ) , are required by law to have a special qualification ( a legal education earning the student a Bachelor of Laws , a Bachelor of Civil Law , or a Juris Doctor degree . Higher academic degrees may also be pursued . Examples include a Master of Laws , a Master of Legal Studies , a Bar Professional Training Course or a Doctor of Laws . ) , and are constituted in office by legal forms of appointment ( being admitted to the bar ) . There are few titles of respect to signify famous lawyers , such as Esquire , to indicate barristers of greater dignity , and Doctor of law , to indicate a person who obtained a PhD in Law . Many Muslim countries have developed similar rules about legal education and the legal profession , but some still allow lawyers with training in traditional Islamic law to practice law before personal status law courts . In China and other developing countries there are not sufficient professionally trained people to staff the existing judicial systems , and , accordingly , formal standards are more relaxed . Once accredited , a lawyer will often work in a law firm , in a chambers as a sole practitioner , in a government post or in a private corporation as an internal counsel . In addition a lawyer may become a legal researcher who provides on - demand legal research through a library , a commercial service or freelance work . Many people trained in law put their skills to use outside the legal field entirely . Significant to the practice of law in the common law tradition is the legal research to determine the current state of the law . This usually entails exploring case - law reports , legal periodicals and legislation . Law practice also involves drafting documents such as court pleadings , persuasive briefs , contracts , or wills and trusts . Negotiation and dispute resolution skills ( including ADR techniques ) are also important to legal practice , depending on the field . Civil society ( edit ) Main article : Civil society A march in Washington D.C. during the Civil Rights Movement in 1963 The Classical republican concept of `` civil society '' dates back to Hobbes and Locke . Locke saw civil society as people who have `` a common established law and judicature to appeal to , with authority to decide controversies between them . '' German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel distinguished the `` state '' from `` civil society '' ( bürgerliche Gesellschaft ) in Elements of the Philosophy of Right . Hegel believed that civil society and the state were polar opposites , within the scheme of his dialectic theory of history . The modern dipole state -- civil society was reproduced in the theories of Alexis de Tocqueville and Karl Marx . Nowadays in post-modern theory civil society is necessarily a source of law , by being the basis from which people form opinions and lobby for what they believe law should be . As Australian barrister and author Geoffrey Robertson QC wrote of international law , ... one of its primary modern sources is found in the responses of ordinary men and women , and of the non-governmental organizations which many of them support , to the human rights abuses they see on the television screen in their living rooms . Freedom of speech , freedom of association and many other individual rights allow people to gather , discuss , criticise and hold to account their governments , from which the basis of a deliberative democracy is formed . The more people are involved with , concerned by and capable of changing how political power is exercised over their lives , the more acceptable and legitimate the law becomes to the people . The most familiar institutions of civil society include economic markets , profit - oriented firms , families , trade unions , hospitals , universities , schools , charities , debating clubs , non-governmental organisations , neighbourhoods , churches , and religious associations . Legal subjects ( edit ) All legal systems deal with the same basic issues , but jurisdictions categorise and identify its legal subjects in different ways . A common distinction is that between `` public law '' ( a term related closely to the state , and including constitutional , administrative and criminal law ) , and `` private law '' ( which covers contract , tort and property ) . In civil law systems , contract and tort fall under a general law of obligations , while trusts law is dealt with under statutory regimes or international conventions . International , constitutional and administrative law , criminal law , contract , tort , property law and trusts are regarded as the `` traditional core subjects '' , although there are many further disciplines . International law ( edit ) Main articles : Public international law , Conflict of laws , and European Union law Providing a constitution for public international law , the United Nations system was agreed during World War II . The Italian lawyer Sir Alberico Gentili , the Father of international law . International law can refer to three things : public international law , private international law or conflict of laws and the law of supranational organisations . Public international law concerns relationships between sovereign nations . The sources for public international law development are custom , practice and treaties between sovereign nations , such as the Geneva Conventions . Public international law can be formed by international organisations , such as the United Nations ( which was established after the failure of the League of Nations to prevent World War II ) , the International Labour Organisation , the World Trade Organisation , or the International Monetary Fund . Public international law has a special status as law because there is no international police force , and courts ( e.g. the International Court of Justice as the primary UN judicial organ ) lack the capacity to penalise disobedience . However , a few bodies , such as the WTO , have effective systems of binding arbitration and dispute resolution backed up by trade sanctions . Conflict of laws ( or `` private international law '' in civil law countries ) concerns which jurisdiction a legal dispute between private parties should be heard in and which jurisdiction 's law should be applied . Today , businesses are increasingly capable of shifting capital and labour supply chains across borders , as well as trading with overseas businesses , making the question of which country has jurisdiction even more pressing . Increasing numbers of businesses opt for commercial arbitration under the New York Convention 1958 . European Union law is the first and , so far , only example of an internationally accepted legal system other than the UN and the World Trade Organisation . Given the trend of increasing global economic integration , many regional agreements -- especially the Union of South American Nations -- are on track to follow the same model . In the EU , sovereign nations have gathered their authority in a system of courts and political institutions . These institutions are allowed the ability to enforce legal norms both against or for member states and citizens in a manner which is not possible through public international law . As the European Court of Justice said in the 1960s , European Union law constitutes `` a new legal order of international law '' for the mutual social and economic benefit of the member states . Constitutional and administrative law ( edit ) Main articles : Constitutional law and Administrative law The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Constitutional and administrative law govern the affairs of the state . Constitutional law concerns both the relationships between the executive , legislature and judiciary and the human rights or civil liberties of individuals against the state . Most jurisdictions , like the United States and France , have a single codified constitution with a bill of rights . A few , like the United Kingdom , have no such document . A `` constitution '' is simply those laws which constitute the body politic , from statute , case law and convention . A case named Entick v Carrington illustrates a constitutional principle deriving from the common law . Mr Entick 's house was searched and ransacked by Sheriff Carrington . When Mr Entick complained in court , Sheriff Carrington argued that a warrant from a Government minister , the Earl of Halifax , was valid authority . However , there was no written statutory provision or court authority . The leading judge , Lord Camden , stated that , The great end , for which men entered into society , was to secure their property . That right is preserved sacred and incommunicable in all instances , where it has not been taken away or abridged by some public law for the good of the whole ... If no excuse can be found or produced , the silence of the books is an authority against the defendant , and the plaintiff must have judgment . The fundamental constitutional principle , inspired by John Locke , holds that the individual can do anything except that which is forbidden by law , and the state may do nothing except that which is authorised by law . Administrative law is the chief method for people to hold state bodies to account . People can sue an agency , local council , public service , or government ministry for judicial review of actions or decisions , to ensure that they comply with the law , and that the government entity observed required procedure . The first specialist administrative court was the Conseil d'État set up in 1799 , as Napoleon assumed power in France . Criminal law ( edit ) Main article : Criminal law Criminal law , also known as penal law , pertains to crimes and punishment . It thus regulates the definition of and penalties for offences found to have a sufficiently deleterious social impact but , in itself , makes no moral judgment on an offender nor imposes restrictions on society that physically prevent people from committing a crime in the first place . Investigating , apprehending , charging , and trying suspected offenders is regulated by the law of criminal procedure . The paradigm case of a crime lies in the proof , beyond reasonable doubt , that a person is guilty of two things . First , the accused must commit an act which is deemed by society to be criminal , or actus reus ( guilty act ) . Second , the accused must have the requisite malicious intent to do a criminal act , or mens rea ( guilty mind ) . However , for so called `` strict liability '' crimes , an actus reus is enough . Criminal systems of the civil law tradition distinguish between intention in the broad sense ( dolus directus and dolus eventualis ) , and negligence . Negligence does not carry criminal responsibility unless a particular crime provides for its punishment . A depiction of a 17th - century criminal trial , for witchcraft in Salem Examples of crimes include murder , assault , fraud and theft . In exceptional circumstances defences can apply to specific acts , such as killing in self defence , or pleading insanity . Another example is in the 19th - century English case of R v Dudley and Stephens , which tested a defence of `` necessity '' . The Mignonette , sailing from Southampton to Sydney , sank . Three crew members and Richard Parker , a 17 - year - old cabin boy , were stranded on a raft . They were starving and the cabin boy was close to death . Driven to extreme hunger , the crew killed and ate the cabin boy . The crew survived and were rescued , but put on trial for murder . They argued it was necessary to kill the cabin boy to preserve their own lives . Lord Coleridge , expressing immense disapproval , ruled , `` to preserve one 's life is generally speaking a duty , but it may be the plainest and the highest duty to sacrifice it . '' The men were sentenced to hang , but public opinion was overwhelmingly supportive of the crew 's right to preserve their own lives . In the end , the Crown commuted their sentences to six months in jail . Criminal law offences are viewed as offences against not just individual victims , but the community as well . The state , usually with the help of police , takes the lead in prosecution , which is why in common law countries cases are cited as `` The People v ... '' or `` R ( for Rex or Regina ) v ... '' . Also , lay juries are often used to determine the guilt of defendants on points of fact : juries can not change legal rules . Some developed countries still condone capital punishment for criminal activity , but the normal punishment for a crime will be imprisonment , fines , state supervision ( such as probation ) , or community service . Modern criminal law has been affected considerably by the social sciences , especially with respect to sentencing , legal research , legislation , and rehabilitation . On the international field , 111 countries are members of the International Criminal Court , which was established to try people for crimes against humanity . Contract law ( edit ) Main article : Contract The famous Carbolic Smoke Ball advertisement to cure influenza was held to be a unilateral contract Contract law concerns enforceable promises , and can be summed up in the Latin phrase pacta sunt servanda ( agreements must be kept ) . In common law jurisdictions , three key elements to the creation of a contract are necessary : offer and acceptance , consideration and the intention to create legal relations . In Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company a medical firm advertised that its new wonder drug , the smokeball , would cure people 's flu , and if it did not , the buyers would get £ 100 . Many people sued for their £ 100 when the drug did not work . Fearing bankruptcy , Carbolic argued the advert was not to be taken as a serious , legally binding offer . It was an invitation to treat , mere puffery , a gimmick . But the Court of Appeal held that to a reasonable man Carbolic had made a serious offer , accentuated by their reassuring statement , `` £ 1000 is deposited '' . Equally , people had given good consideration for the offer by going to the `` distinct inconvenience '' of using a faulty product . `` Read the advertisement how you will , and twist it about as you will '' , said Lord Justice Lindley , `` here is a distinct promise expressed in language which is perfectly unmistakable '' . `` Consideration '' indicates the fact that all parties to a contract have exchanged something of value . Some common law systems , including Australia , are moving away from the idea of consideration as a requirement . The idea of estoppel or culpa in contrahendo , can be used to create obligations during pre-contractual negotiations . In civil law jurisdictions , consideration is not required for a contract to be binding . In France , an ordinary contract is said to form simply on the basis of a `` meeting of the minds '' or a `` concurrence of wills '' . Germany has a special approach to contracts , which ties into property law . Their ' abstraction principle ' ( Abstraktionsprinzip ) means that the personal obligation of contract forms separately from the title of property being conferred . When contracts are invalidated for some reason ( e.g. a car buyer is so drunk that he lacks legal capacity to contract ) the contractual obligation to pay can be invalidated separately from the proprietary title of the car . Unjust enrichment law , rather than contract law , is then used to restore title to the rightful owner . Tort law ( edit ) Main article : Tort The `` McLibel case '' two were involved in the longest - running case in UK history for publishing a pamphlet criticising McDonald 's restaurants . Torts , sometimes called delicts , are civil wrongs . To have acted tortiously , one must have breached a duty to another person , or infringed some pre-existing legal right . A simple example might be accidentally hitting someone with a cricket ball . Under the law of negligence , the most common form of tort , the injured party could potentially claim compensation for their injuries from the party responsible . The principles of negligence are illustrated by Donoghue v Stevenson . A friend of Mrs Donoghue ordered an opaque bottle of ginger beer ( intended for the consumption of Mrs Donoghue ) in a café in Paisley . Having consumed half of it , Mrs Donoghue poured the remainder into a tumbler . The decomposing remains of a snail floated out . She claimed to have suffered from shock , fell ill with gastroenteritis and sued the manufacturer for carelessly allowing the drink to be contaminated . The House of Lords decided that the manufacturer was liable for Mrs Donoghue 's illness . Lord Atkin took a distinctly moral approach , and said , The liability for negligence ... is no doubt based upon a general public sentiment of moral wrongdoing for which the offender must pay ... The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law , you must not injure your neighbour ; and the lawyer 's question , Who is my neighbour ? receives a restricted reply . You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour . This became the basis for the four principles of negligence : ( 1 ) Mr Stevenson owed Mrs Donoghue a duty of care to provide safe drinks ( 2 ) he breached his duty of care ( 3 ) the harm would not have occurred but for his breach and ( 4 ) his act was the proximate cause of her harm . Another example of tort might be a neighbour making excessively loud noises with machinery on his property . Under a nuisance claim the noise could be stopped . Torts can also involve intentional acts , such as assault , battery or trespass . A better known tort is defamation , which occurs , for example , when a newspaper makes unsupportable allegations that damage a politician 's reputation . More infamous are economic torts , which form the basis of labour law in some countries by making trade unions liable for strikes , when statute does not provide immunity . Property law ( edit ) Main article : Property law A painting of the South Sea Bubble , one of the world 's first ever speculations and crashes , led to strict regulation on share trading . Property law governs ownership and possession . Real property , sometimes called ' real estate ' , refers to ownership of land and things attached to it . Personal property , refers to everything else ; movable objects , such as computers , cars , jewelry or intangible rights , such as stocks and shares . A right in rem is a right to a specific piece of property , contrasting to a right in personam which allows compensation for a loss , but not a particular thing back . Land law forms the basis for most kinds of property law , and is the most complex . It concerns mortgages , rental agreements , licences , covenants , easements and the statutory systems for land registration . Regulations on the use of personal property fall under intellectual property , company law , trusts and commercial law . An example of a basic case of most property law is Armory v Delamirie ( 1722 ) . A chimney sweep 's boy found a jewel encrusted with precious stones . He took it to a goldsmith to have it valued . The goldsmith 's apprentice looked at it , sneakily removed the stones , told the boy it was worth three halfpence and that he would buy it . The boy said he would prefer the jewel back , so the apprentice gave it to him , but without the stones . The boy sued the goldsmith for his apprentice 's attempt to cheat him . Lord Chief Justice Pratt ruled that even though the boy could not be said to own the jewel , he should be considered the rightful keeper ( `` finders keepers '' ) until the original owner is found . In fact the apprentice and the boy both had a right of possession in the jewel ( a technical concept , meaning evidence that something could belong to someone ) , but the boy 's possessory interest was considered better , because it could be shown to be first in time . Possession may be nine tenths of the law , but not all . This case is used to support the view of property in common law jurisdictions , that the person who can show the best claim to a piece of property , against any contesting party , is the owner . By contrast , the classic civil law approach to property , propounded by Friedrich Carl von Savigny , is that it is a right good against the world . Obligations , like contracts and torts , are conceptualised as rights good between individuals . The idea of property raises many further philosophical and political issues . Locke argued that our `` lives , liberties and estates '' are our property because we own our bodies and mix our labour with our surroundings . Equity and trusts ( edit ) Main articles : Equity ( law ) and Trust law The Court of Chancery , London , early 19th century Equity is a body of rules that developed in England separately from the `` common law '' . The common law was administered by judges and barristers . The Lord Chancellor on the other hand , as the King 's keeper of conscience , could overrule the judge - made law if he thought it equitable to do so . This meant equity came to operate more through principles than rigid rules . For instance , whereas neither the common law nor civil law systems allow people to split the ownership from the control of one piece of property , equity allows this through an arrangement known as a ' trust ' . ' Trustees ' control property , whereas the ' beneficial ' ( or ' equitable ' ) ownership of trust property is held by people known as ' beneficiaries ' . Trustees owe duties to their beneficiaries to take good care of the entrusted property . In the early case of Keech v Sandford ( 1722 ) a child had inherited the lease on a market in Romford , London . Mr Sandford was entrusted to look after this property until the child matured . But before then , the lease expired . The landlord had ( apparently ) told Mr Sandford that he did not want the child to have the renewed lease . Yet the landlord was happy ( apparently ) to give Mr Sandford the opportunity of the lease instead . Mr Sandford took it . When the child ( now Mr Keech ) grew up , he sued Mr Sandford for the profit that he had been making by getting the market 's lease . Mr Sandford was meant to be trusted , but he put himself in a position of conflict of interest . The Lord Chancellor , Lord King , agreed and ordered Mr Sandford should disgorge his profits . He wrote , I very well see , if a trustee , on the refusal to renew , might have a lease to himself few trust - estates would be renewed ... This may seem very hard , that the trustee is the only person of all mankind who might not have the lease ; but it is very proper that the rule should be strictly pursued and not at all relaxed . Of course , Lord King LC was worried that trustees might exploit opportunities to use trust property for themselves instead of looking after it . Business speculators using trusts had just recently caused a stock market crash . Strict duties for trustees made their way into company law and were applied to directors and chief executive officers . Another example of a trustee 's duty might be to invest property wisely or sell it . This is especially the case for pension funds , the most important form of trust , where investors are trustees for people 's savings until retirement . But trusts can also be set up for charitable purposes , famous examples being the British Museum or the Rockefeller Foundation . Further disciplines ( edit ) Law spreads far beyond the core subjects into virtually every area of life . Three categories are presented for convenience , though the subjects intertwine and overlap . Law and society A trade union protest by UNISON while on strike Labour law is the study of a tripartite industrial relationship between worker , employer and trade union . This involves collective bargaining regulation , and the right to strike . Individual employment law refers to workplace rights , such as job security , health and safety or a minimum wage . Human rights , civil rights and human rights law are important fields to guarantee everyone basic freedoms and entitlements . These are laid down in codes such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , the European Convention on Human Rights ( which founded the European Court of Human Rights ) and the U.S. Bill of Rights . The Treaty of Lisbon makes the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union legally binding in all member states except Poland and the United Kingdom . Civil procedure and criminal procedure concern the rules that courts must follow as a trial and appeals proceed . Both concern a citizen 's right to a fair trial or hearing . Evidence law involves which materials are admissible in courts for a case to be built . Immigration law and nationality law concern the rights of foreigners to live and work in a nation - state that is not their own and to acquire or lose citizenship . Both also involve the right of asylum and the problem of stateless individuals . Social security law refers to the rights people have to social insurance , such as jobseekers ' allowances or housing benefits . Family law covers marriage and divorce proceedings , the rights of children and rights to property and money in the event of separation . Transactional law refers to the practice of law concerning business and money . Law and commerce Company law sprang from the law of trusts , on the principle of separating ownership of property and control . The law of the modern company began with the Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 , passed in the United Kingdom , which provided investors with a simple registration procedure to gain limited liability under the separate legal personality of the corporation . Commercial law covers complex contract and property law . The law of agency , insurance law , bills of exchange , insolvency and bankruptcy law and sales law are all important , and trace back to the medieval Lex Mercatoria . The UK Sale of Goods Act 1979 and the US Uniform Commercial Code are examples of codified common law commercial principles . Admiralty law and the Law of the Sea lay a basic framework for free trade and commerce across the world 's oceans and seas , where outside of a country 's zone of control . Shipping companies operate through ordinary principles of commercial law , generalised for a global market . Admiralty law also encompasses specialised issues such as salvage , maritime liens , and injuries to passengers . Intellectual property law aims at safeguarding creators and other producers of intellectual goods and services . These are legal rights ( copyrights , trademarks , patents , and related rights ) which result from intellectual activity in the industrial , literary and artistic fields . Restitution deals with the recovery of someone else 's gain , rather than compensation for one 's own loss . Unjust enrichment When someone has been unjustly enriched ( or there is an `` absence of basis '' for a transaction ) at another 's expense , this event generates the right to restitution to reverse that gain . Space law is a relatively new field dealing with aspects of international law regarding human activities in Earth orbit and outer space . While at first addressing space relations of countries via treaties , increasingly it is addressing areas such as space commercialisation , property , liability , and other issues . Law and regulation The New York Stock Exchange trading floor after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , before tougher banking regulation was introduced Tax law involves regulations that concern value added tax , corporate tax , and income tax . Banking law and financial regulation set minimum standards on the amounts of capital banks must hold , and rules about best practice for investment . This is to insure against the risk of economic crises , such as the Wall Street Crash of 1929 . Regulation deals with the provision of public services and utilities . Water law is one example . Especially since privatisation became popular and took management of services away from public law , private companies doing the jobs previously controlled by government have been bound by varying degrees of social responsibility . Energy , gas , telecomms and water are regulated industries in most OECD countries . Competition law , known in the U.S. as antitrust law , is an evolving field that traces as far back as Roman decrees against price fixing and the English restraint of trade doctrine . Modern competition law derives from the U.S. anti-cartel and anti-monopoly statutes ( the Sherman Act and Clayton Act ) of the turn of the 20th century . It is used to control businesses who attempt to use their economic influence to distort market prices at the expense of consumer welfare . Consumer law could include anything from regulations on unfair contractual terms and clauses to directives on airline baggage insurance . Environmental law is increasingly important , especially in light of the Kyoto Protocol and the potential danger of climate change . Environmental protection also serves to penalise polluters within domestic legal systems . See also ( edit ) Law portal Library resources about Law Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Law dictionary Legal research in the United States Legal treatise Political science Public interest law Rule according to higher law Social law Translating `` law '' to other European languages Law -- Wikipedia book Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Luban , Law 's Blindfold , 23 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Crimes against humanity , 90 . Jump up ^ `` What is sharia law ? '' . brightknowledge.org . Archived from the original on 19 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal and Civil Law '' . www.cscja-acjcs.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Third New International Dictionary , Merriam - Webster , Inc. , Springfield , Massachusetts . Jump up ^ Dictionary of the History of Ideas , Charles Scribner 's Sons , Editor Philip P. Weiner , 1973 . Jump up ^ Lord Lloyd of Hampstead . Introduction to Jurisprudence . Third Edition . Stevens & Sons . London . 1972 . Second Impression . 1975 . p. 39 . Jump up ^ Mc Coubrey , Hilaire and White , Nigel D. Textbook on Jurisprudence . Second Edition . Blackstone Press Limited . 1996 . ISBN 1 - 85431 - 582 - X . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Williams , Glanville . International Law and the Controversy Concerning the Meaning of the Word `` Law '' . Revised version published in Laslett ( Editor ) , Philosophy , Politics and Society ( 1956 ) p. 134 et seq . The original was published in ( 1945 ) 22 BYBIL 146 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thurman . The Symbols of Government . 1935 . p. 36 . Jump up ^ Lord Lloyd of Hampstead . Introduction to Jurisprudence . Third Edition . Stevens & Sons . London . 1972 . Second Impression . 1975 . Jump up ^ Théodoridés . `` law '' . Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt . Jump up ^ VerSteeg , Law in ancient Egypt Jump up ^ Richardson , Hammurabi 's Laws , 11 Jump up ^ Kelly , A Short History of Western Legal Theory , 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ J.P. Mallory , `` Law '' , in Encyclopedia of Indo - European Culture , 346 Jump up ^ Ober , The Nature of Athenian Democracy , 121 Jump up ^ Kelly , A Short History of Western Legal Theory , 39 Jump up ^ Stein , Roman Law in European History , 1 Jump up ^ As a legal system , Roman law has affected the development of law worldwide . It also forms the basis for the law codes of most countries of continental Europe and has played an important role in the creation of the idea of a common European culture ( Stein , Roman Law in European History , 2 , 104 -- 107 ) . Jump up ^ Sealey - Hooley , Commercial Law , 14 Jump up ^ Mattei , Comparative Law and Economics , 71 Jump up ^ For discussion of the composition and dating of these sources , see Olivelle , Manu 's Code of Law , 18 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Glenn , Legal Traditions of the World , 276 Jump up ^ Glenn , Legal Traditions of the World , 273 Jump up ^ Glenn , Legal Traditions of the World , 287 Jump up ^ Glenn , Legal Traditions of the World , 304 Jump up ^ Glenn , Legal Traditions of the World , 305 Jump up ^ Glenn , Legal Traditions of the World , 307 Jump up ^ Glenn , Legal Traditions of the World , 309 Jump up ^ Farah , Five Years of China WTO Membership , 263 -- 304 Jump up ^ Rousseau , The Social Contract , Book II : Chapter 6 ( Law ) ^ Jump up to : Bix , John Austin Jump up ^ Fritz Berolzheimer , The World 's Legal Philosophies , 115 -- 116 Jump up ^ Kant , Immanuel , Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals , 42 ( par . 434 ) Jump up ^ Green , Legal Positivism Jump up ^ Nietzsche , Zur Genealogie der Moral , Second Essay , 11 Jump up ^ Kazantzakis , Friedrich Nietzsche and the Philosophy of Law , 97 -- 98 Jump up ^ Linarelli , Nietzsche in Law 's Cathedral , 23 -- 26 Jump up ^ Marmor , The Pure Theory of Law Jump up ^ Bielefeldt , Carl Schmitt 's Critique of Liberalism , 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ Finn , Constitutions in Crisis , 170 -- 171 Jump up ^ Bayles , Hart 's Legal Philosophy , 21 Jump up ^ Dworkin , Law 's Empire , 410 . ^ Jump up to : Raz , The Authority of Law , 3 -- 36 Jump up ^ Raz , The Authority of Law , 37 etc . Jump up ^ Campbell , The Contribution of Legal Studies , 184 Jump up ^ Dworkin , Law 's Empire , 410 Jump up ^ Holmes , Oliver Wendell . `` The Path of Law ( 1897 ) 10 Harvard Law Review 457 at 461 . Jump up ^ Aquinas , St Thomas . Summa Theologica . 1a2ae , 90.4 . Translated by JG Dawson . Ed d'Entreves . ( Basil Blackwell ) . Latin : `` nihil est aliud qau edam rationis ordinatio ad bonum commune , ab eo qi curam communitatis habet , promulgata '' . Jump up ^ McCoubrey , Hilaire and White , Nigel D. Textbook on Jurisprudence . Second Edition . Blackstone Press Limited . 1996 . ISBN 1 - 85431 - 582 - X . p. 73 . Jump up ^ According to Malloy ( Law and Economics , 114 ) , Smith established `` a classical liberal philosophy that made individuals the key referential sign while acknowledging that we live not alone but in community with others '' . Jump up ^ Jakoby , Economic Ideas and the Labour Market , 53 Jump up ^ `` The Becker - Posner Blog '' . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Coase , The Nature of the Firm , 386 -- 405 Jump up ^ Coase , The Problem of Social Cost , 1 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Sturges v Bridgman ( 1879 ) 11 Ch D 852 Jump up ^ Coase , The Problem of Social Cost , IV , 7 Jump up ^ Coase , The Problem of Social Cost , V , 9 Jump up ^ Coase , The Problem of Social Cost , VIII , 23 ^ Jump up to : Cotterrell , Sociology of Law , Jary , Collins Dictionary of Sociology , 636 Jump up ^ Ehrlich , Fundamental Principles , Hertogh , Living Law , Rottleuthner , La Sociologie du Droit en Allemagne , 109 , Rottleuthner , Rechtstheoritische Probleme der Sociologie des Rechts , 521 Jump up ^ Cotterrell , Law , Culture and Society Jump up ^ Rheinstein , Max Weber on Law and Economy in Society , 336 Jump up ^ Cotterrell , Emile Durkheim : Law in a Moral Domain , Johnson , The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology , 156 Jump up ^ Gurvitch , Sociology of Law , 142 Jump up ^ Papachristou , Sociology of Law , 81 -- 82 Jump up ^ Modern scholars argue that the significance of this distinction has progressively declined ; the numerous legal transplants , typical of modern law , result in the sharing by modern legal systems of many features traditionally considered typical of either common law or civil law ( Mattei , Comparative Law and Economics , 71 ) Jump up ^ Civil law jurisdictions recognise custom as `` the other source of law '' ; hence , scholars tend to divide the civil law into the broad categories of `` written law '' ( ius scriptum ) or legislation , and `` unwritten law '' ( ius non scriptum ) or custom . Yet they tend to dismiss custom as being of slight importance compared to legislation ( Georgiadis , General Principles of Civil Law , 19 ; Washofsky , Taking Precedent Seriously , 7 ) . Jump up ^ Gordley - von Mehren , Comparative Study of Private Law , 18 Jump up ^ Gordley - von Mehren , Comparative Study of Private Law , 21 Jump up ^ Stein , Roman Law in European History , 32 Jump up ^ Stein , Roman Law in European History , 35 Jump up ^ Stein , Roman Law in European History , 43 Jump up ^ Hatzis , The Short - Lived Influence of the Napoleonic Civil Code in Greece , 253 -- 263 Jump up ^ Demirgüç - Kunt - Levine , Financial Structures and Economic Growth , 204 Jump up ^ The World Factbook -- Field Listing -- Legal system , CIA Jump up ^ Magna Carta , Fordham University Jump up ^ Gordley - von Mehren , Comparative Study of Private Law , 4 Jump up ^ Gordley - von Mehren , Comparative Study of Private Law , 3 Jump up ^ Pollock ( ed ) Table Talk of John Selden ( 1927 ) 43 ; `` Equity is a roguish thing . For law we have a measure ... equity is according to the conscience of him that is Chancellor , and as that is longer or narrower , so is equity . ' Tis all one as if they should make the standard for the measure a Chancellor 's foot . '' Jump up ^ Gee v Pritchard ( 1818 ) 2 Swans. 402 , 414 Jump up ^ Blackstone , Commentaries on the Laws of England , Book the First -- Chapter the First Jump up ^ Gordley - von Mehren , Comparative Study of Private Law , 17 Jump up ^ Glenn , Legal Traditions of the World , 159 Jump up ^ Anderson , Law Reform in the Middle East , 43 Jump up ^ Giannoulatos , Islam , 274 -- 275 Jump up ^ Sherif , Constitutions of Arab Countries , 157 -- 158 Jump up ^ Saudi Arabia Archived 30 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , Jurist Jump up ^ Akhlagi , Iranian Commercial Law , 127 Jump up ^ Hallaq , The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law , 1 Jump up ^ Montesquieu , The Spirit of Laws , Book XI : Of the Laws Which Establish Political Liberty , with Regard to the Constitution , Chapters 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Thomas Hobbes , Leviathan , XVII Jump up ^ A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court , Supreme Court of the United States Jump up ^ House of Lords Judgments , House of Lords Jump up ^ Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts Archived 21 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , Bundesverfassungsgericht Jump up ^ Jurisprudence , publications , documentation , Cour de cassation Jump up ^ Goldhaber , European Court of Human Rights , 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Patterson , Brown v. Board of Education Jump up ^ Dicey , Law of the Constitution , 37 -- 82 Jump up ^ E.g. , the court president is a political appointee ( Jensen -- Heller , Introduction , 11 -- 12 ) . About the notion of `` judicial independence '' in China , see Findlay , Judiciary in the PRC , 282 -- 284 ^ Jump up to : Sherif , Constitutions of Arab Countries , 158 Jump up ^ Rasekh , Islamism and Republicanism , 115 -- 116 ^ Jump up to : Riker , The Justification of Bicameralism , 101 Jump up ^ About `` cabinet accountability '' in both presidential and parliamentary systems , see Shugart -- Haggard , Presidential Systems , 67 etc . ^ Jump up to : Haggard , Presidents , Parliaments and Policy , 71 Jump up ^ Olson , The New Parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe , 7 Jump up ^ See , e.g. Tuberville v Savage ( 1669 ) , 1 Mod . Rep. 3 , 86 Eng . Rep. 684 , where a knight said in a threatening tone to a layman , `` If it were not assize time , I would not take such language from you . '' Jump up ^ History of Police Forces Archived 29 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , History.com Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Des Sergents de Ville et Gardiens de la Paix à la Police de Proximité , La Préfecture de Police Jump up ^ Weber , Politics as a Vocation Jump up ^ Weber , The Theory of Social and Economic Organisation , 154 Jump up ^ In these cases sovereignty is eroded , and often warlords acquire excessive powers ( Fukuyama , State - Building , 166 -- 167 ) . Jump up ^ Bureaucracy , Online Etymology Dictionary Jump up ^ Albrow , Bureaucracy , 16 Jump up ^ Mises , Bureaucracy , II , Bureaucratic Management ^ Jump up to : Kettl , Public Bureaucracies , 367 Jump up ^ Weber , Economy and Society , I , 393 Jump up ^ Kettl , Public Bureaucracies , 371 Jump up ^ Hazard -- Dondi , Legal Ethics , 22 Jump up ^ Hazard -- Dondi , Legal Ethics , 1 Jump up ^ The Sunday Times v The United Kingdom ( 1979 ) ECHR 1 at 49 Case no . 6538 / 74 Jump up ^ `` British English : Esquire '' . Collins Dictionary . n.d . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American English : Esquire '' . Collins Dictionary . n.d . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Ahamd , Lawyers : Islamic Law Archived 1 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hazard -- Dondi , Legal Ethics , 22 -- 23 ^ Jump up to : Fine , The Globalisation of Legal Education , 364 Jump up ^ Warren , Civil Society , 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Locke , Second Treatise , Chap . VII , Of Political or Civil_Society . Chapter 7 , section 87 Jump up ^ Hegel , Elements of the Philosophy of Right , 3 , II , 182 ; Karkatsoulis , The State in Transition , 277 -- 278 Jump up ^ ( Pelczynski , The State and Civil Society , 1 -- 13 ; Warren , Civil Society , 5 -- 9 ) Jump up ^ Zaleski , Pawel ( 2008 ) . `` Tocqueville on Civilian Society . A Romantic Vision of the Dichotomic Structure of Social Reality '' . Archiv für Begriffsgeschichte . Felix Meiner Verlag. 50 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Crimes Against Humanity , 98 -- 99 Jump up ^ There is no clear legal definition of the civil society , and of the institutions it includes . Most of the institutions and bodies who try to give a list of institutions ( such as the European Economic and Social Committee ) exclude the political parties . For further information , see Jakobs , Pursuing Equal Opportunities , 5 -- 6 ; Kaldor -- Anheier -- Glasius , Global Civil Society , passim ( PDF ) ; Karkatsoulis , The State in Transition , 282 -- 283 . Archived 17 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Although many scholars argue that `` the boundaries between public and private law are becoming blurred '' , and that this distinction has become mere `` folklore '' ( Bergkamp , Liability and Environment , 1 -- 2 ) . Jump up ^ E.g. in England these seven subjects , with EU law substituted for international law , make up a `` qualifying law degree '' . For criticism , see Peter Birks ' poignant comments attached to a previous version of the Notice to Law Schools . Jump up ^ Pagden , Anthony ( 1991 ) . Vitoria : Political Writings ( Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought ) . UK : Cambridge University Press . p. xvi . ISBN 0 - 521 - 36714 - X . Jump up ^ History of the UN Archived 18 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , United Nations . Winston Churchill ( The Hinge of Fate , 719 ) comments on the League of Nations ' failure : `` It was wrong to say that the League failed . It was rather the member states who had failed the League . '' Jump up ^ The prevailing manner of enforcing international law is still essentially `` self help '' ; that is the reaction by states to alleged breaches of international obligations by other states ( Robertson , Crimes against Humanity , 90 ; Schermers - Blokker , International Institutional Law , 900 -- 901 ) . Jump up ^ Petersmann , The GATT / WTO Dispute Settlement System International Criminal Court Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , 32 Jump up ^ Redfem , International Commercial Arbitration , 68 -- 69 Jump up ^ Schermers -- Blokker , International Institutional Law , 943 Jump up ^ See the fundamental C - 26 / 62 Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen , and Flaminio Costa v E.N.E.L. decisions of the European Court . Jump up ^ Entick v Carrington ( 1765 ) 19 Howell 's State Trials 1030 ; ( 1765 ) 95 ER 807 Jump up ^ `` Entick v Carrington '' . 19 Howell 's State Trials 1029 ( 1765 ) . US : Constitution Society . Retrieved 13 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Locke , The Second Treatise , Chapter 9 , section 124 Jump up ^ Tamanaha , On the Rule of Law , 47 Jump up ^ Auby , Administrative Law in France , 75 Jump up ^ Cesare Beccaria 's seminal treatise of 1763 -- 1764 is titled On Crimes and Punishments ( Dei delitti e delle pene ) . ^ Jump up to : Brody , Acker and Logan , Criminal Law , 2 ; Wilson , Criminal Law , 2 Jump up ^ Dennis J. Baker , Glanville Williams Textbook of Criminal Law ( London : 2012 ) , 2 Jump up ^ See e.g. Brody , Acker and Logan , Criminal Law , 205 about Robinson v. California , 370 U.S. 660 ( 1962 ) . Jump up ^ See e.g. Feinman , Law 111 , 260 -- 261 about Powell v. Texas , 392 U.S. 514 ( 1968 ) . Jump up ^ Dörmann , Doswald - Beck and Kolb , Elements of War Crimes , 491 Jump up ^ Kaiser , Leistungsstörungen , 333 Jump up ^ About R v Dudley and Stephens ( 1884 ) 14 QBD 273 DC Archived 28 February 2005 at the Wayback Machine. , see Simpson , Cannibalism and the Common Law , 212 -- 217 , 229 -- 237 Jump up ^ Pelser , Criminal Legislation , 198 Jump up ^ The States Parties to the Rome Statute Archived 23 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , International Criminal Court Jump up ^ Wehberg , Pacta Sunt Servanda , 775 Jump up ^ About Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company Archived 5 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine . ( 1893 ) 1 QB 256 , and the element of consideration , see Beale and Tallon , Contract Law , 142 -- 143 Jump up ^ Austotel v Franklins ( 1989 ) 16 NSWLR 582 Jump up ^ e.g. in Germany , § 311 Abs. II BGB Jump up ^ `` § 105 BGB Nichtigkeit der Willenserklärung '' . dejure.org . Jump up ^ Smith , The Structure of Unjust Enrichment Law , 1037 Jump up ^ Bolton v Stone ( 1951 ) AC 850 ^ Jump up to : Donoghue v Stevenson ( ( 1932 ) A.C. 532 , 1932 S.C. ( H.L. ) 31 , ( 1932 ) All ER Rep 1 ) . See the original text of the case in UK Law Online . Jump up ^ Donoghue v Stevenson ( 1932 ) AC 532 , 580 Jump up ^ e.g. concerning a British politician and the Iraq War , George Galloway v Telegraph Group Ltd ( 2004 ) EWHC 2786 Jump up ^ Taff Vale Railway Co v Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants ( 1901 ) AC 426 Jump up ^ In the UK , Trade Union and Labour Relations ( Consolidation ) Act 1992 ; c.f. in the U.S. , National Labor Relations Act Jump up ^ Harris , The Bubble Act , 610 -- 627 Jump up ^ e.g. Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd ( 1997 ) 2 All ER 426 Jump up ^ Armory v Delamirie ( 1722 ) 93 ER 664 , 1 Strange 505 Jump up ^ Matthews , The Man of Property , 251 -- 274 Jump up ^ Savigny , Das Recht des Besitzes , 25 Jump up ^ Locke , Second Treatise on Civil Government , Chap . IX . Of the Ends of Political Society and Government . Chapter 9 , section 123 . Jump up ^ McGhee , Snell 's Equity , 7 Jump up ^ c.f. Bristol and West Building Society v Mothew ( 1998 ) Ch 1 Jump up ^ Keech v Sandford ( 1726 ) Sel Cas Ch 61 Jump up ^ Nestlé v National Westminster Bank plc ( 1993 ) 1 WLR 1260 Jump up ^ A Guide to the Treaty of Lisbon Archived 10 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , The Law Society Jump up ^ Berle , Modern Corporation and Private Property Jump up ^ WIPO , Intellectual Property , 3 References ( edit ) Printed sources Ahmad , Ahmad Atif . `` Lawyers : Islamic Law '' ( PDF ) . Oxford Encyclopedia of Legal History . Oxford University Press . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 March 2009 . Akhlaghi , Behrooz ( 2005 ) . `` Iranian Commercial Law and the New Investment Law FIPPA '' . In Yassari , Nadjma . The Sharīʻa in the Constitutions of Afghanistan , Iran , and Egypt . Mohr Siebeck . ISBN 3 - 16 - 148787 - 7 . Albrow , Martin ( 1970 ) . Bureaucracy ( Key Concepts in Political Science ) . London : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 11262 - 8 . Anderson , J.N.D. 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history and development of special education provision in zambia

Special education

special education

Special education ( also known as special needs education , aided education , exceptional education or Special Ed ) is the practice of educating students with an IEP or Section 504 in a way that addresses their individual differences and needs . Ideally , this process involves the individually planned and systematically monitored arrangement of teaching procedures , adapted equipment and materials , and accessible settings . These interventions are designed to help individuals with special needs achieve a higher level of personal self - sufficiency and success in school and in their community which may not be available if the student were only given access to a typical classroom education .

Common special needs include learning disabilities ( such as dyslexia ) , communication disorders , emotional and behavioral disorders ( such as ADHD ) , physical disabilities ( such as osteogenesis imperfecta , cerebral palsy , muscular dystrophy , spina bifida , and Friedreich 's ataxia ) , and developmental disabilities ( such as autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability ) . Students with these kinds of special needs are likely to benefit from additional educational services such as different approaches to teaching , the use of technology , a specifically adapted teaching area , or a resource room . Intellectual giftedness is a difference in learning and can also benefit from specialised teaching techniques or different educational programs , but the term `` special education '' is generally used to specifically indicate instruction of students with disabilities . Gifted education is handled separately . Whereas special education is designed specifically for students with special needs , remedial education can be designed for any students , with or without special needs ; the defining trait is simply that they have reached a point of unpreparedness , regardless of why . For example , even people of high intelligence can be under prepared if their education was disrupted , for example , by internal displacement during civil disorder or a war . In most developed countries , educators modify teaching methods and environments so that the maximum number of students are served in general education environments . Therefore , special education in developed countries is often regarded as a service rather than a place . Integration can reduce social stigmas and improve academic achievement for many students . The opposite of special education is general education . General education is the standard curriculum presented without special teaching methods or supports . Students receiving special education services can enroll in a General education setting to learn along with students without disabilities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Identifying students or learners with special needs 2 Individual needs 3 Methods of provision 3.1 Effective Instruction for students with disabilities 3.2 Special schools 3.2. 1 History of special schools 4 Instructional strategies 5 Issues 5.1 Global issues 6 National approaches 6.1 Africa 6.2 Asia 6.3 Australia 6.4 Europe 6.5 Latin America 6.6 North America 7 Integrating technology in special ed. classrooms 7.1 Autism 7.2 Down syndrome 7.3 Benefits 8 See also 9 References 10 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links Identifying students or Learners with special needs ( edit ) A six - year - old boy with Down syndrome is ready for his first day of school . Some children are easily identified as candidates for special needs due to their medical history . They may have been diagnosed with a genetic condition that is associated with intellectual disability , may have various forms of brain damage , may have a developmental disorder , may have visual or hearing disabilities , or other disabilities . For students with less obvious disabilities , such as those who have learning difficulties , two primary methods have been used for identifying them : the discrepancy model and the response to intervention model . The discrepancy model depends on the teacher noticing that the students ' achievements are noticeably below what is expected . The response to intervention model advocates earlier intervention . In the discrepancy model , a student receives special education services for a specific learning difficulty ( SLD ) if the student has at least normal intelligence and the student 's academic achievement is below what is expected of a student with his or her IQ . Although the discrepancy model has dominated the school system for many years , there has been substantial criticism of this approach ( e.g. , Aaron , 1995 , Flanagan and Mascolo , 2005 ) among researchers . One reason for criticism is that diagnosing SLDs on the basis of the discrepancy between achievement and IQ does not predict the effectiveness of treatment . Low academic achievers who also have low IQ appear to benefit from treatment just as much as low academic achievers who have normal or high intelligence . The alternative approach , response to intervention , identifies children who are having difficulties in school in their first or second year after starting school . They then receive additional assistance such as participating in a reading remediation program . The response of the children to this intervention then determines whether they are designated as having a learning disability . Those few who still have trouble may then receive designation and further assistance . Sternberg ( 1999 ) has argued that early remediation can greatly reduce the number of children meeting diagnostic criteria for learning disabilities . He has also suggested that the focus on learning disabilities and the provision of accommodations in school fails to acknowledge that people have a range of strengths and weaknesses and places undue emphasis on academics by insisting that students should be supported in this arena and not in music or sports . Individual needs ( edit ) A special education program should be customised to address each individual student 's unique needs . Special educators provide a continuum of services , in which students with special needs receives varying degrees of support based on their individual needs . Special education programs need to be individualised so that they address the unique combination of needs in a given student . In the United States , Canada , and the UK , educational professionals use a student 's Individualized Education Program ( IEP ) . `` The IEP is meant to address each child 's unique learning issues and include specific educational goals . It is a legally binding document . The school must provide everything it promises in the IEP . '' For children who are not yet 3 , an Individual Family Service Plan ( IFSP ) contains information on the child 's present level of development in all areas ; outcomes for the child and family ; and services the child and family will receive to help them achieve the outcomes . In the United States , the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) is a federal law that requires that every school system in the nation must provide a free and appropriate public education for every child , ages 3 to 22 , regardless of how or how seriously that child may be disabled . To ensure that this federal law is obeyed , the government requires every school system provide this type of education to each student in order to receive federal funding . Procedure that a person must follow in order to receive special education accommodations Students with special needs are assessed to determine their specific strengths and weaknesses . Placement , resources , and goals are determined on the basis of the student 's needs . Accommodations and Modifications to the regular program may include changes in the curriculum , supplementary aides or equipment , and the provision of specialized physical adaptations that allow students to participate in the educational environment as much as possible . Students may need this help to access subject matter , physically gain access to the school , or meet their emotional needs . For example , if the assessment determines that the student can not write by hand because of a physical disability , then the school might provide a computer for typing assignments , or allow the student to answer questions verbally instead . If the school determines that the student is severely distracted by the normal activities in a large , busy classroom , then the student might be placed in a smaller classroom such as a resource room . Parent of students with a learning disability must know what type of disability their child has , so they can get accommodations such as speech therapy , occupational therapy and adaptive physical education. For example , if a student takes an academic test and it indicates that the student struggles with reading comprehension , parents can request speech and language support or classroom accommodations , such as extra time to complete reading and writing tasks . Infographic showing accommodations for special education students Methods of provision ( edit ) PS 721 , a special school in Brooklyn , New York exclusively for the education of students with special needs Schools use different approaches to providing special education services to students . These approaches can be broadly grouped into four categories , according to how much contact the student with special needs has with non-disabled students ( using North American terminology ) : Inclusion : In this approach , students with special needs spend all , or most of the school day with students who do not have special needs . Because inclusion can require substantial modification of the general curriculum , most schools use it only for selected students with mild to moderate special needs , which is accepted as a best practice . Specialised services may be provided inside or outside the regular classroom , depending on the type of service . Students may occasionally leave the regular classroom to attend smaller , more intensive instructional sessions in a resource room , or to receive other related services that might require specialised equipment or might be disruptive to the rest of the class , such as speech and language therapy , occupational therapy , physical therapy , rehabilitation counseling . They might also leave the regular classroom for services that require privacy , such as counseling sessions with a social worker . Mainstreaming refers to the practice of educating students with special needs in classes with non-disabled students during specific time periods based on their skills . Students with special needs are segregated in separate classes exclusively for students with special needs for the rest of the school day . Segregation in a separate classroom or special school for students with special needs : In this model , students with special needs do not attend classes with non-disabled students . Segregated students may attend the same school where regular classes are provided , but spend all instructional time exclusively in a separate classroom for students with special needs . If their special class is located in an ordinary school , they may be provided opportunities for social integration outside the classroom , such as by eating meals with non-disabled students . Alternatively , these students may attend a special school . Exclusion : A student who does not receive instruction in any school is excluded from school . In the past , most students with special needs have been excluded from school . Such exclusion still affects about 23 million disabled children worldwide , particularly in poor , rural areas of developing countries . It may also occur when a student is in hospital , housebound , or detained by the criminal justice system . These students may receive one - on - one instruction or group instruction . Students who have been suspended or expelled are not considered excluded in this sense . ' ' Co-Teaching : ' ' In this setting , students with disabilities are placed in a General education classroom to learn along with their disabled peers and non-disabled peers . A General Education teacher and a Special Education teacher work as partners in instruction . Effective instruction for students with disabilities ( edit ) Goal Directed : Each child must have an individualised Education Program ( IEP ) that distinguishes his / her particular needs . The child must get the services that are designed for him / her . These services will allow him / her to reach his / her annual goals which will be assessed at the end of each term along with short - term goals that will be assessed every few months . Research - Based Methods - There has been a lot of research done about students with disabilities and the best way to teach them . Testing , IQs , interviews , the discrepancy model , etc. should all be used to determine where to place the child . Once that is determined , the next step is the best way for the child to learn . There are plenty of different programs such as the Wilson Reading Program and Direct Instruction Guided by student performance - While the IEP goals may be assessed every few months to a year , constant informal assessments must take place . These assessments will guide instruction for the teacher . The teacher will be able to determine if the material is too difficult or to easy . Special schools ( edit ) A special school is a school catering for students who have special educational needs due to severe learning difficulties , physical disabilities or behavioural problems . Special schools may be specifically designed , staffed and resourced to provide appropriate special education for children with additional needs . Students attending special schools generally do not attend any classes in mainstream schools . Special schools provide individualised education , addressing specific needs . Student to teacher ratios are kept low , often 6 : 1 or lower depending upon the needs of the children . Special schools will also have other facilities for children with special needs , such as soft play areas , sensory rooms , or swimming pools , which are necessary for treating students with certain conditions . A Montessori is another type of special school but is a different approach to teaching in the classroom , as compared to a mainstream school . A Montessori approach is to let the child be enticed into educational activities by their own interests and own time . this approach helps children with learning difficulties go at their own pace . this approach has increased in popularity with just over 300 in Australia . In recent times , places available in special schools are declining as more children with special needs are educated in mainstream schools . However , there will always be some children , whose learning needs can not be appropriately met in a regular classroom setting and will require specialised education and resources to provide the level of support they require . An example of a disability that may require a student to attend a special school is intellectual disability . However , this practice is often frowned upon by school districts in the USA in the light of Least Restrictive Environment as mandated in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act . An alternative is a special unit or special classroom , also called a self - contained classroom , which is a separate room or rooms dedicated solely to the education of students with special needs within a larger school that also provides general education . These classrooms are typically staffed by specially trained teachers , who provide specific , individualised instruction to individuals and small groups of students with special needs . Self - contained classrooms , because they are located in a general education school , may have students who remain in the self - contained classroom full - time , or students who are included in certain general education classes . In the United States a part - time alternative that is appropriate for some students is sometimes called a resource room . History of special schools ( edit ) One of the first special schools in the world was the Institut National des Jeunes Aveugles in Paris , which was founded in 1784 . It was the first school in the world to teach blind students . The first school in U.K , for the Deaf was established 1760 in Edinburgh by Thomas Braidwood , with education for visually impaired people beginning in the Edinburgh and Bristol in 1765 . In the 19th century , people with disabilities and the inhumane conditions where they were supposedly housed and educated were addressed in the literature of Charles Dickens . Dickens characterized people with severe disabilities as having the same , if not more , compassion and insight in Bleak House and Little Dorrit . Such attention to the downtrodden conditions of people with disabilities brought resulted in reforms in Europe including the re-evaluation of special schools . In the United States reform came more slowly . Throughout the mid half of the 20th century , special schools , termed institutions , were not only accepted , but encouraged . Students with disabilities were housed with people with mental illnesses , and they were not educated much , if at all . Deinstitutionalization proceeded in the US beginning in the 1970s following the exposes of the institutions , and it has taken sometime before the Education for All Handicapped Children 's Act of 1974 , to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) and then Individuals with Disabilities Educational Improvement Act ( IDEIA ) have come into fruition . School integration was supported as early as the 1970s , and teacher preparation programs in higher education have carefully taught and instructed graduates on inclusion at the classroom , individual , school , and district levels for decades resulting in dual certification of `` regular teachers '' . With the Amendments to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1997 , school districts in the United States began to slowly integrate students with moderate and severe special needs into regular school systems . This changed the form and function of special education services in many school districts and special schools subsequently saw a steady decrease in enrollment as districts weighed the cost per student . It also posed general funding dilemmas to certain local schools and districts , changed how schools view assessments , and formally introduced the concept of inclusion to many educators , students and parents . Instructional strategies ( edit ) The student can be taught in either a classroom or outside environment . Both environments can be interactive for the student to engage better with the subject . Different instructional techniques are used for some students with special educational needs . Instructional strategies are classified as being either accommodations or modifications . An accommodation is a reasonable adjustment to teaching practices so that the student learns the same material , but in a format that is more accessible to the student . Accommodations may be classified by whether they change the presentation , response , setting , or scheduling of lessons . For example , the school may accommodate a student with visual impairments by providing a large - print textbook . This is a presentation accommodation . A modification changes or adapts the material to make it simpler . Modifications may change what is learned , how difficult the material is , what level of mastery the student is expected to achieve , whether or how the student is assessed , or any other aspect of the curriculum . For example , the school may modify a reading assignment for a student with reading difficulties by substituting a shorter , easier book . A student may receive both accommodations and modifications . Examples of modifications Skipping subjects : Students may be taught less information than typical students , skipping over material that the school deems inappropriate for the student 's abilities or less important than other subjects . For example , students with poor fine motor skills may be taught to print block letters , but not cursive handwriting . Simplified assignments : Students may read the same literature as their peers but have a simpler version , such as Shakespeare with both the original text and a modern paraphrase available . Shorter assignments : Students may do shorter homework assignments or take shorter , more concentrated tests . Extra aids : If students have deficiencies in working memory , a list of vocabulary words , called a word bank , can be provided during tests , to reduce lack of recall and increase chances of comprehension . Students might use a calculator when other students do not . Extended time : Students with a slower processing speed may benefit from extended time for assignments and / or tests in order to have more time to comprehend questions , recall information , and synthesize knowledge . Students can be offered a flexible setting in which to take tests . These settings can be a new location to provide for minimal distractions . Examples of accommodations Response accommodations : Typing homework assignments rather than hand - writing them ( considered a modification if the subject is learning to write by hand ) . Having someone else write down answers given verbally . Presentation accommodations : Examples include listening to audiobooks rather than reading printed books . These may be used as substitutes for the text , or as supplements intended to improve the students ' reading fluency and phonetic skills . Similar options include designating a person to read to the student , or providing text to speech software . This is considered a modification if the purpose of the assignment is reading skills acquisition . Other presentation accommodations may include designating a person to take notes during lectures or using a talking calculator rather than one with only a visual display . Setting accommodations : Taking a test in a quieter room . Moving the class to a room that is physically accessible , e.g. , on the first floor of a building or near an elevator . Arranging seating assignments to benefit the student , e.g. , by sitting at the front of the classroom . Scheduling accommodations : Students may be given rest breaks or extended time on tests ( may be considered a modification , if speed is a factor in the test ) . Use a timer to help with time management . All developed countries permit or require some degree of accommodation for students with special needs , and special provisions are usually made in examinations which take place at the end of formal schooling . In addition to how the student is taught the academic curriculum , schools may provide non-academic services to the student . These are intended ultimately to increase the student 's personal and academic abilities . Related services include developmental , corrective , and other supportive services as are required to assist a student with special needs and includes speech and language pathology , audiology , psychological services , physical therapy , occupational therapy , counseling services , including rehabilitation counseling , orientation and mobility services , medical services as defined by regulations , parent counseling and training , school health services , school social work , assistive technology services , other appropriate developmental or corrective support services , appropriate access to recreation and other appropriate support services . In some countries , most related services are provided by the schools ; in others , they are provided by the normal healthcare and social services systems . As an example , students who have autistic spectrum disorders , poor impulse control , or other behavioral challenges may learn self - management techniques , be kept closely on a comfortingly predictable schedule , or given extra cues to signal activities . A university field , termed severe disabilities , also is taught throughout the US university sector in schools of education . Advanced instruction is based upon community - referenced instruction , and alignment with transition to adulthood and progressive community practices . Rehabilitation counseling personnel are often association with supported employment services , and typically with `` transition to adulthood '' in which multi-decade recommendations for better coordination between the school and the community service sectors have been made at the federal and university levels . Issues ( edit ) At - risk students ( those with educational needs that are not associated with a disability ) are often placed in classes with students who have disabilities . Critics assert that placing at - risk students in the same classes as students with disabilities may impede the educational progress of people with disabilities . Some special education classes have been criticized for a watered - down curriculum . The practice of inclusion ( in mainstream classrooms ) has been criticized by advocates and some parents of children with special needs because some of these students require instructional methods that differ dramatically from typical classroom methods . Critics assert that it is not possible to deliver effectively two or more very different instructional methods in the same classroom . As a result , the educational progress of students who depend on different instructional methods to learn often fall even further behind their peers . Parents of typically developing children sometimes fear that the special needs of a single `` fully included '' student will take critical levels of attention and energy away from the rest of the class and thereby impair the academic achievements of all students . Linked to this , there is debate about the extent to which students with special needs , whether in mainstream or special settings , should have a specific pedagogy , based on the scientific study of particular diagnostic categories , or whether general instructional techniques are relevant to all students including those with special needs . Some parents , advocates , and students have concerns about the eligibility criteria and their application . In some cases , parents and students protest the students ' placement into special education programs . For example , a student may be placed into the special education programs due to a mental health condition such as obsessive compulsive disorder , depression , anxiety , panic attacks or ADHD , while the student and his parents believe that the condition is adequately managed through medication and outside therapy . In other cases , students whose parents believe they require the additional support of special education services are denied participation in the program based on the eligibility criteria . Whether it is useful and appropriate to attempt to educate the most severely disabled children , such as children who are in a persistent vegetative state , is debated . While many severely disabled children can learn simple tasks , such as pushing a buzzer when they want attention , some children may be incapable of learning . Some parents and advocates say that these children would be better served by substituting improved physical care for any academic program . In other cases , they question whether teaching such non-academic subjects , such as pushing a buzzer , is properly the job of the school system , rather than the health care system . Another large issue is the lack of resources enabling individuals with special needs to receive an education in the developing world . As a consequence , 98 percent of children with special needs in developing countries do not have access to education . Another issue would be budget cuts . Cuts can affect special education students who do n't have access to proper equipment or education . The National Coalition for Personal Shortages did a survey and almost 100 % of the teachers said that they are not able to give the proper rights to children with disabilities . Teachers are getting cut off from work due to the budget cuts . There is a financial debate that covers the use and allotment of special education government funding . The three views on this topic are that we spend too much money on it , there is not enough money put into it or that the money that is given is n't being spent properly . The argument for the first is that the amount of money spent on one special needs child is enough to cover a large group of general education students , and sometimes even causes several students to suffer budget cuts on general programs to support one child . The evidence for special education not having enough money is the lack of teachers , burnt out teachers and a limited variety of teaching tools for each student . The argument to spend the money differently states that there is a lot of money set aside , but that it is being wasted by spending too much time on paperwork , inefficient IEP meetings or spending money on things that do n't actually benefit the child . Global issues ( edit ) Children with disabilities are often denied their right to education . However , little is known about their school attendance patterns . The collection of data on children with disabilities is not straightforward , but data are vital to ensure that policies are in place to address the constraints these children face . By one estimate , 93 million children under age 14 , or 5.1 % of the world 's children , were living with a ' moderate or severe disability ' in 2004 . According to the World Health Survey , in 14 of 15 low and middle income countries , people of working age with disabilities were about one - third less likely to have completed primary school . For example , in Bangladesh , 30 % of people with disabilities had completed primary school , compared with 48 % of those with no disabilities . The corresponding shares were 43 % and 57 % in Zambia ; 56 % and 72 % in Paraguay . It has been shown that children with a higher risk of disability are far more likely to be denied a chance to go to school . In Bangladesh , Bhutan and Iraq , children with mental impairments were most likely to be denied this right . In Iraq , for instance , 10 % of 6 - to 9 - year - olds with no risk of disability had never been to school in 2006 , but 19 % of those at risk of having a hearing impairment and 51 % of those who were at higher risk of mental disability had never been to school . In Thailand , almost all 6 - to 9 - year - olds who had no disability had been to school in 2005 / 06 , and yet 34 % of those with walking or moving impairments had never been to school . Children with disabilities require access to services that can support them throughout their time in school , such as more individual attention from instructors . According to the United Nations Centre for Human Rights , about 2 % of children with disabilities have access to these services . Those without access to these services are excluded from education and unable to attend school . Due to the need of certain services and facilities , the estimated cost of providing education for a child with disabilities is 2.3 times higher than a child without disabilities . Given the poverty levels in a variety of developing countries , the education of children with disabilities does not become a priority . Children with physical disabilities are less likely to attend school in comparison with students who do not have a disability and children with an intellectual ability are even less likely than children with physical disabilities . In the Global South , 90 % of children with some form of disability do not receive any form of structured education . While current initiatives toward inclusive education internationally have been implemented , such as the Education for All program , some countries in the Global South still challenge the lack of ability to provide children with disabilities access to education due to issues such as lack of resources and schools being overcrowded . National approaches ( edit ) Africa ( edit ) South Africa White Papers in 1995 and 2001 discuss special education in the country . Local schools are given some independent authority . Both modifications and accommodations are recommended , depending on the student 's individual needs . Asia ( edit ) China Main article : Special education in China China holds the largest system of education in the world and features a state run public school system under the order of the Ministry of Education . Japan Main article : Education in Japan Japanese students with special needs are placed in one of four different school arrangements : special schools , special classrooms with another school , in resource rooms ( which are called tsukyu ) , or in regular classrooms . Special schools are reserved for students whose severe disabilities can not be accommodated in the local school . They do not use the same grading or marking systems as mainstream schools , but instead assess students according to their individualized plans . Special classes are similar , and may vary the national curriculum as the teachers see fit . Tsukyu are resource rooms that students with milder problems use part - time for specialized instruction individually in small groups . These students spend the rest of the day in the mainstream classroom . Some students with special needs are fully included in the mainstream classroom , with accommodations or modifications as needed . Training of disabled students , particularly at the upper - secondary level , emphasizes vocational education to enable students to be as independent as possible within society . Vocational training varies considerably depending on the student 's disability , but the options are limited for some . It is clear that the government is aware of the necessity of broadening the range of possibilities for these students . Advancement to higher education is also a goal of the government , and it struggles to have institutions of higher learning accept more disabled students . Pakistan This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After independence ( 1947 ) , Pakistan had to face some serious challenges , due to which no proper emphasis was given to special education and even education . Among other reasons , lack of resources , financial as well as human , was the major one in this context . The need and importance of special education was felt in different educational policies of Pakistan in different times . At the first time , in its report , the Commission on National Education ( 1959 ) highlighted the importance of special education . After that the Education Policy ( 1972 ) and the National Policy and Implementation Programme ( 1979 ) gave some importance to this sector . The same was also reflected in different medium - term ( five - year ) plans . This was felt more seriously when the Directorate General of Special Education , Islamabad formulated a draft National Policy for Special Education in 1986 and revised it in 1988 to bring it in line with the emerging needs of special / disabled population . After that a special education policy was launched in 1999 . Recently , Government of Pakistan has launched a new National Policy for Persons with Disabilities 2002 , which is dynamically being implemented . Further information : List of special schools in Karachi Further information : List of special education institutions in Lahore Singapore Special education is regulated centrally by the Singapore Ministry of Education . Both special schools and integration into mainstream schools are options for students with special educational needs , but most students with disabilities are placed in special schools . Students with special education who wish accommodations on national exams must provide appropriate documentation to prove that they are disabled . Accommodations , but not modifications ( e.g. , simpler questions ) are normally approved if they are similar to the accommodations already being used in everyday schoolwork , with the goal of maintaining the exam 's integrity while not having students unfairly disadvantaged by factors that are unrelated to what is being tested . The accommodations are listed on the Primary School Leaving Exam . Australia ( edit ) Australian Association of Special Education Inc ( AASE ) 's position is informed by the Disability Standards for Education 2005 which require that students with disabilities are treated on the same basis as other students in regards to enrollment and participation in education . With respect to standardized tests , special consideration procedures are in place in all states for students who are disabled . Students must provide documentation Not all desired forms of accommodations are available . For example , students who can not read , even if the inability to read is due to a disability , can not have the exam read to them , because the exam results should accurately show that the student is unable to read . Reports on matriculation exams do not mention whether the student received any accommodations in taking the test . Europe ( edit ) Each country in Europe has its own special education support structures . 28 European countries are covered by the European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education . Bulgaria Main article : Special Education Bulgaria Czech Republic Schools must take students ' special education needs into account when assessing their achievements . Students with disabilities are normally included in their neighborhood school , although may be placed in special schools . Denmark In Denmark , 99 % of students with specific learning difficulties like dyslexia are educated alongside students without any learning challenges . Finland Schools adapt the national guidelines to the needs of individual students . Students with special educational needs are given an individualized plan . They may be exempted from some parts of school examinations , such as students with hearing impairments not taking listening comprehension tests . If the student receives modifications to the school - leaving exams , this is noted on the certificate of achievement . If they are not following the national core curriculum , then they are tested according to the goals of their individual educational program . France French students with disabilities are normally included in their neighborhood school , although children may be placed in special schools if their personalized plan calls for it . Each student 's personalized school plan describes teaching methods , psychological , medical and paramedical services that the school will provide to the student . Germany A special school for children with special emotional needs in Kötitz , Germany Most students with special needs in Germany attend a special school that serves only children with special needs . These include : Förderschule für Lernbehinderte ( special school for learning disabilities ) : for children who have challenges that impair learning Förderschule mit dem Förderschwerpunkt Geistige Entwicklung ( school for cognitive development ) : for children with very severe learning challenges Förderschule Schwerpunkt emotionale und soziale Entwicklung ( school for emotional and social development ) : for children who have special emotional needs Förderschule für Blinde ( school for the blind ) : for blind children Förderschule für Sehbehinderte ( school for the visually impaired ) : for children who are visually challenged Förderschule für Gehörlose ( school for the deaf ) : for deaf children Förderschule für Schwerhörige ( school for the hearing impaired ) : for children who are hearing impaired Förderschule für Körperbehinderte ( school for children with physical disabilities ) : for children with physical disabilities Förderschule für Sprachbehinderte ( school for children with language disorders ) : for children with language disorders Förderschule für Taubblinde ( school for the deafblind ) : for children who are deafblind Schule für Kranke ( school for ill children ) : for children who are too ill to attend school or are hospitalized for a longer period of time . Förderschule für schwer mehrfach Behinderte ( school for children with severe and multiple disabilities ) : for children with severe and multiple disabilities who need very special care and attention . Sometimes these children are only susceptible for very basic emotional and sensory stimulation . Thus teachers at these school ( as well as at schools for the deafblind ) are highly specialized professionals . One in 21 German students attends a special school . Teachers at those schools are specially trained professionals who have specialized in special needs education while in university . Special schools often have a very favorable student - teacher ratio and facilities other schools do not have . Some special needs children in Germany do not attend a special school , but are educated in a mainstream school such as a Hauptschule or Gesamtschule ( comprehensive school ) . Students with special educational needs may be exempted from standardized tests or given modified tests . Greece Greek students with special needs may attend either mainstream schools or special schools . Students whose disabilities have been certified may be exempted from some standardized tests or given alternative tests . Accommodations are responsive to students ' needs ; for example , students with visual impairments may take oral tests , and students with hearing impairments take written tests . Accommodations and modifications are noted on the certificate of achievement . Hungary Special education is regulated centrally . According to the 1993 Act on Public Education , students with special educational needs may be exempted from standardized tests or given modified tests . They have a right to extra time , a choice of formats for the tests ( e.g. , oral rather than written ) , and any equipment that they normally use during the school day . As of 2006 , students with disabilities received a significant bonus ( eight points ) on the university entrance examination , which has been criticized as unfair . Republic of Ireland The National Council for Special Education ( NCSE ) supports students with physical and intellectual disabilities . The Netherlands As a general rule , students with special educational needs are integrated into their regular , mainstream schools with appropriate support , under the `` Going to School Together '' policy ( Weer Samen Naar School ) . Four types of disability - specific special schools exist . The national policy is moving towards `` suitable education '' ( passend onderwijs ) , based on the individual 's strengths and weaknesses . A strong emphasis is placed on the specific needs and positive capabilities of the individual , rather than on limitations . Disabilities are normally documented by experts . Norway The National Support System for Special Needs Education ( Statped ) is managed by the Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training . The general objective for Statped is to give guidance and support to those in charge of the education in municipalities and county administrations to ensure that children , young people and adults with major and special educational needs are secured well - advised educational and developmental provisions . The institutions affiliated with Statped offer a broad spectrum of services . Statped consists of 13 resource centres owned by the State , and 4 units for special education , where Statped buys services . These centres offer special educational guidance and support for local authorities and county administrations . Portugal Students with disabilities have a `` guaranteed right '' to appropriate accommodations on assessments . Schools are generally considered autonomous . Slovenia On national tests , the National Examination Center normally grants most requests for accommodations that are supported by the local school 's examination committee . Legislation opposes the use of modifications that would be unfair to non-disabled students . Spain Schools are required to provide services and resources to students with special educational needs so that they make progress and participate in school . If the local school is unable to provide appropriately for an individual student , then the student may be transferred to a special school . Spanish non-governmental organizations like ONCE have traditionally provided significant services to students with disabilities . Sweden Local schools have significant autonomy , based on national guidelines . Schools are expected to help students meet the goals that are set for them . There are special schools ( Swedish : Särskola ) for students with low abilities to attend normal education . There has in 2012 - 2013 been media criticism on the fact that students with light problems such as dyslexia have been placed in special schools , seriously hampering their chances on the labour market . Switzerland Education is controlled by the 26 cantons , and so special education programs vary from place to place . However , integration is typical . Students are assessed according to their individual learning goals . United Kingdom Main article : Special education in the United Kingdom Further information : Special education in England and Special education in Scotland In England and Wales the acronym SEN for Special Educational Needs denotes the condition of having special educational needs , the services which provide the support and the programmes and staff which implement the education . In England SEN PPS refers to the Special Educational Needs Parent Partnership Service . SENAS is the special educational needs assessment service , which is part of the Local Authority . SENCO refers to a special educational needs coordinator , who usually works with schools and the children within schools who have special educational needs . The Special Educational Needs Parent Partnership Services help parents with the planning and delivery of their child 's educational provision . The Department for Education oversees special education in England . Most students have an individual educational plan , but students may have a group plan in addition to , or instead of , an individual plan . Group plans are used when a group of students all have similar goals . In Scotland the Additional Support Needs Act places an obligation on education authorities to meet the needs of all students in consultation with other agencies and parents . In Scotland the term Special Educational Needs ( SEN ) , and its variants are not official terminology although the very recent implementation of the Additional Support for Learning Act means that both SEN and ASN ( Additional Support Needs ) are used interchangeably in current common practice . Turkey Main article : Special education in Turkey At a young age students who have special needs in Turkey are provided special education from The Ministry of Education , who are responsible in giving them the education that they need . In order to get special education you are required certain things : `` Residency certificate Written application by the parents to the school administration Personal development report of the child ( if already registered ) Child 's health report from the hospital . '' All special - needs students receive an Individualized Education Program ( BEP ) that outlines how the school will meet the student 's individual needs . The Özel Eğitim Kurumları Yönetmeliği ( ÖEKY ) requires that students with special needs be provided with a Free Appropriate Public Education in the Least Restrictive Environment that is appropriate to the student 's needs . Government - run schools provide special education in varying degrees from the least restrictive settings , such as full inclusion , to the most restrictive settings , such as segregation in a special school . The education offered by the school must be appropriate to the student 's individual needs . Schools are not required to maximize the student 's potential or to provide the best possible services . Unlike most of the developed world , American schools are also required to provide many medical services , such as speech therapy , if the student needs these services . According to the Department of Education , approximately 10 percent of all school - aged children ) currently receive some type of special education services . As with most countries in the world , students who are poor , ethnic minorities , or do not speak the dominant language fluently are disproportionately identified as needing special education services . Poor , refugies are more likely to have limited resources and to employ inexperienced teachers that do not cope well with student behavior problems , `` thereby increasing the number of students they referred to special education . '' Teacher efficacy , tolerance , gender , and years of experience and special education referrals . Latin America ( edit ) Before 1978 , little action was taken to educate children with disabilities in Columbia . Children would be left home without much interaction with the outside world . In 1985 , special education was researched across the country and education programs were created . After 1990 , people with disabilities were given access to public school classes . The increase in advocation for accessibility for children with disabilities was initiated by the awareness and recognition of the rights of this group of children to education . While there has been improvement over recent years , there is still slow development for special education programs and special education policy . Colombia In Colombia 's capital , Bogota , of the 65,800 children with disabilities aged between 12 and 16 , 26 % have accessibility to a structured education . North America ( edit ) In North America , special education is commonly abbreviated as special ed , SpecEd , SPED , or SpEd in a professional context . Canada Education in Canada is the responsibility of the individual provinces and territories . As such , rules vary somewhat from place to place . However , inclusion is the dominant model . For major exams , Canadian schools commonly use accommodations , such as specially printed examinations for students with visual impairments , when assessing the achievements of students with special needs . In other instances , alternative assessments or modifications that simplify tests are permitted , or students with disabilities may be exempted from the tests entirely . United States Main article : Special education in the United States All special - needs students receive an Individualized Education Program ( IEP ) that outlines how the school will meet the student 's individual needs . The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) requires that students with special needs be provided with a Free Appropriate Public Education in the Least Restrictive Environment that is appropriate to the student 's needs . Government - run schools provide special education in varying degrees from the least restrictive settings , such as full inclusion , to the most restrictive settings , such as segregation in a special school . The education offered by the school must be appropriate to the student 's individual needs . Schools are not required to maximize the student 's potential or to provide the best possible services . Unlike most of the developed world , American schools are also required to provide many medical services , such as speech therapy , if the student needs these services . According to the Department of Education , approximately 6 million children ( roughly 10 percent of all school - aged children ) currently receive some type of special education services . As with most countries in the world , students who are poor , ethnic minorities , or do not speak the dominant language fluently are disproportionately identified as needing special education services . Poor , black and Latino urban schools are more likely to have limited resources and to employ inexperienced teachers that do not cope well with student behavior problems , `` thereby increasing the number of students they referred to special education . '' During the 1960s , in some part due to the civil rights movement , some researchers began to study the disparity of education amongst people with disabilities . The landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision , which declared unconstitutional the `` separate but equal '' arrangements in public schools for students of different races , paved the way for PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and Mills vs. Board of Education of District of Columbia , which challenged the segregation of students with special needs . Courts ruled that unnecessary and inappropriate segregation of students with disabilities was unconstitutional . Congress responded to these court rulings with the federal Education for All Handicapped Children Act in 1975 ( since renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) ) . This law required schools to provide services to students previously denied access to an appropriate education . In US government - run schools , the dominant model is inclusion . In the United States , three out of five students with academic learning challenges spend the overwhelming majority of their time in the regular classroom . Integrating technology in special ed classrooms ( edit ) Autism ( edit ) Autism , or Autism Spectrum Disorder ( ASD ) , refers to a range of conditions . These conditions involve challenges with social skills , repetitive behaviors , speech and nonverbal communication . They also involve unique strengths and differences . For instance , there are persons with both low - and high - functioning autism ( which some claim is identical to Asperger 's syndrome . Autism is known as a disability that impairs the social interactions and communication skills of a person . People who are autistic tend to think and act differently than others . Many children with Autism Spectrum Disorder ( ASD ) find themselves comfortable with a device in their hands . For students with autism , there are apps called `` visual scene displays '' that are most helpful for children who are having difficulty with verbal skills , according to Jules Csillag , a speech - language pathologist who focuses on special ed tech . Apps such as SceneSpeak and Speech with Milo help autistic children develop storytelling skills with text - to - speech voice and interactive storybooks . Using apps like these in a classroom can improve autistic student 's verbal skills . There are several controversies surrounding the diagnoses and causes of autism . It 's now believed that there 's no single cause of autism . Research seems to suggest that autism is normally the result of both genetic and environmental influences . Down syndrome ( edit ) If a student has down syndrome , assistive technology can help with their learning experience . Author of Down Syndrome : A Promising Future , Together , Terry Hassold , who got his PhD in human genetics , explains that students with Down syndrome have delays with cognitive ability . Their brains have a late reaction when their neurological system sends a message for any task . Because of this late reaction , they tend to take longer to complete a task than an average students . Assistive technology is crucial in helping Down 's students with their writing ability . Down syndrome children tend to have shorter , stubbier fingers and a lowered thumb making their ability to write more difficult . Also , some of the usual wrist bones are not formed , making it difficult to hold objects . Slanted desks are one type of assisted technology that can aid in the successful ability to write . A three - ring binder can be used to create a slanted desk by turning the binder sideways . Also , students with Down 's often try to hold their pencils by anchoring them against the thumb rather than using the tip of their thumb . Shortened pencils or triangular - shaped pencils encourage students to hold them correctly . Using any of these assistive technologies can help down syndrome students during their educational process . Benefits ( edit ) Today many people with disabilities are breaking barriers through the use of technology . For some individuals with disabilities , assistive technology is a necessary tool that enables them to engage in or perform many tasks . Integrating technology will allow students to increase their self - confidence , self - motivation , independence and they will also be able to engage in different activities within the school . See also ( edit ) Adapted physical education Disability and poverty Disability studies Early childhood intervention Inclusive education Learning environment Learning space Mainstreaming in education Matching person and technology model Post Secondary Transition For High School Students with Disabilities Reasonable accommodation Response to intervention Special Assistance Program ( Australian education ) Special needs Supported employment services Tracking ( education ) Washington County Closed - Circuit Educational Television Project References ( edit ) Jump up ^ What is special education ? Archived 12 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine . from New Zealand 's Ministry of Education Jump up ^ National Council on Disability. ( 1994 ) . Inclusionary education for students with special needs : Keeping the promise . Washington , DC : Author . Jump up ^ Swan , William W. ; Morgan , Janet L ( 1993 ) . `` The Local Interagency Coordinating Council '' . Collaborating for Comprehensive Services for Young Children and Their Families . Baltimore : Paul H. Brookes Pub. Co . ISBN 1 - 55766 - 103 - 0 . OCLC 25628688 . OL 4285012W . Jump up ^ Beverly Rainforth ; York - Barr , Jennifer ( 1997 ) . Collaborative Teams for Students With Severe Disabilities : Integrating Therapy and Educational Services . Brookes Publishing Company . ISBN 1 - 55766 - 291 - 6 . OCLC 25025287 . Jump up ^ Stainback , Susan Bray ; Stainback , William C. ( 1996 ) . Support Networks for Inclusive Schooling : Interdependent Integrated Education . Paul H Brookes Pub Co . ISBN 1 - 55766 - 041 - 7 . OCLC 300624925 . OL 2219710M . Jump up ^ Gaylord - Ross , Robert ( 1989 ) . Integration strategies for students with handicaps . Baltimore : P.H. Brookes . ISBN 1 - 55766 - 010 - 7 . OCLC 19130181 . Jump up ^ Gartner , Alan ; Dorothy Kerzner Lipsky ( 1997 ) . Inclusion and School Reform : Transforming America 's Classrooms . Brookes Publishing Company . ISBN 1 - 55766 - 273 - 8 . OCLC 35848926 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Libby ( 1990 ) . Time and learning in the special education classroom . Albany , N.Y. : State University of New York Press . p. 122 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 0371 - 8 . OCLC 20635959 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding Individualized Education Programs '' . Understood.org . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Hallahan , Daniel ( 2012 ) . Exceptional Learners . Boston : Pearson Education . pp. 16 -- 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 703370 - 6 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` : 0 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 7 January 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Special Education Process Explained '' . Special Education Guide . 2013 . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith P ( October 2007 ) . O'Brien , John , ed . `` Have we made any progress ? Including students with intellectual disabilities in regular education classrooms '' . Intellect Dev Disabil. 45 ( 5 ) : 297 -- 309 . doi : 10.1352 / 0047 - 6765 ( 2007 ) 45 ( 297 : HWMAPI ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . PMID 17887907 . Jump up ^ James Q. Affleck ; Sally Madge ; Abby Adams ; Sheila Lowenbraun ( January 1988 ) . `` Integrated classroom versus resource model : academic viability and effectiveness '' . Exceptional Children : 2 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Bowe , Frank ( 2004 ) . Making Inclusion Work . Upper Saddle River , N.J : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 017603 - 6 . OCLC 54374653 . ^ Jump up to : Karen Zittleman ; Sadker , David Miller ( 2006 ) . Teachers , Schools and Society : A Brief Introduction to Education with Bind - in Online Learning Center Card with free Student Reader CD - ROM . McGraw - Hill Humanities / Social Sciences / Languages . pp. 48 , 49 , 108 , G -- 12 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 323007 - 3 . Jump up ^ Warnock Report Archived 11 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ( 1978 ) . `` Report of the Committee of Enquiry into the Education of Handicapped Children and Young People '' , London . Jump up ^ Wolffe , Jerry . ( 20 December 2010 ) What the law requires for disabled students The Oakland Press . Jump up ^ Hicks , Bill ( 18 November 2011 ) . `` Disabled children excluded from education '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Bos , C.S. & Vaughn , S. ( 2005 ) . Strategies for teaching students with learning and behavior problems . ( 6th ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Pearson . Jump up ^ `` Montessori Classrooms Montessori Australia Foundation '' . montessori.org.au . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` About Montessori Montessori Australia Foundation '' . montessori.org.au . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Turnbull , Ron ( 2002 ) . `` Exceptional Lives : Special Education in Today 's Schools ( 3rd ed . ) Merrill Prentice Hall . New Jersey . Jump up ^ History of the INJA Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ( in French ) Jump up ^ `` Session 2A '' . Bris.ac.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 22 September 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ The history of special education : From isolation to integration . MA Winzer Jump up ^ Inventing the feeble mind : A history of mental retardation in the United States . S McCuen -- Journal of Health Politics , Policy and Law , 1997 -- Duke Univ Press Jump up ^ Turnbull , H.R. , Beegle , R. & Stowe , M.J. ( 2007 ) . Public policy and developmental disabilities : A 35 - year retrospective and a 5 - year prospective on the core concepts in disability . In : S. Odom , R.H. Horner , M.E. Snell , & J. Blacher , Handbook on Developmental Disabilities , 15 - 34 . London : Guilford Press . Jump up ^ Jorgensen , C.M. ( 1998 ) . Restructuring high school for all students : Taking inclusion to the next level . Baltimore : Paul H. Brooks Publishing co . Jump up ^ http://rse.sagepub.com/content/9/6/29.full.pdf+html ^ Jump up to : Pepper , David ( 25 September 2007 ) . Assessment for disabled students : an international comparison ( PDF ) ( Report ) . UK : Ofqual 's Qualifications and Curriculum Authority , Regulation & Standards Division . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Busuttil - Reynaud , Gavin & John Winkley . e-Assessment Glossary ( Extended ) ( PDF ) ( Report ) . UK : Joint Information Systems Committee and Ofqual 's Qualifications and Curriculum Authority . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Special Educational Needs Code of Practice . UK : Department for Education and Skills . November 2001 . ISBN 1 - 84185 - 529 - 4 . DfES / 581 / 2001 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Thorson , Sue . `` Macbeth in the Resource Room : Students with Learning Disabilities Study Shakespeare . '' Journal of Learning Disabilities , v28 n9 p575 - 81 Nov 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Related Services '' . National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Richard L. ; Sonja R. de Boer ( 2009 ) . Successful inclusion for students with autism : creating a complete , effective ASD inclusion program . San Francisco : Jossey - Bass . pp. 38 -- 42 . ISBN 0 - 470 - 23080 - 0 . Jump up ^ Snell , M.E. ; Brown , F. ( 2011 ) . Instruction of Students with Severe Disabilities ( 7th ed . ) . Pearson . Jump up ^ Rusch , F.R. , DeStefano , L. , Chadsey - Rusch , J. , Phelps , L.A. , & Szymanski , E. ( 1992 ) . Transition from School to Adult Life : Models , Linkages and Policies . Sycamore , IL : Sycamore Press . Jump up ^ Ferguson , D. & Ferguson , P. ( 1987 / 2011 ) . The promise of adulthood . In : M. Snell & F. Brown , Instruction of Students with Severe Disabilities . Madrid : Pearson . Jump up ^ Greenwood CR ( May 1991 ) . `` Longitudinal analysis of time , engagement , and achievement in at - risk versus non-risk students '' . Except Child . 57 ( 6 ) : 521 -- 35 . PMID 2070811 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Edwin ( 2002 ) . `` Watering Up the Curriculum for Adolescents with Learning Disabilities , Part I : Goals of the Knowledge Dimension '' . WETA . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Carol A. Breckenridge ; Candace Vogler ( 2001 ) . `` The Critical Limits of Embodiment : Disability 's Criticism '' . Public Culture . Duke Univ Press . 13 ( 3 ) : 349 -- 357 . Archived from the original on 26 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Lews , Ann ; Norwich , Brahm ( 2005 ) . Special Teaching for Special Children ? . Milton Keynes , UK : Open University Press . ISBN 0335214053 . Jump up ^ Mintz , Joseph ( 2014 ) . Professional Uncertainty , Knowledge and Relationship in the Classroom : A Psycho - social Perspective . London : Routledge . ISBN 9780415822961 . Jump up ^ Amanda M. Vanderheyden ; Joseph C Witt ; Gale Naquin ( 2003 ) . `` Development And Validation Of A Process For Screening Referrals To Special Education '' . School Psychology Review . Research and Read Books , Journals , Articles at Questia Online Library . 32 . Jump up ^ Otterman , Sharon ( 19 June 2010 ) . `` A Struggle to Educate the Severely Disabled '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ UNESCO . ( 1995 ) . Review of the present situation in special education . Webaccessed : http://www.unesco.org/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_C133AD0AF05E62AC54C2DE8EE1C026DABFAF3000/filename/281_79.pdf Jump up ^ http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=f8ad9957-dcd5-4bd6-9000-d2db068bc640@sessionmgr4009&vid=1&hid=4201 Jump up ^ https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED427399 ^ Jump up to : UNESCO ( 2014 ) . `` Teaching and Learning : Achieving quality for all '' . EFA Global Monitoring Report 2013 - 2014 . Paris , UNESCO . Jump up ^ Eleweke , C. Jonah ; Rodda , Michael ( November 2010 ) . `` The challenge of enhancing inclusive education in developing countries '' . International Journal of Inclusive Education . 6 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 162 . doi : 10.1080 / 13603110110067190 . Jump up ^ `` Special Education in Latin America : Experiences and Issues , 1995 Online Research Library : Questia '' . www.questia.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Parnes , Penny ; Cameron , Debra ; Christie , Nancy ; Cockburn , Lynn ; Hashemi , Goli ; Yoshida , Karen ( 2017 ) . `` Disability in low - income countries : Issues and implications '' . Disability and Rehabilitation . 63 : 1170 -- 1180 . doi : 10.1080 / 09638280902773778 . Jump up ^ Miles , Susie ; Singal , Nidhi ( October 2009 ) . `` The Education for All and inclusive education debate : conflict , contradiction or opportunity ? '' . International Journal of Inclusive Education . 14 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 15 . doi : 10.1080 / 13603110802265125 . Jump up ^ `` China Education Center Ltd '' . www.chinaeducator.com . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disability standards for education '' . Archived from the original on 17 September 2010 . Jump up ^ On the system of special education in the former Soviet Union , see Barbara A. Anderson , Brian D. Silver , and Victoria A. Velkoff , `` Education of the Handicapped in the USSR : Exploration of the Statistical Picture , '' Europe - Asia Studies , Vol. 39 , No. 3 ( 1987 ) : 468 - 488 . Jump up ^ Country information : http://www.european-agency.org/country-information Jump up ^ Robert Holland ( 2002 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Vouchers Help the Learning Disabled '' . School Reform News . The Heartland Institute . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Special education needs , Special needs education '' . Archived from the original on 6 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Management of Inclusion . The SENCO Resource Centre , part 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Special Needs Education in Turkey - Turkey - Angloinfo '' . Angloinfo . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` eScholarship@BC More Reach For Your Research '' . escholarship.bc.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Bines , Hazel ; Lei , Philippa ( September 2011 ) . `` Disability and education : The longest road to inclusion '' . International Journal of Educational Development . 31 ( 5 ) : 419 -- 424 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijedudev. 2011.04. 009 . ISSN 0738 - 0593 . Jump up ^ Priscilla Pardini ( 2002 ) . `` The History of Special Education '' . Rethinking Schools . 16 ( 3 ) . ^ Jump up to : Blanchett , W.J. ( 2009 ) . A retrospective examination of urban education : From `` brown '' to the resegregation of African Americans in special education -- it is time to `` go for broke '' . Urban Education , 44 ( 4 ) , 370 -- 388 . Jump up ^ Tejeda - Delgado , M. ( 2009 ) . Teacher efficacy , tolerance , gender , and years of experience and special education referrals . International Journal of Special Education , 24 ( 1 ) , 112 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Ladson - Billings , Gloria ( 1994 ) . The dreamkeepers : successful teachers of African American children . San Francisco : Jossey - Bass Publishers . ISBN 1 - 55542 - 668 - 9 . OCLC 30072651 . Jump up ^ Cortiella , C. ( 2009 ) . The State of Learning Disabilities . Archived 6 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . New York , NY : National Center for Learning Disabilities . Jump up ^ `` The Technology That 's Giving Students With Autism a Greater Voice '' . Huffington Post . 2015 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Hassold , Terry J. ; Patterson , David ( 1999 ) . Down Syndrome : A Promising Future , Together . Wiley . ISBN 9780471296867 . Jump up ^ `` Down Syndrome : Assisstive Technology '' . Down Syndrome . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Conference Proceedings '' . www.csun.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Sources ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a free content work . Licensed under CC - BY - SA IGO 3.0 License statement : Rethinking Education : Towards a global common good ? , 44 , Box 6 , UNESCO . UNESCO . To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles , please see Wikipedia : Adding open license text to Wikipedia . For information on reusing text from Wikipedia , please see the terms of use . Further reading ( edit ) Birsh , Judith R. , & Wolf , B. , eds. ( 2011 ) . Multisensory Teaching of Basic Language Skills , Third Edition . Baltimore : Brookes . Wilmshurst , L. , & Brue , A.W. ( 2010 ) . The complete guide to special education ( 2nd ed . ) . San Francisco : Jossey - Bass . Nola Purdie & Louise Ellis ( 2005 ) . `` A Review of the Empirical Evidence Identifying Effective Interventions and Teaching Practices for Students with Learning Difficulties in Year 4 , 5 and 6 '' . ACEReSearch . Snell , M.E. & Brown , F. ( 1987 , 2011 ) . Instruction of Students with Severe Disabilities . ( 7th edition ) . Seoul : Pearson . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Special education Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikimedia Commons has media related to Special schools . The European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education Center for Parent Information and Resources ( US ) Council for Exceptional Children ( US ) Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services U.S. Department of Education Guide to Special Education Terms & Acronyms ( US ) ( hide ) Topics in education General Glossary Index Outline Aims and objectives Anthropology Assessment Economics Evaluation History Leadership Philosophy Policy Politics Psychology Research Rights Sociology Technology Theory Types of institutions By subject Agricultural Art Bilingual Business Chemistry Design Economics Engineering Environmental Euthenics Health Language Legal Mathematics Medical Military Music Nursing Peace Performing arts Philosophy Physical Physics Reading Religious Science Sex Teacher Technology Values Vocational More ... Alternative Autodidacticism Education reform Gifted education Homeschooling Religious education Special education More ... 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what export do venezuela and mexico have in common

Mexico -- Venezuela relations

mexico - - venezuela relations

Mexico -- Venezuela relations are foreign relations between Mexico and Venezuela . Both nations are members of the Association of Caribbean States , Community of Latin American and Caribbean States , Latin American Integration Association , Organization of American States , Organization of Ibero - American States and the United Nations .

Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Drug trafficking 3 State visits 4 Trade 5 Resident diplomatic missions 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) Plaque commemorating Simón Bolívar 's stay in Mexico City in 1799 Both Mexico and Venezuela share a common history in the fact that both nations were once part of the Spanish Empire . During the Spanish colonial period , Mexico was then known as Viceroyalty of New Spain and the capital being Mexico City while Venezuela was governed from the Viceroyalty of New Granada in Bogotá . In 1810 ; both Mexico and Venezuela declared their independence from Spain with each nation obtaining independence in 1821 and 1830 , respectively . Soon after obtaining independence , Emperor Agustín de Iturbide of Mexico contacted President Simón Bolívar by informing him of his ascension to the Mexican throne and telling him of his personal admiration for Bolivar after learning about his heroic valor and successful military campaigns . In 1842 , both nations accredited ambassadors to each other 's countries . Mexico 's ambassador to Venezuela was stationed in Bogotá , Colombia while Venezuela 's ambassador to Mexico was stationed in Washington , DC , United States . In 1916 , Mexico sent its first resident ambassador to be based in Caracas ; however , diplomatic relations became tense in 1922 since Venezuela had not at that point established a resident ambassador to Mexico . In 1922 , Mexico , under protest , closed its embassy in Caracas . In September 1923 , Mexico broke diplomatic relations with Venezuela after the country had denied entry of Mexican nationals arriving to the country to partake in cultural activities being held in Venezuela . Diplomatic relations would be re-established ten years later in June 1933 . During the 1940s , diplomatic relations normalized between the two nations and resident ambassadors were appointed to each nations capitals , respectively . In 1946 , President Rómulo Betancourt was the first Venezuelan head of state to pay an official visit to Mexico . In January 1960 , President Adolfo López Mateos was the first Mexican head of state to visit Venezuela while on a trip to South America . Since the initial visits , there have been several high level visits between the two nations . Since then , relations between the two nations have been friendly . In 1995 , Mexico and Venezuela , along with Colombia ; signed a free trade agreement ; however , Venezuela pulled out of the agreement in 2006 . Recent involvement in the oil industry by both countries , as well as Mexico joining the North American Free Trade Association in 1994 , has led to various disputes between the two nations . During Mexican President Vicente Fox 's term from 2000 - 2006 ; ties between the two countries became critically strained . In November 2005 , the cooperation between Fox and the United States on the stalled Free Trade Area of the Americas proposal at the Fourth Summit of the Americas brought relations to a boiling point . The late Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez , stated in a speech on 10 November 2005 to supporters in Caracas that he was saddened that `` the president of a people like the Mexicans lets himself become the puppy dog of the empire '' , as well as appearing on his weekly talk show Aló Presidente three days later , where he stated that the Mexican president was `` bleeding from his wounds '' and warned Fox to not `` mess '' with him , lest Fox `` get stung '' . Mexico 's demand of an apology was unanswered by the Venezuelan government , and both countries pulled their respective ambassadors within two days of the talk show statement , starting the 2005 Mexico and Venezuela diplomatic crisis . In August 2007 , after two years of diplomatic absence in either country , normal relations were re-established with the appointment of former foreign minister Roy Chaderton as Venezuela 's envoy in Mexico City and the transfer of Jesús Mario Chacón Carrillo , formerly Mexican ambassador to Colombia , to Caracas . After the election of President Nicolás Maduro in April 2013 , the Mexican government has further emphasized the close ties between the two countries and the willingness to overcome differences in terms of political structures and relations with the US . In January 2015 , President Maduro accused Felipe Calderon of plotting with opposition to kill him and to topple his government . Maduro accused Calderon of having ties with drug cartels . Drug trafficking ( edit ) Venezuela has been a path to the United States for illegal drugs originating in Colombia , through Central America and Mexico and Caribbean countries . There have been several instances of Mexican registered planes carrying cocaine being shot down by the Venezuelan government . In April 2015 , a wrecked plane was carrying nearly a ton of cocaine and was registered with the official fleet of Mexico 's Attorney General 's Office . State visits ( edit ) Venezuelan President Luis Herrera Campins attending the North -- South Summit in Cancún , 1981 . Presidential visits from Mexico to Venezuela President Adolfo López Mateos ( 1960 ) President Luis Echeverría ( 1974 ) President Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado ( 1984 ) President Carlos Salinas de Gortari ( 1989 , 1990 , 1992 ) President Ernesto Zedillo ( 1997 , 1998 ) President Vicente Fox ( 2001 ) President Felipe Calderón ( 2011 ) President Enrique Peña Nieto ( 2013 ) Presidential visits from Venezuela to Mexico President Rómulo Betancourt ( 1946 , 1963 ) President Carlos Andrés Pérez ( 1975 , 1991 ) President Luis Herrera Campins ( April & October 1981 ) President Jaime Lusinchi ( 1985 , 1986 , 1987 ) President Rafael Caldera ( 1997 ) President Hugo Chávez ( 2002 , 2004 , 2010 ) Trade ( edit ) In 2017 , two - way trade between both nations amounted to $1.1 billion USD . Mexico 's main exports to Venezuela include : maize , baby food , shampoo , paper and machinery while Venezuela 's main exports to Mexico include : machinery for making steel , building materials and sesame seeds . Resident diplomatic missions ( edit ) Mexico has an embassy in Caracas . Venezuela has an embassy in Mexico City . See also ( edit ) Venezuelan immigration to Mexico References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Iturbide y Bolívar : documentos - memorias ( in Spanish ) ^ Jump up to : History of diplomatic relations between Mexico and Venezuela ( in Spanish ) ^ Jump up to : `` Chavez blasts Mexico over summit '' . BBC . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico demands Venezuela apology '' . BBC . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chavez renews trade pact attack '' . BBC . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McKinley , James . `` Mexico and Venezuela break off relations '' . New York Times . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Aviles , Karina . `` Jesús Mario Chacón , propuesto por México para embajador en Venezuela '' . La Jornada . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Mexico congratulates Maduro on win . Radio , The voice of Russia ( TASS ) , April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Maduro-Says-Mexican-Ex-President-Has-Ties-with-Drug-Cartels--20150124-0010.html Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-downed-plane-in-venezuela-draws-questions-from-mexico-20131107-story.html Jump up ^ http://www.ibtimes.com/venezuela-plane-takedowns-highlight-latin-americas-aerial-drug-war-1751721 Jump up ^ http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/11318 Jump up ^ http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-04-09/cocaine-and-former-mexican-officials-id-found-at-crash-site/6381962 Jump up ^ Viaje del presidente De la Madrid por América Latina ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Presidente Carlos Salinas de Gortari , realizo una visita a Venezuela ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Giras y Visitas Internacionales del C. Presidente de la República ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Viajes realizados al extranjero por el C. Felipe Calderón ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Viajes realizados al extranjero por el ciudadano Vicente Fox Quesada ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Sin interés político la visita a Venezuela , fue por solidaridad : Peña ( in Spanish ) Archived 2015 - 04 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ President Carlos Pérez visits Mexico ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Visitas de mandatarios sudamericanos a México ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ President of Venezuela visits Mexico ; 1985 ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Visita del Presidente de la República de Venezuela Rafael Caldera a México ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ President Hugo Chavez attends the Monterrey Consensus Conference in Monterrey , Mexico ; 2002 ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ México - Chávez , una relación de altibajos comerciales y diplomáticos ( in Spanish ) ^ Jump up to : Mexican Ministry of the Economy : Venezuela ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Embassy of Mexico in Caracas ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Embassy of Venezuela in Mexico City ( in Spanish ) Foreign relations of Mexico Bilateral relations Africa Algeria Angola Egypt Ethiopia Ivory Coast Kenya Morocco Nigeria Sahrawi Republic Senegal South Africa Tanzania Americas Argentina Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Suriname United States ( Texas ) Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh China Georgia India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Lebanon Malaysia Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Taiwan Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates Vietnam Europe Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Holy See Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Multilateral relations European Union United Nations BRICM Coffee Club G - 20 NAFTA Next Eleven NIC OAS OEI Rio Group UNECLAC Diplomacy Ministry of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions of / in Mexico Mexican diplomats Castañeda Doctrine Colorado river dispute Estrada Doctrine Rio Grande border disputes Foreign relations of Venezuela Bilateral relations Africa Kenya Sahrawi Republic Americas Canada Colombia Cuba Ecuador Guyana Haiti Jamaica Mexico United States Uruguay Asia Bangladesh China India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Malaysia Palestine Philippines Taiwan Vietnam Europe Abkhazia Denmark France Greece Holy See Russia Serbia South Ossetia Spain United Kingdom Diplomatic initiatives Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas Community of Latin American and Caribbean States Petrocaribe Diplomatic missions of / in Venezuela Venezuelan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexico -- Venezuela_relations&oldid = 830606026 '' Categories : Bilateral relations of Mexico Bilateral relations of Venezuela Mexico -- Venezuela relations Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 15 March 2018 , at 21 : 22 . 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what were the contributing factors for the united states and spain going to war

War of 1812

war of 1812

Treaty of Ghent

Military stalemate ; both sides ' invasion attempts repulsed Status quo ante bellum Defeat of Tecumseh 's Confederacy Belligerents United States Choctaw Cherokee Creeks British Empire United Kingdom The Canadas Tecumseh 's Confederacy Shawnee Creek Red Sticks Ojibwe Fox Iroquois Miami Mingo Ottawa Kickapoo Delaware ( Lenape ) Mascouten Potawatomi Sauk Wyandot Bourbon Spain Florida ( 1814 ) Commanders and leaders James Madison Henry Dearborn Jacob Brown Winfield Scott Andrew Jackson William Henry Harrison William H. Winder ( POW ) William Hull ( POW ) Zebulon Pike † James Lawrence George , Prince Regent Lord Liverpool Sir George Prévost Sir Isaac Brock † Gordon Drummond Charles de Salaberry Roger Hale Sheaffe Robert Ross † Edward Pakenham † James FitzGibbon Alexander Cochrane James Lucas Yeo Tecumseh † Strength U.S. Army : 7,000 ( at war 's start ) 35,800 ( at war 's end ) Rangers : 3,049 Militia : 458,463 * U.S. Marines U.S. Navy and Revenue Cutter Service ( at war 's start ) : Frigates : 12 Other vessels : 14 Privateers : 515 ships Native allies : 125 Choctaw unknown others British Army : 5,200 ( at war 's start ) 48,160 ( at war 's end ) Provincial regulars : 10,000 Militia : 4,000 Royal Marines Royal Navy Ships of the line : 11 Frigates : 34 Other vessels : 52 Provincial Marine ( at war 's start ) : ‡ Ships : 9 Native allies : 10,000 - 15,000 Casualties and losses 2,200 killed in action 4,505 wounded 15,000 ( est . ) died from all causes 8 frigates captured or burnt 278 privateers captured 1400 merchant ships captured British Empire : 1,160 - 1,960 killed in action 3,679 + wounded 10,000 died from all causes 4 frigates captured ~ 1,344 merchant ships captured Native allies : 10,000 dead from all causes ( warriors and civilians ) * Some militias operated in only their own regions . † Killed in action ‡ A locally raised coastal protection and seminaval force on the Great Lakes . St. Lawrence / Lake Champlain frontier 1st Sacket 's Harbor Gananoque 1st Lacolle Mills Lake Ontario Elizabethtown Ogdensburg York 2nd Sacket 's Harbor Chateauguay Crysler 's Farm 2nd Lacolle Mills Fort Oswego Big Sandy Creek Plattsburgh Niagara campaign s Queenston Heights Frenchman 's Creek Fort George Stoney Creek Beaver Dams Black Rock Fort Niagara Buffalo Port Dover 1st Fort Erie Chippawa Lundy 's Lane 2nd Fort Erie Cook 's Mills Detroit frontier Tippecanoe Fort Mackinac ( 1812 ) Brownstown Maguaga Fort Dearborn Detroit Fort Harrison Fort Wayne Wild Cat Creek Mississinewa Frenchtown Africa Point Fort Meigs Fort Stephenson Lake Erie Thames Longwoods Prairie du Chien Campbell Island Mackinac Island ( 1814 ) Lake Huron Malcolm 's Mills Chesapeake campaign Havre de Grace Craney Island St. Michaels Chesapeake Bay Flotilla Bladensburg Washington Alexandria Caulk 's Field North Point Baltimore Farnham Church American South Creek War 1st Fort Bowyer Fayal Pensacola 13 December 1814 Lake Borgne New Orleans Fort St. Philip Fort Peter 2nd Fort Bowyer Naval battles of the War of 1812 Atlantic Ocean USS Essex vs HMS Alert USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere Capture of HMS Frolic USS United States vs HMS Macedonian USS Constitution vs HMS Java Sinking of HMS Peacock Rappahannock River Capture of USS Chesapeake Capture of HMS Dominica Capture of USS Argus Capture of HMS Boxer Capture of USS Frolic Capture of HMS Epervier Sinking of HMS Reindeer Sinking of HMS Avon Fayal Capture of USS President Capture of HMS Cyane and HMS Levant Capture of HMS Penguin Capture of East India Company ship Nautilus East Coast Chesapeake Bay Alexandria Baltimore Hampden Fort Peter Great Lakes / Saint Lawrence River Lake Ontario 1st Sacket 's Harbor York Fort George 2nd Sacket 's Harbor Lake Erie Fort Oswego Lake Huron Lake Champlain West Indies / Gulf Coast La Guaira 1st Fort Bowyer Action of 13 December 1814 Lake Borgne New Orleans Fort St. Philip 2nd Fort Bowyer Pacific Ocean James Island Charles Island Nuku Hiva Downes Expedition Porter Expedition Typee Valley Valparaiso ( Capture of USS Essex ) Seringapatam Mutiny Action of 9 May 1814 The War of 1812 ( 1812 -- 1815 ) was a conflict fought between the United States , the United Kingdom , and their respective allies . Historians in Britain often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars ; in the United States and Canada , it is seen as a war in its own right . Since the outbreak of war with Napoleonic France , Britain had enforced a naval blockade to choke off neutral trade to France , which the United States contested as illegal under international law . To man the blockade , Britain impressed American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy . Incidents such as the Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair inflamed anti-British sentiment . In 1811 , the British were in turn outraged by the Little Belt Affair , in which 11 British sailors died . The British supplied Indians who conducted raids on American settlers on the frontier , which hindered American expansion and also provoked resentment . Historians remain divided on whether the desire to annex some or all of British North America contributed to the American decision to go to war . On June 18 , 1812 , President James Madison , after receiving heavy pressure from the War Hawks in Congress , signed the American declaration of war into law . With the majority of its army in Europe fighting Napoleon , the British adopted a defensive strategy . American prosecution of the war effort suffered from its unpopularity , especially in New England , where it was derogatorily referred to as `` Mr. Madison 's War '' . American defeats at the Siege of Detroit and the Battle of Queenston Heights thwarted attempts to seize Upper Canada , improving British morale . American attempts to invade Lower Canada and capture Montreal also failed . In 1813 , at the Battle of Lake Erie the Americans won control of Lake Erie and at the Battle of the Thames , defeated Tecumseh 's Confederacy , securing a primary war goal . At sea , the powerful Royal Navy blockaded American ports , cutting off trade and allowing the British to raid the coast at will . In 1814 , one of these raids burned the capital , Washington , although the Americans subsequently repulsed British attempts to invade New England and capture Baltimore . At home , the British faced mounting opposition to wartime taxation , and demands to reopen trade with America . With the abdication of Napoleon , the blockade of France ended and the British ceased impressment , rendering the issue of the impressment of American sailors moot . The British were then able to increase the strength of the blockade on the United States coast , annihilating American maritime trade and bringing the United States government near to bankruptcy . Peace negotiations began in August 1814 and the Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24 as neither side wanted to continue fighting . News of the peace did not reach America for some time . Unaware that the treaty had been signed , British forces invaded Louisiana and were defeated at the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815 . These late victories were viewed by Americans as having restored national honour , leading to the collapse of anti-war sentiment and the beginning of the Era of Good Feelings , a period of national unity . News of the treaty arrived shortly thereafter , halting military operations . The treaty was unanimously ratified by the United States on February 17 , 1815 , ending the war with Status quo ante bellum ( no boundary changes ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Honour and the second war of independence 1.2 Impressment and Naval actions 1.3 British support for Native American raids 1.4 American expansionism 1.5 U.S. political conflict 2 Forces 2.1 American 2.2 British 2.3 Indian 3 Declaration of war 4 Course of war 4.1 Unpreparedness 4.2 Great Lakes and Western Territories 4.2. 1 Invasions of Upper and Lower Canada , 1812 4.2. 2 American Northwest , 1813 4.2. 3 Niagara frontier , 1813 4.2. 4 St. Lawrence and Lower Canada , 1813 4.2. 5 Niagara and Plattsburgh Campaigns , 1814 4.2. 6 American West , 1813 -- 14 4.3 Atlantic theatre 4.3. 1 Opening strategies 4.3. 2 Single - ship actions 4.3. 3 Privateering 4.3. 4 Blockade 4.3. 5 Freeing and recruiting slaves 4.3. 6 Occupation of Maine 4.3. 7 Chesapeake campaign and `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' 4.4 Southern theatre 4.4. 1 Creek War 4.4. 2 Gulf Coast 4.4. 3 Postwar fighting 5 Treaty of Ghent 5.1 Factors leading to the peace negotiations 5.2 Negotiations and peace 6 Losses and compensation 7 Memory and historiography 7.1 Popular views 7.2 Canadian 7.3 American 7.4 Historians ' views 7.4. 1 Indians as losers 8 Long - term consequences 8.1 United States 8.2 British North America ( Canada ) 8.3 Indigenous nations 8.4 Bermuda 8.5 Britain 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Sources 13 Further reading 13.1 Primary sources 14 External links Origins Main article : Origins of the War of 1812 Re-enactors in UK uniforms fire muskets toward the `` Americans '' in this annual commemoration of the June 6 , 1813 Battle of Stoney Creek . Historians have long debated the relative weight of the multiple reasons underlying the origins of the War of 1812 . This section summarizes several contributing factors which resulted in the declaration of war by the United States . Honour and the second war of independence As Risjord ( 1961 ) notes , a powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honour in the face of what they considered to be British insults such as the Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair . H.W. Brands says , `` The other war hawks spoke of the struggle with Britain as a second war of independence ; ( Andrew ) Jackson , who still bore scars from the first war of independence held that view with special conviction . The approaching conflict was about violations of American rights , but it was also about vindication of American identity . '' Americans at the time and historians since often called it the United States ' `` Second War of Independence '' . The British too were offended by what they considered insults such as the Little Belt Affair . This led to the British having a particular interest in capturing the United States flagship President which they succeeded in doing during 1815 . Impressment and naval actions In 1807 , Britain introduced a series of trade restrictions via the Orders in Council to impede neutral trade with France , which Britain was then fighting in the Napoleonic Wars . The United States contested these restrictions as illegal under international law . Historian Reginald Horsman states , `` a large section of influential British opinion , both in the government and in the country , thought that America presented a threat to British maritime supremacy . '' The American merchant marine had come close to doubling between 1802 and 1810 , making it by far the largest neutral fleet . Britain was the largest trading partner , receiving 80 % of U.S. cotton and 50 % of other U.S. exports . The British public and press were resentful of the growing mercantile and commercial competition . The United States ' view was that Britain 's restrictions violated its right to trade with others . Press gang : oil painting by Luke Clennell During the Napoleonic Wars , the Royal Navy expanded to 176 ships of the line and 600 ships overall , requiring 140,000 sailors to man . While the Royal Navy could man its ships with volunteers in peacetime , it competed in wartime with merchant shipping and privateers for a small pool of experienced sailors and turned to impressment from ashore and foreign or domestic shipping when it could not operate its ships with volunteers alone . The United States believed that British deserters had a right to become U.S. citizens . Britain did not recognize a right whereby a British subject could relinquish his status as a British subject , emigrate and transfer his national allegiance as a naturalized citizen to any other country . This meant that in addition to recovering naval deserters , it considered any United States citizens who were born British liable for impressment . Aggravating the situation was the reluctance of the United States to issue formal naturalization papers and the widespread use of unofficial or forged identity or protection papers by sailors . This made it difficult for the Royal Navy to distinguish Americans from non-Americans and led it to impress some Americans who had never been British . Some gained freedom on appeal . Thus while the United States recognized British - born sailors on American ships as Americans , Britain did not . It was estimated by the Admiralty that there were 11,000 naturalized sailors on United States ships in 1805 . U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin stated that 9,000 U.S. sailors were born in Britain . Moreover , a great number of these British born sailors were Irish . An investigation by Captain Isaac Chauncey in 1808 found that 58 % of sailors based in New York City were either naturalized citizens or recent immigrants , the majority of these foreign born sailors ( 134 of 150 ) being from Britain . Moreover , 80 of the 134 British sailors were Irish . American anger at impressment grew when British frigates were stationed just outside U.S. harbours in view of U.S. shores and searched ships for contraband and impressed men while within U.S. territorial waters . Well publicized impressment actions such as the Leander Affair and the Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair outraged the American public . The British public in turn were outraged by the Little Belt Affair , in which a larger American ship clashed with a small British sloop , resulting in the deaths of 11 British sailors . Both sides claimed the other fired first , but the British public in particular blamed the U.S. for attacking a smaller vessel , with calls for revenge by some newspapers , while the U.S. was encouraged by the fact they had won a victory over the Royal Navy . The U.S. Navy also forcibly recruited British sailors but the British government saw impressment as commonly accepted practice and preferred to rescue British sailors from American impressment on a case - by - case basis . British support for Native American raids Origins of the War of 1812 Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair Orders in Council ( 1807 ) Embargo Act of 1807 Non-Intercourse Act ( 1809 ) Macon 's Bill Number 2 Tecumseh 's War Henry letters War hawks Rule of 1756 Monroe -- Pinkney Treaty Little Belt Affair The Northwest Territory , which consisted of the modern states of Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and Wisconsin , was the battleground for conflict between the Native American Nations and the United States . The British Empire had ceded the area to the United States in the Treaty of Paris in 1783 , both sides ignoring the fact that the land was already inhabited by various Native American nations . These included the Miami , Winnebago , Shawnee , Fox , Sauk , Kickapoo , Delaware and Wyandot . Some warriors , who had left their nations of origin , followed Tenskwatawa , the Shawnee Prophet and the brother of Tecumseh . Tenskwatawa had a vision of purifying his society by expelling the `` children of the Evil Spirit '' : the American settlers . The Indians wanted to create their own state in the Northwest to end the American threat forever as it became clear that the Americans wanted all of the land in the Old Northwest for themselves . Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh formed a confederation of numerous tribes to block American expansion . The British saw the Native American nations as valuable allies and a buffer to its Canadian colonies and provided arms . Attacks on American settlers in the Northwest further aggravated tensions between Britain and the United States . Raiding grew more common in 1810 and 1811 ; Westerners in Congress found the raids intolerable and wanted them permanently ended . British policy towards the Indians of the Northwest was torn between the desire to keep the Americans fighting in the Northwest , and to preserve a region that provided rich profits for Canadian fur traders , versus the fear that too much support for the Indians would cause a war with the United States . Through Tecumseh 's plans for an Indian state in the Northwest would benefit British North America by making it more defensible , at the same time , the defeats suffered by Tecumseh 's confederation had the British leery of going too far to support what was probably a losing cause . In the months running up to the war , British diplomats attempted to defuse tensions on the frontier . The confederation 's raids , and its very existence , hindered American expansion into rich farmlands in the Northwest Territory . Pratt writes : There is ample proof that the British authorities did all in their power to hold or win the allegiance of the Indians of the Northwest with the expectation of using them as allies in the event of war . Indian allegiance could be held only by gifts , and to an Indian no gift was as acceptable as a lethal weapon . Guns and ammunition , tomahawks and scalping knives were dealt out with some liberality by British agents . However , according to the U.S Army Center of Military History , the `` land - hungry frontiersmen '' , with `` no doubt that their troubles with the Native Americans were the result of British intrigue '' , exacerbated the problem by `` ( circulating stories ) after every Native American raid of British Army muskets and equipment being found on the field '' . Thus , `` the westerners were convinced that their problems could best be solved by forcing the British out of Canada '' . The British had the long - standing goal of creating a large , `` neutral '' Native American state to cover much of Ohio , Indiana , and Michigan . They made the demand as late as the fall of 1814 at the peace conference , but lost control of western Ontario in 1813 at key battles on and around Lake Erie . These battles destroyed the Indian confederacy which had been the main ally of the British in that region , weakening its negotiating position . Although much of the area remained under British or British - allied Native Americans ' control until the end of the war , the British , at American insistence and with higher priorities , dropped the demands . American expansionism American expansion into the Northwest Territory was being obstructed by various Indian tribes since the end of the Revolution , who were supplied and encouraged by the British . Americans on the western frontier demanded that interference be stopped . There is dispute , however , over whether or not the American desire to annex Canada brought on the war . Several historians believe that the capture of Canada was intended only as a means to secure a bargaining chip , which would then be used to force Britain to back down on the maritime issues . It would also cut off food supplies for Britain 's West Indian colonies , and temporarily prevent the British from continuing to arm the Indians . However , many historians believe that a desire to annex Canada was a cause of the war . This view was more prevalent before 1940 , but remains widely held today . Congressman Richard Mentor Johnson told Congress that the constant Indian atrocities along the Wabash River in Indiana were enabled by supplies from Canada and were proof that `` the war has already commenced ... I shall never die contented until I see England 's expulsion from North America and her territories incorporated into the United States . '' James Madison , U.S. President , ( 1809 -- 1817 ) Lord Liverpool , British Prime Minister , ( 1812 -- 1827 ) Madison believed that British economic policies designed to foster imperial preference were harming the American economy and that as British North America existed , here was a conduit for American strugglers who were undercutting his trade policies , which thus required that the United States annex British North America . Furthermore , Madison believed that the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence trade route might become the main trade route for the export of North American goods to Europe at the expense of the U.S. economy , and if the United States controlled the resources of British North America like timber which the British needed for their navy , then Britain would be forced to change its maritime policies which had so offended American public opinion . Many Americans believed it was only natural that their country should swallow up North America with one Congressman , John Harper saying in a speech that `` the Author of Nature Himself had marked our limits in the south , by the Gulf of Mexico and on the north , by the regions of eternal frost '' . Upper Canada ( modern southern Ontario ) had been settled mostly by Revolution - era exiles from the United States ( United Empire Loyalists ) or postwar American immigrants . The Loyalists were hostile to union with the United States , while the immigrant settlers were generally uninterested in politics and remained neutral or supported the British during the war . The Canadian colonies were thinly populated and only lightly defended by the British Army . Americans then believed that many men in Upper Canada would rise up and greet an American invading army as liberators . That did not happen . One reason American forces retreated after one successful battle inside Canada was that they could not obtain supplies from the locals . But the Americans thought that the possibility of local support suggested an easy conquest , as former President Thomas Jefferson believed : `` The acquisition of Canada this year , as far as the neighborhood of Quebec , will be a mere matter of marching , and will give us the experience for the attack on Halifax , the next and final expulsion of England from the American continent . '' Annexation was supported by American border businessmen who wanted to gain control of Great Lakes trade . Carl Benn noted that the War Hawks ' desire to annex the Canadas was similar to the enthusiasm for the annexation of Spanish Florida by inhabitants of the American South ; both expected war to facilitate expansion into long - desired lands and end support for hostile Indian tribes ( Tecumseh 's Confederacy in the North and the Creek in the South ) . Tennessee Congressman Felix Grundy considered it essential to acquire Canada to preserve domestic political balance , arguing that annexing Canada would maintain the free state - slave state balance , which might otherwise be thrown off by the acquisition of Florida and the settlement of the southern areas of the new Louisiana Purchase . H Historian Richard Maass argued in 2015 that the expansionist theme is a myth that goes against the `` relative consensus among experts that the primary U.S. objective was the repeal of British maritime restrictions '' . He argues that consensus among scholars is that the United States went to war `` because six years of economic sanctions had failed to bring Britain to the negotiating table , and threatening the Royal Navy 's Canadian supply base was their last hope . '' Maass agrees that theoretically expansionism might have tempted Americans , but finds that `` leaders feared the domestic political consequences of doing so . Notably , what limited expansionism there was focused on sparsely populated western lands rather than the more populous eastern settlements ( of Canada ) . '' Nevertheless , Maas notes that many historians continue to believe that expansionism was a cause . Horsman argued expansionism played a role as a secondary cause after maritime issues , noting that many historians have mistakenly rejected expansionism as a cause for the war . He notes that it was considered key to maintaining sectional balance between free and slave states thrown off by American settlement of the Louisiana Territory , and widely supported by dozens of War Hawk congressmen such as John A. Harper , Felix Grundy , Henry Clay , and Richard M. Johnson , who voted for war with expansion as a key aim . In disagreeing with those interpretations that have simply stressed expansionism and minimized maritime causation , historians have ignored deep - seated American fears for national security , dreams of a continent completely controlled by the republican United States , and the evidence that many Americans believed that the War of 1812 would be the occasion for the United States to achieve the long - desired annexation of Canada ... Thomas Jefferson well - summarized American majority opinion about the war ... to say `` that the cession of Canada ... must be a sine qua non at a treaty of peace '' . However , Horsman states that in his view `` the desire for Canada did not cause the War of 1812 '' and that `` The United States did not declare war because it wanted to obtain Canada , but the acquisition of Canada was viewed as a major collateral benefit of the conflict . '' Historian Alan Taylor says that many Republican congressmen , such as Richard M. Johnson , John A. Harper and Peter B. Porter , `` longed to oust the British from the continent and to annex Canada . '' A few Southerners opposed this , fearing an imbalance of free and slave states if Canada was annexed , while anti-Catholicism also caused many to oppose annexing mainly Catholic Lower Canada , believing its French - speaking inhabitants `` unfit ... for republican citizenship '' . Even major figures such as Henry Clay and James Monroe expected to keep at least Upper Canada in the event of an easy conquest . Notable American generals , like William Hull were led by this sentiment to issue proclamations to Canadians during the war promising republican liberation through incorporation into the United States ; a proclamation the government never officially disavowed . General Alexander Smyth similarly declared to his troops that when they invaded Canada `` You will enter a country that is to become one of the United States . You will arrive among a people who are to become your fellow - citizens . '' A lack of clarity about American intentions undercut these appeals , however . David and Jeanne Heidler argue that `` Most historians agree that the War of 1812 was not caused by expansionism but instead reflected a real concern of American patriots to defend United States ' neutral rights from the overbearing tyranny of the British Navy . That is not to say that expansionist aims would not potentially result from the war . '' However , they also argue otherwise , saying that `` acquiring Canada would satisfy America 's expansionist desires '' , also describing it as a key goal of western expansionists , who , they argue , believed that `` eliminating the British presence in Canada would best accomplish '' their goal of halting British support for Indian raids . They argue that the `` enduring debate '' is over the relative importance of expansionism as a factor , and whether `` expansionism played a greater role in causing the War of 1812 than American concern about protecting neutral maritime rights . '' U.S. political conflict Main articles : Federalist Party and Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States While the British government was largely oblivious to the deteriorating North American situation because of its involvement in a continent - wide European War , the U.S. was in a period of significant political conflict between the Federalist Party ( based mainly in the Northeast ) , which favoured a strong central government and closer ties to Britain , and the Democratic - Republican Party ( with its greatest power base in the South and West ) , which favoured a weak central government , preservation of states ' rights ( including slavery ) , expansion into Indian land , and a stronger break with Britain . By 1812 , the Federalist Party had weakened considerably , and the Republicans , with James Madison completing his first term of office and control of Congress , were in a strong position to pursue their more aggressive agenda against Britain . Throughout the war , support for the U.S. cause was weak ( or sometimes non-existent ) in Federalist areas of the Northeast . Few men volunteered to serve ; the banks avoided financing the war . The negativism of the Federalists , especially as exemplified by the Hartford Convention of 1814 -- 15 , ruined its reputation and the Party survived only in scattered areas . By 1815 there was broad support for the war from all parts of the country . This allowed the triumphant Democratic - Republicans to adopt some Federalist policies , such as a national bank , which Madison reestablished in 1816 . Forces American The United States Navy ( USN ) had 7,250 sailors and Marines in 1812 . The American Navy was well trained and a professional force that fought well against the Barbary pirates and France in the Quasi-War . The USN had 13 ocean - going warships , three of them `` super-frigates '' and its principal problem was a lack of funding as many in Congress did not see the need for a strong navy . The American warships were all well - built ships that were equal , if not superior to British ships of a similar class ( British shipbuilding emphasized quantity over quality ) . However , the biggest ships in the USN were frigates and the Americans had no ships - of - the - line capable of engaging in a fleet action with the Royal Navy at sea . On the high seas , the Americans could only pursue a strategy of commerce raiding , taking British merchantmen with their frigates and privateers . Before the war , the USN was largely concentrated on the Atlantic coast and at the war 's outbreak had only two gunboats on Lake Champlain , one brig on Lake Ontario and another brig in Lake Erie . The United States Army was much larger than the British Army in North America , but leadership in the American officer corps was inconsistent with some officers proving themselves to be outstanding but many others inept , owing their positions to political favors . American soldiers were well trained and brave , but in the early battles were often led by officers of questionable ability . Congress was hostile to a standing army , and during the war , the U.S. government called out 450,000 men from the state militas , a number that was slightly smaller than the entire population of British North America . However , the state militias were poorly trained , armed and led . After the Battle of Bladensburg in 1814 in which the Maryland and Virginia militias were soundly defeated by the British Army , President Madison commented : `` I could never have believed so great a difference existed between regular troops and a militia force , if I not witnessed the scenes of this day . '' British See also : Canadian units of the War of 1812 The British Royal Navy was a well - led , professional force , considered the world 's most powerful navy . However , as long as the war with France continued , North America was a secondary concern . In 1813 , France had 80 ships - of - the - line while building another 35 . Therefore , containing the French fleet had to be the main British naval concern . In Upper Canada , the British had the Provincial Marine was essential for keeping the army supplied since the roads in Upper Canada were abysmal . On Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence , the Royal Navy had two schooners while the Provincial Marine maintained four small warships on Lake Erie . The British Army in North America was a very professional and well trained force , but suffered from being outnumbered . The militias of Upper Canada and Lower Canada had a much more lower level of military effectiveness . Nevertheless , Canadian militia ( and locally recruited regular units known as `` Fencibles '' ) were often more reliable than American militia , particularly when defending their own territory . Indian Because of their lower population compared to whites , and lacking artillery , Indian allies of the British avoided pitched battles and instead relied on irregular warfare , including raids and ambushes . Given their low population , it was crucial to avoid heavy losses and , in general , Indian chiefs sought to fight only under favorable conditions ; any battle that promised heavy losses was avoided if possible . The main Indian weapons were a mixture of tomahawks , knives , swords , rifles , clubs , arrows and muskets . Indian warriors were brave , but the need to avoid heavy losses meant that they fought only under the most favorable conditions and their tactics favored a defensive as opposed to offensive style . In the words of Benn , those Indians fighting with the Americans provided the U.S with their `` most effective light troops '' while the British desperately needed the Indian tribes to compensate for their numerical inferiority . The Indians , regardless of which side they fought for , saw themselves as allies , not subordinates and Indian chiefs did what they viewed as best for their tribes , much to the annoyance of both American and British generals , who often complained about their unreliability . Declaration of war U.S. Declaration of War Proclamation by Isaac Brock in response to the U.S. declaration of war Wikisource has original text related to this article : US Declaration of War against the United Kingdom On June 1 , 1812 , President James Madison sent a message to Congress recounting American grievances against Great Britain , though not specifically calling for a declaration of war . After Madison 's message , the House of Representatives deliberated for four days behind closed doors before voting 79 to 49 ( 61 % ) in favor of the first declaration of war . The Senate concurred in the declaration by a 19 to 13 ( 59 % ) vote in favour . The conflict began formally on June 18 , 1812 , when Madison signed the measure into law and proclaimed it the next day . This was the first time that the United States had declared war on another nation , and the Congressional vote was the closest vote to formally declare war in American history . The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991 , while not a formal declaration of war , was a closer vote . None of the 39 Federalists in Congress voted in favour of the war ; critics of war subsequently referred to it as `` Mr. Madison 's War . '' Earlier in London on May 11 , an assassin had killed Prime Minister Spencer Perceval , which resulted in Lord Liverpool coming to power . Liverpool wanted a more practical relationship with the United States . On June 23 , he issued a repeal of the Orders in Council , but the United States was unaware of this , as it took three weeks for the news to cross the Atlantic . On June 28 , 1812 , HMS Colibri was despatched from Halifax under a flag of truce to New York . On July 9 , she anchored off Sandy Hook , and three days later sailed on her return with a copy of the declaration of war , in addition to transporting the British ambassador to the United States , Mr. Foster and consul , Colonel Barclay . She arrived in Halifax , Nova Scotia eight days later . The news of the declaration took even longer to reach London . However , the British commander in Upper Canada received news of the American declaration of war much faster . In response to the U.S. declaration of war , Isaac Brock issued a proclamation alerting the citizenry in Upper Canada of the state of war and urging all military personnel `` to be vigilant in the discharge of their duty '' to prevent communication with the enemy and to arrest anyone suspected of helping the Americans . He also issued orders to the commander of the British post at Fort St. Joseph to initiate offensive operations against U.S. forces in northern Michigan , who it turned out , were not yet aware of their own government 's declaration of war . The resulting Siege of Fort Mackinac on July 17 was the first major land engagement of the war , and ended in an easy British victory . Course of war See also : Timeline of the War of 1812 The war was conducted in three theatres : The Great Lakes and the Canadian frontier At sea , principally the Atlantic Ocean and the east coast of North America The Southern states and southwestern territories Unpreparedness Although the outbreak of the war had been preceded by years of angry diplomatic dispute , neither side was ready for war when it came . Britain was heavily engaged in the Napoleonic Wars , most of the British Army was deployed in the Peninsular War ( in Portugal and Spain ) , and the Royal Navy was compelled to blockade most of the coast of Europe . The number of British regular troops present in Canada in July 1812 was officially stated to be 6,034 , supported by Canadian militia . Throughout the war , the British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies was Earl Bathurst . For the first two years of the war , he could spare few troops to reinforce North America and urged the commander - in - chief in North America ( Lieutenant General Sir George Prévost ) to maintain a defensive strategy . The naturally cautious Prévost followed these instructions , concentrating on defending Lower Canada at the expense of Upper Canada ( which was more vulnerable to American attacks ) and allowing few offensive actions . This painting of the Battle of Queenston Heights depicts the unsuccessful American landing on October 13 , 1812 . The United States was not prepared to prosecute a war , for Madison had assumed that the state militias would easily seize Canada and that negotiations would follow . In 1812 , the regular army consisted of fewer than 12,000 men . Congress authorized the expansion of the army to 35,000 men , but the service was voluntary and unpopular ; it offered poor pay , and there were few trained and experienced officers , at least initially . The militia objected to serving outside their home states , were not open to discipline , and performed poorly against British forces when outside their home states . American prosecution of the war suffered from its unpopularity , especially in New England , where anti-war speakers were vocal . `` Two of the Massachusetts members ( of Congress ) , Seaver and Widgery , were publicly insulted and hissed on Change in Boston ; while another , Charles Turner , member for the Plymouth district , and Chief - Justice of the Court of Sessions for that county , was seized by a crowd on the evening of August 3 , ( 1812 ) and kicked through the town '' . The United States had great difficulty financing its war . It had disbanded its national bank , and private bankers in the Northeast were opposed to the war . The United States was able to obtain financing from London - based Barings Bank to cover overseas bond obligations . The failure of New England to provide militia units or financial support was a serious blow . Threats of secession by New England states were loud , as evidenced by the Hartford Convention . Britain exploited these divisions , blockading only southern ports for much of the war and encouraging smuggling . Great Lakes and western territories Invasions of Upper and Lower Canada , 1812 Map showing the northern theatre of the War of 1812 American leaders assumed that Canada could be easily overrun . Former President Jefferson optimistically referred to the conquest of Canada as `` a matter of marching '' . Many Loyalist Americans had migrated to Upper Canada after the Revolutionary War . There was also significant non-Loyalist American immigration to the area due to the offer of land grants to immigrants , and the U.S. assumed the latter would favour the American cause , but they did not . In prewar Upper Canada , General Prévost was in the unusual position of having to purchase many provisions for his troops from the American side . This peculiar trade persisted throughout the war in spite of an abortive attempt by the U.S. government to curtail it . In Lower Canada , which was much more populous , support for Britain came from the English elite with strong loyalty to the Empire , and from the French - speaking Canadien elite , who feared American conquest would destroy the old order by introducing Protestantism , Anglicization , republican democracy , and commercial capitalism ; and weakening the Catholic Church . The Canadien inhabitants feared the loss of a shrinking area of good lands to potential American immigrants . In 1812 -- 13 , British military experience prevailed over inexperienced American commanders . Geography dictated that operations take place in the west : principally around Lake Erie , near the Niagara River between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario , and near the Saint Lawrence River area and Lake Champlain . This was the focus of the three - pronged attacks by the Americans in 1812 . Although cutting the St. Lawrence River through the capture of Montreal and Quebec would have made Britain 's hold in North America unsustainable , the United States began operations first in the western frontier because of the general popularity there of a war with the British , who had sold arms to the Native Americans opposing the settlers . The British scored an important early success when their detachment at St. Joseph Island , on Lake Huron , learned of the declaration of war before the nearby American garrison at the important trading post at Mackinac Island in Michigan . A scratch force landed on the island on July 17 , 1812 , and mounted a gun overlooking Fort Mackinac . After the British fired one shot from their gun , the Americans , taken by surprise , surrendered . This early victory encouraged the natives , and large numbers moved to help the British at Amherstburg . The island totally controlled access to the Old Northwest , giving the British nominal control of this area , and , more vitally , a monopoly on the fur trade . Kensett 's engraving of Upper & Lower Canada 1812 An American army under the command of William Hull invaded Canada on July 12 , with his forces chiefly composed of untrained and ill - disciplined militiamen . Once on Canadian soil , Hull issued a proclamation ordering all British subjects to surrender , or `` the horrors , and calamities of war will stalk before you '' . This led many of the British forces to defect . John Bennett , printer and publisher of the York Gazette & Oracle , was a prominent defector . Andrew Mercer , who had the publication 's production moved to his house , lost the press and type destroyed during American occupation , an example of what happened to resisters . He also threatened to kill any British prisoner caught fighting alongside a native . The proclamation helped stiffen resistance to the American attacks . Hull 's army was too weak in artillery and badly supplied to achieve its objectives , and had to fight just to maintain its own lines of communication . The senior British officer in Upper Canada , Major General Isaac Brock , felt that he should take bold measures to calm the settler population in Canada , and to convince the aboriginals who were needed to defend the region that Britain was strong . He moved rapidly to Amherstburg near the western end of Lake Erie with reinforcements and immediately decided to attack Detroit . Hull , fearing that the British possessed superior numbers and that the Indians attached to Brock 's force would commit massacres if fighting began , surrendered Detroit without a fight on August 16 . Knowing of British - instigated indigenous attacks on other locations , Hull ordered the evacuation of the inhabitants of Fort Dearborn ( Chicago ) to Fort Wayne . After initially being granted safe passage , the inhabitants ( soldiers and civilians ) were attacked by Potowatomis on August 15 after travelling only 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) in what is known as the Battle of Fort Dearborn . The fort was subsequently burned . Brock promptly transferred himself to the eastern end of Lake Erie , where American General Stephen Van Rensselaer was attempting a second invasion . An armistice ( arranged by Prévost in the hope the British renunciation of the Orders in Council to which the United States objected might lead to peace ) prevented Brock from invading American territory . When the armistice ended , the Americans attempted an attack across the Niagara River on October 13 , but suffered a crushing defeat at Queenston Heights . Brock was killed during the battle . While the professionalism of the American forces improved by the war 's end , British leadership suffered after Brock 's death . A final attempt in 1812 by American General Henry Dearborn to advance north from Lake Champlain failed when his militia refused to advance beyond American territory . In contrast to the American militia , the Canadian militia performed well . French Canadians , who found the anti-Catholic stance of most of the United States troublesome , and United Empire Loyalists , who had fought for the Crown during the American Revolutionary War , strongly opposed the American invasion . Many in Upper Canada were recent settlers from the United States who had no obvious loyalties to the Crown ; nevertheless , while there were some who sympathized with the invaders , the American forces found strong opposition from men loyal to the Empire . American Northwest , 1813 Oliver Hazard Perry 's message to William Henry Harrison after the Battle of Lake Erie began with one of the most famous sentences in American military history : `` We have met the enemy and they are ours '' . This 1865 painting by William H. Powell shows Perry transferring to a different ship during the battle . Main article : Ohio in the War of 1812 After Hull 's surrender of Detroit , General William Henry Harrison was given command of the U.S. Army of the Northwest . He set out to retake the city , which was now defended by Colonel Henry Procter in conjunction with Tecumseh . A detachment of Harrison 's army was defeated at Frenchtown along the River Raisin on January 22 , 1813 . Procter left the prisoners with an inadequate guard , who could not prevent some of his North American aboriginal allies from attacking and killing perhaps as many as sixty Americans , many of whom were Kentucky militiamen . The incident became known as the River Raisin Massacre . The defeat ended Harrison 's campaign against Detroit , and the phrase `` Remember the River Raisin ! '' became a rallying cry for the Americans . In May 1813 , Procter and Tecumseh set siege to Fort Meigs in northwestern Ohio . American reinforcements arriving during the siege were defeated by the natives , but the fort held out . The Indians eventually began to disperse , forcing Procter and Tecumseh to return north to Canada . A second offensive against Fort Meigs also failed in July . In an attempt to improve Indian morale , Procter and Tecumseh attempted to storm Fort Stephenson , a small American post on the Sandusky River , only to be repulsed with serious losses , marking the end of the Ohio campaign . On Lake Erie , American commander Captain Oliver Hazard Perry fought the Battle of Lake Erie on September 10 , 1813 . His decisive victory at `` Put - In - Bay '' ensured American military control of the lake , improved American morale after a series of defeats , and compelled the British to fall back from Detroit . This paved the way for General Harrison to launch another invasion of Upper Canada , which culminated in the U.S. victory at the Battle of the Thames on October 5 , 1813 , in which Tecumseh was killed . Niagara frontier , 1813 Historical map of the Niagara River area during the War of 1812 Because of the difficulties of land communications , control of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River corridor was crucial . When the war began , the British already had a small squadron of warships on Lake Ontario and had the initial advantage . To redress the situation , the Americans established a Navy yard at Sackett 's Harbor in northwestern New York . Commodore Isaac Chauncey took charge of the large number of sailors and shipwrights sent there from New York ; they completed the second warship built there in a mere 45 days . Ultimately , almost 3,000 men worked at the naval shipyard , building eleven warships and many smaller boats and transports . Having regained the advantage by their rapid building program , Chauncey and Dearborn attacked York , on the northern shore of the lake , the capital of Upper Canada , on April 27 , 1813 . The Battle of York was a `` pyrrhic '' American victory , marred by looting and the burning of the small Provincial Parliament buildings and a library ( resulting in a spirit of revenge by the British / Canadians led by Gov. George Prévost , who later demanded satisfaction encouraging the British Admiralty to issue orders to their officers later operating in the Chesapeake Bay region to exact similar devastation on the American Federal capital village of Washington the following year ) . However , Kingston was strategically much more valuable to British supply and communications routes along the St. Lawrence corridor . Without control of Kingston , the U.S. Navy could not effectively control Lake Ontario or sever the British supply line from Lower Canada . On May 25 , 1813 the guns of the American Lake Ontario squadron joined by Fort Niagara began bombarding Fort George . On May 27 , 1813 , an American amphibious force from Lake Ontario assaulted Fort George on the northern end of the Niagara River and captured it without serious losses . The British also abandoned Fort Erie and headed towards the Burlington Heights . With the British position in Upper Canada on the verge of collapse , the Iroquois Indians living along the banks of the Grand River considered changing side and ignored a British appeal to come to their aid . The retreating British forces were not pursued , however , until they had largely escaped and organized a counteroffensive against the advancing Americans at the Battle of Stoney Creek on June 5 . With Upper Canada on the line , the British a surprise attack at Stoney Creek at 2 : 00 am , leading to much confused fighting . Through tactically a draw , the battle was a strategic British victory as the Americans pulled back to Forty Mile Creek rather than continuing their advance into Upper Canada . At this point , the Six Nations living on the Grand River began to come out to fight for the British as an American victory no longer seemed inevitable . The Iroquis ambushed an American patrol at Forty Mile Creek while the Royal Navy squadron based in Kingston came to bombard the American camp , leading to General Dearborn to retreat back to Fort George as he now mistakenly believed he was outnumbered and outgunned . The British commander , General John Vincent was heartened by the fact that more and more First Nations warriors were now arriving to assist him , providing about 800 additional men . On June 24 , with the help of advance warning by Laura Secord , another American force was forced to surrender by a much smaller British and native force at the Battle of Beaver Dams , marking the end of the American offensive into Upper Canada . The British commander General Francis de Rottenberg did not have the strength to retake Fort George , so he build a blockade , hoping to starve the Americans into surrender . Meanwhile , Commodore James Lucas Yeo had taken charge of the British ships on the lake and mounted a counterattack , which was nevertheless repulsed at the Battle of Sackett 's Harbor . Thereafter , Chauncey and Yeo 's squadrons fought two indecisive actions , neither commander seeking a fight to the finish . Late in 1813 , the Americans abandoned the Canadian territory they occupied around Fort George . They set fire to the village of Newark ( now Niagara - on - the - Lake ) on December 10 , 1813 , incensing the Canadians and politicians in control . Many of the inhabitants were left without shelter , freezing to death in the snow . This led to British retaliation following the Capture of Fort Niagara on December 18 , 1813 . Early the next morning on December 19 , the British and their native allies stormed the neighbouring town of Lewiston , New York , torching homes and buildings and killing about a dozen civilians . As the British were chasing the surviving residents out of town , a small force of Tuscarora natives intervened and stopped the pursuit , buying enough time for the locals to escape to safer ground . It is notable in that the Tuscaroras defended the Americans against their own Iroquois brothers , the Mohawks , who sided with the British . Later , the British attacked and burned Buffalo on December 30 , 1813 . In 1814 , the contest for Lake Ontario turned into a building race . Naval superiority shifted between the opposing fleets as each built new , bigger ships . However , neither was able to bring the other to battle when in a position of superiority , leaving the Engagements on Lake Ontario a draw . At war 's end , the British held the advantage with the 112 - gun HMS St Lawrence , but the Americans had laid down two even larger ships . The majority of these ships never saw action and were decommissioned after the war . St. Lawrence and Lower Canada , 1813 Attack on Fort Oswego ( May 1814 ) Sakawarton ( John Smoke Johnson ) , John Tutela , and Young Warner , three Six Nations veterans of the War of 1812 . Photographed in 1882 . The British were potentially most vulnerable over the stretch of the St. Lawrence where it formed the frontier between Upper Canada and the United States . During the early days of the war , there was illicit commerce across the river . Over the winter of 1812 and 1813 , the Americans launched a series of raids from Ogdensburg on the American side of the river , which hampered British supply traffic up the river . On February 21 , Sir George Prévost passed through Prescott on the opposite bank of the river with reinforcements for Upper Canada . When he left the next day , the reinforcements and local militia attacked . At the Battle of Ogdensburg , the Americans were forced to retire . For the rest of the year , Ogdensburg had no American garrison , and many residents of Ogdensburg resumed visits and trade with Prescott . This British victory removed the last American regular troops from the Upper St. Lawrence frontier and helped secure British communications with Montreal . Late in 1813 , after much argument , the Americans made two thrusts against Montreal . Taking Montreal would have cut off the British forces in Upper Canada and thus potentially changed the war . The plan eventually agreed upon was for Major General Wade Hampton to march north from Lake Champlain and join a force under General James Wilkinson that would embark in boats and sail from Sackett 's Harbor on Lake Ontario and descend the St. Lawrence . Hampton was delayed by bad roads and supply problems and also had an intense dislike of Wilkinson , which limited his desire to support his plan . On October 25 , his 4,000 - strong force was defeated at the Chateauguay River by Charles de Salaberry 's smaller force of Canadian Voltigeurs and Mohawks . Salaberry 's force of Lower Canada militia and Indians numbered only 339 , but had a strong defensive position . Wilkinson 's force of 8,000 set out on October 17 , but was also delayed by bad weather . After learning that Hampton had been checked , Wilkinson heard that a British force under Captain William Mulcaster and Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Wanton Morrison was pursuing him , and by November 10 , he was forced to land near Morrisburg , about 150 kilometres ( 90 mi ) from Montreal . On November 11 , Wilkinson 's rear guard , numbering 2,500 , attacked Morrison 's force of 800 at Crysler 's Farm and was repulsed with heavy losses . After learning that Hampton could not renew his advance , Wilkinson retreated to the U.S. and settled into winter quarters . He resigned his command after a failed attack on a British outpost at Lacolle Mills . Had the Americans taken Montreal as planned , Upper Canada would have certainly been lost and the failure of the campaign ended in the greatest British defeat in the Canadas during the war . Niagara and Plattsburgh campaigns , 1814 American Infantry attacks at Lundy 's Lane Rather trying to take Montreal or Kingston , the Americans chose again to invade the Niagara frontier to take Upper Canada , largely because the Americans had occupied southwestern Upper Canada after their victory in Moraviantown , and it was believed in Washington that if the Americans could take the rest of Upper Canada , then they would force the British to cede that province to them when it came time to negotiate the peace . The end of the war in Europe in April 1814 meant that the British could now redeploy their Army to North America , so the Americans were anxious to have Upper Canada to negotiate from a position of strength . The plan for 1814 to invade Upper Canada via the Niagara frontier while sending another force to recapture Mackinac . The British were sending supplies to the Indians in the Old Northwest from Montreal via Mackinac , so is why the island was considered important . By the middle of 1814 , American generals , including Major Generals Jacob Brown and Winfield Scott , had drastically improved the fighting abilities and discipline of the army . The Americans ' renewed attack on the Niagara peninsula quickly captured Fort Erie on July 3 , 1814 with the 170 garrison quickly surrendering to the 5 , 000 Americans . General Phineas Riall rushed towards the frontier and unaware of Fort Erie 's fall or the size of the American force chose to engage in battle . Winfield Scott then gained a victory over an inferior British force at the Battle of Chippawa on July 5 . The Americans brought out overwhelming firepower against the attacking British who lost about 600 dead to the 350 dead on the American side . An attempt to advance further ended with a hard - fought but inconclusive Battle of Lundy 's Lane on July 25 . Both sides stood their ground , but after the battle , the American commander , General Jacob Brown , pulled back to Fort George while the British did not pursue them . The outnumbered Americans withdrew but withstood a prolonged Siege of Fort Erie . The British tried to storm Fort Erie on August 14 , 1814 , but suffered heavy losses losing 950 killed , wounded and captured compared to only 84 dead and wounded on the American side . The British suffered heavy casualties in a failed assault and were weakened by exposure and shortage of supplies in their siege lines . Eventually the British raised the siege , but American Major General George Izard took over command on the Niagara front and followed up only halfheartedly . An American raid along the Grand River destroyed many farms that weakened British logistics . In October 1814 the American advanced into Upper Canada , engaged in skirmishes at Cook 's Mill , but pulled back when they heard that the new British warship , HMS St. Lawrence armed with 104 guns , which had been launched in Kingston that September was on its way . The Americans lacked provisions , and eventually destroyed the Fort Erie and retreated across the Niagara . War of 1812 Re-enactment , Old Fort Erie , Ontario Meanwhile , following the abdication of Napoleon , 15,000 British troops were sent to North America under four of Wellington 's ablest brigade commanders . Fewer than half were veterans of the Peninsula and the rest came from garrisons . Prévost was ordered to neutralize American power on the lakes by burning Sackets Harbor , gain naval control of Lake Erie , Lake Ontario and the Upper Lakes , and defend Lower Canada from attack . He did defend Lower Canada but otherwise failed to achieve his objectives . Given the late season he decided to invade New York State . His army outnumbered the American defenders of Plattsburgh , but he was worried about his flanks so he decided he needed naval control of Lake Champlain . On the lake , the British squadron under Captain George Downie and the Americans under Master Commandant Thomas Macdonough were more evenly matched . On reaching Plattsburgh , Prévost delayed the assault until the arrival of Downie in the hastily completed 36 - gun frigate HMS Confiance . Prévost forced Downie into a premature attack , but then unaccountably failed to provide the promised military backing . Downie was killed and his naval force defeated at the naval Battle of Plattsburgh in Plattsburgh Bay on September 11 , 1814 . The Americans now had control of Lake Champlain ; Theodore Roosevelt later termed it `` the greatest naval battle of the war '' . The successful land defence was led by Alexander Macomb . To the astonishment of his senior officers , Prévost then turned back , saying it was too hazardous to remain on enemy territory after the loss of naval supremacy . Prévost was recalled and in London , a naval court - martial decided that defeat had been caused principally by Prévost 's urging the squadron into premature action and then failing to afford the promised support from the land forces . Prévost died suddenly , just before his own court - martial was to convene . Prévost 's reputation sank to a new low , as Canadians claimed that their militia under Brock did the job and he failed . Recently , however , historians have been more kindly , measuring him not against Wellington but against his American foes . They judge Prévost 's preparations for defending the Canadas with limited means to be energetic , well - conceived , and comprehensive ; and against the odds , he had achieved the primary objective of preventing an American conquest . To the east , the northern part of Massachusetts , soon to be Maine , was invaded . Fort Sullivan at Eastport was taken by Sir Thomas Hardy on July 11 . Castine , Hampden , Bangor , and Machias were taken , and Castine became the main British base till April 15 , 1815 , when the British left , taking £ 10,750 in tariff duties , the `` Castine Fund '' which was used to found Dalhousie University . Eastport was not returned to the United States till 1818 . American West , 1813 -- 14 The Upper Mississippi River during the War of 1812 . 1 : Fort Bellefontaine U.S. headquarters ; 2 : Fort Osage , abandoned 1813 ; 3 : Fort Madison , defeated 1813 ; 4 : Fort Shelby , defeated 1814 ; 5 : Battle of Rock Island Rapids , July 1814 and the Battle of Credit Island , Sept. 1814 ; 6 : Fort Johnson , abandoned 1814 ; 7 : Fort Cap au Gris and the Battle of the Sink Hole , May 1815 Plans of the original Fort Madison in 1810 , captured by British - supported Indians in 1813 The Mississippi River valley was the western frontier of the United States in 1812 . The territory acquired in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 contained almost no U.S. settlements west of the Mississippi except around Saint Louis and a few forts and trading posts . Fort Bellefontaine , an old trading post converted to a U.S. Army post in 1804 , served as regional headquarters . Fort Osage , built in 1808 along the Missouri was the western-most U.S. outpost , it was abandoned at the start of the war . Fort Madison , built along the Mississippi in what is now Iowa , was also built in 1808 , and had been repeatedly attacked by British - allied Sauk since its construction . In September 1813 Fort Madison was abandoned after it was attacked and besieged by natives , who had support from the British . This was one of the few battles fought west of the Mississippi . Black Hawk played a leadership role . Little of note took place on Lake Huron in 1813 , but the American victory on Lake Erie and the recapture of Detroit isolated the British there . During the ensuing winter , a Canadian party under Lieutenant Colonel Robert McDouall established a new supply line from York to Nottawasaga Bay on Georgian Bay . When he arrived at Fort Mackinac with supplies and reinforcements , he sent an expedition to recapture the trading post of Prairie du Chien in the far west . The Siege of Prairie du Chien ended in a British victory on July 20 , 1814 . Earlier in July , the Americans sent a force of five vessels from Detroit to recapture Mackinac . A mixed force of regulars and volunteers from the militia landed on the island on August 4 . They did not attempt to achieve surprise , and at the brief Battle of Mackinac Island , they were ambushed by natives and forced to re-embark . The Americans discovered the new base at Nottawasaga Bay , and on August 13 , they destroyed its fortifications and the schooner Nancy that they found there . They then returned to Detroit , leaving two gunboats to blockade Mackinac . On September 4 , these gunboats were taken unawares and captured by British boarding parties from canoes and small boats . These Engagements on Lake Huron left Mackinac under British control . The British garrison at Prairie du Chien also fought off another attack by Major Zachary Taylor . In this distant theatre , the British retained the upper hand until the end of the war , through the allegiance of several indigenous tribes that received British gifts and arms , enabling them to take control of parts of what is now Michigan and Illinois , as well as the whole of modern Wisconsin . In 1814 U.S. troops retreating from the Battle of Credit Island on the upper Mississippi attempted to make a stand at Fort Johnson , but the fort was soon abandoned , along with most of the upper Mississippi valley . After the U.S. was pushed out of the Upper Mississippi region , they held on to eastern Missouri and the St. Louis area . Two notable battles fought against the Sauk were the Battle of Cote Sans Dessein , in April 1815 , at the mouth of the Osage River in the Missouri Territory , and the Battle of the Sink Hole , in May 1815 , near Fort Cap au Gris . At the conclusion of peace , Mackinac and other captured territory was returned to the United States . At the end of the war , some British officers and Canadians objected to handing back Prairie du Chien and especially Mackinac under the terms of the Treaty of Ghent . However , the Americans retained the captured post at Fort Malden , near Amherstburg , until the British complied with the treaty . Fighting between Americans , the Sauk , and other indigenous tribes continued through 1817 , well after the war ended in the east . Atlantic theatre Opening strategies Map of Chesapeake 's first cruise during the War of 1812 . Modern boundaries are shown . In 1812 , Britain 's Royal Navy was the world 's largest , with over 600 cruisers in commission and some smaller vessels . Although most of these were involved in blockading the French navy and protecting British trade against ( usually French ) privateers , the Royal Navy still had 85 vessels in American waters , counting all British Navy vessels in North American and the Caribbean waters . However , the Royal Navy 's North American squadron based in Halifax , Nova Scotia ( which bore the brunt of the war ) , numbered one small ship of the line , seven frigates , nine smaller sloops and brigs along with five schooners . By contrast , the United States Navy comprised 8 frigates , 14 smaller sloops and brigs , and no ships of the line . The U.S. had embarked on a major shipbuilding program before the war at Sackets Harbor , New York and continued to produce new ships . Three of the existing American frigates were exceptionally large and powerful for their class , larger than any British frigate in North America . Whereas the standard British frigate of the time was rated as a 38 gun ship , usually carrying up to 50 guns , with its main battery consisting of 18 - pounder guns ; USS Constitution , President , and United States , in comparison , were rated as 44 - gun ships , carrying 56 -- 60 guns with a main battery of 24 - pounders . USS Constitution defeats HMS Guerriere , a significant event during the war . The British strategy was to protect their own merchant shipping to and from Halifax , Nova Scotia , and the West Indies , and to enforce a blockade of major American ports to restrict American trade . Because of their numerical inferiority , the American strategy was to cause disruption through hit - and - run tactics , such as the capture of prizes and engaging Royal Navy vessels only under favourable circumstances . Days after the formal declaration of war , however , it put out two small squadrons , including the frigate President and the sloop Hornet under Commodore John Rodgers , and the frigates United States and Congress , with the brig Argus under Captain Stephen Decatur . These were initially concentrated as one unit under Rodgers , who intended to force the Royal Navy to concentrate its own ships to prevent isolated units being captured by his powerful force . Large numbers of American merchant ships were returning to the United States with the outbreak of war , and if the Royal Navy was concentrated , it could not watch all the ports on the American seaboard . Rodgers ' strategy worked , in that the Royal Navy concentrated most of its frigates off New York Harbor under Captain Philip Broke , allowing many American ships to reach home . But , Rodgers ' own cruise captured only five small merchant ships , and the Americans never subsequently concentrated more than two or three ships together as a unit . Single - ship actions HMS Shannon leading the captured American frigate Chesapeake into Halifax , Nova Scotia ( 1813 ) Both American and British naval honor had been challenged in the leadup to the war . The Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair had left the United States insulted by the Royal Navy 's impressment of sailors . Given that honor was at stake , the appropriate method for the United States Navy to redeem itself was by dueling . Similarly , British honor was challenged in the Little Belt Affair where the British sloop Little Belt was fired upon by the United States frigate USS President after the President had mistaken Little Belt for the British frigate HMS Guerriere . Captain James Dacres of the Guerriere began a cycle of frigate duels by challenging the USS President to a single ship duel to avenge the losses aboard the Little Belt . Commodore John Rodgers of the USS President declined the challenge because he feared the intervention of the rest of British squadron under Commodore Philip Broke that Guerriere was part of . Meanwhile , the USS Constitution , commanded by Captain Isaac Hull , sailed from Chesapeake Bay on July 12 . On July 17 , Commodore Broke 's British squadron which included Guerriere gave chase off New York , but Constitution evaded her pursuers after two days . Constitution briefly called at Boston to replenish water . Commodore Borke detached Guerriere from his squadron to seek out repairs as Guerriere being a French - built ship had weak scantlings ( beams fastened with a thickened clamp rather than vertical and horizontal knees ) and had therefore become leaky and rotten . Furthermore , she had been struck by lightning severely damaging her masts . Constitution encountered and engaged engaged the HMS Guerriere in a duel to redeem American honor . Captain Dacres was eager to engage the American frigate as Constitution was the sister ship of President and would serve equally well as ship to duel against to redeem British honor . USS Constitution had nearly 50 percent more men , more firepower , heavier tonnage and heavier scantlings ( which determine how much damage enemy shot does to a ship ) than Guerriere . Unsurprisingly , Constitution emerged the victor . After a 35 - minute battle , Guerriere had been dis - masted and captured , and was later burned . Constitution earned the nickname `` Old Ironsides '' following this battle as many of the British cannonballs were seen to bounce off her hull due to Constitution 's heavy scantlings . Hull returned to Boston with news of this significant victory . Similarly , On October 25 , USS United States , commanded by Captain Decatur , captured the British frigate HMS Macedonian , which he then carried back to port . At the close of the month , Constitution sailed south , now under the command of Captain William Bainbridge . On December 29 , off Bahia , Brazil , she met the British frigate HMS Java . After a battle lasting three hours , Java struck her colors and was burned after being judged unsalvageable . Constitution , at first seemed relatively undamaged in the battle , but it was later determined that Java had successfully hit Constitution 's masts with 18 - pounder shot , but the mast had n't fallen due to its immense diameter . Constitution 's fell while she was docked . United States , Constitution and President were all almost 50 percent larger by tonnage , crew , firepower , and scantling size than the Macedonian , Guerriere and Java ( Guerriere was rotten and had lightning damage as well as being weakly built as a French ship , Java had extra marines onboard making the disparity in crew more similar although she too was a French - built ship , Macedonian fitted the 50 percent statistic near perfectly ) The United States Navy 's sloops had also won several victories over Royal Navy sloops of approximately equal armament , although the American sloops Hornet , Wasp 1807 , Argus ( 1813 ) , Erie ( 1813 ) , Ontario , Peacock ( 1813 ) , Wasp ( 1813 ) , Frolic ( 1813 ) were all ship - rigged and the British Cruizer class sloops which they encountered were brig rigged which gave the American 's a significant advantage . Ship rigged vessels are more maneuverable in battle because they have a wider variety of sails the can back allowing ship - rigged vessels to wear as well as heave to . More significantly , if some spars are shot away on a brig because it is more difficult to wear , the brig loses the ability to steer , while a ship could adjust its more diverse canvas as if to wear to compensate for the imbalance caused by damage in battle . Furthermore , ship - rigged vessels which three masts simply have more masts to shoot away than brigs with two masts before the vessel is unmanagable . In addition While the American ships had experienced and well - drilled volunteer crews , the enormous size of the overstretched Royal Navy meant that many ships were shorthanded and the average quality of crews suffered and the constant sea duties of those serving in North America interfered with their training and exercises . The only engagement between two brig - sloops was between the British Cruizer class brig Pelican and the United States ' Argus where the Pelican emerged the victor as she had greater firepower and tonnage , despite having fewer crew . Although not a sloop , the gun - brig Boxer was taken by the brig - sloop Enterprise in a bloody battle where the Enterprise emerged the victor again due to superior force . It was clear that in single ship battle 's superior force was the most significant factor . In response to the majority of the American ship 's being of greater force than the British ships of the same class . Britain to constructed five 40 - gun , 24 - pounder heavy frigates and two `` spar - decked '' frigates ( the 60 - gun HMS Leander and HMS Newcastle ) and to razee three old 74 - gun ships of the line to convert them to heavy frigates. . To counter the American sloops of war , the British constructed the Cyrus - class ship - sloops of 22 guns . The British Admiralty also instituted a new policy that the three American heavy frigates should not be engaged except by a ship of the line or frigates in squadron strength . Commodore Philip Broke had lost Guerriere to Constitution from his very own squadron . He knew that Dacres of the Guerriere intended to duel American frigate to avenge the losses on the Little Belt caused by the USS President in 1811 . Since , Constitution had taken Guerriere , Broke intended to redeem Dacres ' honor by taking the Constitution which was undergoing repairs in Boston in early 1813 . Broke found that Constitution was not ready for sea . Instead , he decided to challenge Chesapeake as Broke was short on water and provisions and could not wait for Constitution . Captain James Lawrence of the Chesapeake was misguided by propaganda intended to boost American morale ( and successfully did ) that claimed that the three frigate duels of 1812 were of equal force leading Lawrence to believe taking Broke 's Shannon would be easy . Lawrence even went to the extent of preemptively arranging for a banquet to be held for his victorious crew . Broke , on the other hand had spend years training his crew and developing artillery innovations on his ship , making Shannon particularly well prepared for battle . On June 1 , 1813 , Shannon took Chesapeake in a duel that lasted less than fifteen minutes in Boston Harbor . Lawrence was mortally wounded and famously cried out , `` Tell the men to fire faster ! Do n't give up the ship ! The two frigates were of near - identical armament and length . Chesapeake 's crew was larger , had greater tonnage and was of greater scantling strength ( which lead to the British claiming she was overbuilt ) but many of her crew had not served or trained together . Shannon had been at sea for a long time and her hull had begun to rot further exaggerating the disparity in scantling strength . Nevertheless , this engagement proved to the only single ship action where both ships were of essentially equal force during the War of 1812 . British citizens reacted with celebration and relief that the run of American victories had ended . Notably , this action was by ratio one of the bloodiest contests recorded during this age of sail due to the close range engagement , the boarding ( hand to hand combat ) and Broke 's philosophy of artillery being `` Kill the men and the ship is yours '' , with more dead and wounded than HMS Victory suffered in four hours of combat at Trafalgar . Captain Lawrence was killed and Captain Broke was so badly wounded that he never again held a sea command . The Americans then did as the British had done in 1812 and ban single ship duels after this engagement . Marines aboard USS Wasp engage HMS Reindeer June 1814 In January 1813 , the American frigate Essex , under the command of Captain David Porter , sailed into the Pacific to harass British shipping . Many British whaling ships carried letters of marque allowing them to prey on American whalers , and they nearly destroyed the industry . Essex challenged this practice . She inflicted considerable damage on British interests . Essex consort USS Essex Junior ( armed with twenty guns ) were captured off Valparaíso , Chile , by the British frigate HMS Phoebe and the sloop HMS Cherub on March 28 , 1814 it what statistically appeared to be a battle of equal force as Essex and Phoebe were of similar tonnage , scantling , and broadside weight as well as Cherub and Essex Junior ( with the exception of scantling , which Essex Junior was much more lightly built than Cherub ) . Once again the Americans had more men . Nevertheless , Phoebe was armed with long guns which none of the other ships engaged had . Furthermore , Captain Hillyar had used Phillip Broke 's methods of artillery on Phoebe and Cherub with tangent and dispart sights . This gave the British ships a significant advantage at the range at which the battle was fought . Once again proving that superior force was the deciding factor . To conclude the cycle of duels cause by the Little Belt affair , the USS President was finally captured in January 1815 . Unlike the previous engagements , President was not taken in a duel . Following the both Royal Navy 's requirements , President was pursued by a squadron consisting of four frigates , one being a 56 - gun razee . President was an extremely fast ship and successfully outsailed the fast British squadron with the exception of the ( ( HMS Endymion 1797 HMS Endymion ) which has been regarded as the fastest ship in the age of fighting sail . Captain Henry Hope of the Endymion had fitted his ship with Phillip Broke 's technology as Captain Hillyar had done on the Phoebe . This gave him the slight advantage at range and slowed President . Commodore Decatur on the President had the advantage in scantling strength , firepower , crew , and tonnage , but not in maneuverability . Despite having fewer guns , Endymion was armed with 24 - pounders just like the President . This meant that Endymion shot could pierce the hull of President unlike the Guerriere 's which bounced of the Constitution 's hull or the Java 's that failed to cut through Constitution 's mast . Following Broke 's philosophy of `` Kill the man and the ship is your 's '' , Endymion fired into President 's hull severely damaging her ( shot holes below the waterline , 10 / 15 starboard guns on the gundeck disabled , water in the hold , and shot from Endymion found inside President 's Magazine . ) . Decatur knew his only hope was to dismantle Endymion and sail away from the rest of the squadron . When he failed , he surrendered his ship to `` the captain of the black frigate ( Endymion ) '' . Decatur took advantage of the fact the Endymion had no boats that were intact and attempted to sneak away under the cover of night , only to be caught up by the HMS Pomone . Decatur surrendered without a fight . Decatur had surrendered the United States finest frigate and flagship President to a smaller ship , but part of a squadron of greater force . Decatur gave unreliable accounts of the battle stating that President was already `` severely damaged '' by a grounding before the engagement , but undamaged after the engagement with Endymion . He stated Pomone caused `` significant '' losses aboard President , although President 's crew claim they were below deck gathering their belongings as the had already surrendered . Despite saying `` I surrender my ship to the captain of the black frigate '' , Decatur also writes that he said , `` I surrender to the squadron '' . Nevertheless , many historians such as Ian Toll , Theodore Roosevelt , and William James quote Decatur 's remarks to either enforce that Endymion alone took President or that President surrendered to the whole squadron , when actually it was something in - between . These arguments show the significance to honor of last frigate engagement 's of the War of 1812 as the question as to how President was taken is only significant to honor as the outcome is maintained that President was taken . British honor was finally redeemed as President was taken and the Little Belt was avenged . Furthermore , President was used as an example to prove to the British that the American 44 - gun frigates were nowhere near evenly matched to the standard British 38 - gun frigates which had been taken in 1812 . Nevertheless , this was not a duel ( which was stressed by Decatur ) and the United States still maintained greater success in frigate duels , and American honor was maintained . Both countries therefore emerged with the sense that the had redeemed their honor . Success in single ship battles raised American morale after the repeated failed invasion attempts in Upper and Lower Canada . However , these single ship victories had no military effect on the war at sea as they did not alter the balance of naval power , impede British supplies and reinforcements , or even raise insurance rates for British trade . During the war , the United States Navy captured 165 British merchantmen ( although privateers captured many more ) while the Royal Navy captured 1,400 American merchantmen . More significantly , the British blockade of the Atlantic coast caused the majority warships to be unable to put to sea and devastated the United States economy . Privateering The operations of American privateers proved a more significant threat to British trade than the U.S. Navy . They operated throughout the Atlantic and continued until the close of the war , most notably from ports such as Baltimore . American privateers reported taking 1300 British merchant vessels , compared to 254 taken by the U.S. Navy . although the insurer Lloyd 's of London reported that only 1,175 British ships were taken , 373 of which were recaptured , for a total loss of 802 . The Canadian historian Carl Benn wrote that American privateers took 1 , 344 British ships , of which 750 were retaken by the British . However the British were able to limit privateering losses by the strict enforcement of convoy by the Royal Navy and by capturing 278 American privateers . Due to the massive size of the British merchant fleet , American captures only affected 7.5 % of the fleet , resulting in no supply shortages or lack of reinforcements for British forces in North America . Of 526 American privateers , 148 were captured by the Royal Navy and only 207 ever took a prize . Due to the large size of their navy , the British did not rely as much on privateering . The majority of the 1,407 captured American merchant ships were taken by the Royal Navy . The war was the last time the British allowed privateering , since the practice was coming to be seen as politically inexpedient and of diminishing value in maintaining its naval supremacy . However privateering remained popular in British colonies . It was the last hurrah for privateers in Bermuda who vigorously returned to the practice after experience in previous wars . The nimble Bermuda sloops captured 298 American ships . Privateer schooners based in British North America , especially from Nova Scotia took 250 American ships and proved especially effective in crippling American coastal trade and capturing American ships closer to shore than the Royal Navy cruisers . Blockade Captain Broke leads the boarding party to USS Chesapeake The naval blockade of the United States began informally in 1812 and expanded to cut off more ports as the war progressed . Twenty ships were on station in 1812 and 135 were in place by the end of the conflict . In March 1813 , the Royal Navy punished the Southern states , who most vocal about annexing British North America by blockading Charleston , Port Royal , Savannah and New York city was well . However , as additional ships were sent to North America in 1813 , the Royal Navy was able to tighten the blockade and extend it , first to the coast south of Narragansett by November 1813 and to the entire American coast on May 31 , 1814 . In May 1814 , following the abdication of Napoleon , and the end of the supply problems with Wellington 's army , New England was blockaded . The British government , having need of American foodstuffs for its army in Spain , benefited from the willingness of the New Englanders to trade with them , so no blockade of New England was at first attempted . The Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay were declared in a state of blockade on December 26 , 1812 . Illicit trade was carried on by collusive captures arranged between American traders and British officers . American ships were fraudulently transferred to neutral flags . Eventually , the U.S. government was driven to issue orders to stop illicit trading ; this put only a further strain on the commerce of the country . The overpowering strength of the British fleet enabled it to occupy the Chesapeake and to attack and destroy numerous docks and harbours . The blockade of American ports later tightened to the extent that most American merchant ships and naval vessels were confined to port . The American frigates USS United States and Macedonian ended the war blockaded and hulked in New London , Connecticut . The USS United States and USS Macedonian attempted to set sail to raid British shipping in the Caribbean , but were forced to turn back when confronted with a British squadron , and by the end of the war , the United States had six frigates and four ships - of - the - line sitting in port . Some merchant ships were based in Europe or Asia and continued operations . Others , mainly from New England , were issued licences to trade by Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren , commander in chief on the American station in 1813 . This allowed Wellington 's army in Spain to receive American goods and to maintain the New Englanders ' opposition to the war . The blockade nevertheless resulted in American exports decreasing from $130 million in 1807 to $7 million in 1814 . Most of these were food exports that ironically went to supply their enemies in Britain or British colonies . The blockade had a devastating effect on the American economy with the value of American exports and imports falling from $114 million in 1811 down to $20 million by 1814 while the US Customs took in $13 million in 1811 and $6 million in 1814 , despite the fact that Congress had voted to double the rates . The British blockade further damaged the American economy by forcing merchants to abandon the cheap and fast coastal trade to the slow and more expensive inland roads . In 1814 , only 1 out of 14 American merchantmen risked leaving port as a high probability that any ship leaving port would be seized . As the Royal Navy base that supervised the blockade , Halifax profited greatly during the war . From that base British privateers seized many French and American ships and sold their prizes in Halifax . Freeing and recruiting slaves The British Royal Navy 's blockades and raids allowed about 4,000 African Americans to escape slavery by fleeing American plantations to find freedom aboard British ships , migrants known , as regards those who settled in Canada , as the Black Refugees . The blockading British fleet in Chesapeake Bay received increasing numbers of enslaved black Americans during 1813 . By British government order they were treated as free persons when reaching British hands . Alexander Cochrane 's proclamation of April 2 , 1814 , invited Americans who wished to emigrate to join the British , and though not explicitly mentioning slaves was taken by all as addressed to them . About 2,400 of the escaped slaves and their families who were carried on ships of the Royal Navy following their escape settled in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick during and after the war . From May 1814 , younger men among the volunteers were recruited into a new Corps of Colonial Marines . They fought for Britain throughout the Atlantic campaign , including the Battle of Bladensburg and the attacks on Washington , D.C. and Battle of Baltimore , later settling in Trinidad after rejecting British government orders for transfer to the West India Regiments , forming the community of the Merikins . The slaves who escaped to the British represented the largest emancipation of African Americans before the American Civil War . Occupation of Maine Maine , then part of Massachusetts , was a base for smuggling and illegal trade between the U.S. and the British . Until 1813 the region was generally quiet except for privateer actions near the coast . In September 1813 , there was a notable naval action when the U.S. Navy 's brig Enterprise fought and captured the Royal Navy brig Boxer off Pemaquid Point . The first British assault came in July 1814 , when Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy took Moose Island ( Eastport , Maine ) without a shot , with the entire American garrison of Fort Sullivan -- which became the British Fort Sherbrooke -- surrendering . Next , from his base in Halifax , Nova Scotia , in September 1814 , Sir John Coape Sherbrooke led 3,000 British troops in the `` Penobscot Expedition '' . In 26 days , he raided and looted Hampden , Bangor , and Machias , destroying or capturing 17 American ships . He won the Battle of Hampden ( losing two killed while the Americans lost one killed ) . Retreating American forces were forced to destroy the frigate Adams . The British occupied the town of Castine and most of eastern Maine for the rest of the war , re-establishing the colony of New Ireland . The Treaty of Ghent returned this territory to the United States , though Machias Seal Island has remained in dispute . The British left in April 1815 , at which time they took ₤ 10,750 obtained from tariff duties at Castine . This money , called the `` Castine Fund '' , was used to establish Dalhousie University , in Halifax , Nova Scotia . Chesapeake campaign and `` the Star - Spangled Banner '' Following their victory at the Battle of Bladensburg , the British entered Washington D.C. The strategic location of the Chesapeake Bay near America 's new national capital , Washington , D.C. on the major tributary of the Potomac River , made it a prime target for the British and their Royal Navy and the King 's Army . Starting in March 1813 , a squadron under Rear Admiral George Cockburn started a blockade of the mouth of the Bay at Hampton Roads harbour and raided towns along the Bay from Norfolk , Virginia , to Havre de Grace , Maryland . On July 4 , 1813 , Commodore Joshua Barney , a Revolutionary War naval hero , convinced the U.S. Navy Department to build the Chesapeake Bay Flotilla , a squadron of twenty barges powered by small sails or oars ( sweeps ) to defend the Chesapeake Bay . Launched in April 1814 , the squadron was quickly cornered in the Patuxent River , and while successful in harassing the Royal Navy , they were powerless to stop the British campaign that ultimately led to the `` Burning of Washington '' . This expedition , led by Cockburn and General Robert Ross , was carried out between August 19 and 29 , 1814 , as the result of the hardened British policy of 1814 ( although British and American commissioners had convened peace negotiations at Ghent in June of that year ) . As part of this , Admiral Warren had been replaced as commander in chief by Admiral Alexander Cochrane , with reinforcements and orders to coerce the Americans into a favourable peace . Burning of Washington , August 1814 A force of 2,500 soldiers under General Ross had just arrived in Bermuda aboard HMS Royal Oak , three frigates , three sloops and ten other vessels . Released from the Peninsular War in Spain and Portugal by British victory , the British intended to use them for diversionary raids along the coasts of Maryland and Virginia . In response to Prévost 's request , they decided to employ this force , together with the naval and military units already on the station , to strike at the `` Federal City '' of Washington , D.C. On August 24 , U.S. Secretary of War John Armstrong Jr. insisted that the British were going to attack Baltimore rather than Washington , even when units of the British Army , accompanied by major ships of the Royal Navy , were obviously on their way to the capital . The inexperienced American militia , which had congregated nearby at Bladensburg , Maryland , to protect the capital , were defeated in the Battle of Bladensburg , opening the route to Washington . While First Lady Dolley Madison saved valuables from the then named `` President 's House '' ( or `` President 's Palace '' ( executive mansion ) -- now the `` White House '' ) , Fourth President James Madison and the government with members of the Presidential Cabinet , fled to Virginia . Seeing that the Battle of Bladensburg , northeast of the town in rural Prince George 's County was not going well , Secretary of the Navy William Jones ordered Captain Thomas Tingey , commandant of the Washington Naval Yard on the Eastern Branch of the Potomac River ( now the Anacostia River ) , to set the facility ablaze to prevent the capture of American naval ships , buildings , shops and supplies . Tingey had overseen the Naval Yard 's planning and development since the national capital had been moved from Philadelphia to Washington in 1800 , and waited until the very last possible minute , nearly four hours after the order was given to execute it . The destruction included most of the facility as well as the nearly - completed frigate `` Columbia '' and the sloop `` Argus '' . The British commanders ate the supper that had been prepared for the President and his departmental secretaries after returning from hopeful glorious U.S. victory , before they burned the Executive Mansion ; American morale was reduced to an all - time low . The British viewed their actions as retaliation for the destructive American invasions and raids into Canada , most notably the Americans ' burning of York earlier in 1813 . Later that same evening , a furious storm ( some later weather experts called it a thunderstorm , almost a hurricane ) swept into Washington , D.C. , sending one or more tornadoes into the rough , unfinished town that caused more damage but finally extinguished the fires with torrential rains , leaving fire - blackened walls and partial ruins of the President 's House , The Capitol and Treasury Department that were set alight the first night . In addition , the combustibles used to finish off the Navy Yard destruction that the Americans had started , exploded , killing or maiming a large number of `` Red - Coats . '' The British left Washington , D.C. the day after the storm subsided . Having destroyed Washington 's public buildings , including the President 's Mansion and the Treasury , the British army and navy next moved several weeks later to capture Baltimore , forty miles northeast , a busy port and a key base for American privateers . However , by not immediately going overland to the port city they sneeringly called a `` nest of pirates '' , but returning to their ships anchored in the Patuxent River and proceeding later up to the Upper Bay , they gave the Baltimoreans plenty of time to reinforce their fortifications and gather regular U.S. Army and state militia troops from surrounding counties and states . The subsequent `` Battle for Baltimore '' began with the British landing on Sunday , September 12 , 1814 , at North Point , where the Baltimore harbour 's Patapsco River met the Chesapeake Bay , where they were met by American militia further up the `` Patapsco Neck '' peninsula . An exchange of fire began , with casualties on both sides . Major Gen. Robert Ross was killed by American snipers as he attempted to rally his troops in the first skirmish . The snipers were killed moments later , and the British paused , then continued to march northwestward to the stationed Maryland and Baltimore City militia units deployed further up Long Log Lane on the peninsula at `` Godly Wood '' where the later Battle of North Point was fought for several afternoon hours in a musketry and artillery duel under command of British Col. Arthur Brooke and American commander for the Maryland state militia and its Third Brigade ( or `` Baltimore City Brigade '' ) , Brig. Gen. John Stricker . The British also planned to simultaneously attack Baltimore by water on the following day , September 13 , to support their military now arrayed facing the massed , heavily dug - in and fortified American units of approximately 15,000 with about a hundred cannon gathered along the eastern heights of the city named `` Loudenschlager 's Hill '' ( later `` Hampstead Hill '' - now part of Patterson Park ) . These overall Baltimore defences had been planned in advance and foreseen by the state militia commander , Maj. Gen. Samuel Smith , who had been set in charge of the Baltimore defences instead of the discredited U.S. Army commander for the Mid-Atlantic's 10th Military District ( following the debacle the previous month at Bladensburg ) , William H. Winder. Smith had been earlier a Revolutionary War officer and commander , then wealthy city merchant and U.S. Representative , Senator and later Mayor of Baltimore . The `` Red Coats '' were unable to immediately reduce Fort McHenry , at the entrance to Baltimore Harbor to allow their ships to provide heavier naval gunfire to support their troops to the northeast . An artist 's rendering of the bombardment at Fort McHenry , where Francis Scott Key placed off - shore in a U.S. truce ship was inspired to write the four - stanza poem he originally titled `` The Defence of Fort McHenry '' , which later when set to music became named `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , adopted as the national anthem in 1931 . At the bombardment of Fort McHenry , the British naval guns , mortars and revolutionary new `` Congreve rockets '' had a longer range than the American cannon onshore , and the ships mostly stood off out of the Americans ' range , bombarding the fort , which returned very little fire and was not too heavily damaged during the onslaught except for a burst over a rear brickwall knocking out some fieldpieces and resulting in a few casualties . Despite however the heavy bombardment , casualties in the fort were slight and the British ships eventually realized that they could not force the passage to attack Baltimore in coordination with the land force . After a last ditch night feint and barge attack during the heavy rain storm at the time led by Capt . Charles Napier around the fort up the Middle Branch of the river to the west which was split and misdirected partly in the storm , then turned back with heavy casualties by alert gunners at supporting western batteries Fort Covington and Battery Babcock , so the British called off the attack and sailed downriver to pick up their army which had retreated from the east side of Baltimore . All the lights were extinguished in Baltimore the night of the attack , and the fort was bombarded for 25 hours . The only light was given off by the exploding shells over Fort McHenry , illuminating the flag that was still flying over the fort . The defence of the fort inspired the American lawyer Francis Scott Key to write `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem that was set to music as `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . Southern theatre Creek war Main article : Creek War Before 1813 , the war between the Creeks ( or Muscogee ) had been largely an internal affair sparked by the ideas of Tecumseh farther north in the Mississippi Valley . A faction known as the Red Sticks , so named for the color of their war paint , had broken away from the rest of the Creek Confederacy , which wanted peace with the United States . The Red Sticks were allied with Tecumseh , who about a year before 1813 had visited the Creeks and encouraged greater resistance to the Americans . The Creek Nation was a trading partner of the United States actively involved with Spanish and British trade as well . The Red Sticks , as well as many southern Muscogeean people like the Seminole , had a long history of alliance with the Spanish and British Empires . This alliance helped the North American and European powers protect each other 's claims to territory in the south . The Battle of Burnt Corn between Red Sticks and U.S. troops , occurred in the southern parts of Alabama on July 27 , 1813 . It prompted the state of Georgia as well as the Mississippi territory militia to immediately take major action against Creek offensives . The Red Sticks chiefs gained power in the east along the Alabama , Coosa , and Tallapoosa Rivers -- Upper Creek territory . The Lower Creek lived along the Chattahoochee River . Many Creeks tried to remain friendly to the United States , and some were organized by federal Indian Agent Benjamin Hawkins to aid the 6th Military District under General Thomas Pinckney and the state militias . The United States combined forces were large . At its peak the Red Stick faction had 4,000 warriors , only a quarter of whom had muskets . On August 30 , 1813 , Red Sticks , led by chiefs Red Eagle and Peter McQueen , attacked Fort Mimms , north of Mobile , the only American - held port in the territory of West Florida . The attack on Fort Mimms resulted in the death of 400 settlers and became an ideological rallying point for the Americans . The Fort Mims massacre in 1813 . The Creek warriors attacked the fort , and killed a total of 400 to 500 people . The Indian frontier of western Georgia was the most vulnerable but was partially fortified already . From November 1813 to January 1814 , Georgia 's militia and auxiliary Federal troops - from the Creek and Cherokee Indian nations and the states of North Carolina and South Carolina -- organized the fortification of defences along the Chattahoochee River and expeditions into Upper Creek territory in present - day Alabama . The army , led by General John Floyd , went to the heart of the `` Creek Holy Grounds '' and won a major offensive against one of the largest Creek towns at Battle of Autosee , killing an estimated two hundred people . In November , the militia of Mississippi with a combined 1200 troops attacked the `` Econachca '' encampment ( `` Battle of Holy Ground '' ) on the Alabama River . Tennessee raised a militia of 5,000 under Major Generals Andrew Jackson and Brigadier General John Coffee and won the battles of Tallushatchee and Talladega in November 1813 . Jackson suffered enlistment problems in the winter . He decided to combine his force with that of the Georgia militia . However , from January 22 -- 24 , 1814 , while on their way , the Tennessee militia and allied Muscogee were attacked by the Red Sticks at the Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek . Jackson 's troops repelled the attackers , but outnumbered , were forced to withdraw to his base at Fort Strother . In January Floyd 's force of 1,300 state militia and 400 Creek Indians moved to join the U.S forces in Tennessee , but were attacked in camp on the Calibee Creek by Tuckaubatchee Indians on the 27th . Jackson 's force increased in numbers with the arrival of U.S. Army soldiers and a second draft of Tennessee state militia and Cherokee and Creek allies swelled his army to around 5,000 . In March 1814 they moved south to attack the Creek . On March 27 , Jackson decisively defeated the Creek Indian force at Horseshoe Bend , killing 800 of 1,000 Creeks at a cost of 49 killed and 154 wounded out of approximately 2,000 American and Cherokee forces . The American army moved to Fort Jackson on the Alabama River . On August 9 , 1814 , the Upper Creek chiefs and Jackson 's army signed the `` Treaty of Fort Jackson '' . The most of western Georgia and part of Alabama was taken from the Creeks to pay for expenses borne by the United States . The Treaty also `` demanded '' that the `` Red Stick '' insurgents cease communicating with the Spanish or British , and only trade with U.S. - approved agents . British aid to the Red Sticks arrived after the end of the Napoleonic Wars in April 1814 and after Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane assumed command from Admiral Warren in March . The Creek promised to join any body of ' troops that should aid them in regaining their lands , and suggesting an attack on the tower off Mobile . ' In April 1814 the British established an outpost on the Apalachicola River at Prospect Bluff ( Fort Gadsden ) . Cochrane sent a company of Royal Marines , the vessels HMS Hermes and HMS Carron , commanded by Edward Nicolls , with further supplies to meet the Indians . In addition to training the Indians , Nicolls was tasked to raise a force from escaped slaves , as part of the Corps of Colonial Marines . In July 1814 , General Jackson complained to the Governor of Pensacola , Mateo Gonzalez Manrique , that combatants from the Creek War were being harboured in Spanish territory , and made reference to the British presence on Spanish soil . Although he gave an angry reply to Jackson , Manrique was alarmed at the weak position he found himself in . He appealed to the British for help , with Woodbine arriving on July 28 , and Nicolls arriving at Pensacola on August 24 . The first engagement of the British and their Creek allies against the Americans on the Gulf Coast was the attack on Fort Bowyer September 14 , 1814 . Captain William Percy tried to take the U.S. fort , hoping to then move on Mobile and block U.S. trade and encroachment on the Mississippi . After the Americans repulsed Percy 's forces , the British established a military presence of up to 200 Marines at Pensacola . In November , Jackson 's force of 4,000 men took the town in November . This underlined the superiority of numbers of Jackson 's force in the region . The U.S force moved to New Orleans in late 1814 . Jackson 's army of 1,000 regulars and 3,000 to 4,000 militia , pirates and other fighters , as well as civilians and slaves built fortifications south of the city . Gulf coast Main article : Battle of New Orleans American forces under General James Wilkinson , who was himself earning $4,000 per year as a Spanish secret agent , took the Mobile area -- formerly part of West Florida -- from the Spanish in March 1813 ; this was the only territory permanently gained by the U.S. during the war . The Americans built Fort Bowyer , a log and earthenwork fort with 14 guns , on Mobile Point . At the end of 1814 , the British launched a double offensive in the South weeks before the Treaty of Ghent was signed . On the Atlantic coast , Admiral George Cockburn was to close the Intracoastal Waterway trade and land Royal Marine battalions to advance through Georgia to the western territories . On the Gulf coast , Admiral Alexander Cochrane moved on the new state of Louisiana and the Mississippi Territory . Admiral Cochrane 's ships reached the Louisiana coast December 9 , and Cockburn arrived in Georgia December 14 . The Battle of New Orleans , January 1815 On January 8 , 1815 , a British force of 8,000 under General Edward Pakenham attacked Jackson 's defences in New Orleans . The Battle of New Orleans was an American victory , as the British failed to take the fortifications on the East Bank . The British suffered high casualties : 291 dead , 1262 wounded , and 484 captured or missing whereas American casualties were 13 dead , 39 wounded , and 19 missing . It was hailed as a great victory across the U.S. , making Jackson a national hero and eventually propelling him to the presidency . The American garrison at Fort St. Philip endured ten days of bombardment from Royal Navy guns , which was a final attempt to invade Louisiana ; British ships sailed away from the Mississippi River on January 18 . However , it was not until January 27 , 1815 , that the army had completely rejoined the fleet , allowing for their departure . After New Orleans , the British tried to take Mobile a second time ; General John Lambert laid siege for five days and took the fort , winning the Second Battle of Fort Bowyer on February 12 , 1815 . HMS Brazen brought news of the Treaty of Ghent the next day , and the British abandoned the Gulf coast . In January 1815 , Admiral Cockburn succeeded in blockading the southeastern coast by occupying Camden County , Georgia . The British quickly took Cumberland Island , Fort Point Peter , and Fort St. Tammany in a decisive victory . Under the orders of his commanding officers , Cockburn 's forces relocated many refugee slaves , capturing St. Simons Island as well , to do so . During the invasion of the Georgia coast , an estimated 1,485 people chose to relocate in British territories or join the military . In mid-March , several days after being informed of the Treaty of Ghent , British ships finally left the area . Postwar fighting In May 1815 , a band of British - allied Sauk , unaware that the war had ended months before , attacked a small band of U.S. soldiers northwest of St. Louis . Intermittent fighting , primarily with the Sauk , continued in the Missouri Territory well into 1817 , although it is unknown if the Sauk were acting on their own or on behalf of British agents . Several uncontacted isolated warships continued fighting well into 1815 and were the last American forces to take offensive action against the British . Treaty of Ghent Main article : Treaty of Ghent Factors leading to the peace negotiations By 1814 , both sides had either achieved their main war goals or were weary of a costly war that offered little but stalemate . They both sent delegations to a neutral site in Ghent , Flanders ( now part of Belgium ) . The negotiations began in early August and concluded on December 24 , when a final agreement was signed ; both sides had to ratify it before it could take effect . Meanwhile , both sides planned new invasions . In 1814 the British began blockading the United States , and brought the American economy to near bankruptcy , forcing it to rely on loans for the rest of the war . American foreign trade was reduced to a trickle . The parlous American economy was thrown into chaos with prices soaring and unexpected shortages causing hardship in New England which was considering secession . The Hartford Convention led to widespread fears that the New England states might attempt to leave the Union , which was exaggerated as most New Englanders did not wish to leave the Union and merely wanted an end to a war which was bringing much economic hardship , suggested that the continuation of the war might threaten the union . But also to a lesser extent British interests were hurt in the West Indies and Canada that had depended on that trade . Although American privateers found chances of success much reduced , with most British merchantmen now sailing in convoy , privateering continued to prove troublesome to the British , as shown by high insurance rates . British landowners grew weary of high taxes , and colonial interests and merchants called on the government to reopen trade with the U.S. by ending the war . Negotiations and peace At last in August 1814 , peace discussions began in the neutral city of Ghent . Both sides began negotiations warily The British diplomats stated their case first , demanding the creation of an Indian barrier state in the American Northwest Territory ( the area from Ohio to Wisconsin ) . It was understood the British would sponsor this Indian state . The British strategy for decades had been to create a buffer state to block American expansion . Britain demanded naval control of the Great Lakes and access to the Mississippi River . The Americans refused to consider a buffer state and the proposal was dropped . Although article IX of the treaty included provisions to restore to Natives `` all possessions , rights and privileges which they may have enjoyed , or been entitled to in 1811 '' , the provisions were unenforceable ; the British did not try and the Americans simply broke the treaty . The Americans ( at a later stage ) demanded damages for the burning of Washington and for the seizure of ships before the war began . American public opinion was outraged when Madison published the demands ; even the Federalists were now willing to fight on . The British had planned three invasions . One force burned Washington but failed to capture Baltimore , and sailed away when its commander was killed . In northern New York State , 10,000 British veterans were marching south until a decisive defeat at the Battle of Plattsburgh forced them back to Canada . Nothing was known of the fate of the third large invasion force aimed at capturing New Orleans and southwest . The Prime Minister wanted the Duke of Wellington to command in Canada and take control of the Great Lakes . Wellington said that he would go to America but he believed he was needed in Europe . Wellington emphasized that the war was a draw and the peace negotiations should not make territorial demands : I think you have no right , from the state of war , to demand any concession of territory from America ... You have not been able to carry it into the enemy 's territory , notwithstanding your military success and now undoubted military superiority , and have not even cleared your own territory on the point of attack . You can not on any principle of equality in negotiation claim a cessation of territory except in exchange for other advantages which you have in your power ... Then if this reasoning be true , why stipulate for the uti possidetis ? You can get no territory : indeed , the state of your military operations , however creditable , does not entitle you to demand any . The Prime Minister , Lord Liverpool , aware of growing opposition to wartime taxation and the demands of Liverpool and Bristol merchants to reopen trade with America , realized Britain also had little to gain and much to lose from prolonged warfare especially after the growing concern about the situation in Europe . After months of negotiations , against the background of changing military victories , defeats and losses , the parties finally realized that their nations wanted peace and there was no real reason to continue the war . The main focus on British foreign policy was the Congress of Vienna , during which British diplomats had clashed with Russian and Prussian diplomats over the terms of the peace with France , and there were fears at the Britain might have go to war with Russia and Prussia . Now each side was tired of the war . Export trade was all but paralyzed and after Napoleon fell in 1814 France was no longer an enemy of Britain , so the Royal Navy no longer needed to stop American shipments to France , and it no longer needed to impress more seamen . It had ended the practices that so angered the Americans in 1812 . The British were preoccupied in rebuilding Europe after the apparent final defeat of Napoleon . British negotiators were urged by Lord Liverpool to offer a status quo and dropped their demands for the creation of an Indian barrier state , which was in any case hopeless after the collapse of Tecumseh 's alliance . This allowed negotiations to resume at the end of October . British diplomats soon offered the status quo to the U.S. negotiators , who accepted them . Prisoners were to be exchanged and captured slaves returned to the United States or paid for by Britain . At this point , the number of slaves was approximately 6,000 . Britain eventually refused the demand , allowing many to either emigrate to Canada or Trinidad . On December 24 , 1814 the diplomats had finished and signed the Treaty of Ghent . The treaty was ratified by the British three days later on December 27 and arrived in Washington on February 17 where it was quickly ratified and went into effect , thus finally ending the war . The terms called for all occupied territory to be returned , the prewar boundary between Canada and the United States to be restored , and the Americans were to gain fishing rights in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence . The Treaty of Ghent failed to secure official British acknowledgement of American maritime rights or ending impressment . However , in the century of peace until World War I these rights were not seriously violated . The defeat of Napoleon made irrelevant all of the naval issues over which the United States had fought . The Americans had achieved their goal of ending the Indian threat ; furthermore the American armies had scored enough victories ( especially at New Orleans ) to satisfy honour and the sense of becoming fully independent from Britain . Losses and compensation British losses in the war were about 1,160 killed in action and 3,679 wounded ; 3,321 British died from disease . American losses were 2,260 killed in action and 4,505 wounded . While the number of Americans who died from disease is not known , it is estimated that about 15,000 died from all causes directly related to the war . These figures do not include deaths among Canadian militia forces or losses among native tribes . There have been no estimates of the cost of the American war to Britain , but it did add some £ 25 million to the national debt . In the U.S. , the cost was $105 million , about the same as the cost to Britain . The national debt rose from $45 million in 1812 to $127 million by the end of 1815 , although by selling bonds and treasury notes at deep discounts -- and often for irredeemable paper money due to the suspension of specie payment in 1814 -- the government received only $34 million worth of specie . Stephen Girard , the richest man in America at the time , was one of those who personally funded the United States government involvement in the war . In addition , at least 3,000 American slaves escaped to the British lines . Many other slaves simply escaped in the chaos of war and achieved their freedom on their own . The British settled some of the newly freed slaves in Nova Scotia . Four hundred freedmen were settled in New Brunswick . The Americans protested that Britain 's failure to return the slaves violated the Treaty of Ghent . After arbitration by the Tsar of Russia the British paid $1,204,960 in damages to Washington , which reimbursed the slaveowners . Memory and historiography Popular views During the 19th century the popular image of the war in the United States was of an American victory , and in Canada , of a Canadian victory . Each young country saw its self - perceived victory as an important foundation of its growing nationhood . The British , on the other hand , who had been preoccupied by Napoleon 's challenge in Europe , paid little attention to what was to them a peripheral and secondary dispute , a distraction from the principal task at hand . Canadian Canadian Voltigeurs in action at the Battle of the Chateauguay In British North America , the War of 1812 was seen by Loyalists as a victory , as they had claimed they had successfully defended their country from an American takeover . A long - term consequence of the Canadian militia 's success was the view widely held in Canada at least until the First World War that Canada did not need a regular professional army . While Canadian militia units had played instrumental roles in several engagements , such as at the Battle of the Chateauguay , it was the regular units of the British Army , including its `` Fencible '' regiments which were recruited within North America , which ensured that Canada was successfully defended . The U.S. Army had done poorly , on the whole , in several attempts to invade Canada , and the Canadians had fought bravely to defend their territory . But the British did not doubt that the thinly populated territory would remain vulnerable in a third war . `` We can not keep Canada if the Americans declare war against us again '' , Admiral Sir David Milne wrote to a correspondent in 1817 , although the Rideau Canal was built for just such a scenario . By the 21st century it was a forgotten war in Britain , although still remembered in Canada , especially Ontario . In a 2009 poll , 37 % of Canadians said the war was a Canadian victory , 9 % said the U.S. won , 15 % called it a draw , and 39 % said they knew too little to comment . A 2012 poll found that in a list of items that could be used to define Canadians ' identity , the belief that Canada successfully repelled an American invasion in the War of 1812 places second ( 25 % ) . American Today , American popular memory includes the British capture and the burning of Washington in August 1814 , which necessitated its extensive renovation . The fact that before the war , many Americans wanted to annex British North America was swiftly forgotten , and instead American popular memory focused on the victories at Baltimore , Plattsburg and New Orleans to present the war as a successful effort to assert American national honour , the `` second war of independence '' that saw the mighty British empire humbled and humiliated . In a speech before Congress on February 18 , 1815 , President Madison proclaimed the war a complete American victory . This interpretation of the war was and remains the dominant American view of the war The American newspaper the Niles Register in an editorial on September 14 , 1816 announced that the Americans had crushed the British , declaring `` ... we did virtually dictate the treaty of Ghent to the British '' . A minority of Americans , mostly associated with the Federalists saw the war as a defeat and an act of folly on Madison 's part , caustically asking if the Americans were `` dictating '' the terms of the treaty of Ghent , why the British Crown did not cede British North America to the United States ? However , the Federalist view of the war is not the mainstream American memory of the war . The view of Congressman George Troup who stated in a speech in 1815 that the Treaty of Ghent was `` the glorious termination of the most glorious war ever waged by any people '' is the way that most Americans remembered the war . Another memory is the successful American defence of Fort McHenry in September 1814 , which inspired the lyrics of the U.S. national anthem , `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . The successful captains of the U.S. Navy became popular heroes with plates with the likeness of Decatur , Steward , Hull , and others , becoming popular items . Ironically , many were made in England . The Navy became a cherished institution , lauded for the victories that it won against all odds . After engagements during the final actions of the war , U.S. Marines had acquired a well - deserved reputation as excellent marksmen , especially in ship - to - ship actions . Historians ' views Historians have differing and complex interpretations of the war . In recent decades the view of the majority of historians has been that the war ended in stalemate , with the Treaty of Ghent closing a war that had become militarily inconclusive . Neither side wanted to continue fighting since the main causes had disappeared and since there were no large lost territories for one side or the other to reclaim by force . Insofar as they see the war 's resolution as allowing two centuries of peaceful and mutually beneficial intercourse between the U.S. , Britain and Canada , these historians often conclude that all three nations were the `` real winners '' of the War of 1812 . These writers often add that the war could have been avoided in the first place by better diplomacy . It is seen as a mistake for everyone concerned because it was badly planned and marked by multiple fiascoes and failures on both sides , as shown especially by the repeated American failures to seize parts of Canada , and the failed British attack on New Orleans and upstate New York . However , other scholars hold that the war constituted a British victory and an American defeat . They argue that the British achieved their military objectives in 1812 ( by stopping the repeated American invasions of Canada ) and retaining their Canadian colonies . By contrast , they say , the Americans suffered a defeat when their armies failed to achieve their war goal of seizing part or all of Canada . Additionally , they argue the U.S. lost as it failed to stop impressment , which the British refused to repeal until the end of the Napoleonic Wars , arguing that the U.S. actions had no effect on the Orders in Council , which were rescinded before the war started . Historian Troy Bickham , author of The Weight of Vengeance : The United States , the British Empire , and the War of 1812 , sees the British as having fought to a much stronger position than the United States . `` Even tied down by ongoing wars with Napoleonic France , the British had enough capable officers , well - trained men , and equipment to easily defeat a series of American invasions of Canada . In fact , in the opening salvos of the war , the American forces invading Upper Canada were pushed so far back that they ended up surrendering Michigan Territory . The difference between the two navies was even greater . While the Americans famously ( shockingly for contemporaries on both sides of the Atlantic ) bested British ships in some one - on - one actions at the war 's start , the Royal Navy held supremacy throughout the war , blockading the U.S. coastline and ravaging coastal towns , including Washington , D.C. Yet in late 1814 , the British offered surprisingly generous peace terms despite having amassed a large invasion force of veteran troops in Canada , naval supremacy in the Atlantic , an opponent that was effectively bankrupt , and an open secessionist movement in New England . '' He considers that the British offered the United States generous terms , in place of their initially harsh terms ( which included massive forfeiture of land to Canada and the American Indians ) , because the `` reigning Liverpool ministry in Britain held a loose grip on power and feared the war - weary , tax - exhausted public . '' The war was also technically a British victory `` because the United States failed to achieve the aims listed in its declaration of war . '' A second minority view is that both the U.S. and Britain won the war -- that is , both achieved their main objectives , while the Indians were the losing party . The British won by losing no territories and achieving their great war goal , the total defeat of Napoleon . U.S. won by ( 1 ) securing her honor and successfully resisting a powerful empire once again , thus winning a `` second war of independence '' ; and ( 2 ) ending the threat of Indian raids and the British plan for a semi-independent Indian sanctuary -- thereby opening an unimpeded path for the United States ' westward expansion . Indians as losers Historians generally agree that the real losers of the War of 1812 were the Indians ( called First Nations in Canada ) . Hickey says : The big losers in the war were the Indians . As a proportion of their population , they had suffered the heaviest casualties . Worse , they were left without any reliable European allies in North America ... The crushing defeats at the Thames and Horseshoe Bend left them at the mercy of the Americans , hastening their confinement to reservations and the decline of their traditional way of life . The Indians of the Old Northwest ( the modern Midwest ) had hoped to create an Indian state to be a British protectorate . American settlers into the Middle West had been repeatedly blocked and threatened by Indian raids before 1812 , and that now came to an end . Throughout the war the British had played on terror of the tomahawks and scalping knives of their Indian allies ; it worked especially at Hull 's surrender at Detroit . By 1813 Americans had killed Tecumseh and broken his coalition of tribes . Jackson then defeated the Creek in the Southwest . Historian John Sugden notes that in both theatres , the Indians ' strength had been broken prior to the arrival of the major British forces in 1814 . The one campaign that the Americans had decisively won was the campaign in the Old Northwest , which put the British in a weak hand to insist upon an Indian state in the Old Northwest . Notwithstanding the sympathy and support from commanders ( such as Brock , Cochrane and Nicolls ) , the policymakers in London reneged in assisting the Indians , as making peace was a higher priority for the politicians . At the peace conference the British demanded an independent Indian state in the Midwest , but , although the British and their Indian allies maintained control over the territories in question ( i.e. most of the Upper Midwest ) , British diplomats did not press the demand after an American refusal , effectively abandoning their Indian allies . The withdrawal of British protection gave the Americans a free hand , which resulted in the removal of most of the tribes to Indian Territory ( present - day Oklahoma ) . In that sense according to historian Alan Taylor , the final victory at New Orleans had `` enduring and massive consequences '' . It gave the Americans `` continental predominance '' while it left the Indians dispossessed , powerless , and vulnerable . The Treaty of Ghent technically required the United States to cease hostilities and `` forthwith to restore to such Tribes or Nations respectively all possessions , rights and privileges which they may have enjoyed , or been entitled to in 1811 '' ; the United States ignored this article of the treaty and proceeded to expand into this territory regardless ; Britain was unwilling to provoke further war to enforce it . A shocked Henry Goulburn , one of the British negotiators at Ghent , remarked : Till I came here , I had no idea of the fixed determination which there is in the heart of every American to extirpate the Indians and appropriate their territory . The Creek War came to an end , with the Treaty of Fort Jackson being imposed upon the Indians . About half of the Creek territory was ceded to the United States , with no payment made to the Creeks . This was , in theory , invalidated by Article 9 of the Treaty of Ghent . The British failed to press the issue , and did not take up the Indian cause as an infringement of an international treaty . Without this support , the Indians ' lack of power was apparent and the stage was set for further incursions of territory by the United States in subsequent decades . Long - term consequences Main article : Results of the War of 1812 Neither side lost territory in the war , nor did the treaty that ended it address the original points of contention -- and yet it changed much between the United States of America and Britain . The Treaty of Ghent established the status quo ante bellum ; that is , there were no territorial losses by either side . The issue of impressment was made moot when the Royal Navy , no longer needing sailors , stopped impressment after the defeat of Napoleon . Except for occasional border disputes and the circumstances of the American Civil War , relations between the U.S. and Britain remained generally peaceful for the rest of the 19th century , and the two countries became close allies in the 20th century . The Rush -- Bagot Treaty between the United States and Britain was enacted in 1817 . It provided for the demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain , where many British naval arrangements and forts still remained . The treaty laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary and was indicative of improving relations between the United States and Great Britain in the period following the War of 1812 . It remains in effect to this day . Border adjustments between the U.S. and British North America were made in the Treaty of 1818 . Eastport , Massachusetts , was returned to the U.S. in 1818 ; it became part of the new State of Maine in 1820 . A border dispute along the Maine -- New Brunswick border was settled by the 1842 Webster -- Ashburton Treaty after the bloodless Aroostook War , and the border in the Oregon Country was settled by splitting the disputed area in half by the 1846 Oregon Treaty . A further dispute about the line of the border through the island in the Strait of Juan de Fuca resulted in another almost bloodless standoff in the Pig War of 1859 . The line of the border was finally settled by an international arbitration commission in 1872 . United States The 1812 N Moore office tower , completed in 2013 near Washington D.C. , was named after the war . The U.S. suppressed the Native American resistance on its western and southern borders . The nation also gained a psychological sense of complete independence as people celebrated their `` second war of independence '' . Nationalism soared after the victory at the Battle of New Orleans . The opposition Federalist Party collapsed , and the Era of Good Feelings ensued . No longer questioning the need for a strong Navy , the U.S. built three new 74 - gun ships of the line and two new 44 - gun frigates shortly after the end of the war . ( Another frigate had been destroyed to prevent it being captured on the stocks . ) In 1816 , the U.S. Congress passed into law an `` Act for the gradual increase of the Navy '' at a cost of $1,000,000 a year for eight years , authorizing 9 ships of the line and 12 heavy frigates . The Captains and Commodores of the U.S. Navy became the heroes of their generation in the U.S. Decorated plates and pitchers of Decatur , Hull , Bainbridge , Lawrence , Perry , and Macdonough were made in Staffordshire , England , and found a ready market in the United States . Several war heroes used their fame to win election to national office . Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison both took advantage of their military successes to win the presidency , while Richard Mentor Johnson used his wartime exploits to help attain the vice presidency . During the war , New England states became increasingly frustrated over how the war was being conducted and how the conflict was affecting them . They complained that the U.S. government was not investing enough in the states ' defences militarily and financially , and that the states should have more control over their militias . The increased taxes , the British blockade , and the occupation of some of New England by enemy forces also agitated public opinion in the states . As a result , at the Hartford Convention ( December 1814 -- January 1815 ) Federalist delegates deprecated the war effort and sought more autonomy for the New England states . They did not call for secession but word of the angry anti-war resolutions appeared at the same time that peace was announced and the victory at New Orleans was known . The upshot was that the Federalists were permanently discredited and quickly disappeared as a major political force . This war enabled thousands of slaves to escape to British lines or ships for freedom , despite the difficulties . The planters ' complacency about slave contentment was shocked by their seeing slaves , who risked so much to be free . After the decisive defeat of the Creek Indians at the battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814 , some Indian warriors escaped to join the Seminoles in Florida . The remaining Creek chiefs signed away about half their lands , comprising 23,000,000 acres , covering much of southern Georgia and two thirds of modern Alabama . The Creeks were now separated from any future help from the Spanish in Florida , or from the Choctaw and Chickasaw to the west . During the war the United States seized Mobile , Alabama , which was a strategic location providing oceanic outlet to the cotton lands to the north . Jackson invaded Florida in 1818 , demonstrating to Spain that it could no longer control that territory with a small force . Spain sold Florida to the United States in 1819 in the Adams - Onís Treaty following the First Seminole War . Pratt concludes : Thus indirectly the War of 1812 brought about the acquisition of Florida ... To both the Northwest and the South , therefore , the War of 1812 brought substantial benefits . It broke the power of the Creek Confederacy and opened to settlement a great province of the future Cotton Kingdom . British North America ( Canada ) Douglas Coupland 's ' Monument to the War of 1812 ' ( 2008 ) in Toronto ; depicts a larger - than - life Canadian soldier triumphing over an American ; both are depicted as metallic toy soldiers of the sort small children play with . Pro-British leaders demonstrated a strong hostility to American influences in western Canada ( Ontario ) after the war and shaped its policies , including a hostility to American - style republicanism . Immigration from the U.S. was discouraged , and favour was shown to the Anglican church as opposed to the more Americanized Methodist church . The Battle of York showed the vulnerability of Upper and Lower Canada . In the 1820s , work began on La Citadelle at Quebec City as a defence against the United States . Additionally , work began on the Halifax citadel to defend the port against foreign navies . From 1826 to 1832 , the Rideau Canal was built to provide a secure waterway not at risk from American cannon fire . To defend the western end of the canal , the British Army also built Fort Henry at Kingston . Indigenous nations The Native Americans allied to the British lost their cause . The British proposal to create a `` neutral '' Indian zone in the American West was rejected at the Ghent peace conference and never resurfaced . After 1814 the natives , who lost most of their fur - gathering territory , became an undesirable burden to British policymakers who now looked to the United States for markets and raw materials . British agents in the field continued to meet regularly with their former American Indian partners , but they did not supply arms or encouragement and there were no American Indian campaigns to stop U.S. expansionism in the Midwest . Abandoned by their powerful sponsor , American Great Lakes - area Indians ultimately migrated or reached accommodations with the American authorities and settlers . Bermuda Bermuda had been largely left to the defences of its own militia and privateers before U.S. independence , but the Royal Navy had begun buying up land and operating from there in 1795 , as its location was a useful substitute for the lost U.S. ports . It originally was intended to be the winter headquarters of the North American Squadron , but the war saw it rise to a new prominence . As construction work progressed through the first half of the 19th century , Bermuda became the permanent naval headquarters in Western waters , housing the Admiralty and serving as a base and dockyard . The military garrison was built up to protect the naval establishment , heavily fortifying the archipelago that came to be described as the `` Gibraltar of the West '' . Defence infrastructure remained the central leg of Bermuda 's economy until after World War II . Britain The war is seldom remembered in Great Britain . The massive ongoing conflict in Europe against the French Empire under Napoleon ensured that the War of 1812 against America was never seen as more than a sideshow to the main event by the British . Britain 's blockade of French trade had been entirely successful and the Royal Navy was the world 's dominant nautical power ( and remained so for another century ) . While the land campaigns had contributed to saving Canada , the Royal Navy had shut down American commerce , bottled up the U.S. Navy in port and heavily suppressed privateering . British businesses , some affected by rising insurance costs , were demanding peace so that trade could resume with the U.S. The peace was generally welcomed by the British , though there was disquiet at the rapid growth of the U.S. However , the two nations quickly resumed trade after the end of the war and , over time , a growing friendship . Hickey argues that for Britain : the most important lesson of all ( was ) that the best way to defend Canada was to accommodate the United States . This was the principal rationale for Britain 's long - term policy of rapprochement with the United States in the nineteenth century and explains why they were so often willing to sacrifice other imperial interests to keep the republic happy . See also War of 1812 portal History of Canada portal Bibliography of early American naval history Elgin Military Museum Indiana in the War of 1812 Kentucky in the War of 1812 Bibliography of the War of 1812 List of War of 1812 Battles Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States Timeline of the War of 1812 War of 1812 Campaigns Notes Jump up ^ All U.S. figures are from Donald Hickey ( Hickey 2006 , p. 297 ) Jump up ^ The British were unsure whether the attack on Baltimore was a failure , but Plattsburg was a humiliation that called for court martial ( Latimer 2007 , pp. 331 , 359 , 365 ) . Jump up ^ As Winston Churchill concluded , `` The lessons of the war were taken to heart . Anti-American feeling in Great Britain ran high for several years , but the United States were never again refused proper treatment as an independent power '' . From A History of the English - speaking Peoples : The age of revolution , Volume 3 of A History of the English - speaking Peoples , p. 366 . Jump up ^ Spain , a British ally , lost control of the Mobile , Alabama , area to the Americans . References Jump up ^ Battle of the Thames , Encyclopædia Britannica , `` Many British troops were captured and Tecumseh was killed , destroying his Indian alliance and breaking the Indian power in the Ohio and Indiana territories . After this battle , most of the tribes abandoned their association with the British . '' Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 245 . Jump up ^ Upton 2003 . Jump up ^ Allen 1996 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 245 . ^ Jump up to : `` War of 1812 -- Statistics '' . historyguy.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 245 . Of these , upwards of 800 were killed at sea , 1,160 were British Army regulars , and the rest were militia . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 245 . Includes 2,250 men of the Royal Navy . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 244 Jump up ^ Clodfelter , p. 245 ; includes 1,000 combat casualties on the northern front . ^ Jump up to : Hooks , J. `` Redeemed honor : the President - Little Belt Affair and the coming of the war of 1812 '' The Historian , ( 1 ) , 1 ( 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : Hickey 1989 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Stagg 1983 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Woodsworth 1812 . Jump up ^ Trautsch 2013 , pp. 273 -- 293 ; Egan 1974 ; Goodman 1941 , pp. 171 -- 186 . Jump up ^ Scott A. Silverstone ( 2004 ) . Divided Union : The Politics of War in the Early American Republic . Cornell University Press . p. 95 . ISBN 0801442303 . Jump up ^ Risjord 1961 , pp. 196 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Brands 2005 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Hickey , Donald R. ed. The War of 1812 : Writings from America 's Second War of Independence ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 . Jump up ^ Fanis 2011 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Horsman 1962 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 382 . Jump up ^ Rodger , N.A.M. 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The diplomacy of the war of 1812 . Johns Hopkins U.P. , full text online Upton , David ( November 22 , 2003 ) . `` Soldiers of the Mississippi Territory in the War of 1812 '' . Internet Archive . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2007 . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Watts , Steven ( 1987 ) . The Republic Reborn : War and the Making of Liberal America , 1790 -- 1820 . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 316 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 3420 - 1 . White , Richard ( 2010 ) . The Middle Ground : Indians , Empires , and Republics in the Great Lakes Region , 1650 - 1815 . Cambridge U.P. p. 416 . ISBN 9781107005624 . Wilentz , Sean ( 2005 ) . Andrew Jackson . New York : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6925 - 9 . Williams , William Appleman ( 1961 ) . The Contours of American History . W.W. Norton . p. 196 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30561 - 9 . Willig , Timothy D ( 2008 ) . Restoring the Chain of Friendship : British Policy and the Indians of the Great Lakes , 1783 -- 1815 . Lincoln & London : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 4817 - 5 . Wilson , Major L. ( 1974 ) . Space , Time , and Freedom : The Quest for Nationality and the Irrepressible Conflict , 1815 -- 1861 . p. 4 . Woodsworth , Samuel ( July 4 , 1812 ) . `` By the President of the United States of America : A Proclamation '' . The War . Zuehlke , Mark ( 2007 ) . For Honour 's Sake : The War of 1812 and the Brokering of an Uneasy Peace . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 676 - 97706 - 6 . Further reading Main article : War of 1812 bibliography Center for Military History . U.S. Army Campaigns of the War of 1812 : Online free Barbuto , Richard V . The Canadian Theater 1813 . ( 2013 ) ISBN 9780160920844 Barbuto , Richard V . The Canadian Theater 1814 . ( 2014 ) ISBN 9780160923845 Blackmon , Richard D . The Creek War 1813 - 1814 ; 43pp ISBN 9780160925429 Maass , John R. Defending A New Nation 1783 - 1811 ( 2013 ) 59pp Neimeyer , Charles P . The Chesapeake Campaign , 1813 -- 1814 ( 2014 ) ISBN 9780160925351 Rauch , Steven J. The Campaign of 1812 ( 2013 ) ; 58pp ISBN 9780160920929 Stoltz III , Joseph F. The Gulf Theater , 1813 - 1815 Cleves , Rachel Hope ; Eustace , Nicole ; Gilje , Paul ( September 2012 ) . `` Interchange : The War of 1812 '' . Journal of American History . 99 ( 2 ) : 520 -- 555 . doi : 10.1093 / jahist / jas236 . historiography Collins , Gilbert ( 2006 ) . Guidebook to the historic sites of the War of 1812 . Dundurn . ISBN 1 - 55002 - 626 - 7 . Daughan , George C. ( 2011 ) . 1812 : The Navy 's War , Basic Books , New York , pp. 491 , ISBN 9780465020461 Url Hickey , Donald R. and Connie D. Clark , eds . The Routledge Handbook of the War of 1812 ( 2015 ) 336 pages James , William , ( 1847 / 1859 ) , The naval history of Great Britain ... Volume 5 , Richard Bentley , London , pp. 458 , Url James , William ( 1837 ) The naval history of Great Britain ... Volume 6 , Richard Bentley , London , pp. 468 , Ebook ( full view ) Jensen , Richard . `` Military history on the electronic frontier : Wikipedia fights the War of 1812 . '' Journal of Military History 76.4 ( 2012 ) : 523 - 556 ; Examines this Wikipedia article Online Malcomson , Robert . Historical Dictionary of the War of 1812 . Landham , Md. : Scarecrow . Misiak , Zig . War of 1812 : Highlighting Native Nations . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9811880 - 2 - 7 . Perkins , Bradford ( 1961 ) . Prologue to war : England and the United States , 1805 -- 1812 . Sapio , Victor . Pennsylvania and the War of 1812 ( University Press of Kentucky , 2015 ) . Smith , Gene Allen . The Slaves ' Gamble : Choosing Sides in the War of 1812 . New York : Palgrave Macmillan , 2013 . Stagg , J.C.A. ( 2012 ) . The War of 1812 : Conflict for a Continent . Cambridge Essential Histories . ISBN 0 - 521 - 72686 - 7 . Suthren , Victor ( 1999 ) . The War of 1812 . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 8317 - 3 . Stacey , CP ( 1964 ) . `` The War of 1812 in Canadian History '' . In Zaslow ; Morris ; Turner , Wesley B . The Defended Border : Upper Canada and the War of 1812 . Toronto . Smith , Joshua M. ( June 2011 ) . `` The Yankee Soldier 's Might : The District of Maine and the Reputation of the Massachusetts Militia , 1800 -- 1812 '' . New England Quarterly . LXXXIV ( 2 ) : 234 -- 264 . doi : 10.1162 / tneq_a_00088 . Primary sources Hickey , Donald R. , ed . The War of 1812 : Writings from America 's Second War of Independence ( New York : Library of America , 2013 ) . xxx , 892 pp . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to War of 1812 . Library resources about War of 1812 Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries `` War of 1812 '' bibliographical guide by David Curtis Skaggs ( 2015 ) ; Oxford Bibliographies Online The War of 1812 , Government of Canada website The War of 1812 , Department of National Defence ( Canada ) website Library of Congress Guide to the War of 1812 , Kenneth Drexler The War of 1812 in the South , The William C. Cook Collection , The Williams Research Center , The Historic New Orleans Collection American Military History , Chapter 6 -- The War of 1812 , Office of the Chief of Military History , United States Army , 1989 War of 1812 collection William L. Clements Library . The War of 1812 Website , MilitaryHeritage.com `` Treaty of Ghent '' . Primary Documents in American History . The Library of Congress . 2010 . `` War of 1812 '' . Galafilm. 2008 . Key Events of the War of 1812 , chart by Greg D. Feldmeth , Polytechnic School ( Pasadena , California ) , 1998 . `` War of 1812 '' . historycentral.com. 2000 . `` The War of 1812 '' . Archives of Ontario . 2009 -- 2010 . Black Americans in the U.S. Military from the American Revolution to the Korean War : The War of 1812 , David Omahen , New York State Military Museum and Veteran Research Center , 2006 President Madison 's War Message , lesson plan with extensive list of documents , EDSitement.com ( National Endowment for the Humanities ) PBS Documentary The War of 1812 The short film `` The War of 1812 '' U.S. Navy is available for free download at the Internet Archive Indexed eLibrary of War of 1812 Resources at Fire Along the Frontier Resource Site Illustrated War of 1812 Timelines at Fire Along the Frontier Resource Site War of 1812 Reenactment Groups BBC Radio 4 : In Our Time . 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what is the function of core in processor

A multi-core processor is a single computing component with two or more independent processing units called cores , which read and execute program instructions . The instructions are ordinary CPU instructions ( such as add , move data , and branch ) but the single processor can run multiple instructions on separate cores at the same time , increasing overall speed for programs amenable to parallel computing . Manufacturers typically integrate the cores onto a single integrated circuit die ( known as a chip multiprocessor or CMP ) or onto multiple dies in a single chip package . The microprocessors currently used in almost all personal computers are multi-core .

which read and execute program instructions

Multi-core processor

multi - core processor

A multi-core processor is a single computing component with two or more independent processing units called cores , which read and execute program instructions . The instructions are ordinary CPU instructions ( such as add , move data , and branch ) but the single processor can run multiple instructions on separate cores at the same time , increasing overall speed for programs amenable to parallel computing . Manufacturers typically integrate the cores onto a single integrated circuit die ( known as a chip multiprocessor or CMP ) or onto multiple dies in a single chip package . The microprocessors currently used in almost all personal computers are multi-core .

A multi-core processor implements multiprocessing in a single physical package . Designers may couple cores in a multi-core device tightly or loosely . For example , cores may or may not share caches , and they may implement message passing or shared - memory inter-core communication methods . Common network topologies to interconnect cores include bus , ring , two - dimensional mesh , and crossbar . Homogeneous multi-core systems include only identical cores ; heterogeneous multi-core systems have cores that are not identical ( e.g. big. LITTLE have heterogeneous cores that share the same instruction set , while AMD Accelerated Processing Units have cores that do n't even share the same instruction set ) . Just as with single - processor systems , cores in multi-core systems may implement architectures such as VLIW , superscalar , vector , or multithreading . Multi-core processors are widely used across many application domains , including general - purpose , embedded , network , digital signal processing ( DSP ) , and graphics ( GPU ) . The improvement in performance gained by the use of a multi-core processor depends very much on the software algorithms used and their implementation . In particular , possible gains are limited by the fraction of the software that can run in parallel simultaneously on multiple cores ; this effect is described by Amdahl 's law . In the best case , so - called embarrassingly parallel problems may realize speedup factors near the number of cores , or even more if the problem is split up enough to fit within each core 's cache ( s ) , avoiding use of much slower main - system memory . Most applications , however , are not accelerated so much unless programmers invest a prohibitive amount of effort in re-factoring the whole problem . The parallelization of software is a significant ongoing topic of research . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Development 2.1 Commercial incentives 2.2 Technical factors 2.3 Advantages 2.4 Disadvantages 3 Hardware 3.1 Trends 3.2 Architecture 4 Software effects 4.1 Licensing 5 Embedded applications 6 Hardware examples 6.1 Commercial 6.2 Free 6.3 Academic 7 Benchmarks 8 Notes 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Terminology ( edit ) The terms multi-core and dual - core most commonly refer to some sort of central processing unit ( CPU ) , but are sometimes also applied to digital signal processors ( DSP ) and system on a chip ( SoC ) . The terms are generally used only to refer to multi-core microprocessors that are manufactured on the same integrated circuit die ; separate microprocessor dies in the same package are generally referred to by another name , such as multi-chip module . This article uses the terms `` multi-core '' and `` dual - core '' for CPUs manufactured on the same integrated circuit , unless otherwise noted . In contrast to multi-core systems , the term multi-CPU refers to multiple physically separate processing - units ( which often contain special circuitry to facilitate communication between each other ) . The terms many - core and massively multi-core are sometimes used to describe multi-core architectures with an especially high number of cores ( tens or hundreds ) . Some systems use many soft microprocessor cores placed on a single FPGA . Each `` core '' can be considered a `` semiconductor intellectual property core '' as well as a CPU core . Development ( edit ) While manufacturing technology improves , reducing the size of individual gates , physical limits of semiconductor - based microelectronics have become a major design concern . These physical limitations can cause significant heat dissipation and data synchronization problems . Various other methods are used to improve CPU performance . Some instruction - level parallelism ( ILP ) methods such as superscalar pipelining are suitable for many applications , but are inefficient for others that contain difficult - to - predict code . Many applications are better suited to thread - level parallelism ( TLP ) methods , and multiple independent CPUs are commonly used to increase a system 's overall TLP . A combination of increased available space ( due to refined manufacturing processes ) and the demand for increased TLP led to the development of multi-core CPUs . Commercial incentives ( edit ) Several business motives drive the development of multi-core architectures . For decades , it was possible to improve performance of a CPU by shrinking the area of the integrated circuit ( IC ) , which reduced the cost per device on the IC . Alternatively , for the same circuit area , more transistors could be used in the design , which increased functionality , especially for complex instruction set computing ( CISC ) architectures . Clock rates also increased by orders of magnitude in the decades of the late 20th century , from several megahertz in the 1980s to several gigahertz in the early 2000s . As the rate of clock speed improvements slowed , increased use of parallel computing in the form of multi-core processors has been pursued to improve overall processing performance . Multiple cores were used on the same CPU chip , which could then lead to better sales of CPU chips with two or more cores . For example , Intel has produced a 48 - core processor for research in cloud computing ; each core has an x86 architecture . Technical factors ( edit ) Since computer manufacturers have long implemented symmetric multiprocessing ( SMP ) designs using discrete CPUs , the issues regarding implementing multi-core processor architecture and supporting it with software are well known . Additionally : Using a proven processing - core design without architectural changes reduces design risk significantly . For general - purpose processors , much of the motivation for multi-core processors comes from greatly diminished gains in processor performance from increasing the operating frequency . This is due to three primary factors : The memory wall ; the increasing gap between processor and memory speeds . This , in effect , pushes for cache sizes to be larger in order to mask the latency of memory . This helps only to the extent that memory bandwidth is not the bottleneck in performance . The ILP wall ; the increasing difficulty of finding enough parallelism in a single instruction stream to keep a high - performance single - core processor busy . The power wall ; the trend of consuming exponentially increasing power ( and thus also generating exponentially increasing heat ) with each factorial increase of operating frequency . This increase can be mitigated by `` shrinking '' the processor by using smaller traces for the same logic . The power wall poses manufacturing , system design and deployment problems that have not been justified in the face of the diminished gains in performance due to the memory wall and ILP wall . In order to continue delivering regular performance improvements for general - purpose processors , manufacturers such as Intel and AMD have turned to multi-core designs , sacrificing lower manufacturing - costs for higher performance in some applications and systems . Multi-core architectures are being developed , but so are the alternatives . An especially strong contender for established markets is the further integration of peripheral functions into the chip . Advantages ( edit ) The proximity of multiple CPU cores on the same die allows the cache coherency circuitry to operate at a much higher clock rate than what is possible if the signals have to travel off - chip . Combining equivalent CPUs on a single die significantly improves the performance of cache snoop ( alternative : Bus snooping ) operations . Put simply , this means that signals between different CPUs travel shorter distances , and therefore those signals degrade less . These higher - quality signals allow more data to be sent in a given time period , since individual signals can be shorter and do not need to be repeated as often . Assuming that the die can physically fit into the package , multi-core CPU designs require much less printed circuit board ( PCB ) space than do multi-chip SMP designs . Also , a dual - core processor uses slightly less power than two coupled single - core processors , principally because of the decreased power required to drive signals external to the chip . Furthermore , the cores share some circuitry , like the L2 cache and the interface to the front - side bus ( FSB ) . In terms of competing technologies for the available silicon die area , multi-core design can make use of proven CPU core library designs and produce a product with lower risk of design error than devising a new wider - core design . Also , adding more cache suffers from diminishing returns . Multi-core chips also allow higher performance at lower energy . This can be a big factor in mobile devices that operate on batteries . Since each core in a multi-core CPU is generally more energy - efficient , the chip becomes more efficient than having a single large monolithic core . This allows higher performance with less energy . A challenge in this , however , is the additional overhead of writing parallel code . Disadvantages ( edit ) Maximizing the usage of the computing resources provided by multi-core processors requires adjustments both to the operating system ( OS ) support and to existing application software . Also , the ability of multi-core processors to increase application performance depends on the use of multiple threads within applications . Integration of a multi-core chip can lower the chip production yields . They are also more difficult to manage thermally than lower - density single - core designs . Intel has partially countered this first problem by creating its quad - core designs by combining two dual - core ones on a single die with a unified cache , hence any two working dual - core dies can be used , as opposed to producing four cores on a single die and requiring all four to work to produce a quad - core CPU . From an architectural point of view , ultimately , single CPU designs may make better use of the silicon surface area than multiprocessing cores , so a development commitment to this architecture may carry the risk of obsolescence . Finally , raw processing power is not the only constraint on system performance . Two processing cores sharing the same system bus and memory bandwidth limits the real - world performance advantage . In a 2009 report , Dr Jun Ni showed that if a single core is close to being memory - bandwidth limited , then going to dual - core might give 30 % to 70 % improvement ; if memory bandwidth is not a problem , then a 90 % improvement can be expected ; however , Amdahl 's law makes this claim dubious . It would be possible for an application that used two CPUs to end up running faster on a single - core one if communication between the CPUs was the limiting factor , which would count as more than 100 % improvement . Hardware ( edit ) Trends ( edit ) The trend in processor development has been towards an ever - increasing number of cores , as processors with hundreds or even thousands of cores become theoretically possible . In addition , multi-core chips mixed with simultaneous multithreading , memory - on - chip , and special - purpose `` heterogeneous '' ( or asymmetric ) cores promise further performance and efficiency gains , especially in processing multimedia , recognition and networking applications . For example , a big. LITTLE core includes a high - performance core ( called ' big ' ) and a low - power core ( called ' LITTLE ' ) . There is also a trend towards improving energy - efficiency by focusing on performance - per - watt with advanced fine - grain or ultra fine - grain power management and dynamic voltage and frequency scaling ( i.e. laptop computers and portable media players ) . Chips designed from the outset for a large number of cores ( rather than having evolved from single core designs ) are sometimes referred to as manycore designs , emphasising qualitative differences . Architecture ( edit ) The composition and balance of the cores in multi-core architecture show great variety . Some architectures use one core design repeated consistently ( `` homogeneous '' ) , while others use a mixture of different cores , each optimized for a different , `` heterogeneous '' role . The article `` CPU designers debate multi-core future '' by Rick Merritt , EE Times 2008 , includes these comments : Chuck Moore ( ... ) suggested computers should be like cellphones , using a variety of specialty cores to run modular software scheduled by a high - level applications programming interface . ( ... ) Atsushi Hasegawa , a senior chief engineer at Renesas , generally agreed . He suggested the cellphone 's use of many specialty cores working in concert is a good model for future multi-core designs . ( ... ) Anant Agarwal , founder and chief executive of startup Tilera , took the opposing view . He said multi-core chips need to be homogeneous collections of general - purpose cores to keep the software model simple . Software effects ( edit ) An outdated version of an anti-virus application may create a new thread for a scan process , while its GUI thread waits for commands from the user ( e.g. cancel the scan ) . In such cases , a multi-core architecture is of little benefit for the application itself due to the single thread doing all the heavy lifting and the inability to balance the work evenly across multiple cores . Programming truly multithreaded code often requires complex co-ordination of threads and can easily introduce subtle and difficult - to - find bugs due to the interweaving of processing on data shared between threads ( see thread - safety ) . Consequently , such code is much more difficult to debug than single - threaded code when it breaks . There has been a perceived lack of motivation for writing consumer - level threaded applications because of the relative rarity of consumer - level demand for maximum use of computer hardware . Although threaded applications incur little additional performance penalty on single - processor machines , the extra overhead of development has been difficult to justify due to the preponderance of single - processor machines . Also , serial tasks like decoding the entropy encoding algorithms used in video codecs are impossible to parallelize because each result generated is used to help create the next result of the entropy decoding algorithm . Given the increasing emphasis on multi-core chip design , stemming from the grave thermal and power consumption problems posed by any further significant increase in processor clock speeds , the extent to which software can be multithreaded to take advantage of these new chips is likely to be the single greatest constraint on computer performance in the future . If developers are unable to design software to fully exploit the resources provided by multiple cores , then they will ultimately reach an insurmountable performance ceiling . The telecommunications market had been one of the first that needed a new design of parallel datapath packet processing because there was a very quick adoption of these multiple - core processors for the datapath and the control plane . These MPUs are going to replace the traditional Network Processors that were based on proprietary microcode or picocode . Parallel programming techniques can benefit from multiple cores directly . Some existing parallel programming models such as Cilk Plus , OpenMP , OpenHMPP , FastFlow , Skandium , MPI , and Erlang can be used on multi-core platforms . Intel introduced a new abstraction for C++ parallelism called TBB . Other research efforts include the Codeplay Sieve System , Cray 's Chapel , Sun 's Fortress , and IBM 's X10 . Multi-core processing has also affected the ability of modern computational software development . Developers programming in newer languages might find that their modern languages do not support multi-core functionality . This then requires the use of numerical libraries to access code written in languages like C and Fortran , which perform math computations faster than newer languages like C# . Intel 's MKL and AMD 's ACML are written in these native languages and take advantage of multi-core processing . Balancing the application workload across processors can be problematic , especially if they have different performance characteristics . There are different conceptual models to deal with the problem , for example using a coordination language and program building blocks ( programming libraries or higher - order functions ) . Each block can have a different native implementation for each processor type . Users simply program using these abstractions and an intelligent compiler chooses the best implementation based on the context . Managing concurrency acquires a central role in developing parallel applications . The basic steps in designing parallel applications are : Partitioning The partitioning stage of a design is intended to expose opportunities for parallel execution . Hence , the focus is on defining a large number of small tasks in order to yield what is termed a fine - grained decomposition of a problem . Communication The tasks generated by a partition are intended to execute concurrently but can not , in general , execute independently . The computation to be performed in one task will typically require data associated with another task . Data must then be transferred between tasks so as to allow computation to proceed . This information flow is specified in the communication phase of a design . Agglomeration In the third stage , development moves from the abstract toward the concrete . Developers revisit decisions made in the partitioning and communication phases with a view to obtaining an algorithm that will execute efficiently on some class of parallel computer . In particular , developers consider whether it is useful to combine , or agglomerate , tasks identified by the partitioning phase , so as to provide a smaller number of tasks , each of greater size . They also determine whether it is worthwhile to replicate data and computation . Mapping In the fourth and final stage of the design of parallel algorithms , the developers specify where each task is to execute . This mapping problem does not arise on uniprocessors or on shared - memory computers that provide automatic task scheduling . On the other hand , on the server side , multi-core processors are ideal because they allow many users to connect to a site simultaneously and have independent threads of execution . This allows for Web servers and application servers that have much better throughput . Licensing ( edit ) Vendors may license some software `` per processor '' . This can give rise to ambiguity , because a `` processor '' may consist either of a single core or of a combination of cores . Initially , for some of its enterprise software , Microsoft continued to use a per - socket licensing system . However , for some software such as BizTalk Server 2013 , SQL Server 2014 , and Windows Server 2016 , Microsoft has shifted to per - core licensing . Oracle Corporation counts an AMD X2 or an Intel dual - core CPU as a single processor but uses other metrics for other types , especially for processors with more than two cores . Embedded applications ( edit ) Embedded computing operates in an area of processor technology distinct from that of `` mainstream '' PCs . The same technological drives towards multi-core apply here too . Indeed , in many cases the application is a `` natural '' fit for multi-core technologies , if the task can easily be partitioned between the different processors . In addition , embedded software is typically developed for a specific hardware release , making issues of software portability , legacy code or supporting independent developers less critical than is the case for PC or enterprise computing . As a result , it is easier for developers to adopt new technologies and as a result there is a greater variety of multi-core processing architectures and suppliers . As of 2010 , multi-core network processing devices have become mainstream , with companies such as Freescale Semiconductor , Cavium Networks , Wintegra and Broadcom all manufacturing products with eight processors . For the system developer , a key challenge is how to exploit all the cores in these devices to achieve maximum networking performance at the system level , despite the performance limitations inherent in an SMP operating system . To address this issue , companies such as 6WIND provide portable packet processing software designed so that the networking data plane runs in a fast path environment outside the OS . In digital signal processing the same trend applies : Texas Instruments has the three - core TMS320C6488 and four - core TMS320C5441 , Freescale the four - core MSC8144 and six - core MSC8156 ( and both have stated they are working on eight - core successors ) . Newer entries include the Storm - 1 family from Stream Processors , Inc with 40 and 80 general purpose ALUs per chip , all programmable in C as a SIMD engine and Picochip with three - hundred processors on a single die , focused on communication applications . As of 2016 heterogeneous multi-core solutions are becoming more common : Xilinx Zynq UltraScale+ MPSoC has Quad - core ARM Cortex - A53 and Dual - core ARM Cortex - R5 . Software solutions such as OpenAMP are being used to help with inter processor communication . Hardware examples ( edit ) This article may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( July 2016 ) Commercial ( edit ) Adapteva Epiphany , a many - core processor architecture which allows up to 4096 processors on - chip , although only a 16 core version has been commercially produced . Aeroflex Gaisler LEON3 , a multi-core SPARC that also exists in a fault - tolerant version . Ageia PhysX , a multi-core physics processing unit . Ambric Am2045 , a 336 - core Massively Parallel Processor Array ( MPPA ) AMD A-Series , dual - , triple - , and quad - core of Accelerated Processor Units ( APU ) . Athlon 64 , Athlon 64 FX and Athlon 64 X2 family , dual - core desktop processors . Athlon II , dual - , triple - , and quad - core desktop processors . FX - Series , quad - , 6 - , and 8 - core desktop processors . Opteron , dual - , quad - , 6 - , 8 - , 12 - , and 16 - core server / workstation processors . Phenom , dual - , triple - , and quad - core processors . Phenom II , dual - , triple - , quad - , and 6 - core desktop processors . Sempron X2 , dual - core entry level processors . Turion 64 X2 , dual - core laptop processors . Ryzen , quad - , 6 - , 8 - , 12 - , and 16 - core desktop processors Epyc , 8 - , 16 - , 24 - , and 32 - core server processors Radeon and FireStream multi-core GPU / GPGPU ( 10 cores , 16 5 - issue wide superscalar stream processors per core ) Analog Devices Blackfin BF561 , a symmetrical dual - core processor ARM MPCore is a fully synthesizable multi-core container for ARM11 MPCore and ARM Cortex - A9 MPCore processor cores , intended for high - performance embedded and entertainment applications . ASOCS ModemX , up to 128 cores , wireless applications . Azul Systems Vega 1 , a 24 - core processor , released in 2005 . Vega 2 , a 48 - core processor , released in 2006 . Vega 3 , a 54 - core processor , released in 2008 . Broadcom SiByte SB1250 , SB1255 , SB1455 ; BCM 2836 quad - core ARM SoC ( designed for the Raspberry Pi 2 ) ClearSpeed CSX700 , 192 - core processor , released in 2008 ( 32 / 64 - bit floating point ; Integer ALU ) Cradle Technologies CT3400 and CT3600 , both multi-core DSPs . Cavium Networks Octeon , a 32 - core MIPS MPU . Coherent Logix hx3100 Processor , a 100 - core DSP / GPP processor Freescale Semiconductor QorIQ series processors , up to 8 cores , Power Architecture MPU . Hewlett - Packard PA - 8800 and PA - 8900 , dual core PA - RISC processors . IBM POWER4 , a dual - core PowerPC processor , released in 2001 . POWER5 , a dual - core PowerPC processor , released in 2004 . POWER6 , a dual - core PowerPC processor , released in 2007 . POWER7 , a 4 , 6 , 8 - core PowerPC processor , released in 2010 . POWER8 , a 12 - core PowerPC processor , released in 2013 . PowerPC 970 MP , a dual - core PowerPC processor , used in the Apple Power Mac G5 . Xenon , a triple - core , SMT - capable , PowerPC microprocessor used in the Microsoft Xbox 360 game console . z10 , a quad - core z / Architecture processor , released in 2008 z196 , a quad - core z / Architecture processor , released in 2010 zEC12 , a six - core z / Architecture processor , released in 2012 z13 , an eight - core z / Architecture processor , released in 2015 Infineon AURIX Danube , a dual - core , MIPS - based , home gateway processor . Intel Atom , single , dual - core and quad - core processors for netbook , tablets and smartphones systems . Celeron Dual - Core , the first dual - core processor for the budget / entry - level market . Core Duo , a dual - core processor . Core 2 Duo , a dual - core processor . Core 2 Quad , 2 dual - core dies packaged in a multi-chip module . Core i3 , Core i5 , Core i7 and Core i9 a family of dual - , quad - , 6 - , 8 - , 10 - , 12 - , 16 - , and 18 - core processors , the successor of the Core 2 Duo and the Core 2 Quad . Itanium 2 , a dual - core processor . Pentium D , 2 single - core dies packaged in a multi-chip module . Pentium Extreme Edition , 2 single - core dies packaged in a multi-chip module . Pentium Dual - Core , a dual - core processor . Teraflops Research Chip ( Polaris ) , a 3.16 GHz , 80 - core processor prototype , which the company originally stated would be released by 2011 . Xeon dual - , quad - , 6 - , 8 - , 10 - , 12 - , 14 - , 15 - , 16 - , 18 - , 22 - , and 24 - core processors . Xeon Phi 57 - core , 60 - core and 61 - core processors . IntellaSys SEAforth 40C18 , a 40 - core processor SEAforth24 , a 24 - core processor designed by Charles H. Moore Kalray MPPA - 256 , 256 - core processor , released 2012 ( 256 usable VLIW cores , Network - on - Chip ( NoC ) , 32 / 64 - bit IEEE 754 compliant FPU ) NetLogic Microsystems XLP , a 32 - core , quad - threaded MIPS64 processor XLR , an eight - core , quad - threaded MIPS64 processor XLS , an eight - core , quad - threaded MIPS64 processor Nvidia GeForce 9 multi-core GPU ( 8 cores , 16 scalar stream processors per core ) GeForce 200 multi-core GPU ( 10 cores , 24 scalar stream processors per core ) Tesla multi-core GPGPU ( 10 cores , 24 scalar stream processors per core ) Parallax Propeller P8X32 , an eight - core microcontroller . picoChip PC200 series 200 -- 300 cores per device for DSP & wireless Plurality HAL series tightly coupled 16 - 256 cores , L1 shared memory , hardware synchronized processor . Rapport Kilocore KC256 , a 257 - core microcontroller with a PowerPC core and 256 8 - bit `` processing elements '' . SiCortex `` SiCortex node '' has six MIPS64 cores on a single chip . Sony / IBM / Toshiba 's Cell processor , a nine - core processor with one general purpose PowerPC core and eight specialized SPUs ( Synergystic Processing Unit ) optimized for vector operations used in the Sony PlayStation 3 Sun Microsystems MAJC 5200 , two - core VLIW processor UltraSPARC IV and UltraSPARC IV+ , dual - core processors . UltraSPARC T1 , an eight - core , 32 - thread processor . UltraSPARC T2 , an eight - core , 64 - concurrent - thread processor . UltraSPARC T3 , a sixteen - core , 128 - concurrent - thread processor . SPARC T4 , an eight - core , 64 - concurrent - thread processor . SPARC T5 , a sixteen - core , 128 - concurrent - thread processor . Texas Instruments TMS320C80 MVP , a five - core multimedia video processor . TMS320TMS320C66 , 2 , 4 , 8 core dsp . Tilera TILE64 , a 64 - core 32 - bit processor TILE - Gx , a 72 - core 64 - bit processor XMOS Software Defined Silicon quad - core XS1 - G4 Free ( edit ) OpenSPARC Academic ( edit ) MIT , 16 - core RAW processor University of California , Davis , Asynchronous array of simple processors ( AsAP ) 36 - core 610 MHz AsAP 167 - core 1.2 GHz AsAP2 University of Washington , Wavescalar processor University of Texas , Austin , TRIPS processor Linköping University , Sweden , ePUMA processor UC Davis , KiloCore , a 1000 core 1.78 GHz processor on a 32 nm IBM process Benchmarks ( edit ) The research and development of multicore processors often compares many options , and benchmarks are developed to help such evaluations . Existing benchmarks include SPLASH - 2 , PARSEC , and COSMIC for heterogeneous systems . Notes ( edit ) ^ Digital signal processors ( DSPs ) have used multi-core architectures for much longer than high - end general - purpose processors . A typical example of a DSP - specific implementation would be a combination of a RISC CPU and a DSP MPU . This allows for the design of products that require a general - purpose processor for user interfaces and a DSP for real - time data processing ; this type of design is common in mobile phones . In other applications , a growing number of companies have developed multi-core DSPs with very large numbers of processors . ^ Two types of operating systems are able to use a dual - CPU multiprocessor : partitioned multiprocessing and symmetric multiprocessing ( SMP ) . In a partitioned architecture , each CPU boots into separate segments of physical memory and operate independently ; in an SMP OS , processors work in a shared space , executing threads within the OS independently . See also ( edit ) Race condition Multicore Association Manycore Hyper - threading Multitasking Parallel random access machine Partitioned global address space ( PGAS ) Thread CPU shielding GPGPU CUDA OpenCL ( Open Computing Language ) -- a framework for heterogeneous execution References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Margaret Rouse ( March 27 , 2007 ) . `` Definition : multi-core processor '' . TechTarget . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bryan Schauer . `` Multicore Processors - A Necessity '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Aater Suleman ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` What makes parallel programming hard ? '' . FutureChips . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2011 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ András Vajda . Programming Many - Core Chips . Springer . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4419 - 9739 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ryan Shrout ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` Intel Shows 48 - core x86 Processor as Single - chip Cloud Computer '' . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Intel unveils 48 - core cloud computing silicon chip '' . BBC . December 3 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patterson , David A. `` Future of computer architecture . '' Berkeley EECS Annual Research Symposium ( BEARS ) , College of Engineering , UC Berkeley , US . 2006 . Jump up ^ Aater Suleman ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Q & A : Do multicores save energy ? Not really '' . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2012 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ni , Jun . `` Enabling Technology of Multi-core Computing for Medical Imaging '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Jack . `` Intel : Why a 1,000 - core chip is feasible '' . ZDNet . Archived from the original on 6 August 2015 . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Sparsh Mittal ( February 2016 ) . `` A Survey Of Techniques for Architecting and Managing Asymmetric Multicore Processors '' . ACM Computing Surveys. 48 ( 3 ) . doi : 10.1145 / 2856125 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Rick Merritt ( February 6 , 2008 ) . `` CPU designers debate multi-core future '' . EE Times . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Multicore Packet Processing Forum '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ John Darlinton ; Moustafa Ghanem ; Yike Guo ; Hing Wing To ( 1996 ) . `` Guided Resource Organisation in Heterogeneous Parallel Computing '' . Journal of High Performance Computing. 4 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 23 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bright , Peter ( 4 December 2015 ) . `` Windows Server 2016 moving to per core , not per socket , licensing '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Archived from the original on 4 December 2015 . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Compare : `` The Licensing Of Oracle Technology Products '' . OMT - CO Operations Management Technology Consulting GmbH . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 6WINDGATE Software : Network Optimization Software - SDN Software - Control Plane Software 6WIND '' . Jump up ^ Mike Zazaian ( September 26 , 2006 ) . `` Intel : 80 Cores by 2011 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Cyril Kowaliski ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` Intel releases 15 - core Xeon E7 v2 processor '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Intel Xeon Processor E7 v3 Family '' . Intel . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Intel Xeon Processor E7 v2 Family '' . Intel . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Intel Xeon Processor E3 v2 Family '' . Intel . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Bernard Cole ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` 40 - core processor with Forth - based IDE tools unveiled '' . Jump up ^ Brad Chacos ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Meet KiloCore , a 1,000 - core processor so efficient it could run on a AA battery '' . PC World . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` COSMIC Heterogeneous Multiprocessor Benchmark Suite '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 03 . Further reading ( edit ) Khondker S. Hasan , John Antonio , Sridhar Radhakrishnan . A New Composite CPU / Memory Model for Predicting Efficiency of Multi-core Processing . The 20th IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computer Architecture ( HPCA - 14 ) workshop . Orlando , FL , USA . doi : 10.13140 / RG. 2.1. 3051.9207 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Khondker S. Hasan , Nicolas G. Grounds , John K. Antonio ( July 2011 ) . Predicting CPU Availability of a Multi-core Processor Executing Concurrent Java Threads . 17th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications ( PDPTA - 11 ) . Las Vegas , Nevada , USA . pp. 551 -- 557 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) External links ( edit ) What Is A Processor Core ? Embedded moves to multicore Multicore News blog IEEE : Multicore Is Bad News For Supercomputers Architecting solutions for the Manycore future , published on Feb 19 , 2010 ( more than one dead link in the slide ) CPU technologies Architecture Turing machine Post -- Turing machine Universal Turing machine Quantum Turing machine Belt machine Stack machine Register machine Counter machine Pointer machine Random access machine Random access stored program machine Finite - state machine Queue automaton Von Neumann Harvard ( modified ) Dataflow TTA Cellular Artificial neural network Machine learning Deep learning Neural processing unit ( NPU ) Convolutional neural network Load / store architecture Register memory architecture Endianness FIFO Zero - copy NUMA HUMA HSA Mobile computing Surface computing Wearable computing Heterogeneous computing Parallel computing Concurrent computing Distributed computing Cloud computing Amorphous computing Ubiquitous computing Fabric computing Cognitive computing Unconventional computing Hypercomputation Quantum computing Adiabatic quantum computing Linear optical quantum computing Reversible computing Reverse computation Reconfigurable computing Optical computing Ternary computer Analogous computing Mechanical computing Hybrid computing Digital computing DNA computing Peptide computing Chemical computing Organic computing Wetware computing Neuromorphic computing Symmetric multiprocessing ( SMP ) Asymmetric multiprocessing ( AMP ) Cache hierarchy Memory hierarchy ISA types ASIP CISC RISC EDGE ( TRIPS ) VLIW ( EPIC ) MISC OISC NISC ZISC Comparison ISAs x86 z / Architecture ARM MIPS Power Architecture ( PowerPC ) SPARC Mill Itanium ( IA - 64 ) Alpha Prism SuperH V850 Clipper VAX Unicore PA - RISC MicroBlaze RISC - V Word size 1 - bit 2 - bit 4 - bit 8 - bit 9 - bit 10 - bit 12 - bit 15 - bit 16 - bit 18 - bit 22 - bit 24 - bit 25 - bit 26 - bit 27 - bit 31 - bit 32 - bit 33 - bit 34 - bit 36 - bit 39 - bit 40 - bit 48 - bit 50 - bit 60 - bit 64 - bit 128 - bit 256 - bit 512 - bit Variable Execution Instruction pipelining Bubble Operand forwarding Out - of - order execution Register renaming Speculative execution Branch predictor Memory dependence prediction Hazards Parallel level Bit Bit - serial Word Instruction Pipelining Scalar Superscalar Task Thread Process Data Vector Memory Multithreading Temporal Simultaneous ( SMT ) ( Hyper - threading ) Speculative ( SpMT ) Preemptive Cooperative Clustered Multi-Thread ( CMT ) Hardware scout Flynn 's taxonomy SISD SIMD ( SWAR ) SIMT MISD MIMD SPMD Addressing mode CPU performance Instructions per second ( IPS ) Instructions per clock ( IPC ) Cycles per instruction ( CPI ) Floating - point operations per second ( FLOPS ) Transactions per second ( TPS ) Synaptic Updates Per Second ( SUPS ) Performance per watt Orders of magnitude ( computing ) Cache performance measurement and metric Core count Single - core processor Multi-core processor Manycore processor Types Central processing unit ( CPU ) GPGPU AI accelerator Vision processing unit ( VPU ) Vector processor Barrel processor Stream processor Digital signal processor ( DSP ) I / O processor / DMA controller Network processor Baseband processor Physics processing unit ( PPU ) Coprocessor Secure cryptoprocessor ASIC FPGA FPOA CPLD Microcontroller Microprocessor Mobile processor Notebook processor Ultra-low - voltage processor Multi-core processor Manycore processor Tile processor Multi-chip module ( MCM ) Chip stack multi-chip modules System on a chip ( SoC ) Multiprocessor system - on - chip ( MPSoC ) Programmable System - on - Chip ( PSoC ) Network on a chip ( NoC ) Components Execution unit ( EU ) Arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ) Address generation unit ( AGU ) Floating - point unit ( FPU ) Load - store unit ( LSU ) Branch predictor Unified Reservation Station Barrel shifter Uncore Sum addressed decoder ( SAD ) Front - side bus Back - side bus Northbridge ( computing ) Southbridge ( computing ) Adder ( electronics ) Binary multiplier Binary decoder Address decoder Multiplexer Demultiplexer Registers Cache Memory management unit ( MMU ) Input -- output memory management unit ( IOMMU ) Integrated Memory Controller ( IMC ) Power Management Unit ( PMU ) Translation lookaside buffer ( TLB ) Stack engine Register file Processor register Hardware register Memory buffer register ( MBR ) Program counter Microcode ROM Datapath Control unit Instruction unit Re-order buffer Data buffer Write buffer Coprocessor Electronic switch Electronic circuit Integrated circuit Three - dimensional integrated circuit Boolean circuit Digital circuit Analog circuit Mixed - signal integrated circuit Power management integrated circuit Quantum circuit Logic gate Combinational logic Sequential logic Emitter - coupled logic ( ECL ) Transistor -- transistor logic ( TTL ) Glue logic Quantum gate Gate array Counter ( digital ) Bus ( computing ) Semiconductor device Clock rate CPU multiplier Vision chip Memristor Power management APM ACPI Dynamic frequency scaling Dynamic voltage scaling Clock gating Hardware security Non-executable memory ( NX bit ) Memory Protection Extensions ( Intel MPX ) Intel Secure Key Hardware restriction ( firmware ) Software Guard Extensions ( Intel SGX ) Trusted Execution Technology Trusted Platform Module ( TPM ) Secure cryptoprocessor Hardware security module Hengzhi chip Related History of general - purpose CPUs Parallel computing General Distributed computing Parallel computing Massively parallel Cloud computing High - performance computing Multiprocessing Manycore processor GPGPU Computer network Systolic array Levels Bit Instruction Thread Task Data Memory Loop Pipeline Multithreading Temporal Simultaneous ( SMT ) Speculative ( SpMT ) Preemptive Cooperative Clustered Multi-Thread ( CMT ) Hardware scout Theory PRAM model Analysis of parallel algorithms Amdahl 's law Gustafson 's law Cost efficiency Karp -- Flatt metric Slowdown Speedup Elements Process Thread Fiber Instruction window Coordination Multiprocessing Memory coherency Cache coherency Cache invalidation Barrier Synchronization Application checkpointing Programming Stream processing Dataflow programming Models Implicit parallelism Explicit parallelism Concurrency Non-blocking algorithm Hardware Flynn 's taxonomy SISD SIMD SIMT MISD MIMD Dataflow architecture Pipelined processor Superscalar processor Vector processor Multiprocessor symmetric asymmetric Memory shared distributed distributed shared UMA NUMA COMA Massively parallel computer Computer cluster Grid computer APIs Ateji PX Boost. Thread Chapel Charm++ Cilk Coarray Fortran CUDA Dryad C++ AMP Global Arrays MPI OpenMP OpenCL OpenHMPP OpenACC TPL PLINQ PVM POSIX Threads RaftLib UPC TBB ZPL Problems Deadlock Livelock Deterministic algorithm Embarrassingly parallel Parallel slowdown Race condition Software lockout Scalability Starvation Category : parallel computing Media related to Parallel computing at Wikimedia Commons GND : 7598578 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multi-core_processor&oldid=829856649 '' Categories : Computer architecture Digital signal processing Microprocessors Parallel computing Flynn 's taxonomy Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 Articles with too many examples Pages using div col with deprecated parameters CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Қазақша Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 March 2018 , at 05 : 48 . 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who is the actor who plays harry bosch

Bosch is an American police procedural web television series produced by Amazon Studios and Fabrik Entertainment . It stars Titus Welliver as Los Angeles Police detective Harry Bosch . The show was developed for Amazon by Eric Overmyer and the first season takes its inspiration from three of Michael Connelly 's novels : City of Bones , Echo Park , and The Concrete Blonde .

Titus Welliver

Bosch ( Tv series )

bosch ( tv series )

Bosch is an American police procedural web television series produced by Amazon Studios and Fabrik Entertainment . It stars Titus Welliver as Los Angeles Police detective Harry Bosch . The show was developed for Amazon by Eric Overmyer and the first season takes its inspiration from three of Michael Connelly 's novels : City of Bones , Echo Park , and The Concrete Blonde .

It is one of two drama pilots that Amazon streamed online in early 2014 . Viewers were allowed to offer their opinions about the pilot before the studio decided whether to place a series order . On March 12 , 2014 , Amazon.com ordered a full season to appear on Amazon Prime , and the season premiered on February 13 , 2015 . On March 18 , 2015 , Bosch was renewed for a second season , which takes inspiration from Connelly 's novels Trunk Music , The Drop , and The Last Coyote . The second season premiered on March 11 , 2016 . A third season , which adapts Connelly 's novel The Black Echo and elements of A Darkness More Than Night , premiered on April 21 , 2017 . On April 24 , 2017 , Connelly confirmed on his official Facebook page that a fourth season is currently being written . According to Connelly , the plot will be largely based on Angels Flight with elements from Nine Dragons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Season 1 2 Production 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast 3.1. 1 Season 1 3.1. 2 Season 2 3.2 Recurring cast 3.2. 1 Season 1 3.2. 2 Season 2 3.2. 3 Season 3 4 Episodes 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) As the pilot opens , Bosch is tailing a suspect . Eventually cornering him in an alley , Bosch shoots the suspect when he reaches in his pocket . The incident is shown later in the episode in two separate flashbacks . When seen from Bosch 's point of view it appears that there is something in the suspect 's hand that falls in a puddle . When the incident is recounted by the plaintiff 's lawyer during a wrongful death suit , there is clearly nothing in the suspect 's hand and Bosch is shown planting a gun . Whatever really happened , he is cleared by the department . The show fast - forwards to two years later where Bosch is being sued by the family of the suspect in a wrongful death civil suit . Feeling that he has to do something as a police officer , he agrees to trade with two other detectives to take the weekend shift , where he is called out on a case which turns out to be a suicide , and a second case where a doctor reports his dog found a human bone in the woods . The bone leads to more bones and the coroner determines the skeleton is that of a small boy who was horribly abused and beaten , then buried in the woods . The boy has been dead since at least 1989 , and could have been anything from 10 to 12 when he died , but was so horribly treated that it is not certain exactly how old he was . The details of the boy 's mistreatment -- more than 40 broken bones , some having healed while others were relatively recent -- and his death are so grisly that Bosch has to step away and go into the restroom to splash water on his face and sit down on a commode for a moment to regain his composure . Production ( edit ) Amazon Studios announced on October 31 , 2013 that it had given the green light to Bosch for production . The hour - long pilot starred Titus Welliver as Harry Bosch , with Annie Wersching , Amy Price - Francis , and Jamie Hector co-starring . Henrik Bastin of Fabrik Entertainment was the producer and Jim McKay directed . According to Connelly , `` a fair amount of changes '' were made `` to the world of Harry Bosch '' `` in making the shift from page to screen . '' In the series , Harry `` is 47 years old and a veteran of the first Gulf War in 1991 , '' when he was a member of a Special Forces team clearing tunnels , but `` he has now been a police officer for twenty years , with a one - year exception when he re-upped with the Army after 9 / 11 , as many LAPD officers did . He came back to the force after serving in Afghanistan and again encountering tunnel warfare . '' On November 4 , 2013 , the 13 - day shoot began in Los Angeles , while Connelly kept a daily set journal . The pilot premiered on Amazon Prime in February 2014 to allow customers to vote to decide if more episodes should be made . In March 2014 , Amazon announced that they had commissioned Bosch for a full series . All ten episodes of the first season of Bosch were released for viewing on Amazon Video on February 13 , 2015 . Portions of the first episode were changed from the pilot , including the addition of Mimi Rogers to the cast to replace Amy Price - Francis as plaintiff 's attorney Honey Chandler and the addition of a scene in which Bosch testifies in court and is questioned about his background by Chandler . On March 18 , 2015 , Bosch was renewed for a second season . On July 16 , the series was nominated for the Outstanding Main Title Design award at the 67th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , along with Manhattan , American Horror Story : Freak Show , Daredevil , Halt and Catch Fire , and Olive Kitteridge ; the award was won by Manhattan . On April 1 , 2016 , Bosch was renewed for a third season . On October 16 , 2016 , Bosch was renewed for a fourth season . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Titus Welliver as Harry Bosch Titus Welliver as Los Angeles Police Department Detective Hieronymus ' Harry ' Bosch , a homicide detective in the Hollywood Division . Something of a renegade , Harry is an astute detective with a fundamental respect for rules and policy . Harry lives in a house on stilts in the Hollywood Hills , purchased with money he earned as a technical advisor on a film . ( Quinn Welliver as adolescent Harry . ) Jamie Hector as Det . Jerry Edgar , Harry 's partner Amy Aquino as Lieutenant Grace Billets , Harry 's immediate superior and his friend Lance Reddick as Deputy Chief Irvin Irving , West Bureau Commanding Officer Madison Lintz as Maddie Bosch , Harry 's teenaged daughter . She has a close , loving relationship with her father ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 - ) Sarah Clarke as Eleanor Wish , Harry 's ex-wife , with whom he still has a cordial , if tense , relationship ( season 1 -- 2 ; guest season 3 ) Season 1 ( edit ) Annie Wersching as Officer Julia Brasher , a rookie cop assigned to the Hollywood Division . She becomes involved with Harry , but comes into conflict with him when he realizes she makes up the rules as she goes along . Jason Gedrick as Raynard Waits , a serial killer and the suspect in the death of a boy whose bones are found in Laurel Canyon Season 2 ( edit ) Jeri Ryan as Veronica Allen , a manipulative former porn star married to an Armenian porn producer who is murdered . Brent Sexton as Carl Nash , a corrupt LAPD Homicide Detective , now retired , who oversees a team of villainous police officers while working as a security guard at the estate where the Allens live . Recurring cast ( edit ) Scott Klace as Sgt . John Mankiewicz , a Sergeant and Assistant Watch Commander at the Hollywood Division station Troy Evans as Det . Johnson ( Barrel ) , a senior homicide detective at Hollywood Division Gregory Scott Cummins as Det . Moore ( Crate ) , Barrel 's longtime friend and partner David Marciano as Det . Brad Conniff , Robbery Homicide Division ( season 2 - ) DaJuan Johnson as Off. , later Det . Rondell Pierce Robbie Jones as Off . George Irving , Deputy Chief Irving 's son , a rookie cop later assigned to undercover narcotics ( season 1 -- 2 ) Steven Culp as Richard ' Rick ' O'Shea , the politically ambitious Los Angeles County District Attorney Mimi Rogers as Honey ' Money ' Chandler , a civil rights attorney Matthew Lillard as Luke ' Lucky ' Rykov , an FBI agent with whom Harry works on two cases Yancey Arias as Los Angeles Mayor Hector Ramos ( season 2 - ) Season 1 ( edit ) Scott Wilson as Dr. Paul Guyot , a retired doctor whose dog found bones of a missing boy . Alan Rosenberg as Dr. William Golliher , a forensic anthropologist who assisted Bosch with the identification of the bones Mark Derwin as Captain Harvey Pounds Abraham Benrubi as Rodney Belk , a lawyer who represented Bosch in his trial . Paul Vincent O'Connor as Judge Alan M. Keyes , a judge who presided at Bosch 's trial . Adam O'Byrne as Nate Tyler , an aggressive LA Times reporter Veronica Cartwright as Janet Saxon , Reynard Waits ' mother Deji LaRay as Off . Julius Edgewood Jason Sims - Prewitt as Off . Victor Rhodes Rose Rollins as Det . Kizmin Rider Shawn Hatosy as Johnny Stokes Season 2 ( edit ) Erika Alexander as Connie Irving , Deputy Chief Irving 's wife and Off . Irving 's mother James Ransone as Off . Eddie Arceneaux , Off . Irving 's partner , involved in the ring of dirty cops led by Carl Nash Leisha Hailey as Off . Maureen ' Mo ' O'Grady , also a cop in Nash 's ring Emilia Zoryan as Layla , the stagename of a dancer at Dolly 's in Las Vegas , Nevada and mysterious girlfriend to an Armenian porn producer who is murdered . Season 3 ( edit ) Paul Calderón as Detective Santiago Robertson , a seasoned detective investigating the murder of a vet who has a history with Harry Paola Turbay as DDA Anita Benitez , who is trying the Holland case , and has a brief relationship with Harry Bridger Zadina as Sharkey , a young street boy who is key to one of Harry 's cases Eric Ladin as Scott Anderson , a reporter for the Los Angeles Times following the Gunn murder case John Ales as Andrew Holland , a movie writer / director accused of murder Spencer Garrett as Fowkkes , Andrew Holland 's high - powered attorney Arnold Vosloo as Rudy Tafero , an investigator working for the defense on the Holland case Jared Ward as Jesse Tafero , Rudy 's younger brother and helper Beth Broderick as Judge Sharon Houghton Jeffrey Pierce as Trevor Dobbs , leader of a team of former military men transiting illicit cargo through the Port of Los Angeles Max Arciniega as Xavi Moreno , a sniper who is part of Dobbs ' team Christopher Backus as Woody Woodrow , part of Dobbs ' team Brooke Smith as Captain Ellen Lewis , Hollywood Station Monti Sharp as the mysterious man on a bicycle involved in the Korea Town Killer ( KTK ) murders Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Bosch episodes Season Episodes Originally released 10 February 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) 10 March 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 11 ) 10 April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) Reception ( edit ) Reviews of Bosch have been generally positive . Metacritic gives the series a score average of 71 ( out of 100 ) based on 16 critics . Cory Barker of TV.com wrote that the series is `` rock - solid and generally enjoyable without ever making much of an attempt to push boundaries , '' and praised Amazon Studios for `` producing a show based on a book that somehow reproduces the experience of reading . '' Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times wrote that , despite an `` impossibly long '' `` list of brooding , taciturn small - screen police detectives , '' Bosch `` proves gripping '' because its `` plotting and pacing ... draw you in ... like a good page - turner . '' Noel Murray of the A.V. Club remarked that `` the best thing about Bosch is how well it captures Connelly 's Los Angeles , '' while noting that `` the series ' biggest stumbling block is that it 's stubbornly slow - paced '' despite the fact that `` the slow - drip approach makes sense . '' Brian Lowry of Variety wrote that `` the series has the texture and tone of an old - fashioned detective yarn , '' but said that `` the transition from page to screen ... proves too talky in places and clunky in others '' . He remarked that the show boasted `` good casting and a strong sense of L.A. noir '' , but opines that the series `` feels undercooked '' . Hank Stuever of The Washington Post called Welliver 's performance `` nicely built out of smirks and smolders , '' and wrote that the show 's `` unvarnished , unglamorous L.A. is a far more intriguing , far more complex setting for a story . '' Brian Moylan of The Guardian praised the `` noir '' feeling of the show and considered it a step above NCIS , but did not like the similarities to too many other cop shows , calling the series `` samey '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Amazon Renews ' Bosch ' for Second Season '' . Deadline.com . Penske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Amazon Orders Michael Connelly Pilot ' Bosch , ' Details ' X-Files ' Creator 's ' The After ' '' . Zap2It . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Moylan , Brian . `` Amazon 's Bosch : Paint - by - Numbers Cop Show that 's way past its prime '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : Spangler , Todd ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` Amazon Renews ' Bosch ' Cop Drama for Season 2 '' . Variety . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Braxton , Greg ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Bosch ' series gets second season shortly after Amazon Prime premiere '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` season 4 confirmation on Michael Connelly 's official Facebook page '' . Facebook . April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon - Press Room - Press Release '' . Phx.corporate-ir.net. 2013 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Bosch Tv '' . MichaelConnelly.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Michael Connelly 's Set Journal Archived 2013 - 11 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Launches Second Pilot Season '' . BBC News . February 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Studios `` Orders Four Original Series £ '' . BBC News . March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Countdown to ' Bosch ' : Amazon 's First Drama to ... -- Hollywonk '' . Hollywonk . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 67th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Television Academy . July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Michael ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Bosch Season 3 Is A Go ! '' . MichaelConnelly.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) . `` ' Bosch ' Renewed For Season 3 By Amazon '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bosch ' Renewed For Season 4 '' . IsMyShowCancelled.com. 2016 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Bosch Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Cory Barker , `` Amazon 's Newest Drama Is Like a Decent Book You Ca n't Put Down , '' TV.com Jump up ^ Neil Genzlinger , `` ' Bosch , ' Amazon Prime 's New Crime Series , '' The New York Times Jump up ^ Noel Murray , `` Amazon 's Bosch brings a beloved pulp hero to the screen , '' The A.V. Club Jump up ^ Brian Lowry , `` TV Review : Amazon 's ' Bosch ' , '' Variety Jump up ^ Hank Stuever , `` ' Bosch ' : Yet another doleful detective , but this one might have a case , '' The Washington Post External links ( edit ) Bosch on IMDb Novels by Michael Connelly Harry Bosch series The Black Echo ( 1992 ) The Black Ice ( 1993 ) The Concrete Blonde ( 1994 ) The Last Coyote ( 1995 ) Trunk Music ( 1997 ) Angels Flight ( 1999 ) A Darkness More Than Night ( 2001 ) City of Bones ( 2002 ) Lost Light ( 2003 ) The Narrows ( 2004 ) The Closers ( 2005 ) Echo Park ( 2006 ) The Overlook ( 2007 ) 9 Dragons ( 2009 ) The Drop ( 2011 ) The Black Box ( 2012 ) The Burning Room ( 2014 ) The Crossing ( 2015 ) The Wrong Side of Goodbye ( 2016 ) Mickey Haller series The Lincoln Lawyer ( 2005 ) The Brass Verdict ( 2008 ) The Reversal ( 2010 ) The Fifth Witness ( 2011 ) The Gods of Guilt ( 2013 ) Jack McEvoy series The Poet ( 1996 ) The Scarecrow ( 2009 ) Other novels Blood Work ( 1998 ) Void Moon ( 2000 ) Chasing the Dime ( 2002 ) Adaptations Blood Work ( 2002 ) The Lincoln Lawyer ( 2011 ) Bosch ( 2015 ) Amazon Video original programming Original series Alpha House ( 2013 -- 14 ) Betas ( 2013 -- 14 ) Bosch ( 2014 -- present ) Mozart in the Jungle ( 2014 -- present ) Transparent ( 2014 -- present ) Hand of God ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present ) One Mississippi ( 2015 -- present ) Patriot ( 2015 -- present ) Red Oaks ( 2015 -- present ) Sneaky Pete ( 2015 -- present ) Z : The Beginning of Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Mad Dogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) Crisis in Six Scenes ( 2016 ) Good Girls Revolt ( 2016 ) The New Yorker Presents ( 2016 ) Kamen Rider Amazons The Collection ( 2016 -- present ) Crayon Shin - chan Gaiden ( 2016 -- present ) Fleabag ( 2016 -- present ) Goliath ( 2016 -- present ) The Grand Tour ( 2016 -- present ) I Love Dick ( 2016 -- present ) Jean - Claude Van Johnson ( 2016 -- present ) The Last Tycoon ( 2016 -- 17 ) The Tick ( 2016 -- present ) American Playboy : The Hugh Hefner Story ( 2017 ) The Idolmaster KR ( 2017 ) Inside Edge ( 2017 -- present ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ( 2017 -- present ) Comrade Detective ( 2017 -- present ) Continuations Ripper Street ( series 3 -- 5 ; 2014 -- 16 ) Children 's programming Creative Galaxy ( 2013 -- present ) Tumble Leaf ( 2014 -- present ) Gortimer Gibbon 's Life on Normal Street ( 2014 -- 16 ) Just Add Magic ( 2015 -- present ) Annedroids ( 2015 -- present ) Wishenpoof ! ( 2015 -- present ) Danger & Eggs ( 2015 -- present ) Niko and the Sword of Light ( 2015 -- present ) The Stinky & Dirty Show ( 2015 -- present ) The Kicks ( 2015 -- present ) Little Big Awesome ( 2016 -- present ) Lost In Oz ( 2017 -- present ) Upcoming Britannia ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bosch_(TV_series)&oldid=802551147 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2014 American television series debuts Amazon Video original programming Television shows set in Los Angeles Television programs based on American novels Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Pages using small with an empty input parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 22 : 02 . About Wikipedia

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who starred in breakfast at tiffany's 1961

Breakfast at Tiffany 's Original theatrical release poster Directed by Blake Edwards Produced by Martin Jurow Richard Shepherd Screenplay by George Axelrod Based on Breakfast at Tiffany 's by Truman Capote Starring Audrey Hepburn George Peppard Patricia Neal Buddy Ebsen Martin Balsam Mickey Rooney Music by Henry Mancini Cinematography Franz F. Planer Uncredited : Philip H. Lathrop Edited by Howard Smith Production company Jurow - Shepherd Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date October 5 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 05 ) Running time 114 minutes Country United States Language English Portuguese Budget $2.5 million Box office $14 million

Audrey Hepburn|George Peppard|Patricia Neal|Buddy Ebsen|Martin Balsam|Mickey Rooney

Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( film )

breakfast at tiffany's ( film )

Breakfast at Tiffany 's is a 1961 American romantic comedy film directed by Blake Edwards and written by George Axelrod , loosely based on Truman Capote 's novella of the same name . Starring Audrey Hepburn and George Peppard , and featuring Patricia Neal , Buddy Ebsen , Martin Balsam , and Mickey Rooney , the film was initially released on October 5 , 1961 by Paramount Pictures .

Hepburn 's portrayal of Holly Golightly as the naïve , eccentric socialite is generally considered to be the actress 's most memorable and identifiable role . Hepburn regarded it as one of her most challenging roles , since she was an introvert required to play an extrovert . Breakfast at Tiffany 's was received positively at the time , and won two Academy Awards : Best Original Score and Best Original Song for `` Moon River '' , which was also selected as the fourth most memorable song in Hollywood history by the American Film Institute in 2004 . The film was also nominated for three other Academy Awards : Best Actress for Hepburn , Best Adapted Screenplay , and Best Art Direction . In 2012 , the film was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Principal photography 3.4 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Influence 4.3 Portrayal of Mr. Yunioshi and Yellowface controversy 5 Awards and honors 5.1 Academy Awards 5.2 Other awards 6 Soundtrack 6.1 List of songs 7 Home media 8 Stage adaptations 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Early one morning , a taxi pulls up at Tiffany & Co. on Fifth Avenue in New York City , from which elegantly dressed Holly Golightly ( Audrey Hepburn ) emerges . After looking into the shop 's windows , she strolls home . Outside her apartment , she fends off Sid Arbuck ( Claude Stroud ) , her date from the disastrous night before . Inside the apartment building , Holly ca n't find her keys so she buzzes her landlord , Mr. Yunioshi ( Mickey Rooney ) , who begrudgingly lets her in . Later , she is awakened by new neighbor Paul Varjak ( George Peppard ) , who rings her doorbell to get into the building . The pair chat as she dresses to leave for her weekly visit to Sally Tomato ( Alan Reed ) , a mobster incarcerated at Sing Sing prison . Tomato 's lawyer , O'Shaughnessy , pays her $100 a week to deliver `` the weather report '' . Audrey Hepburn as Holly Golightly As she is leaving for Sing Sing , Holly is introduced to Paul 's `` decorator '' , wealthy older woman Emily Eustace Failenson ( Patricia Neal ) , whom Paul nicknames `` 2E '' . That night , Holly goes out onto the fire escape to elude an over-eager date ( Mel Blanc ) . She peeks into Paul 's apartment and sees 2E leaving money and kissing Paul goodbye . After 2E leaves , Holly enters Paul 's apartment and learns that he is a writer who has not had anything published since a book of vignettes five years before . Holly , in turn , explains that she is trying to save money to support her brother Fred when he gets out of the Army . The pair fall asleep , but are awakened when Holly has a nightmare about Fred . She later buys Paul a typewriter ribbon to apologize and invites him to a party at her apartment . There , Paul meets her Hollywood agent , O.J. Berman ( Martin Balsam ) , who describes Holly 's transformation from country girl into Manhattan socialite . He is also introduced to José da Silva Pereira ( José Luis de Vilallonga ) , a wealthy Brazilian politician , and Rusty Trawler ( Stanley Adams ) , the `` ninth richest man in America under 50 '' . In the days that follow , Paul and Holly become closer . The next day , 2E enters Paul 's apartment , worried that she is being followed . Paul tells her that he will investigate and eventually confronts Doc Golightly ( Buddy Ebsen ) , Holly 's estranged husband . Doc explains that Holly 's real name is Lula Mae Barnes . They married when she was 14 , and he wants to take her back to Texas , as Fred will be returning . After Paul reunites Holly and Doc , she tells Paul the marriage was annulled . At the bus station , she tells Doc she is not going with him . Doc leaves broken - hearted . After drinking at a club , Paul and Holly return to her apartment , where she drunkenly tells him that she plans to marry Trawler for his money . A few days later , Paul learns that one of his short stories will be published . On the way to tell Holly , he sees a newspaper headline stating that Trawler has married someone else . Holly and Paul agree to spend the day together , taking turns doing things that each has never done before . At Tiffany 's , Paul has the ring from Doc Golightly 's box of Cracker Jack engraved as a present for Holly . After spending the night together , he awakens to find her gone . When 2E arrives , Paul ends their relationship . She calmly accepts , having earlier concluded that he and some other woman are in love . Holly schemes to marry José for his money , which angers Paul . After Holly receives a telegram notifying her of Fred 's death , she trashes her apartment . Months later , Paul has moved out . He is invited to dinner by Holly , who is leaving the next morning for Brazil to continue her relationship with José . However , they are arrested in connection with Sally Tomato 's drug ring , and Holly spends the night in jail . The next morning , Holly is released on bail and finds Paul waiting , and they take a cab . He has her cat and a letter from José explaining he must end their relationship due to her arrest . Holly insists she will go to Brazil anyway , asks the cab to pull over , and releases the cat into the rain . Paul confronts Holly about his love and her behavior , then leaves , tossing the Cracker Jack ring they had engraved for her by Tiffany 's into her lap and telling her to examine her life . She goes through a decision making moment , puts on the ring , and runs after Paul , who has gone looking for the cat . She searches the alley and finally finds the cat . Paul and Holly look into each other 's eyes and share a kiss . Cast ( edit ) Audrey Hepburn as Holly Golightly / Lula Mae Barnes George Peppard as Paul Varjak ( nicknamed `` Fred '' by Holly , for his resemblance to her brother ) Patricia Neal as Mrs. Emily Eustace `` 2E '' Failenson Buddy Ebsen as Doc Golightly Martin Balsam as O.J. Berman Mickey Rooney as I.Y. Yunioshi Alan Reed as Sally Tomato José Luis de Vilallonga as José da Silva Pereira ( credited as Vilallonga ) Stanley Adams as Rutherford `` Rusty '' Trawler John McGiver as Tiffany 's salesman Dorothy Whitney as Mag Wildwood Claude Stroud as Sid Arbuck Orangey as the cat ( credited as `` Cat '' ; Frank Inn , Trainer ) Beverly Powers as the stripper ( credited as Miss Beverly Hills ) Elvia Allman as the librarian Mel Blanc as Holly 's over-eager date ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Oscar - nominated screenplay was written by George Axelrod , loosely based on the novella by Truman Capote . Changes were made to fit the medium of cinema and to correspond to the filmmakers ' vision . Pre-production ( edit ) Capote , who sold the film rights of his novella to Paramount Studios , wanted Marilyn Monroe to play Holly Golightly , whom he had described perfectly in the book . Barry Paris cites Capote 's own comments on the choice of actress : `` Marilyn was always my first choice to play the girl , Holly Golightly . '' Screenwriter Axelrod was hired to `` tailor the screenplay for Monroe '' . When Lee Strasberg advised Monroe that playing a prostitute would be bad for her image , she turned it down and performed in The Misfits instead . When Hepburn was cast instead of Monroe , Capote remarked : `` Paramount double - crossed me in every way and cast Audrey '' . Shirley MacLaine was also offered the part of Holly , but she turned it down and performed in Two Loves instead . Originally producers Martin Jurow and Richard Shepherd had picked John Frankenheimer as the director , but Hepburn said : `` I 've never heard of him '' and he was replaced on her request . Principal photography ( edit ) Hepburn in the opening scene . Most of the exteriors were filmed in New York City , except the fire escape scenes and the alley scene at the end in the rain where Holly puts Cat out of the cab and then Paul and Holly look for Cat . All of the interiors , except for portions of the scene inside Tiffany & Company , were filmed on the Paramount Studios lot in Hollywood . According to one report the film 's on - location opening sequence , in which Holly gazes into a Tiffany 's display window , was extremely difficult for director Blake Edwards to shoot . Although it was simple in concept , crowd control , Hepburn 's dislike of pastries , and an accident that nearly resulted in the electrocution of a crew member are all said to have made capturing the scene a challenge . However , another report claims that the sequence was captured rather quickly due to the good fortune of an unexpected traffic lull . Music ( edit ) `` It took me a long time to figure out what Holly Golightly was all about . One night after midnight I was still trying . I do n't drink much , but I was sipping . And it came to me . I wrote ( `` Moon River '' ) in half an hour . '' -- Henry Mancini During the film , Hepburn sang the film 's signature song , `` Moon River '' by Henry Mancini and Johnny Mercer . The song was tailored to Hepburn 's limited vocal range , based on songs she had performed in 1957 's Funny Face . On the Anniversary Edition DVD of Breakfast at Tiffany 's co-producer Richard Shepherd says in his audio commentary that after a preview in San Francisco , Martin Rankin , Paramount 's head of production , wanted `` Moon River '' replaced with music by somebody like Gordon Jenkins ( whose album Manhattan Tower had been out fairly recently ) : `` Marty ( Jurow , co-producer ) and I both said ' over our dead bodies . ' '' According to Mancini and Edwards , a studio executive hated the song and demanded it be cut from the film ; Hepburn , who was present , responded to the suggestion by standing up and saying , `` Over my dead body ! '' According to Time magazine , Mancini `` sets off his melodies with a walking bass , extends them with choral and string variations , varies them with the brisk sounds of combo jazz . ' Moon River ' is sobbed by a plaintive harmonica , repeated by strings , hummed and then sung by the chorus , finally resolved with the harmonica again . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Time magazine noted `` for the first half hour or so , Hollywood 's Holly ( Audrey Hepburn ) is not much different from Capote 's . She has kicked the weed and lost the illegitimate child she was having , but she is still jolly Holly , the child bride from Tulip , Texas , who at 15 runs away to Hollywood to find some of the finer things of life -- like shoes . '' It pointed out that `` after that out - of - Capote beginning , Director Blake Edwards ( High Time ) goes on to an out - of - character end . '' Almost a half century later , Time commented on the pivotal impact of Hepburn 's portrayal of Golightly : Breakfast at Tiffany 's set Hepburn on her 60s Hollywood course . Holly Golightly , small - town Southern girl turned Manhattan trickster , was the naughty American cousin of Eliza Doolittle , Cockney flower girl turned My Fair Lady . Holly was also the prototype for the Hepburn women in Charade , Paris When It Sizzles , and How to Steal a Million : kooks in capers . And she prepared audiences for the ground - level anxieties that Hepburn characters endured in The Children 's Hour , Two for the Road and Wait Until Dark . The New York Times called the film a `` completely unbelievable but wholly captivating flight into fancy composed of unequal dollops of comedy , romance , poignancy , funny colloquialisms and Manhattan 's swankiest East Side areas captured in the loveliest of colors '' . In reviewing the performances , the newspaper said Holly Golightly is as implausible as ever . But in the person of Miss Hepburn , she is a genuinely charming , elfin waif who will be believed and adored when seen . George Peppard is casual and , for the most part , a subdued citizen who seems to like observing better than participating in the proceedings . Martin Balsam makes a properly brash , snappy Hollywood agent . Mickey Rooney 's bucktoothed , myopic Japanese is broadly exotic . Patricia Neal is simply cool and brisk in her few appearances as Mr. Peppard 's sponsor and Vilallonga , is properly suave and Continental as Miss Hepburn 's Brazilian , while Buddy Ebsen has a brief poignant moment as Miss Hepburn 's husband . Truman Capote hated Hepburn in the lead part . Capote biographer Gerald Clarke , deemed the film a `` valentine '' to free - spirited women rather than a cautionary tale about a little girl lost in the big city . `` The movie is a confection -- a sugar and spice confection . '' Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected reviews from 49 critics and gives the film a rating of 88 % , with an average rating of 7.4 out of 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` It contains some ugly anachronisms , but Blake Edwards is at his funniest in this iconic classic , and Audrey Hepburn absolutely lights up the screen . '' Influence ( edit ) Audrey Hepburn as Holly Golightly in the film 's trailer Hepburn as Holly , with her hair in a high chignon and carrying an oversized cigarette holder , is considered one of the most iconic images of 20th century American cinema . Another iconic item throughout the movie is Holly 's sunglasses . Often misidentified as Ray - Ban , they are Manhattan sunglasses designed and manufactured in London by Oliver Goldsmith . In 2011 the model was re-released to mark the 50th anniversary of Breakfast at Tiffany 's . One of three dresses designed by Givenchy for Hepburn for possible use in the film sold at auction by Christie 's on December 5 , 2006 for £ 467,200 ( ~ US $947,000 ) , about seven times the reserve price . The `` Little Black Dress '' by Givenchy , worn by Hepburn in the beginning of the film , is cited as one of the most iconic items of clothing in the history of the twentieth century and is , perhaps , the most famous little black dress of all time . A second `` little black dress '' in Breakfast at Tiffany 's , along with its wide - brimmed hat , was worn by Hepburn as Holly when she goes to visit mobster Sally Tomato at Sing Sing Prison . This dress was paid homage as one of the dresses worn by Anne Hathaway 's character Selina Kyle , Catwoman 's alter ego , in Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight Rises ; the comic book Catwoman character was originally drawn based on Hepburn , according to Catwoman comic cover artist Adam Hughes , creating a double homage to Hepburn 's Holly Golightly in Hathaway 's Catwoman . The film rejuvenated the career of 1930s movie song - and - dance man and Disney Davy Crockett sidekick Buddy Ebsen , who had a small but effective role in this film as Doc Golightly , Holly 's ex-husband . His success here led directly to his best - known role as Jed Clampett on The Beverly Hillbillies . A diamond necklace at Tiffany 's that Hepburn scorned as too flashy , was the Tiffany Yellow Diamond , which she wore in publicity photos for the film . Tiffany 's profile , while already established as a pre-eminent luxury retailer , was further boosted by the film . Portrayal of Mr. Yunioshi and yellowface controversy ( edit ) I.Y. Yuniyoshi naked in bath . Main article : I.Y. Yunioshi For his portrayal of I.Y. Yunioshi , Mickey Rooney wore makeup and a prosthetic mouthpiece to change his features to a caricatured approximation of a Japanese person . Since the 1990s , this portrayal has been subject to increasing protest by Asian Americans , among others . For instance , in the film Dragon : The Bruce Lee Story ( 1993 ) , Breakfast at Tiffany 's is used as an illustration of Hollywood 's racist depiction of Asian people when Bruce Lee and his future wife , Linda , see the film and Linda suggests they leave when she notices that Bruce is upset at Rooney 's caricatured performance . In his audio commentary for the DVD release , producer Richard Shepherd said that at the time of production as well as in retrospect , he wanted to recast the role `` not because he ( Rooney ) did n't play the part well '' but because Shepherd thought the part of Mr. Yunioshi should be performed by an actor of Japanese ethnicity ; it was director Blake Edwards ' decision to keep Rooney . In a `` making - of '' for the 45th anniversary edition DVD release , Shepherd repeatedly apologizes , saying , `` If we could just change Mickey Rooney , I 'd be thrilled with the movie . '' Director Blake Edwards stated , `` Looking back , I wish I had never done it ... and I would give anything to be able to recast it , but it 's there , and onward and upward . '' In a 2008 interview about the film , 87 - year - old Rooney said he was heartbroken about the criticism : Blake Edwards ... wanted me to do it because he was a comedy director . They hired me to do this overboard , and we had fun doing it ... Never in all the more than 40 years after we made it -- not one complaint . Every place I 've gone in the world people say , `` God , you were so funny . '' Asians and Chinese come up to me and say , `` Mickey you were out of this world . '' Rooney also said that if he had known the portrayal would be offensive , `` I would n't have done it . Those that did n't like it , I forgive them and God bless America , God bless the universe , God bless Japanese , Chinese , Indians , all of them and let 's have peace . '' The film continues to draw criticism for this racist caricature , particularly when the movie is selected as a `` classic '' screened in public spaces , supported by tax dollars . In 2011 , a SyFy and Brooklyn Bridge Park Corporation screening inspired petitions . Tastemaker Tribeca Film Festival is planning a large public screening in September 2017 . Awards and honors ( edit ) Academy Awards ( edit ) Award Person Best Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture Henry Mancini Best Original Song : `` Moon River '' Henry Mancini Johnny Mercer Nominated : Best Actress in a Leading Role Audrey Hepburn Best Art Direction Hal Pereira Roland Anderson Sam Comer Ray Moyer Best Adapted Screenplay George Axelrod Other Awards ( edit ) Golden Globe Awards , 1961 : Best picture ( musical or comedy ) Golden Globe Awards , 1961 : Best actress ( musical or comedy ) - Audrey Hepburn Henry Mancini won the Grammy Award for Best Soundtrack Album or Recording or Score . George Axelrod won the Writers Guild of America , East for Best Written American Drama . Blake Edwards was nominated for the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures . The film was ranked # 486 on Empire 's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time list for 2008 . National Film Registry - 2012 American Film Institute ranked the film # 61 in 100 Years ... 100 Passions and `` Moon River '' as # 4 in 100 Years ... 100 Songs . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Breakfast at Tiffany 's : Music from the Motion Picture The soundtrack featured a score composed and conducted by Henry Mancini , with songs by Mancini and lyricist Johnny Mercer . Mancini and Mercer won the 1961 Oscar for Best Original Song for `` Moon River '' . Mancini won for Best Original Score . There are also unreleased score pieces from Breakfast at Tiffany 's in existence ; `` Carousel Cue '' is from an unsurfaced scene , while `` Outtake 1 '' is from a deleted scene in which Holly and Fred visit Tiffany 's and is a variation of the main theme . List of songs ( edit ) `` Moon River '' `` Something for Cat '' `` Sally 's Tomato '' `` Mr. Yunioshi '' `` The Big Blow Out '' `` Hub Caps and Tail Lights '' `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' `` Latin Golightly '' `` Holly '' `` Loose Caboose '' `` The Big Heist '' `` Moon River ( Cha Cha ) '' In 2013 Intrada released the complete score in its original film performance ( as with many soundtrack albums by Mancini and others at the time , the album released alongside the film was a re-recording ) . Main Title ( Moon River ) ( 3 : 07 ) Paul Meets Cat ( 1 : 24 ) Sally 's Tomato ( 4 : 57 ) The Big Blowout ( 1 : 05 ) Poor Fred ( 3 : 22 ) Moon River ( Cha Cha ) ( 2 : 32 ) Latin Golightly ( 3 : 05 ) Something For Cat ( 4 : 48 ) Loose Caboose -- Part 1 ( À La Cha Cha ) ( 3 : 22 ) Loose Caboose -- Part 2 ( 2 : 11 ) Moon River ( Vocal By Audrey Hepburn ) ( 2 : 03 ) Meet The Doc ( With Organ Grinder ) ( 1 : 37 ) An Exceptional Person ( 2 : 57 ) You 're So Skinny ( 0 : 57 ) Turkey Eggs ( 2 : 43 ) Hub Caps And Tail Lights ( 2 : 19 ) Rats And Super Rats ( 2 : 27 ) The Hard Way ( 0 : 55 ) Rusty Trawler ( 0 : 26 ) Holly ( 1 : 56 ) A Lovely Place ( 1 : 33 ) Bermuda Nights ( 0 : 22 ) The Big Heist ( 4 : 02 ) After The Ball ( 1 : 14 ) Just Like Holly ( 1 : 41 ) Wait A Minute ( 0 : 44 ) Feathers ( 1 : 14 ) Let 's Eat ( 1 : 39 ) Where 's The Cat ? And End Title ( Moon River ) ( 3 : 50 ) Moon River ( Audrey Hepburn & Guitar ) ( 1 : 38 ) Moon River ( Piano And Guitar ) ( 1 : 38 ) Moon River ( Harmonica And Guitar ) ( 1 : 36 ) Meet The Doc ( Without Organ Grinder ) ( 1 : 37 ) Piano Practice No. 1 ( 1 : 38 ) Piano Practice No. 2 ( 1 : 48 ) Piano Practice No. 3 ( 0 : 54 ) Moon River ( New York Version ) ( 2 : 01 ) Moon River ( Whistling ) ( 0 : 10 ) Home media ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's was one of the first Hepburn films to be released to the home video market in the early 1980s , and is also widely available on DVD . On February 7 , 2006 , Paramount released a 45th anniversary special edition DVD set in North America with featurettes not included on the prior DVD release : Audio Commentary -- with producer Richard Shepherd Breakfast at Tiffany 's : The Making of a Classic -- a making - of featurette with interviews by Edwards , Neal , the `` laughing / crying '' woman from the party , and Sean Ferrer , Hepburn 's son . It 's So Audrey ! A Style Icon -- a short tribute to Hepburn . Brilliance in a Blue Box -- a brief history of Tiffany & Co . Audrey 's Letter to Tiffany -- an accounting of Hepburn 's letter to Tiffany & Co. on the occasion of the company 's 150th anniversary in 1987 . Original Theatrical Trailer Photo Gallery On January 13 , 2009 , a remastered Centennial Collection version of the film was released . In addition to the special features on the 45th anniversary edition , this version includes : A Golightly Gathering -- Reuniting some of the past cast members from the party with interviews on their experiences filming that segment . Henry Mancini : More Than Music -- A featurette about Henry Mancini , `` Moon River '' and interviews with Mancini 's wife and children . Mr. Yunioshi : An Asian Perspective -- Documentary discussing the reaction and Asian perspective of the character of Mr. Yunioshi , one of the most controversial characters in film . Behind the Gates -- A tour through Paramount Studios In 2011 a newly remastered HD version of the film was released on Blu - ray with many of the features from the aforementioned DVDs . The digital restoration of the film was done by Paramount Pictures . The digital pictures were frame by frame digitally restored at Prasad Corporation to remove dirt , tears , scratches and other artifacts . The film was restored to its original look for its 50th Anniversary . Stage adaptations ( edit ) In 1966 , David Merrick produced a Broadway musical of the same name starring Mary Tyler Moore as Holly Golightly and Richard Chamberlain as Paul . The troubled production closed after four previews . In 2004 , a new musical adaptation of the film made its world debut at The Muny in St. Louis . In May 2009 , actress Anna Friel confirmed that she would star in a West End adaptation of the film . The show opened in September 2009 at the Haymarket Theatre . The name of the film was also used as the title for the 1996 hit record by Deep Blue Something , although the lyrics were in fact inspired by Roman Holiday . A new stage adaption made its debut in March 2013 at the Cort Theater in New York City . The role of Holly Golightly would be played by Emilia Clarke . See also ( edit ) Male prostitution in the arts Portrayal of East Asians in Hollywood List of Academy Award - winning films List of American films of 1961 List of Audrey Hepburn credits List of comedy films of the 1960s List of films set in New York City List of Paramount Pictures films List of short fiction made into feature films List of fictional books from non-print media Academy Award portal Comedy portal Film in the United States portal 1960s portal References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 8 , 2001 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spoto , Donald ( 2006 ) . Enchantment : The Life of Audrey Hepburn . New York : Harmony Books . p. 204 . ISBN 0 - 307 - 23758 - 3 . Jump up ^ King , Susan . `` National Film Registry selects 25 films for preservation '' Los Angeles Times ( December 19 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Barry Paris ( 1996 ) . Audrey Hepburn . Berkley Books . Jump up ^ Foerster , Jonathan ( 9 February 2011 ) . `` Shirley MacLaine is n't getting old , she 's just advanced '' . Naples Daily News . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ 25 Things You May Not Know About ' Breakfast at Tiffany 's ' at moviefone.com , 5 Oct 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Movies : Never Too Much Music '' . Time . May 25 , 1962 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Spoto , Donald . Enchantment : The Life of Audrey Hepburn . New York : Harmony Books , 2006 . Page 204 -- 205 . ISBN 0 - 307 - 23758 - 3 Jump up ^ Shepherd , Richard . Breakfast at Tiffany 's -- Anniversary Edition / Centennial Edition audio commentary ( DVD ) . Paramount . Event occurs at 25 : 20 . Jump up ^ Erwin , Ellen ; Diamond , Jessica Z . ( October 2006 ) . The Audrey Hepburn Treasures . New York : Atria Books . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 8986 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Cinema : Once Over Golightly '' . Time . October 20 , 1961 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( January 20 , 2007 ) . `` Audrey Hepburn : Still the Fairest Lady '' . Time . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Weiler , A.H. ( October 6 , 1961 ) . `` The Screen : Breakfast at Tiffany 's : Audrey Hepburn Stars in Music Hall Comedy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Capote never liked Hepburn in iconic role '' . Today.com . Associated Press . Retrieved 10 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Breakfast at Tiffany 's at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ Spoto , Donald . Enchantment : The Life of Audrey Hepburn . New York : Harmony Books , 2006 . Page 203 . ISBN 0 - 307 - 23758 - 3 Jump up ^ Moss , Rob ( 28 July 2011 ) . `` Re-released Manhattan sunglasses mark 50th anniversary of Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' . Eye Wear Glasses . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Audrey Hepburn Breakfast At Tiffany 's , 1961 '' . Christie 's . 5 December 2006 . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Auction frenzy over Hepburn dress '' . BBC NEWS. 2006 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Most Famous Dresses Ever '' . Glamour.com. April 2007 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Audrey Hepburn dress '' . Hello Magazine . 6 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Audrey Hepburn 's little black dress tops fashion list '' . The Independent . 17 May 2010 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Steele , Valerie ( 9 November 2010 ) . The Berg Companion to Fashion . Berg Publishers . p. 483 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84788 - 592 - 0 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Miller , Jacqui . Fan Phenomena : Audrey Hepburn . Ed . Jacqui Miller . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2014 . p. 26 - 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78320 - 206 - 5 . Jump up ^ Biography for Buddy Ebsen on IMDb Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Shepherd , Richard . Breakfast at Tiffany 's -- Anniversary Edition / Centennial Edition audio commentary ( DVD ) . Paramount . Event occurs at 3 : 43 . ^ Jump up to : Breakfast at Tiffany 's : The Making of a Classic ^ Jump up to : Magagnini , Stephen ( September 28 , 2008 ) . `` Mickey Rooney upset about claims his ' Tiffany 's ' role is racist '' . Sacramento Bee. Scripps Howard News Service . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/brooklyn-breakfast-at-tiffanys_n_897557.html Jump up ^ https://tribecafilm.com/drive-in Jump up ^ `` NY Times : Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' . NY Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Empire : Features '' . Empireonline.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ examiner.com , Digital restoration will celebrate Breakfast at Tiffany 's 50th Jump up ^ oscars.org , Academy to Celebrate 50th Anniversary of `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' Jump up ^ `` Show Archives '' . The Muny . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment West End Breakfast for Anna Friel '' . BBC News . 2009 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast At Tiffany 's -- The Official Broadway Site '' . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's , by George Axelrod . Published by Paramount Home Entertainment ( UK ) , 1960 . ( film script ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's : A Short Novel and Three Stories , by Truman Capote . Published by Random House , 1958 . Breakfast at Tiffany 's : Complete Dialogues Breakfast at Tiffany 's : 50 years on Wasson , Sam . Fifth Avenue , 5 A.M. : Audrey Hepburn , Breakfast at Tiffany 's , and the Dawn of the Modern Woman . ISBN 978 - 0061774164 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutBreakfast at Tiffany 's ( film ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Breakfast at Tiffany 's on IMDb Breakfast at Tiffany 's at the TCM Movie Database Breakfast at Tiffany 's at AllMovie Breakfast at Tiffany 's at the American Film Institute Catalog Breakfast at Tiffany 's at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Blake Edwards Bring Your Smile Along ( 1955 ) He Laughed Last ( 1956 ) Mister Cory ( 1957 ) This Happy Feeling ( 1958 ) The Perfect Furlough ( 1958 ) Operation Petticoat ( 1959 ) High Time ( 1960 ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1961 ) Experiment in Terror ( 1962 ) Days of Wine and Roses ( 1962 ) The Pink Panther ( 1963 ) A Shot in the Dark ( 1964 ) The Great Race ( 1965 ) What Did You Do in the War , Daddy ? ( 1966 ) Gunn ( 1967 ) The Party ( 1968 ) Darling Lili ( 1970 ) Wild Rovers ( 1971 ) The Carey Treatment ( 1972 ) The Tamarind Seed ( 1974 ) The Return of the Pink Panther ( 1975 ) The Pink Panther Strikes Again ( 1976 ) Revenge of the Pink Panther ( 1978 ) 10 ( 1979 ) S.O.B. ( 1981 ) Victor / Victoria ( 1982 ) Trail of the Pink Panther ( 1982 ) Curse of the Pink Panther ( 1983 ) The Man Who Loved Women ( 1983 ) Micki & Maude ( 1984 ) A Fine Mess ( 1986 ) That 's Life ! ( 1986 ) Blind Date ( 1987 ) Sunset ( 1988 ) Justin Case ( 1988 ) Skin Deep ( 1989 ) Peter Gunn ( 1989 ) Switch ( 1991 ) Son of the Pink Panther ( 1993 ) Victor / Victoria ( 1995 ) Works by Truman Capote Novels Summer Crossing Other Voices , Other Rooms The Grass Harp Breakfast at Tiffany 's Answered Prayers : The Unfinished Novel Short stories Miriam Children on Their Birthdays A Diamond Guitar A Christmas Memory The Thanksgiving Visitor One Christmas Short story collections A Tree of Night and Other Stories Music for Chameleons Essay collections Local Color The Dogs Bark : Public People and Private Places Plays The Grass Harp Screenplays Beat the Devil Terminal Station ( dialogue ) The Innocents ( dialogue ) Laura Musicals House of Flowers Non fiction The Muses Are Heard Observations In Cold Blood Too Brief a Treat : The Letters of Truman Capote Truman Capote 's Breakfast at Tiffany 's Adaptations House of Flowers ( 1954 musical ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1961 film ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1966 musical ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 2013 play ) Music `` Moon River '' Breakfast at Tiffany 's : Music from the Motion Picture ( 1961 soundtrack ) Jazz for `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' ( 1961 album ) `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' ( 1995 song ) Other Black Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn VIAF : 316751710 LCCN : no98044606 GND : 4548722 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breakfast_at_Tiffany%27s_(film)&oldid=806691989 '' Categories : 1961 films 1960s romantic comedy films American romantic comedy films American films Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Films set in New York City Films shot in New York City Films about social class Films about writers Films based on short fiction Films directed by Blake Edwards Paramount Pictures films English - language films Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award United States National Film Registry films Film scores by Henry Mancini Films based on works by Truman Capote Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2016 Film articles using image size parameter Articles needing additional references from October 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 15 : 48 . 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what age must a horse be to run in the triumph hurdle

The Triumph Hurdle is a Grade 1 National Hunt hurdle race in Great Britain which is open to horses aged four years . It is run on the New Course at Cheltenham over a distance of about 2 miles and 1 furlong ( 3,420 metres ) , and during its running there are eight hurdles to be jumped . The race is for novice hurdlers , and it is scheduled to take place each year during the Cheltenham Festival in March .

four years

Triumph Hurdle

triumph hurdle

The Triumph Hurdle is a Grade 1 National Hunt hurdle race in Great Britain which is open to horses aged four years . It is run on the New Course at Cheltenham over a distance of about 2 miles and 1 furlong ( 3,420 metres ) , and during its running there are eight hurdles to be jumped . The race is for novice hurdlers , and it is scheduled to take place each year during the Cheltenham Festival in March .

It is the leading event in the National Hunt calendar to be exclusively contested by juveniles , and it is the opening race on the final day of the Festival . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Records 3 Winners 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The event was established in 1939 , and it was originally held at Hurst Park in Surrey . During the early part of its history it was regularly contested by horses trained in France -- six of the first seven winners were French - based . The flat racing jockey Lester Piggott achieved one of his twenty hurdle victories in this race in 1954 . The Triumph Hurdle was transferred to Cheltenham in 1965 , and for a period thereafter it was sponsored by the Daily Express . It was initially held during the venue 's April meeting , but it became part of the Festival in 1968 . The Elite Racing Club took over the sponsorship in 1997 , and JCB became the sponsor in 2002 . Winners of the Triumph Hurdle often go on to compete in subsequent editions of the Champion Hurdle . Four horses have achieved victory in both events -- Clair Soleil , Persian War , Kribensis and Katchit . Records ( edit ) Leading jockey ( 5 wins ) : Barry Geraghty -- Spectroscope ( 2003 ) , Zaynar ( 2009 ) , Soldatino ( 2010 ) , Peace And Co ( 2015 ) , Ivanovich Gorbatov ( 2016 ) Leading trainer ( 6 wins ) : Nicky Henderson -- First Bout ( 1985 ) , Alone Success ( 1987 ) , Katarino ( 1999 ) , Zaynar ( 2009 ) , Soldatino ( 2010 ) , Peace And Co ( 2015 ) Winners ( edit ) Year Winner Jockey Trainer 1939 Grey Talk Serge Rochet George Batchelor 1940 no race 1940 -- 49 1950 Abrupto Roger Mantelin E. Diggle 1951 Blue Song II Fernand Thirion Georges Pelat 1952 Hoggar Roger Triboit John Cunnington 1953 Clair Soleil Fred Winter François Mathet 1954 Prince Charlemagne Lester Piggott Tommy Carey 1955 Kwannin Pierre Delfarguiel Alec Head 1956 Square Dance Michael Scudamore Fulke Walwyn 1957 Meritorius Denis Dillon Peter Thrale 1958 Pundit Harry Sprague Staff Ingham 1959 Amazon 's Choice Johnny Gilbert Peter Thrale 1960 Turpial Arthur Freeman Peter Cazalet 1961 Cantab Fred Winter Ryan Price 1962 Beaver II Josh Gifford Ryan Price 1963 no race 1963 -- 64 1965 Blarney Beacon Geordie Ramshaw Ron Smyth 1966 Black Ice Bobby Beasley Arthur Thomas 1967 Persian War Jimmy Uttley Brian Swift 1968 England 's Glory Jimmy Uttley Staff Ingham 1969 Coral Diver Terry Biddlecombe Fred Rimell 1970 Varma Brian Barker Mick Masson 1971 Boxer Jimmy Uttley Ron Smyth 1972 Zarib Bill Smith Fred Rimell 1973 Moonlight Bay Johnny Haine Ryan Price Attivo Robert Hughes Cyril Mitchell Royal Epic Fred McKenna Vernon Cross 1976 Peterhof Jonjo O'Neill Mick Easterby 1977 Meladon Tommy Carberry Adrian Maxwell 1978 Connaught Ranger John Burke Fred Rimell 1979 Pollardstown Philip Blacker Stan Mellor 1980 Heighlin Steve Jobar David Elsworth 1981 Baron Blakeney Paul Leach Martin Pipe 1982 Shiny Copper Allen Webb Dina Smith Saxon Farm Mark Perrett Stan Mellor 1984 Northern Game Tommy Ryan Edward O'Grady 1985 First Bout Steve Smith Eccles Nicky Henderson 1986 Solar Cloud Peter Scudamore David Nicholson Alone Success Steve Smith Eccles Nicky Henderson 1988 Kribensis Richard Dunwoody Michael Stoute 1989 Ikdam Nigel Coleman Richard Holder 1990 Rare Holiday Brendan Sheridan Dermot Weld 1991 Oh So Risky Paul Holley David Elsworth 1992 Duke of Monmouth Mark Richards Simon Sherwood 1993 Shawiya Charlie Swan Michael O'Brien 1994 Mysilv Adrian Maguire David Nicholson 1995 Kissair Jonothan Lower Martin Pipe Paddy 's Return Richard Dunwoody Ferdy Murphy 1997 Commanche Court Norman Williamson Ted Walsh 1998 Upgrade Carl Llewellyn Nigel Twiston - Davies 1999 Katarino Mick Fitzgerald Nicky Henderson 2000 Snow Drop Thierry Doumen François Doumen no race 2001 2002 Scolardy Charlie Swan Willie Mullins 2003 Spectroscope Barry Geraghty Jonjo O'Neill Made in Japan Richard Johnson Philip Hobbs 2005 Penzance Robert Thornton Alan King 2006 Detroit City Richard Johnson Philip Hobbs 2007 Katchit Robert Thornton Alan King 2008 Celestial Halo Ruby Walsh Paul Nicholls 2009 Zaynar Barry Geraghty Nicky Henderson Soldatino Barry Geraghty Nicky Henderson 2011 Zarkandar Daryl Jacob Paul Nicholls 2012 Countrywide Flame Dougie Costello John Quinn 2013 Our Conor Bryan Cooper Dessie Hughes 2014 Tiger Roll Davy Russell Gordon Elliott 2015 Peace And Co Barry Geraghty Nicky Henderson 2016 Ivanovich Gorbatov Barry Geraghty Aidan O'Brien 2017 Defi du Seuil Richard Johnson Philip Hobbs 2018 Farclas Jack Kennedy Gordon Elliott The 2001 running was cancelled because of a foot - and - mouth crisis . See also ( edit ) Horseracing in Great Britain List of British National Hunt races References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cheltenham 's Triumph '' . ESPN . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Riley , Stuart . `` Ten of the best : we look at some of those who have repeated festival success Horse Racing News Racing Post '' . www.racingpost.com . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . Racing Post : 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 bbc.co.uk -- Hurst Park in Surrey . cheltenham.co.uk -- Media information pack ( 2010 ) . pedigreequery.com -- Triumph Hurdle -- Cheltenham . The Breedon Book of Horse Racing Records . Breedon Books . 1993 . p. 233 . ISBN 1 - 873626 - 15 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Race Recordings ( 1 ) ( hide ) Cheltenham Festival Tuesday Supreme Novices ' Hurdle Arkle Challenge Trophy Festival Trophy Handicap Chase Champion Hurdle OLGB Mares ' Hurdle National Hunt Chase Challenge Cup Centenary Novices ' Handicap Chase Wednesday Ballymore Novices'Hurdle RSA Insurance Novices ' Chase Coral Cup Queen Mother Champion Chase Glenfarclas Cross Country Chase Fred Winter Juvenile Novices ' Handicap Hurdle Champion Bumper Thursday JLT Novices ' Chase Pertemps Final Ryanair Chase Stayers ' Hurdle Brown Advisory & Meribelle Stable Plate Trull House Stud Mares ' Novices ' Hurdle Fulke Walwyn Kim Muir Challenge Cup Friday Triumph Hurdle County Handicap Hurdle Albert Bartlett Novices ' Hurdle Cheltenham Gold Cup St James 's Place Foxhunter Chase Martin Pipe Conditional Jockeys ' Handicap Hurdle Johnny Henderson Grand Annual Chase Discontinued Cathcart Challenge Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triumph_Hurdle&oldid=830858530 '' Categories : National Hunt races in Great Britain Cheltenham Racecourse National Hunt hurdle races Recurring sporting events established in 1939 Hidden categories : EngvarB from April 2017 Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 08 : 50 . 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who wrote the paper article the judicial and revenue system of india

Cornwallis in India

cornwallis in india

General Lord Cornwallis receiving Tipoo Sultan 's sons as hostages , by Robert Home , c. 1793 British General Charles Cornwallis , the Earl Cornwallis , was appointed in February 1786 to serve as both Commander - in - Chief of British India and Governor of the Presidency of Fort William , also known as the Bengal Presidency . He oversaw the consolidation of British control over much of peninsular India , setting the stage for the British Raj . He was also instrumental in enacting administrative and legal reforms that fundamentally altered civil administration and land management practices there . According to historian Jerry Dupont , Cornwallis was responsible for `` laying the foundation for British rule throughout India and setting standards for the services , courts , and revenue collection that remained remarkably unaltered almost to the end of the British era . '' He was raised to the title of Marquess Cornwallis in 1792 as recognition for his performance in the Third Anglo - Mysore War , in which he extracted significant concessions from the Mysorean ruler , Tipu Sultan . Returned to England in 1793 , he was engaged in administrative and diplomatic postings until 1798 , when he was posted to the Kingdom of Ireland as Lord Lieutenant and Commander - in - Chief . In 1801 , he was again posted to India . He arrived in July 1805 and died in October in Ghazipur . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 India in the 1780s 2 Appointment 3 Administrative reforms 4 Judicial reforms 5 The Permanent Settlement 6 Penang and Nepal 7 War with Mysore 7.1 Early campaigns 7.2 First campaign against Seringapatam 7.3 Second campaign against Seringapatam 8 Departure 9 After India 10 Return to India 11 Legacy 12 Notes 13 References Background ( edit ) Further information : Charles Cornwallis , 1st Marquess Cornwallis and British India Portrait of Cornwallis by Thomas Gainsborough Lord Cornwallis was a British army officer , civil administrator , and diplomat . His career was primarily military in nature , including a series of well - known campaigns during the War of American Independence from 1776 to 1781 that culminated in his surrender at Yorktown . Following his return to England in 1782 he was prevented by his parole from further participation in the war , and financial demands eventually caused him to seek a position of greater pay than the half - pay that military officers received when not in service . India in the 1780s ( edit ) Further information : Colonial India and Company rule in India The area encompassed by modern India was significantly fractured following the decline of the Mughal Empire in the first half of the 18th century . European colonial outposts , from countries including Denmark , Portugal , France , and the Dutch Republic , dotted both the Coromandel ( east ) and Malabar ( west ) coasts of the subcontinent , although many of these had been established with the formal permission of a local ruler ( which was sometimes secured by force of arms ) . The Kingdom of Travancore dominated the southern tip , the Kingdom of Mysore held sway over the centre of the peninsula , and the Maratha Empire , a confederation of loosely allied principalities , dominated the northern reaches from Calcutta to Bombay . Although there were significant British presences at Bombay and Madras , each governed by a separate presidency , the Bengal region , including Calcutta , had come under the direct rule of the British East India Company in 1757 , with authority to levy taxes , and its presidency dominated the others . Its civil head , the Governor - General of Fort William , ranked ahead of those of Madras and Bombay . Cornwallis quickly established himself as a transformational leader . British colonial administration was dominated in the 1760s and 1770s by Warren Hastings , the first man to hold the title of Governor - General . The military arm of the East India Company was directed during the Seven Years ' War and the Second Anglo - Mysore War by General Eyre Coote , who died in 1783 during the later stages of the war with Mysore . Company policy , as implemented by Hastings , had involved the company in intrigues and shifting alliances involving France , Mysore , the Marathas , and factions within those and other local territories . Appointment ( edit ) Cornwallis was first considered for a posting to India during the ministry of the Earl of Shelburne in the spring of 1782 . Shelburne asked Cornwallis if he wanted to go to India as governor general , an idea Cornwallis viewed with favour , as it provided employment without risking his parole status . However , Shelburne was a weak leader , and was turned out of power in early 1783 , replaced by a coalition government dominated by men Cornwallis ( and King George ) disliked , Charles James Fox and Lord North . Cornwallis , who normally avoided politics ( in spite of holding a seat in the House of Lords ) , became more vocal in opposition to the Fox - North ministry , hoping his support would be repaid by the next government . `` Much against my will , and with grief of heart , I have been obliged to say yes , and to exchange a life of ease and content , to encounter all the plagues and miseries of command an public station . '' With the ascendancy of William Pitt the Younger to power in December 1783 , doors to new positions were opened to the earl . Pitt first offered him the Lord Lieutenancy of Ireland , which he politely refused . He also made it clear that , were he posted to India , he would want the supreme military command in addition to civil control . When informed that Pitt was agreeable to this demand , he went through a period of soul - searching , torn between the conflicting demands of family and country . This , however , was not the only troubling issue . When Parliament took up consideration of assignments in India in August 1784 , it was only prepared to offer one of the two posts , which he again refused to consider . Passed over for other military postings , Pitt placated him with the post of Constable of the Tower . After refusing another inadequate entreaty from Pitt to take a post in India in February 1785 , Cornwallis 's demand for both posts were finally met a year later , on 23 February 1786 . Departing London in May , he arrived at Madras on 22 August 1786 , after `` a most prosperous and expeditious passage '' , and at Calcutta on 12 September . Although he was accorded a welcome suitable to his rank , the acting governor - general , John Macpherson , was unhappy at being replaced . He attempted to reserve for his own use the Government House , which was normally reserved for the governor - general . Cornwallis , after having his oaths of office administered , immediately announced his intention to occupy the residence . Administrative reforms ( edit ) Cornwallis was charged by the directors of the British East India Company to overhaul and reform its administration in India . The company had historically paid its functionaries ( revenue collectors , traders , and administrators ) in India relatively little , but allowed them to engage in trade for themselves , including the use of company shipping for the purpose . As long as the company was profitable , this open door to corruption and graft at the company 's expense was overlooked . However , the rise of manufacturing in Britain led to a collapse of prices for textiles and other goods from India , and the company 's involvement in wars on the subcontinent had also been expensive . By the time Cornwallis arrived the company was losing money . Its employees , however , continued to profit personally , without caring whether or not the company made money . Cornwallis sought to change this practice , first by refusing to engage in such dealing himself , and second , by securing pay increases for the company 's functionaries while denying them their personal trading privileges . Another area of reform that Cornwallis implemented was the reduction of nepotism and political favouritism as means for advancement and positions within the company . Seeking instead to advance the company 's interests , he sought out and promoted individuals on the basis of merit , even refusing requests by the Prince of Wales to assist individuals in the latter 's good graces . Judicial reforms ( edit ) Prior to the earl 's arrival , judicial and police powers in territories controlled by the company were a confusion of differing standards that were also either inconsistently or arbitrarily applied . Part of Cornwallis 's work was the introduction of criminal and judicial regulations that to a significant degree still underpin the Indian judicial system . Indian cities , much like British cities of the time , were poorly policed , and crime was widespread . Different penal and civil codes were applied to Hindus and Muslims , and the codification of these codes in different languages meant that it was virtually impossible for justice to be properly and consistently applied . Much of the criminal justice system in Bengal remained in the hands of the nawab , the nominal local ruler of the company 's territory . Furthermore , individuals with powerful political connections in their community often were able to act with impunity , since no one suffering at their hands was likely to press charges for fear of retribution . Hastings had several times made changes to policing and the administration of justice , but none of these had had a significant impact on the problem . William Jones , engraving after a portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds Cornwallis received critical assistance from others in his effort to introduce legal reforms . William Jones , an expert on languages , translated existing Hindu and Muslim penal codes into English so that they could be evaluated and applied by English - speaking judges . Cornwallis began in 1787 by giving limited criminal judicial powers to the company 's revenue collectors , who already also served as civil magistrates . He also required them to report regularly on detention times and sentences given . In 1790 the company took over the administration of justice from the nawab , and Cornwallis introduced a system of circuit courts with a superior court that met in Calcutta and had the power of review over circuit court decisions . Judges were drawn from the company 's European employees . These reforms also included changes to the penal codes to begin harmonising the different codes then in use . By the time of his departure in 1793 his work on the penal code , known in India as the Cornwallis Code , was substantially complete . One consequence of the Cornwallis Code was that it , in effect , institutionalised racism in the legal system . Cornwallis , in a manner not uncommon at the time , believed that well - bred gentlemen of European extraction were superior to others , including those that were the product of mixed relationships in India . Of the latter , he wrote `` as on account of their colour & extraction they are considered in this country as inferior to Europeans , I am of opinion that those of them who possess the best abilities could not command that authority and respect which is necessary in the due discharge of the duty of an officer . '' In 1791 he issued an order that `` No person , the son of a Native Indian , shall henceforward be appointed by this Court to Employment in the Civil , Military , or Marine Service of the Company . '' Cornwallis 's biographers , the Wickwires , also observe that this institutionalisation of the British as an elite class simply added another layer on top of the complex status hierarchy of caste and religion that existed in India at the time . Cornwallis could not have formalised these policies without the ( tacit or explicit ) agreement of the company 's directors and employees . Cornwallis 's attitude toward the lower classes did , however , include a benevolent and somewhat paternalistic desire to improve their condition . He introduced legislation to protect native weavers who were sometimes forced into working at starvation wages by unscrupulous company employees , outlawed child slavery , and established in 1791 a Sanskrit college for Hindus that is now the Government Sanskrit College in Benares . He also established a mint in Calcutta that , in addition to benefiting the poor by providing a reliable standard currency , was a forerunner to India 's modern currency . The permanent Settlement ( edit ) The Company 's acquisition of the territories of Bengal in the 1760s led to its decisions to collect taxes as high as 89 % of land produce in the area as a means of reducing investment capital directed toward India . A variety of taxation schemes were implemented in the following years , none of which produced satisfactory results , and many of which left too much power over the natives in the hands of the tax collectors , or zamindars . The company 's directors gave Cornwallis the task of coming up with a taxation scheme that would meet the company 's objectives without being an undue burden on the working men of its territories . John Shore , portrait by George Richmond John Shore ( who went on to succeed Cornwallis as Governor - General ) and Charles Grant , two men he came to trust implicitly , were the most important contributors to what is now called the Permanent Settlement . The essence of the arrangement they came up with in the summer of 1789 was that the zamindars would effectively become hereditary landholders , paying the company tax based on the value of the land . Shore and Cornwallis disagreed on the term of the scheme , with Shore arguing for a ten - year time limit on the arrangement , while Cornwallis argued for a truly permanent scheme . Cornwallis prevailed , noting that many of the company 's English revenue collectors , as well as others knowledgeable of company finance and taxation , supported permanency . In 1790 the proposal was sent to London , where the company directors approved the plan in 1792 . Cornwallis began implementing the regulations in 1793 . Critics of the Permanent Settlement objected to its permanency , claimed that the company was forgoing revenue , and that Cornwallis and others advocating it misunderstood the historic nature of the zamindars . The Wickwires note that Cornwallis relied extensively on advice not only from John Shore , who had extensive experience in India prior to Cornwallis 's arrival , but also from the revenue collectors in the various districts , who were almost uniformly in favour of a permanent settlement with the zamindars . He was also clear on the need to protect the ryots ( land tenants ) from the excesses of the zamindars , writing , `` It is immaterial to government what individual possessed the land , provided he cultivates it , protects the ryots , and pays the public revenue . '' Penang and Nepal ( edit ) Fort Cornwallis , Penang Cornwallis 's predecessor , John Macpherson , had authorised negotiations with the sultan of Kedah for the establishment of a company trading post on the island of Penang . Captain Francis Light , a trader familiar with the East Indies , negotiated an agreement in which the sultan , who was surrounded by powerful adversaries , received a share of the trade profits and a defensive military alliance in exchange for Penang . Captain Light made representations to the sultan that the company had agreed to these terms , and occupied the island in August 1786 . Cornwallis , concerned that the military aspects of the agreement might draw the company into conflicts with the sultan 's adversaries or the Dutch , withheld approval of the agreement and requested the company 's directors to decide the issue . When the company refused the military alliance , the sultan began blockading the island , renamed Prince of Wales Island by Light , and started in 1790 to accumulate troops with the view toward forcibly evicting the British . Cornwallis 's brother William , then with the Royal Navy in the area , sailed from Penang to pick up troops in India for its defence . Captain Light , however , routed the sultan 's forces in April 1791 before those reinforcements arrived . An agreement was then signed in which the company paid the sultan an annual stipend for the use of Penang . The fort that Captain Light constructed to protect Penang 's principal town , George Town , became known as Fort Cornwallis in the earl 's honour . In 1792 , King Rana Bahadur Shah of Nepal , with whom the company had established trade relations , requested military assistance . Shah had been expanding his territory militarily by taking over smaller adjacent principalities , but a 1791 invasion of Tibet was met with a stiff Chinese response . Cornwallis declined the king 's request , sending instead Colonel William Kirkpatrick to mediate the dispute . Kirkpatrick was the first Englishman to see Nepal ; by the time he reached Kathmandu in 1793 , the parties had already resolved their dispute . War with Mysore ( edit ) Main article : Third Anglo - Mysore War Immediately after the signing of the Treaty of Mangalore in 1784 , ending the Second Anglo - Mysore War , Tipu Sultan , the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore , restated his hatred for the British , declaring that he would seek to renew conflict with them . Cornwallis , upon his arrival in India , took steps to modify or abrogate agreements with the Maratha Empire and with the Nizam of Hyderabad ( both of whom had territories on Mysore 's northern border ) that he saw as problematic with respect to the provisions of the 1784 treaty . He did assure them that if France became involved in conflict against their territories that the company would assist them . Pursuant to this policy , he refused to send company troops to assist the Marathas and the Nizam in their war with Mysore to recover previously lost territories . Early campaigns ( edit ) Tipu Sultan Tensions between Tipu and the Nizam and the British were raised when , in 1788 , the East India Company gained control over the Circar of Guntur , the southernmost of the Northern Circars , pursuant to an earlier agreement with the Nizam . In exchange , the company agreed to station some of its troops with the Hyderabadi army . By 1789 , tensions between Tipu and his neighbours and vassals to Mysore 's west , including the Kingdom of Travancore , also rose noticeably . Travancore , listed in the 1784 treaty as a British ally , acquired from the Dutch East India Company two forts located within the territory of Cochin , a Mysorean vassal state . The Dutch had never paid tribute to anyone for these forts since gaining control of them , but the fact that they were within Cochin 's bounds was sufficient for Tipu to dispute Travancore 's claim . He began massing troops at Coimbatore and making threatening gestures toward Dharma Raja of Travancore . British authorities in Madras warned Tipu that acts of aggression against Travancore would be met with a British response , and Cornwallis began urging John Holland , the governor of Madras , to begin military preparations . On 29 December 1789 , Tipu attacked Travancore 's defences . Hollond , however , was not a military man , and rather than acting with vigour , he temporised and attempted negotiation with Tipu . He was replaced in early 1790 by General William Medows , to whom Cornwallis gave the authority for a military campaign against Mysore . Cornwallis began negotiating with the Marathas and the Nizam for their support , since the British forces in India were significantly lacking in cavalry , one of Tipu 's strengths . The Marathas and the Nizam both had significant cavalry forces , and they were interested in recovering territories lost to Mysore in earlier conflicts . However , they were too weak to attack Mysore individually , and did not trust each other , so they preferred to wait until it was clear the British were committed to act against Mysore . Medows ' campaign in 1790 was a limited success . He occupied the Coimbatore district against minimal opposition , but a forceful counterattack by Tipu reduced the British holdings to Coimbatore itself and a few other outposts . Tipu had also descended to the coastal plain , where he plowed through the Carnatic and even met with the French at Pondicherry in a fruitless attempt to draw them into the conflict . By September 1790 the British allies were taking the field , but still did not want to face Tipu 's strong force without significant British support . Consequently , Cornwallis decided to personally take control of the main British force from Medows . In early February 1791 he began a campaign that was squarely targeted at Mysore 's capital , Seringapatam . First campaign against Seringapatam ( edit ) One of the largest issues confronting Cornwallis in managing the army was its diversity . In addition to British Army and East India Company European forces , there were German troops from Hanover , and a large number of native sepoys from a diversity of cultural backgrounds , speaking different languages and having varied religious and dietary requirements . To meet the needs of this patchwork of forces , the army was followed by a number of camp followers that was unusually large by comparison to typical European or North American armies , further increasing the need for reliable supply . The army he took over from General Medows had 15,000 troops and 60,000 camp followers . He permitted the artist Robert Home to accompany the army on its campaign ; the resulting artwork is one of the legacies of the campaign . Cornwallis was sensitive to the fact that Tipu was likely to deny the invading army access to local forage and provisions , so he made arrangements for a large supply of provisions and arranged for the use of elephants to assist in the movement of the army 's siege equipment . He also encouraged the Marathas and the Nizam to step up their advances to join his army as quickly as possible so that he could take advantage of their cavalry . The Death of Colonel Moorhouse at the Storming of the Pettah Gate of Bangalore , by Robert Home , 1793 Cornwallis departed Velhout , near Madras , on 5 February , reaching Vellore on 11 February . After several days of rest , the army set out with the apparent intention of crossing the Eastern Ghats directly west of Vellore . However , this was a feint , and Cornwallis turned the army north and instead crossed the mountains at Muglee . Tipu , who had taken steps to defend the more southerly passes , had not defended this one , and the army met no resistance . In fact , it met no significant resistance until it neared Bangalore , one of the strongest fortresses in eastern Mysore . On 5 March , Colonel John Floyd , leader of the British cavalry , was lured into a trap set by Tipu that cost the army 70 men and 250 valuable horses . Cornwallis brushed off the loss and proceeded to besiege Bangalore . On 7 March the city 's walls were breached , and the city was stormed through the opening , sending its defenders scurrying . Cornwallis gained control of the whole city except its fortress , which was stormed on the night of 21 March after its walls were breached . Tipu , from his camps outside the city , offered only weak resistance , ineffectually attempting to impede the siegeworks and assist the besieged fortress during the final assault . After securing Bangalore , Cornwallis began to move against Tipu , who retreated toward Seringapatam . The lack of cavalry , however , hampered the British effort , so Cornwallis ordered the army north to make junction with the nizam 's troops . When they finally met about 60 miles ( 97 km ) from Bangalore , Cornwallis described Teige Wunt 's cavalry as `` extremely defective in almost every point of military discipline '' , and their presence in the army ultimately presented more difficulties than assistance . Instead of acting as flanking companies and foraging on their own , they preferred to remain with the main army and consume its provisions . This forced Cornwallis to alter the army 's route again to join with a supply train carrying additional provisions . The army returned to Bangalore on 28 April and then set out for Seringapatam . The march was significantly slowed by early monsoon rains that turned the march into a muddy mess . In spite of appeals by Cornwallis to Teige Wunt , the nizam 's men continued to consume provisions , and the army 's provisions began to run short . Tipu retreated before the army , employing scorched - earth tactics to deny his enemy provisions . Baggage was left behind as draft animals died , and the army , including its officers , were on half rations . The rains flooded the Kaveri River , which was difficult to cross even under favourable conditions , and which separated the army from a British force under Robert Abercromby that was waiting on the far side of Seringapatam for Cornwallis 's arrival . Political cartoon by James Gillray , making fun of Lord Cornwallis after his 1791 retreat from Seringapatam On 13 May , near the village of Arakere , about 10 miles ( 16 km ) below Seringapatam , Tipu decided to offer battle from a position on nearby heights . In the ensuing battle , complicated by the rains , Cornwallis prevailed , routing Tipu 's forces , which retreated into Seringapatam . Following the battle , Cornwallis made the difficult decision to retreat , as the army 's supply situation had become so desperate that a siege would have been impossible , even if he could have joined with Abercromby 's troops . A hoped - for junction with Marathan troops also seemed unlikely , as Tipu had successfully prevented communication and intelligence of their position from reaching Cornwallis , and the most recent reports placed them some distance off . After ordering Abercromby to retreat on 21 May , Cornwallis ordered his siege train destroyed and began to retreat toward Bangalore on 26 May . That very day , he was met by an advance company of the Marathan army . The next day that army , totalling some 40,000 cavalry , joined with his . The Marathan army was well - provisioned , so they were able to relieve some of the British army 's stresses , although the prices they charged for their provisions were exorbitant . The combined army reached Bangalore on 11 July . Tipu took advantage of the retreat to make a concerted attack on Coimbatore , which fell after a lengthy siege in November . Second campaign against Seringapatam ( edit ) The armies of Purseram Bhow and Teige Wunt then left the grand army to pursue territorial gains in Mysore 's northern territories . Whereas the earl 's younger brother , Commodore William Cornwallis , was engaged in the naval Battle of Tellicherry , Cornwallis spent the remainder of 1791 securing his supply lines to Madras and clearing the way to Seringapatam . To this end he laid siege to Nundydroog in November and Savendroog in December , both of which fell after unexpectedly modest efforts . He also ordered a massive supply operation to ensure that adequate supplies and pay for his army and those of the allies would be available . Spies were sent to infiltrate Tipu 's camps , and he began to receive more reliable reports of the latter 's troop strengths and disposition . The relations between Cornwallis and the allies were difficult . The Mahrattan military leaders , Purseram Bhow and Hurry Punt , had to be bribed to stay with the army , and Cornwallis reported the Hyderabadi forces to be more of a hindrance than a help ; one British observer wrote that they were a `` disorderly rabble '' and `` not very creditable to the state of military discipline at Hyderabad . '' On 25 January , Cornwallis moved from Savendroog toward Seringapatam , while Abercromby again advanced from the Malabar coast . Although Tipu 's men harassed the column , they did not impede its progress , and it reached the Mysorean capital on 5 February . Cornwallis established a chain of outposts to protect the supply line from Bangalore and planned an attack for that night , even though Abercromby had not yet arrived . Cornwallis responded with a night - time attack to dislodge Tipu from his lines . After a somewhat confused battle , Tipu 's forces were flanked , he retreated into the city , and Cornwallis began siege operations . On 12 February Abercromby arrived with the Bombay army , and the noose began to tighten around Tipu . By 23 February , Tipu began making overtures for peace talks , and hostilities were suspended the next day when he agreed to preliminary terms . Among the preliminary terms that Cornwallis insisted on was that Tipu surrender two of his sons as hostages as a guarantee for his execution of the agreed terms . On 26 February his two young sons were formally delivered to Cornwallis amid great ceremony and gun salutes by both sides . Cornwallis , who was not interested in significantly extending the company 's territory or in turning most of Mysore over to the Mahrattas and Hyderabad , negotiated a division of one half of Mysorean territory , to be divided by the allies , in which the company 's acquisition would improve its defences . He later wrote , `` If we had taken Seringapatam and killed Tippoo , ( ... ) we must either have given that capital to the Marattas ( a dangerous boon ) or have set up some miserable pageant of our own , to be supported by the Company 's troops and treasures , and to be plundered by its servants . '' The territories taken deprived Mysore of much of its coastline ; Mysore was also obligated to pay some of the allied war costs . On 18 March 1792 Tipu agreed to the terms and signed the Treaty of Seringapatam , ending hostilities . 1794 Map showing `` The Territories ceded by Tipu Sultan to the Different Powers '' Departure ( edit ) The difficulties of the military campaigns took a great physical toll on Cornwallis , and he sought to return to England . John Shore , his replacement , did not arrive until March 1793 , and Cornwallis remained until August to assist in the transition . He also oversaw the capture of the French outpost at Pondicherry following the arrival of news that war had again broken out in Europe . On 14 August 1793 , without ceremony , he quietly sailed from Calcutta for Madras , and on 10 October he finally sailed for England on board the Swallow . After India ( edit ) See also : Cornwallis in Ireland Scholar P.J. Marshall explains that the British public were able to follow the Third Mysore War in newspapers `` in much greater detail than would have been the case for any previous war in India . '' Thus , when Cornwallis returned victorious from India , he was celebrated well beyond parliamentary and company circles . He was raised to Marquess , but was also celebrated publicly through commissioned portraits and statues ; published books , songs and poems ; and even purchasable medallions and tea trays . This was the first time a military victory in India at the expense of a non-European enemy garnered such public praise . While there would be many more bumps along the way , such widespread enthusiasm marked a turning point towards British acceptance of an overseas empire of conquest . Cornwallis was immediately asked to return to India . One reform that Cornwallis had been unable to achieve was the harmonisation of pay and rank between the military forces of the company and those of the Crown . Company officers of a given rank were generally paid better than those of a comparable rank in the Crown forces , and proposals to merge their pay scales were met with resistance that bordered on mutiny . The company directors asked Cornwallis to deal with this ; he refused . After serving for several years as the Master of the Ordnance , he was asked by Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger to serve as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland as well as its Commander - in - Chief after the Irish Rebellion of 1798 broke out . While the rebellion was mostly put down before his arrival , he oversaw the mopping up of the remaining pockets of rebellion and successfully defeated a French invasion intended to foment further rebellious activity . He then worked to secure the passage by the Irish Parliament of the 1800 Act of Union , which joined the Kingdom of Ireland and the Kingdom of Great Britain into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . He resigned his posts when the king refused to support Catholic emancipation , which he viewed as a key element for securing an enduring peace in Ireland . He was then engaged by the king in diplomatic efforts in Europe . Cornwallis led the British diplomatic team whose negotiations with Napoleon resulted in the 1802 Treaty of Amiens , with Cornwallis signing the treaty on behalf of King George . Return to India ( edit ) In the years since he left India , the company 's reach and control over the country had increased significantly , mainly under the governorship of Lord Mornington . Wellesley had decisively defeated Tipu in 1799 and gained control , direct and indirect , over most of southern India . In 1803 the company came into conflict with the Marathas , and Mornington began extending the company 's reach further into the northern territories . His liberal spending and aggressive methods for dealing with the Marathas were not appreciated by the company 's directors , and following military setbacks in 1804 and allegations of improprieties , the directors decided to replace him . On 7 January 1805 Cornwallis was again appointed to the positions of Governor - General and Commander - in - Chief of India ; after a difficult passage he reached Madras on 19 July , and on 30 July he resumed his duties . William Hickey wrote that Cornwallis had become `` a wreck of what he had been when formerly in Bengal '' , and another aide noted that `` his constitution was less equal to contend against the effects of this climate '' . In spite of declining health and mental faculties , Cornwallis began a trip by boat to visit army outposts northwest of Calcutta . On the journey he wrote to General Gerard Lake , then commanding the forces in the war with the Marathas , insisting that peace be made . However , he never received Lake 's answer . When Cornwallis reached Ghazipur on 27 September , he was too ill to proceed further , and he died there a week later , on 5 October 1805 . He was buried at Ghazipur . Legacy ( edit ) `` This monument , erected by the British inhabitants of Calcutta , attests their sense of those virtues which will live in the remembrance of grateful millions , long after it shall have mouldered into dust . '' -- Inscription on Cornwallis mausoleum , Ghazipur Biographers Franklin and Mary Wickwire note that Cornwallis 's attitudes towards governance presaged the idea of responsible government that took hold in the United Kingdom in the 19th century . Later British administrators and the Indian Civil Service adopted his ideas of service by example and service for the overall benefit of the population . Historian Marguerite Wilbur called the era of Cornwallis and Mornington the Golden Age of British rule in India . Cornwallis 's grave at Ghazipur is marked by a mausoleum whose construction was begun in 1809 . Memorials were also erected in his honour in Bombay , Madras , and in Saint Paul 's Cathedral in London . In Calcutta , when Mornington greatly expanded the government facilities , the Town Hall included a statuary hall . In 1803 , a sculpture begun by John Bacon and finished by his son John Bacon , Jr. was erected there in Cornwallis 's honour . The sculpture now stands in the Victoria Memorial . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dupont 2001 , p. 483 Jump up ^ Aspinall 1931 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 5 -- 7 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 118 -- 122 Jump up ^ Hughes 1871 , p. 75,102 ^ Jump up to : Forrest 1892 , p. 59 Jump up ^ `` Lord Cornwallis in India '' . Amritt. 2010 . Jump up ^ Forrest 1892 , p. 232,276 Jump up ^ Gardner 1972 , p. 126 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 9 ^ Jump up to : Wickwire 1980 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Aspinall 1931 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Aspinall 1931 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 37 -- 38 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Gardner 1972 , p. 127 Jump up ^ Mill & Wilson 1858 , p. 361 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 74 -- 75 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 76 -- 77 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 80 -- 81 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 78 -- 79 Jump up ^ Mill & Wilson 1858 , p. 365 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Mill & Wilson 1858 , p. 353 -- 354 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 84 ^ Jump up to : Wickwire 1980 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 90 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 91 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 95 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Mill & Wilson 1858 , p. 331 -- 332 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 64 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 65 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 66 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 69 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 72 ^ Jump up to : Ooi 2004 , p. 786 Jump up ^ Aspinall 1931 , p. 202 Jump up ^ Whelpton 2005 , p. 39 ^ Jump up to : Wilbur 1945 , p. 354 Jump up ^ Fortescue 1902 , p. 546 Jump up ^ Sen 1994 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Mill & Wilson 1858 , p. 225 -- 229 ^ Jump up to : Fortescue 1902 , p. 550 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 136 , 140 Jump up ^ Mill & Wilson 1858 , p. 234 Jump up ^ Fortescue 1902 , p. 551 -- 561 Jump up ^ Fortescue 1902 , p. 563 ^ Jump up to : Wickwire 1980 , p. 140 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 141 Jump up ^ Home 1808 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 139 Jump up ^ Fortescue 1902 , p. 563 -- 564 Jump up ^ Mill & Wilson 1858 , p. 267 Jump up ^ Fortescue 1902 , p. 566 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 144 Jump up ^ Mill & Wilson 1858 , p. 269 -- 270 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 146 Jump up ^ Mill & Wilson 1858 , p. 271 Jump up ^ Fortescue 1902 , p. 570 Jump up ^ Fortescue 1902 , p. 572 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 148 Jump up ^ Mill & Wilson 1858 , p. 272 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 149 -- 150 ^ Jump up to : Fortescue 1902 , p. 576 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 153 Jump up ^ Fortescue 1902 , p. 577 -- 578 Jump up ^ Mill & Wilson 1858 , p. 282 Jump up ^ Mill & Wilson 1858 , p. 279 -- 280 Jump up ^ Fortescue 1902 , p. 579 -- 582 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 161 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 162 Jump up ^ Mill & Wilson 1858 , p. 299 -- 301 Jump up ^ Fortescue 1902 , p. 587 Jump up ^ Mill & Wilson 1858 , p. 303 -- 313 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Mill & Wilson 1858 , p. 317 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 171 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 173 ^ Jump up to : Wickwire 1980 , p. 174 -- 178 Jump up ^ Seton - Karr 1893 , p. 24 Jump up ^ Marshall 1992 , p. 58 Jump up ^ Marshall 1992 , p. 61 - 64 Jump up ^ Marshall 1992 , p. 69 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 222 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 222 -- 230 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 235 -- 250 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 250 -- 251 Jump up ^ Grainger 2004 , pp. 53 -- 80 Jump up ^ Phillips 2006 , p. 104 -- 140 Jump up ^ Phillips 2006 , p. 136 Jump up ^ Phillips 2006 , p. 140 -- 142 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 265 Jump up ^ Seton - Karr 1893 , p. 183 Jump up ^ Seton - Karr 1893 , p. 190 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 267 Jump up ^ Wickwire 1980 , p. 58 Jump up ^ Wilbur 1945 , p. 347 Jump up ^ Wilbur 1945 , p. 367 Jump up ^ Rohatgi & Parlett 2009 References ( edit ) Aspinall , Arthur ( 1931 ) , Cornwallis in Bengal , Manchester , UK : Manchester University Press , OCLC 1088230 Fortescue , John William ( 1902 ) , A history of the British army , Volume 3 , Macmillan Forrest , George ( 1892 ) , The administration of Warren Hastings , 1772 -- 1785 , Calcutta : Office of the Supt. of Govt . Print. , OCLC 11151866 Grainger , John D ( 2004 ) , The Amiens truce : Britain and Bonaparte , 1801 -- 1803 , Boydell Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 041 - 2 Duff , James Grant , A history of the Mahrattas , Volume 2 Dupont , Jerry ( 2001 ) , The Common Law Abroad : Constitutional and Legal Legacy of the British Empire , Littleton , CO : Wm . S. Hein , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8377 - 3125 - 4 , OCLC 44016553 Gardner , Brian ( 1972 ) , The East India Company : A History , New York : McCall , ISBN 0 - 8415 - 0124 - 6 Hughes , Albert William ( 1871 ) , Outlines of Indian History , London : Bell and Daldy , OCLC 33475084 Home , Robert ( 1808 ) , Select views in Mysore , the country of Tippoo Sultan : from drawings taken on the spot , London : Bowyer , OCLC 5096657 Leathes , Sir Stanley Mordaunt , ed. ( 1907 ) , The Cambridge modern history , Volume 10 , New York : Macmillan , OCLC 6253478 Marshall , P.J. ( 1992 ) , `` Cornwallis Triumphant : War in India and the British Public in the Late Eighteenth Century '' , in Laurence Freedman ; Paul Hayes ; Robert O'Neill , War , Strategy , and International Politics : Essays in Honour of Sir Michael Howard , Oxford : Clarendon Press , pp. 57 -- 74 , ISBN 9780198222927 Mill , James ; Wilson , Horace Hayman ( 1858 ) , The history of British India , Volume 5 , London : Piper , Stephenson , and Spence , OCLC 3019507 Ooi , Keat Gin , ed. ( 2004 ) , Southeast Asia : a historical encyclopedia , from Angkor Wat to East Timor , Volume 3 , Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 770 - 2 Phillips , C. H ( 2006 ) , The East India Company 1784 -- 1834 , Bel Air , CA : Read Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 9687 - 2 , OCLC 221999046 Rohatgi , Pauline ; Parlett , Graham ( 2009 ) , Indian Life and Landscape by Western Artists : Beginnings -- The English East India Company , Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya , archived from the original on 29 June 2010 , retrieved 23 August 2010 Sen , Sailendra Nath ( 1994 ) , Anglo -- Maratha relations , 1785 -- 96 , Delhi : Popular Prakashan , OCLC 1406688 Seton - Karr , Walter Scott ( 1893 ) , The Marquess Cornwallis , Oxford : Clarendon Press Wickwire , Franklin & Mary ( 1980 ) , Cornwallis : The Imperial Years , Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1387 - 7 Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) , The East India Company and the British Empire in the Far East , New York : R. Smith , OCLC 186486927 Whelpton , John ( 2005 ) , A history of Nepal , Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80470 - 7 , OCLC 55502658 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornwallis_in_India&oldid=817354782 '' Categories : 1780s in India Bengal Presidency 1780s in British India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2017 EngvarB from March 2017 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 21 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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where is the raiders new stadium going to be

Las Vegas Stadium is the working name for a domed stadium under construction in Paradise , Nevada for the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League ( NFL ) and the UNLV Rebels football team from the University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) . It is located on about 62 acres west of Mandalay Bay at Russell Road and Hacienda Avenue and between Polaris Avenue and Dean Martin Drive , just west of Interstate 15 . Construction of the $1.9 billion stadium began in September 2017 and is expected to be completed in time for the 2020 NFL season .

Paradise , Nevada

Las Vegas stadium

las vegas stadium

Las Vegas Stadium is the working name for a domed stadium under construction in Paradise , Nevada for the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League ( NFL ) and the UNLV Rebels football team from the University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) . It is located on about 62 acres west of Mandalay Bay at Russell Road and Hacienda Avenue and between Polaris Avenue and Dean Martin Drive , just west of Interstate 15 . Construction of the $1.9 billion stadium began in September 2017 and is expected to be completed in time for the 2020 NFL season .

Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 2016 1.2 2017 2 Financing 3 Design 4 Tenants and events 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) 2016 ( edit ) In January 2016 , reports emerged that Las Vegas Sands was considering developing a stadium in conjunction with Majestic Realty and UNLV , on a 42 - acre site owned by UNLV . Raiders owner Mark Davis visited Las Vegas on January 29 to tour the site and meet with Sands chairman Sheldon Adelson and other local figures . A relocation to Las Vegas would be a long - term proposal for the Raiders , as Sam Boyd Stadium is undersized for the NFL and there are no other professional - caliber stadiums in Nevada ; the Raiders plan to remain in Oakland until the stadium is complete . On March 21 , 2016 , when asked about Las Vegas , Davis said , `` I think the Raiders like the Las Vegas plan , '' and `` it 's a very very very intriguing and exciting plan '' , referring to the stadium plan in Las Vegas . Davis also met with Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval about the stadium plan . On April 1 , 2016 , Davis toured Sam Boyd Stadium to evaluate whether UNLV could serve as a temporary home of the team and was with UNLV football coach Tony Sanchez , athletic director Tina Kunzer - Murphy , adviser Don Snyder and school president Len Jessup to further explore the possibility of the Raiders moving to Las Vegas . On April 28 , 2016 , Davis said he wanted to move the Raiders to Las Vegas and pledged $500 million toward the construction of the proposed $2.4 billion domed stadium . `` Together we can turn the Silver State into the silver and black state , '' Davis said . In the spring of 2016 , the board of directors of Las Vegas Sands rejected Adelson 's stadium proposal . Adelson decided to move ahead with the stadium as an individual investment , pledging $650 million of his personal wealth to the project . The viability of the Tropicana Avenue site was called into serious question in June 2016 , when Southwest Airlines objected to the location because its proximity to the northern end of one of McCarran Airport 's runways could have a negative impact on the safety and capacity of air traffic at the airport . The list of potential locations soon expanded to nine candidates , including the sites of the Wild Wild West casino , the Wynn golf course , the Riviera casino , the Las Vegas Festival Grounds , and Cashman Center . By September , the list was narrowed to two possibilities : the Bali Hai Golf Club , south of Mandalay Bay , and a vacant lot on Russell Road , just west of Interstate 15 . On August 25 , 2016 , the Raiders filed a trademark application for `` Las Vegas Raiders '' on the same day renderings of a proposed stadium design were released . On September 15 , 2016 , the Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee unanimously voted to recommend and approve $750 million for the Las Vegas stadium plan . Majestic Realty revealed in October 2016 that it had withdrawn from the stadium project . Sandoval called a special session of the Nevada Legislature to consider the stadium and other tourism - related proposals in October 2016 . The funding bill for the stadium was approved by a 16 -- 5 vote in the Senate and by 28 -- 13 in the Assembly , and was signed into law by Sandoval on October 17 . The bill increased a hotel tax to provide the $750 million in funding . 2017 ( edit ) 2015 view of the stadium site , adjacent to Mandalay Bay and Interstate 15 The Raiders filed relocation papers on January 19 to move from Oakland to Las Vegas . On January 26 , 2017 , the Raiders submitted a proposed lease agreement for the stadium . It was reported that the Raiders had selected the Russell Road site as the stadium location , the team would pay one dollar in rent , and that they could control the naming rights for both the stadium and plaza and in addition keep signage sponsorship revenue . Days after the Raiders ' announced proposal , Adelson dropped out of the stadium project , pulling his proposed $650 million contribution , and shortly after this announcement Goldman Sachs ( one of the backers of stadium proposal ) withdrew as well . ESPN reported on January 30 , 2017 , that the Raiders were expected to increase their contribution from $500 million to $1.15 billion . On March 6 , the Raiders revealed Bank of America would be replacing the Adelson portion of the funding . NFL owners voted to approve the move by a near unanimous margin of 31 to 1 on March 27 . Only Stephen M. Ross , owner of the Miami Dolphins , voted against the relocation . The next day , the Raiders and the Las Vegas Stadium Authority began accepting deposits for season tickets for the new stadium . The Raiders closed the purchase of the land for the stadium at the Russell Road site on May 1 . The purchase price was reported at $77.5 million . In a Las Vegas Stadium Authority meeting on May 11 , it was announced that in a joint venture Mortenson Construction and McCarthy Construction will be the developers for the stadium . Mortenson Construction previously worked on U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis for the Minnesota Vikings . The stadium authority approved a stadium lease with the Raiders on May 18 . The lease is for 30 years with four successive extension options of five years each . On September 18 , construction activity began on the stadium site with site preparation . The Raiders officially broke ground for the new stadium on November 13 . The ceremony featured NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell , Raiders owner Mark Davis , his mother Carol Davis , various Raiders legends including Howie Long , Jim Plunkett , Tom Flores , and Ray Guy , Las Vegas and Nevada politicians such as Governor Brian Sandoval , Las Vegas Mayor Carolyn Goodman , Clark County Commissioner Steve Sisolak and stadium authority head Steve Hill . The event was hosted by George Lopez and included other celebrities like Carlos Santana , longtime Vegas icon Wayne Newton , and Howie D and Nick Carter of the Backstreet Boys . There was also a tribute to the victims of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting that happened nearby by with Judith Hill and the Las Vegas House of Blues Gospel Choir performing ' Rise up ' while 58 beams of light for the 58 people shot and killed lit up . Financing ( edit ) The budget for development of the stadium is estimated at $1.9 billion . Of this , an estimated $375 million is to be spent on land and infrastructure costs , $1.35 billion on construction , and $100 million on a Raiders practice facility , with the remaining $100 million as a contingency allowance for unexpected costs . The financing for the project is expected to come in the form of $750 million in public funding , $500 million from the Raiders , and $650 million lent by Bank of America . The public portion of the funding will come from municipal bonds issued by Clark County , backed by the proceeds of a special tax on hotel rooms in the Las Vegas area , which was initiated in March 2017 . The Raiders ' contribution is expected to include a $200 million loan from the NFL 's stadium upgrade program , $250 million from sales of personal seat licenses at the stadium , and $50 million from cash reserves . Local government can not receive any rent or revenue sharing from the stadium , because such an arrangement would not be compatible with the tax - exempt status of the bonds . Proponents instead argued that the public financing would be justified by increased economic activity and tax revenue related to the stadium . Critics have argued that the economic projections were based on overly optimistic assumptions . Design ( edit ) For Las Vegas Stadium , Mark Davis retained the same architecture firm , MANICA Architecture , that had designed the previously proposed Carson Stadium near Los Angeles . The stadium as proposed is a 10 level domed stadium with a clear ETFE roof , silver and black exterior and large retractable curtain - like side windows facing the Las Vegas Strip . There is a large torch in one end that would house a flame in honor of Al Davis , the late long - time owner of the Raiders . Updated renderings released after the relocation vote passed show the stadium with a roll - in natural grass field similar to the one at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona . In an August 17 , 2017 Las Vegas Stadium Authority meeting it was revealed that the stadium will have a designated pickup / drop off loop for ride sharing services such as Uber and Lyft , a first for a stadium in the NFL . Tenants and events ( edit ) The stadium will replace Sam Boyd Stadium and will serve as the home of both the Raiders and the UNLV Rebels football program . In addition , it will host various events now held at Sam Boyd , such as the Las Vegas Bowl . Stadium backers project 20 to 25 additional events per year , with plausible possibilities including the Super Bowl , the Pro Bowl , the NFL Draft , the NCAA Final Four , the USA Sevens rugby tournament , the Monster Jam World Finals , boxing matches , Ultimate Fighting Championship events , neutral - site college football games , international soccer matches , concerts , and corporate shows . The stadium has also been cited as the possible home for a Major League Soccer expansion team owned by David Beckham . See also ( edit ) National Football League portal College Football portal Las Vegas portal Cashman Field Sports in the Las Vegas metropolitan area T - Mobile Arena Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Stadium Proposal '' ( PDF ) . Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clark County Stadium Authority Financing Plan Discussion Materials '' ( PDF ) . Las Vegas Stadium Authority . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Stadium Procurement Package 1a & 1b '' ( PDF ) . July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Stadium Procurement Package 2a '' ( PDF ) . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Halter , Nick ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Report : Mortenson will build football stadium for Raiders in Las Vegas ( slideshow ) '' . Minneapolis -- St. Paul Business Journal . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Howard ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Las Vegas Sands proposes $1 B domed stadium ; Adelson to meet with Raiders owner '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis says ' brand would do well ' in Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raiders owner willing to give $20 M toward Las Vegas stadium '' . National Football League . Associated Press . April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Paul ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis says he wants to move team to Las Vegas '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders owner willing to spend $500 million to move team to Vegas '' . Fox News Channel . Associated Press . April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` Adelson commits personal wealth to back stadium plan '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rindels , Michelle ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Southwest Airlines does n't want stadium next to airport '' . Las Vegas Sun . Associated Press . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , J.D. ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Scouting report : Examining the pros , cons of potential NFL stadium sites '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Valley , Jackie ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` As Las Vegas ' NFL stadium marches toward reality , burning questions remain '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Oakland Raiders file to trademark ' Las Vegas Raiders ' name '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium plan to lure Raiders to Las Vegas passes vote '' . National Football League . Associated Press . September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Majestic Realty bows out of Las Vegas stadium development team '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Special session kicks off to consider NFL stadium funding '' . Las Vegas Sun . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chereb , Sandra ; Whaley , Sean ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders stadium project for Las Vegas clears Nevada Senate in 16 - 5 vote '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas stadium plan gains approval from Nevada Legislature '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nevada governor signs bill to approve Las Vegas stadium plan '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spousta , Tom ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Gov. Brian Sandoval signs Raiders stadium bill -- VIDEO '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Around the NFL staff ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Oakland Raiders file Las Vegas relocation paperwork '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damien , Levi ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas stadium proposal details revealed : Raiders get naming rights , one dollar rent , pick preferred site , more '' . Silver and Black Pride . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Adelsons withdraw investment from proposed Raiders stadium in Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders boost Vegas commitment to $1.2 billion , operations , risk '' . espn.com . ESPN . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraceno , Jon ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' Las Vegas Stadium Gets Boost from Bank of America '' . Las Vegas Review Journal . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL team owners approve Raiders ' move to Las Vegas '' . National Football League . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raiders Media Relations ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders Receive NFL Approval For Las Vegas Relocation '' . Oakland Raiders . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael David Smith ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' move to Las Vegas approved '' . Profootballtalk.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Paul ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders already taking deposits for season tickets in Las Vegas '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders close purchase on 62 - acre stadium site in Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Polacek , Scott ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' Vegas Lease Agreement Unanimously Approved by Stadium Authority Board '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium Lease Agreement between Clark County Stadium Authority and ( Raiders Stadium Events Company ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Construction activity begins at Las Vegas Raiders stadium site -- VIDEO '' . 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders breaking ground on new Las Vegas stadium -- LIVESTREAM '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . 2017 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders break ground on new stadium in Las Vegas '' . NFL . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Davis plays ceremonial shovel like guitar , other highlights , quotes , pics from Raiders Las Vegas stadium ground breaking '' . Silver And Black Pride . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Saraceno , Jon Mark ; Graney , Ed ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` How much money do Raiders really need to build Las Vegas stadium ? '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Candee , Adam ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` What 's behind the $1.9 billion price tag for NFL stadium in Las Vegas ? '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Manley , Bridget ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` New financing rejuvenates Las Vegas stadium '' . Venues Today . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Candee , Adam ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Room - tax money for NFL stadium starts to flow before Raiders ' move finalized '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Candee , Adam ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas stadium loans could leave Raiders feeling financial squeeze '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Details of lease agreement between Las Vegas officials , Raiders emerging '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Messerly , Megan ; Valley , Jackie ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Digging into economic projections tied to a Raiders move to Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hobson , Will ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` To lure Raiders , Nevada officials willing to bet big -- with public money '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nocera , Joe ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` N.F.L. Stadium in Las Vegas May Be an Ego Boost , but Not an Economic One '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nusca , Andrew . `` This Is the Stunning $2 Billion Stadium Where the Las Vegas Raiders Will Play '' . Fortune.com . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwab , Frank ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders apply for ' Las Vegas Raiders ' trademark ; stadium renderings '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard ( 15 August 2017 ) . `` First look at details of new Raiders stadium in Las Vegas may answer questions '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders pitch a $1.9 billion Las Vegas stadium - Archpaper.com '' . archpaper.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damien , Levi ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` New video , pics of Raiders Las Vegas stadium renderings '' . Silver and Black Pride . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bonagura , Kyle ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Can Las Vegas become a new destination in college football ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Candee , Adam ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Beyond the pigskin : What events are needed for stadium 's long - term viability '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weissberg , Brad ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders brand , Vegas brand unite '' . Venues Today . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Straus , Brian ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Time ticking on Beckham 's Miami MLS team amid deadline , Las Vegas speculation '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Las Vegas Stadium . Official website Proposed Las Vegas Stadium Virtual Tour from the National Football League ( NFL ) 's official YouTube channel Construction page for stadium from Mortenson McCarthy Las Vegas Stadium Authority Stadium webcam Preceded by Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Home of the Las Vegas Raiders 2020 -- future Succeeded by none Preceded by Sam Boyd Stadium Home of UNLV Rebels football 2020 -- future Succeeded by none Preceded by Sam Boyd Stadium Host of Las Vegas Bowl 2020 -- future Succeeded by none Oakland Raiders Founded in 1960 Played in Los Angeles ( 1982 -- 94 ) Based in Oakland , California Headquartered in Alameda , California Franchise History in Los Angeles relocation to Las Vegas Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Head coaches Stadiums Kezar Stadium Candlestick Park Frank Youell Field Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Las Vegas Stadium Key personnel Owner / CEO : Mark Davis President : Marc Badain General manager : Reggie McKenzie Head coach : Jack Del Rio Culture Oakland Raiderettes Raider Nation The Autumn Wind Mount Davis Ricky 's Sports Theatre and Grill Straight Outta L.A. Lore Heidi Game Immaculate Reception The Sea of Hands Ghost to the Post Holy Roller Red Right 88 Tuck Rule Game Rivalries Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Pittsburgh Steelers Media Broadcasters Television : NBC Sports California NBC Sports Bay Area KTVU KVVU Radio : KGMZ KBLX KUFX KCYE KDWN Other : Compass Media Networks The Raider Cast Personalities : Bill King Greg Papa J.T. the Brick Playoff appearances ( 22 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1977 1980 1982 1984 1985 1990 1991 1993 2000 2001 2002 2016 Division championships ( 15 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1985 1990 2000 2001 2002 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1976 1980 2002 League championships ( 3 ) 1976 ( XI ) 1980 ( XV ) 1983 ( XVIII ) does not include 1967 AFL championship Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold UNLV Rebels football Venues Cashman Field ( old ) ( 1968 ) Butcher Field ( 1971 ) Sam Boyd Stadium ( 1971 -- 2019 ) Las Vegas Stadium ( 2020 -- future ) Bowl games & rivalries Bowl games Hawaii ( Island Showdown ) Nevada ( Fremont Cannon ) Culture & lore Hey Reb ! Win with the Rebels Star of Nevada People Head coaches Statistical leaders Seasons 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Las Vegas Bowl History & tie - ins History California Bowl Broadcasters Mountain West Conference Pac - 12 Conference Las Vegas Bowl Champion seasons Venues Sam Boyd Stadium ( 1992 -- 2019 ) Las Vegas Stadium ( 2020 -- future ) Games 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Las Vegas Valley Las Vegas -- Paradise , NV MSA State of Nevada Transportation Airports McCarran International Airport North Las Vegas Airport Henderson Executive Airport Las Vegas Monorail RTC Transit Amtrak station ( defunct ) Arts and museums 18b The Las Vegas Arts District Southern Nevada Zoological - Botanical Park Symphony Park Smith Center for the Performing Arts Huntridge Theater Lance Burton Theatre Las Vegas Little Theater Smith Center for the Performing Arts The AXIS Museums in Clark County , Nevada Active Boulder City / Hoover Dam Museum Burlesque Hall of Fame Clark County Museum Discovery Children 's Museum Erotic Heritage Museum Howard W. Cannon Aviation Museum Imperial Palace Auto Collection Las Vegas Gambling Museum Las Vegas Historical Society Las Vegas Natural History Museum Lost City Museum Madame Tussauds Marjorie Barrick Museum of Art Mob Museum National Atomic Testing Museum Neon Museum Nevada State Museum Nevada Southern Railroad Museum Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park Pinball Hall of Fame Shelby Museum Southern Nevada Museum of Fine Art Thunderbirds Museum Previous Elvis - A-Rama Museum Guinness World of Records Guggenheim Hermitage Museum History of the Future Museum Hollywood Movie Museum Las Vegas Art Museum Liberace Museum Star Trek : The Experience Sports T - Mobile Arena Sam Boyd Stadium Cashman Field Thomas & Mack Center Darling Tennis Center Bettye Wilson Soccer Complex Las Vegas Motor Speedway Las Vegas Stadium Las Vegas Ballpark Mandalay Bay Events Center All Net Resort and Arena Government Las Vegas City Hall Clark County Government Center Lloyd D. George Federal Courthouse Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Communities Cities Henderson Las Vegas North Las Vegas Census - designated places Blue Diamond Enterprise Paradise Spring Valley Summerlin South Sunrise Manor Whitney Winchester Neighborhoods Aliante Anthem / Anthem Country Club Chinatown Downtown Las Vegas Green Valley Lake Las Vegas Las Vegas Country Club MacDonald Highlands Mountain 's Edge Paradise Palms Queensridge / One Queensridge Place Seven Hills Southern Highlands Summerlin Summerlin South The Lakes The Ridges West Las Vegas Research and education University of Nevada , Las Vegas University of Nevada Medical School Nevada State College National University Touro University Nevada College of Southern Nevada Roseman University of Health Sciences Parks and public spaces Acacia Demonstration Gardens Clark County Shooting Complex Clark County Wetlands Park Floyd Lamb Park at Tule Springs Lake Mead National Recreation Area Springs Preserve Mount Charleston Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area Spring Mountains National Recreation Area Sunset Park Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument Valley of Fire State Park Area shopping Bonanza Gift Shop The Boulevard Mall The Shops at Crystals Downtown Summerlin Galleria at Sunset Grand Canal Shoppes Fantastic Indoor Swap Meet Fashion Outlets of Las Vegas Fashion Show Mall The Forum Shops at Caesars Las Vegas Premium Outlets North Meadows Mall Miracle Mile Shops Stratosphere Tower Shops Studio Walk at MGM Grand Downtown Summerlin The Shoppes at the Palazzo Tivoli Village Town Square Other Architecture History Timeline Landmarks Skyscrapers Las Vegas Strip WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Las_Vegas_Stadium&oldid=815932410 '' Categories : Las Vegas Bowl Las Vegas Raiders stadiums UNLV Rebels football venues American football venues in Nevada Paradise , Nevada Stadiums under construction in the United States Sports venues in Las Vegas National Football League venues College football venues Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 04 : 09 . 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who played the bartender in despicable me 3

Despicable Me 3

despicable me 3

Despicable Me 3 is a 2017 American 3D computer - animated action comedy film produced by Illumination Entertainment for Universal Pictures . It is the third main installment , fourth overall film in the Despicable Me film series and the sequel to Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) . The film is directed by Pierre Coffin and Kyle Balda , co-directed by Eric Guillon and written by Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio .

In the film , Gru teams up with his long - lost twin brother Dru in order to defeat a new enemy named Balthazar Bratt , a former child actor , obsessed with the 1980s , who grows up to become a villain after having his show cancelled following puberty . Steve Carell , Miranda Cosgrove and Dana Gaier reprise their roles of Felonious Gru , Margo and Edith from the first two films and Julie Andrews returns as Marlena Gru , Gru 's mother from Despicable Me ( 2010 ) . Kristen Wiig and Steve Coogan return from Despicable Me 2 , while Trey Parker , Jenny Slate and Nev Scharrel ( replacing Elsie Fisher as Agnes ) join the cast . Despicable Me 3 premiered on June 14 , 2017 , at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival , and had a theatrical release in the United States on June 30 , 2017 , by Universal Pictures in 3D , RealD 3D , Dolby Cinema and IMAX 3D . The film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed over $1 billion worldwide , making it the fourth highest - grossing film of 2017 , the fourth highest - grossing animated film of all time and the 27th highest - grossing film of all time . It is Illumination 's second film to gross over $1 billion , after Minions in 2015 , becoming the first ever animated franchise to do so . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 4.2 Charts 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Former villain Gru is now an agent for the Anti-Villain League ( AVL ) . He and his partner / wife Lucy are sent to foil the plans of Balthazar Bratt , a former child actor from the 1980s who has turned evil . Gru manages to stop Bratt from stealing the world 's largest diamond , but is unable to capture him . As a result of failing to capture Bratt , Gru and Lucy are fired from the AVL by its unreasonable new director Valerie Da Vinci , following the retirement of Silas Ramsbottom . Gru and Lucy reluctantly tell their children , Margo , Edith , and Agnes , of their dismissal , but assure them they will find new jobs . Most of Gru 's Minions leave Gru when he refuses to return to villainy , despite losing his job . Meanwhile , Lucy struggles to adapt to her new role as the children 's new mom . The next morning , the family is approached by Fritz , the butler of Gru 's cheerful twin brother Dru , who lives in a distant country named Freedonia , who longs to meet him . Shocked to learn he has a twin , Gru confronts his mother , who reveals that when she and her husband divorced , they agreed to keep one child each . The family decides to travel to meet Dru , and they are surprised at his immense wealth , which Fritz attributes to their pig farm business . Meanwhile , the Minions are arrested for trespassing at a talent show set . Bratt manages to steal the diamond again , intending to use it to power a giant robot and destroy Hollywood as revenge for the cancellation of his show . Dru reveals to Gru that their recently deceased father was a legendary supervillain , whose villainous activities are the real source of the family 's wealth . As Dru was dismissed by their father as a disgrace , he asks his brother to teach him how to be a villain . When Gru refuses to revert to his old ways , Dru takes him on a joyride around Freedonia in their father 's technologically advanced car and the siblings bond . Meanwhile , Lucy tries to balance her tasks as a mom , which she exhibits after turning away a young boy named Niko who had fallen for Margo in the midst of a traditional cheese festival , while Edith and Agnes stumble into a local tavern and learn from the bartender about a mythical unicorn which lurks in a nearby forest . Gru tries to convince Agnes that unicorns are imaginary , but decides against it to avoid hurting her feelings . The next day , Agnes and Edith set out into the woods to track the mythical unicorn , only to find a one - horned goat whom Agnes adopts and dubs `` Lucky '' . Meanwhile , the Minions ' longing for Gru motivates them to escape from prison and return to their former master . Dru convinces Gru to steal the diamond , with Gru secretly intending to bring it to the AVL , which he hopes will convince Da Vinci to rehire him and Lucy . Despite several setbacks , they manage to retrieve the diamond and are rescued by Lucy after narrowly escaping . After finding out Gru 's true motives , Dru confronts his brother about his lie . In return , Gru insults him and decides to leave Freedonia , ending their relationship . Bratt , disguised as Lucy , kidnaps the children , and once again acquires the diamond . Gru and Dru resolve their differences and pursue him after finding the real Lucy . With his robot powered by the diamond , Bratt terrorizes Hollywood , intending to send it into space with the use of superpowered gum . Lucy saves the children while Gru and Dru weaken Bratt 's robot with the weapons of their father 's car . Gru is knocked unconscious when the car is destroyed , and Dru manages to destroy the robot 's core from the inside when Bratt threatens to kill Gru . When Gru recovers , he battles Bratt in a dance fight , using it as a distraction to grab his weaponized keytar , and defeats him . Having rendezvoused with Gru , the Minions manage to destroy the gum already covering the city , and Gru and Dru reunite . Soon afterward , Gru and Lucy are reinstated in the AVL and the newly united family celebrate in Gru 's home . Lucy is acknowledged by the children as their mother . Lured back to villainy , Dru , along with most of the Minions , steals Gru 's airship , with Gru 's emblem replaced with a `` D '' graffiti . Gru and Lucy decide to give them a five - minute head - start before engaging pursuit . Cast ( edit ) Steve Carell as Felonious Gru , the former villain turned Anti-Villain League agent , Margo , Edith , and Agnes ' adoptive father , and Lucy 's husband . Carell also voices Dru , Gru 's long - lost twin brother and the girls ' adoptive uncle . Kristen Wiig as Lucy Wilde , an Anti-Villain League agent , Gru 's wife and the girls ' adoptive mother . Trey Parker as Balthazar Bratt , a supervillain and former child star who grows up to become obsessed with the character he played in the ' 80s and is bent on world domination . Miranda Cosgrove as Margo , Gru and Lucy 's oldest adoptive daughter . Dana Gaier as Edith , Gru and Lucy 's middle adoptive daughter . Nev Scharrel as Agnes , Gru and Lucy 's youngest adoptive daughter . She was previously voiced by Elsie Fisher in the first two films . Pierre Coffin as Mel , Kevin , Stuart , Bob and The Minions . Coffin also voices a Museum Director . Steve Coogan as Silas Ramsbottom , the director of the Anti-Villain League , who retires at the start of the film . Coogan also voices Fritz , the butler of Dru . Julie Andrews as Marlena Gru , Gru and Dru 's mother . Jenny Slate as Valerie Da Vinci , a member of the Anti-Villain League who becomes the new AVL director . Andy Nyman as Clive , a robot who is Bratt 's sidekick . Adrian Ciscato as Niko , a boy from Freedonia who falls in love with Margo . Production ( edit ) Steve Burke , the NBCUniversal CEO , confirmed in September 2013 that a third film in the Despicable Me series was in development . Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio , the writers of the first two films , announced that they would return to write the screenplay for the film . On April 13 , 2016 , Trey Parker , co-creator of South Park , was cast as the main antagonist for the film , Balthazar Bratt . Soundtrack ( edit ) Despicable Me 3 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) Genre Pop R&B Length 51 : 14 Label I Am Other Columbia Producer Alan Tarney Andrew Coleman Hart Gunther Heitor Pereira Madonna Manne Praeker Marvin dM . Nitazal Michael Jackson Mike Larson Pharrell Williams Quincy Jones Reinhold Heil Rick Bryant Stephen Bray Toto Gamyar The soundtrack for Despicable Me 3 was released on June 23 , 2017 . Pharrell Williams released the new song `` Yellow Light '' for the soundtrack , which was made available through digital download and streaming . Some songs are unavailable on iTunes and Google Play . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Yellow Light '' ( performed by Pharrell Williams ) Pharrell Williams Pharrell Williams Mike Larson 3 : 37 2 . `` Hug Me '' ( performed by Pharrell Williams and Trey Parker ) Pharrell Williams Trey Parker Pharrell Williams Hart Gunther Rick Bryant Mike Larson 2 : 20 3 . `` Bad '' ( performed by Michael Jackson ) Michael Jackson Quincy Jones Michael Jackson 4 : 07 4 . `` Take on Me '' ( performed by A-ha ) Pål Waaktaar Morten Harket Magne Furuholmen Marvin dM . Nitazal Alan Tarney Toto Gamyar 3 : 46 5 . `` Papa Mama Loca Pipa '' ( performed by The Minions ) W.S. Gilbert Arthur Sullivan Pierre Coffin 1 : 29 6 . `` There 's Something Special '' ( performed by Pharrell Williams ) Pharrell Williams Pharrell Williams Mike Larson 3 : 44 7 . `` Tiki Tiki Babeloo '' ( performed by The Minions ) Pierre Coffin 1 : 13 8 . `` Freedom '' ( performed by Pharrell Williams ) Pharrell Williams Pharrell Williams 2 : 43 9 . `` Doowit '' ( performed by Pharrell Williams ) Pharrell Williams Pharrell Williams Mike Larson 4 : 02 10 . `` 99 Luftballons '' ( performed by Nena ) Carlo Karges Jörn - Uwe Fahrenkrog - Petersen Reinhold Heil Manne Praeker 3 : 52 11 . `` Into the Groove '' ( performed by Madonna ) Madonna Ciccone Stephen Bray Madonna Bray 4 : 44 12 . `` Chuck Berry '' ( performed by Pharrell Williams ) Pharrell Williams Pharrell Williams Andrew Coleman Mike Larson 3 : 15 13 . `` Fun , Fun , Fun '' ( performed by Pharrell Williams ) Pharrell Williams Pharrell Williams 3 : 25 14 . `` Despicable Me '' ( performed by Pharrell Williams ) Pharrell Williams Pharrell Williams 4 : 15 15 . `` Despicable Me 3 Score Suite '' ( performed by Heitor Pereira ) Heitor Pereira Heitor Pereira 4 : 05 16 . `` Malatikalano Polatina '' ( performed by The Minions ) Pierre Coffin 0 : 37 Total length : 51 : 14 Notes signifies a co-producer signifies an additional producer Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 76 US Soundtrack Albums ( Billboard ) 17 Release ( edit ) The film premiered on June 14 , 2017 , at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival . It was released in the United States on June 30 , 2017 . This is the first Illumination movie to be released in Dolby Vision and to be in the 2.35 : 1 anamorphic format . The first official trailer for the film was released on December 14 , 2016 ; with the second released on March 14 , 2017 . A secondary trailer , designed for TV usage was released on April 21 , 2017 . A third trailer was released on May 24 , 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) Despicable Me 3 was released on DVD , Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D and Ultra HD Blu - ray in the United Kingdom on November 6 , 2017 . In the US , Despicable Me 3 was released on digital download on November 21 , 2017 , and was released on DVD , Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D and Ultra HD Blu - ray on December 5 , 2017 . The releases also include a short film , titled The Secret Life of Kyle . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Despicable Me 3 grossed $264.6 million in the United States and Canada and $770.2 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $1.035 billion , against a production budget of $80 million . On September 8 , it passed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the second Despicable Me film ( after Minions ) , second non-Disney - animated film ( after Minions ) , third film of 2017 ( after Beauty and the Beast and The Fate of the Furious ) , and the sixth animated film ( after Toy Story 3 , Frozen , Minions , Zootopia , and Finding Dory ) to pass the mark . It became the first film since The Fate of the Furious ( also a Universal property ) in April 2017 to make over a billion dollars . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $366.2 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues , making it the third most profitable release of 2017 . In North America , the film opened alongside The House and Baby Driver , as well as the wide expansion of The Beguiled , and was projected to gross $85 -- 95 million in its opening weekend . It played in 4,529 theaters , setting the record for widest release of all time , beating the amount set by The Twilight Saga : Eclipse in 2010 . It made $4.1 million from Thursday night previews , down slightly from the $4.7 million of the second film and $6.2 million made by Minions , and $29.2 million on its first day . It went on to debut to $72.4 million , slightly below expectations and the lowest of the series since the first film , but still topped the box office and was the 4th - best opening for Illumination . It also opened to more than the next five films did combined ( Baby Driver 's $20.6 million , Transformers : The Last Knight 's $16.9 million , Wonder Woman 's $15.7 million , Cars 3 's $9.7 million and The House 's $8.7 million ) . In its second weekend the film grossed $33.6 million ( a drop of 53.6 % , more than the previous Despicable Me films but similar to Minions ) , finishing second at the box office ( with a fresh record of 4,536 theaters showing the movie ) behind newcomer Spider - Man : Homecoming ( $117 million ) . Internationally the film was released in five markets on June 16 , 2017 , and grossed $9.9 million in its opening weekend . In its third week of release the film opened in 46 more markets , grossing $95.6 million . The film 's largest markets were China ( $158.2 million ) , Japan ( $66.2 million ) , the UK ( $62.7 million ) , Germany ( $43.8 million ) and France ( $41.4 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 59 % based on 174 reviews , and an average rating of 5.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Despicable Me 3 should keep fans of the franchise consistently entertained with another round of colorful animation and zany -- albeit somewhat scattershot -- humor . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 49 out of 100 based on 37 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale , down from the first two films ' and the spin - off 's `` A '' . IGN gave the film a score of 6 / 10 , saying , `` It 's not much , but Despicable Me 3 is at least enough for the younger fans of the franchise . '' Peter Debruge of Variety wrote , `` Despicable Me 3 is unwieldy , but it mostly works , as co-directors Pierre Coffin ( who also voices the Minions ) and Kyle Balda never lose sight of the film 's emotional center , packing the rest with as much humor as they can manage . The jokes come so fast and furious , the movie can hardly find room for Heitor Pereira 's funky score , and though Pharrell Williams has contributed five new songs to sell soundtracks ( including the sweet There 's Something Special ) , the movie hardly needs them . '' Alonso Duralde of TheWrap gave the film a mixed review , saying : `` Ultimately , none of these flaws will matter to the throngs of little kids who have made the previous Despicable Me movies ( and the superior Minions spin - off ) into giant global hits . '' Sandy Schaefer for Screen Rant gives the film a 3 out of 5 stars saying `` Despicable Me 3 offers enough in the way of zany , irreverent entertainment ( with a dose of heart ) to please steadfast fans of the franchise . '' Jordan Mintzer for The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review saying `` This rather clever , breakneck - paced cartoon gives fans exactly what they want : Like the new nemesis voiced by Trey Parker , it shoots multiple machine - gun bursts of bubblegum at the audience , asking them to chew and enjoy '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` Pierre Coffin ( who voices the Minions ) and co-director Kyle Balda keep the plot spinning merrily . Pharrell Williams contributes five new songs to the mix , including the hummable `` There 's Something Special . '' It 's no mystery why Illumination 's franchise is still something special after three go - rounds -- the box - office gross is a whopping $1.5 billion and counting . '' Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a ' B ' grade , saying `` What shines through is the visual wit and innate sweetness of the storytelling , and Carell 's cackling , cueball - skulled misanthrope -- a ( mostly ) reformed scoundrel who can still have his cake , and arsenic too . '' Stephen Whitty of the New York Daily News gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars , saying `` The film has to rush at the end , to wrap up all these different stories , and it still leaves one of them open - ended . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipient ( s ) Result 45th Annie Awards Best Animated Feature Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy Nominated Animated Effects in an Animated Production Bruno Chauffard , Frank Baradat , Nicolas Brack and Milo Riccarand Character Design in an Animated Feature Production Eric Guillon ACE Eddie Awards Best Edited Animated Feature Film Claire Dodgson Art Directors Guild Production Design in an Animated Feature Olivier Adam Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture -- Animated Film Carlos Sotolongo , Randy Thom , Tim Nielson , Brandon Proctor , Greg Hayes and Scott Curtis Central Ohio Film Critics Association Best Animated Film Despicable Me 3 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards Best Animated Film Pierre Coffin and Kyle Balda Denver Film Critics Society Awards Best Animated Film Despicable Me 3 Golden Trailer Awards 2017 Best Animation / Family Best Animation / Family Poster Golden Reel Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing -- Feature Animation Dennis Leonard , Tim Nielsen , Matthew Hartman , Mac Smith , Andre J.H. Zweers , Christopher Flick , Richard Gould , John Roesch , Shelley Roden and Slamm Andrews Hollywood Music in Media Awards 2017 Best Original Song - Animated Film `` There 's Something Special '' for Pharrell Williams Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2017 Best Animated Film Despicable Me 3 Producers Guild of America Award Outstanding Producer of Animated Theatrical Motion Picture Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy Movieguide Awards Best Movie for Families Despicable Me 3 Nickelodeon Brazil Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Animated Film Won Nickelodeon Mexico Kids ' Choice Awards 2017 Favorite Movie 2018 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Animated Film Nominated Nickelodeon Argentina Kids ' Choice Awards 2017 Favorite Movie Nickelodeon Colombia Kids ' Choice Awards 2017 Favorite Movie North Texas Film Critics Association Best Animated Film Pierre Coffin , Kyle Balda and Eric Guillion Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Best Animated Film Despicable Me 3 Saturn Awards Best Animated Film Pending St. Louis Film Critics Association Best Animated Feature Pierre Coffin and Kyle Balda Nominated 16th Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in an Animated Feature Pierre Coffin , Chris Meledandri , Kyle Balda and Eric Guillon Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Eric Guillon , Bruno Dequier , Julien Soret , Benjamin Fournet for `` Bratt '' Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature Axelle De Cooman , Pierre Lopes , Milo Riccarand , Nicolas Brack for `` Hollywood Destruction '' Outstanding Model in a Photoreal or Animated Project Eric Guillon , Francois - Xavier Lepeintre , Guillaume Boudeville , Pierre Lopes for `` Dru 's Car '' Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Animated Feature Bruno Chauffard , Frank Baradat , Milo Riccarand , Nicolas Brack Washington , D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards Best Animated Feature Pierre Coffin and Kyle Balda Sequel ( edit ) Illumination 's CEO Chris Meledandri has said in September 2017 that a fourth Despicable Me film is in development . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Heitor Pereira to Return for ' Despicable Me 3 ' '' . Film Music Reporter . June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfe , Jennifer ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Illumination 's ' Despicable Me 3 ' To Premiere at Annecy 2017 '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 3 '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Matt ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Trey Parker Joins Voice Cast of ' Despicable Me 3 ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office : Despicable Me 3 Wins the Weekend '' . Rotten Tomatoes . July 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Franich , Darren ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Trey Parker Will Voice The Villain In Despicable Me 3 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) . `` ' Despicable Me 3 ' Trailer Reunites Gru With His Long - Lost Twin Brother '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Nequinto , Denise ( 30 September 2016 ) . `` ' Despicable Me 3 ' 2017 Plot : Gru Experiences Sibling Rivalry , Faces New Villain '' . CitizenOracle . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lesnick , Silas ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Gru is Back in the Despicable Me 3 Trailer ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nev Scharrel Talks ' Despicable Me 3 ' In Exclusive Q&A ! '' . popstaronline.com . September 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Despicable Me 3 : Meet the mutinous new Minion '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Despicable Me 3 '' . Universal Pictures . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 3 Trailer # 2 : Gru Meets Dru '' . Screen Rant. 2017 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` When is Despicable Me 3 released in the UK and is there a trailer ? '' . The Sun . 2017 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Miranda Cosgrove / Margo - ' Despicable 3 ' : Meet the Voices Behind the Animated Characters '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Comcast 's CEO Presents at Bank of America Merrill Lynch 2013 Media , Communications & Entertainment Conference ( Transcript ) '' . Seeking Alpha . September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . One of the real gems inside our company is Illumination the animation studio led by Chris Meledandri and Despicable Me 2 , which came out this summer is the most profitable film in the 100 year history of the Universal and there will obviously be another reopening a film called Minions , which are the minions from Despicable Me next Christmas and then there will be Despicable Me 3 . Jump up ^ `` ' Despicable Me ' Screenwriter Discusses Local Honor , Theme Park Attraction '' . Conejo Valley Happening . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . We just started writing Despicable Me 3 , ... Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Hear Pharrell 's Joyous New Song ' Yellow Light ' From ' Despicable Me 3 ' '' . Rolling Stones . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 427 '' . auspOp . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Chart History ( Soundtrack Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 3 and Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas Set for 2017 '' . ComingSoon.net . January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Gru 's twin brother in new Despicable Me 3 trailer '' . Comingsoon.net . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Despicable Me 3 - In Theaters Jun 30 - TV Spot 3 ( HD ) . Illumination Entertainment . April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Despicable Me 3 - In Theaters June 30 - Official Trailer # 3 ( YouTube ) . Illumination Entertainment . May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , James ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Despicable Me 3 Home Entertainment Release Details '' . Filmoria . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 3 DVD & Blu - ray Release Date '' . 3 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Despicable Me 3 ' Is Summer 's First And Last $1 Billion Hit '' . Forbes . September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` No. 3 ' Despicable Me 3 ' Box Office Profits -- 2017 Most Valuable Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Despicable Me 3 ' To Own Crowded Independence Day Weekend Stretch -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . June 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Despicable Me 3 ' Now At $75 M+ ; ' Baby Driver ' Booms To $30 M As ' The House ' Goes Broke With $9 M -- July 4th Weekend B.O. '' Deadline Hollywood . July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Still Swinging In As Sony 's Second Best Domestic Opening Ever With $116 M - $118 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mummy ' Leads Overseas ; ' Wonder Woman ' Cuffs $572 M WW ; ' Cars ' , ' Despicable Me ' 3s Hit International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 3 reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 26 June 2017 ) . `` Despicable Me 3 Review '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Despicable Me 3 ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` ' Despicable Me 3 ' Review : This Time , Not Enough Minions and Too Many Subplots '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` Despicable Me 3 Review '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Despicable Me 3 ' : Film Review Annecy 2017 '' . Hollywood Reporter. 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Despicable Me 3 ' Review : Steve Carell Times Two Makes Third Time a Charm '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Leah ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` DDespicable Me 3 is a giddy but scattershot sequel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitty , Stephen ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Despicable Me 3 ' with Steve Carell overloaded but lots of fun : movie review '' . Daily News . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Walt Disney Company Picks Up 33 Annie Award Nominations , Including 13 For ' Coco ' '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ACE Eddie Awards Nominations : ' Dunkirk ' , ' Baby Driver ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' Make Cut '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Art Directors Guild Awards : ' Dunkirk , ' ' Shape of Water , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Among Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 54th CAS Awards Nominees '' . Cinema Audio Society . January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Columbus Film Critics Association ( CFCA ) Nominations '' . Next Best Picture . January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2018 : Complete List of Movie and TV Nominations '' . E Newes . December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Call Me By Your Name ' Leads Denver Film Critics Society ( DFCS ) Nominations '' . Awards Watch . January 9 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Trailer Awards : ' Lego Batman Movie ' Leads With 11 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` MPSE Golden Reel Awards : ' Baby Driver , ' ' Dunkirk ' Among Sound Editors ' Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards Announces Nominees in Film , TV , & Video Game Music '' . Shoot Online . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( December 30 , 2017 ) . `` Houston Film Critics Nominations -- ' The Shape of Water ' Nabs 11 , Dafne Keen Gets Supporting Nod '' . Awards Circuit . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Producers Guild Awards : ' Get Out , ' ' Wonder Woman ' Among Film Nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Movieguide Awards Nominations '' . Movieguides Awards . February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 5 , 2017 ) . `` Nickelodeon Brazil Kids ' Choice Awards 2017 Nominees '' . Nick . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Nickelodeon Mexico Kids ' Choice Awards 2017 Nominees '' . The Wrap . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards 2018 : Watch Host John Cena Announce the Favorite Movie Nominees '' . E ! Online . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Nickelodeon Argentina Kids ' Choice Awards 2017 Nominees '' . The Wrap . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Nickelodeon Colombia Kids ' Choice Awards 2017 Nominees '' . The Wrap . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( December 23 , 2017 ) . `` Best of 2017 from the NTFCA '' . North Texas Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Phoenix Film Critics Society '' . 2017 Awards NOMINATIONS . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johns , Nikara ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Annual StLFCA Awards '' . Sf . Louis Film Association . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Tracy ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 WAFCA Awards '' . Washington D.C. Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sakoui , Anousha ; Palmeri , Christopher ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` In Dismal Summer , ' Despicable Me 3 ' Producer Delivers $1 Billion '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Despicable Me 3 . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Despicable Me 3 Official website Despicable Me 3 on IMDb Despicable Me 3 at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Pierre Coffin Despicable Me ( 2010 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) Minions ( 2015 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) Despicable Me Films Main series Despicable Me Despicable Me 2 Despicable Me 3 Spin - offs Minions Minions 2 Music Despicable Me : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Happy '' Related articles Despicable Me Minion Mayhem Minions Minions Paradise Illumination Entertainment Feature films Released Despicable Me ( 2010 ) Hop ( 2011 ) Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ( 2012 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) Minions ( 2015 ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) Sing ( 2016 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) Upcoming Dr. Seuss ' The Grinch ( 2018 ) Franchises Despicable Me ( 2010 -- present ) People Chris Meledandri See also Despicable Me Minion Mayhem Mac Guff Illumination Mac Guff 2010s portal Cartoon portal Animation portal Film in the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Despicable_Me_3&oldid=842616057 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2017 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s comedy films 2010s sequel films American adventure comedy films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's animated adventure films American computer - animated films American films American sequel films Animated adventure films Animated comedy films Despicable Me ( franchise ) Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Illumination Entertainment animated films Universal Pictures animated films Films set in a fictional European country Universal Pictures films Films scored by Heitor Pereira Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 15 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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to the end of the world pat metheny group

We Live Here

we live here

We Live Here is an album by the Pat Metheny Group that won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Jazz Album in 1996 .

Contents 1 Track listing 2 Personnel 3 Awards 4 We Live Here - Live in Japan ( DVD , 1995 ) 5 Notes 6 Personnel Live 7 References Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Pat Metheny and Lyle Mays except where noted . No . Title Length 1 . `` Here to Stay '' 7 : 39 2 . `` And Then I Knew '' 7 : 53 3 . `` The Girls Next Door '' 5 : 30 4 . `` To the End of the World '' 12 : 15 5 . `` We Live Here '' 4 : 12 6 . `` Episode d'Azur '' ( Mays ) 8 : 45 7 . `` Something to Remind You '' 7 : 04 8 . `` Red Sky '' 7 : 36 9 . `` Stranger in Town '' 6 : 11 Personnel ( edit ) Pat Metheny -- guitars , guitar synthesizer Lyle Mays -- piano , keyboards Steve Rodby -- acoustic and electric bass Paul Wertico -- drums David Blamires -- vocals Mark Ledford -- vocals , trumpet , Flugelhorn , Whistling Luis Conte -- percussion Guest appearances : Sammy Merendino -- drum programming Dave Samuels -- cymbal rolls Awards ( edit ) Grammy Awards Years Best Contemporary Jazz Performance We Live Here - Live in japan ( dvd , 1995 ) ( edit ) All tracks written by Pat Metheny and Lyle Mays except where noted . No . Title Length 1 . `` Have You Heard '' 6 : 07 2 . `` And Then I Knew '' 7 : 46 3 . `` Here To Stay '' 6 : 45 4 . `` First Circle '' 8 : 56 5 . `` Scrap Metal '' 5 : 21 6 . `` Farmer 's Trust '' ( Metheny ) 6 : 11 7 . `` Episode D'azur '' ( Mays ) 10 : 45 8 . `` Third Wind '' 6 : 16 9 . `` This Is Not America '' ( Metheny / Mays / David Bowie ) 3 : 39 10 . `` Antonia '' ( Metheny ) 6 : 39 11 . `` To The End Of The World '' 12 : 15 12 . `` Minuano '' 6 : 42 13 . `` Stranger in Town '' 6 : 29 Notes ( edit ) Recorded live at Gotanda Hall , Tokyo , Japan , October 8 , 1995 Directed by Takayuki Watanabe Produced by Pat Metheny Associate producers -- David Oakes and Rob Eaton Recorded by Alec Head Mixed by Rob Eaton and David Oakes Personnel Live ( edit ) Pat Metheny -- guitars , guitar synthesizer Lyle Mays -- piano , synthesizers Steve Rodby -- acoustic and electric bass Paul Wertico -- drums , percussion , electronic drums Armando Marçal -- percussion David Blamires -- vocals , guitars , percussion , accordion , mellophone , vibraphone , marimba , glockenspiel Mark Ledford -- vocals , guitar , percussion , flugelhorn , trumpet , marimba , glockenspiel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Yanow , Scott . `` We Live Here '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 19 July 2011 . Pat Metheny Group Pat Metheny Lyle Mays Steve Rodby Antonio Sánchez Cuong Vu Grégoire Maret Nando Lauria Mark Egan Danny Gottlieb Naná Vasconcelos Pedro Aznar Paul Wertico Armando Marcal David Blamires Mark Ledford Luis Conte Richard Bona Discography Pat Metheny Group ( 1978 ) American Garage ( 1979 ) Offramp ( 1982 ) Travels ( 1983 ) First Circle ( 1984 ) The Falcon and the Snowman ( 1985 ) Still Life ( Talking ) ( 1987 ) Letter from Home ( 1989 ) The Road to You ( 1993 ) We Live Here ( 1995 ) Quartet ( 1996 ) Imaginary Day ( 1997 ) Speaking of Now ( 2002 ) The Way Up ( 2005 ) Essential Collection Last Train Home ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Live_Here&oldid=851964774 '' Categories : Pat Metheny albums 1995 albums Geffen Records albums Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Jazz Album Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 18 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who is recognized as the first great composer of jazz

Duke Ellington

duke ellington

Edward Kennedy `` Duke '' Ellington ( April 29 , 1899 -- May 24 , 1974 ) was an American composer , pianist , and bandleader of a jazz orchestra , which he led from 1923 until his death in a career spanning over fifty years .

Born in Washington , D.C. , Ellington was based in New York City from the mid-1920s onward , and gained a national profile through his orchestra 's appearances at the Cotton Club in Harlem . In the 1930s , his orchestra toured in Europe . Though widely considered to have been a pivotal figure in the history of jazz , Ellington embraced the phrase `` beyond category '' as a liberating principle , and referred to his music as part of the more general category of American Music , rather than to a musical genre such as jazz . Some of the musicians who were members of Ellington 's orchestra , such as saxophonist Johnny Hodges , are considered to be among the best players in jazz . Ellington melded them into the best - known orchestral unit in the history of jazz . Some members stayed with the orchestra for several decades . A master at writing miniatures for the three - minute 78 rpm recording format , Ellington wrote more than one thousand compositions ; his extensive body of work is the largest recorded personal jazz legacy , with many of his works having become standards . Ellington also recorded songs written by his bandsmen , for example Juan Tizol 's `` Caravan '' , and `` Perdido '' , which brought a Spanish tinge to big band jazz . After 1941 , Ellington collaborated with composer - arranger - pianist Billy Strayhorn , whom he called his writing and arranging companion . With Strayhorn , he composed many extended compositions , or suites , as well as additional short pieces . Following an appearance at the Newport Jazz Festival , in July 1956 , Ellington and his orchestra enjoyed a major career revival and embarked on world tours . Ellington recorded for most American record companies of his era , performed in several films , scoring several , and composed stage musicals . Due to his inventive use of the orchestra , or big band , and thanks to his eloquence and charisma , Ellington is generally considered to have elevated the perception of jazz to an art form on a par with other more traditional musical genres . His reputation continued to rise after he died , and he was awarded a special posthumous Pulitzer Prize for music in 1999 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Music career 2.1 Early career 2.2 Cotton Club engagement 2.3 The early 1930s 2.4 The later 1930s 2.5 Ellington in the early to mid-1940s 2.6 Early post-war years 2.7 Career revival 2.8 Last years 3 Personal life 4 Death 5 Legacy 5.1 Memorials 5.2 Tributes 6 Discography 7 Awards and honors 7.1 Grammy Awards 7.2 Grammy Hall of Fame 7.3 Honors and inductions 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Early Life Ellington was born on April 29 , 1899 , to James Edward Ellington and Daisy ( Kennedy ) Ellington in Washington , D.C. Both his parents were pianists . Daisy primarily played parlor songs and James preferred operatic arias . They lived with his maternal grandparents at 2129 Ida Place ( now Ward Place ) , NW , in the West End neighborhood of Washington , D.C. Duke 's father was born in Lincolnton , North Carolina , on April 15 , 1879 , and moved to Washington , D.C. in 1886 with his parents . Daisy Kennedy was born in Washington , D.C. , on January 4 , 1879 , the daughter of a former American slave . James Ellington made blueprints for the United States Navy . When Ellington was a child , his family showed racial pride and support in their home , as did many other families . African Americans in D.C. worked to protect their children from the era 's Jim Crow laws . At the age of seven , Ellington began taking piano lessons from Marietta Clinkscales . Daisy surrounded her son with dignified women to reinforce his manners and teach him to live elegantly . Ellington 's childhood friends noticed that his casual , offhand manner , his easy grace , and his dapper dress gave him the bearing of a young nobleman , and began calling him `` Duke . '' Ellington credited his chum Edgar McEntree for the nickname . `` I think he felt that in order for me to be eligible for his constant companionship , I should have a title . So he called me Duke . '' Though Ellington took piano lessons , he was more interested in baseball . `` President Roosevelt ( Teddy ) would come by on his horse sometimes , and stop and watch us play '' , he recalled . Ellington went to Armstrong Technical High School in Washington , D.C. He gained his first job selling peanuts at Washington Senators baseball games . In the summer of 1914 , while working as a soda jerk at the Poodle Dog Café , Ellington wrote his first composition , `` Soda Fountain Rag '' ( also known as the `` Poodle Dog Rag '' ) . He created the piece by ear , as he had not yet learned to read and write music . `` I would play the ' Soda Fountain Rag ' as a one - step , two - step , waltz , tango , and fox trot '' , Ellington recalled . `` Listeners never knew it was the same piece . I was established as having my own repertoire . '' In his autobiography , Music is my Mistress ( 1973 ) , Ellington wrote that he missed more lessons than he attended , feeling at the time that playing the piano was not his talent . Ellington started sneaking into Frank Holiday 's Poolroom at the age of fourteen . Hearing the poolroom pianists play ignited Ellington 's love for the instrument , and he began to take his piano studies seriously . Among the many piano players he listened to were Doc Perry , Lester Dishman , Louis Brown , Turner Layton , Gertie Wells , Clarence Bowser , Sticky Mack , Blind Johnny , Cliff Jackson , Claude Hopkins , Phil Wurd , Caroline Thornton , Luckey Roberts , Eubie Blake , Joe Rochester , and Harvey Brooks . Ellington began listening to , watching , and imitating ragtime pianists , not only in Washington , D.C. , but in Philadelphia and Atlantic City , where he vacationed with his mother during the summer months . Dunbar High School music teacher Henry Lee Grant gave him private lessons in harmony . With the additional guidance of Washington pianist and band leader Oliver `` Doc '' Perry , Ellington learned to read sheet music , project a professional style , and improve his technique . Ellington was also inspired by his first encounters with stride pianists James P. Johnson and Luckey Roberts . Later in New York he took advice from Will Marion Cook , Fats Waller , and Sidney Bechet . Ellington started to play gigs in cafés and clubs in and around Washington , D.C. His attachment to music was so strong that in 1916 he turned down an art scholarship to the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn . Three months before graduating he dropped out of Armstrong Manual Training School , where he was studying commercial art . Working as a freelance sign - painter from 1917 , Ellington began assembling groups to play for dances . In 1919 he met drummer Sonny Greer from New Jersey , who encouraged Ellington 's ambition to become a professional musician . Ellington built his music business through his day job : when a customer asked him to make a sign for a dance or party , he would ask if they had musical entertainment ; if not , Ellington would offer to play for the occasion . He also had a messenger job with the U.S. Navy and State departments , where he made a wide range of contacts . Ellington moved out of his parents ' home and bought his own as he became a successful pianist . At first , he played in other ensembles , and in late 1917 formed his first group , `` The Duke 's Serenaders '' ( `` Colored Syncopators '' , his telephone directory advertising proclaimed ) . He was also the group 's booking agent . His first play date was at the True Reformer 's Hall , where he took home 75 cents . Ellington played throughout the Washington , D.C. area and into Virginia for private society balls and embassy parties . The band included childhood friend Otto Hardwick , who began playing the string bass , then moved to C - melody sax and finally settled on alto saxophone ; Arthur Whetsol on trumpet ; Elmer Snowden on banjo ; and Sonny Greer on drums . The band thrived , performing for both African - American and white audiences , a rarity in the segregated society of the day . Music career British pressing of `` East St. Louis Toodle - Oo '' ( 1927 ) Early career When his drummer Sonny Greer was invited to join the Wilber Sweatman Orchestra in New York City , Ellington made the fateful decision to leave behind his successful career in Washington , D.C. , and move to Harlem , ultimately becoming part of the Harlem Renaissance . New dance crazes such as the Charleston emerged in Harlem , as well as African - American musical theater , including Eubie Blake 's Shuffle Along . After the young musicians left the Sweatman Orchestra to strike out on their own , they found an emerging jazz scene that was highly competitive and hard to crack . They hustled pool by day and played whatever gigs they could find . The young band met stride pianist Willie `` The Lion '' Smith , who introduced them to the scene and gave them some money . They played at rent - house parties for income . After a few months , the young musicians returned to Washington , D.C. , feeling discouraged . In June 1923 , a gig in Atlantic City , New Jersey , led to a play date at the prestigious Exclusive Club in Harlem . This was followed in September 1923 by a move to the Hollywood Club -- 49th and Broadway -- and a four - year engagement , which gave Ellington a solid artistic base . He was known to play the bugle at the end of each performance . The group was initially called Elmer Snowden and his Black Sox Orchestra and had seven members , including trumpeter James `` Bubber '' Miley . They renamed themselves The Washingtonians . Snowden left the group in early 1924 and Ellington took over as bandleader . After a fire , the club was re-opened as the Club Kentucky ( often referred to as the Kentucky Club ) . Ellington made eight records in 1924 , receiving composing credit on three including `` Choo Choo '' . In 1925 , Ellington contributed four songs to Chocolate Kiddies starring Lottie Gee and Adelaide Hall , an all - African - American revue which introduced European audiences to African - American styles and performers . Duke Ellington and his Kentucky Club Orchestra grew to a group of ten players ; they developed their own sound by displaying the non-traditional expression of Ellington 's arrangements , the street rhythms of Harlem , and the exotic - sounding trombone growls and wah - wahs , high - squealing trumpets , and sultry saxophone blues licks of the band members . For a short time soprano saxophonist Sidney Bechet played with them , imparting his propulsive swing and superior musicianship to the young band members . Cotton Club engagement In October 1926 , Ellington made an agreement with agent - publisher Irving Mills , giving Mills a 45 % interest in Ellington 's future . Mills had an eye for new talent and published compositions by Hoagy Carmichael , Dorothy Fields , and Harold Arlen early in their careers . After recording a handful of acoustic titles during 1924 -- 26 , Ellington 's signing with Mills allowed him to record prolifically , although sometimes he recorded different versions of the same tune . Mills often took a co-composer credit . From the beginning of their relationship , Mills arranged recording sessions on nearly every label including Brunswick , Victor , Columbia , OKeh , Pathê ( and its Perfect label ) , the ARC / Plaza group of labels ( Oriole , Domino , Jewel , Banner ) and their dime - store labels ( Cameo , Lincoln , Romeo ) , Hit of the Week , and Columbia 's cheaper labels ( Harmony , Diva , Velvet Tone , Clarion ) labels which gave Ellington popular recognition . On OKeh , his records were usually issued as The Harlem Footwarmers , while the Brunswick 's were usually issued as The Jungle Band . Whoopee Makers and the Ten Black Berries were other pseudonyms . In September 1927 , King Oliver turned down a regular booking for his group as the house band at Harlem 's Cotton Club ; the offer passed to Ellington after Jimmy McHugh suggested him and Mills arranged an audition . Ellington had to increase from a six to eleven - piece group to meet the requirements of the Cotton Club 's management for the audition , and the engagement finally began on December 4 . With a weekly radio broadcast , the Cotton Club 's exclusively white and wealthy clientele poured in nightly to see them . At the Cotton Club , Ellington 's group performed all the music for the revues , which mixed comedy , dance numbers , vaudeville , burlesque , music , and illegal alcohol . The musical numbers were composed by Jimmy McHugh and the lyrics by Dorothy Fields ( later Harold Arlen and Ted Koehler ) , with some Ellington originals mixed in . ( Here he moved in with a dancer , his second wife Mildred Dixon ) . Weekly radio broadcasts from the club gave Ellington national exposure , while Ellington also recorded Fields - JMcHugh and Fats Waller -- Andy Razaf songs . Adelaide Hall - Adelaide Hall , recorded Creole Love Call with Ellington in 1927 . The recording became a worldwide hit . Although trumpeter Bubber Miley was a member of the orchestra for only a short period , he had a major influence on Ellington 's sound . As an early exponent of growl trumpet , Miley changed the sweet dance band sound of the group to one that was hotter , which contemporaries termed Jungle Style . In October 1927 , Ellington and his Orchestra recorded several compositions with Adelaide Hall . One side in particular , `` Creole Love Call '' , became a worldwide sensation and gave both Ellington and Hall their first hit record . Miley had composed most of `` Creole Love Call '' and `` Black and Tan Fantasy '' . An alcoholic , Miley had to leave the band before they gained wider fame . He died in 1932 at the age of 29 , but he was an important influence on Cootie Williams , who replaced him . In 1929 , the Cotton Club Orchestra appeared on stage for several months in Florenz Ziegfeld 's Show Girl , along with vaudeville stars Jimmy Durante , Eddie Foy , Jr. , Ruby Keeler , and with music and lyrics by George Gershwin and Gus Kahn . Will Vodery , Ziegfeld 's musical supervisor , recommended Ellington for the show , and , according to John Hasse 's Beyond Category : The Life and Genius of Duke Ellington , `` Perhaps during the run of Show Girl , Ellington received what he later termed ' valuable lessons in orchestration from Will Vodery . ' In his 1946 biography , Duke Ellington , Barry Ulanov wrote : From Vodery , as he ( Ellington ) says himself , he drew his chromatic convictions , his uses of the tones ordinarily extraneous to the diatonic scale , with the consequent alteration of the harmonic character of his music , its broadening , The deepening of his resources . It has become customary to ascribe the classical influences upon Duke -- Delius , Debussy and Ravel -- to direct contact with their music . Actually his serious appreciation of those and other modern composers , came after his meeting with Vodery . Ellington 's film work began with Black and Tan ( 1929 ) , a nineteen - minute all - African - American RKO short in which he played the hero `` Duke '' . He also appeared in the Amos ' n ' Andy film Check and Double Check released in 1930 . That year , Ellington and his Orchestra connected with a whole different audience in a concert with Maurice Chevalier and they also performed at the Roseland Ballroom , `` America 's foremost ballroom '' . Australian - born composer Percy Grainger was an early admirer and supporter . He wrote `` The three greatest composers who ever lived are Bach , Delius and Duke Ellington . Unfortunately Bach is dead , Delius is very ill but we are happy to have with us today The Duke '' . Ellington 's first period at the Cotton Club concluded in 1931 . The early 1930s Ellington led the orchestra by conducting from the keyboard using piano cues and visual gestures ; very rarely did he conduct using a baton . By 1932 his orchestra consisted of six brass instruments , four reeds , and a four - man rhythm section . As a bandleader , Ellington was not a strict disciplinarian ; he maintained control of his orchestra with a combination of charm , humor , flattery and astute psychology . A complex , private person , he revealed his feelings to only his closest intimates and effectively used his public persona to deflect attention away from himself . Ellington signed exclusively to Brunswick in 1932 and stayed with them through late 1936 ( albeit with a short - lived 1933 -- 34 switch to Victor when Irving Mills temporarily moved him and his other acts from Brunswick ) . As the Depression worsened , the recording industry was in crisis , dropping over 90 % of its artists by 1933 . Ivie Anderson was hired as their featured vocalist in 1931 . She is the vocalist on `` It Do n't Mean a Thing ( If It Ai n't Got That Swing ) '' ( 1932 ) among other recordings . Sonny Greer had been providing occasional vocals and continued to do in a cross-talk feature with Anderson . Radio exposure helped maintain Ellington 's public profile as his orchestra began to tour . The other records of this era include : `` Mood Indigo '' ( 1930 ) , `` Sophisticated Lady '' ( 1933 ) , `` Solitude '' ( 1934 ) , and `` In a Sentimental Mood '' ( 1935 ) While the band 's United States audience remained mainly African - American in this period , the Ellington orchestra had a significant following overseas , exemplified by the success of their trip to England and Scotland in 1933 and their 1934 visit to the European mainland . The British visit saw Ellington win praise from members of the serious music community , including composer Constant Lambert , which gave a boost to Ellington 's interest in composing longer works . Those longer pieces had already begun to appear . He had composed and recorded Creole Rhapsody as early as 1931 ( issued as both sides of a 12 '' record for Victor and both sides of a 10 '' record for Brunswick ) , and a tribute to his mother , `` Reminiscing in Tempo '' , took four 10 '' record sides to record in 1935 after her death in that year . Symphony in Black ( also 1935 ) , a short film , featured his extended piece ' A Rhapsody of Negro Life ' . It introduced Billie Holiday , and won an Academy Award as the best musical short subject . Ellington and his Orchestra also appeared in the features Murder at the Vanities and Belle of the Nineties ( both 1934 ) . For agent Mills the attention was a publicity triumph , as Ellington was now internationally known . On the band 's tour through the segregated South in 1934 , they avoided some of the traveling difficulties of African - Americans by touring in private railcars . These provided easy accommodations , dining , and storage for equipment while avoiding the indignities of segregated facilities . Competition was intensifying though , as swing bands like Benny Goodman 's , began to receive popular attention . Swing dancing became a youth phenomenon , particularly with white college audiences , and danceability drove record sales and bookings . Jukeboxes proliferated nationwide , spreading the gospel of swing . Ellington 's band could certainly swing , but their strengths were mood , nuance , and richness of composition , hence his statement `` jazz is music , swing is business '' . The later 1930s From 1936 , Ellington began to make recordings with smaller groups ( sextets , octets , and nonets ) drawn from his then - 15 - man orchestra and he composed pieces intended to feature a specific instrumentalist , as with `` Jeep 's Blues '' for Johnny Hodges , `` Yearning for Love '' for Lawrence Brown , `` Trumpet in Spades '' for Rex Stewart , `` Echoes of Harlem '' for Cootie Williams and `` Clarinet Lament '' for Barney Bigard . In 1937 , Ellington returned to the Cotton Club which had relocated to the mid-town Theater District . In the summer of that year , his father died , and due to many expenses , Ellington 's finances were tight , although his situation improved the following year . After leaving agent Irving Mills , he signed on with the William Morris Agency . Mills though continued to record Ellington . After only a year , his Master and Variety labels , the small groups had recorded for the latter , collapsed in late 1937 , Mills placed Ellington back on Brunswick and those small group units on Vocalion through to 1940 . Well known sides continued to be recorded , `` Caravan '' in 1937 , and `` I Let a Song Go Out of My Heart '' the following year . Play media Ellington in 1939 Billy Strayhorn , originally hired as a lyricist , began his association with Ellington in 1939 . Nicknamed `` Swee ' Pea '' for his mild manner , Strayhorn soon became a vital member of the Ellington organization . Ellington showed great fondness for Strayhorn and never failed to speak glowingly of the man and their collaborative working relationship , `` my right arm , my left arm , all the eyes in the back of my head , my brain waves in his head , and his in mine '' . Strayhorn , with his training in classical music , not only contributed his original lyrics and music , but also arranged and polished many of Ellington 's works , becoming a second Ellington or `` Duke 's doppelganger '' . It was not uncommon for Strayhorn to fill in for Duke , whether in conducting or rehearsing the band , playing the piano , on stage , and in the recording studio . The 1930s ended with a very successful European tour just as World War II loomed in Europe . Ellington in the early to mid-1940s Duke Ellington at the Hurricane Club in New York , May 1943 Some of the musicians who joined Ellington at this time created a sensation in their own right . The short - lived Jimmy Blanton transformed the use of double bass in jazz , allowing it to function as a solo / melodic instrument rather than a rhythm instrument alone . Terminal illness forced him to leave by late 1941 after only about two years . Ben Webster , the Orchestra 's first regular tenor saxophonist , whose main tenure with Ellington spanned 1939 to 1943 , started a rivalry with Johnny Hodges as the Orchestra 's foremost voice in the sax section . Trumpeter Ray Nance joined , replacing Cootie Williams who had defected to Benny Goodman . Additionally , Nance added violin to the instrumental colors Ellington had at his disposal . Recordings exist of Nance 's first concert date on November 7 , 1940 , at Fargo , North Dakota . Privately made by Jack Towers and Dick Burris , these recordings were first legitimately issued in 1978 as Duke Ellington at Fargo , 1940 Live ; they are among the earliest of innumerable live performances which survive . Nance was also an occasional vocalist , although Herb Jeffries was the main male vocalist in this era ( until 1943 ) while Al Hibbler ( who replaced Jeffries in 1943 ) continued until 1951 . Ivie Anderson left in 1942 for health reasons after eleven years : the longest term of any of Ellington 's vocalists . Once again recording for Victor ( from 1940 ) , with the small groups recording for their Bluebird label , three - minute masterpieces on 78 rpm record sides continued to flow from Ellington , Billy Strayhorn , Ellington 's son Mercer Ellington , and members of the Orchestra . `` Cotton Tail '' , `` Main Stem '' , `` Harlem Airshaft '' , `` Jack the Bear '' , and dozens of others date from this period . Strayhorn 's `` Take the `` A '' Train '' a hit in 1941 , became the band 's theme , replacing `` East St. Louis Toodle - Oo '' . Ellington and his associates wrote for an orchestra of distinctive voices who displayed tremendous creativity . Mary Lou Williams , working as a staff arranger , would briefly join Ellington a few years later . Ellington 's long - term aim though was to extend the jazz form from that three - minute limit , of which he was an acknowledged master . While he had composed and recorded some extended pieces before , such works now became a regular feature of Ellington 's output . In this , he was helped by Strayhorn , who had enjoyed a more thorough training in the forms associated with classical music than Ellington . The first of these , `` Black , Brown , and Beige '' ( 1943 ) , was dedicated to telling the story of African - Americans , and the place of slavery and the church in their history . Ellington debuted Black , Brown and Beige in Carnegie Hall on January 23 , 1943 , beginning an annual series of concerts there over the next four years . While some jazz musicians had played at Carnegie Hall before , none had performed anything as elaborate as Ellington 's work . Unfortunately , starting a regular pattern , Ellington 's longer works were generally not well received . A partial exception was Jump for Joy , a full - length musical based on themes of African - American identity , debuted on July 10 , 1941 , at the Mayan Theater in Los Angeles . Hollywood luminaries such as actors John Garfield and Mickey Rooney invested in the production , and Charlie Chaplin and Orson Welles offered to direct . At one performance though , Garfield insisted Herb Jeffries , who was light - skinned , should wear make - up . Ellington objected in the interval , and compared Jeffries to Al Jolson . The change was reverted , and the singer later commented that the audience must have thought he was an entirely different character in the second half of the show . Although it had sold - out performances , and received positive reviews , it ran for only 122 performances until September 29 , 1941 , with a brief revival in November of that year . Its subject matter did not make it appealing to Broadway ; Ellington had unfulfilled plans to take it there . Despite this disappointment , a Broadway production of Ellington 's Beggar 's Holiday , his sole book musical , premiered on December 23 , 1946 . under the direction of Nicholas Ray . The settlement of the first recording ban of 1942 -- 43 , leading to an increase in royalties paid to musicians , had a serious effect on the financial viability of the big bands , including Ellington 's Orchestra . His income as a songwriter ultimately subsidized it . Although he always spent lavishly and drew a respectable income from the Orchestra 's operations , the band 's income often just covered expenses . Early post-war years World War II brought about a swift end to the big band era as musicians went off to serve in the military and travel restrictions made touring difficult . When the war ended , the focus of popular music shifted towards crooners such as Frank Sinatra and Jo Stafford , so Ellington 's wordless vocal feature `` Transblucency '' ( 1946 ) with Kay Davis was not going to have a similar reach . With inflation setting in after 1945 , the cost of hiring big bands went up and club owners preferred smaller jazz groups who played in new styles such as bebop . Dancing in clubs also subjected club owners to a new wartime tax which continued for many years after , which made small bands more cost - effective for club owners . Ellington poses with his piano at the KFG Radio Studio November 3 , 1954 . Ellington continued on his own course through these tectonic shifts . While Count Basie was forced to disband his whole ensemble and work as an octet for a time , Ellington was able to tour most of Western Europe between April 6 and June 30 , 1950 , with the orchestra playing 74 dates over 77 days . During the tour , according to Sonny Greer , the newer works were not performed , though Ellington 's extended composition , Harlem ( 1950 ) was in the process of being completed at this time . Ellington later presented its score to music - loving President Harry Truman . Also during his time in Europe , Ellington would compose the music for a stage production by Orson Welles . Titled Time Runs in Paris and An Evening With Orson Welles in Frankfurt , the variety show also featured a newly discovered Eartha Kitt , who performed Ellington 's original song `` Hungry Little Trouble '' as Helen of Troy . In 1951 , Ellington suffered a significant loss of personnel : Sonny Greer , Lawrence Brown , and most importantly Johnny Hodges left to pursue other ventures , although only Greer was a permanent departee . Drummer Louie Bellson replaced Greer , and his `` Skin Deep '' was a hit for Ellington . Tenor player Paul Gonsalves had joined in December 1950 after periods with Count Basie and Dizzy Gillespie and stayed for the rest of his life , while Clark Terry joined in November 1951 . During the early 1950s , Ellington 's career was at a low point with his style being generally seen as outmoded , but his reputation did not suffer as badly as some artists . André Previn said in 1952 : `` You know , Stan Kenton can stand in front of a thousand fiddles and a thousand brass and make a dramatic gesture and every studio arranger can nod his head and say , Oh , yes , that 's done like this . But Duke merely lifts his finger , three horns make a sound , and I do n't know what it is ! '' However , by 1955 , after three years of recording for Capitol , Ellington lacked a regular recording affiliation . Career revival Ellington 's appearance at the Newport Jazz Festival on July 7 , 1956 returned him to wider prominence and introduced him to a new generation of fans . The feature `` Diminuendo and Crescendo in Blue '' comprised two tunes that had been in the band 's book since 1937 but largely forgotten until Ellington , who had abruptly ended the band 's scheduled set because of the late arrival of four key players , called the two tunes as the time was approaching midnight . Announcing that the two pieces would be separated by an interlude played by tenor saxophonist Paul Gonsalves , Ellington proceeded to lead the band through the two pieces , with Gonsalves ' 27 - chorus marathon solo whipping the crowd into a frenzy , leading the Maestro to play way beyond the curfew time despite urgent pleas from festival organizer George Wein to bring the program to an end . The concert made international headlines , led to one of only five Time magazine cover stories dedicated to a jazz musician , and resulted in an album produced by George Avakian that would become the best - selling LP of Ellington 's career . Much of the music on the vinyl LP was , in effect , simulated , with only about 40 % actually from the concert itself . According to Avakian , Ellington was dissatisfied with aspects of the performance and felt the musicians had been under rehearsed . The band assembled the next day to re-record several of the numbers with the addition of artificial crowd noise , none of which was disclosed to purchasers of the album . Not until 1999 was the concert recording properly released for the first time . The revived attention brought about by the Newport appearance should not have surprised anyone , Johnny Hodges had returned the previous year , and Ellington 's collaboration with Strayhorn had been renewed around the same time , under terms more amenable to the younger man . The original Ellington at Newport album was the first release in a new recording contract with Columbia Records which yielded several years of recording stability , mainly under producer Irving Townsend , who coaxed both commercial and artistic productions from Ellington . In 1957 , CBS ( Columbia Records ' parent corporation ) aired a live television production of A Drum Is a Woman , an allegorical suite which received mixed reviews . His hope that television would provide a significant new outlet for his type of jazz was not fulfilled . Tastes and trends had moved on without him . Festival appearances at the new Monterey Jazz Festival and elsewhere provided venues for live exposure , and a European tour in 1958 was well received . Such Sweet Thunder ( 1957 ) , based on Shakespeare 's plays and characters , and The Queen 's Suite ( 1958 ) , dedicated to Britain 's Queen Elizabeth II , were products of the renewed impetus which the Newport appearance helped to create , although the latter work was not commercially issued at the time . The late 1950s also saw Ella Fitzgerald record her Duke Ellington Songbook ( Verve ) with Ellington and his orchestra -- a recognition that Ellington 's songs had now become part of the cultural canon known as the ' Great American Songbook ' . Jimmy Stewart and Ellington in Anatomy of a Murder . Ellington at this time ( with Strayhorn ) began to work directly on scoring for film soundtracks , in particular Anatomy of a Murder ( 1959 ) , with James Stewart , in which Ellington appeared fronting a roadhouse combo , and Paris Blues ( 1961 ) , which featured Paul Newman and Sidney Poitier as jazz musicians . Detroit Free Press music critic Mark Stryker concludes that the work of Billy Strayhorn and Ellington in Anatomy of a Murder a trial court drama film directed by Otto Preminger , is `` indispensable , ( although ) ... too sketchy to rank in the top echelon among Ellington - Strayhorn masterpiece suites like Such Sweet Thunder and The Far East Suite , but its most inspired moments are their equal . '' Film historians have recognized the soundtrack `` as a landmark -- the first significant Hollywood film music by African Americans comprising non-diegetic music , that is , music whose source is not visible or implied by action in the film , like an on - screen band . '' The score avoided the cultural stereotypes which previously characterized jazz scores and rejected a strict adherence to visuals in ways that presaged the New Wave cinema of the ' 60s `` . Ellington and Strayhorn , always looking for new musical territory , produced suites for John Steinbeck 's novel Sweet Thursday , Tchaikovsky 's Nutcracker Suite and Edvard Grieg 's Peer Gynt . In the early 1960s , Ellington embraced recording with artists who had been friendly rivals in the past , or were younger musicians who focused on later styles . The Ellington and Count Basie orchestras recorded together . During a period when he was between recording contracts , he made records with Louis Armstrong ( Roulette ) , Coleman Hawkins , John Coltrane ( both for Impulse ) and participated in a session with Charles Mingus and Max Roach which produced the Money Jungle ( United Artists ) album . He signed to Frank Sinatra 's new Reprise label , but the association with the label was short - lived . Musicians who had previously worked with Ellington returned to the Orchestra as members : Lawrence Brown in 1960 and Cootie Williams in 1962 . The writing and playing of music is a matter of intent ... You ca n't just throw a paint brush against the wall and call whatever happens art . My music fits the tonal personality of the player . I think too strongly in terms of altering my music to fit the performer to be impressed by accidental music . You ca n't take doodling seriously . He was now performing all over the world ; a significant part of each year was spent on overseas tours . As a consequence , he formed new working relationships with artists from around the world , including the Swedish vocalist Alice Babs , and the South African musicians Dollar Brand and Sathima Bea Benjamin ( A Morning in Paris , 1963 / 1997 ) . Ellington wrote an original score for director Michael Langham 's production of Shakespeare 's Timon of Athens at the Stratford Festival in Ontario , Canada which opened on July 29 , 1963 . Langham has used it for several subsequent productions , including a much later adaptation by Stanley Silverman which expands the score with some of Ellington 's best - known works . Last years Ellington receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Nixon , 1969 . Ellington was shortlisted for the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 1965 but no prize was ultimately awarded that year . Then 66 years old , he joked : `` Fate is being kind to me . Fate does n't want me to be famous too young . '' In 1999 he was posthumously awarded a special Pulitzer Prize `` commemorating the centennial year of his birth , in recognition of his musical genius , which evoked aesthetically the principles of democracy through the medium of jazz and thus made an indelible contribution to art and culture . '' In September 1965 , he premiered the first of his Sacred Concerts . He created a jazz Christian liturgy . Although the work received mixed reviews , Ellington was proud of the composition and performed it dozens of times . This concert was followed by two others of the same type in 1968 and 1973 , known as the Second and Third Sacred Concerts . These generated controversy in what was already a tumultuous time in the United States . Many saw the Sacred Music suites as an attempt to reinforce commercial support for organized religion , though Ellington simply said it was `` the most important thing I 've done '' . The Steinway piano upon which the Sacred Concerts were composed is part of the collection of the Smithsonian 's National Museum of American History . Like Haydn and Mozart , Ellington conducted his orchestra from the piano -- he always played the keyboard parts when the Sacred Concerts were performed . Despite his advancing age ( he turned 65 in the spring of 1964 ) , Ellington showed no sign of slowing down as he continued to make vital and innovative recordings , including The Far East Suite ( 1966 ) , New Orleans Suite ( 1970 ) , Latin American Suite ( 1972 ) and The Afro - Eurasian Eclipse ( 1971 ) , much of it inspired by his world tours . It was during this time that he recorded his only album with Frank Sinatra , entitled Francis A. & Edward K. ( 1967 ) . Although he made two more stage appearances before his death , Ellington performed what is considered his final full concert in a ballroom at Northern Illinois University on March 20 , 1974 . The last three shows Ellington and his orchestra performed were one on March 21 , 1973 at Purdue University 's Hall of Music and two on March 22 , 1973 at the Sturges - Young Auditorium in Sturgis , Michigan . Personal Life This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ellington in 1973 Ellington married his high school sweetheart , Edna Thompson ( d . 1967 ) , on July 2 , 1918 , when he was 19 . The next spring , on March 11 , 1919 , Edna gave birth to their only son , Mercer Kennedy Ellington . Ellington was joined in New York City by his wife and son in the late twenties , but the couple soon permanently separated . According to her obituary in Jet magazine , she was `` homesick for Washington '' and returned . In 1928 , Ellington became the companion of Mildred Dixon , who traveled with him , managed Tempo Music , inspired songs at the peak of his career , and reared his son Mercer . In 1938 he left his family ( his son was then 19 ) and moved in with Beatrice `` Evie '' Ellis , a Cotton Club employee . Their relationship , though stormy , continued after Ellington met and formed a relationship with Fernanda de Castro Monte in the early 1960s . Ellington supported both women for the rest of his life . Mildred Dixon -- Ellington 's companion ; his son Mercer referred to her as his mother Ellington 's sister Ruth ( 1915 -- 2004 ) later ran Tempo Music , his music publishing company . Ruth 's second husband was the bass - baritone McHenry Boatwright , whom she met when he sang at her brother 's funeral . As an adult , son Mercer Ellington ( d . 1996 ) played trumpet and piano , led his own band , and worked as his father 's business manager . Ellington was a freemason and was associated with Prince Hall Freemasonry . Death Ellington died on May 24 , 1974 , of complications from lung cancer and pneumonia , a few weeks after his 75th birthday . At his funeral , attended by over 12,000 people at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine , Ella Fitzgerald summed up the occasion , `` It 's a very sad day . A genius has passed . '' He was interred in the Woodlawn Cemetery , the Bronx , New York City . Legacy Memorials Numerous memorials have been dedicated to Duke Ellington , in cities from New York and Washington , D.C. to Los Angeles . Ellington is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx , New York City . In Ellington 's birthplace , Washington , D.C. , the Duke Ellington School of the Arts educates talented students , who are considering careers in the arts , by providing intensive arts instruction and strong academic programs that prepare students for post-secondary education and professional careers . Originally built in 1935 , the Calvert Street Bridge was renamed the Duke Ellington Bridge in 1974 . Another school is P.S. 004 Duke Ellington in New York . In 1989 , a bronze plaque was attached to the newly named Duke Ellington Building at 2121 Ward Place , NW . In 2012 , the new owner of the building commissioned a mural by Aniekan Udofia that appears above the lettering `` Duke Ellington '' . In 2010 the triangular park , across the street from Duke Ellington 's birth site , at the intersection of New Hampshire and M Streets , NW was named the Duke Ellington Park . Ellington 's residence at 2728 Sherman Avenue , NW , during the years 1919 -- 1922 , is marked by a bronze plaque . On February 24 , 2009 , the United States Mint launched a new coin featuring Duke Ellington , making him the first African American to appear by himself on a circulating U.S. coin . Ellington appears on the reverse ( tails ) side of the District of Columbia quarter . The coin is part of the U.S. Mint 's program honoring the District and the U.S. territories and celebrates Ellington 's birthplace in the District of Columbia . Ellington is depicted on the quarter seated at a piano , sheet music in hand , along with the inscription `` Justice for All '' , which is the District 's motto . In 1986 a United States commemorative stamp was issued featuring Ellington 's likeness . Ellington on the Washington , D.C. quarter released in 2009 . Ellington lived for years in a townhouse on the corner of Manhattan 's Riverside Drive and West 106th Street . After his death , West 106th Street was officially renamed Duke Ellington Boulevard . A large memorial to Ellington , created by sculptor Robert Graham , was dedicated in 1997 in New York 's Central Park , near Fifth Avenue and 110th Street , an intersection named Duke Ellington Circle . A statue of Ellington at a piano is featured at the entrance to UCLA 's Schoenberg Hall . According to UCLA Magazine : When UCLA students were entranced by Duke Ellington 's provocative tunes at a Culver City club in 1937 , they asked the budding musical great to play a free concert in Royce Hall . ' I 've been waiting for someone to ask us ! ' Ellington exclaimed . On the day of the concert , Ellington accidentally mixed up the venues and drove to USC instead . He eventually arrived at the UCLA campus and , to apologize for his tardiness , played to the packed crowd for more than four hours . And so , `` Sir Duke '' and his group played the first - ever jazz performance in a concert venue . The Essentially Ellington High School Jazz Band Competition and Festival is a nationally renowned annual competition for prestigious high school bands . Started in 1996 at Jazz at Lincoln Center , the festival is named after Ellington because of the large focus that the festival places on his works . Tributes After Duke died , his son Mercer took over leadership of the orchestra , continuing until his own death in 1996 . Like the Count Basie Orchestra , this `` ghost band '' continued to release albums for many years . Digital Duke , credited to The Duke Ellington Orchestra , won the 1988 Grammy Award for Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album . Mercer Ellington had been handling all administrative aspects of his father 's business for several decades . Mercer 's children continue a connection with their grandfather 's work . Gunther Schuller wrote in 1989 : Ellington composed incessantly to the very last days of his life . Music was indeed his mistress ; it was his total life and his commitment to it was incomparable and unalterable . In jazz he was a giant among giants . And in twentieth century music , he may yet one day be recognized as one of the half - dozen greatest masters of our time . Martin Williams said : `` Duke Ellington lived long enough to hear himself named among our best composers . And since his death in 1974 , it has become not at all uncommon to see him named , along with Charles Ives , as the greatest composer we have produced , regardless of category . '' In the opinion of Bob Blumenthal of The Boston Globe in 1999 : `` ( i ) n the century since his birth , there has been no greater composer , American or otherwise , than Edward Kennedy Ellington . '' In 2002 , scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Duke Ellington on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans . Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6535 Hollywood Blvd . His compositions have been revisited by artists and musicians around the world both as a source of inspiration and a bedrock of their own performing careers . Dave Brubeck dedicated `` The Duke '' ( 1954 ) to Ellington and it became a standard covered by others , including by Miles Davis on Miles Ahead , 1957 . The album The Real Ambassadors has a vocal version of this piece , `` You Swing Baby ( The Duke ) '' , with lyrics by Iola Brubeck , Dave Brubeck 's wife . It is performed as a duet between Louis Armstrong and Carmen McRae . It is also dedicated to Duke Ellington . Miles Davis created his half - hour dirge `` He Loved Him Madly '' ( on Get Up with It ) as a tribute to Ellington one month after his death . Charles Mingus , who had been fired by Ellington decades earlier , wrote the elegy `` Duke Ellington 's Sound Of Love '' in 1974 , a few months after Ellington 's death . Stevie Wonder wrote the song `` Sir Duke '' as a tribute to Ellington in 1976 . There are hundreds of albums dedicated to the music of Duke Ellington and Billy Strayhorn by artists famous and obscure . Sophisticated Ladies , an award - winning 1981 musical revue , incorporated many tunes from Ellington 's repertoire . A second Broadway musical interpolating Ellington 's music , Play On ! , debuted in 1997 . Discography Main article : Duke Ellington discography Awards and honors 1960 , Hollywood Walk of Fame , contribution to recording industry 1966 , Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . 1969 , the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the highest civilian award in the US 1971 , an Honorary PhD from the Berklee College of Music 1973 , the Legion of Honor by France , its highest civilian honors . 1999 , posthumous Special Pulitzer Prize for his lifetime contributions to music and culture Grammy Awards Ellington earned 14 Grammy awards from 1959 to 2000 , three of which were posthumous and a total of 24 nominations Duke Ellington Grammy Award History Year Category Title Genre Result 1999 Historical Album The Duke Ellington Centennial Edition RCA Victor Recordings ( 1927 -- 1973 ) Jazz Winner 1979 Best Jazz Instrumental Performance , Big Band Duke Ellington At Fargo , 1940 Live Jazz Winner 1976 Best Jazz Performance By A Big Band The Ellington Suites Jazz Winner 1972 Best Jazz Performance By A Big Band Togo Brava Suite Jazz Winner 1971 Best Jazz Performance By A Big Band New Orleans Suite Jazz Winner 1971 Best Instrumental Composition New Orleans Suite Composing / Arranging Nominated 1970 Best Instrumental Jazz Performance -- Large Group or Soloist with Large Group Duke Ellington - 70th Birthday Concert Jazz Nominated 1968 Trustees Award National Trustees Award - 1968 Special Awards Winner 1968 Best Instrumental Jazz Performance -- Large Group Or Soloist With Large Group ... And His Mother Called Him Bill Jazz Winner 1967 Best Instrumental Jazz Performance , Large Group Or Soloist With Large Group Far East Suite Jazz Winner 1966 Bing Crosby Award - Name changed to GRAMMY Lifetime Achievement Award in 1982 . Bing Crosby Award - Name changed to GRAMMY Lifetime Achievement Award in 1982 . Special Awards Winner 1966 Best Original Jazz Composition `` In The Beginning God '' Jazz Winner 1966 Best Instrumental Jazz Performance -- Group or Soloist with Group Concert Of Sacred Music ( Album ) Jazz Nominated 1965 Best Instrumental Jazz Performance - Large Group Or Soloist With Large Group Ellington ' 66 Jazz Winner 1965 Best Original Jazz Composition Virgin Islands Suite Jazz Nominated 1964 Best Original Jazz Composition Night Creature Jazz Nominated 1964 Best Jazz Performance -- Large Group ( Instrumental ) First Time ! ( Album ) Jazz Nominated 1961 Best Instrumental Theme or Instrumental Version of Song Paris Blues Composing / Arranging Nominated 1961 Best Sound Track Album or Recording of Score from Motion Picture or Television Paris Blues ( Motion Picture ) ( Album ) Music for Visual Media Nominated 1960 Best Jazz Performance Solo or Small Group Back To Back - Duke Ellington And Johnny Hodges Play The Blues Jazz Nominated 1960 Best Jazz Composition of More Than Five Minutes Duration Idiom ' 59 Jazz Nominated 1959 Best Performance By A Dance Band Anatomy of a Murder Pop Winner 1959 Best Musical Composition First Recorded And Released In 1959 ( More Than 5 Minutes Duration ) Anatomy of a Murder Composing Winner 1959 Best Sound Track Album -- Background Score From A Motion Picture Or Television Anatomy of a Murder Composing Winner 1959 Best Jazz Performance - Group Ellington Jazz Party ( Album ) Jazz Nominated Grammy Hall of Fame Recordings of Duke Ellington were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame , which is a special Grammy award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least twenty - five years old , and that have qualitative or historical significance . Duke Ellington : Grammy Hall of Fame Award Year Recorded Title Genre Label Year Inducted 1932 `` It Do n't Mean a Thing ( If It Ai n't Got That Swing ) '' Jazz ( single ) Brunswick 2008 1934 `` Cocktails for Two '' Jazz ( single ) Victor 2007 1957 Ellington at Newport Jazz ( album ) Columbia 1956 `` Diminuendo and Crescendo in Blue '' Jazz ( single ) Columbia 1999 1967 Far East Suite Jazz ( album ) RCA 1999 1944 Black , Brown and Beige Jazz ( single ) RCA Victor 1928 `` Black and Tan Fantasy '' Jazz ( single ) Victor 1981 1941 `` Take the `` A '' Train '' Jazz ( single ) Victor 1976 1931 `` Mood Indigo '' Jazz ( single ) Brunswick Honors and inductions Year Category Notes 2009 Commemorative U.S. quarter D.C. and U.S. Territories Quarters Program . 2008 Gennett Records Walk of Fame Nesuhi Ertegün Jazz Hall of Fame at Jazz at Lincoln Center 1999 Pulitzer Prize Special Citation Oklahoma Jazz Hall of Fame 1986 22 ¢ commemorative U.S. stamp Issued April 29 , 1986 1978 Big Band and Jazz Hall of Fame 1973 French Legion of Honor July 6 , 1973 1973 Honorary Degree in Music from Columbia University May 16 , 1973 1971 Honorary Doctorate Degree from Berklee College of Music 1971 Honorary Doctor of Music from Howard University 1971 Songwriters Hall of Fame 1969 Presidential Medal of Freedom 1968 Grammy Trustees Award Special Merit Award 1967 Honorary Doctor of Music Degree from Yale University 1966 Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award 1964 Honorary degree , Milton College , Wisconsin 1959 NAACP Spingarn Medal 1957 Deutscher Filmpreis : Best Music Award won for the movie Jonah with fellow composer Winfried Zillig 1956 Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame inductee Notes Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . DukeEllington.com ( Official site ) . 2008 . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tucker 1995 , p. 6 writes : `` He tried to avoid the word ' jazz ' preferring ' Negro ' or ' American ' music . He claimed there were only two types of music , ' good ' and ' bad ' ... And he embraced a phrase coined by his colleague Billy Strayhorn -- ' beyond category ' -- as a liberating principle . '' Jump up ^ Hajdu , David ( 1996 ) , Lush Life : A Biography of Billy Strayhorn , New York : Farrar , Straus & Giroux , ISBN 978 - 0 - 86547 - 512 - 0 , p. 170 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 1999 Pulitzer Prize Winners : Special Awards and Citations '' . The Pulitzer Prizes . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . With reprint of short biography and list of works ( selected ) . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence 2001 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Lawrence 2001 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Hasse 1995 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Harvey ( 2010 ) . `` An excerpt from Duke Ellington 's America '' . University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ Terkel 2002 Jump up ^ Ellington 1976 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Ellington 1976 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ellington , Duke '' . Current Biography . H.W. Wilson Company , 1970 . Jump up ^ Smith , Willie the Lion ( 1964 ) . Music on My Mind : The Memoirs of an American Pianist , Foreword by Duke Ellington . New York City : Doubleday & Company Inc . pp. ix . ^ Jump up to : Simmonds , Yussuf ( September 11 , 2008 ) . `` Duke Ellington '' . Los Angeles Sentinel . Retrieved July 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hasse 1993 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Harvey G. ( Autumn 2004 ) . `` The Marketing of Duke Ellington : Setting the Strategy for an African American Maestro '' . The Journal of African - American History . Association for the Study of African - American Life and History , Inc. 89 ( 4 ) : 291 -- 315 . doi : 10.2307 / 4134056 . JSTOR 4134056 . Jump up ^ Hasse 1993 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ `` Adelaide Hall CHOCOLATE KIDDIES EUROPEAN TOUR 1925 Photo Album on Myspace '' . Myspace.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gary Giddins Visions of Jazz : The First Century , New York & Oxford , 1998 , pp. 112 - 13 . Jump up ^ Hasse 1993 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ A.H. Lawrence Duke Ellington and His World , New York & London , 2001 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Bill Gutman Duke : The Musical Life of Duke Ellington , New York : E-Rights / E-Reads , 1977 ( 2001 ) , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Duke Ellington Music is my Mistress , New York : Da Capo , 1973 ( 1976 ) , pp. 75 - 76 . Jump up ^ John Franceschina Duke Ellington 's Music for the Theatre , Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland , 2001 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Schuller , Gunther ( October 1992 ) . `` Jazz and Composition : The Many Sides of Duke Ellington , the Music 's Greatest Composer '' . Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . American Academy of Arts & Sciences . 46 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 51 . doi : 10.2307 / 3824163 . JSTOR 3824163 . Jump up ^ `` Adelaide Hall talks about 1920 's Harlem and Creole Love Call '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Iain Cameron Williams , Underneath a Harlem Moon ... The Harlem to Paris Years of Adelaide Hall , Continuum Publishing Int. , 2002 ( on pages 112 -- 117 Williams talks about `` Creole Love Call '' in depth ) . Jump up ^ Ulanov , Barry . Duke Ellington , Creative Age Press , 1946 . Jump up ^ Stratemann , Dr. Klaus . Duke Ellington : Day by Day and Film by Film , 1992 . ISBN 87 - 88043 - 34 - 7 Jump up ^ John Bird , Percy Grainger . ^ Jump up to : Hodeir , André . `` Ellington , Duke '' . Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hasse 1993 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Schuller , 1989 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Hasse 1993 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Stone , Sonjia ( ed ) ( 1983 ) . `` WILLIAM THOMAS STRAYHORN '' . Billy Strayhorn Songs . University of North Carolina -- Chapel Hill . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2009 . Retrieved July 14 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ellington 1976 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ `` Duke Ellington : Symphony of the Body and Soul '' . Allaboutjazz.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Musician Ivie Anderson ( Vocal ) @ All About Jazz '' . Musicians.allaboutjazz.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz Musicians -- Duke Ellington '' . Theory Jazz . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2015 . Retrieved July 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Richard ( 1993 ) . The American Musical Landscape . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07764 - 4 . Jump up ^ Harvey G. Cohen , Duke Ellington 's America , Chicago and London : University of Chicago Press , 2010 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Cohen 2010 , pp. 190 - 91 . Jump up ^ Cohen 2010 , pp. 191 - 92 . Jump up ^ Brent , David ( February 6 , 2008 ) . `` Jump For Joy : Duke Ellington 's Celebratory Musical Night Lights Classic Jazz -- WFIU Public Radio '' . Indianapublicmedia.org . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ A.H. Lawrence , Duke Ellington and His World , New York & London : Routledge , 2001 , p. 287 . Jump up ^ Hasse 1993 , p. 274 . ^ Jump up to : A.H. Lawrence , 2001 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ `` Eartha Kitt : Singer who rose from poverty to captivate audiences around the world with her purring voice '' . The Daily Telegraph . December 26 , 2008 . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Win Fanning ( August 13 , 1950 ) . `` Eartha Kitt wins raves in Welles ' show at Frankfurt '' . Stars and Stripes . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ken Vail Duke 's Diary : The Life of Duke Ellington , Lanham , Maryland & Oxford , UK : Scarecrow Press , 2002 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Ralph J. Gleason `` Duke Excites , Mystifies Without Any Pretension '' , Down Beat , November 5 , 1952 , reprinted in Jazz Perspectives Vol. 2 , No. 2 , July 2008 , pp. 215 -- 49 . Jump up ^ `` Jazzman Duke Ellington '' . TIME . August 20 , 1956 . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jack Sohmer `` Duke Ellington : Ellington at Newport 1956 ( Complete ) '' JazzTimes , October 1999 . Jump up ^ Wein , George ( 2003 ) . Myself Among Others : A Life in Music . Da Capo Press . Jump up ^ Stryker , Mark ( January 20 , 2009 ) . `` Ellington 's score still celebrated '' . Detroit Free Press . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2009 . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mark Stryker , `` Ellington 's score still celebrated '' , Detroit Free Press , January 20 , 2009 ; Mervyn Cooke , History of Film Music , 2008 , Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Gary Giddins , `` How Come Jazz Is n't Dead '' , pp. 39 -- 55 in Weisbard 2004 , pp. 41 -- 42 . Giddins says that Ellington was denied the 1965 Music Pulitzer because the jury commended him for his body of work rather than for a particular composition , but his posthumous Pulitzer was granted precisely for that life - long body of work . Jump up ^ Tucker , Mark ; Duke Ellington ( 1995 ) . The Duke Ellington reader . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505410 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Duke Ellington -- Biography '' . The Duke Ellington Society . May 24 , 1974 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2012 . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ellington 1976 , p. 269 . Jump up ^ `` Ellington 's Steinway Grand '' . National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McGowan , Mark ( November 3 , 2003 ) . `` NIU to rededicate Duke Ellington Ballroom during Nov. 6 NIU Jazz Ensemble concert '' . Northern Illinois University . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2009 . Retrieved July 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vail , Ken ( 2002 ) . Duke 's Diary : The Life of Duke Ellington . Scarecrow Press . pp. 449 -- 452 . ISBN 9780810841192 . Jump up ^ Susan Robinson , `` Duke Ellington '' , Gibbs magazine , n.d. Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Edna Thompson Ellington '' , Jet , 31 : 17 , February 2 , 1967 , pp. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ A.H. Lawrence Duke Ellington and His World , New York & London : Routledge , 2001 , 356 . Jump up ^ Company , Johnson Publishing ( January 1983 ) . Ebony . Johnson Publishing Company . Jump up ^ `` The secret history of the jazz greats who were freemasons '' . The Guardian . 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jack ( May 25 , 1974 ) . `` From the Archives : Jazz Great Duke Ellington Dies in New York Hospital at 75 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hasse 1993 , p. 385 . Jump up ^ `` Duke Ellington '' . Find a Grave . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Program and Invitation entitled `` the Dedication of the Birth Site of Edward Kennedy ' Duke ' Ellington '' at 2129 Ward Place , N.W. , Washington , D.C. , April 29 , 1989 `` . Felix E. Grant Digital Collection . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bill 18 -- 700 , the `` Duke Ellington Park Designation Act of 2010 '' '' ( PDF ) . West End Friends . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Letter from Curator of the Peabody Library Association of Georgetown , D.C. Mathilde D. Williams to Felix Grant , September 21 , 1972 '' . Felix E. Grant Digital Collection . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jazz man is first African - American to solo on U.S. circulating coin '' . CNN . February 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2009 . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . The United States Mint launched a new coin Tuesday featuring jazz legend Duke Ellington , making him the first African American to appear by himself on a circulating U.S. coin . ( ... ) The coin was issued to celebrate Ellington 's birthplace , the District of Columbia . ( Archived by WebCite at ) ^ Jump up to : United States Mint . Coins and Medals . District of Columbia . ^ Jump up to : `` Duke Ellington - Artist - www.grammy.com '' . Recording Academy . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maya Parmer , `` Curtain Up : Two Days of the Duke '' , UCLA Magazine , April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schuller , Gunther , The Swing Era , New York : Oxford University Press , 1989 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 504312 - X . p. 157 . Jump up ^ Martin Williams , liner notes , Duke Ellington 's Symphony in Black , The Smithsonian Jazz Repertory Ensemble conducted by Gunther Schuller , The Smithsonian Collections recording , 1980 . Jump up ^ Boston Globe , April 25 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Asante , Molefi Kete ( 2002 ) . 100 Greatest African Americans : A Biographical Encyclopedia . Amherst , New York : Prometheus Books . ISBN 1 - 57392 - 963 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Duke ' by Dave Brubeck : song review , recordings , covers '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Awards Database '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GRAMMY Hall Of Fame '' . GRAMMY.org . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The United States Mint About The Mint '' . Usmint.gov . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Mary Beth ( June 20 , 2008 ) . `` Ellington Comes Out Ahead in Coin Tossup '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Featured Exhibition '' . Center for Jazz Arts . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NMAH Archives Center '' . Americanhistory.si.edu . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2012 . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Recipients of Honorary Degrees ( By Year ) '' . Howard University . Jump up ^ Galston , Arthur ( October 2002 ) , `` The Duke & I : A professor explains how jazz legend Duke Ellington became a doctor in 1967 '' , Yale Alumni Magazine Jump up ^ `` Yale Honorary Degree Recipients '' . Yale University . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2015 . References Cohen , Harvey G. Duke Ellington 's America . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 11263 - 3 Ellington , Duke . Music Is My Mistress . New York : Da Capo , 1976 ISBN 0 - 7043 - 3090 - 3 Ellington , Mercer . Duke Ellington in Person . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1978 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 25711 - 5 . Hajdu , David , Lush Life : A Biography of Billy Strayhorn . New York : Farrar , Straus & Giroux , 1996 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86547 - 512 - 0 . Hasse , John Edward . Beyond Category : The Life and Genius of Duke Ellington . New York : Da Capo , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80614 - 2 Lawrence , A.H. Duke Ellington and His World : A Biography . New York : Routledge , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93012 - X Schuller , Gunther . Early Jazz : Its Roots and Musical Development . New York : Oxford University Press , 1986 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 504043 - 2 . Especially pp. 318 -- 357 . Schuller , Gunther . The Swing Era : The Development Of Jazz , 1930 -- 1945 . New York : Oxford University Press , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507140 - 5 . Esp . pp. 46 -- 157 . Stratemann , Dr. Klaus . Duke Ellington : Day by Day and Film by Film . Copenhagen : JazzMedia , 1992 . ISBN 87 - 88043 - 34 - 7 Covers all of Duke 's travels and films from the 1929 short film Black and Tan onwards . Teachout , Terry ( 2015 ) . Duke . New York : Gotham Books . ISBN 978 - 1592 - 40749 - 1 . Terkel , Studs ( 2002 ) , Giants of Jazz ( 2nd ed . ) , New York : The New Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 769 - 9 . Tucker , Mark . Ellington , The Early Years , University of Illinois Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01425 - 1 Tucker , Mark . The Duke Ellington Reader . New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509391 - 9 . Ulanov , Barry . Duke Ellington , Creative Age Press , 1946 . Weisbard , Eric , ed ... This Is Pop : In Search of the Elusive at Experience Music Project . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01344 - 1 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Duke Ellington . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Duke Ellington Official website Duke Ellington at Encyclopædia Britannica Duke Ellington in Grove Music Online ( by subscription ) Duke Ellington Legacy Big Band & Duke Ellington Legacy Band -- official website of the family organization Duke Ellington Legacy Duke Ellington on IMDb Duke Ellington at the Internet Broadway Database Duke Ellington and Billy Strayhorn : Jazz Composers -- April -- June 2009 exhibition at NMAH Ellingtonia.com -- `` Duke Ellington Complete Discography '' The Duke Ellington Society , TDES , Inc Duke Ellington : 20th International Conference , London , May 2008 Duke Ellington Orchestra at Wenig - LaMonica Associates Duke Ellington at Library of Congress Authorities , with 1653 catalog records FBI file on Edward Kennedy Duke Ellington Duke Ellington Studio albums The Blanton -- Webster Band Never No Lament : The Blanton - Webster Band Braggin ' in Brass : The Immortal 1938 Year Liberian Suite Great Times ! Masterpieces by Ellington Ellington Uptown The Duke Plays Ellington Ellington ' 55 Dance to the Duke ! Ellington Showcase Historically Speaking Duke Ellington Presents ... The Complete Porgy and Bess A Drum Is a Woman Studio Sessions , Chicago 1956 Such Sweet Thunder Ellington Indigos Black , Brown and Beige Duke Ellington at the Bal Masque The Cosmic Scene Happy Reunion Jazz Party Back to Back Side by Side Anatomy of a Murder Festival Session Blues in Orbit The Nutcracker Suite Piano in the Background Swinging Suites by Edward E. and Edward G . Unknown Session Piano in the Foreground The Great Summit : The Master Takes Paris Blues First Time ! The Count Meets the Duke Duke Ellington & John Coltrane Featuring Paul Gonsalves Studio Sessions 1957 & 1962 Midnight in Paris Duke Ellington Meets Coleman Hawkins Studio Sessions , New York 1962 Money Jungle Afro - Bossa The Symphonic Ellington Duke Ellington 's Jazz Violin Session Studio Sessions New York 1963 My People Ellington ' 65 Duke Ellington Plays Mary Poppins Ellington ' 66 Concert in the Virgin Islands The Popular Duke Ellington The Far East Suite The Jaywalker Studio Sessions , 1957 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , San Francisco , Chicago , New York ... And His Mother Called Him Bill Second Sacred Concert Studio Sessions New York , 1968 Latin American Suite The Pianist New Orleans Suite Orchestral Works The Suites , New York 1968 & 1970 The Intimacy of the Blues The Afro - Eurasian Eclipse Studio Sessions New York & Chicago , 1965 , 1966 & 1971 The Intimate Ellington The Ellington Suites This One 's for Blanton ! Up in Duke 's Workshop Duke 's Big 4 Mood Ellington Live albums Duke Ellington at Fargo , 1940 Live The Carnegie Hall Concerts : January 1943 The Carnegie Hall Concerts : December 1944 The Carnegie Hall Concerts : January 1946 The Carnegie Hall Concerts : December 1947 Ellington at Newport Dance Concerts , California 1958 Dance Dates , California 1958 Newport 1958 Jazz at the Plaza Vol. II Duke Ellington at the Alhambra Live at the Blue Note The Great Paris Concert A Concert of Sacred Music In the Uncommon Market Soul Call Yale Concert 70th Birthday Concert Togo Brava Suite Live at the Whitney Third Sacred Concert Eastbourne Performance Collaborations with Alice Babs Serenade to Sweden with Count Basie First Time ! The Count Meets the Duke with Teresa Brewer It Do n't Mean a Thing If It Ai n't Got That Swing with Rosemary Clooney Blue Rose with John Coltrane Duke Ellington & John Coltrane with Ella Fitzgerald Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Song Book Ella at Duke 's Place The Stockholm Concert , 1966 Ella and Duke at the Cote D'Azur with Coleman Hawkins Duke Ellington Meets Coleman Hawkins with Frank Sinatra Francis A. & Edward K . Compositions `` African Flower '' `` All Too Soon '' `` Azure '' `` Black and Tan Fantasy '' `` Black , Brown and Beige '' `` C Jam Blues '' `` Cotton Tail '' `` Day Dream '' `` Diminuendo and Crescendo in Blue '' `` Do Nothing Till You Hear from Me '' `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` Drop Me Off in Harlem '' `` Echoes of Harlem '' `` Everything but You '' `` I Ai n't Got Nothin ' but the Blues '' `` I Did n't Know About You '' `` I Got It Bad ( and That Ai n't Good ) '' `` I Let a Song Go Out of My Heart '' `` I 'm Beginning to See the Light '' `` I 'm Just a Lucky So - and - So '' `` In a Mellow Tone '' `` In a Sentimental Mood '' `` It Do n't Mean a Thing ( If It Ai n't Got That Swing ) '' `` Just A-Sittin ' and A-Rockin ' '' `` Just Squeeze Me ( But Please Do n't Tease Me ) '' `` The Mooche '' `` Mood Indigo '' `` Prelude to a Kiss '' `` Rocks in My Bed '' `` ( In My ) Solitude '' `` Sophisticated Lady '' Billy Strayhorn compositions associated with Ellington `` Take the `` A '' Train '' `` Lush Life '' `` Chelsea Bridge '' `` Something to Live For '' `` Satin Doll '' `` Blood Count '' Juan Tizol compositions associated with Ellington `` Caravan '' `` Perdido '' Orchestra members Hayes Alvis Cat Anderson Ivie Anderson Harold Ashby Alice Babs Shorty Baker Butch Ballard Art Baron Aaron Bell Louie Bellson Joe Benjamin Barney Bigard Lou Blackburn Jimmy Blanton Wellman Braud Lawrence Brown Harry Carney Johnny Coles Willie Cook Buster Cooper Kay Davis Wild Bill Davis Wilbur de Paris Bobby Durham Mercer Ellington Rolf Ericson Jimmy Forrest Victor Gaskin Peter Giger Tyree Glenn Paul Gonsalves Sonny Greer Fred Guy Jimmy Hamilton Otto Hardwick Rick Henderson Al Hibbler Johnny Hodges Major Holley Charlie Irvis Quentin Jackson Hilton Jefferson Herb Jeffries Freddie Jenkins Money Johnson Herbie Jones Taft Jordan Al Killian Queen Esther Marrow Wendell Marshall Murray McEachern Louis Metcalf James `` Bubber '' Miley Harold `` Geezil '' Minerve Ray Nance Tricky Sam Nanton Oscar Pettiford Eddie Preston Russell Procope Junior Raglin Betty Roché Ernie Royal Al Sears Joya Sherrill Willie Smith Elmer Snowden Rex Stewart Billy Strayhorn Billy Taylor Clark Terry Juan Tizol Norris Turney Ben Webster Arthur Whetsol Cootie Williams Nelson Williams Skippy Williams Booty Wood Jimmy Woode Britt Woodman Sam Woodyard Filmography Black and Tan Check and Double Check Belle of the Nineties Murder at the Vanities Jam Session Cabin in the Sky Anatomy of a Murder Paris Blues Assault on a Queen Change of Mind Related Mercer Ellington ( son ) Duke Ellington Bridge Duke Ellington House Duke Ellington School of the Arts Luther Henderson Irving Mills Sophisticated Ladies Play On ! Sacred Concerts Discography Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards ( Arts ) Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II for Oklahoma ! ( 1944 ) Roger Sessions ( 1974 ) Scott Joplin ( 1976 ) Milton Babbitt ( 1982 ) William Schuman ( 1985 ) George Gershwin ( 1998 ) Duke Ellington ( 1999 ) Thelonious Monk ( 2006 ) John Coltrane ( 2007 ) Bob Dylan ( 2008 ) Hank Williams ( 2010 ) Complete list ( Journalism ) ( Letters ) ( Arts ) ( Service ) VIAF : 66651610 LCCN : n50080187 ISNI : 0000 0001 0911 0810 GND : 118529994 SELIBR : 185878 SUDOC : 030838916 BNF : cb13893638w ( data ) MusicBrainz : 3af06bc4 - 68ad - 4cae - bb7a - 7eeeb45e411f NDL : 00438812 NKC : jn20000601477 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ RAVV \ 030940 BNE : XX854166 SNAC : w6639nkm Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke_Ellington&oldid=836933750 '' Categories : Duke Ellington 1899 births 1974 deaths 20th - century conductors ( music ) 20th - century jazz composers African - American conductors African - American jazz composers African - American jazz musicians African - American jazz pianists American Prince Hall Freemasons American autobiographers American conductors ( music ) American film score composers American jazz composers Male jazz composers American jazz musicians American jazz pianists Big band bandleaders Big band pianists Black conductors Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery ( Bronx ) Deaths from cancer in New York ( state ) Columbia Records artists Deaths from lung cancer Decca Records artists Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Gennett Records artists Grammy Award winners Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Harlem Renaissance Jazz record producers Légion d'honneur recipients Musicians from Washington , D.C. Musicraft Records artists Orchestral jazz musicians Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Pulitzer Prize winners RCA Victor artists Red Baron Records artists Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees Spingarn Medal winners Swing bandleaders Swing composers Swing pianists 20th - century American composers Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from September 2016 Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from February 2018 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Aragonés Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 18 : 37 . 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how many super carriers does the united states have

# Name Image Commissioned Decommissioned Class Status Refs . CV - 1 Langley 20 March 1922 27 February 1942 Langley , lead ship Scuttled and Sunk 65 nm south of Cilacap , Java CV - 2 Lexington 14 December 1927 8 May 1942 Lexington , lead ship Sunk in the Battle of the Coral Sea CV - 3 Saratoga 16 November 1927 26 July 1946 Lexington Sunk in Operation Crossroads as a nuclear test target near Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean CV - 4 Ranger 4 June 1934 18 October 1946 Ranger , lead ship Scrapped in 1947 in Chester , Pennsylvania CV - 5 Yorktown 30 September 1937 7 June 1942 Yorktown , lead ship Sunk in the Battle of Midway CV - 6 Enterprise 12 May 1938 17 February 1947 Yorktown Scrapped in 1960 CV - 7 Wasp 25 April 1940 15 September 1942 Wasp , lead ship Sunk during the Guadalcanal campaign CV - 8 Hornet 20 October 1941 26 October 1942 Yorktown Sunk in the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands CV - 9 Essex 31 December 1942 20 June 1969 Essex , lead ship Scrapped in 1975 CV - 10 Yorktown 15 April 1943 27 June 1970 Essex Preserved at the Patriot 's Point Naval & Maritime Museum -- Mount Pleasant , South Carolina , USA CV - 11 Intrepid 16 August 1943 15 March 1974 Essex Preserved at the Intrepid Sea - Air - Space Museum -- New York , New York , USA CV - 12 Hornet 20 November 1943 26 May 1970 Essex Preserved at USS Hornet Museum -- Alameda , California , USA CV - 13 Franklin 31 January 1944 17 February 1947 Essex Scrapped in 1966 CV - 14 Ticonderoga 8 May 1944 1 September 1973 Essex ( extended bow ) Scrapped in 1975 CV - 15 Randolph 9 October 1944 13 February 1969 Essex ( extended bow ) Scrapped in 1975 CV - 16 Lexington 17 February 1943 8 November 1991 Essex Preserved at USS Lexington Museum On the Bay -- Corpus Christi , Texas , USA CV - 17 Bunker Hill 25 May 1943 9 July 1947 Essex Scrapped in 1973 CV - 18 Wasp 24 November 1943 1 July 1972 Essex Scrapped in 1973 CV - 19 Hancock 15 April 1944 30 January 1976 Essex ( extended bow ) Scrapped in 1976 CV - 20 Bennington 6 August 1944 15 January 1970 Essex Scrapped in 1994 CV - 21 Boxer 16 April 1945 1 December 1969 Essex ( extended bow ) Scrapped in 1971 CVL - 22 Independence 14 January 1943 28 August 1946 Independence light carrier , lead ship Scuttled in 1951 CVL - 23 Princeton 25 February 1943 24 October 1944 Independence Sunk in the Battle of Leyte Gulf CVL - 24 Belleau Wood 31 March 1943 13 January 1947 Independence Scrapped in 1960 CVL - 25 Cowpens 28 May 1943 13 January 1947 Independence Scrapped in 1960 CVL - 26 Monterey 17 June 1943 16 January 1956 Independence Scrapped in 1971 CVL - 27 Langley 31 August 1943 11 February 1947 Independence Scrapped in 1964 CVL - 28 Cabot 24 July 1943 21 January 1955 Independence Scrapped in 2002 CVL - 29 Bataan 17 November 1943 9 April 1954 Independence Scrapped in 1961 CVL - 30 San Jacinto 15 December 1943 1 March 1947 Independence Scrapped 1972 CV - 31 Bon Homme Richard 26 November 1944 2 July 1971 Essex Scrapped in 1992 CV - 32 Leyte 11 April 1946 15 May 1959 Essex ( extended bow ) Scrapped in 1970 CV - 33 Kearsarge 2 May 1946 15 January 1970 Essex ( extended bow ) Scrapped in 1974 CV - 34 Oriskany 25 September 1950 20 September 1979 Essex ( extended bow ) Scuttled as an artificial reef in the Gulf of Mexico in 2006 CV - 36 Antietam 28 January 1945 8 May 1963 Essex ( extended bow ) Scrapped in 1974 CV - 37 Princeton 18 November 1945 30 January 1970 Essex ( extended bow ) Scrapped in 1971 CV - 38 Shangri - la 15 September 1944 30 July 1971 Essex ( extended bow ) Scrapped in 1988 CV - 39 Lake Champlain 3 July 1945 2 May 1966 Essex ( extended bow ) Scrapped in 1972 CV - 40 Tarawa 8 December 1945 13 May 1960 Essex ( extended bow ) Scrapped in 1968 CVB - 41 Midway 10 September 1945 11 April 1992 Midway , lead ship Preserved at the USS Midway Museum -- San Diego , California , USA CVB - 42 Franklin D. Roosevelt 27 October 1945 1 October 1977 Midway Scrapped in 1978 CVB - 43 Coral Sea 1 October 1947 26 April 1990 Midway Scrapped in 1993 CV - 45 Valley Forge 3 November 1946 15 January 1970 Essex ( extended bow ) Scrapped in 1971 CV - 47 Philippine Sea 11 May 1946 28 December 1958 Essex ( extended bow ) Scrapped in 1971 CVL - 48 Saipan 14 July 1946 14 January 1970 Saipan , lead ship Scrapped in 1976 CVL - 49 Wright 9 February 1947 15 March 1956 Saipan Scrapped in 1980 CV - 59 Forrestal 1 October 1955 30 September 1993 Forrestal supercarrier , lead ship Scrapped in 2014 CV - 60 Saratoga 14 April 1956 20 August 1994 Forrestal supercarrier Scrapped in 2015 CV - 61 Ranger 10 August 1957 10 July 1993 Forrestal supercarrier Scrapped in 2017 CV - 62 Independence 10 January 1959 30 September 1998 Forrestal supercarrier Sold for scrapping CV - 63 Kitty Hawk 29 April 1961 12 May 2009 Kitty Hawk supercarrier , lead ship In reserve CV - 64 Constellation 27 October 1961 7 August 2003 Kitty Hawk supercarrier Scrapped in 2015 CVN - 65 Enterprise 25 November 1961 3 February 2017 Enterprise supercarrier , lead ship Decommissioned as of 2017 ( still in reserve ) CV - 66 America 23 January 1965 9 August 1996 Kitty Hawk supercarrier Sunk as target in 2005 CV - 67 John F. Kennedy 7 September 1968 23 March 2007 Kennedy supercarrier , lead ship On hold for donation CVN - 68 Nimitz 3 May 1975 -- Nimitz supercarrier , lead ship Stationed at Naval Base Kitsap , Bremerton , Washington CVN - 69 Dwight D. Eisenhower 18 October 1977 -- Nimitz supercarrier Stationed at Naval Station Norfolk , Norfolk , Virginia CVN - 70 Carl Vinson 13 March 1982 -- Nimitz supercarrier Stationed at Naval Air Station North Island , San Diego , California CVN - 71 Theodore Roosevelt 25 October 1986 -- Nimitz supercarrier Stationed at Naval Air Station North Island , San Diego , California CVN - 72 Abraham Lincoln 11 November 1989 -- Nimitz supercarrier Stationed at Naval Station Norfolk , Norfolk , Virginia CVN - 73 George Washington 4 July 1992 -- Nimitz supercarrier Stationed at Naval Station Norfolk , Norfolk , Virginia CVN - 74 John C. Stennis 9 December 1995 -- Nimitz supercarrier Stationed at Naval Base Kitsap , Bremerton , Washington CVN - 75 Harry S. Truman 25 July 1998 -- Nimitz supercarrier Stationed at Naval Station Norfolk , Norfolk , Virginia CVN - 76 Ronald Reagan 12 July 2003 -- Nimitz supercarrier Stationed at Yokosuka Naval Base , Yokosuka , Japan CVN - 77 George H.W. Bush 10 January 2009 -- Nimitz supercarrier Stationed at Naval Station Norfolk , Norfolk , Virginia CVN - 78 Gerald R. Ford 22 July 2017 -- Ford supercarrier , lead ship Stationed at Naval Station Norfolk , Norfolk , Virginia CVN - 79 John F. Kennedy ~ 2020 -- Ford supercarrier Keel laid ; Newport News Shipbuilding , Newport News , Virginia CVN - 80 Enterprise ~ 2025 -- Ford supercarrier Steel cutting and fabrication ; Newport News Shipbuilding , Newport News , Virginia

List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy

list of aircraft carriers of the united states navy

Aircraft carriers are warships that act as airbases for carrier - based aircraft . In the United States Navy , these consist of ships commissioned with hull classification symbols CV ( aircraft carrier ) , CVA ( attack aircraft carrier ) , CVB ( large aircraft carrier ) , CVL ( light aircraft carrier ) , CVN ( aircraft carrier ( nuclear propulsion ) ) and CVAN ( attack aircraft carrier ( nuclear propulsion ) ) . Ships commissioned with hull classification symbols CVA - 58 or higher are additionally classified as supercarriers . The United States Navy has also used escort aircraft carriers and airship aircraft carriers . This list does not include various amphibious warfare ships which can operate as carriers .

The first aircraft carrier commissioned into the United States Navy was USS Langley ( CV - 1 ) on 20 March 1922 . The Langley was a converted Proteus - class collier ( originally commissioned as USS Jupiter ( AC - 3 ) , Langley was soon followed by the Lexington - class , USS Ranger ( the first purpose - built carriers in the American fleet ) , the Yorktown - class , and USS Wasp . These classes made up the entirety of the United States carrier fleet active prior to and during the Second World War . With World War II looming , two more classes of carriers were commissioned under President Franklin Roosevelt , the Essex - class and the Independence - class . Between these two classes , 35 ships were created . During this time , the Navy also purchased two training vessels , USS Wolverine and USS Sable . The Cold War led to multiple developments in the United States ' carrier fleet , starting with the addition of the Midway - class and the Saipan - class . One more class in the start of the Cold War , the United States - class , was canceled due to the Truman administration 's policy of shrinking the United States Navy and in particular , the Navy 's air assets . The policy was eventually revised after a public outcry and Congressional hearings sparked by the Revolt of the Admirals . Later in the Cold War era , the first of the classes dubbed `` supercarriers '' was born in the Forrestal - class , with the Kitty Hawk - class , USS Enterprise , and USS John F. Kennedy classes . Ordered later in this era , the Nimitz - class carriers are the only class that are currently in active - duty service . A new class of carriers , the Gerald R. Ford - class , has been ordered by the Navy . As of now , one ship ( Gerald R. Ford ( CVN - 78 ) ) has been completed , construction has started on two ship ( John F. Kennedy ( CVN - 79 ) ) and the ( Enterprise ( CVN - 80 ) ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 Training ships 3 Aircraft - carrier museums 4 See also 5 References 6 External links List ( edit ) # Name Image Commissioned Decommissioned Class Status Refs . CV - 1 Langley 20 March 1922 27 February 1942 Langley , lead ship Scuttled and Sunk 65 nm south of Cilacap , Java CV - 2 Lexington 14 December 1927 8 May 1942 Lexington , lead ship Sunk in the Battle of the Coral Sea CV - 3 Saratoga 16 November 1927 26 July 1946 Lexington Sunk in Operation Crossroads as a nuclear test target near Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean CV - 4 Ranger 4 June 1934 18 October 1946 Ranger , lead ship Scrapped in 1947 in Chester , Pennsylvania CV - 5 Yorktown 30 September 1937 7 June 1942 Yorktown , lead ship Sunk in the Battle of Midway CV - 6 Enterprise 12 May 1938 17 February 1947 Yorktown Scrapped in 1960 CV - 7 Wasp 25 April 1940 15 September 1942 Wasp , lead ship Sunk during the Guadalcanal campaign CV - 8 Hornet 20 October 1941 26 October 1942 Yorktown Sunk in the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands CV - 9 Essex 31 December 1942 20 June 1969 Essex , lead ship Scrapped in 1975 CV - 10 Yorktown 15 April 1943 27 June 1970 Essex Preserved at the Patriot 's Point Naval & Maritime Museum -- Mount Pleasant , South Carolina , USA CV - 11 Intrepid 16 August 1943 15 March 1974 Essex Preserved at the Intrepid Sea - Air - Space Museum -- New York , New York , USA CV - 12 Hornet 20 November 1943 26 May 1970 Essex Preserved at USS Hornet Museum -- Alameda , California , USA CV - 13 Franklin 31 January 1944 17 February 1947 Essex Scrapped in 1966 CV - 14 Ticonderoga 8 May 1944 1 September 1973 Essex ( extended bow ) Scrapped in 1975 CV - 15 Randolph 9 October 1944 13 February 1969 Essex ( extended bow ) Scrapped in 1975 CV - 16 Lexington 17 February 1943 8 November 1991 Essex Preserved at USS Lexington Museum On the Bay -- Corpus Christi , Texas , USA CV - 17 Bunker Hill 25 May 1943 9 July 1947 Essex Scrapped in 1973 CV - 18 Wasp 24 November 1943 1 July 1972 Essex Scrapped in 1973 CV - 19 Hancock 15 April 1944 30 January 1976 Essex ( extended bow ) Scrapped in 1976 CV - 20 Bennington 6 August 1944 15 January 1970 Essex Scrapped in 1994 CV - 21 Boxer 16 April 1945 1 December 1969 Essex ( extended bow ) Scrapped in 1971 CVL - 22 Independence 14 January 1943 28 August 1946 Independence light carrier , lead ship Scuttled in 1951 CVL - 23 Princeton 25 February 1943 24 October 1944 Independence Sunk in the Battle of Leyte Gulf CVL - 24 Belleau Wood 31 March 1943 13 January 1947 Independence Scrapped in 1960 CVL - 25 Cowpens 28 May 1943 13 January 1947 Independence Scrapped in 1960 CVL - 26 Monterey 17 June 1943 16 January 1956 Independence Scrapped in 1971 CVL - 27 Langley 31 August 1943 11 February 1947 Independence Scrapped in 1964 CVL - 28 Cabot 24 July 1943 21 January 1955 Independence Scrapped in 2002 CVL - 29 Bataan 17 November 1943 9 April 1954 Independence Scrapped in 1961 CVL - 30 San Jacinto 15 December 1943 1 March 1947 Independence Scrapped 1972 CV - 31 Bon Homme Richard 26 November 1944 2 July 1971 Essex Scrapped in 1992 CV - 32 Leyte 11 April 1946 15 May 1959 Essex ( extended bow ) Scrapped in 1970 CV - 33 Kearsarge 2 May 1946 15 January 1970 Essex ( extended bow ) Scrapped in 1974 CV - 34 Oriskany 25 September 1950 20 September 1979 Essex ( extended bow ) Scuttled as an artificial reef in the Gulf of Mexico in 2006 CV - 36 Antietam 28 January 1945 8 May 1963 Essex ( extended bow ) Scrapped in 1974 CV - 37 Princeton 18 November 1945 30 January 1970 Essex ( extended bow ) Scrapped in 1971 CV - 38 Shangri - la 15 September 1944 30 July 1971 Essex ( extended bow ) Scrapped in 1988 CV - 39 Lake Champlain 3 July 1945 2 May 1966 Essex ( extended bow ) Scrapped in 1972 CV - 40 Tarawa 8 December 1945 13 May 1960 Essex ( extended bow ) Scrapped in 1968 CVB - 41 Midway 10 September 1945 11 April 1992 Midway , lead ship Preserved at the USS Midway Museum -- San Diego , California , USA CVB - 42 Franklin D. Roosevelt 27 October 1945 1 October 1977 Midway Scrapped in 1978 CVB - 43 Coral Sea 1 October 1947 26 April 1990 Midway Scrapped in 1993 CV - 45 Valley Forge 3 November 1946 15 January 1970 Essex ( extended bow ) Scrapped in 1971 CV - 47 Philippine Sea 11 May 1946 28 December 1958 Essex ( extended bow ) Scrapped in 1971 CVL - 48 Saipan 14 July 1946 14 January 1970 Saipan , lead ship Scrapped in 1976 CVL - 49 Wright 9 February 1947 15 March 1956 Saipan Scrapped in 1980 CV - 59 Forrestal 1 October 1955 30 September 1993 Forrestal supercarrier , lead ship Scrapped in 2014 CV - 60 Saratoga 14 April 1956 20 August 1994 Forrestal supercarrier Scrapped in 2015 CV - 61 Ranger 10 August 1957 10 July 1993 Forrestal supercarrier Scrapped in 2017 CV - 62 Independence 10 January 1959 30 September 1998 Forrestal supercarrier Sold for scrapping CV - 63 Kitty Hawk 29 April 1961 12 May 2009 Kitty Hawk supercarrier , lead ship In reserve CV - 64 Constellation 27 October 1961 7 August 2003 Kitty Hawk supercarrier Scrapped in 2015 CVN - 65 Enterprise 25 November 1961 3 February 2017 Enterprise supercarrier , lead ship Decommissioned as of 2017 ( still in reserve ) CV - 66 America 23 January 1965 9 August 1996 Kitty Hawk supercarrier Sunk as target in 2005 CV - 67 John F. Kennedy 7 September 1968 23 March 2007 Kennedy supercarrier , lead ship On hold for donation CVN - 68 Nimitz 3 May 1975 -- Nimitz supercarrier , lead ship Stationed at Naval Base Kitsap , Bremerton , Washington CVN - 69 Dwight D. Eisenhower 18 October 1977 -- Nimitz supercarrier Stationed at Naval Station Norfolk , Norfolk , Virginia CVN - 70 Carl Vinson 13 March 1982 -- Nimitz supercarrier Stationed at Naval Air Station North Island , San Diego , California CVN - 71 Theodore Roosevelt 25 October 1986 -- Nimitz supercarrier Stationed at Naval Air Station North Island , San Diego , California CVN - 72 Abraham Lincoln 11 November 1989 -- Nimitz supercarrier Stationed at Naval Station Norfolk , Norfolk , Virginia CVN - 73 George Washington 4 July 1992 -- Nimitz supercarrier Stationed at Naval Station Norfolk , Norfolk , Virginia CVN - 74 John C. Stennis 9 December 1995 -- Nimitz supercarrier Stationed at Naval Base Kitsap , Bremerton , Washington CVN - 75 Harry S. Truman 25 July 1998 -- Nimitz supercarrier Stationed at Naval Station Norfolk , Norfolk , Virginia CVN - 76 Ronald Reagan 12 July 2003 -- Nimitz supercarrier Stationed at Yokosuka Naval Base , Yokosuka , Japan CVN - 77 George H.W. Bush 10 January 2009 -- Nimitz supercarrier Stationed at Naval Station Norfolk , Norfolk , Virginia CVN - 78 Gerald R. Ford 22 July 2017 -- Ford supercarrier , lead ship Stationed at Naval Station Norfolk , Norfolk , Virginia CVN - 79 John F. Kennedy ~ 2020 -- Ford supercarrier Keel laid ; Newport News Shipbuilding , Newport News , Virginia CVN - 80 Enterprise ~ 2025 -- Ford supercarrier Steel cutting and fabrication ; Newport News Shipbuilding , Newport News , Virginia Keys ships currently out of service ships currently in active service ships currently under construction ships currently planned Training ships ( edit ) During World War II , the United States Navy purchased two Great Lakes side - wheel paddle steamers and converted them into freshwater aircraft carrier training ships . Both vessels were designated with the hull classification symbol IX ( Unclassified Miscellaneous ) and lacked hangar decks , elevators or armaments . The role of these ships was for the training of pilots for carrier take - offs and landings . Together the Sable and Wolverine trained 17,820 pilots in 116,000 carrier landings . Of these , 51,000 landings were on Sable . # Name Image Commissioned Decommissioned Class Status Refs . IX - 64 Wolverine 12 August 1942 7 November 1945 N / A ( converted side - wheel steamer ) Scrapped in 1947 in Milwaukee , Wisconsin IX - 81 Sable 8 May 1943 7 November 1945 N / A ( converted side - wheel steamer ) Scrapped in 1948 in Hamilton , Ontario , Canada Aircraft - carrier museums ( edit ) See : U.S. Navy Museum # See also See also ( edit ) United States Navy portal List of amphibious warfare ships List of aircraft carriers List of aircraft carriers in service Timeline for aircraft carrier service Timeline of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy List of aircraft carriers by configuration List of sunken aircraft carriers List of aircraft carriers by country Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility List of ships of the Second World War List of aircraft carriers of the Second World War References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` USS Langley ( CV - 1 & AV - 3 ) '' . www.history.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Petty , Dan . `` The US Navy Aircraft Carriers '' . www.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` World War I Centenary : Aircraft Carriers '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Aircraft Carriers in World War II - Engineering and Technology History Wiki '' . ethw.org . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Pike , John . `` CV - 9 ESSEX Class '' . www.globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Western New York Heritage Press '' . wnyheritagepress.org . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Pike , John . `` IX - 64 Wolverine '' . www.globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` CV - 41 MIDWAY class - Navy Ships '' . fas.org . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Pike , John . `` CVA 58 United States '' . www.globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` CV - 59 FORRESTAL class - Navy Ships '' . fas.org . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Petty , Dan . `` The US Navy -- Fact File : Aircraft Carriers - CVN '' . www.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ O'Rourke , Ronald ( 12 June 2015 ) . `` Navy Ford ( CVN - 78 ) Class Aircraft Carrier Program : Background and Issues for Congress '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` USS Enterprise : Past Present And Future '' . The Official US Navy Blog . US Navy . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` USN Aircraft Carriers Throughout History '' . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Phillip ( 2013 ) . Naval Air : Celebrating a Century of Naval Flying . Pen and Sword . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78159 - 241 - 0 . Jump up ^ Roscoe , Theodore ( 1953 ) . United States Destroyer Operations In World War II . Annapolis : United States Naval Academy . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 726 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Board for selling doomed warships '' . The New York Times . 1922 - 05 - 03 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` NH 61245 '' . www.history.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Australia , The . `` From Hermes To Saratoga - Diving two aircraft carriers within two months - The Scuba Doctor '' . The Scuba Doctor . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` USS Ranger ( CV - 4 ) - History , Specs and Pictures - Navy Ships '' . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` USS Yorktown ( CV 5 ) '' . United States Navy . 11 June 2009 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Specifications and Armament '' . www.cv6.org . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Aircraft Carrier Photo Index : USS WASP ( CV - 7 ) '' . www.navsource.org . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` CV - 8 Brief History - WORLD WAR II - Aircraft Carrier USS Hornet Museum '' . www.uss-hornet.org . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` USS Hornet CV - 8 '' . www.its.caltech.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Essex '' . www.nvr.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Yorktown '' . www.nvr.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Intrepid '' . www.nvr.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Hornet '' . www.nvr.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin '' . www.nvr.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Ticonderoga '' . www.nvr.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Randolph '' . www.nvr.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` USS Lexington ( CV 16 ) '' . navysite.de . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` USS Lexington ( CV - 16 ) Deployments & History '' . www.hullnumber.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Bunker Hill I ( CV - 17 ) '' . www.history.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Aircraft Carrier USS Bunker Hill ( CV - 17 ) '' . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Aircraft Carrier Photo Index : USS BUNKER HILL ( CV - 17 ) '' . www.navsource.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Wasp '' . www.nvr.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Hancock '' . www.nvr.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Bennington '' . www.nvr.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` USS BOXER ( CV - 21 ) Deployments & History '' . www.hullnumber.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` USS Boxer ( CV 21 ) '' . www.navysite.de . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome Aboard The USS Independence CVL - 22 Official Site '' . www.cvl-22.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` USS Bataan ( CVL - 29 ) '' . United States Navy . 12 June 2009 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Homme Richard '' . www.nvr.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Kearsarge '' . www.nvr.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Antietam '' . www.nvr.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Shangri - la '' . www.nvr.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Midway '' . www.nvr.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin D. Roosevelt '' . www.nvr.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Coral Sea '' . www.nvr.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` USS Forrestal ( CV 59 ) '' . navysite.de . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Killmeyer. `` 6 JUNE 1967 - 47 Years Ago - USS FORRESTAL '' . www.uss-forrestal.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ USS-FORRESTAL.com . `` Brief History of the USS FORRESTAL '' . www.uss-forrestal.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Aircraft Carrier Photo Index : USS FORRESTAL ( CVA - 59 ) '' . www.navsource.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Saratoga '' . www.nvr.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Ranger '' . www.nvr.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Independence '' . www.nvr.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Kitty Hawk '' . www.nvr.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Constellation '' . www.nvr.navy.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . 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when did mexico surrender to the united states

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

treaty of guadalupe hidalgo

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ( Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo in Spanish ) , officially titled the Treaty of Peace , Friendship , Limits and Settlement between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic , is the peace treaty signed on February 2 , 1848 , in the Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo ( now a neighborhood of Mexico City ) between the United States and Mexico that ended the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 1848 ) . The treaty came into force on July 4 , 1848 .

With the defeat of its army and the fall of its capital , Mexico entered into negotiations to end the war . The treaty called for the U.S. to pay US $ 15 million to Mexico and to pay off the claims of American citizens against Mexico up to US $5 million . It gave the United States the Rio Grande as a boundary for Texas , and gave the U.S. ownership of California and a large area comprising roughly half of New Mexico , most of Arizona , Nevada , and Utah , and parts of Wyoming and Colorado . Mexicans in those annexed areas had the choice of relocating to within Mexico 's new boundaries or receiving American citizenship with full civil rights . The U.S. Senate advised and consented to ratification of the treaty by a vote of 38 -- 14 . The opponents of this treaty were led by the Whigs , who had opposed the war and rejected Manifest destiny in general , and rejected this expansion in particular . The amount of land gained by the United States from Mexico was increased as a result of the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 , which ceded parts of present - day southern Arizona and New Mexico to the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Negotiators 2 Terms 2.1 Results 3 Background to the war 4 Conduct of war 4.1 Peace negotiations 4.2 Changes to the treaty and ratification 4.3 Protocol of Querétaro 4.4 Treaty of Mesilla 5 Effects 5.1 Additional issues 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Sources 8 External links Negotiators ( edit ) The peace talks were negotiated by Nicholas Trist , chief clerk of the US State Department , who had accompanied General Winfield Scott as a diplomat and President Polk 's representative . Trist and General Scott , after two previous unsuccessful attempts to negotiate a treaty with General José Joaquín de Herrera , determined that the only way to deal with Mexico was as a conquered enemy . Nicholas Trist negotiated with a special commission representing the collapsed government led by Don José Bernardo Couto , Don Miguel de Atristain , and Don Luis Gonzaga Cuevas of Mexico . Terms ( edit ) `` Mapa de los Estados Unidos de Méjico by John Distrunell , the 1847 map used during the negotiations Although Mexico ceded Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México , the text of the treaty did not list territories to be ceded , and avoided the disputed issues that were causes of war : the validity of the 1836 secession of the Republic of Texas , Texas 's unenforced boundary claims as far as the Rio Grande , and the 1845 annexation of Texas by the United States . Instead , Article V of the treaty simply described the new U.S. -- Mexico border . From east to west , the border consisted of the Rio Grande northwest from its mouth to the point Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico ( roughly 32 degrees north ) , as shown in the Disturnell map , then due west from this point to the 110th meridian west , then north along the 110th Meridian to the Gila River and down the river to its mouth . Unlike the New Mexico segment of the boundary , which depended partly on unknown geography , `` in order to preclude all difficulty in tracing upon the ground the limit separating Upper from Lower California '' , a straight line was drawn from the mouth of the Gila to one marine league south of the southernmost point of the port of San Diego , slightly north of the previous Mexican provincial boundary at Playas de Rosarito . Comparing the boundary in the Adams -- Onís Treaty to the Guadalupe Hidalgo boundary , Mexico conceded about 55 % of its pre-war , pre-Texas territorial claims and now has an area of 1,972,550 km2 ( 761,606 sq mi ) . In the United States , the 1.36 million km2 ( 525,000 square miles ) of the area between the Adams - Onis and Guadalupe Hidalgo boundaries outside the 1,007,935 km ( 389,166 sq mi ) claimed by the Republic of Texas is known as the Mexican Cession . That is to say , the Mexican Cession is construed not to include any territory east of the Rio Grande , while the territorial claims of the Republic of Texas included no territory west of the Rio Grande . The Mexican Cession included essentially the entirety of the former Mexican territory of Alta California , but only the western portion of Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico , and includes all of present - day California , Nevada and Utah , most of Arizona , and western portions of New Mexico , Colorado , and Wyoming . Articles VIII and IX ensured safety of existing property rights of Mexican citizens living in the transferred territories . Despite assurances to the contrary , the property rights of Mexican citizens were often not honored by the U.S. in accordance with modifications to and interpretations of the Treaty . The U.S. also agreed to assume $3.25 million ( equivalent to $91.9 million today ) in debts that Mexico owed to United States citizens . The residents had one year to choose whether they wanted American or Mexican citizenship ; Over 90 % chose American citizenship . The others returned to Mexico ( where they received land ) , or in some cases in New Mexico were allowed to remain in place as Mexican citizens . Article XII engaged the United States to pay , `` In consideration of the extension acquired '' , 15 million dollars ( equivalent to $420 million today ) , in annual installments of 3 million dollars . Article XI of the treaty was important to Mexico . It provided that the United States would prevent and punish raids by Indians into Mexico , prohibited Americans from acquiring property , including livestock , taken by the Indians in those raids , and stated that the U.S. would return captives of the Indians to Mexico . Mexicans believed that the United States had encouraged and assisted the Comanche and Apache raids that had devastated northern Mexico in the years before the war . This article promised relief to them . Article XI , however , proved unenforceable . Destructive Indian raids continued despite a heavy U.S. presence near the Mexican border . Mexico filed 366 claims with the U.S. government for damages done by Comanche and Apache raids between 1848 and 1853 . In 1853 , in the Treaty of Mesilla concluding the Gadsden Purchase , Article XI was annulled . Results ( edit ) The land that the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo brought into the United States became , between 1850 and 1912 , all or part of ten states : California ( 1850 ) , Nevada ( 1869 ) , Utah ( 1896 ) , and Arizona ( 1912 ) , as well as the whole of , depending upon interpretation , the entire state of Texas ( 1845 ) , which then included part of Kansas ( 1861 ) ; Colorado ( 1876 ) ; Wyoming ( 1890 ) ; Oklahoma ( 1907 ) ; and New Mexico ( 1912 ) . The remainder ( the southern parts ) of New Mexico and Arizona were peacefully purchased under the Gadsden Purchase , which was carried out in 1853 . In this purchase the United States paid an additional $10 million ( equivalent to $290 million today ) , for land intended to accommodate a transcontinental railroad . However , the American Civil War delayed construction of such a route , and it was not until 1881 that the Southern Pacific Railroad finally was completed , fulfilling the purpose of the acquisition . Background to the war ( edit ) Mexico had claimed the area in question since winning its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . The Spanish Empire had conquered part of the area from the American Indian tribes over the preceding three centuries , but there remained rather powerful and independent indigenous nations within that northern region of Mexico . Most of that land was too dry ( low rainfall ) and too mountainous or hilly to support very much population until the advent of new technology following about 1880 : means for damming and distributing water from the few rivers to irrigated farmland ; the telegraph ; the railroad ; the telephone ; and electrical power . About 80,000 Mexicans lived in the areas of California , New Mexico , Arizona , and Texas during the period of 1845 to 1850 , and far fewer in Nevada , in southern and western Colorado , and in Utah . On 1 March 1845 , U.S. President John Tyler signed legislation to authorize the United States to annex the Republic of Texas , effective on 29 December 1845 . The Mexican government , which had never recognized the Republic of Texas as an independent country , had warned that annexation would be viewed as an act of war . The United Kingdom and France , both of which recognized the independence of the Republic of Texas , repeatedly tried to dissuade Mexico from declaring war against its northern neighbor . British efforts to mediate the quandary proved fruitless -- in part because additional political disputes ( particularly the Oregon boundary dispute ) arose between Great Britain ( as the sovereign of Canada ) and the United States . Before the outbreak of hostilities , President James K. Polk sent his envoy , John Slidell , on 10 November 1845 to Mexico with instructions to offer Mexico around $5 million for the territory of Nuevo México and up to $40 million for Alta California . The Mexican government dismissed Slidell , refusing to even meet with him . Earlier in that year , Mexico had broken off diplomatic relations with the United States , based partly on its interpretation of the Adams -- Onís Treaty of 1819 ( under which newly independent Mexico claimed it had inherited rights ) . In that agreement , the United States had supposedly `` renounced forever '' all claims to Spanish territory . Neither side took any further action to avoid a war . Meanwhile , Polk settled a major territorial dispute with Britain with the Oregon Treaty , signed on 15 June 1846 ; this avoided a conflict with Great Britain , and hence gave the U.S. a free hand . After the Thornton Affair of 25 -- 26 April , when Mexican forces attacked an American unit in the disputed area with 11 Americans killed , 5 wounded and 49 captured , Congress passed and Polk signed a declaration of war into effect on 13 May 1846 . The Mexican Congress responded with its war declaration on 7 July 1846 . Map o . S. Augustus Mitchell , Philadelphia , 1847 . Alta California shown including Nevada , Utah , Arizona Conduct of war ( edit ) Main article : Mexican -- American War California and New Mexico were quickly occupied by American forces in the summer of 1846 , and fighting there ended on 13 January 1847 with the signing of the `` Capitulation Agreement '' at `` Campo de Cahuenga '' and end of the Taos Revolt . By the middle of September 1847 , U.S. forces had successfully invaded central Mexico and occupied Mexico City . Peace negotiations ( edit ) Some Eastern Democrats called for complete annexation of Mexico and claimed that some Mexican liberals would welcome this , but President Polk 's State of the Union address in December 1847 upheld Mexican independence and argued at length that occupation and any further military operations in Mexico were aimed at securing a treaty ceding California and New Mexico up to approximately the 32nd parallel north and possibly Baja California and transit rights across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec . Despite its lengthy string of military defeats , the Mexican government was reluctant to agree to the loss of California and New Mexico . Even with its capital under enemy occupation , the Mexican government was inclined to consider factors such as the unwillingness of the U.S. administration to annex Mexico outright and what appeared to be deep divisions in domestic U.S. opinion regarding the war and its aims , which gave it reason to conclude that it was actually in a far better negotiating position than the military situation might have suggested . A further consideration was the Mexican government 's opposition to slavery and its awareness of the well - known and growing sectional divide in the U.S. over the issue of slavery . It therefore made sense for Mexico to negotiate with a goal of pandering to Northern U.S. interests at the expense of Southern U.S. interests . The Mexicans proposed peace terms that offered only sale of Alta California north of the 37th parallel north -- north of Santa Cruz , California and Madera , California and the southern boundaries of today 's Utah and Colorado . This territory was already dominated by Anglo - American settlers , but perhaps more importantly from the Mexican point of view , it represented the bulk of pre-war Mexican territory north of the Missouri Compromise line of parallel 36 ° 30 ′ north -- lands that , if annexed by the U.S. , would have been presumed by Northerners to be forever free of slavery . The Mexicans also offered to recognize the U.S. annexation of Texas , but held to its demand of the Nueces River as a boundary . While the Mexican government could not reasonably have expected the Polk Administration to accept such terms , it would have had reason to hope that a rejection of peace terms so favorable to Northern interests might have the potential to provoke sectional conflict in the United States , or perhaps even a civil war that would fatally undermine the U.S. military position in Mexico . Instead , these terms combined with other Mexican demands ( in particular , for various indemnities ) only provoked widespread indignation throughout the U.S. without causing the sectional conflict the Mexicans were hoping for . Jefferson Davis advised Polk that if Mexico appointed commissioners to come to the U.S. , the government that appointed them would probably be overthrown before they completed their mission , and they would likely be shot as traitors on their return ; so that the only hope of peace was to have a U.S. representative in Mexico . Nicholas Trist , chief clerk of the State Department under President Polk , finally negotiated a treaty with the Mexican delegation after ignoring his recall by President Polk in frustration with failure to secure a treaty . Notwithstanding that the treaty had been negotiated against his instructions , given its achievement of the major American aim , President Polk passed it on to the Senate . A section of the original treaty The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed by Nicholas Trist ( on behalf of the U.S. ) and Luis G. Cuevas , Bernardo Couto and Miguel Atristain as plenipotentiary representatives of Mexico on 2 February 1848 , at the main altar of the old Basilica of Guadalupe at Villa Hidalgo ( within the present city limits ) as U.S. troops under the command of Gen. Winfield Scott were occupying Mexico City . Changes to the Treaty and ratification ( edit ) The version of the treaty ratified by the United States Senate eliminated Article X , which stated that the U.S. government would honor and guarantee all land grants awarded in lands ceded to the U.S. to citizens of Spain and Mexico by those respective governments . Article VIII guaranteed that Mexicans who remained more than one year in the ceded lands would automatically become full - fledged United States citizens ( or they could declare their intention of remaining Mexican citizens ) ; however , the Senate modified Article IX , changing the first paragraph and excluding the last two . Among the changes was that Mexican citizens would `` be admitted at the proper time ( to be judged of by the Congress of the United States ) '' instead of `` admitted as soon as possible '' , as negotiated between Trist and the Mexican delegation . An amendment by Jefferson Davis giving the U.S. most of Tamaulipas and Nuevo León , all of Coahuila and a large part of Chihuahua was supported by both senators from Texas ( Sam Houston and Thomas Jefferson Rusk ) , Daniel S. Dickinson of New York , Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois , Edward A. Hannegan of Indiana , and one each from Alabama , Florida , Mississippi , Ohio , Missouri and Tennessee . Most of the leaders of the Democratic party , Thomas Hart Benton , John C. Calhoun , Herschel V. Johnson , Lewis Cass , James Murray Mason of Virginia and Ambrose Hundley Sevier were opposed and the amendment was defeated 44 -- 11 . An amendment by Whig Sen. George Edmund Badger of North Carolina to exclude New Mexico and California lost 35 -- 15 , with three Southern Whigs voting with the Democrats . Daniel Webster was bitter that four New England senators made deciding votes for acquiring the new territories . A motion to insert into the treaty the Wilmot Proviso ( banning slavery from the acquired territories ) failed 15 -- 38 on sectional lines . The treaty was subsequently ratified by the U.S. Senate by a vote of 38 to 14 on 10 March 1848 and by Mexico through a legislative vote of 51 to 34 and a Senate vote of 33 to 4 , on 19 May 1848 . News that New Mexico 's legislative assembly had just passed an act for organization of a U.S. territorial government helped ease Mexican concern about abandoning the people of New Mexico . The treaty was formally proclaimed on 4 July 1848 . Protocol of Querétaro ( edit ) On 30 May 1848 , when the two countries exchanged ratifications of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , they further negotiated a three - article protocol to explain the amendments . The first article stated that the original Article IX of the treaty , although replaced by Article III of the Treaty of Louisiana , would still confer the rights delineated in Article IX . The second article confirmed the legitimacy of land grants pursuant to Mexican law . The protocol further noted that said explanations had been accepted by the Mexican Minister of Foreign Affairs on behalf of the Mexican Government , and was signed in Santiago de Querétaro by A.H. Sevier , Nathan Clifford and Luis de la Rosa . The U.S. would later go on to ignore the protocol on the grounds that the U.S. representatives had over-reached their authority in agreeing to it . Treaty of Mesilla ( edit ) The Treaty of Mesilla , which concluded the Gadsden purchase of 1854 , had significant implications for the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . Article II of the treaty annulled article XI of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and article IV further annulled articles VI and VII of Guadalupe Hidalgo . Article V however reaffirmed the property guarantees of Guadalupe Hidalgo , specifically those contained within articles VIII and IX . Effects ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Mexican Cession agreed with Mexico ( white ) and the Gadsden Purchase ( brown ) . Part of the area marked as Gadsden Purchase near modern - day Mesilla , New Mexico , was disputed after the Treaty . In addition to the sale of land , the treaty also provided for the recognition of the Rio Grande as the boundary between the state of Texas and Mexico . The land boundaries were established by a survey team of appointed Mexican and American representatives , and published in three volumes as The United States and Mexican Boundary Survey . On 30 December 1853 , the countries by agreement altered the border from the initial one by increasing the number of border markers from 6 to 53 . Most of these markers were simply piles of stones . Two later conventions , in 1882 and 1889 , further clarified the boundaries , as some of the markers had been moved or destroyed . Photographers were brought in to document the location of the markers . These photographs are in Record Group 77 , Records of the Office of the Chief Engineers , in the National Archives . The southern border of California was designated as a line from the junction of the Colorado and Gila rivers westward to the Pacific Ocean , so that it passes one Spanish league south of the southernmost portion of San Diego Bay . This was done to ensure that the United States received San Diego and its excellent natural harbor , without relying on potentially inaccurate designations by latitude . The treaty extended the choice of U.S. citizenship to Mexicans in the newly purchased territories , before many African Americans , Asians and Native Americans were eligible . If they chose to , they had to declare to the U.S. government within a year the Treaty was signed ; otherwise , they could remain Mexican citizens , but they would have to relocate . Between 1850 and 1920 , the U.S. Census counted most Mexicans as racially `` white '' . Nonetheless , racially tinged tensions persisted in the era following annexation , reflected in such things as the Greaser Act in California , as tens of thousands of Mexican nationals suddenly found themselves living within the borders of the United States . Mexican communities remained segregated de facto from and also within other U.S. communities , continuing through the Mexican migration right up to the end of the 20th century throughout the Southwest . Community property rights in California are a legacy of the Mexican era . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the property rights of Mexican subjects would be kept inviolate . The early Californians felt compelled to continue the community property system regarding the earnings and accumulation of property during a marriage , and it became incorporated into the California constitution . Additional issues ( edit ) Border disputes continued . The U.S. 's desire to expand its territory continued unabated and Mexico 's economic problems persisted , leading to the controversial Gadsden Purchase in 1854 and William Walker 's Republic of Lower California filibustering incident in that same year . The Channel Islands of California and Farallon Islands are not mentioned in the Treaty . The border was routinely crossed by the armed forces of both countries . Mexican and Confederate troops often clashed during the American Civil War , and the U.S. crossed the border during the war of French intervention in Mexico . In March 1916 Pancho Villa led a raid on the U.S. border town of Columbus , New Mexico , which was followed by the Pershing expedition . The shifting of the Rio Grande would much later cause a dispute over the boundary between purchase lands and those of the state of Texas , called the Country Club Dispute . Controversy over community land grant claims in New Mexico persists to this day . Disputes about whether to make all this new territory into free states or slave - holding states contributed heavily to the rise in North - South tensions that led to the American Civil War just over a decade later . The treaty was leaked to John Nugent before the U.S. Senate could approve it . Nugent published his article in the New York Herald and , afterward , was questioned by Senators . Nugent did not reveal his source . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo led to the establishment in 1889 of the International Boundary and Water Commission to maintain the border , and pursuant to newer treaties to allocate river waters between the two nations , and to provide for flood control and water sanitation . Once viewed as a model of international cooperation , in recent decades the IBWC has been heavily criticized as an institutional anachronism , by - passed by modern social , environmental and political issues . See also ( edit ) Gadsden Purchase Treaty of Cahuenga United States and Mexican Boundary Survey 1848 in Mexico Annexation Bill of 1866 Reconquista ( Mexico ) United States Court of Private Land Claims Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ( History of New Mexico ) Californios in literature Botiller v. Dominguez Zimmermann Telegram Aboriginal title Aboriginal title in California Aboriginal title in New Mexico References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Treaty facsimile '' . www.loc.gov . Jump up ^ `` Avalon Project -- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ; February 2 , 1848 '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Defiant Peacemker : Nicholas Trist in the Mexican War , by author Wallace Ohrt Jump up ^ `` Avalon Project -- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ; February 2 , 1848 '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo '' . ourdocuments.gov . Retrieved 27 June 2007 . Jump up ^ U.S. Congress . Recommendation of the Public Land Commission for Legislation as to Private Land Claims , 46th Congress , 2nd Session , 1880 , House Executive Document 46 , pp. 1116 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Mexicanos : A history of Mexicans in the United States . Manuel G. Gonzales , Indiana University Press P. 86 - 87 ISBN 0 - 253 - 33520 - 5 Jump up ^ The U.S. - Mexico Border : The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , John C. Davenport , P. 48 , ISBN 0 - 7910 - 7833 - 7 Jump up ^ Linda C. Noel , `` ' I am an American ' : Anglos , Mexicans , Nativos , and the National Debate over Arizona and New Mexico Statehood , '' Pacific Historical Review , ( Aug 2011 ) 80 # 3 pp 430 -- 467 , at p 436 Jump up ^ Richard Griswold del Castillo , The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo : A Legacy of Conflict , ( 1990 ) ch 5 Jump up ^ `` Error -- File Not Found ( Hispanic Reading Room , Hispanic Division , Area Studies ) '' . www.loc.gov . Jump up ^ Delay , Brian ( 2007 ) . `` Independent Indians and the U.S. Mexican War '' . The American Historical Review . 112 ( 1 ) : 67 . doi : 10.1086 / ahr. 112.1. 35 . Jump up ^ Schmal , John P. `` Sonora : Four Centuries of Indigenous Resistance '' Houston Institute of Culture http://www.houstonculture.org/mexico/sonora2.html , accessed 12 Jul 2012 Jump up ^ Kluger , Richard Seizing Destiny : How America Grew From Sea to Shining Sea . ( 2007 ) , pp. 493 -- 494 ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 41341 - 4 Jump up ^ David Devine , Slavery , Scandal , and Steel Rails : The 1854 Gadsden Purchase and the Building of the Second Transcontinental Railroad Across Arizona and New Mexico Twenty - Five Years Later ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Nostrand , Richard L. ( 1975 ) . `` Mexican Americans Circa 1850 '' . Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 65 ( 3 ) : 378 -- 390 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8306.1975. tb01046. x . Jump up ^ Mills , B. 2003 . U.S. - Mexican War . Facts On File , p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4932 - 7 ^ Jump up to : `` James K. Polk 's Third Annual Message , 7 December 1847 '' . presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved 27 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Adams - Onis Treaty , Article III . Archived 19 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine . From : yale.edu . Retrieved 6 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The United States hereby cede to His Catholic Majesty , and renounce forever , all their rights , claims , and pretensions to the Territories lying West and South of the above described Line ( ... ) . http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/adamonis.htm Jump up ^ Original Capitulation Agreement document ( one of 25 ) on view at Campo de Cahuenga historical site Jump up ^ `` Mexican Argument for Annexation . '' The Living Age , Volume 10 , Issue 123 . 19 September 1846 . Jump up ^ Rives 1913 , p. 622 . ^ Jump up to : Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . National Archives . Retrieved 6 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . '' Library of Congress , Hispanic Reading Room . Retrieved 6 November 2007 . Jump up ^ George Lockhart Rives . The United States and Mexico , 1821 -- 1848 . pp. 634 -- 636 . Jump up ^ Rives 1913 , p. 649 . Jump up ^ Online Highways LLC editorial group . `` Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo '' . U-S-History.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Treaty of Hidalgo , Protocol of Querétaro . From : academic.udayton.edu . Retrieved 6 November 2007 . Jump up ^ David Hunter Miller , Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America , vol. 5 ( Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office , 1937 ) Jump up ^ Mills , B. p. 122 . Jump up ^ Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , Article V. From : academic.udayton.edu . Retrieved 7 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Gibson , C.J. and E. Lennon. 1999 . `` Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign - born Population of the United States : 1850 -- 1990 . '' U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . Retrieved 6 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Cali . Const . art . XX , § 7 . Jump up ^ The U.S. - Mexico Border : The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , John C. Davenport , p. 60 , ISBN 0 - 7910 - 7833 - 7 . Jump up ^ Barnard R. Thompson . `` Mexico 's Claim to California Islands -- A Never - ending Story '' . Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Guadalpe Hidalgo : Findings and Possible Options Regarding Longstanding Community Land Grant Claims in New Mexico '' ( PDF ) . General Accounting Office . Retrieved 5 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert J. McCarthy , Executive Authority , Adaptive Treaty Interpretation , and the International Boundary and Water Commission , U.S. - Mexico , 14 - 2 U. Denv . Water L. Rev. 197 ( Spring 2011 ) ( also available for free download at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1839903 ) . Sources ( edit ) Griswold del Castillo , Richard ( 1990 ) , The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo : A Legacy of Conflict , Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2240 - 4 Ohrt , Wallace ( 1997 ) , Defiant Peacemaker : Nicholas Trist in the Mexican War , College Station : Texas A&M University Press , ISBN 0 - 89096 - 778 - 4 Reeves , Jesse S. ( 1905 ) , `` The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo '' , American Historical Review , 10 ( 2 ) : 309 -- 324 , doi : 10.2307 / 1834723 , JSTOR 1834723 Rives , George Lockhart ( 1913 ) . The United States and Mexico , 1821 -- 1848 : a history of the relations between the two countries from the independence of Mexico to the close of the war with the United States . 2 . New York : C. Scribner 's Sons . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of a 1905 New International Encyclopedia article about Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and related resources at the U.S. Library of Congress Library of Congress -- Hispanic Reading Room portal , The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Text of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Copy of Treaty , including sections stricken out by Senate Text of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and anaysis U.S. General Accounting Office report on the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , June 2004 Library of Congress Guide to the Mexican War Time magazine article on the treaty leak Occupation and Aftermath at A Continent Divided : The U.S. - Mexico War , Center for Greater Southwestern Studies , the University of Texas at Arlington Map of North America and the Caribbean at the time of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo at omniatlas.com ( hide ) Chicano and Mexican American topics Terms Chicano Hispanic La Raza Hispanic and Latino Americans Mexican American Tejanos Californios Nuevomexicanos Pre-Chicano Movement History of Mexican Americans Mexican -- American War Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexican Repatriation Sleepy Lagoon trial Zoot Suit Riots Chicano Movement Aztlán Católicos por La Raza Chicanismo Chicana feminism Chicano Blowouts Chicano Moratorium PCUN Plan Espiritual de Aztlán Plan de Santa Bárbara Farm workers rights campaign Land grant struggle Colegio César Chávez Supreme Court cases Botiller v. Dominguez Hernandez v. Texas San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co . U.S. v. Brignoni - Ponce Plyler v. Doe Medellín v. Texas Flores - Figueroa v. U.S. Leal Garcia v. Texas Mendez v. Westminster Bernal v. Fainter Culture Chicano films Chicano literature Chicano poetry Chicano rock Chicano rap Mexican muralism Skull art Teatro Campesino Tortilla art Chicano Park Estrada Courts murals Cholo Pachuco Paño Tejano music Tex - Mex cuisine Zoot suit Lowrider By city Arizona ( Tucson ) California ( Los Angeles ) Illinois ( Chicago ) Michigan ( Detroit ) Nebraska ( Omaha ) Texas Dallas - Fort Worth Houston Lists Caló Chicano poets U.S. communities with Hispanic majority Mexican Americans Writers List of Hispanic and Latino Americans Bibliography Category : American people of Mexican descent Category : Mexican - American organizations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo&oldid=835600746 '' Categories : Treaties of the Mexican -- American War 1848 treaties Mexico -- United States treaties Peace treaties of the United States Peace treaties of Mexico Treaties involving territorial changes History of the American West History of United States expansionism 1848 in Mexico 1848 in Alta California 1848 in California 1848 in the United States Pre-statehood history of Arizona Pre-statehood history of California Pre-statehood history of Colorado Pre-statehood history of Nevada Pre-statehood history of New Mexico Pre-statehood history of Utah Pre-statehood history of Wyoming Presidency of James K. Polk Mexican - American history Mexico -- United States border Texas border disputes Aboriginal title in the United States Southwestern United States Treaties of the Second Federal Republic of Mexico Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from June 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 17 : 40 . 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when does flash season 4 come out on sky 1

The Flash ( 2014 TV series )

the flash ( 2014 tv series )

The Flash is an American superhero television series developed by Greg Berlanti , Andrew Kreisberg , and Geoff Johns , airing on The CW . It is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash , a costumed superhero crime - fighter with the power to move at superhuman speeds . It is a spin - off from Arrow , existing in the same fictional universe . The series follows Allen , portrayed by Grant Gustin , a crime scene investigator who gains super-human speed , which he uses to fight criminals , including others who have also gained superhuman abilities .

Initially envisioned as a backdoor pilot , the positive reception Gustin received during two appearances as Barry on Arrow led to executives choosing to develop a full pilot to make use of a larger budget and help flesh out Barry 's world in more detail . Colleen Atwood , costume designer for Arrow , was brought in to design the Flash 's suit . The creative team wanted to make sure that the Flash would resemble his comic book counterpart , and not simply be a poor imitation . The series is primarily filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . The Flash premiered in North America on October 7 , 2014 , where the pilot became the second-most watched premiere in the history of The CW , after The Vampire Diaries in 2009 . It has been well received by critics and audiences , and won the People 's Choice Award for `` Favorite New TV Drama '' in 2014 . The series , together with Arrow , has spun characters out to their own show , Legends of Tomorrow , which premiered on January 21 , 2016 . On January 8 , 2017 , The CW renewed the show for a fourth season , which premiered on October 10 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Design 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 3.5 Sound design 4 Broadcast 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.1. 1 Critics ' top ten lists 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Awards and nominations 6 Other media 6.1 Digital comic 6.2 Chronicles of Cisco 6.3 Video games 6.4 Books 6.4. 1 Novels 6.4. 2 Behind - the - scenes 7 Home release 8 Arrowverse and the DC multiverse 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Series overview Main article : List of The Flash episodes After witnessing his mother 's supernatural murder , Barry Allen is taken in by Detective Joe West and his family . Barry becomes a brilliant but socially awkward crime scene investigator for the Central City Police Department . A particle accelerator malfunctions , bathing the city center with a radiation during a thunderstorm , and Barry is struck by lightning . Awakening after a coma , he discovers he can move at superhuman speeds . Harrison Wells , the accelerator 's designer , describes Barry 's nature as `` metahuman '' . Barry vows to use his gifts to protect Central City . As the Flash , Barry also pursues his mother 's murderer , the Reverse - Flash . In the second season , after a singularity event , the Flash is recognized as Central City 's hero . However , the event brings a new threat from a parallel earth : Zoom , a demonic speedster who seeks to eliminate all speedsters throughout the multiverse . Harrison Wells ' parallel universe counterpart nicknamed `` Harry '' , and his daughter Jesse , work to help Barry stop Zoom and explore the multiverse . Joe and his daughter , Iris , struggle with the arrival of Iris 's brother Wally West . After Zoom kills Barry 's father , Barry travels back in time to save his mother 's life . By changing his past , Barry alters the timeline , resulting in `` Flashpoint '' . Though he is somewhat able to restore the timeline , this creates new threats , including Savitar . After Harry and Jesse return to Earth - 2 , another Wells doppelgänger is recruited : the novelist `` H.R. '' Wells . Both Wally and Caitlin Snow begin to manifest metahuman abilities ; Wally suits up as the speedster Kid Flash , while Caitlin is forced to suppress her ice - powers to prevent becoming Killer Frost . When Barry accidentally travels to the future and sees Iris killed by Savitar , he is desperate to change the future to prevent that from happening . After saving Iris and defeating Savitar , Barry takes his place in the Speed Force . In the months since Barry left , Wally and Cisco have barely been able to protect Central City . When a new foe defeats them easily , requesting a battle against the Flash , the team decides to bring Barry back . While they manage to do so , Barry 's return releases dark matter , turning a dozen people on a city bus into metahumans . One of these metahumans is private detective Ralph Dibny , who joins the Flash 's team . While Barry and Iris prepare for their wedding , the team realize that Barry 's arrival and the creation of the bus metahumans were orchestrated by the Thinker . Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewership ( in millions ) 23 October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 118 4.62 23 October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 112 4.25 23 October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 120 3.50 TBA October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) TBA TBA TBA Cast and characters Main articles : List of The Flash characters and List of Arrowverse actors Grant Gustin as Barry Allen / The Flash : A Central City assistant police forensic investigator . Moments after an explosion at the S.T.A.R. Labs particle accelerator , Barry is struck by lightning in his laboratory and doused by chemicals affected by the accident . When he awakens from a nine - month coma , he has superhuman speed . In September 2013 , Grant Gustin was cast in the titular role . Andy Mientus , who would eventually be cast as Hartley Rathaway , also auditioned for the role . Gustin began researching the character during the audition process , and reading as many comics as possible . Gustin primarily focused on The New 52 series of comics , because he knew it would be difficult to read everything and he felt the New 52 was the closest to the show 's `` look and feel '' . Candice Patton as Iris West : The daughter of Joe West , sister to Wally West , and Barry Allen 's wife . She works at Central City Picture News as a journalist . Danielle Panabaker as Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost : A highly intelligent bioengineering expert , Caitlin believed her fiancé , Ronnie Raymond , was killed during the particle accelerator explosion at S.T.A.R. Labs , until he returned part way through first season . Ronnie and Caitlin get married in the first season finale , `` Fast Enough '' . Rick Cosnett as Eddie Thawne : A recent transfer to the Central City Police Department , Eddie 's past is a mystery and he harbored a dark secret . He was partner to Detective Joe West and Iris West 's love interest . Cosnett left the series after the first season , following his character 's sacrifice to wipe Eobard Thawne , his distant descendant , from history . Carlos Valdes as Cisco Ramon / Vibe : A mechanical engineering genius , Cisco is the youngest member of the team of scientists at S.T.A.R. Labs and a metahuman . Tom Cavanagh as Harrison Wells : The mind and money behind Central City 's S.T.A.R. Labs Particle Accelerator , Wells becomes a pariah after the lab explodes . Mentoring Barry to get faster , he is eventually revealed to be the Reverse - Flash , Eobard Thawne ( Matt Letscher ) , a descendant of Eddie from the future with a grudge against the Flash . Thawne killed the real Wells and stole his identity . In subsequent seasons , Cavanagh portrays various alternate reality doppelgängers of Wells . These include the sarcastic but brilliant `` Harry '' , who along with his daughter Jesse hails from Earth - 2 , and his Earth - 19 counterpart , the sci - fi novelist `` H.R. '' . Jesse L. Martin as Joe West : A police detective who acts as a surrogate father to Barry , after his mother 's death and father 's imprisonment , and who is the father of Iris and Wally . Keiynan Lonsdale as Wally West / Kid Flash : The son of Joe and brother of Iris , born without their knowledge after his mother left Central City . The producers disliked the introduction of relatives of characters that were never previously mentioned , feeling it was `` weird '' , and opted instead to introduce Wally as unknown even to his relatives . They also chose to make him Iris ' brother , a departure from the comics where he was her nephew . Speaking on Lonsdale 's casting , Kreisberg explained that `` Just like when we met Grant ( Gustin ) for the first time , we instantly knew Keiynan embodied all the heart and courage of a hero . '' After Flashpoint , Wally eventually gets speed powers from Doctor Alchemy and becomes Kid Flash . Neil Sandilands as Clifford DeVoe / The Thinker : A metahuman with a genius - level intellect , who looks to fix all that he deems wrong with humanity . Production Development On July 30 , 2013 , it was announced that Arrow co-creators Greg Berlanti and Andrew Kreisberg , Arrow pilot director David Nutter , and DC Comics CCO Geoff Johns would develop a television series based on the Flash for The CW , and it would detail Barry Allen 's origin . Kreisberg revealed after the announcement that Allen would first appear as a recurring character on Arrow in three episodes of season two -- all written by Berlanti , Kreisberg and Johns -- and the last of the episodes would act as a backdoor pilot for the new show . Kreisberg added that Allen would be a forensic scientist and the introduction of his superpowers , as well as the reactions to this , will be very human and grounded . Johns stated that the character of the Flash in the show would resemble his comic book counterpart , complete with his trademark red costume , and not be a poor imitation . Kreisberg elaborated : `` No sweat suits or strange code names ; he will be The Flash . '' While researching the best way to depict the Flash 's lightning speed , Johns stated it would not just be the standard `` blurring around '' . Barry ultimately appeared twice in Arrow 's second season , with the planned backdoor pilot cancelled in favor of a traditional pilot by The CW executives , who had been impressed by early cuts of Barry 's first two episodes on Arrow . This allowed the creative team to flesh out Barry 's story and his world on a bigger budget , as opposed to a backdoor pilot 's constraint of incorporating characters from the parent show . The pilot was officially ordered on January 29 , 2014 , and was written by Berlanti , Kreisberg , and Johns , and directed by Nutter . On May 8 , 2014 , The Flash was officially picked up as a series , with an initial order of 13 episodes . Three more scripts were ordered in September 2014 following a positive response to newly completed episodes by executives , while a back ten was ordered the next month for a full 23 - episode season . With the commencement of production on the series ' second season , former Arrow and Ugly Betty writer Gabrielle Stanton was promoted to executive producer and showrunner ; after having served as consulting producer and writer on the first season 's finale `` Fast Enough '' . However , it was later reported that Kreisberg would be returning to sole showrunner duties at an unspecified time . That time was later proved to be at the start of 2016 , `` Potential Energy '' , when Stanton was no longer credited as being involved with the show . In May 2017 , it was reported that Aaron Helbing would be departing the series . Helbing had served as a writer since the first season , and as co-showrunner , along with his brother Todd and Kreisberg , since the second . Design The costume was designed by Colleen Atwood , who also designed the costumes for Arrow . It features a burgundy color scheme , a masked helmet , and gold accents throughout , and went through multiple adjustments from the moment it was placed in computer renderings to the day of filming the pilot . Primarily made of leather , the suit contains areas with a stretchable material to allow Gustin room to bend . According to Atwood `` It was all about a costume that could sell speed , Grant ( Gustin ) was continually moving in the suit , so it had to be designed to make that all happen visually and functionally . '' It initially took Gustin approximately 40 minutes to get into his costume , as the first cowl was prosthetic and had to be zipped and glued to his face . This was cut down to approximately 15 minutes by episode eight , when designers were able to develop a new cowl that easily slid over Gustin 's face and locked into place . Maya Mani replaced Atwood as the costume designer for the second season and made slight changes to the Flash costume , such as changing the color of his crest from yellow to white , being faithful to the Flash costume from the comics . Filming Production on the pilot began in March 2014 , with filming taking place in Vancouver , British Columbia ; additional filming for the series takes place in Portland , Oregon . On how action sequences are shot for the series , compared to Arrow , Gustin said , `` When ( Arrow ) shoot ( s ) action sequences , pretty much what you see is what you get and they 're really doing everything . We do a lot of plate shots that are empty shots of the area we 're going to be in and then they 're putting us in later in post . I do a lot of the fighting . I do n't have to do it full speed and then they ramp it up and a lot of people have to freeze and I keep moving . Then I have to clear frame and step back into frame . It 's really tedious stuff that we have to do . On theirs , they learn fight choreography and they shoot it from the perfect angles and what you see is what you get . '' Production on the third season began in early July 2016 . Music Arrow composer Blake Neely is the primary composer of the series , and was first hired in April 2014 to score the pilot . He had previously composed a theme for Barry Allen which was featured in Arrow 's season two episodes `` The Scientist '' and `` Three Ghosts '' . The theme was titled `` The Scientist '' when it was released on the Arrow : Season 2 soundtrack . According to Neely , `` It had to be different ( from Arrow ) ... but it also could n't be so different that it could n't fit in the Arrow universe , ... it had to be in a style that could hold hands with Arrow . '' On December 18 , 2014 , WaterTower Music released a selection of music from The Flash / Arrow crossover episodes , as well as two bonus tracks from their respective 2014 midseason finales . The first season , two - disc soundtrack was released on October 16 , 2015 . The second season 's soundtrack was released digitally on July 22 , 2016 , and in CD format on July 26 , 2016 . Sound design The sound design for the show is handled by Mark Camperell . The sound effect for Barry is made up of elements of thunder , electricity , jets , fireballs , and various custom whooshes and impacts . Speaking about designing the sound for The Flash 's ability , Mark says : `` My approach for the sounds of The Flash 's ability was to editorially treat him like a really aggressively driven hot rod . This does n't mean that I used car sounds for him , though . What I mean is that when thinking about how to edit his sounds , I thought about it like cutting a car chase . '' Broadcast The Flash was screened at the Warner Bros. Television and DC Entertainment panel at San Diego Comic - Con International in July 2014 . The series officially premiered on The CW on October 7 , 2014 , during the 2014 -- 15 television season and also premiered in Canada on the same night . The second episode was screened at New York Comic Con on October 9 , 2014 , as a way to repay the viewers that watched the series ' premiere episode . The series premiered in the United Kingdom and Ireland on October 28 , 2014 , and in Australia on December 3 , 2014 . Reception Critical response Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 97 % ( 58 reviews ) 73 ( 27 reviews ) 100 % ( 20 reviews ) 81 ( 4 reviews ) 88 % ( 17 reviews ) 80 ( 4 reviews ) 100 % ( 13 reviews ) N / A Regarding Gustin 's debut as Barry Allen in Arrow and the potential for a series , IGN 's Jesse Schedeen stated his concern : `` Gustin does n't come across as leading man material . His awkward bumbling intertwining with Felicity 's was cute , but rarely did I get the impression that this character could or should be given his own spinoff series . '' Schedeen eventually warmed up to the character , however , once the `` dorkiness and social awkwardness '' were downplayed a bit and the emphasis was placed on `` his keen scientific mind '' . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 97 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 based on 58 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` The Flash benefits from its purposefully light atmosphere , making it a superhero show uniquely geared toward genre fans as well as novices . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 73 out of 100 , based on 27 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . IGN 's Eric Goldman and Joshua Yehl praised the show 's premise and cast after viewing a press screening copy of the pilot . Goldman and Yehl favorably compared it to Arrow , stating that The Flash progresses with a confidence that Arrow did not get until later in the series . Reviews for the series became increasingly positive as the season progressed , with the finale receiving critical acclaim . Noel Murray of The A.V. Club gave the season a B+ overall , giving praise to the pacing of the plot , the performances of the cast and the special effects , and also pointing out the series ' boldness to embrace its comic book influences , something that conventional superhero shows tend not to do . Weekly episode reviewer Scott Von Doviak gave consistently high ratings to the season and awarded the season finale a perfect A grade , calling the episode `` richly satisfying '' and also commending the show for `` ( capturing ) the essence of its source material in a fun , light - on - its - feet way that few other comic book adaptations have managed . '' He also gave high praise to the emotional value and performances of the cast , as well as the cliffhanger and multiple easter eggs found in the episode . The second season of The Flash scored a Metacritic rating of 81 out of 100 indicating `` universal acclaim '' . In 2016 , Rolling Stone ranked the show # 23 on its list of the `` 40 Best Science Fiction TV Shows of All Time '' . Critics ' top ten lists ( show ) 2014 No. 7 NPR No. 7 Omaha World - Herald No. 10 Film School Rejects ( show ) 2015 No. 4 The Salt Lake Tribune No. 7 Omaha World - Herald No. 10 Indiewire -- Criticwire -- Variety ( show ) 2016 No. 8 The Salt Lake Tribune Ratings The first episode of The Flash was watched by 4.8 million viewers and had a 1.9 18 -- 49 demographic rating , making it The CW 's most watched and highest rated series premiere since The Vampire Diaries in 2009 . It also became The CW 's second-most watched series premiere ever , behind 90210 , and the third - highest rated in the 18 -- 49 demographic . Factoring Live + 7 day ratings , the pilot was watched by a total of 6.8 million viewers , becoming The CW 's most - watched telecast and the highest - rated premiere among men 18 -- 34 ( 2.5 rating ) . It broke the previous record for the most - watched telecast held by the cycle 8 finale of America 's Next Top Model in 2007 ( 6.69 million ) . Additionally , across all platforms , including initiated streams on digital platforms and total unduplicated viewers on - air over two airings the week of October 7 , 2014 , the premiere was seen more than 13 million times . The Canadian premiere was watched by 3.11 million viewers , making it the most - watched broadcast that night and the second for that week . In the United Kingdom , the premiere was the fourth highest - rated broadcast of the week and the eleventh of that month , with 1.53 million viewers . The timeshifted version got 82,000 viewers . The premiere in Australia was the most - watched broadcast on pay television , with 129,000 viewers tuning in . In 2016 , according to an analysis from Parrot Analytics , which used ratings data ( where available ) , peer - to - peer sharing , social media chatter , and other factors to estimate viewer demand for various shows , The Flash was the 5th most popular show in the world with 3.1 million demand expressions per day , behind Game of Thrones , The Walking Dead , Pretty Little Liars , and Westworld . TorrentFreak also gauged The Flash as the fourth most - torrented television show of 2016 . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 23 October 7 , 2014 4.83 May 19 , 2015 3.87 2014 -- 15 118 4.62 1.7 23 October 6 , 2015 3.58 May 24 , 2016 3.35 2015 -- 16 112 4.25 1.7 23 October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) 3.17 May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 3.04 2016 -- 17 120 3.50 1.4 TBA October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 2.84 TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD The Flash : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Source : Nielsen Media Research Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2014 Behind the Voice Actors Awards Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Guest Role -- Action / Drama Morena Baccarin Nominated TV Guide Award Favorite New Show The Flash Won Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects - Driven Photoreal / Live Action Broadcast Program Armen V. Kevorkian , James Baldanzi , Jeremy Jozwick , Andranik Taranyan Nominated 2015 Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation -- Short Form `` Pilot '' Nominated IGN Awards Best Comic Book Adaptation TV The Flash Won Best TV Series The Flash Nominated The Joey Awards Best Actor in a TV Drama Recurring Role 8 -- 12 Years Logan Williams Won Best Actress in a TV Drama Featured Role 4 -- 9 Years Laiken Laverock Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Family TV Show The Flash Nominated Favorite TV Actor Grant Gustin Nominated Leo Awards Best Cinematography in a Dramatic Series C. Kim Miles Nominated Best Direction in a Dramatic Series Glen Winter Nominated Best Dramatic Series The Flash Nominated Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Emily Bett Rickards Nominated Best Hairstyling in a Dramatic Series Sarah Koppes Nominated Best Make - Up in a Dramatic Series Tina Louise Teoli Nominated Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series Tyler Bishop Harron Nominated Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series `` Going Rogue '' Won Online Film & Television Association Award Best New Theme Song In a Series The Flash Nominated Best Visual Effects In a Series The Flash Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite New TV Drama The Flash Won Poppy Awards Best Actor , Drama Grant Gustin Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Special Visual Effects `` Grodd Lives '' Nominated Publicists Awards Maxwell Weinberg Award -- Television Bonanza Productions , Berlanti Productions and Warner Bros. Television Nominated Saturn Awards Best Actor on Television Grant Gustin Nominated Best Guest Star on Television Wentworth Miller Won Best Superhero Adaption Television Series The Flash Won Breakthrough Performance Grant Gustin Won TCA Awards Outstanding New Program The Flash Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV -- Breakout Star Grant Gustin Won Candice Patton Nominated Choice TV -- Chemistry Grant Gustin and Candice Patton Nominated Choice TV -- Liplock Grant Gustin and Candice Patton Nominated Choice TV -- Villain Tom Cavanagh Nominated Choice TV Actress -- Fantasy / Sci - Fi Danielle Panabaker Nominated 2016 IGN Awards Best Comic Book TV Series The Flash Nominated Best TV Hero Grant Gustin Nominated Best TV Villain Tom Cavanagh Nominated People 's Choice Best TV Hero Grant Gustin Won The Joey Awards Young Actor in a TV Series Featured Role 11 -- 16 Years Octavian Kaul Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Family TV Show The Flash Nominated Favorite Male TV Star -- Family Show Grant Gustin Nominated Leo Awards Best Direction in a Dramatic Series J.J. Makaro ( `` Enter Zoom '' ) Nominated Best Stunt Coordination in a Dramatic Series J.J. Makaro , Jon Kralt ( `` Legends Of Today '' ) Nominated Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series `` Gorilla Warfare '' Won Poppy Awards Best Supporting Actor , Drama Jesse L. Martin Nominated Saturn Awards Best Actor on Television Grant Gustin Nominated Best Guest Star on Television Victor Garber Nominated Best Superhero Adaption Television Series The Flash Won Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Chemistry Candice Patton and Grant Gustin Nominated Choice TV : Liplock Candice Patton and Grant Gustin Nominated Choice TV : Villain Teddy Sears Nominated Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi Grant Gustin Won Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi Danielle Panabaker Nominated Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi The Flash Nominated 2017 IGN Awards Best Action Series The Flash Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show -- Family Show The Flash Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Hero Grant Gustin Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Network TV Sci - Fi / Fantasy The Flash Nominated Saturn Awards Best Actor on Television Grant Gustin Nominated Best Superhero Adaption Television Series The Flash Nominated Best Supporting Actress on Television Candice Patton Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Action TV Actor Grant Gustin Won Choice Action TV Actress Danielle Panabaker Nominated Candice Patton Nominated Choice Action TV Show The Flash Won Choice TV Villain Grant Gustin Nominated Other media Digital comic The Flash : Season Zero , written by Kreisberg , Brooke Eikmeier and Katherine Walczak , with art by Phil Hester and Eric Gapstur , is intended to take place between the pilot episode and episode 2 . Kreisberg stated , `` Barry will ( already ) be the Flash , he will have his team , everyone will be in that world , and we 'll ( sic ) introducing a new set of villains that we wo n't be seeing on the TV show . It 'll feel like the same heart , humor and spectacle that you get watching Flash . '' The comic will showcase the entire TV cast , plus new rogues , a group of circus performers who gained super powers as a result of the S.T.A.R. Labs particle accelerator explosion . The group is led by Mr. Bliss , a character who first appeared in Starman . The comic launched digitally biweekly on September 8 , 2014 , with its first physical release featuring a collection of the digital releases , releasing on October 1 . Chronicles of Cisco On April 19 , 2016 , a four - episode series of shorts , titled Chronicles of Cisco , premiered . The series , which was presented by AT&T , features Valdes and Britne Oldford reprise their role as Cisco Ramon and Shawna Baez / Peek - a-Boo , respectively . Set in the second season of the television series , the series sees Cisco attempting to make the Flash suit bulletproof and body - odor proof . While working on these , he receives a late - night Meta - Human Alert within S.T.A.R. Labs , and learns that Peek - a-Boo triggered the alert . She has come to S.T.A.R. Labs to make Cisco create a weapon for her , as he did for Golden Glider , Captain Cold , and Heatwave . When he does not cooperate , she shoots him . Cisco survives being shot , realizing that the orange soda he spilt on his shirt was the missing catalyst to his bulletproof formula . Cisco tries to bring Peek - a-Boo back to the pipeline , but she locks him in the cell instead . Cisco is then seen being woken up due to a call from Barry . He believes he dreamt the whole experience , until he finds the bullet that shot him on the ground . Video games The series has also been featured in other video games based off DC Comics property . In the mobile version of Injustice : Gods Among Us , the show 's versions of the Flash and Reverse - Flash appear as alternate costumes for the Flash . The show 's version of S.T.A.R. Labs also appears as a hidden area in Lego Dimensions . Books Novels On November 29 , 2016 , Titan Books released Flash : The Haunting of Barry Allen , a tie - in novelization written by Susan and Clay Griffith , set during the course of the second season , after Barry has closed the temporal anomaly that nearly destroyed Central City . Barry must seek help from Oliver Queen , due to his own abilities beginning to break down , in order to deal with five members of his Rogues Gallery -- including Pied Piper , Weather Wizard , and Peekaboo . The story continued in Arrow -- A Generation of Vipers , released on March 28 , 2017 . A subsequent novel , following the villain Weather Wizard in his attempts at revenge , is due to be released in May 2018 . Written by Richard A. Knaak , it will be titled The Flash : Climate Changeling . Behind - the - scenes On October 21 , 2016 , `` The Art and Making of The Flash '' by Abbie Bernstein was released . This is a 160 - page behind - the - scenes book with production art and behind - the - scenes photography . The book also includes interviews with the cast and crew from the show . Home Release Complete Season DVD / Blu - ray Release dates Additional info Region 1 / A Region 2 / B Region 4 / C September 22 , 2015 September 21 , 2015 September 23 , 2015 The Blu - ray / DVD box - sets include featurettes , deleted scenes , gag reels and highlights from Comic - Con . Season 2 includes the Arrow crossover episode `` Legends of Yesterday '' . September 6 , 2016 September 12 , 2016 September 7 , 2016 September 5 , 2017 September 11 , 2017 September 6 , 2017 Arrowverse and the DC multiverse Main article : Arrowverse In January 2015 , The CW president Mark Pedowitz announced the intention to do a Flash / Arrow crossover every season , and The CW announced that an animated web - series , Vixen , featuring the DC heroine of the same name and set in the universe of Arrow and The Flash , would be debuting on CW Seed in late 2015 . The character is expected to make a live - action appearance on Arrow and / or The Flash as well . The next month , it was reported that a spin - off series , which is described as a superhero team - up show , was in discussion by The CW for a possible 2015 -- 16 midseason release . Berlanti and Kreisberg would executive produce alongside Guggenheim and Sarah Schechter . The potential series would be headlined by several recurring characters from both Arrow and The Flash , with the potential for other Arrow / Flash characters to cross over to the new series as well . In May 2015 , The CW officially picked up the series , titled DC 's Legends of Tomorrow . The second season begins to explore the concept of the multiverse , by introducing Earth - 2 , which features doppelgängers of the inhabitants in the Arrowverse ( or Earth - 1 ) , along with Jay Garrick , the Flash of Earth - 2 , and Zoom . In the episode `` Welcome to Earth - 2 '' , as Barry , Cisco and Harrison Wells of Earth - 2 travel to Earth - 2 , glimpses of the multiverse are seen , including an image of Supergirl star Melissa Benoist as Supergirl and an image of John Wesley Shipp as the Flash from the 1990 television series , implying the two characters and their respective television series exist on alternate Earths to the Arrowverse ; Supergirl 's world is later designated Earth - 38 in the Arrowverse multiverse . Gustin as Barry appeared on the eighteenth episode of Supergirl , `` Worlds Finest '' , which aired on CBS on March 28 , 2016 . Intersecting with the events of the eighteenth episode of The Flash , which aired on April 19 , 2016 , Barry accidentally arrives on Earth - 38 and helps Kara battle two of her enemies , Silver Banshee ( Italia Ricci ) and Livewire ( Brit Morgan ) , before returning home . See also The Flash ( 1990 TV series ) References Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Beedle , Tim ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` First Look : Arrow Takes Aim at The Flash ( Updated : Watch the Full Five - Minute Trailer Now ! ) '' . DC Comics . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` 2014 - 15 Full TV Season Ratings : Rankings For All Shows '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . 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when did the original beauty and the beast come out

Beauty and the Beast Theatrical release poster by John Alvin Directed by Gary Trousdale Kirk Wise Produced by Don Hahn Screenplay by Linda Woolverton Story by Roger Allers Brenda Chapman Chris Sanders Burny Mattinson Kevin Harkey Brian Pimental Bruce Woodside Joe Ranft Tom Ellery Kelly Asbury Robert Lence Based on Beauty and the Beast by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont Starring Paige O'Hara Robby Benson Richard White Jerry Orbach David Ogden Stiers Angela Lansbury Rex Everhart Jesse Corti Narrated by David Ogden Stiers ( prologue ) Music by Alan Menken Edited by John Carnochan Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Feature Animation Silver Screen Partners IV Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date September 29 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 29 ) ( New York Film Festival ) November 22 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 84 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $25 million Box office $425 million

September 29 , 1991|November 22 , 1991

Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 film )

beauty and the beast ( 1991 film )

Beauty and the Beast is a 1991 American animated musical romantic fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures . The 30th Disney animated feature film and the third released during the Disney Renaissance period , it is based on the French fairy tale of the same name by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont who was uncredited in the English version but credited in the French version , and ideas from the 1946 French film of the same name directed by Jean Cocteau . Beauty and the Beast focuses on the relationship between the Beast ( voice of Robby Benson ) , a prince who is magically transformed into a monster and his servants into household objects as punishment for his arrogance , and Belle ( voice of Paige O'Hara ) , a young woman whom he imprisons in his castle . To become a prince again , Beast must learn to love Belle and earn her love in return before the last petal from the enchanted rose that the enchantress who cursed the Beast had offered falls , or else the Beast will remain a monster forever . The film also features the voices of Richard White , Jerry Orbach , David Ogden Stiers , and Angela Lansbury .

Walt Disney first attempted unsuccessfully to adapt Beauty and the Beast into an animated film during the 1930s and 1950s . Following the success of The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , Walt Disney Pictures decided to adapt the fairy tale , which Richard Purdum originally conceived as a non-musical . Disney chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg eventually dismissed Purdum 's idea and ordered that the film be a musical similar to The Little Mermaid instead . The film was directed by Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise , with a screenplay by Linda Woolverton story first credited to Roger Allers . Lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken wrote the film 's songs . Ashman , who additionally served as the film 's executive producer , died of AIDS - related complications eight months before the film 's release , and the film is thus dedicated to his memory . Beauty and the Beast premiered as an unfinished film at the New York Film Festival on September 29 , 1991 , followed by its theatrical release as a completed film at the El Capitan Theatre on November 13 . The film was a box office success , grossing $425 million worldwide on a $25 million budget . Beauty and the Beast won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , the first animated film to ever win that category . It also became the first animated film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture at the 64th Academy Awards , where it won the Academy Award for Best Original Score and Best Original Song for its title song and received additional nominations for Best Original Song and Best Sound . In April 1994 , Beauty and the Beast became Disney 's first animated film to be adapted into a Broadway musical . The success of the film spawned two direct - to - video follow - ups : Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) and Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) , both of which take place in the timeline of the original . This was followed by a spin - off television series , Sing Me a Story with Belle . An IMAX version of the film was released in 2002 , and included `` Human Again '' , a new five - minute musical sequence that was previously included in the 1994 musical . That same year , the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . After the success of the 3D re-release of The Lion King , the film was reissued in 3D in 2012 . A live - action adaptation of the film directed by Bill Condon was released on March 17 , 2017 , that went on to become the 12th - highest - grossing film of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Early versions 3.2 Script rewrite and musicalization 3.3 Casting and recording 3.4 Animation 3.5 Music 4 Release 4.1 Re-issues 4.2 Home media 5 Reception and legacy 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.3 Accolades 6 Adaptations 6.1 Broadway musical 6.2 Live - action film 7 Merchandise 7.1 Video games 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) One winter 's night , an enchantress disguised as a beggar offers a cold - hearted prince a rose in exchange for shelter . When he refuses , she transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects . She bestows the Beast with a magic mirror before hexing the rose and warning him that , unless he learns to love another and earns their love in return by the time the last petal falls , he and his servants will lose their humanity forever . Ten years later , a beautiful girl named Belle dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , an arrogant hunter . Lost in the forest while traveling to a fair to present his latest invention , Belle 's father Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle . After Maurice befriends the castle 's servants , however , the Beast discovers and imprisons him . Belle ventures out in search for him and finds him locked in the castle 's dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place . Befriending the castle 's servants , Belle is treated to a spectacular dinner . When she wanders into the forbidden West Wing where the rose is kept , the Beast flies into a rage , causing Belle to flee the castle and into the woods . She is attacked by wolves , but the Beast rescues Belle and gets injured in the process . He begins to develop feelings for her while she nurses his wounds and he delights her by showing his extensive library . Returning to the village , Maurice tells the townsfolk of Belle 's predicament , but Gaston convinces the townsfolk to send Maurice to an insane asylum if Belle refuses to marry Gaston . After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast , Belle discovers her father 's predicament using the magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . Back at the village , Belle proves Maurice 's sanity by revealing the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , Gaston has her thrown into the basement with her father and rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to kill the Beast . With Chip 's aid , Maurice and Belle escape and rush back to the castle . The servants battle the invading villagers , driving them out of the castle . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his will upon seeing Belle return . He spares Gaston 's life before reuniting with Belle . Gaston stabs the Beast , but he loses his footing and falls to his death . The Beast nearly dies from Gaston 's stab before the last petal falls . When Belle tearfully professes her love to him , the curse is broken , repairing the castle and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast characters Paige O'Hara as Belle -- A bibliophilic young woman who seeks adventure , and offers her own freedom to the Beast in return for her father 's . In their effort to enhance the character from the original story , the filmmakers felt that Belle should be `` unaware '' of her own beauty and made her `` a little odd '' . Wise recalls casting O'Hara because of a `` unique tone '' she had , `` a little bit of Judy Garland '' , after whose appearance Belle was modeled . James Baxter and Mark Henn served as the supervising animators for Belle . Robby Benson as Beast -- A young prince who is transformed into a beast by an enchantress as punishment for his arrogance . The animators drew him with the head structure and horns of an American bison , the arms and body of a bear , the ears of a deer , the eyebrows of a gorilla , the jaws , teeth , and mane of a lion , the tusks of a wild boar , and the legs and tail of a wolf . Chris Sanders , one of the film 's storyboard artists , drafted the designs for the Beast and came up with designs based on birds , insects , and fish before coming up with something close to the final design . Glen Keane , supervising animator for the Beast , refined the design by going to the zoo and studying the animals on which the Beast was based . Benson commented , `` There 's a rage and torment in this character I 've never been asked to use before . '' The filmmakers commented that `` everybody was big fee - fi - fo - fum and gravelly '' while Benson had the `` big voice and the warm , accessible side '' so that `` you could hear the prince beneath the fur '' . Richard White as Gaston -- A vain hunter who vies for Belle 's hand in marriage and is determined not to let anyone else win her heart . He serves as a foil personality to the Beast , who was once as egotistic as Gaston prior to his transformation . Gaston 's supervising animator , Andreas Deja , was pressed by Jeffrey Katzenberg to make Gaston handsome in contrast to the traditional appearance of a Disney villain , an assignment he found difficult at first . In the beginning , Gaston is depicted as more of a narcissist than a villain , but later he leads all the villagers to kill the beast , enraged that Belle would love a Beast more than him . Jerry Orbach as Lumière -- The kind - hearted but rebellious valet of the Beast 's , who has been transformed into a candlestick . He has a habit of disobeying his master 's strict rules , sometimes causing tension between them , but the Beast often turns to him for advice . He is depicted as flirtatious , as he is frequently seen with the Featherduster and immediately takes a liking to Belle . A running gag throughout the movie is Lumière burning Cogsworth . Nik Ranieri served as the supervising animator for Lumière . David Ogden Stiers as Cogsworth -- Majordomo , the head of the household staff and Lumière 's best friend , who has been transformed into a clock . He is extremely loyal to the Beast so as to save himself and anyone else any trouble , often leading to friction between himself and Lumière . Will Finn served as the supervising animator for Cogsworth . Stiers also narrates the prologue . Angela Lansbury as Mrs. Potts -- The castle cook , turned into a teapot , who takes a motherly attitude toward Belle . The filmmakers went through several names for Mrs. Potts , such as `` Mrs. Chamomile '' , before Ashman suggested the use of simple and concise names for the household objects . David Pruiksma served as the supervising animator for Mrs. Potts . Bradley Pierce as Chip -- Mrs. Potts ' son , who has been turned into a teacup . Originally intended to only have one line , the filmmakers were impressed with Pierce 's performance and expanded the character 's role significantly , eschewing a mute Music Box character . Pruiksma also served as the supervising animator for Chip . Rex Everhart as Maurice -- Belle 's inventor father . The villagers see him as insane for crafting devices believed impossible to construct in reality , but his loyal daughter believes he will be famous one day . Ruben A. Aquino served as the supervising animator for Maurice . Jesse Corti as Lefou -- Gaston 's often abused yet loyal sidekick . Chris Wahl served as the supervising animator for Lefou . Hal Smith as Philippe -- Belle 's Belgian horse . Russ Edmonds served as the supervising animator for Philippe . Jo Anne Worley as the Wardrobe -- The castle 's authority over fashion , and a former opera singer , who has been turned into a wardrobe . The character of Wardrobe was introduced by visual development person Sue C. Nichols to the then entirely male cast of servants , and was originally a more integral character named `` Madame Armoire '' . Wardrobe is known as `` Madame de la Grande Bouche '' ( Madame Big Mouth ) in the stage adaptation of the film and is the only major enchanted object character whose human form does not appear in the film . Tony Anselmo served as the supervising animator for the Wardrobe . Mary Kay Bergman and Kath Soucie as the Bimbettes -- A trio of village maidens who constantly fawn over Gaston , known as the `` Silly Girls '' in the stage adaptation . Brian Cummings as the Stove -- The castle 's chef who has been transformed into a stove . He is named Chef Bouche in 1998 's Belle 's Magical World . Alvin Epstein as the Bookseller -- The owner of a book shop in Belle 's home town . Tony Jay as Monsieur D'Arque -- The sadistic warden of the Asylum de Loons . Gaston bribes him to help in his plan to blackmail Belle . Alec Murphy as the Baker -- The owner of a bakery in Belle 's home town . Kimmy Robertson as the Featherduster -- A maid and Lumière 's sweetheart , who has been turned into a feather duster . She is unnamed in the 1991 film ( listed as Featherduster in the credits ) ; Babette is the name given to this character later in the 1994 stage adaptation of the film ; Fifi in the 1998 animated musical film Belle 's Magical World and Plumette in the 2017 live - action remake . Frank Welker as Sultan -- The castle 's pet dog turned into a footstool . Production ( edit ) Early versions ( edit ) After the success of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1937 , Walt Disney sought out other stories to adapt into feature films , with Beauty and the Beast being among the stories he considered . Attempts to develop the Beauty and the Beast story into a film were made in the 1930s and 1950s , but were ultimately given up because it `` proved to be a challenge '' for the story team . Peter M. Nichols states Disney may later have been discouraged by Jean Cocteau having already done his 1946 version . Decades later , during the production of Who Framed Roger Rabbit in 1987 , the Disney studio resurrected Beauty and the Beast as a project for the satellite animation studio it had set up in London , England to work on Roger Rabbit . Richard Williams , who had directed the animated portions of Roger Rabbit , was approached to direct but declined in favor of continuing work on his long - gestating project The Thief and the Cobbler . In his place , Williams recommended his colleague , English animation director Richard Purdum , and work began under producer Don Hahn on a non-musical version of Beauty and the Beast set in 19th - century France . At the behest of Disney CEO Michael Eisner , Beauty and the Beast became the first Disney animated film to use a screenwriter . This was an unusual production move for an animated film , which is traditionally developed on storyboards rather than in scripted form . Linda Woolverton wrote the original draft of the story before storyboarding began , and worked with the story team to retool and develop the film . Script re-write and musicalization ( edit ) Upon seeing the initial storyboard reels in 1989 , Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg ordered that the film be scrapped and started over from scratch . Upon seeing the initial storyboard reels in 1989 , Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg ordered that the film be scrapped and started over from scratch . A few months after starting anew , Purdum resigned as director . The studio had approached Ron Clements and John Musker to direct the film , but they turned down the offer , saying they were `` tired '' after just having finished directing Disney 's recent success The Little Mermaid . Disney then hired first - time feature directors Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale . Wise and Trousdale had previously directed the animated sections of Cranium Command , a short film for a Disney EPCOT theme park attraction . In addition , Katzenberg asked songwriters Howard Ashman and Alan Menken , who had written the song score for The Little Mermaid , to turn Beauty and the Beast into a Broadway - style musical film in the same vein as Mermaid . Ashman , who at the time had learned he was dying of complications from AIDS , had been working with Disney on a pet project of his , Aladdin , and only reluctantly agreed to join the struggling production team . To accommodate Ashman 's failing health , pre-production of Beauty and the Beast was moved from London to the Residence Inn in Fishkill , New York , close to Ashman 's New York City home . Here , Ashman and Menken joined Wise , Trousdale , Hahn , and Woolverton in retooling the film 's script . Since the original story had only two major characters , the filmmakers enhanced them , added new characters in the form of enchanted household items who `` add warmth and comedy to a gloomy story '' and guide the audience through the film , and added a `` real villain '' in the form of Gaston . These ideas were somewhat similar to elements of the 1946 French film version of Beauty and the Beast , which introduced the character of Avenant , an oafish suitor somewhat similar to Gaston , as well as inanimate objects coming to life in the Beast 's castle . The animated objects were , however , given distinct personalities in the Disney version . By early 1990 , Katzenberg had approved the revised script , and storyboarding began again . The production flew story artists back and forth between California and New York for storyboard approvals from Ashman , though the team was not told the reason why . Casting and recording ( edit ) Disney had originally considered casting Jodi Benson from The Little Mermaid as Belle . They eventually decided upon Broadway actress and singer Paige O'Hara in favor of having a heroine who sounded `` more like a woman than a girl '' . According to co-director Kirk Wise , O'Hara was given the role because she `` had a unique quality , a tone she would hit that made her special '' , reminiscent to that of American actress and singer Judy Garland . O'Hara , who , after reading about the film in The New York Times , competed for the role against 500 hopefuls , believes the fact that lyricist Howard Ashman admired her cast recording of the musical Show Boat proved integral in her being cast . Animation ( edit ) A frame from the `` Beauty and the Beast '' ballroom dance sequence . The background is animated using computer generated imagery which , when the traditionally animated characters are composited against it using Pixar 's CAPS system , gives the illusion of a dollying film camera . Production of Beauty and the Beast was to be completed on a compressed timeline of two years rather than the traditional four - year Disney Feature Animation production schedule ; this was due to the loss of production time spent developing the earlier Purdum version of the film . Most of the production was done at the main Feature Animation studio , housed in the Air Way facility in Glendale , California . A smaller team at the Disney - MGM Studios theme park in Lake Buena Vista , Florida assisted the California team on several scenes , particularly the `` Be Our Guest '' number . Beauty and the Beast was the second film , after The Rescuers Down Under , produced using CAPS ( Computer Animation Production System ) , a digital scanning , ink , paint , and compositing system of software and hardware developed for Disney by Pixar . The software allowed for a wider range of colors , as well as soft shading and colored line effects for the characters , techniques lost when the Disney studio abandoned hand inking for xerography in the late 1950s . CAPS also allowed the production crew to simulate multiplane effects : placing characters and / or backgrounds on separate layers and moving them towards / away from the camera on the Z - axis to give the illusion of depth , as well as altering the focus of each layer . In addition , CAPS allowed an easier combination of hand - drawn art with computer - generated imagery , which before had to be plotted to animation paper and then xeroxed and painted traditionally . This technique was put to significant use during the `` Beauty and the Beast '' waltz sequence , in which Belle and Beast dance through a computer - generated ballroom as the camera dollies around them in simulated 3D space . The filmmakers had originally decided against the use of computers in favor of traditional animation , but later , when the technology had improved , decided it could be used for the one scene in the ballroom . Before that , CGI environments had first been printed out as wireframe , but this was the first time Disney made use of 3D rendering . The success of the ballroom sequence helped convince studio executives to further invest in computer animation . Music ( edit ) See also : Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 soundtrack ) Ashman and Menken wrote the Beauty song score during the pre-production process in Fishkill , the opening operetta - styled `` Belle '' being their first composition for the film . Other songs included `` Be Our Guest , '' sung ( in its original version ) to Maurice by the objects when he becomes the first visitor to eat at the castle in a decade , `` Gaston , '' a solo for the swaggering villain , `` Human Again , '' a song describing Belle and Beast 's growing love from the objects ' perspective , the love ballad `` Beauty and the Beast ( Tale as Old as Time ) '' and the climactic `` The Mob Song . '' As story and song development came to a close , full production began in Burbank while voice and song recording began in New York City . The Beauty songs were mostly recorded live with the orchestra and the voice cast performing simultaneously rather than overdubbed separately , in order to give the songs a cast album - like `` energy '' the filmmakers and songwriters desired . During the course of production , many changes were made to the structure of the film , necessitating the replacement and re-purposing of songs . After screening a mostly animated version of the `` Be Our Guest '' sequence , story artist Bruce Woodside suggested that the objects should be singing the song to Belle rather than her father . Wise and Trousdale agreed , and the sequence and song were retooled to replace Maurice with Belle . The film 's title song went through a noted bit of uncertainty during production . Originally conceived as a rock - oriented song , it was changed to a slow , romantic ballad . Howard Ashman and Alan Menken asked Angela Lansbury to perform the song , but she did not think her voice was suited for the melody . When she voiced her doubts , Menken and Ashman asked her for at least one take and told her to perform the song as she saw fit . Lansbury reportedly reduced everyone in the studio to tears with her rendition , nailing the song in the one take asked of her . This version went on to win the Oscar for Best Original Song . `` Human Again '' was dropped from the film before animation began , as its lyrics caused story problems about the timeline over which the story takes place . This required Ashman and Menken to write a new song in its place . `` Something There , '' in which Belle and Beast sing ( via voiceover ) of their growing fondness for each other , was composed late in production and inserted into the script in place of `` Human Again . '' Menken would later revise `` Human Again '' for inclusion in the 1994 Broadway stage version of Beauty and the Beast , and another revised version of the song was added to the film itself in a new sequence created for the film 's Special Edition re-release in 2002 . Ashman died of AIDS - related complications at the age of 40 on March 14 , 1991 , eight months before the film 's release . He never saw the finished film , though he did get to see it in its unfinished format . Ashman 's work on Aladdin was completed by another lyricist , Tim Rice . Before Ashman 's death , members of the film 's production team visited him after the film 's well - received first screening , with Don Hahn commenting that `` the film would be a great success . Who 'd have thought it ? '' , to which Ashman replied with `` I would . '' A tribute to the lyricist was included at the end of the credits crawl : `` To our friend , Howard , who gave a mermaid her voice , and a beast his soul . We will be forever grateful . Howard Ashman : 1950 -- 1991 . '' A pop version of the `` Beauty and the Beast '' theme , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson over the end credits , was released as a commercial single from the film 's soundtrack , supported with a music video . The Dion / Bryson version of `` Beauty and the Beast '' became an international pop hit and performed considerably well on charts around the world . The song became Dion 's second single to land within the top - 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number nine . The song peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary chart . In Canada , `` Beauty and the Beast '' peaked at number two . Outside of North America , the song peaked within the top ten in New Zealand and the United Kingdom , while peaking within the top twenty in Australia , Netherlands , and Ireland . The song sold over a million copies worldwide . This version of the song was also nominated for Record of the Year and Song of the Year at the Grammys , and it won the Grammy for Dion and Bryson for Best Pop Duo / Group Vocal Performance . Release ( edit ) In a first - time accomplishment for The Walt Disney Company , an unfinished version of Beauty and the Beast was shown at the New York Film Festival on September 29 , 1991 . The film was deemed a `` work in progress '' because roughly only 70 % of the animation had been completed ; storyboards and pencil tests were used in replacement of the remaining 30 % . Additionally , certain segments of the film that had already been finished were reverted to previous stages of completion . At the end of the screening , Beauty and the Beast received a ten - minute - long standing ovation from the film festival audience . The completed film was also screened out of competition at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival . The finished film premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on November 13 , 1991 , beginning a limited release before expanding wide on November 22 . Reissues ( edit ) The film was restored and remastered for its New Year 's Day , 2002 re-release in IMAX theatres in a special - edition edit , including a new musical sequence . For this version of the film , much of the animation was cleaned up , a new sequence set to the deleted song `` Human Again '' was inserted into the film 's second act , and a new digital master from the original CAPS production files was used to make the high - resolution IMAX film negative . A sing along edition of the film , hosted by Jordin Sparks , was released in select theaters on September 29 and October 2 , 2010 . Prior to the showing of the film , Sparks showed an exclusive behind - the - scenes look at the newly restored film and the making of her new Beauty and the Beast music video . There was also commentary from producer Don Hahn , interviews with the cast and an inside look at how the animation was created . A Disney Digital 3D version of the film , the second of a traditionally animated film , was originally scheduled to be released in US theatres on February 12 , 2010 , but the project was postponed . On August 25 , 2011 , Disney announced that the 3D version of the film would make its American debut at Hollywood 's El Capitan Theatre from September 2 -- 15 , 2011 . Disney spent less than $10 million on the 3D conversion . After the successful 3D re-release of The Lion King , Disney announced a wide 3D re-release of Beauty and the Beast in North America beginning January 13 , 2012 . Home Media ( edit ) Blu - ray Diamond edition cover The film was released to VHS on October 30 , 1992 as part of the Walt Disney Classics series , and was later put on moratorium on April 30 , 1993 ; it was not included in the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection line . This version contains a minor edit to the film : skulls that appear in Gaston 's pupils for two frames during his climactic fall to his death were removed for the original home video release . No such edit was made to later reissues of the film . The `` work - in - progress '' version screened at the New York Film Festival was also released on VHS and LaserDisc at this time ; however , said version was the only one available on the latter format until the fall of 1993 , when the completed theatrical version was released . This measure was to diminish the threat of video pirates making copies derived from the LaserDisc ( which are not copy - protected ) and selling them in international markets , where the film was yet to be available for home release . Beauty and the Beast : Special Edition , as the enhanced version of the film released in IMAX / large - format is called , was released on two - disc `` Platinum Edition '' DVD and VHS on October 8 , 2002 . The DVD set features three versions of the film : the extended IMAX Special Edition with the `` Human Again '' sequence added , the original theatrical version , and the New York Film Festival `` work - in - progress '' version . This release went to `` Disney Vault '' moratorium status in January 2003 , along with its direct - to - video follow - ups Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas and Belle 's Magical World . The film was released from the vault on October 5 , 2010 as the second of Disney 's Diamond Editions , in the form of a three - disc Blu - ray Disc and DVD combination pack -- the first release of Beauty and the Beast on home video in high - definition format . This edition consists of four versions of the film : the original theatrical version , an extended version , the New York Film Festival storyboard - only version , and a fourth iteration displaying the storyboards via picture - in - picture alongside the original theatrical version . Upon its first week of release , the Blu - ray sold 1.1 million units , topping the Blu - ray sales chart and finishing in third place on the combined Blu - ray and DVD sales chart for the week ending on October 10 , 2010 . It was the second - best - selling Blu - ray of 2010 , behind Avatar . A two - disc DVD edition was released on November 23 , 2010 . A five - disc combo pack , featuring Blu - ray 3D , Blu - ray 2D , DVD and a digital copy , was released on October 4 , 2011 . The 3D combo pack is identical to the original Diamond Edition , except for the added 3D disc and digital copy . The Blu - ray release went into the Disney Vault along with the two sequels on April 30 , 2012 . A 25th - anniversary Signature Edition was released on Digital HD September 6 , 2016 and was followed by Blu - ray / DVD combo pack on September 20 , 2016 . Upon its first week of release on home media in the U.S. , the film topped the Blu - ray Disc sales chart , and debuted at number 3 in the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart , which tracks overall disc sales , behind Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows and Captain America : Civil War . Reception and legacy ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 94 % based on reviews from 110 critics , with an average rating of 8.5 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Enchanting , sweepingly romantic , and featuring plenty of wonderful musical numbers , Beauty and the Beast is one of Disney 's most elegant animated offerings . '' The film also holds a 95 / 100 on Metacritic , which indicates the reviews as `` universal acclaim '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . Janet Maslin of The New York Times praised the film with the following statement , `` Two years ago , Walt Disney Pictures reinvented the animated feature , not only with an eye toward pleasing children , but also with an older , savvier audience in mind . Disney truly bridged a generation gap with The Little Mermaid ... Now , lightning has definitely struck twice with Beauty and the Beast . '' Awarding the film a perfect score of four stars , Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times compared Beauty and the Beast positively to Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Pinocchio , writing , `` Beauty and the Beast reaches back to an older and healthier Hollywood tradition in which the best writers , musicians and filmmakers are gathered for a project on the assumption that a family audience deserves great entertainment , too . '' In 2001 Ebert again gave the IMAX re-release a full 4 out of 4 stars . James Berardinelli of ReelViews rated the film similarly while hailing it as `` the finest animated movie ever made '' , writing , `` Beauty and the Beast attains a nearly - perfect mix of romance , music , invention , and animation . '' The use of computer animation , particularly in the ballroom sequence , was singled out in several reviews as one of the film 's highlights . Hal Hinson of The Washington Post gave the film a positive review , calling the film `` A delightfully satisfying modern fable , a near - masterpiece that draws on the sublime traditions of the past while remaining completely in sync with the sensibility of its time . '' Janet Maslin of The New York Times gave the film a positive review , saying `` It is a surprise , in a time of sequels and retreads , that the new film is so fresh and altogether triumphant in its own right . '' Dave Kehr of the Chicago Tribune gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` Beauty and the Beast is certainly adequate holiday entertainment for children and their more indulgent parents ... But the film has little of the technical facility , vivid characterization and emotional impact of Disney past . '' Jay Boyar of the Orlando Sentinel gave the film four out of five stars , saying `` It 's not an especially scary movie , but right from the start , you can tell that this Beauty and the Beast has a beauty of a bite . '' John Hartl of The Seattle Times gave the film three - and - a-half stars out of four , saying `` It 's exceptionally difficult to make an audience care for animated characters unless they 're mermaids or anthropomorphized animals or insects , yet the Disney animators , with a big assist from the vocal talents of a superb cast , have pulled it off . '' Gene Siskel , also of the Chicago Tribune , gave the film four out of four stars , saying `` Beauty and the Beast is one of the year 's most entertaining films for both adults and children . '' On their Beauty and the Beast edition of Siskel & Ebert , both Siskel and Roger Ebert proclaimed that the film is `` a legitimate contender for Oscar consideration as Best Picture of the Year . '' Michael Sragow of The New Yorker gave the film a positive review , saying `` It 's got storytelling vigor and clarity , bright , eclectic animation , and a frisky musical wit . '' Eric Smoodin writes in his book Animating Culture that the studio was trying to make up for earlier gender stereotypes with this film . Smoodin also states that , in the way it has been viewed as bringing together traditional fairy tales and feminism as well as computer and traditional animation , the film 's `` greatness could be proved in terms of technology narrative or even politics '' . Animation legend Chuck Jones praised the film , in a 1992 guest appearance on Later with Bob Costas he claimed he `` Loved it . I think it should have won ( Best Picture ) ... I think the animation on the beast is one of the greatest pieces of animation I 've seen '' . Animation historian Michael Barrier wrote that Belle `` becomes a sort of intellectual less by actually reading books , it seems , than by hanging out with them '' , but says that the film comes closer than other `` Disney - studio '' films to `` accepting challenges of the kind that the finest Walt Disney features met '' . David Whitley writes in The Idea of Nature in Disney Animation that Belle is different from earlier Disney heroines in that she is mostly free from the burdens of domestic housework , although her role is somewhat undefined in the same way that `` contemporary culture now requires most adolescent girls to contribute little in the way of domestic work before they leave home and have to take on the fraught , multiple responsibilities of the working mother '' . Whitley also notes other themes and modern influences , such as the film 's critical view of Gaston 's chauvinism and attitude towards nature , the cyborg - like servants , and the father 's role as an inventor rather than a merchant . In 2010 , IGN named Beauty and the Beast as the greatest animated film of all time , directly ahead of WALL - E , The Incredibles , Toy Story 2 , and The Iron Giant . Several critics regard the 1991 animated film as superior to the 2017 live - action remake . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 1991 film `` worked wonderfully because it was pure Broadway , written for the screen , blending comedy and romance and magic and just enough snark in the margins '' , while the 2017 remake got lost in translation since `` The movie takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted . It zips from one number to another , throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen , charmlessly . '' Phillips also wrote of the 2017 film that `` too often we 're watching highly qualified performers , plus a few less conspicuously talented ones ( Watson , primarily ) , stuck doing karaoke , or motion - capture work of middling quality '' . Dana Schwartz of the Observer criticized some of the 2017 film changes to the characters like Gaston and the Beast as regressive by watering down their distinguishing personalities from the 1991 film , also arguing that the added backstory to the characters in the 2017 version failed to `` advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way '' . David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film `` feels particularly egregious , in part , because it 's so slavishly devoted to the original ; every time it falls short of its predecessor ( which is quite often ) , it 's hard not to notice '' . Box Office ( edit ) During its initial release in 1991 , the film grossed $145.9 million in revenues in North America and $351.9 million worldwide . It ranked as the third-most successful film of 1991 in North America , surpassed only by the summer blockbusters Terminator 2 : Judgment Day and Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves . At the time Beauty and the Beast was the most successful animated Disney film release , and the first animated film to reach $100 million in the United States and Canada in its initial run . In its IMAX re-release , it earned $25.5 million in North America and $5.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $31 million . It also earned $9.8 million from its 3D re-release overseas . During the opening weekend of its North American 3D re-release in 2012 , Beauty and the Beast grossed $17.8 million , coming in at the No. 2 spot , behind Contraband , and achieved the highest opening weekend for an animated film in January . The film was expected to make $17.5 million over the weekend ; however , the results topped its forecast and the expectations of box office analysts . The re-release ended its run on May 3 , 2012 , and earned $47.6 million , which brought the film 's total gross in North America to $219 million . It made an estimated $206 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $425 million . Accolades ( edit ) Alan Menken and Howard Ashman 's song `` Beauty and the Beast '' won the Academy Award for Best Original Song , while Menken 's score won the award for Best Original Score . Two other Menken and Ashman songs from the film , `` Belle '' and `` Be Our Guest '' , were also nominated for Best Original Song . Beauty and the Beast was the first picture to receive three Academy Award nominations for Best Original Song , a feat that would be repeated by The Lion King ( 1994 ) , Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , and Enchanted ( 2007 ) . Academy rules have since been changed to limit each film to two nominations in this category , due to the consecutive unintentional failures of Dreamgirls and Enchanted to win the award . The film was also nominated for Best Picture and Best Sound . It was the first animated film ever to be nominated for Best Picture , and remained the only animated film nominated until 2009 when the Best Picture field was widened to ten nominees , and it remains the only animated film nominated for the award when it had five nominees . It became the first musical in twelve years to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture of the Year , following All That Jazz ( 1979 ) , and the last one to be nominated until Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) , ten years later . It lost the Best Picture award to The Silence of the Lambs . With six nominations , the film currently shares the record for the most nominations for an animated film with WALL - E ( 2008 ) , although , with three nominations in the Best Original Song category , Beauty and the Beast 's nominations span only four categories , while WALL - E 's nominations cover six individual categories . While The Little Mermaid was the first to be nominated , Beauty and the Beast became the first animated film to win the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy . This feat was later repeated by The Lion King and Toy Story 2 . List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Category Recipients and nominees Result Academy Awards March 30 , 1992 Best Picture Don Hahn Nominated Best Sound Terry Porter , Mel Metcalfe , David J. Hudson & Doc Kane Best Original Score Alan Menken Won Best Original Song Alan Menken & Howard Ashman for `` Be Our Guest '' Nominated Alan Menken & Howard Ashman for `` Beauty and the Beast '' Won Alan Menken & Howard Ashman for `` Belle '' Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association February 1992 Best Picture Nominated Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Best Film 3rd place Best Animated Film Won Golden Globe Awards January 18 , 1992 Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Don Hahn Best Original Score -- Motion Picture Alan Menken Best Original Song -- Motion Picture Alan Menken and Howard Ashman For the song `` Be Our Guest '' Nominated Alan Menken and Howard Ashman For the song `` Beauty and the Beast '' Won Grammy Awards February 18 , 1993 Album of the Year Nominated Record of the Year Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson For the song `` Beauty and the Beast '' Nominated Best Album for Children Won Best Pop Performance by a Group or Duo With Vocal For `` Beauty and the Beast '' Song of the Year For `` Beauty and the Beast '' Nominated Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture Alan Menken Won Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television For `` Beauty and the Beast '' Best Pop Instrumental Performance For `` Beauty and the Beast '' Los Angeles Film Critics Association December 14 , 1991 Best Animated Film Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise Producers Guild of America March 4 , 1992 Darryl F. Zanuck Award for Outstanding Producer of Theatrical Motion Pictures Don Hahn Nominated In 2002 , Beauty and the Beast was added to the United States National Film Registry as being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' In June 2008 , the American Film Institute revealed its `` Ten Top Ten '' lists of the best ten films in ten `` classic '' American film genres , based on polls of over 1,500 people from the creative community . Beauty and the Beast was acknowledged as the seventh - best film in the animation genre . In previous lists , it ranked number 22 on the Institute 's list of best musicals and number 34 on its list of the best romantic American films . On the list of the greatest songs from American films , Beauty and the Beast ranked number 62 . American Film Institute recognition : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- No. 34 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Belle -- Nominated Hero AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Beauty and the Beast '' -- No. 62 `` Be Our Guest '' -- Nominated AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- No. 22 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- No. 7 Animated film Adaptations ( edit ) Broadway musical ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) According to an article in the Houston Chronicle , `` The catalyst for Disney 's braving the stage was an article by The New York Times theater critic Frank Rich that praised Beauty and the Beast as 1991 's best musical ... Theatre Under The Stars executive director Frank Young had been trying to get Disney interested in a stage version of Beauty about the same time Eisner and Katzenberg were mulling over Rich 's column . But Young could n't seem to get in touch with the right person in the Disney empire . Nothing happened till the Disney execs started to pursue the project from their end ... When they asked George Ives , the head of Actors Equity on the West Coast , which Los Angeles theater would be the best venue for launching a new musical , Ives said the best theater for that purpose would be TUTS . Not long after that , Disney 's Don Frantz and Bettina Buckley contacted Young , and the partnership was under way . '' A stage condensation of the film , directed by Robert Jess Roth and choreographed by Matt West , both of whom moved on to the Broadway development , had already been presented at Disneyland at what was then called the Videopolis stage . Beauty and the Beast premiered in a joint production of Theatre Under The Stars and Disney Theatricals at the Music Hall , Houston , Texas , from November 28 , 1993 , through December 26 , 1993 . On Monday , April 18 , 1994 , Beauty and the Beast premiered on Broadway at the Palace Theatre in New York City to mixed reviews . The show transferred to the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre on November 11 , 1999 . The commercial ( though not critical ) success of the show led to productions in the West End , Toronto , and all over the world . The Broadway version , which ran for over a decade , received a Tony Award , and became the first of a whole line of Disney stage productions . The original Broadway cast included Terrence Mann as the Beast , Susan Egan as Belle , Burke Moses as Gaston , Gary Beach as Lumière , Heath Lamberts as Cogsworth , Tom Bosley as Maurice , Beth Fowler as Mrs. Potts , and Stacey Logan as Babette the feather duster . Many well - known actors and singers also starred in the Broadway production during its thirteen - year run , including Kerry Butler , Debbie Gibson , Toni Braxton , Andrea McArdle , Jamie - Lynn Sigler , Christy Carlson Romano , Ashley Brown , and Anneliese van der Pol as Belle ; Chuck Wagner , James Barbour , and Jeff McCarthy as the Beast ; Meshach Taylor , Patrick Page , Bryan Batt , Jacob Young , and John Tartaglia as Lumière ; and Marc Kudisch , Christopher Sieber , and Donny Osmond as Gaston . The show ended its Broadway run on July 29 , 2007 after 46 previews and 5,461 performances . As of 2017 , it is Broadway 's tenth - longest - running show in history . Live - action film ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) In June 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures announced that a live - action film adaptation of the original film was in the works , with Bill Condon directing and Evan Spiliotopoulos writing the script . Condon originally planned on not only drawing inspiration from the original film , but also to include most , if not all , of the Menken / Rice songs from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . In September 2014 , it was announced that Stephen Chbosky ( The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) would re-write the script . In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced on her Facebook page that she would portray Belle in the new live action remake film . In March 2015 , Dan Stevens , Luke Evans , Emma Thompson , Josh Gad , Audra McDonald , and Kevin Kline joined the film as the Beast , Gaston , Mrs. Potts , Lefou , Garderobe , and Maurice , respectively . The following month , Ian McKellen , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , and Gugu Mbatha - Raw joined the cast , as Cogsworth , Lumière , Cadenza , and Plumette , respectively . Composer Alan Menken returned to score the film 's music , with new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . In June 2015 , Menken said the film would not include the songs that were written for the Broadway musical . Filming began on May 18 , 2015 in London , and production officially wrapped in August 2015 . The film was released on March 17 , 2017 . Merchandise ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast merchandise cover a wide variety of products , among them storybook versions of the film 's story , a comic book based on the film published by Disney Comics , toys , children 's costumes , and other items . In addition , the character of Belle has been integrated into the `` Disney Princess '' line of Disney 's Consumer Products division , and appears on merchandise related to that franchise . In 1995 , a live - action children 's series entitled Sing Me a Story with Belle began running in syndication , remaining on the air through 1999 . Two direct - to - video followups ( which take place during the timeline depicted in the original film ) were produced by Walt Disney Television Animation : Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas in 1997 and Belle 's Magical World in 1998 ; in contrast to the universal acclaim of the original , reception to the sequels was extremely negative . Disney on Ice produced an ice version of the movie that opened in 1992 in Lakeland , Florida . The show was such a huge commercial and critical success , touring around the world to sell - out crowds , that a television special was made when it toured Spain in 1994 . The show ended its run in 2006 , after 14 years . Video games ( edit ) `` Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) '' redirects here . For the 1996 sequel to The Last Ninja , see Beauty and the Beast ( Commodore 64 ) . There are several video games that are loosely based on the film : The first video game based on the film was titled Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Quest and is an action platformer for the Sega Genesis . Developed by Software Creations , the game was released in North America in 1993 . It is one of two video games based on the film that Sunsoft published for the Genesis , the other being Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast . Characters from the film like Gaston can help the player past tricky situations . As Belle , the player must reach the Beast 's castle and break the spell to live happily ever after . To succeed , she must explore the village , forest , castle , and snowy forest to solve puzzles and mini-games while ducking or jumping over enemies . Belle 's health is represented by a stack of blue books , which diminishes when she touches bats , rats , and other hazards in the game . Extra lives , keys and other items are hidden throughout the levels . While there is no continue or game saving ability , players can use a code to start the game at any of the seven levels . The second video game based on the film was titled ' Beauty and the Beast : Roar of the Beast and is a side - scrolling video game for the Genesis . As the Beast , the player must successfully complete several levels , based on scenes from the film , in order to protect the castle from invading villagers and forest animals and rescue Belle from Gaston . The third and fourth video games based on the film are action platformers developed by Probe Software and published by Hudson Soft . One , titled Beauty and the Beast , was released in Europe in 1994 for the NES , while the other , Disney 's Beauty and the Beast , was released in North America in July 1994 and in Europe on February 23 1995 for the SNES . The entire games are played through the perspective of the Beast . As the Beast , the player must get Belle to fall in love so that the curse cast upon him and his castle will be broken . The final boss of the game is Gaston . The Beast can walk , jump , swipe , stomp , super stomp , and roar , the last of which is used to both damage enemies and reveal hidden objects . The fifth video game based on the film was titled Disney 's Beauty and the Beast : A Boardgame Adventure and is a Disney Boardgame adventure for the Game Boy Color . It was released on October 25 , 1999 . The video game series Kingdom Hearts features a world based on the film , named `` Beast 's Castle '' , along with several of the film 's characters . In the first game , the world has been destroyed and Belle kidnapped by the Heartless , led by Maleficent , but the Beast travels to Maleficent 's stronghold and works with Sora to defeat Maleficent and rescue Belle and the other captured princesses . In Kingdom Hearts II , the world has since been restored following Ansem 's defeat , but Beast and Belle are having difficulties due to the enigmatic Xaldin of Organization XIII attempting to bring out the Beast 's darker side in order to turn him into a Heartless and a Nobody , but the Beast eventually comes to his senses and works with Sora once again to defeat Xaldin once and for all . In the game 's ending credits , the Beast turns back into the Prince . In Kingdom Hearts : 358 / 2 Days , the world is featured as a playable level but the story is not essential to the main plot . In Kingdom Hearts χ , the world is featured again , this time as a hallucination that follows the plot of the movie more closely . The characters featured in the series are Beast , Belle , Lumiere , Gaston , Cogsworth , Mrs. Potts , Chip , Maurice , and the Wardrobe . After Gaston is defeated , the Beast transforms back into the Prince . Gaston does not appear in Kingdom Hearts II , the world 's primary antagonist being Xaldin , an original character created for the series , but who shares several traits with Forte , the main antagonist of Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas . See also ( edit ) List of Disney animated features List of Disney animated films based on fairy tales Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Speaking together , with some crosstalk , Gary Trousdale , Kirk Wise , Don Hahn , and Alan Menken confirmed on the audio commentary that Gaston died after he fell off the rooftops . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stewart , Jocelyn ( February 10 , 2008 ) . `` Artist created many famous film posters '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2010 . Retrieved February 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Beauty and the Beast : A Board Game Adventure : Video Games '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Part 1 - Beast 's Castle - Kingdom Hearts 2 Wiki Guide '' . IGN . March 28 , 2006 . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Part 2 - Beast 's Castle - Kingdom Hearts 2 Wiki Guide '' . IGN . March 28 , 2006 . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 film ) . Official website Beauty and the Beast on IMDb Beauty and the Beast at the American Film Institute Catalog Beauty and the Beast at AllMovie Beauty and the Beast at Rotten Tomatoes Beauty and the Beast at Metacritic Beauty and the Beast at TV.com Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo Beauty and the Beast at the TCM Movie Database Beauty and the Beast at The Big Cartoon DataBase Gabrielle - Suzanne de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Films directed by Gary Trousdale Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper ( 2005 ) Shrek the Halls ( 2007 ) Scared Shrekless ( 2010 ) Rocky & Bullwinkle ( 2014 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney Princess Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - action Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Maleficent II Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related Princes Aladdin Beast Flynn Rider Media If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Disney 's Descendants Descendants 2 Descendants : Wicked World Descendants : School of Secrets The 7D Elena of Avalor Elena and the Secret of Avalor List of Disney Princess firsts Category Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Awards for Beauty and the Beast Annie Award for Best Animated Feature 1990s Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) Toy Story ( 1996 ) Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) 2000s Toy Story 2 ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) 2010s How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Rango ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy An American in Paris ( 1951 ) With a Song in My Heart ( 1952 ) Carmen Jones ( 1954 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) Les Girls ( 1957 ) Gigi / Auntie Mame ( 1958 ) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) Song Without End / The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story / A Majority of One ( 1961 ) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) The Secret of Santa Vittoria ( 1969 ) MASH ( 1970 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Longest Yard ( 1974 ) The Sunshine Boys ( 1975 ) A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) The Goodbye Girl ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) Breaking Away ( 1979 ) Coal Miner 's Daughter ( 1980 ) Arthur ( 1981 ) Tootsie ( 1982 ) Yentl ( 1983 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) Hope and Glory ( 1987 ) Working Girl ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Green Card ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) The Player ( 1992 ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Evita ( 1996 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Almost Famous ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Lady Bird ( 2017 ) Disney portal Cartoon portal Animation portal 1990s portal Disney portal Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Animation portal Cartoon portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)&oldid=843658256 '' Categories : 1991 films English - language films 1990s American animated films 1990s comedy - drama films 1990s fantasy films 1990s musical films 1990s romantic musical films 1991 animated films 3D re-releases American animated films American children 's animated fantasy films American comedy - drama films American films American musical fantasy films American romantic fantasy films American romantic musical films Animated musical films Animated romance films Annie Award winners Best Animated Feature Annie Award winners Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners Directorial debut films Disney Renaissance Beauty and the Beast ( franchise ) Feminist films Films scored by Alan Menken Films about curses Films about royalty Films about shapeshifting Films based on Beauty and the Beast Films based on fairy tales Films directed by Gary Trousdale Films directed by Kirk Wise Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Don Hahn Films set in castles Films set in France Films set in the 18th century Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award IMAX films Screenplays by Joe Ranft Screenplays by Linda Woolverton United States National Film Registry films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Good articles Use mdy dates from October 2015 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Latina Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 中文 57 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 15 : 55 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty%20and%20the%20Beast%20%281991%20film%29

when do new episodes of the strain air

List of the Strain episodes

list of the strain episodes

The Strain is an American horror drama television series that premiered on FX on July 13 , 2014 . It was created by Guillermo del Toro and Chuck Hogan , based on their novel trilogy of the same name . Carlton Cuse serves as executive producer and showrunner . During the course of the series , 46 episodes of The Strain aired over four seasons .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2015 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 3 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 July 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 13 ) October 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 05 ) 13 July 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 12 ) October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) 10 August 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 28 ) October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 10 July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Teleplay by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Night Zero '' Guillermo del Toro Guillermo del Toro & Chuck Hogan July 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 13 ) XSN01001 2.99 When JFK ground control loses all contact with an inbound jet after it lands , the CDC Canary team , headed by Dr. Ephraim `` Eph '' Goodweather , is called to investigate . Goodweather and Dr. Nora Martinez discover all the plane passengers are seemingly dead . They also discover strange parasitic worms aboard the plane and fear an Ebola - like plague could break out . Four people are unexpectedly found alive , including the pilot , Doyle Redfern , though none know what happened . At JFK , Goodweather is approached by Abraham Setrakian , an elderly Harlem pawnbroker . He insists the victims ' bodies must be destroyed and the elaborately carved , coffin - like cabinet that was removed from the plane 's hold not leave the airport . Meanwhile , recently paroled Gus Elizalde is hired by Mr. Eichhorst , a mysterious man connected to Eldritch Palmer , a wealthy and powerful entrepreneur . Gus is to retrieve the cabinet from the airport . Eph and Nora discover the cabinet is missing , unaware that Jim Kent , their CDC co-worker , has improperly allowed its release . An airport official is killed by an enormous human - like creature that uses a throat appendage to suck out blood before smashing his head . `` The Box '' David Semel David Weddle & Bradley Thompson July 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 20 ) XSN01002 2.12 Gus delivers the cabinet to its destination , but is frightened off by strange noises inside it . The four survivors continue exhibiting symptoms , though the CDC releases them over Ephraim 's protests and insistence that they are suffering from a viral infection and not carbon monoxide poisoning which is the `` official '' public explanation for the disaster . Ephraim 's CDC boss , Dr. Everett Barnes , removes him from the case , but Eph continues working to expose the worm - driven virus , focusing his attention on the large box he believes is the source of the contagion . Eichhorst visits his old enemy , Abraham Setrakian , who was jailed after being arrested at the airport . Setrakian vows to halt the Master 's plan to create a vampire army , though his weak heart has hampered his efforts . Attorney and airplane survivor Joan Luss files a law suit against the airline while another survivor , rock star Gabriel Bolivar , bites a girl 's neck , craving blood . Captain Redfern , who has been hospitalized , quickly deteriorates as his body begins transforming . Eph is surprised and confused when Mr. Arnot calls him saying his daughter , Emma , one of the victims , has returned home safely . Eichhorst grants Palmer 's request to meet the Master . Eph discovers that Dr. Bennett , the medical examiner autopsying the victims , is missing , along with the victims ' bodies . At the Arnot home , Emma attacks her father with a throat appendage . `` Gone Smooth '' David Semel Chuck Hogan July 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 27 ) XSN01003 2.30 Eichhorst 's true appearance is revealed when he is shown applying nose , ear , and throat prostheses as well as disguising his eyes and teeth , preparing himself to look more human . The four survivors continue to worsen . Captain Redfern is quarantined , but Eph and Nora are unable to treat him and his condition deteriorates . Jim Kent meets with Eichhorst , refusing to take any more bribes . Eichhorst states Jim 's terminally ill wife will be admitted into an experimental cancer treatment trial in exchange for his continued cooperation . Right after Setrakian is released from jail , Nora seeks him out for information . He insists the victims ' bodies must be destroyed . Elsewhere , Bolivar remains holed up in his penthouse , showing increasingly erratic behavior and strange physical transformations , including his atrophied genitals falling off . After turning completely , Redfern escapes quarantine and flees to the hospital basement and feeds on stored blood . As Eph , Nora , and Jim approach , Redfern attacks . After a struggle , Eph bludgeons him to death with a fire extinguisher . `` It 's Not for Everyone '' Keith Gordon Regina Corrado August 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 03 ) XSN01004 2.27 Eph and Nora , assisted by Jim , perform an autopsy on Redfern 's transformed body and are completely baffled by his transformation . Jim confesses to Eph and Nora that he allowed the large box to leave the airport and has been accepting small bribes to help pay for his wife 's medical bills . Eph , furious , strikes him . Elsewhere , Eldritch Palmer hires computer hacker Dutch Velders to disrupt the city 's entire Internet and telecommunications systems . Meanwhile , Ansel Barbour , another survivor , tries to mask his worsening symptoms from his worried wife , Anne Marie . He insists she take their children to his sister 's when he starts lusting for blood . Returning home , she finds the family dog dead and Ansel has chained himself inside the garden shed . He wants to attack her , but , still cognizant , restrains himself and pleads that she leave and never come back . She later hangs herself , unable to live without Ansel . Eph and Nora visit the Arnot household to verify Mr. Arnot 's claim that Emma returned home . They find Emma and her father fully infected . Setrakian arrives and decapitates father and daughter . He urges Eph and Nora to join his quest . 5 5 `` Runaways '' Peter Weller Gennifer Hutchison August 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 10 ) XSN01005 2.03 After Gabriel Bolivar slaughters the urologist sent to treat him , his agent hires a `` cleaner '' to remove the body ; Bolivar also kills the cleaner . Joan Luss , another survivor , turns more slowly . When her housekeeper Neeva sees Joan 's inner vertical eyelids , she flees with the Luss children . Nora is repulsed by Setrakian 's cold - blooded killing of the infected , but Eph is more open to joining him . They plan to video record an infected human ( or strigoi , as Setrakian calls them ) which Eph can show his superior , Dr. Everett Barnes , at the CDC . At the Barbour house , Eph and Setrakian find Ann Marie , who has hanged herself , unable to face life without Ansel . The fully turned Ansel and the neighbor are in the garden shed , and Eph video records Setrakian killing them . Eph takes the recording to Everett Barnes at the CDC , but quickly realizes he has been set up to be arrested for murdering Captain Redfern . He escapes with Jim Kent 's help . Flashbacks reveal a young Abraham Setrakian arriving at a concentration camp commanded by a still - human Eichhorst . Observing Setrakian 's carpentry and woodcarving skills , Eichhorst orders him to build a giant box and carve an intricate design on it . At night , Setrakian witnesses a strange creature feeding on sleeping prisoners and plots to kill it with a stolen silver knife . One night , Abraham 's brother is a victim . Nora visits her dementia - impaired mother at the nursing facility . When a strigoi attacks the residents , Nora and her mother flee to Nora 's apartment . Vasiliy Fet , a city exterminator , notices city rats behaving strangely and tracks them to the sewers where he encounters subterranean strigoi , barely escaping alive . 6 6 `` Occultation '' Peter Weller Justin Britt - Gibson August 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 17 ) XSN01006 2.28 The FBI arrest Eph at his estranged wife Kelly 's house , after her new boyfriend Matt contacts them . Before being taken away , Eph urges Kelly to take their son Zach and leave the city , telling her it is unsafe . Eichhorst forces Gus and Jim Kent to remove Redfern 's body from the hospital morgue and dump it . Knowing that recently turned strigoi return to their loved ones , Setrakian visits a plane victim 's home intending to execute any infected he finds there but , physically weakened and outnumbered , he is nearly killed . To evade the FBI , Nora and her mother leave the apartment . With coming nightfall , the streets are unsafe , and Nora seeks refuge at Setrakian 's pawnshop . Fet returns to his office and discovers his co-workers have been turned ; he kills them , discovering that sunlight destroys strigoi . He tries persuading his estranged father to flee the strigoi threat , with no success . An eclipse provides an opportunity for the strigoi to feed and infect more victims during daytime . In the ensuring mayhem , Eph escapes while being transported by two FBI agents . Gus and his occasional partner in crime Felix are attacked on the street by Dr. Bennett , now a strigoi , and Felix is infected . Gus kills the strigoi , but he and Felix are arrested . Eph goes to Setrakian 's pawnshop where he is reunited with Nora . 7 7 `` For Services Rendered '' Charlotte Sieling David Weddle & Bradley Thompson August 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 24 ) XSN01007 2.43 Joan Luss ' husband , Roger , arrives home from a business trip unaware of the horrors awaiting him . He escapes strigoi on the street , only to be ambushed and fed upon by his newly turned wife inside their house . Meanwhile , Eph and Nora , hiding out at Setrakian 's pawnshop , gather weapons and supplies . At their colleague Jim Kent 's apartment , they find him attempting to explain to his cancer - stricken wife that his actions ( accepting bribes from Eldritch Palmer ) were only intended to help her . She is unforgiving and leaves for the airport to take part in an experimental cancer treatment in another state . Jim is steadfast in his desire to make amends for his past misdeeds and vows to help Eph and Nora . They formulate a plan to use Jim as bait to lure Eichhorst into leading them to the Master , but the plan fails , and Eichhorst escapes . Elsewhere , Neeva , frightened by Joan 's strange behavior , has kept the Luss children at her home , only to be countermanded by her own daughter , who insists on returning the children to their parents . At the Luss ' house , Joan and a deliveryman strigoi attempt to attack the group who barricade themselves in a wine cellar . A rebel band of strigoi led by Vaun arrive , and kill Joan and the deliveryman vampire . They also kill Neeva 's daughter , who was infected , but release the others unharmed . 8 8 `` Creatures of the Night '' Guy Ferland Chuck Hogan August 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 31 ) XSN01008 1.91 Following their unsuccessful encounter with Eichhorst at Grand Central Terminus , Eph , Nora , Jim , and Setrakian regroup while awaiting the Master 's retaliation for attacking Eichhorst . Making their way to Brooklyn , they break into a medical supply store to procure ultraviolet lamps to combat the strigoi where they encounter Fet , who had the same idea . The group stocks up at a nearby convenience store but when strigoi attack , they barricade themselves inside the store . The other customers , including computer hacker Dutch Velders , are shocked by the horrific events unfolding . Setrakian explains that the Master is controlling the strigoi to specifically hunt them . During a skirmish outside , Jim is infected . Eph and Nora remove a worm from his face , only to realize it has spread throughout his body . Jim begs to be killed before turning . Setrakian concurs and Fet fatally shoots Jim . As the strigoi are about to overrun the convenience store , the group escapes in a delivery truck parked outside . 9 9 `` The Disappeared '' Charlotte Sieling Regina Corrado September 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 07 ) XSN01009 1.87 Eph and the others go to the Goodweather house in Queens , arriving just in time to save Zach from an infected Matt . Setrakian , Dutch , Fet , and Zach return to the pawnshop while Eph and Nora stay behind to burn Matt 's body and wait for Kelly , who is missing . Dutch 's apartment building has been infected , and Fet convinces her to come with them . At the pawnshop , Fet agrees to join Setrakian 's mission , and Dutch admits to being responsible for crashing the communication networks for Eldritch Palmer . Elsewhere , Felix has fully turned into a strigoi and , while en route to Rikers Island , attacks the occupants inside the police van , crashing it . Gus kills Felix before escaping . Kelly 's friend Diane arrives at the Goodweather house , just after Eph and Nora have been intimate . After a short argument , Eph tells her to contact him if she hears from Kelly , then he and Nora return to the pawnshop . In a WWII flashback , Setrakian , armed with the knife he hid , tries to kill the Master while it feeds on the prisoners . He underestimates the creature 's stealth and strength , and it crushes his fingers with its enormous hands . The following day , Eichhorst , after seeing Setrakian 's injuries , sends him to the group about to be executed . The prisoners escape , thanks to a surprise Allied attack on the camp . Later , Eichhorst , fleeing the Allies , arrives at a secret bunker in the woods that houses the Master 's coffin . There the Master transfuses a worm into his body , triggering Eichhorst 's rebirth as a strigoi . 10 10 `` Loved Ones '' John Dahl Gennifer Hutchison September 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 14 ) XSN01010 2.22 At the pawnshop , Zach tracks Kelly 's phone on a laptop , but Eph discovers that a homeless woman found the phone next to Kelly 's abandoned car . A bloody tissue is inside . In flashbacks , Kelly is attacked at home by a newly turned Matt . She escapes but has been infected . Over the next 24 hours she gradually turns , and , thirsting for blood , arrives at Diane 's house where she attacks Diane and her son . When Eph searches for Kelly there , he is forced to kill the infected . Kelly 's necklace in Diane 's hand ; Eph breaks down , realizing Kelly likely attacked and turned them . Dutch tells Setrakian it may be possible to undo the damage she caused to the city 's communication networks but to do so she needs to infiltrate Eldritch Palmer 's Stoneheart Group headquarters . She and Fet enter under the guise of city exterminators , but security spots Dutch . Palmer 's personal assistant Fitzwilliam and his team intercept them . Dutch is taken to Palmer , who reveals his plans for immortality , then orders Fitzwilliam to kill them . Fitzwilliam instead releases them , admitting that he now doubts his boss ' actions . Fet entreats him to join their cause , but Fitzwilliam , still loyal to Palmer , declines . Eph returns to the pawnshop and insults Dutch , who angrily leaves , preferring to take her chances on the street . Meanwhile , a fully turned Kelly is summoned by the Master , who meets her face - to - face and tells her to `` rejoice . '' 11 11 `` The Third Rail '' Deran Sarafian Justin Britt - Gibson and Chuck Hogan September 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 21 ) XSN01011 2.28 The group plan to infiltrate the Master 's underground lair that Setrakian believes is near the 9 / 11 attack sites . Eph wants Nora to stay behind with Zach and her mother , who suffers from dementia . Nora refuses , and Eph instead tells Zach to look after Mrs. Martinez , leaving him the keys . Eph , Nora , Fet and Setrakian enter a deserted railway tunnel to search for the Master . Meanwhile , Zach , yielding to Mrs. Martinez 's incessant demands for cigarettes , leaves the pawnshop to get her some . He finds a deserted grocery store , but when looters arrive , he hides in a back room and encounters a strigoi . Zach narrowly escapes as Gus enters , armed with an ax . After escaping the police , Gus had returned home and discovered his infected family . He killed his brother and also the turned landlord , but left his mother alive , unable to harm her . Gus sends Zach safely on his way , then destroys the strigoi and its victims . Meanwhile , Eph and the others locate the Master 's lair only to find it littered with resting strigoi . Eph hears Kelly 's voice crying out for help , but Setrakian knows it is a trap leading them to the Master . The voice leads Eph into a large chamber containing the Master 's coffin , only to be surrounded by strigoi . After arriving and finally meeting Eph face - to - face , The Master attempts to kill him , but Fet , Setrakian and Nora arrive and set off a home - made UV light bomb , killing some strigoi and repelling the Master . Setrakian wants to pursue his old nemesis , but is forced to retreat when the group come upon hundreds of newly turned strigoi inside a cavern . 12 12 `` Last Rites '' Peter Weller Carlton Cuse and David Weddle & Bradley Thompson September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) XSN01012 1.97 Setrakian , Eph , Fet , and Nora return to the pawnshop . Zach , reunited with his father , claims nothing happened while they were away . Dutch Velders returns with computer equipment and a plan to use the Emergency Alert System to transmit Eph 's warning about the strigoi invasion . Elsewhere , Gus locates Alonso Creem , a former acquaintance he forces at gunpoint to provide him weapons , ammunition , and cash . Gus discovers Creem has unwittingly been transporting cargo containers containing strigoi . After opening a container , Gus battles the strigoi inside ( and also Creem ) . Vaun , a strigoi , and his strigoi - killing team arrive and destroy the remaining vampires . Vaun and his team kidnap Gus , leaving Creem behind unharmed . Meanwhile , Dutch and Eph partially broadcast Eph 's announcement before TV stations block the signal . Gabriel Bolivar breaks into the pawnshop and attacks Mrs. Martinez , infecting her , while Eichhorst and his strigoi army storm the shop , forcing Setrakian and the others to escape through a secret passage . Before exiting , Nora decapitates her mother to prevent her turning , while Setrakian abandons his deceased wife Miriam 's still - beating strigoi heart . Flashbacks to 1967 reveal how Eichhorst exploited Setrakian 's obsession with killing the Master to lure him into a trap , leaving Miriam unprotected ; When Setrakian arrives home , he finds her infected , decapitates her , and removes her worm - infested heart as a keepsake . In the present day , Eichhorst taunts Setrakian as he and the others are escaping . Later , the Master rejuvenates a dying Eldritch Palmer by dripping bodily fluid from his finger down Palmer 's throat . 13 13 `` The Master '' Phil Abraham Carlton Cuse & Chuck Hogan October 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 05 ) XSN01013 2.09 Having escaped the pawn shop , Eph , Setrakian and Fet regroup . They deduce that the Master needs his damaged coffin repaired and is nesting nearby . Eph and Fet set out a recon mission leading them to Gabriel Bolivar 's renovated theater . Using his exterminator skills and historical knowledge of the area , Fet infiltrates the theater through an underground passage connected by the rain sewers to a nearby building . Inside they discover the Master 's coffin and surmise he is close by . Before retreating , Fet removes a street manhole cover , flooding the sewer with sunlight to block any strigoi passing through . Meanwhile , Palmer is angry that the Master only restored his health rather than bestowing immortality . Eichhorst assures Palmer he will be rewarded once he completes the Master 's work . Fitzwilliam , convinced Palmer has gone too far , leaves his boss ' employ . Later , Palmer and Eichhorst confront Secretary of Health and Human Services Margaret Pierson and CDC Director Everett Barnes , who plan to quarantine the entire city . Palmer tosses Pierson over a balcony , making it look like suicide , then he and Eichhorst coerce Barnes into joining them . Elsewhere , Eph , Fet , Setrakian , Nora , and Dutch Velders prepare to attack the theater . Nora suggests bringing Zach when Eph is reluctant to leave him behind , unprotected from Kelly . In the tunnels beneath the theater , Fet dynamites a mob of strigoi . The group enter the theater and fight more strigoi , including Bolivar and Eichhorst . Upstairs , Setrakian and Eph confront the Master and drive him into daylight where he is severely burned , but escapes . Eichhorst , wounded , also escapes , along with Bolivar and other strigoi . Setrakian and the others are stunned that sunlight failed to kill the Master . As they retreat , Zach feigns an asthma attack to trick them into stopping at Kelly 's house for his medication . Zach instead retrieves a family photo album . Kelly , now a fully turned strigoi , appears , calling Zach . Eph restrains him while shooting at Kelly , wounding her before she escapes . Setrakian warns Eph that the Master will use Kelly to track the group . Meanwhile , Vaun tells Gus that the Master is one of an ancient group of strigoi who has broken a truce amongst them . Needing a human to help slay the Master , the Ancients recruit Gus , who wants to avenge his family . Season 2 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Teleplay by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` BK , NY '' Gregory Hoblit Guillermo del Toro ( prologue ) Carlton Cuse & Chuck Hogan July 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 12 ) XSN02001 1.66 In 1932 , a young Abraham Setrakian 's grandmother tells him the legend of Jusef Sardu , a kind - hearted nobleman afflicted with gigantism . Believing that the blood of a great wolf will cure him , Sardu 's brother and cousins take him on a hunting trip . Seeing a strange creature in the woods , they leave Sardu to investigate . When they fail to return , he follows the party to a nearby cave and finds them slaughtered , with the creature feeding on his brother 's blood . Sardu attempts to kill the vampire , but it overpowers him and possesses his body by infesting it with parasitic worms , as the creature 's former body dies . Sardu returns to the town and begins feeding on the local children . In present day New York , Setrakian goes to Bolivar 's theater to learn where the Master went . He follows a trail of vampire blood and encounters Vaun and his strigoi team . They abduct Setrakian and take him to meet the Ancients . The Ancients , Vaun , and Setrakian strike a deal that once Setrakian finds the Master that he will report his location to them . Setrakian , who keeps his deal with the Ancients a secret , later asks Eph , Nora , and Fet to help him retrieve some items from a storage warehouse . While searching the facility , the group discover a married couple hiding out in a locker . After finding Setrakian 's items , they are ambushed by strigoi . They fight their way out , but the couple are infected . Fet wants to euthanize them before they turn , but Eph wants to use their infected bodies to devise a biological weapon against the strigoi . Meanwhile , the Master , whose body is dying after exposure to sunlight , orders Eichhorst to retrieve blind children who are converted into a new type of strigoi called Feelers , imbued with psychic abilities and used as trackers . By the Master and Eichhorst 's command , the Feelers are given to Kelly , whose memory has been restored . She is tasked with finding her son , Zach , and with leading the Master to Setrakian . 15 `` By Any Means '' TJ Scott Bradley Thompson & David Weddle July 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 19 ) XSN02002 1.63 Eichhorst and Bolivar prepare for the Master 's transfer to a new body . Eph and Nora coerce the infected couple into acting as test subjects for their experiment . The vampire biology initially appears to be invulnerable , but they eventually isolate a microbe that destroys vampire brain tissue and start testing the subjects . Dutch and Fet begin clearing their neighborhood of strigoi and end up becoming intimate . Justine Feraldo , city councilwoman for Staten Island , meets with Mayor Lyle and other officials about the vampire crisis . Disgusted with their ineffectual response , she vows to take matters into her own hands . A frustrated Setrakian pores over his old notes and books for clues to defeat his ancient nemesis . He discovers a copy of a page from the Occido Lumen , a legendary tome which may reveal how to kill the Master . He confronts Eldritch Palmer , who is speaking at the opening of his new food distribution center . Setrakian confirms that Palmer does not have the Lumen and makes his escape with Fet 's help , vowing to find the Lumen . In flashbacks to 1965 Vienna , Setrakian meets Palmer for the first time . At Palmer 's suggestion , Setrakian finds Sardu 's sword in an antique shop owned by Draverhaven , a former Nazi doctor . Setrakian chases Draverhaven , losing him but obtaining the cane . Later , a panicked Draverhaven meets an old acquaintance from his Nazi days : Eichhorst , who offers him the opportunity to enter the Master 's service and turns him . Palmer persuades Setrakian to help him search for the Lumen in exchange for an endowed professorship . Kelly fetches Zach 's clothing from her Queens home so her `` Feelers '' can learn his scent . She orders them to find her son . 16 `` Fort Defiance '' Guy Ferland Regina Corrado July 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 26 ) XSN02003 1.47 The team stop Zach as he attempts to return home to search for his mother . To convince him that Kelly is beyond saving , Eph shows Zach the strigoi test subject at the lab . Following Palmer 's confrontation with Setrakian , the Master assigns Bolivar as extra security for Palmer , who grudgingly accepts . Palmer 's new assistant , Coco Marchand , tells Palmer that she distrusts Eichhorst and Bolivar . Elsewhere , Palmer 's former assistant , Reggie Fitzwilliam , travels to Staten Island and reunites with his brother , Curtis . Councilwoman Feraldo declares Staten Island a vampire - free zone , exhibiting decapitated strigoi to the media to demonstrate her effective tactics . Mayor Lyle wants her to institute the same measures throughout New York City . Setrakian , meanwhile , prepares a concoction using strigoi worms and puts the drops into his eyes . Nora finds him unconscious and revives him ; he confesses that his advanced age ( 94 ) makes it necessary to use the worm brew to sustain his health and extend his life . Dutch spots a missing person poster for her former roommate , Nikki . She and Fet visit Nikki 's mother , hoping for news , but the mother angrily accuses Dutch of ruining her daughter 's life . Gus and Vaun lead a strigoi assault team to kidnap Palmer ; however , Palmer activates an anti-strigoi UV device in his office , forcing Gus to flee while Vaun and his strigoi team are burned alive . Eph and Nora perfect their anti-strigoi bio-weapon . The neuro - toxin kills one subject too quickly , however , making it ineffective for infecting other strigoi ; a weaker dose appears promising , and they decide to field - test it by releasing the surviving test subject . Eph angrily vows to the Master , who is watching through the test subject , that he will kill both Zach and himself before allowing the Master to turn them . 17 `` The Silver Angel '' J. Miles Dale Guillermo del Toro ( Luchador film ) Chuck Hogan August 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 02 ) XSN02004 1.38 A short , black and white film introduces the Silver Angel , a famous luchador who once starred in a series of low - budget Mexican adventure movies until a crippling injury ended his career . In a flashback to 1966 , Setrakian informs Palmer that he has traced the Occido Lumen to an Austrian nunnery . They arrive and discover the occupants are now vampires ; a lone survivor , a young boy named Rudyard , tells them that the Mother Superior destroyed the Occido Lumen , believing it was evil . While Setrakian briefly leaves to battle strigoi , Eichhorst arrives and introduces himself to Palmer . It is implied that Eichhorst offers Palmer immortality , as Palmer immediately dissolves his and Setrakian 's alliance when he returns . In the present day , Palmer convenes a meeting of the world 's top financial leaders under the ruse of restoring financial stability to New York City ; he has actually set them up to be slaughtered by strigoi under Bolivar 's command , resulting in global financial markets going into free fall . Having escaped the Stoneheart building , Gus returns to his apartment where the Master taunts him by possessing his strigoi mother . Shaken , he goes to a restaurant for solace , but has a confrontation with the dishwasher after flirting with the owners ' daughter , Aanya ; Gus later recognizes the man as the former Silver Angel , who he idolized as a child . Setrakian and Dutch travel to Staten Island seeking Fitzwilliam 's help in fighting Palmer , but he declines . Eph and Nora field - test their bio-weapon and get confirmation that it works when the Master forces infected strigoi to commit suicide to prevent them spreading the disease . Working alone , Fet blows up the Red Hook subway tunnel to block vampires from entering through it ; he is captured by one of Feraldo 's vigilante goon squads and viciously beaten . Kelly and her Feelers close in on Zach . 18 5 `` Quick and Painless '' J. Miles Dale Liz Phang August 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 09 ) XSN02005 1.26 NYC increases its efforts to battle the strigoi as frantic citizens attempt to evacuate the city . Meanwhile , Kelly and her Feelers continue searching for Zach . Leaving Zach in Nora 's care , Eph , disguised and using a false I.D. , travels to Washington , D.C. to inform a government - connected colleague about the anti-strigoi bioweapon that he and Nora developed , hoping to begin mass - producing it . Nora and Dutch meet with Councilwoman Feraldo to negotiate Fet 's release from custody in exchange for Nora teaching Feraldo 's medical personnel how to quickly diagnose the strigoi infection . She euthanizes Feraldo 's infected nephew when Feraldo is unable to do it . Setrakian visits Alonso Creem , wanting to hire him to search for the Occido Lumen . Fet and Dutch accompany Feraldo 's police squad to clear a strigoi - infested building , teaching them their vampire - hunting techniques and killing a Feeler . Fitzwilliam finds Setrakian and says he is ready to help fight Palmer . While on the train to Washington , Eph encounters his former boss , Everett Barnes , who intends to have Eph arrested . During the ensuing altercation , Eph accidentally throws Barnes off the moving train and ultimately arrives in Washington without being caught . Cardinal McNamara interrupts Palmer and Marchand 's romantic dinner to inform Palmer that a `` certain item '' Palmer is looking for may reappear soon . An unknown strigoi arrives on a private jet that has breached New Jersey 's restricted airspace . Before authorities can detain him , he leaves the airport and is picked up by a car . 19 6 `` Identity '' Howard Deutch Justin Britt - Gibson August 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 16 ) XSN02006 1.44 In Washington , D.C. , Eph learns that the Federal government is slowly disintegrating , as Congress prepares to impeach the president for failing to halt the strigoi outbreak . Eph 's old friend , Rob Bradley , introduces Eph to a National Guard contact who promises to help . Bradley also arranges for Eph to meet Leigh Thomas , a representative for Kemerall , a pharmaceutical company . Leigh convinces Kemerall to consider mass - producing Eph and Nora 's anti-strigoi bioweapon ; later , Leigh and Eph celebrate , then spend the night together . Fitzwilliam shares what he knows about Palmer 's plans with Setrakian and Fet . The unnamed strigoi who arrived in New Jersey meets with the Ancients and criticizes them for failing to destroy the Master long ago ; he agrees to help stop the Master , but for personal reasons . Gus and Angel escort Aanya on a food delivery run , during which they are attacked by strigoi . Gus kills the strigoi with Angel 's help . Nora and Zach are ambushed by Kelly and her Feelers . Taking refuge in a church , the duo evade them until Setrakian , Fet , and Fitzwilliam arrive . The group drives off Kelly and kills the Feelers but not before one stings Fitzwilliam . Setrakian kills him to prevent his turning . After Leigh learns that Kemerall is reviewing the bioweapon on a fast - track basis , she and Eph go to Rob 's house to tell him , but discover his body , the victim of a Stoneheart assassin sent to eliminate Eph . The assassin kills Leigh and wounds Eph , but Eph fatally shoots him and flees . Eichhorst is shocked and dismayed when the Master transfers his essence into Bolivar 's body rather than his . The Master then demands that Eichhorst swear fealty to him in his new form . 20 7 `` The Born '' Howard Deutch Chuck Hogan August 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 23 ) XSN02007 0.95 Fet and Dutch return to Dutch 's apartment where they discover Nikki , Dutch 's former roommate , hiding . Dutch brings her back to their hideout , fueling Fet 's jealousy and anger over Dutch and Nikki 's ambiguous relationship . Based on Fitzwilliam 's information , Fet and Setrakian investigate an abandoned factory owned by Palmer and discover the Feelers ' nursery . When Feelers attack , the mysterious strigoi arrives and slaughters them . He introduces himself to Fet and Setrakian as Quinlan , and says he is hunting the Master . Flashbacks reveal Quinlan 's history as a millennia - old human - vampire hybrid who was a feared and vicious gladiator in Roman times . In the present day , Setrakian and Quinlan confront the Master , who is nesting in the factory , and also Eichhorst . When Fet dynamites the building , the Master escapes in the explosion . Quinlan angrily blames Setrakian and Fet for thwarting his opportunity to destroy the Master , then warns them to abandon the hunt to him . Coco Marchand entices Palmer into bed . Drinking heavily , a wounded and dejected Eph returns from Washington , learning that Zach barely escaped Kelly 's clutches . Eph tells Nora that Eldritch Palmer is behind the Master 's plan , and later vows to Fet that he plans to kill Palmer . 21 8 `` Intruders '' Kevin Dowling David Weddle & Bradley Thompson August 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 30 ) XSN02008 1.36 Eichhorst teaches Kelly how to disguise herself as a human using cosmetics , prosthetics , and a wig . Eph and Zach visit Jimmy Wu , a black market dealer that Fet knows , to buy a sniper rifle with which to assassinate Palmer . Wu has been shot , and Eph performs emergency surgery to save Wu 's life . In return , Wu 's daughter gives Eph a rifle . Eph tells Nora about what happened while he was in Washington , D.C. Dutch helps Nikki , who was uncomfortable with the living arrangements , find a safe place to stay . Elsewhere , Cardinal McNamara engages Palmer and Setrakian in a bidding war for the Occido Lumen . Realizing this , Setrakian decides to steal the Lumen before Palmer can buy it , but Eichhorst reaches McNamara first . When McNamara refuses to reveal who is the tome 's owner , Eichhorst infects him , taunting him that once fully turned , the Master can read his mind to locate the Lumen . Setrakian and Fet arrive and drive off Eichhorst . McNamara tells Setrakian that Rudyard Fonescu , the sole survivor of the 1966 massacre in the Austrian nunnery , is the Lumen 's owner . Setrakian kills McNamara to prevent his turning . Meanwhile , Marchand and Palmer argue over his secretiveness regarding Eichhorst . Gus and Angel , on a supply run for the Guptas ' restaurant , find the warehouse destroyed . They persuade the Guptas to abandon their restaurant and leave the city . While kissing Aanya , Gus is interrupted by Quinlan . He tells Gus he must leave Aanya for her own safety , and recruits him to help hunt the Master . The now human - looking Kelly and several Feelers breach Red Hook 's quarantine and track Zach to Fet 's hideout . Kelly convinces Zach to let her enter , but Eph and Nora kill the Feelers and fight Kelly off ; in the process , Kelly 's mask is damaged , revealing her strigoi appearance underneath to Zach . 22 9 `` The Battle for Red Hook '' Kevin Dowling Regina Corrado September 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 06 ) XSN02009 1.15 After Kelly 's incursion , Setrakian suspects another strigoi attack is imminent ; he and Eph are rebuffed when they attempt to warn Councilwoman Feraldo and her team . Fet and Nora stop by Nikki 's new place and suggest that Dutch and Niki join Setrakian 's group for protection , but they decline . Eichhorst and Kelly lead a small party of strigoi across the river from Manhattan and enter a power station , shutting down the power grids . Without UV lamps protecting Red Hook 's border , a massive strigoi army invades . Mayor Lyle flees , leaving Feraldo in charge . She initially panics at the hopeless situation , but quickly collects herself and rallies the Red Hook citizens , calling on them to fight in the street to defend their homes . Dutch and Nikki have a vicious argument about their contentious relationship , which culminates in a passionate encounter . Later , Dutch joins the street battle and is nearly stung when Niki arrives and kills the attacking vampire . Fet and Nora restore all the electrical power , causing the UV lamps to annihilate the strigoi army . Kelly makes another attempt to kidnap Zach , but Fet fends her off . Meanwhile , Eichhorst goes to Fet 's hideout to settle his and Setrakian 's old feud . Setrakian , waiting , is attacked , but Eph intervenes and Eichhorst pursues him instead . He traps Eph on a rooftop , about to turn him , when Setrakian outflanks his old foe , driving him off with silver bullets . The next morning , Feraldo makes a triumphant victory speech to Red Hook citizens , declaring the battle a turning point in the war against the strigoi plague . 23 10 `` The Assassin '' Phil Abraham Liz Phang September 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 13 ) XSN02010 1.30 Eph and Dutch spy on Palmer to determine an ideal time and place to assassinate him . Searching for Rudyard Fonescu , who possesses the Occido Lumen , Setrakian , Fet , and Nora work to track down every `` R. Fonescu '' in New York City . Palmer , hoping to reconcile with Marchand , convinces her to return to his employ . Councilwoman Feraldo demands that the Upper East Side 's wealthy residents pay a parcel tax in exchange for her protection , angering Mayor Lyle and his rich supporters . Eph and Dutch , learning that Palmer is appearing at a press conference , seize the opportunity to shoot him , but Eph botches his shot and hits Marchand instead , critically wounding her . He and Dutch are arrested , but Dutch is inexplicably taken away from police custody . Palmer threatens Eichhorst , demanding that the Master heal Marchand or else he will dissolve their partnership . He later confronts Eph face - to - face at the jail to show that he is still alive . The Master revives Marchand , and Palmer confesses his involvement with the Master to her . A strigoi mob attacks the police station , slaughtering most of the officers ; Fet and Nora arrive in time to rescue Eph . The cop whose partner took Dutch away tells them she is at the Mayfield Hotel . Setrakian tracks down the last R. Fonescu on the list and finds the Lumen hidden in the man 's room , but an unknown assailant knocks him out and takes the book . Finally , Dutch finds herself chained inside Eichhorst 's dungeon . 24 11 `` Dead End '' Phil Abraham Carlton Cuse & Regina Corrado September 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 20 ) XSN02011 1.42 Eichhorst tortures Dutch , forcing her to eat pineapple to season her blood before feeding on her . Flashbacks depict Eichhorst 's history as an unsuccessful door - to - door radio salesman in 1930s Germany . While on a dinner date with Helga , a pretty coworker , he is captivated by a Nazi recruiting speech . Afterwards , he rails against the Jews to Helga , who reveals she is Jewish and rejects him . Four years later , Eichhorst has risen to the rank of Obersturmführer in the SS , attaining the status and power he had craved . He is summoned by his superiors to explain his past relationship with Helga , who has been arrested and claims to know him . He lies and says she was merely a former office co-worker who was suspected of stealing money . Shortly after , Eichhorst comes upon her and several other Jews ' bodies hung in a public area . He feigns indifference as his superior watches him , but after turning and walking away , he is visibly shaken . In the present day , Dutch fends off Eichhorst 's attack using mace , frees herself , and attempts to escape down a dead - end stairwell but is quickly subdued . Eph , Nora , and Fet break into Eichhorst 's secret lair at the Mayfield Hotel , and , hearing Dutch 's screams , blast their way through a brick wall and rescue her as Eichhorst escapes . Meanwhile Gus and Aanya become intimate . After Gus and Angel help the Guptas pass a security checkpoint and leave New York City , they join Quinlan 's associate , Eve . Setrakian regains consciousness and finds himself bound to a chair by Rudyard Fonescu . He pleads with Fonescu to release him and give or sell him the Occido Lumen to save humanity ; Fonescu abandons him to meet with Alonso Creem , intending to sell him the Lumen . 25 12 `` Fallen Light '' Vincenzo Natali Bradley Thompson & David Weddle September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) XSN02012 1.23 Flashbacks depict Eph and Nora 's first meeting at a medical conference and the beginning of their romantic relationship . In the present day , Zach 's grandparents have been located in Georgia and Eph and Nora make plans to take him there . Eph confesses he still loves Nora , but she is unresponsive and walks away . Dutch ends her relationship with Fet , choosing to reconcile with Nikki ; however , Nikki is leaving the city , saying that Dutch has found her true passion in fighting the strigoi and she can not take part in that . Gus and Angel break Gus 's former fellow - inmates out of Rikers Island prison and recruit them as soldiers for Quinlan . Setrakian meets with Alonso Creem , who schedules a final auction for the Occido Lumen between Setrakian and Palmer . Quinlan tells Setrakian the Ancients will agree to financially back him to obtain the book . In return , Setrakian must hand over the Lumen to the Ancients after he examines it . Eichhorst demands that Palmer give him unlimited financial control at the auction . When Palmer balks , Eichhorst reveals that Palmer will soon die without another dose of the Master 's rejuvenating white essence , and Palmer grudgingly accedes . A furious Mayor Lyle threatens to indict Feraldo for extorting money from the Upper East Side 's wealthy residents ; however , he is promptly killed under suspicious circumstances , making Feraldo a potential suspect . In the aftermath , Palmer offers Feraldo his political support , and the New York city council appoints her as the city 's new special director of security . Feraldo vows to combat the strigoi menace by any means necessary , and agrees to help Eph and Nora mass - produce their anti-strigoi bioweapon . Quinlan orders Gus to kill Setrakian and take the Lumen if Setrakian refuses to surrender it to the Ancients . 26 13 `` Night Train '' Vincenzo Natali Carlton Cuse & Chuck Hogan October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) XSN02013 1.17 Eichhorst inspects the `` animal processing '' facility being built and is pleased with its progress . At the auction , Setrakian and Eichhorst bid against each other for the Occido Lumen . Initially Eichhorst wins , but Palmer double - crosses Eichhorst by freezing his gold funds at the last minute , allowing Setrakian to obtain the book . While returning in the van with the Lumen , Setrakian and Fet are ambushed by Eichhorst and his vampire army . Quinlan and Gus arrive with their own army and battle the vampires , forcing Eichhorst to flee . Setrakian and Fet get away through a pre-planned escape route by way of the rain sewer but are intercepted by Gus , Quinlan , and Angel at the other end . Setrakian convinces Quinlan that the Lumen can be used as bait to lure and kill the Master . In retaliation for Palmer 's betrayal , the Master kills Coco Marchand as Palmer helplessly watches . As Setrakian did with his wife , Palmer removes Marchand 's worm - infested heart as a keepsake . Meanwhile Eph , Nora , and Zach board the last train allowed to leave New York to deliver Zach to his grandparents in Georgia . Eph and Nora will then travel to Washington , D.C. to build the vampire bioweapon . They unknowingly are sitting next to Rudyard Fonescu , who sold the Occido Lumen to Creem . Vampires derail the train as it moves through the tunnel . Nora and Zach , separated from Eph , escape into an adjoining subway tunnel . Kelly appears and infects Nora , after which Kelly takes Zach away with her . Eph finds Nora , and , making peace with him , she then touches her sword to the third rail , electrocuting herself . Meanwhile , Fet , Setrakian , Quinlan , Gus , and Angel escape in a stolen tug boat . Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Teleplay by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 27 `` New York Strong '' J. Miles Dale Carlton Cuse & Chuck Hogan August 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 28 ) XSN03001 1.35 After Nora 's death and Zach 's kidnapping , Eph drinks more heavily but continues working on the anti-strigoi bioweapon for Feraldo . She says its fatality rate has dropped from 100 % to 75 % . Fet assists Navy SEALs in eliminating vampire nests and searching for the Master ; however , Eichhorst lures the SEALS into a trap and the Master kills nearly the entire team . Setrakian , assisted by Mr. Quinlan , continues translating the Occido Lumen . Gus has his turned mother chained in their apartment , feeding her his own blood to sustain her . Kelly , accompanied by her surviving `` feelers , '' goes to her and Eph 's home in Queens , where Eph has been hiding out , hoping Zach will return . Kelly offers Zach in exchange for the Occido Lumen . 28 `` Bad White '' J. Miles Dale David Weddle & Bradley Thompson September 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 04 ) XSN03002 0.99 After the Navy SEALS leave New York , Fet has a one - night stand with a woman named Kate . Eph rejoins Fet and Setrakian , who are pleased to see him . Quinlan , however , suspects Eph has ulterior motives . As Palmer 's health deteriorates , he has his researchers attempt to replicate the `` white '' , the Master 's rejuvenating essence . When they fail , he meets with Setrakian and offers to abandon the Master in exchange for the `` white '' formula . Setrakian refuses , and later tells Fet they may be able to use Palmer 's desperation to manipulate him . Eichhorst tells Palmer to influence Justine Feraldo to funnel more victims into the Freedom Centers . Meanwhile , Dutch has fallen in with her old hacker friends who abandon her during a strigoi attack . As Zach attempts to escape the Master 's confines , he glimpses Kelly feeding , then , panicked , suffers an asthma attack . The Master treats him with the `` white . '' Quinlan catches Eph attempting to steal the Occido Lumen . Quinlan proposes teaming up to lure the Master with the Lumen so that Quinlan can kill him and Eph can rescue Zach . 29 `` First Born '' Ken Girotti Chuck Hogan September 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) XSN03003 1.11 Flashbacks depict Quinlan 's past . An older woman , intrigued by Quinlan 's strangeness , discovered him in a Roman gladiator camp . She believes he will `` complete the prophecy '' . Quinlan tells Eph that the Master is his `` father , '' but that he was conceived by humans . The Master infected his mother while she was pregnant , making Quinlan half - human , half strigoi . Killing the Master will result in Quinlan 's own death . Angel discovers Gus is hiding his turned mother . When police `` sweepers '' inspect the building , they attempt to conceal her but are captured and conscripted to fight strigoi . Fet and Setrakian track Eph and Quinlan to recover the Occido Lumen , using the GPS device Fet hid inside the tome . Eph demands that the Master meet with him to exchange Zach for the Lumen . During the exchange , Kelly tries tricking Eph with a `` feeler '' disguised as Zach . The Lumen 's silver cover severely burns Kelly when she attempts to take it . Fet and Setrakian arrive and destroy the turned Navy SEALS that are aiding the Master . Quinlan beheads the Master , but a large crimson - colored strigoi worm crawls from the corpse and escapes . Eph and the others have the Lumen , but appear to have lost Quinlan . 30 `` Gone But Not Forgotten '' Ken Girotti Regina Corrado September 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) XSN03004 0.99 During a taped interview with Feraldo , a TV reporter claims the police are forcing conscripted chain gangs to fight the strigoi . Feraldo denies the accusation , then does nothing to stop it after learning it is true . Eph treats Quinlan 's wounds , though Quinlan expected to die after killing the Master . The ancients later tell Quinlan that the Master was not truly destroyed , as a crimson worm containing the Master 's essence survived . Frustrated , Quinlan severs ties with the Ancients . Gus and Angel are the sole survivors after leading a conscripted `` sweep team '' through a strigoi - infested tunnel . Gus realizes the strigoi 's actions no longer seem coordinated . Setrakian and Fet eject Eph from their premises after learning he helped Quinlan steal the Lumen to exchange it for Zach . Eichhorst sends two turned Feraldo - workers on a suicide mission to their former base of operations . C4 explosives implanted inside their bodies blow the worms everywhere , infecting many staff and killing others . Fet barely prevents Feraldo from being infected . Dutch stays with Eph at Fet 's place , resulting in them drinking heavily together . When they go out at night , they encounter a strigoi controlled through the Master announcing he is still alive . Feraldo orders her police to confiscate the TV reporter 's computers and video footage of Feraldo 's interview , then has the woman arrested . 31 5 `` Madness '' Deran Sarafian Liz Phang September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) XSN03005 0.88 Many world cities have been infected as strigoi numbers grow exponentially . Eph and Dutch have been capturing strigoi for Eph 's biological experiments . Elsewhere , Fet follows two strigoi implanted with GPS trackers . Setrakian and Quinlan continue studying the Lumen . Quinlan and Setrakian note each other 's stigoi - hunting obsession , to a point where other hunters were driven mad . Eldritch Palmer , in rapidly declining health , meets Eichhorst 's new associate , Sanjay Desai . Eichhorst is pleased when Palmer reports that a cargo shipment from Egypt is on schedule . While performing a strigoi necropsy , Eph discovers that microwaves affect the creature 's crude central nervous system , disrupting their collective communication ability . Justine Feraldo and Captain Frank Kowalski are dismayed that strigoi have infiltrated previously secured areas of Manhattan . Fet encounters strigoi digging tunnels for their brethren to enter the city through Central Park . He also discovers a massive strigoi nest . In a flashback scene set in 1972 , Setrakian poses as a seller of a fake Occido Lumen to lure and entrap Eichhorst . Instead , he encounters Dr. Draverhaven , the sadistic Nazi doctor turned sentient strigoi . Setrakian overpowers the doctor , eventually dumping him alive into the North Sea , trapped inside a steamer trunk . In the present , Setrakian discovers text hidden within the Lumen 's pages : the Master can be defeated by containing him in a silver - lined sarcophagus . Setrakian enlists Palmer 's help , offering a dose of the `` white '' in exchange for learning the identity of the Master 's new host body and his whereabouts . Further testing by Eph and Dutch reveals the strigoi can quickly adapt to the microwave interference . 32 6 `` The Battle of Central Park '' Deran Sarafian Bradley Thompson & David Weddle October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) XSN03006 0.80 As part of an all - out assault to reclaim Central Park , Feraldo sends Fet and NYPD captain Kate Rodgers , the woman Fet recently slept with , on a dangerous mission to wipe out the underground strigoi nest . Eichhorst and Kelly give Zach a Feeler as his protector . In Central Park , Eph and Dutch gather more strigoi communication data . Gus and Angel escape the chain - gang and run into Fet and Kate . Gus joins them while Angel takes Maria , another conscripted fighter , to safety . Kelly moves Zach to a new location , but he leaves a message behind for Eph . Fet , Gus , and Kate destroy the strigoi nest , but a massive strigoi counterattack overwhelms the NYPD 's checkpoints . The nest was a decoy to lure police into the open , forcing Ferraldo to order an immediate withdrawal . Eph finds and searches Zach 's vacated room . Eichhorst arrives and taunts him , and in the ensuing confrontation , Dutch severs Eichhorst 's hand , forcing his retreat . Feraldo orders a full withdrawal as strigoi overrun Central Park . 33 7 `` Collaborators '' TJ Scott Chuck Hogan & Glen Whitman October 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 09 ) XSN03007 0.82 Fet and Setrakian travel to a Brooklyn pawnshop to gather silver for building a sarcophagus to imprison the Master in . They first stop at Fet 's parents ' apartment , finding they committed suicide after being infected . Fet recounts how his grandfather , a WWII prisoner of war , also committed suicide , haunted for years by having been a Nazi collaborator who executed Jewish prisoners in exchange for better treatment . Eph and Dutch isolate a signal they believe is the Master 's voice . They and Quinlan travel to JFK Airport to retrieve the black box from the airplane the Master flew to America in . They need a pure sample of his voice to compare with their signal . A dying Palmer and his security team board the ship , Aurora Cutlass , in search of its mysterious cargo from Egypt . The is crew dead and the cargo hold empty . In exchange for his promise to track down the Cutlass 's cargo , Setrakian gives Palmer a single dose of the `` white , '' which revives him . 34 8 `` White Light '' TJ Scott Regina Corrado & Liz Phang October 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 16 ) XSN03008 0.85 Eichhorst inspects the processing plant for harvesting human blood . He is angry that Sanjay Desai did not use live subjects to test the system . He brutally uses Desai 's assistant as a subject , killing him . Gus ' turned mother returns to their apartment and attempts to attack Angel , forcing Gus to shoot her . Flashbacks depict how Gus ' maternal uncles made his abusive father `` disappear '' ; in the present day , Gus and Angel decide to leave New York . With a rejuvenated Eldritch Palmer 's assistance , Setrakian and Fet gain access to the Freedom Center where they interrogate the Aurora Cutlass ship agent and learn the Egyptian cargo was taken to the processing center . Palmer admits that over a hundred similar blood plants are being built in North America . Fet and Setrakian invade the processing center , but Eichhorst , Desai , and their subordinates escape with the cargo . While playing the black box recording of the Master 's paralyzing signal , Dutch collapses . Eph revives her and , later , the two become intimate . During a meeting to form a new alliance , Quinlan and the Ancients are ambushed by Eichhorst and a strigoi army . Quinlan escapes as Eichhorst detonates an atomic bomb that destroys the Ancients ' hideout . 35 9 `` Do or Die '' Vincenzo Natali David Weddle & Bradley Thompson October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) XSN03009 0.94 A flashback to the early 1960s depicts Palmer seeking a position within his estranged wealthy father 's corporation . Mr. O'Neil rebuffs his illegitimate son and offers Palmer a $10,000 check to sever their ties . Bitter and dejected , Palmer invests the money into building his own corporation , naming it Stoneheart as a nod to his uncaring , cold - hearted father . In the present , the NYPD leave New York ; a few captains stay behind with Justine Feraldo . Fet goes to warn Eph and Dutch that the police have left and the city will fall within two days . Dutch and Eph opt to stay and continue working on their invention . The device works , disrupting attacking strigois ' communication ability and rendering them inert . Gus and Angel come to the aid of Feraldo , Captain Kowalski , and the remaining NYPD captains as strigoi attack their vehicle in the street . All are killed except Gus , who escapes to safety . Quinlan survived Eichhorst 's attack on the Ancients and regroups with Setrakian and Fet . Eph and Dutch have brought the device , claiming it will incapacitate the Master . Fet , however , wants Eph to leave . Meanwhile , Palmer and his security team locate the Aurora Cutlass cargo and capture Sanjay Desai . The crate contains a nuclear bomb , one of two that Eichhorst had smuggled from Russia by way of Egypt . Eichorst used one bomb to destroy the ancients . Palmer confiscates the remaining weapon and lures Eichhorst into a trap where he and his team brutally shoot him . Severely wounded , Eichhorst leaps down the elevator shaft , his fate unknown . With limited time before the Master learns what happened , Palmer must immediately meet with Setrakian . 36 10 `` The Fall '' Carlton Cuse Carlton Cuse & Chuck Hogan October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) XSN03010 0.89 Palmer and Setrakian devise a plan to lure the Master to Stoneheart headquarters so that Eph , Fet , Dutch , Setrakian , and Quinlan can entrap him in the silver - lined sarcophagus . However , the Master , who has taken a new body , ambushes Palmer and transfers his essence into him , gaining Palmer 's memories . The Master retrieves the remaining nuclear bomb from Palmer 's vault and revives the mortally wounded Eichhorst . The latter leaves to plant the bomb in the Statue of Liberty , giving Kelly the detonator that is later taken by Zach . Eph and Setrakian meet with Palmer but quickly realize it is the Master and battle him . Dutch activates the strigoi disruption device , crippling the Master ; Quinlan , Fet , Eph , and Setrakian seal the Master into the silver - lined sarcophagus . Eph , slightly wounded , stays behind to treat himself , as the others take the sarcophagus to dump it into the Atlantic . Kelly , accompanied by Zach , enters Palmer 's office and attacks Eph , forcing him to kill her in self - defense . Enraged over his mother 's death , Zach vengefully detonates the bomb . The explosion 's shockwave frees the Master from the sarcophagus , and the resulting nuclear debris obscures the sun , allowing the strigoi to walk freely in daylight . Eichhorst leaves with Zach , while Setrakian 's group is forced underground to avoid nuclear fallout and rampaging strigoi . Outside amid the chaos , Eph searches for Zach . Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Teleplay by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 37 `` The Worm Turns '' J. Miles Dale Carlton Cuse & Chuck Hogan July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) XSN04001 1.44 Nine months have passed since `` Illumination Day '' , the day the bomb was detonated , leading to a nuclear war that created a nuclear winter . The strigoi , now freely roaming the streets in the dim daylight , have enslaved humanity and established a dictatorship called `` The Partnership '' , aided by human collaborators . Quinlan , Fet , and his new companion Charlotte , are in North Dakota searching for nuclear weapons to destroy the strigoi . When a trio of female survivalists capture Fet and Charlotte , Fet meets Daniel Roman , a fellow captive and a military officer formerly stationed at a nearby missile silo . Quinlan frees them and the group heads for the missile silo . Meanwhile in Philadelphia , Eph anonymously works odd jobs to survive . Captured by the Master 's forces , Eph is freed when the bus transporting him and other human prisoners is blown up by Jason , a resistance fighter . Eph , the only survivor , helps the wounded Jason get away . Alex , Jason 's sister , bargains with Eph to stay on until Jason recovers . Over Eichhorst 's objections , the Master continues grooming Zach , saying he has dark potential . 38 `` The Blood Tax '' J. Miles Dale Liz Phang July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) XSN04002 0.91 Gus and Alonso Creem are operating a black market operation . While looting a supply facility where his cousin Raul works , Gus and his team are discovered but get away . When Creem objects to Gus returning with his cousin , Gus insists he stays . Dutch is held captive in a facility run by Sanjay Desai where women whose blood type is B+ are used for breeding . Dutch and another woman are caught attempting to escape . Flashbacks show her and Setrakian being captured during a strigoi - led round - up , then were separated . Dutch re-hid the Lumen before being caught . When the Philadelphia resistance group 's operations base is uncovered , Eph offers them another hideout . He stays on after the group agrees to intensify their anti-strigoi attacks . 39 `` One Shot '' Kevin Dowling Bradley Thompson & David Weddle July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) XSN04003 0.86 Fet , Charlotte , Quinlan , and Captain Daniel Roman locate the nuclear warhead . Quinlan is wounded by a soldier guarding the missile silo but will recover . The strigoi have removed a key detonating component , and the group sets out to retrieve it . In Philadelphia , Eph and the resistance fighters poison a container truck of human blood intended for strigoi consumption . Over two thousand stigoi are fatally poisoned but the mission 's success alerts the Master and Eichhorst to Eph 's whereabouts . Meanwhile , Zach , bored and lonely , befriends Abby , the young girl working as a maid at his building . The Master , suspecting Zach 's allegiance is faltering , tells him he can either support his cause or leave and live hand - to - mouth like other humans . Zach reaffirms his loyalty to the Master . Eph discovers that the strigoi are transporting unknown cargo to various towns via the railroads . 40 `` New Horizons '' Kevin Dowling Mickey Fisher August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) XSN04004 1.17 Eichhorst orders Desai to shorten the womens ' pregnancies to six months so they can produce two infants per year . Infant B+ blood is a strigoi delicacy . Desai forces Dutch to coach women during their deliveries . Meanwhile she plots to steal an employee key card to escape . Strigoi invade the school building where Eph , Alex , and the other resistance fighters are hiding out . Jason , Alex 's brother , is infected , forcing Eph to shoot him . Eph and Alex find another hideout where Eph reveals to Alex his and Zach 's involvement in `` Illumination Day . '' He discovers that the strigoi are using trains to transport human volunteers , under the guise of recruiting workers for `` New Horizons Farms '' . A rival gang hits Gus and Creem 's black market operation , claiming their territory . Gus locates their lair and discovers they are fully - armed , ex-NYPD cops . He coordinates and leads a successful counter-attack , killing them and capturing their merchandise . At the birth center , Dutch attacks Desai and takes his key card . While attempting to escape , she accidentally runs into the processing facility where humans ' blood is being drained . 41 5 `` Belly of the Beast '' Norberto Barba Jeff Wadlow August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) XSN04005 0.93 After Eichhorst recaptures Dutch , she learns that the Partnership is holding Setrakian as a medical test subject . She rescues him , severely injuring Eichhorst as they escape . Fet , Quinlan , Charlotte , and Roman successfully attack a Partnership convoy and retrieve the nuclear missile 's detonating component . During flashbacks to 19th - century London , Quinlan encounters Louisa , a woman who hopes to use his powers to revive her dying brother , and who is strongly attracted by his monstrous nature ; it is revealed the Master arrived in London at that time . In the present , Eph and Alex travel to the countryside to continue investigating the Master 's New Horizons `` farms '' . They discover these are concentration camps to house humans as livestock for strigoi consumption . Speaking through a newly - turned strigoi , the Master taunts Eph , saying Zach is alive and has dark potential . 42 6 `` Tainted Love '' Norberto Barba Paul Keables August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) XSN04006 0.79 Zach is upset to discover that Abbey has a boyfriend . When she rebuffs him , saying he is too young , he allows his Feeler bodyguard to turn her when she attempts to leave . In flashbacks to 19th - century England , Quinlan is part of Louisa and her daughter , Lydia 's family . Upon learning the Master is in London , he leaves to battle him , ignoring Louisa 's pleas to stay . When he hesitates striking the fatal blow due to his attachment to his new family , the Master escapes and turns Louisa and Lydia , forcing Quinlan to release them . In the present , Quinlan demands that Fet leave Charlotte behind before they leave for New York with the nuclear weapon , fearing she will distract Fet from their mission . When Fet broaches the subject to Charlotte , she claims she never intended to accompany him there . The group procure a plane to fly to New York . Before Fet boards , Charlotte pleads with him to come with her ; he refuses to abandon the mission and departs with Quinlan and Roman . Eichhorst , pursuing the group , attempts to shoot down the plane but Charlotte shoots him . 43 7 `` Ouroboros '' Thomas Carter Andy Iser August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) XSN04007 0.89 Fet , Quinlan , and Roman land in Long Island and head to Manhattan with the nuclear warhead . To stop them , Desai destroys all bridges and tunnels into Manhattan . Setrakian and Dutch retrieve the Lumen before finding a new hideout . Setrakian discovers a clue within in the Lumen symbols before he collapses . Eph returns to New York with Alex and reunites with Dutch and Setrakian . Eph treats Setrakian with free medical supplies from Gus . Creem , angry over Gus ' generosity , tries cutting a deal with the Master in exchange for Setrakian 's location but he is turned instead . Setrakian gives Eph the formula to make him the restorative white . While Eph and Dutch are away , Setrakian has another revelation about the Lumen but Eichhorst and Creem arrive . Alex is killed and Eichhorst beats Setrakian . Gus , with Raul , returns to Setrakian 's hideout , forcing Eichhorst to flee . Raul is killed and Creem ambushes Gus . Setrakian impales Eichhorst , saving Gus , who kills Creem . Eichhorst stings Setrakian and starts draining him , but Setrakian has taken a massive dose of the blood thinner that Eph gave him , poisoning his old foe . Setrakian speaks to the Master through Eichhorst , warning that the Master 's defeat is inevitable . He then beheads Eichhorst . 44 8 `` Extraction '' Paco Cabezas Liz Phang September 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) XSN04008 1.01 Eph and Dutch return to the hideout to find Eichhorst , Alex , and Creem are dead and Setrakian infected and dying . Fet , Quinlan , and Roman procure a boat and sneak the nuclear bomb into Manhattan and hide it at the Federal Reserve Bank . Fet and Quinlan leave Roman to guard the bomb , then locate the others at the hideout . Setrakian shares that rather than using the bomb , the Master can be defeated by separating him from his collaborators . Setrakian then asks to be released , and Quinlan beheads him . Eph , Dutch , Fet , Gus , and several cohorts infiltrate the blood center , freeing the captives and apprehending Desai to uncover the Master 's whereabouts . Meanwhile , the Master tasks Zach with an important mission . Eph learns that Zach has been spotted near the market by Harlem River and finds him there . 45 9 `` The Traitor '' Jennifer Lynch David Weddle & Bradley Thompson September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) XSN04009 0.84 Fet and Dutch interrogate Desai , to no avail . However , after Quinlan threatens to drain his wife , Desai reveals the Master 's location . Gus arrives to help Roman guard the bomb and also gather silver from the Federal Reserve Bank for weapons against the strigoi . Meanwhile , Eph doubts Zach 's account of his time with the Master . When Zach purposely leaves a blood scent for the Feelers , Eph realizes his betrayal . Zach confesses he lied and offers to spare his father if he tells him where the nuke is hidden . Eph almost kills Zach but leaves him behind when the team immediately evacuate and meet up with Gus and Roman . The Master arrives and berates Zach for his failure . To save himself , Desai falsely accuses his wife of betraying the Master , but the Master knows he 's lying and kills them both . The team sets off to detonate the nuke at the Empire State Building . Quinlan enters with the detonator , finding the Master gone . When strigoi surround him , he radios the others to leave , but a strigoi horde blocks their escape . 46 10 `` The Last Stand '' J. Miles Dale Chuck Hogan & Carlton Cuse September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) XSN04010 1.00 Eph , Fet , and Dutch escape with the nuclear weapon while Gus and Roman fend off the strigoi horde . The humans later regroup with Quinlan and devise a plan to eradicate the Master without destroying the city . To Dutch 's dismay , Fet intends to sacrifice himself by detonating the bomb in a deep tunnel after he and Quinlan trap the Master there . The Master orders a final purge of Manhattan to flush out the team , shocking Zach . Eph and Fet lure the Master and a strigoi horde to their hideout . When Zach is trapped below ground with the Master and Quinlan , Eph follows with the detonator . The Master fatally injures Quinlan in a vicious battle . Zach is unable to kill his father on the Master 's order ; when the Master attempts to transfer his essence to Zach , Eph attacks him . The Master instead possesses Eph , who is able to arm the bomb before the Master assumes control . The Master believes he has won , but Zach triggers the bomb , destroying the Master and killing himself . Five years later , the nuclear winter is subsiding , humanity has recovered and destroyed all but a few strigoi that are kept captive . Roman becomes a property developer ; Gus helps resettle refugees and hopes to find Anya ; Dutch and other former hackers are rebuilding the Internet ; and Fet resumes being an exterminator . Fet and Dutch reunite on a hopeful note . Ratings ( edit ) The Strain : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 Average 2.99 2.12 2.30 2.27 2.03 2.28 2.43 1.91 1.87 2.22 2.28 1.97 2.09 2.21 1.66 1.63 1.47 1.38 1.26 1.44 0.95 1.36 1.15 1.30 1.42 1.23 1.17 1.34 1.35 0.99 1.11 0.99 0.88 0.80 0.82 0.85 0.94 0.89 N / A 0.96 1.44 0.91 0.86 1.17 0.93 0.79 0.89 1.01 0.84 1.00 N / A 0.99 Source : Nielsen Media Research References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ; O'Connell , Michael ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` FX Orders Guillermo del Toro 's ' The Strain ' to Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Tops Night + ' The Strain ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Strain ' , ' Witches of East End ' , ' Ray Donovan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Leads Night + NASCAR , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Strain ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' The Strain ' , ' Keeping Up With The Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Leftovers ' , ' Falling Skies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Shark of Darkness : Wrath of Submarine ' Tops Night + ' True Blood ' , ' Air Jaws ' , NASCAR & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Strain ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Leftovers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Video Music Awards ' Tops Night + ' True Blood ' , ' The Strain ' , ' The Last Ship ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' Wins Night , NASCAR , ' The Strain ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Ray Donovan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 9 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' NFL Countdown ' Leads Night + ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' The Strain ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Strain ' & ' NFL Countdown ' Win Night , ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' Ray Donovan ' , ' Witches of East End ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Strain ' Tops Night + ' Naked and Afraid ' , ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Strain ' & ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' Win Night , ' Boadwalk Empire ' , ' Ray Donovan ' , ' Total Divas ' , ' Wiches of East End ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : MLB Baseball Tops Night + ' The Strain ' , ' The Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' Alaska : The Last Frontier ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Naked and Afraid XL ' Wins Night , ' True Detective ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Ballers ' , ' The Strain ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Naked and Afraid XL ' Wins Night , ' True Detective ' , ' Ballers ' , ' The Strain ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Tut ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' I am Cait ' Tops Night + ' Naked & Afraid XL ' , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' True Detective ' , NASCAR , ' Ballers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Rick and Morty ' & ' Naked and Afraid XL ' , Win Night , ' True Detective ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Ballers ' , ' The Strain ' , ' Ray Donovan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Detective ' Tops Night + ' Naked and Afraid XL ' , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' Ballers ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Naked and Afraid XL ' Wins Night , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' Ballers ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Strain ' , ' Ray Donovan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Talking Dead ' , ' Naked & Afraid ' , ' Rick & Morty ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' MTV Video Music Awards ' , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Ray Donovan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Last Ship ' Tops Night + ' Naked & Afraid ' , ' The Strain ' , MLB Baseball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Rick & Morty ' , ' The Strain ' , NFL Countdown & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' NFL Countdown ' , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' The Strain ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Rick & Morty ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' The Strain ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' finale leads night , plus ' The Strain ' finale , ' Rick & Morty , ' ' Kardashians ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : VMAs tumble from 2015 , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' slips to series low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rob & Chyna ' premieres well , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' rebounds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Power , ' ' Fear the Walking Dead ' steady opposite NFL and Emmys '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead , ' ' Power ' finale lead originals '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Westworld ' opens pretty well for HBO , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' tops Sunday cable ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : Debate pushes ' Westworld ' and ' Shameless ' down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Westworld ' improves , Dodgers - Cubs leads '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' premiere kills it with second - highest ratings ever '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' takes a bigger - than - usual hit in episode 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series - best audience with Season 7 premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Phelps vs. Shark ' strong , ' Game of Thrones ' boosts ' Ballers , ' ' Insecure ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.30. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores another series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Power ' finale scores season highs for Starz '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Outlander ' and ' The Deuce ' steady with second episodes '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Strain : Season One Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . October 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Strain : Season Two Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . October 6 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Strain : Season Three Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . November 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Strain : Season Four Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . September 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ External links ( edit ) Official website List of The Strain episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Strain_episodes&oldid=808805240 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Español Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 08 : 16 . 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the wizard of oz where was it filmed

Filming commenced October 13 , 1938 , on the MGM lot in Culver City , California , under the direction of Richard Thorpe ( replacing original director Norman Taurog , who filmed only a few early Technicolor tests and was then reassigned ) . Thorpe initially shot about two weeks of footage ( nine days in total ) involving Dorothy 's first encounter with the Scarecrow , as well as a number of sequences in the Wicked Witch 's castle , such as Dorothy 's rescue ( which , though unreleased , comprises the only footage of Ebsen 's Tin Man ) .

on the MGM lot in Culver City , California

The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 film )

the wizard of oz ( 1939 film )

The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical fantasy film produced by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . Widely considered to be one of the greatest films in cinema history , it is the best - known and most commercially successful adaptation of L. Frank Baum 's 1900 children 's book , The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . It stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale , alongside Ray Bolger , Jack Haley , Bert Lahr , Frank Morgan , Billie Burke and Margaret Hamilton , with Charley Grapewin , Pat Walshe and Clara Blandick , Terry ( billed as Toto ) , and the Singer Midgets as the Munchkins .

Notable for its use of Technicolor , fantasy storytelling , musical score , and memorable characters , it has become an icon of American popular culture . It was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Picture , but lost to Gone with the Wind . It did win in two other categories , including Best Original Song for `` Over the Rainbow '' and Best Original Score by Herbert Stothart . While the film was considered a critical success upon release in August 1939 , it failed to generate profit for MGM , earning only $3,017,000 on a $2,777,000 budget , which made it MGM 's most expensive production to date . The 1956 broadcast television premiere of the film on the CBS network reintroduced the film to the wider public and eventually made the presentation an annual tradition , making it one of the best known films in movie history . The film was named the most - viewed motion picture on television syndication by the Library of Congress , which also included the film in its National Film Registry in its inaugural year in 1989 . Designation on the registry calls for efforts to preserve it for being `` culturally , historically , and aesthetically significant '' . It is also one of the few films on UNESCO 's Memory of the World Register . The film is among the top ten in the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 . The Wizard of Oz is the source of many quotes referenced in contemporary popular culture . It was directed primarily by Victor Fleming ( who left production to take over direction on the troubled Gone with the Wind production ) . Noel Langley , Florence Ryerson and Edgar Allan Woolf received credit for the screenplay , but uncredited contributions were made by others . The songs were written by Edgar `` Yip '' Harburg ( lyrics ) and Harold Arlen ( music ) . The musical score and the incidental music were composed by Stothart . The Wizard of Oz theatrical poster Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Munchkins 3 Production 3.1 Development and pre-production 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.3. 1 Richard Thorpe as director 3.3. 2 George Cukor 's brief stint 3.3. 3 Victor Fleming , the main director 3.3. 4 King Vidor 's finishing work as director 3.4 Post-production 4 Music 4.1 Song list 4.2 Underscoring 5 Release 5.1 Box office 6 Reception 7 Re-releases 8 Television 9 Home media 10 Awards and honors 10.1 Academy Awards 10.2 American Film Institute lists 10.3 Other honors 11 Differences from the novel 12 Sequels and reinterpretations 13 Cultural impact 13.1 Ruby slippers 13.2 Impact upon LGBT culture 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 16.1 Bibliography 17 External links Plot ( edit ) Stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale and Terry The Dog , as Toto Margaret Hamilton as The Wicked Witch of the West with Dorothy Gale The film begins in Kansas , which is depicted in a sepia tone . Dorothy Gale lives with her dog , Toto , on her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry 's farm . Toto gets in trouble with a mean neighbor , Miss Almira Gulch , when he bites her . However , Dorothy 's family and the farmhands are all too busy to listen to her troubles . Miss Gulch produces an order from the sheriff allowing her to have Toto put down . She takes him away , but he escapes and returns to Dorothy who , fearing that Miss Gulch will return , decides to run away from home . After some miles Dorothy and Toto encounter Professor Marvel , a kindly fortune teller who , realizing Dorothy has run away , uses his crystal ball to convince her that Aunt Em is ill . Dorothy races home just as a tornado approaches . Locked out of the storm cellar , she seeks safety in the house , where a wind - blown window sash knocks her out . She awakens to find the tornado has sent the house spinning into the sky . Outside the window during the flight she and Toto see farm animals , an old lady knitting in a chair , two men rowing a boat , and finally Miss Gulch , who transforms into a cackling witch riding a broomstick . Dorothy ( Judy Garland , right ) with Glinda the Good Witch of the North ( Billie Burke ) Suddenly the house strikes the ground and all is quiet . As Dorothy opens the door the film changes to Technicolor -- she and Toto have landed in Munchkinland , part of the Land of Oz . Glinda the Good Witch of the North and the Munchkins welcome her as their heroine -- the house has landed on and killed the Wicked Witch of the East , leaving only her feet poking out from under . In the middle of the celebration , the Wicked Witch of the West arrives in a ball of smoke and fire to claim her sister 's ruby slippers , but Glinda transports them onto Dorothy 's feet before the witch can get them . The witch swears revenge on Dorothy for her sister 's death . Glinda tells Dorothy to follow the yellow brick road to the Emerald City , where the Wizard of Oz might be able to help her get back home . On her way , Dorothy meets and befriends a Scarecrow , who wants a brain , and invites him to join her on her journey . Eventually they come to an apple orchard where they find and befriend a Tin Man , who desires a heart . After they invite him to come along , the Witch appears and makes threats to them . Deep in the woods , they meet a Cowardly Lion , who is in need of courage and invite him to come along as well . After the Witch attempts to stop them using an enchanted poppy field , they finally reach the Emerald City . Inside , after being initially rejected , they are permitted to see the Wizard , who appears as a large disembodied head surrounded by fire . He agrees to grant their wishes when they bring him the Witch of the West 's broomstick , implying they must kill her to get it . On their journey to the Witch 's castle , they pass through the Haunted Forest , while the Witch views their progress in her crystal ball . She sends her winged monkeys to attack them ; they capture Dorothy and Toto . At the castle , the Witch is stymied by magic when she tries to get the ruby slippers off Dorothy 's feet , then remembers that she must be dead first . Toto escapes and leads the Scarecrow , Tin Man , and Cowardly Lion to the castle . After ambushing three Winkie guards , they march inside wearing the stolen guards ' uniforms and free her , but the Witch discovers and traps them . The Scarecrow provides a distraction and they attempt to escape , being chased by the Witch and her guards , but are finally surrounded . The Witch sets fire to the Scarecrow and Dorothy puts it out with a bucket of water and unwittingly melts and kills the witch as the water splashes on her . The guards rejoice that she is dead and give Dorothy the charred broomstick in gratitude . Back at the Emerald City , they bring the broomstick to the Wizard . But when they ask him to keep his promises , the Wizard delays granting their requests much to their shock and frustration . During the argument , Toto pulls back a curtain and exposes the `` Wizard '' as a normal middle - aged man who has been projecting the fearsome image ; he denies Dorothy 's accusation that he is a bad man , but admits to being a humbug . He then gives the Scarecrow a diploma , the Lion a medal and the Tin Man a ticking heart - shaped clock , making them realize that they had what they wanted all along . They just did not know it yet . He then prepares to launch his hot air balloon to take Dorothy home but Toto runs off , and as she tries to get him back , the balloon leaves without them . Suddenly , Glinda returns and tells her that she can still return home by using the ruby slippers . After sharing a tearful farewell with her friends , Dorothy follows Glinda 's instructions and taps her heels together three times and repeats , `` There 's no place like home '' . She wakes up in bed at her home in Kansas , surrounded by her family , the farmhands , Professor Marvel and Toto . Though they dismiss her adventure as a dream , she insists that it was all real , and that there is no place like home . Cast ( edit ) The film 's main characters ( left to right ) : the Cowardly Lion , Dorothy , Scarecrow , and the Tin Man Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale Frank Morgan as Professor Marvel / The Wizard / Doorman / Cabbie / Guard Ray Bolger as Hunk / Scarecrow Jack Haley as Hickory / Tin Man Bert Lahr as Zeke / Cowardly Lion Billie Burke as Glinda the Good Witch of the North Margaret Hamilton as Miss Almira Gulch / The Wicked Witch of the West Clara Blandick as Aunt Em Charley Grapewin as Uncle Henry Pat Walshe as Nikko ( the Winged Monkey King ) Terry as Toto ( though credited as Toto ) Mitchell Lewis as the Winkie Guard Captain ( credited only in the IMAX version ) Adriana Caselotti as the voice of Juliet in the Tinman 's song `` If I only had a heart '' ( uncredited ) . Bert Lahr as The Cowardly Lion Munchkins ( edit ) Charlie Becker as Munchkin Mayor Meinhardt Raabe as Munchkin Coroner Jakob `` Jackie '' Gerlich as Lollipop Guild / Munchkin Jerry Maren as Lollipop Guild / Munchkin Harry Doll Earles as Lollipop Guild / Munchkin Billy Curtis as Braggart Munchkin Harry Monty as Soldier / Winged Monkey Mickey Carroll as Fiddler / Town Crier / Soldier Karl Slover as Lead trumpeter / Soldier / `` Sleepyhead '' / Villager Olga C. Nardone as the Littlest Lullaby League Margaret Pellegrini as `` Sleepyhead '' Ruth Duccini as a Munchkin Villager The Doll Family as Munchkin Villagers The Singer Midgets as the Munchkins William H. O'Docharty as Munchkin Carriage Footman Production ( edit ) Development and pre-production ( edit ) Development began when Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) showed that films adapted from popular children 's stories and fairytale folklore could be successful . In January 1938 , Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer bought the rights to the hugely popular novel from Samuel Goldwyn , who had toyed with the idea of making the film as a vehicle for Eddie Cantor , who was under contract to the Goldwyn studios and whom Goldwyn wanted to cast as the Scarecrow . The script went through a number of writers and revisions before the final shooting . Mervyn LeRoy 's assistant William H. Cannon had submitted a brief four - page outline . Because recent fantasy films had not fared well , he recommended that the magical elements of the story be toned down or eliminated . In his outline , the Scarecrow was a man so stupid that the only employment open to him was literally scaring crows from cornfields , and the Tin Woodman was a criminal so heartless he was sentenced to be placed in a tin suit for eternity ; this torture softened him into someone gentle and kind . His vision was similar to Larry Semon 's 1925 film adaptation of the story , in which the magical element is absent . After that , LeRoy hired screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz , who soon delivered a 17 - page draft of the Kansas scenes , and a few weeks later , a further 56 pages . Noel Langley and poet Ogden Nash were also hired to write separate versions of the story . None of these three knew about the others , and this was not an uncommon procedure . Nash delivered a four - page outline , Langley turned in a 43 - page treatment and a full film script . He turned in three more , this time incorporating the songs that had been written by Harold Arlen and Yip Harburg . Florence Ryerson and Edgar Allan Woolf submitted a script and were brought on board to touch up the writing . They would be responsible for making sure the story stayed true to the Baum book . However , producer Arthur Freed was unhappy with their work and reassigned it to Langley . During filming , Victor Fleming and John Lee Mahin revised the script further , adding and cutting some scenes . In addition , Jack Haley and Bert Lahr are known to have written some of their own dialogue for the Kansas sequence . The final draft of the script was completed on October 8 , 1938 , following numerous rewrites . All in all , it was a mish - mash of many creative minds , but Langley , Ryerson , and Woolf got the film credits . Along with the contributors already mentioned , others who assisted with the adaptation without receiving credit include : Irving Brecher , Herbert Fields , Arthur Freed , Yip Harburg , Samuel Hoffenstein , Jack Mintz , Sid Silvers , Richard Thorpe , Cukor and Vidor . In addition , songwriter Harburg 's son ( and biographer ) Ernie Harburg reported : `` So anyhow , Yip also wrote all the dialogue in that time and the setup to the songs and he also wrote the part where they give out the heart , the brains , and the nerve , because he was the final script editor . And he -- there was eleven screenwriters on that -- and he pulled the whole thing together , wrote his own lines and gave the thing a coherence and unity which made it a work of art . But he does n't get credit for that . He gets lyrics by E.Y. Harburg , you see . But nevertheless , he put his influence on the thing . '' The original producers thought that a 1939 audience was too sophisticated to accept Oz as a straight - ahead fantasy ; therefore , it was reconceived as a lengthy , elaborate dream sequence . Because of a perceived need to attract a youthful audience through appealing to modern fads and styles , the score had featured a song called `` The Jitterbug '' , and the script had featured a scene with a series of musical contests . A spoiled , selfish princess in Oz had outlawed all forms of music except classical and operetta , and went up against Dorothy in a singing contest in which her swing style enchanted listeners and won the grand prize . This part was initially written for Betty Jaynes . The plan was later dropped . Another scene , which was removed before final script approval and never filmed , was a concluding scene back in Kansas after Dorothy 's return . Hunk ( the Kansan counterpart to the Scarecrow ) is leaving for agricultural college and extracts a promise from Dorothy to write to him . The implication of the scene is that romance will eventually develop between the two , which also may have been intended as an explanation for Dorothy 's partiality for the Scarecrow over her other two companions . This plot idea was never totally dropped , but is especially noticeable in the final script when Dorothy , just before she is to leave Oz , tells the Scarecrow , `` I think I 'll miss you most of all . '' In his book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , Baum describes Kansas as being `` in shades of gray '' . Further , Dorothy lived inside a farmhouse which had its paint blistered and washed away by the weather , giving it an air of grayness . The house and property were situated in the middle of a sweeping prairie where the grass was burnt gray by harsh sun . Aunt Em and Uncle Henry were `` gray with age '' . Effectively , the use of monochrome sepia tones for the Kansas sequences was a stylistic choice that evoked the dull and gray countryside . Much attention was given to the use of color in the production , with the MGM production crew favoring some hues over others . Consequently , it took the studio 's art department almost a week to settle on the final shade of yellow used for the yellow brick road . Casting ( edit ) See also : Munchkin § In the 1939 film LeRoy had always insisted that he wanted to cast Judy Garland to play Dorothy from the start ; however , evidence suggests that negotiations occurred early in pre-production for Shirley Temple to be cast as Dorothy , on loan from 20th Century Fox . A persistent rumor also existed that Fox , in turn , was promised Clark Gable and Jean Harlow as a loan from MGM . The tale is almost certainly untrue , as Harlow died in 1937 , before MGM had even purchased the rights to the story . Despite this , the story appears in many film biographies ( including Temple 's own autobiography ) . The documentary The Wonderful Wizard of Oz : The Making of a Movie Classic states that Mervyn LeRoy was under pressure to cast Temple , then the most popular child star , but at an unofficial audition , MGM musical mainstay Roger Edens listened to her sing and felt that an actress with a different style was needed ; a 50th anniversary documentary for the film suggested that Temple , then 10 years old , was slightly too young for the part . Newsreel footage is included in which Temple wisecracks , `` There 's no place like home '' , suggesting that she was being considered for the part at that time . A possibility is that this consideration did indeed take place , but that Gable and Harlow were not part of the proposed deal . Actress Deanna Durbin , who was under contract to Universal Studios , was also considered for the part of Dorothy . Durbin , at the time , far exceeded Garland in film experience and fan base and both had co-starred in a 1936 two - reeler titled Every Sunday . The film was most notable for exhibiting Durbin 's operatic style of singing against Garland 's jazzier style . Durbin was possibly passed over once it was decided to bring on Jaynes , also an operatic singer , to rival Garland 's jazz in the aforementioned discarded subplot of the film . Buddy Ebsen 's first makeup test as the Tin Man Ray Bolger was originally cast as the Tin Man and Buddy Ebsen was to play the Scarecrow . Bolger , however , longed to play the Scarecrow , as his childhood idol Fred Stone had done on stage in 1902 ; with that very performance , Stone had inspired him to become a vaudevillian in the first place . Now unhappy with his role as the Tin Man ( reportedly claiming , `` I 'm not a tin performer ; I 'm fluid '' ) , Bolger convinced producer Mervyn LeRoy to recast him in the part he so desired . Ebsen did not object ; after going over the basics of the Scarecrow 's distinctive gait with Bolger ( as a professional dancer , Ebsen had been cast because the studio was confident he would be up to the task of replicating the famous `` wobbly - walk '' of Stone 's Scarecrow ) , he recorded all of his songs , went through all the rehearsals as the Tin Man and began filming with the rest of the cast . Bert Lahr was signed for the Cowardly Lion on July 25 , 1938 ; the next month , Charles Grapewin was cast as Uncle Henry on August 12 . W.C. Fields was originally chosen for the role of the Wizard , a role turned down by Ed Wynn as he thought the part was too small , but the studio ran out of patience after protracted haggling over Fields ' fee ; instead , another contract player , Frank Morgan , was cast on September 22 . Gale Sondergaard was originally cast as the Wicked Witch . She became unhappy when the witch 's persona shifted from sly and glamorous ( thought to emulate the wicked queen in Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ) into the familiar `` ugly hag '' . She turned down the role and was replaced on October 10 , 1938 , just three days before filming started , by MGM contract player Margaret Hamilton . Sondergaard said in an interview for a bonus feature on the DVD that she had no regrets about turning down the part , and would go on to play a glamorous villain in Fox 's version of Maurice Maeterlinck 's The Blue Bird in 1940 ; Margaret Hamilton played a role remarkably similar to the Wicked Witch in the Judy Garland film Babes in Arms ( 1939 ) . According to Aljean Harmetz , the `` gone - to - seed '' coat worn by Morgan as the wizard was selected from a rack of coats purchased from a second - hand shop . According to legend , Morgan later discovered a label in the coat indicating it had once belonged to Baum , that Baum 's widow confirmed this , and that the coat was eventually presented to her . But Baum biographer Michael Patrick Hearn says the Baum family denies ever seeing the coat or knowing of the story ; Hamilton considered it a concocted studio rumor . Filming ( edit ) Richard Thorpe as director ( edit ) Filming commenced October 13 , 1938 , on the MGM lot in Culver City , California , under the direction of Richard Thorpe ( replacing original director Norman Taurog , who filmed only a few early Technicolor tests and was then reassigned ) . Thorpe initially shot about two weeks of footage ( nine days in total ) involving Dorothy 's first encounter with the Scarecrow , as well as a number of sequences in the Wicked Witch 's castle , such as Dorothy 's rescue ( which , though unreleased , comprises the only footage of Ebsen 's Tin Man ) . According to most sources , ten days into the shoot , Ebsen suffered a reaction to the aluminum powder makeup he wore . He was hospitalized in critical condition , and subsequently was forced to leave the project ; in a later interview ( included on the 2005 DVD release of The Wizard of Oz ) , he recalled the studio heads appreciated the seriousness of his illness only after seeing him in the hospital . Filming halted while a replacement for him was found . No full footage of him as the Tin Man has ever been released -- only photographs taken during filming and makeup test photos . His replacement , Jack Haley , simply assumed he had been fired . Author and screen - writer George MacDonald Fraser offers an alternative story , told to him by Burt Lancaster 's producing partner , Jim Hill , that Ebsen had refused to be painted silver and was fired . George Cukor 's brief stint ( edit ) LeRoy , after reviewing the footage and feeling Thorpe was rushing the production , adversely affecting the actors ' performances , had Thorpe replaced . During reorganization on the production , George Cukor temporarily took over , under LeRoy 's guidance . Initially , the studio had made Garland wear a blond wig and heavy `` baby - doll '' makeup , and she played Dorothy in an exaggerated fashion ; now , Cukor changed Garland 's and Hamilton 's makeup and costumes , and told Garland to `` be herself '' . This meant that all the scenes Garland and Hamilton had already completed had to be discarded and reshot . Cukor also suggested that the studio cast Jack Haley , on loan from Fox , as the Tin Man . To keep down on production costs , Haley only rerecorded `` If I Only Had a Heart '' and solo lines during `` The Jitterbug '' and `` If I Only Had the Nerve '' ; as such , Ebsen 's voice can still be heard in the remaining songs featuring the Tin Man in group vocals . The makeup used for Haley was quietly changed to an aluminum paste , with a layer of clown white greasepaint underneath to protect his skin ; although it did not have the same dire effect on Haley , he did at one point suffer an eye infection from it . In addition , Bolger 's original recording of `` If I Only Had a Brain '' had been far more sedate compared to the version heard in the film ; during this time , Cukor and LeRoy decided that a more energetic rendition would better suit Dorothy 's initial meeting with the Scarecrow ( initially , it was to contrast with his lively manner in Thorpe 's footage ) , and was rerecorded as such . At first thought to be lost for over seven decades , a recording of this original version was rediscovered in 2009 . Victor Fleming , the main director ( edit ) Director Victor Fleming on set with cast Cukor did not actually shoot any scenes for the film , merely acting as something of a `` creative advisor '' to the troubled production , and , because of his prior commitment to direct Gone with the Wind , he left on November 3 , 1938 , when Victor Fleming assumed directorial responsibility . As director , Fleming chose not to shift the film from Cukor 's creative realignment , as producer LeRoy had already pronounced his satisfaction with the new course the film was taking . Production on the bulk of the Technicolor sequences was a long and cumbersome process that ran for over six months , from October 1938 to March 1939 . Most of the cast worked six days a week and had to arrive as early as 4 : 00 a.m. to be fitted with makeup and costumes , and often did not leave until 7 pm or later . Cumbersome makeup and costumes were made even more uncomfortable by the daylight - bright lighting the early Technicolor process required , which could heat the set to over 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . Bolger later said that the frightening nature of the costumes prevented most of the Oz principals from eating in the studio commissary ; the toxicity of Hamilton 's copper - based makeup forced her to eat a liquid diet on shoot days . It took as many as twelve takes to have Toto run alongside the actors as they skipped down the yellow brick road . All of the Oz sequences were filmed in three - strip Technicolor . The opening and closing credits , as well as the Kansas sequences , were filmed in black and white and colored in a sepia - tone process . Sepia - toned film was also used in the scene where Aunt Em appears in the Wicked Witch 's crystal ball . An extensive talent search produced over a hundred little people to play Munchkins ; this meant that most of the film 's Oz sequences would have to already be shot before work on the Munchkinland sequence could begin . According to Munchkin actor Jerry Maren , the little people were each paid over $125 a week . Meinhardt Raabe , who played the coroner , revealed in the 1990 documentary The Making of the Wizard of Oz that the MGM costume and wardrobe department , under the direction of designer Adrian , had to design over 100 costumes for the Munchkin sequences . They then had to photograph and catalog each Munchkin in his or her costume so that they could correctly apply the same costume and makeup each day of production . In Hamilton 's exit from the Munchkinland a concealed elevator was arranged to lower her below stage as fire and smoke erupted to dramatize and conceal her exit . The first take ran well but in the second take the flames did not go out in time . The flames set fire to her green , copper - based face paint , causing third - degree burns on her hands and face . She spent three months healing before returning to work . King Vidor 's finishing work as director ( edit ) On February 12 , 1939 , Fleming hastily replaced Cukor in directing Gone with the Wind ; the next day , King Vidor was assigned as director by the studio to finish the filming of The Wizard of Oz ( mainly the sepia - toned Kansas sequences , including Garland 's singing of `` Over the Rainbow '' and the tornado ) . In later years , when the film became firmly established as a classic , Vidor chose not to take public credit for his contribution until after the death of his friend Fleming in 1949 . Post-production ( edit ) Principal photography concluded with the Kansas sequences on March 16 , 1939 ; nonetheless , reshoots and pick - up shots were filmed throughout April and May and into June , under the direction of producer LeRoy . After the deletion of the `` Over the Rainbow '' reprise during subsequent test screenings in early June , Garland had to be brought back one more time to reshoot the `` Auntie Em , I 'm frightened ! '' scene without the song ; the footage of Blandick 's Aunt Em , as shot by Vidor , had already been set aside for rear - projection work , and was simply reused . After Hamilton 's torturous experience with the Munchkinland elevator , she refused to do the pick - ups for the scene in which she flies on a broomstick that billows smoke , so LeRoy chose to have stand - in Betty Danko perform the scene , instead ; as a result , Danko was severely injured doing the scene due to a malfunction in the smoke mechanism . At this point , the film began a long arduous post-production . Herbert Stothart had to compose the film 's background score , while A. Arnold Gillespie had to perfect the various special effects that the film required , including many of the rear projection shots . The MGM art department also had to create the various matte paintings for the background of many of the scenes . One significant innovation planned for the film was the use of stencil printing for the transition to Technicolor . Each frame was to be hand - tinted to maintain the sepia tone ; however , because this was too expensive and labor - intensive , it was abandoned and MGM used a simpler and less expensive variation of the process . During the reshoots in May , the inside of the farm house was painted sepia , and when Dorothy opens the door , it is not Garland , but her stand - in , Bobbie Koshay , wearing a sepia gingham dress , who then backs out of frame ; once the camera moves through the door , Garland steps back into frame in her bright blue gingham dress ( as noted in DVD extras ) , and the sepia - painted door briefly tints her with the same color before she emerges from the house 's shadow , into the bright glare of the Technicolor lighting . This also meant that the reshoots provided the first proper shot of Munchkinland ; if one looks carefully , the brief cut to Dorothy looking around outside the house bisects a single long shot , from the inside of the doorway to the pan-around that finally ends in a reverse - angle as the ruins of the house are seen behind Dorothy as she comes to a stop at the foot of the small bridge . Test screenings of the film began on June 5 , 1939 . Oz initially ran nearly two hours long . LeRoy and Fleming knew that at least a quarter of an hour needed to be deleted to get the film down to a manageable running time ; the average film in 1939 ran for just about 90 minutes . Three sneak previews in Santa Barbara , Pomona and San Luis Obispo , California , helped guide LeRoy and Fleming in the cutting . Among the many cuts were `` The Jitterbug '' number , the Scarecrow 's elaborate dance sequence following `` If I Only Had a Brain '' , reprises of `` Over the Rainbow '' and `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' , and a number of smaller dialogue sequences . This left the final , mostly serious portion of the film with no songs , only the dramatic underscoring . One song that was almost deleted was `` Over the Rainbow '' . MGM had felt that it made the Kansas sequence too long , as well as being far over the heads of the target audience of children . The studio also thought that it was degrading for Garland to sing in a barnyard . LeRoy , uncredited associate producer Arthur Freed and director Fleming fought to keep it in , and they all eventually won . The song went on to win the Academy Award for Best Song of the Year , and came to be identified so strongly with Garland herself that she made it her theme song . In 2004 , the song was ranked no . 1 by the American Film Institute on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs list . After the preview in San Luis Obispo in early July , the film was officially released in August 1939 at its current 101 - minute running time . Music ( edit ) Main article : Musical selections in The Wizard of Oz Herbert Stothart conducts the MGM Studio Orchestra for The Wizard of Oz , which was recorded at the MGM studios . Lobby card with still of deleted musical number `` Hail ! Hail ! The Witch is Dead ! '' , sung upon the triumphant return to Emerald City The film is widely noted for its musical selections and soundtrack . The music was composed by Harold Arlen , and the lyrics were written by Yip Harburg , both of whom won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for `` Over the Rainbow '' . The song was ranked first in two lists : the AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs and the Recording Industry Association of America 's `` 365 Songs of the Century '' . MGM composer Herbert Stothart , a well - known Hollywood composer and songwriter , won the Academy Award for Best Original Score in recognition of his original score . Georgie Stoll was associate conductor and screen credit was given to George Bassman , Murray Cutter , Ken Darby and Paul Marquardt for orchestral and vocal arrangements ( as usual , Roger Edens was also heavily involved as an unbilled musical associate to Freed . ) The song `` The Jitterbug '' , written in a swing style , was intended for the sequence in which the group is journeying to the Witch 's castle . Due to time constraints , the song was cut from the final theatrical version . The film footage for the song has been lost , although silent home film footage of rehearsals for the number has survived . The sound recording for the song , however , is intact and was included in the two - CD Rhino Records deluxe edition of the film soundtrack , as well as on the VHS and DVD editions of the film . A reference to `` The Jitterbug '' remains in the film : the Witch remarks to her flying monkeys that they should have no trouble apprehending Dorothy and her friends because `` I 've sent a little insect on ahead to take the fight out of them . '' Another musical number cut before release occurred right after the Wicked Witch of the West was melted and before Dorothy and her friends returned to the Wizard . This was a reprise of `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' ( blended with `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' and `` The Merry Old Land of Oz '' ) with the lyrics altered to `` Hail ! Hail ! The Witch is Dead ! '' This started with the Witch 's guard saying `` Hail to Dorothy ! The Wicked Witch is dead ! '' and dissolved to a huge celebration of the citizens of the Emerald City singing the song as they accompany Dorothy and her friends to see the Wizard . Today , the film of this scene is also lost and only a few stills survive , along with a few seconds of footage used on several reissue trailers . The entire audio still exists and is included on the two - CD Rhino Record deluxe edition of the film soundtrack . In addition , a brief reprise of `` Over the Rainbow '' was intended to be sung by Garland while Dorothy is trapped in the Witch 's castle , but it was cut because it was considered too emotionally intense . The original soundtrack recording still exists , however , and was included as an extra in all home media releases from 1993 - onwards . The songs were recorded in the studio 's scoring stage before filming . Several of the recordings were completed while Ebsen was still with the cast . Therefore , while he had to be dropped from the cast due to illness from the aluminum powder makeup , his singing voice remained in the soundtrack ( as noted in the notes for the CD Deluxe Edition ) . In the group vocals of `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' , his voice can be heard . Haley spoke with a distinct Boston accent , thus did not pronounce the r in wizard . By contrast , Ebsen was a Midwesterner , like Garland , and pronounced it . Haley rerecorded Ebsen 's solo parts later . Judy Garland singing `` Over the Rainbow '' with Terry Song list ( edit ) `` Over the Rainbow '' -- Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale Munchkinland Sequence : `` Come Out ... '' -- Billie Burke as Glinda , and the Munchkins `` It Really Was No Miracle '' -- Judy Garland as Dorothy , Billy Bletcher and the Munchkins `` We Thank You Very Sweetly '' -- Frank Cucksey and Joseph Koziel `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' -- Billie Burke as Glinda ( speaking ) and the Munchkins `` As Mayor of the Munchkin City '' `` As Coroner , I Must Aver '' `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' ( Reprise ) -- The Munchkins `` The Lullaby League '' `` The Lollipop Guild '' `` We Welcome You to Munchkinland '' -- The Munchkins `` Follow the Yellow Brick Road / You 're Off to See the Wizard '' -- Judy Garland as Dorothy , and the Munchkins `` If I Only Had a Brain '' -- Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow , and Judy Garland as Dorothy `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' -- Judy Garland as Dorothy , and Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow `` If I Only Had a Heart '' -- Jack Haley as the Tin Man `` If I Only Had a Heart '' ( original recording ) -- Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' ( Reprise 1 ) -- Judy Garland as Dorothy , Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow , and Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man `` If I Only Had the Nerve '' -- Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion , Jack Haley as the Tin Man , Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow , and Judy Garland as Dorothy `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' ( Reprise 2 ) -- Judy Garland as Dorothy , Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow , Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man , and Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion `` Optimistic Voices '' -- MGM Studio Chorus `` The Merry Old Land of Oz '' -- Frank Morgan as Cabby , Judy Garland as Dorothy , Ray Bolger as Scarecrow , Jack Haley as the Tin Man , Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion and the Emerald City townspeople `` If I Were King of the Forest '' -- Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion , Judy Garland as Dorothy , Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow and Jack Haley as the Tin Man `` The Jitterbug '' -- Although this song was removed from the final film , it is still available on some extended edition CDs . Underscoring ( edit ) Extensive edits in the film 's final cut removed vocals from the last portion of the film . However , the film was fully underscored , with instrumental snippets from the film 's various leitmotifs throughout . There was also some recognizable popular music , including : Excerpts from Schumann 's `` The Happy Farmer '' , at several points early in the film , including the opening scene when Dorothy and Toto are hurrying home after their encounter with Miss Gulch , when Toto escapes from her , and when the house is `` riding '' the tornado . An excerpt of Mendelssohn 's `` Opus 16 , # 2 '' , when Toto escapes from the Witch 's castle . An excerpt of Mussorgsky 's `` Night on Bald Mountain '' , when Dorothy , the Scarecrow , the Tin Man , and the Cowardly Lion are trying to escape from the Witch 's castle . `` In the Shade of the Old Apple Tree '' , when Dorothy and the Scarecrow discover the anthropomorphic apple trees . `` Gaudeamus Igitur '' during the Wizard 's presentation of awards to the group . `` Home ! Sweet Home ! '' , in part of the underscore of the closing scene , at Dorothy 's house in Kansas . ( The above list is excerpted from the liner notes on the Rhino Records collection . ) Release ( edit ) A memorial commemorating the film 's world premiere at the Strand Theatre in Oconomowoc , Wisconsin on August 12 , 1939 The film 's first sneak preview was held in San Bernardino , California . The film was previewed in three test markets : on August 11 , 1939 , at Kenosha , Wisconsin and Cape Cod , Massachusetts , and at the Strand Theatre in Oconomowoc , Wisconsin , on August 12 . The Hollywood premiere was on August 15 , 1939 , at Grauman 's Chinese Theatre . The New York City premiere , held at Loew 's Capitol Theatre on August 17 , 1939 , was followed by a live performance with Garland and her frequent film co-star Mickey Rooney . They continued to perform there after each screening for a week , extended in Rooney 's case for a second week and in Garland 's to three ( with Oz co-stars Ray Bolger and Bert Lahr replacing Rooney for the third and final week ) . The film opened nationwide on August 25 , 1939 . Box office ( edit ) According to MGM records , during the film 's initial release , it earned $2,048,000 in the US and Canada and $969,000 in other countries throughout the world , resulting in total earnings of $3,017,000 . While these were considerable earnings , the high production cost , in association with various distribution and other costs , meant the movie initially recorded a loss of $1,145,000 for the studio . It did not show what MGM considered a profit until a 1949 rerelease earned an additional $1.5 million ( about $15 million today ) . However , for all the risks and cost that MGM undertook to produce the film , it was considered at least more successful than anyone thought it would be . According to Christopher Finch , author of the Judy Garland biography Rainbow : The Stormy Life Of Judy Garland , `` Fantasy is always a risk at the box office . The film had been enormously successful as a book , and it had also been a major stage hit , but previous attempts to bring it to the screen had been dismal failures . '' Finch also writes that after the success of the film , Garland signed a new contract with MGM giving her a substantial increase in salary , making her one of the top - ten box office stars in the United States . Reception ( edit ) The film received much acclaim upon its release . Frank Nugent considered the film a `` delightful piece of wonder - working which had the youngsters ' eyes shining and brought a quietly amused gleam to the wiser ones of the oldsters . Not since Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs has anything quite so fantastic succeeded half so well . '' Nugent had issues with some of the film 's special effects , writing , `` with the best of will and ingenuity , they can not make a Munchkin or a Flying Monkey that will not still suggest , however vaguely , a Singer 's Midget in a Jack Dawn masquerade . Nor can they , without a few betraying jolts and split - screen overlappings , bring down from the sky the great soap bubble in which Glinda rides and roll it smoothly into place . '' According to Nugent , `` Judy Garland 's Dorothy is a pert and fresh - faced miss with the wonder - lit eyes of a believer in fairy tales , but the Baum fantasy is at its best when the Scarecrow , the Tin Man , and the Lion are on the move . '' Writing in Variety , John C. Flinn predicted that the film was `` likely to perform some record - breaking feats of box - office magic , '' noting , `` Some of the scenic passages are so beautiful in design and composition as to stir audiences by their sheer unfoldment . '' He also called Garland `` an appealing figure '' and the musical numbers `` gay and bright . '' Harrison 's Reports wrote , `` Even though some persons are not interested in pictures of this type , it is possible that they will be eager to see this picture just for its technical treatment . The performances are good , and the incidental music is of considerable aid . Pictures of this caliber bring credit to the industry . '' Film Daily wrote : `` Leo the Lion is privileged to herald this one with his deepest roar -- the one that comes from way down -- for seldom if indeed ever has the screen been so successful in its approach to fantasy and extravaganza through flesh - and - blood ... handsomely mounted fairy story in Technicolor , with its wealth of humor and homespun philosophy , its stimulus to the imagination , its procession of unforgettable settings , its studding of merry tunes should click solidly at the box - office . '' Not all reviews were positive . Some moviegoers felt that the 16 - year - old Garland was slightly too old to play the little girl who Baum originally intended his Dorothy to be . Russell Maloney of The New Yorker wrote that the film displayed `` no trace of imagination , good taste , or ingenuity '' and declared it `` a stinkeroo , '' while Otis Ferguson of The New Republic wrote , `` It has dwarfs , music , Technicolor , freak characters , and Judy Garland . It ca n't be expected to have a sense of humor , as well - and as for the light touch of fantasy , it weighs like a pound of fruitcake soaking wet . '' Still , the film placed seventh on Film Daily 's year - end nationwide poll of 542 critics naming the best films of 1939 . Roger Ebert chose it as one of his Great Films , writing that `` The Wizard of Oz has a wonderful surface of comedy and music , special effects and excitement , but we still watch it six decades later because its underlying story penetrates straight to the deepest insecurities of childhood , stirs them and then reassures them . '' Writer Salman Rushdie acknowledged `` The Wizard of Oz was my very first literary influence '' in his 2002 musings about the film . He has written : `` When I first saw The Wizard of Oz , it made a writer of me . '' His first short story , written at the age of 10 , was titled `` Over the Rainbow '' . In a 2009 retrospective article about the film , San Francisco Chronicle film critic and author Mick LaSalle declared that the film 's `` entire Munchkinland sequence , from Dorothy 's arrival in Oz to her departure on the yellow brick road , has to be one of the greatest in cinema history -- a masterpiece of set design , costuming , choreography , music , lyrics , storytelling , and sheer imagination . '' On the film critic aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 99 % based on 109 reviews , with an average score of 9.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` An absolute masterpiece whose groundbreaking visuals and deft storytelling are still every bit as resonant , The Wizard of Oz is a must - see film for young and old . '' At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film received the maximum score of 100 out of 100 , based on 4 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' , which , as of August 2017 , is matched only by five other films . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , by L. Frank Baum Re-releases ( edit ) Although the 1949 reissue used sepia tone , as in the original release , beginning with the 1955 re-issue , and continuing until the film 's 50th anniversary VHS release in 1989 , these opening Kansas sequences were shown in black and white instead of the sepia tone as originally printed . ( This includes television showings . ) The MGM `` Children 's Matinees '' series rereleased the film twice , in both 1970 and 1971 . It was for this release that the film received a G rating from the MPAA . For the film 's then - upcoming 60th anniversary , Warner Bros. Pictures released a `` Special Edition '' on November 6 , 1998 , digitally restored with remastered audio . In 2002 , the film had a very limited re-release in U.S. theaters , earning only $139,905 . On September 23 , 2009 , the film was rereleased in select theaters for a one - night - only event in honor of its 70th anniversary and as a promotion for various new disc releases later in the month . An encore of this event was released in theaters on November 17 , 2009 . An IMAX 3D theatrical re-release played at 300 theaters in North America for one week only beginning September 20 , 2013 , as part of the film 's 75th anniversary . Warner Bros. spent $25 million on advertising . The studio hosted a premiere of the film 's first IMAX 3D release on September 15 , 2013 , from the newly remodeled TCL Chinese Theatre ( formerly Grauman 's Chinese Theatre , the site of the film 's Hollywood premiere ) in Hollywood . It was the first to play at the new theater and served as the grand opening of Hollywood 's first 3D IMAX screen . It was also shown as a special presentation at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival . This re-release grossed $5.6 million at the North American box office . In 2013 , in preparation for its IMAX 3D release , the film was submitted again to the MPAA for re-classification . According to MPAA rules , a film that has been altered in any way from its original version must be submitted for re-classification , as the 3 - D conversion fell within that guideline . Surprisingly , the 3D version received a PG rating for `` Some scary moments '' , although no change was made to the film 's original story content . The 2D version still retains its G rating . The film was rereleased on January 11 and 14 , 2015 , as part of the `` TCM Presents '' series by Turner Classic Movies . Television ( edit ) Main article : The Wizard of Oz on television The film was first shown on television on November 3 , 1956 , by CBS , as the last installment of the Ford Star Jubilee . Home media ( edit ) The film was released multiple times for the home - video commercial market ( on a limited scale ) on Super 8 film ( 8 mm format ) during the 1970s . These releases include an edited English version ( roughly 10 minutes , and roughly 20 minutes ) , as well as edited Spanish versions of the classic . Also , a full commercial release of it was made on Super 8 ( on multiple reels ) that came out in the 1970s , as well , for the commercial market . The film was among the first videocassettes ( on both VHS and Betamax format for the 1980 release ) by MGM / CBS Home Video in 1980 ; all current home video releases are by Warner Home Video ( via current rights holder Turner Entertainment ) . The first LaserDisc release of it was in 1982 , with two versions of a second ( one from Turner and one from The Criterion Collection with a commentary track ) for the 50th anniversary release in 1989 , a third in 1991 , a fourth in 1993 , a fifth in 1995 and a sixth and final LaserDisc release on September 11 , 1996 . In addition to VHS ( and later , LaserDisc ) , the film has been released multiple times during the 1980s on the Betamax format , beginning in 1980 simultaneously with the VHS release . The film was released for the first and only time on the CED format in 1982 by MGM / UA Home Video . Outside of the North American and European markets , the film has also been released multiple times on the Video CD format since the 1990s in Asia . The first DVD release was on March 26 , 1997 , by MGM / Turner and contained no special features or supplements . It was re-released by Warner Bros. for its 60th anniversary on October 19 , 1999 , with its soundtrack presented in a new 5.1 surround sound mix . The monochrome - to - color transition was more smoothly accomplished by digitally keeping the inside of the house in monochrome while Dorothy and the reveal of Munchkinland are in color . The DVD also contained a behind - the - scenes documentary , The Wonderful Wizard of Oz : The Making of a Movie Classic , produced in 1990 and hosted by Angela Lansbury , which was originally shown on television immediately following the 1990 telecast of the film ; it had been featured in the 1993 `` Ultimate Oz '' LaserDisc release . Outtakes , the deleted `` Jitterbug '' musical number , clips of pre-1939 Oz adaptations , trailers , newsreels , and a portrait gallery were also included , as well as two radio programs of the era publicizing the film . In 2005 , two DVD editions were released , both featuring a newly restored version of the film with an audio commentary and an isolated music and effects track . One of the two DVD releases was a `` Two - Disc Special Edition '' , featuring production documentaries , trailers , various outtakes , newsreels , radio shows and still galleries . The other set , a `` Three - Disc Collector 's Edition '' , included these features , as well as the digitally restored 80th - anniversary edition of the 1925 feature - length silent film version of The Wizard of Oz , other silent Oz adaptations and a 1933 animated short version . The film was released on Blu - ray on September 29 , 2009 , for its 70th anniversary in a four - disc `` Ultimate Collector 's Edition '' , including all the bonus features from the 2005 Collector 's Edition DVD , new bonus features about Victor Fleming and the surviving Munchkins , the telefilm The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story , and the miniseries MGM : When the Lion Roars . For this edition , Warner commissioned a new transfer at 8K resolution from the original film negatives . The restoration job was given to Prime Focus World . This restored version also features a lossless 5.1 Dolby TrueHD audio track . A DVD version was also released as a Two - Disc Special Edition and a Five - Disc Ultimate Collector 's Edition . On December 1 , 2009 , three Blu - ray discs of the Ultimate Collector 's Edition were repackaged as a less expensive `` Emerald Edition '' , with an Emerald Edition four - disc DVD arriving the following week . A single - disc Blu - ray , containing the restored movie and all the extra features of the two - disc Special Edition DVD , also became available on March 16 , 2010 . In 2013 , the film was re-released on DVD , Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D and UltraViolet for the 90th anniversary of Warner Bros. and as part of its 75th anniversary . Also , multiple special editions were released in celebration of the film 's the 75th anniversary in 2013 , exclusively by both Best Buy ( a SteelBook of the 3D Blu - ray ) and another version that came with a keepsake lunch bag released by Target stores . Awards and honors ( edit ) Academy Awards ( edit ) Awards Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient Outcome Academy Awards February 29 , 1940 Best Picture Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Nominated Best Cinematography , Color Harold Rosson Best Art Direction Cedric Gibbons and William A. Horning Best Effects , Special Effects A. Arnold Gillespie and Douglas Shearer Best Music , Original Score Herbert Stothart Won Best Music , Original Song `` Over the Rainbow '' Music by Harold Arlen ; Lyrics by E.Y. Harburg Academy Juvenile Award Judy Garland For her outstanding performance as a screen juvenile during the past year . ( She was jointly awarded for her performances in Babes in Arms and The Wizard of Oz ) . Honorary American film Institute lists ( edit ) The American Film Institute ( AFI ) has compiled various lists which include this film or elements thereof . AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- No. 6 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- No. 43 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Wicked Witch of the West -- No. 4 villain AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Over the Rainbow '' -- No. 1 `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' -- No. 82 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Toto , I 've a feeling we 're not in Kansas anymore . '' ( Dorothy Gale ) -- No. 4 `` There 's no place like home . '' ( Dorothy ) -- No. 23 `` I 'll get you , my pretty -- and your little dog , too ! '' ( Wicked Witch of the West ) -- No. 99 AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- No. 3 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- No. 26 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- No. 10 AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- No. 1 Fantasy film Other honors ( edit ) 1999 : Rolling Stone 's 100 Maverick Movies -- No. 20 . 1999 : Entertainment Weekly 's 100 Greatest Films -- No. 32 . 2000 : The Village Voice 's 100 Best Films of the 20th Century -- No. 14 . 2002 : Sight & Sound 's Greatest Film Poll of Directors -- No. 41 . 2005 : Total Film 's 100 Greatest Films -- No. 83 . 2005 : ranked among the top ten of the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 . 2007 : Total Film 's 23 Weirdest Films -- No. 1 . 2007 : The Observer ranked the film 's songs and music at the top of its list of 50 greatest film soundtracks . Differences from the novel ( edit ) Roughly 40 identifiable major differences exist between the original book and the MGM interpretation . Sequels and reinterpretations ( edit ) Main article : Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz The film was dramatized as a one - hour radio play on Lux Radio Theatre , which was broadcast on December 25 , 1950 , with Garland reprising her earlier role . In 1964 , a one - hour animated cartoon called Return to Oz was shown as an afternoon weekend special on NBC . An official 1972 sequel , the animated Journey Back to Oz starring Liza Minnelli , daughter of Garland , was produced to commemorate the original film 's 35th anniversary . In 1975 , the stage show The Wiz premiered on Broadway . It was an African American version of The Wizard of Oz reworked for the stage . It starred Stephanie Mills and other Broadway stars and earned a number of Tony Awards . Its financing was handled by actor Geoffrey Holder . Its inspired revivals after it left the stage and an unsuccessful motion picture made in 1978 , starring Diana Ross as Dorothy and Michael Jackson as the Scarecrow . In 1985 , Walt Disney Productions released the live - action fantasy film Return to Oz , which starred ( and introduced ) Fairuza Balk as a young Dorothy Gale . Based loosely on The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) and Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) , it fared rather poorly with critics who were unfamiliar with the Oz books and was not successful at the box office , although it has since become a popular cult film , with many considering it a more loyal and faithful adaptation of what L. Frank Baum envisioned . In 1995 , Gregory Maguire published the novel Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West , which was adapted into the wildly successful Broadway musical Wicked . The story describes the life of the Wicked Witch of the West and other events prior to Dorothy 's arrival . For the film 's 56th anniversary , a 1987 stage show also titled The Wizard of Oz was based upon it and the book by L. Frank Baum . It toured from 1995 to 2012 , except for 2004 . In 2005 , The Muppets Studio produced The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz , a television film for ABC , starring Ashanti as Dorothy , Jeffrey Tambor as the Wizard , David Alan Grier as Uncle Henry , and Queen Latifah as Aunt Em . Kermit the Frog portrayed the Scarecrow , Gonzo portrayed the Tin Thing ( Tin Man ) , Fozzie Bear portrayed the Lion and Miss Piggy portrayed all the Witches of the West , East , North and South . In 2007 , The Sci - Fi Channel released the three - part miniseries Tin Man , a science fiction continuation starring Zooey Deschanel as DG . Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice wrote a stage musical of the same name , which opened in 2011 at the West End 's London Palladium . It features all of the songs from the film plus new songs written by Lloyd Webber and Rice . Lloyd Webber also found Danielle Hope to play Dorothy on the reality show , Over the Rainbow . Another production opened in December 2012 at the Ed Mirvish Theatre in Toronto . A reality TV show , also titled Over the Rainbow , found a Canadian girl , Danielle Wade , to play Dorothy . The Canadian production then began a North American tour in September 2013 . An Australian tour will begin at the Lyric Theatre , Queensland Performing Arts Centre in November 2017 , followed by a season at the Capitol Theatre , Sydney beginning December 2017 . An animated film called Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz was released in 2011 by Warner Home Video , incorporating Tom and Jerry into the story as Dorothy 's `` protectors '' . A sequel titled Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz was released on DVD on June 21 , 2016 . Writer - director Hugh Gross ' independent film After the Wizard , produced in 2010 , relates events after those of the film . It was released to DVD on August 7 , 2012 . In 2013 , Walt Disney Pictures released a spiritual prequel titled , Oz the Great and Powerful . It was directed by Sam Raimi , and starred James Franco , Mila Kunis , Rachel Weisz and Michelle Williams . It was the second film based on Baum 's Oz series to be produced by Disney , after Return to Oz . It was a commercial success and received a mixed critical reception . In 2014 , now - defunct independent film company Clarius Entertainment released a big - budget animated musical film , Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return , which follows Dorothy 's second trip to Oz . The film was a box office bomb and was received negatively by critics largely for its plot and unmemorable musical numbers . Cultural impact ( edit ) Regarding the original Baum storybook , it has been said that `` The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is America 's greatest and best - loved home grown fairytale . The first totally American fantasy for children , it is one of the most - read children 's books ... and despite its many particularly American attributes , including a wizard from Omaha , The Wonderful Wizard of Oz has universal appeal . '' The film also has been deemed `` culturally significant '' by the United States Library of Congress , which selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry in 1989 . In June 2007 , the film was listed on UNESCO 's Memory of the World Register . The film placed at number 86 on Bravo 's 100 Scariest Movie Moments . In 1977 , Aljean Harmetz wrote The Making of The Wizard of Oz , a detailed description of the creation of the film based on interviews and research ; it was updated in 1989 . Ruby slippers ( edit ) Main article : Ruby slippers Because of their iconic stature , the ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland in the film are now among the most treasured and valuable film memorabilia in movie history . The silver slippers that Dorothy wore in the book series were changed to ruby to take advantage of the new Technicolor process . Adrian , MGM 's chief costume designer , was responsible for the final design . A number of pairs were made , though no one knows exactly how many . After filming , the slippers were stored among the studio 's extensive collection of costumes and faded from attention . They were found in the basement of MGM 's wardrobe department during preparations for a mammoth auction in 1970 . One pair was the highlight of the auction , going for a then unheard of $15,000 to an anonymous buyer , who apparently donated them to the Smithsonian Institution in 1979 . Four other pairs are known to exist ; one sold for $666,000 at auction in 2000 . A pair was stolen from the Judy Garland Museum in Grand Rapids , Minnesota and remains missing . Another , differently styled pair unused in the film was sold at auction with the rest of her collections by owner actress Debbie Reynolds for $510,000 ( not including the buyer 's premium ) in June 2011 . Impact upon LGBT culture ( edit ) For information on the film 's impact on LGBT culture in America , see Friend of Dorothy . See also ( edit ) Oz portal Film portal List of films considered the best Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Wizard of Oz festival Dark Side of the Rainbow The Wizard of Oz , the 2011 stage musical Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE WIZARD OF OZ '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : The Eddie Mannix Ledger , Los Angeles : Margaret Herrick Library , Center for Motion Picture Study . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' . www.afi.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Fricke , John ( 1989 ) . The Wizard of Oz : The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History . New York : Warner Books . ISBN 0 - 446 - 51446 - 2 . Jump up ^ Note : All actors share equal billing ; the Singer Midgets are listed in the credits as `` The Munchkins '' . Jump up ^ Nugent , Frank S. ( August 18 , 1939 ) . `` The Screen in Review ; ' The Wizard of Oz , ' Produced by the Wizards of Hollywood , Works Its Magic on the Capitol 's Screen -- March of Time Features New York at the Music Hall at the Palace '' . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` How did ' Wizard of Oz ' fare on its 1939 release ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` To See The Wizard Oz on Stage and Film '' . Library of Congress . December 15 , 2010 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz ( Victor Fleming 1939 ) , produced by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer '' . UNESCO Memory of the World Programme . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2009 . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fricke , John ; Scarfone , Jay ; Stillman , William ( 1986 ) . The Wizard of Oz : The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History . New York , NY : Warner Books , Inc. p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 446 - 51446 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the Making of a Movie Classic ( 1990 ) . CBS Television , narrated by Angela Lansbury . Co-produced by John Fricke and Aljean Harmetz . ^ Jump up to : Aljean Harmetz ( 2004 ) . The Making of The Wizard of Oz . Hyperion . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8352 - 9 . See the Chapter `` Special Effects . Jump up ^ Coan , Stephen ( December 22 , 2011 ) . `` KZN 's very own screen wizard '' . The Witness . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Warner Bros. `` Wizard of Oz Timeline '' . Warnerbros.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2007 . Retrieved September 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Democracy Now . November 25 , 2004 Archived November 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Fordin , Hugh ( 1976 ) . World of Entertainment . City : Avon Books ( Mm ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 380 - 00754 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Reporter , Oct. 20 , 2005 '' . Jump up ^ Clarke , Gerald ( 2001 ) . Get Happy : The Life of Judy Garland . Delta . p. 94 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 33515 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the Making of a Movie Classic . CBS Television , 1990 , narrated by Angela Lansbury . Co-produced by John Fricke and Aljean Harmetz . Jump up ^ Cemetery Guide , Hollywood Remains to Be Seen , Mark Masek . Jump up ^ Fricke , John and Scarfone and William Stillman . The Wizard of Oz : The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History , Warner Books , 1989 Jump up ^ Hearn , Michael Patrick . Keynote address . The International Wizard of Oz Club Centennial convention . Indiana University , August 2000 . Jump up ^ Smalling , Allen ( 1989 ) . The Making of the Wizard of Oz : Movie Magic and Studio Power in the Prime of MGM . Hyperion . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8352 - 9 . Jump up ^ MacDonald Fraser , George ( 2003 ) . The Light 's on at Signpost. Harper - Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 732563 - 4 . Jump up ^ The Wizard of Oz 70th Anniversary News Archived May 13 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Interview of Ray Bolger ( 1990 ) . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz : 50 Years of Magic . Jack Haley Jr Productions . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Leopold , Ted ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Wizard of Oz ' at 75 : Did you know ... ? '' . CNN . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Margaret Hamilton 's copper - based makeup as the Wicked Witch was poisonous , so she lived on a liquid diet during the film , and the makeup was carefully cleaned off her each day . Jump up ^ Aylesworth , Thomas ( 1984 ) . History of Movie Musicals . New York City : Gallery Books . p. 97 . ISBN 0 - 8317 - 4467 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Making of the Wizard of Oz -- Movie Magic and Studio Power in the Prime of MGM -- and the Miracle of Production # 1060 , 10th Edition , Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group , Inc. / Random House , 1989 . Jump up ^ Jim 's `` Wizard of Oz '' Website Directory . `` '' The Wizard of Oz `` ... A Movie Timeline '' . geocities.com . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2007 . Retrieved September 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Wizard of Oz : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack -- The Deluxe Edition , 2 - CD set , original recording remastered , Rhino Records # 71964 ( July 18 , 1995 ) Jump up ^ Warner Bros. 2005 The Wizard of Oz Deluxe DVD edition , program notes and audio extras . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) - Original Soundtrack - Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ Down The Yellow Brick Road : The Making of The Wizard Of Oz `` McClelland , 1976 Publisher Pyramid Publications ( Harcourt Brace Jonavich ) Jump up ^ Williams , Scott ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` Hello , yellow brick road '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . John Fricke , a historian who has written books about The Wizard of Oz , said that MGM executives arranged advance screenings in a handful of small communities to find out how audiences would respond to the musical adventure , which cost nearly $3 million to produce . Fricke said he believes the first showings were on the 11th , one day before Oconomowoc 's preview , on Cape Cod in Dennis , Massachusetts , and in another southeastern Wisconsin community , Kenosha . ^ Jump up to : Cisar , Katjusa ( August 18 , 2009 ) . `` No Place Like Home : ' Wizard of Oz ' premiered here 70 years ago '' . Madison.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Oconomowoc 's Strand Theatre was one of three small - town movie theaters across the country where `` Oz '' premiered in the days prior to its official Hollywood opening on Aug. 15 , 1939 ... It 's possible that one of the other two test sites -- Kenosha and the Cape Cinema in Dennis , Massachusetts -- screened the film a day earlier , but Oconomowoc is the only one to lay claim and embrace the world premiere as its own . Jump up ^ `` Beloved movie 's premiere was far from L.A. limelight '' . Wisconsin State Journal . August 12 , 2009 . p. a2 . Jump up ^ `` Grauman 's Chinese Makeover : How the Hollywood Landmark Will Be Revamped '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Finch , Christofer ( 1975 ) . Rainbow : The Stormy Life Of Judy Garland . Ballantine Books . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 28407 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Nugent , Frank S. ( August 18 , 1939 ) . `` The Wizard of Oz , Produced by the Wizards of Hollywood , Works Its Magic on the Capitol 's Screen '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Flinn , John C. ( August 16 , 1939 ) . `` Review : ' The Wizard of Oz ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz '' . Harrison 's Reports . New York : Harrison 's Reports , Inc. : 134 August 26 , 1939 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews : The Wizard of Oz '' . Film Daily : 6 . August 10 , 1939 . Jump up ^ Overbey , Erin ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` The Allure of Oz '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meyerson , Harold ; Harburg , Ernie ( 1995 ) . Who Put the Rainbow in the Wizard of Oz ? : Yip Harburg , lyricist . University of Michigan Press . pp. 156 -- 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 08312 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` '' Ten Best '' of 1939 `` . Film Daily : 1 . January 12 , 1940 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 22 , 1996 ) . `` The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rushdie , Salman ( 2000 ) . The Wizard of Oz . BFI Pub . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 300 - 3 . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rushdie , Salman ( 2003 ) . Step Across This Line . Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 78349 - 0 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Thoughts on ' The Wizard of Oz ' at 70 '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved February 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz garners full approval at Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Gilbert ( August 30 , 2010 ) . `` The Wizard of Oz '' . Time . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` THE WIZARD OF OZ ( 1939 , U.S. ) '' . Kiddiematinee.com . November 3 , 1956 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz ( 2002 re-issue ) ( 2002 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz 70th Anniversary Encore Event '' . Creative Loading . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Wizard of Oz ' coming back to theaters for IMAX 3D run '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` Warner Bros. Plans $25 Million Campaign Around ' The Wizard of Oz ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz ( 3D / IMAX ) ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Chris ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Hicks : ' The Wizard of Oz ' reissue could signal the end of the G rating '' . Jump up ^ `` TCM Presents The Wizard of Oz '' . Variety . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2003 ) . `` Ford Star Jubilee '' . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Cable and Network Shows 1946 -- present . Ballantine Books . p. 425 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 45542 - 8 . Last telecast : November 3 , 1956 ... The last telecast of Ford Star Jubilee , however , was really something special . It was the first airing of what later became a television tradition -- Garland 's classic 1939 film The Wizard of Oz , with Judy 's 10 - year - old daughter Liza Minnelli and Lahr ( the Cowardly Lion from the film ) on hand to introduce it . Jump up ^ `` WOO Super 8 '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MGM / CBS Home Video ad '' . Billboard . November 22 , 1980 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Julien WILK ( February 28 , 2010 ) . `` LaserDisc Database -- Search : Wizard of Oz '' . Lddb.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` WOO Beta '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WOO CED Exclusive '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WOO VCD '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` THE WIZARD OF OZ ( 1939 ) 3D '' . Prime Focus World . Jump up ^ `` Off To See The Wizards : HDD Gets An In Depth Look at the Restoration of ' The Wizard of Oz ' ( UPDATED -- Before and After Pics ! ) '' . Highdefdigest.com . September 11 , 2009 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wizard of Oz ' Goes 3D for W.B. 90th Celebration '' . ETonline.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WOO Best Buy SteelBook Exclusive '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WOO Target Exclusive '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 12th Academy Awards ( 1940 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Fantasy '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Maverick Movies in 100 Years from Rolling Stone '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time by Entertainment Weekly '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Films -- Village Voice '' . Filmsite.org . January 4 , 2000 . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 -- The rest of the directors ' list '' . BFI . September 5 , 2006 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Total Film ( October 24 , 2005 ) . `` Film news Who is the greatest ? '' . TotalFilm.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 films you should see by the age of 14 '' . Daily Mail . London . July 20 , 2005 . Retrieved September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Total Film 's 23 Weirdest Films of All Time on Lists of Bests '' . Listsofbests.com. April 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2009 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Observer Music Monthly ( March 18 , 2007 ) . `` The 50 Greatest Film Soundtracks '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved September 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jahangir , Rumeana ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` Secrets of the Wizard of Oz '' . BBC . Retrieved March 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Jesse ( January 2009 ) . `` There 's No Place Like Home '' . Smithsonian. 39 ( 10 ) . p. 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz Production Timeline '' . The first official sequel to The Wizard of Oz is released , an animated film titled Journey Back to Oz . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( June 21 , 1985 ) . `` Film : A New ' Oz ' Gives Dorothy New Friends '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Instead of the Wizard of Oz sequel that its title suggests , Return to Oz ... is more of a grim variation . This time , in a story derived largely from L. Frank Baum 's The Land of Oz ( sic ) and Ozma of Oz , a pint - sized Dorothy has been brought to the screen with a different set of sidekicks ; for instance , instead of traveling to Oz with Toto , Dorothy is this time accompanied by a different Baum creation , Billina the Chicken . Once there , she meets a whole new set of friends ... Jump up ^ Geraghty , Lincoln ( 2011 ) . American Hollywood . Intellect Books . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84150 - 415 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Flashback Exclusive : A ' Return to Oz ' '' . ET Online . March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canada to Launch OVER THE RAINBOW Reality Show to Cast ' Dorothy ' in ALW 's THE WIZARD OF OZ '' , Broadway World , September 17 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Over the Rainbow : About the Show '' , Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CBC fall season reflects reduced budget '' , CBC News , September 17 , 2012 Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael and Andrew Gans . `` North American Tour of The Wizard of Oz , Starring Danielle Wade , Kicks Off Sept. 10 in Las Vegas '' Archived July 18 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Favourite Musical Returns To Australia '' . Wizard of Oz The Musical . The Really Useful Group . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Tom and Jerry & The Wizard of Oz Blu - ray Blu - ray , Retrieved June 17 , 2016 Jump up ^ TOM AND JERRY : BACK TO OZ Warnerbros.com , Retrieved June 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Oz The Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tampubolon , Rama ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` 3D Animated Movie , LEGENDS OF OZ : DOROTHY 'S RETURN , Voice Starring Lea Michele , Opens May 9 , 2014 And It 's Coming To Cannes '' . Rama 's Screen . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz : An American Fairy Tale '' . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO chooses The Wizard of Oz as USA 's Memory of the World '' . UNESCO . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Scariest Movie Moments '' . Bravotv.com . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2006 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8352 - 9 Jump up ^ Dwight Blocker Bowers ( January 2010 ) . `` The Ruby Slippers : Inventing an American Icon '' . The Lemelson Center . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Burke , Monte ( December 3 , 2008 ) . `` Inside The Search For Dorothy 's Slippers '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Rhys ( 1989 ) . The Ruby Slippers of Oz . Tale Weaver Pub . ISBN 0 - 942139 - 09 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Debbie Reynolds Auction Breaks Up Historic Hollywood Collection '' . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Memories of a Munchkin : An Illustrated Walk Down the Yellow Brick Road by Meinhardt Raabe and Daniel Kinske ( Back Stage Books , 2005 ) , ISBN 0 - 8230 - 9193 - 7 The Ruby Slippers of Oz by Rhys Thomas ( Tale Weaver , 1989 ) , ISBN 0 - 942139 - 09 - 7 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 942139 - 09 - 9 The Wizardry of Oz : The Artistry And Magic of the 1939 MGM Classic -- Revised and Expanded by Jay Scarfone and William Stillman ( Applause Books , 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 517 - 20333 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 20333 - 0 The Munchkins of Oz by Stephen Cox ( Cumberland House , 1996 ) ISBN 1 - 58182 - 269 - 3 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58182 - 269 - 4 `` Did these stories really happen ? '' by Michelle Bernier ( Createspace , 2010 ) ISBN 1 - 4505 - 8536 - 1 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Wizard of Oz ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Wizard of Oz Official website The Wizard of Oz on IMDb The Wizard of Oz at the TCM Movie Database The Wizard of Oz at AllMovie The Wizard of Oz at Box Office Mojo The Wizard of Oz at Rotten Tomatoes The Judy Garland Museum Finding aid author : John N. Gillespie ( 2013 ) . `` The Wizard of Oz recordings and recording logs '' . Prepared for the L. Tom Perry Special Collections , Provo , UT . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . The Wizard of Oz on Lux Radio Theater : December 25 , 1950 Character drawings for The Wizard of Oz , Margaret Herrick Library , Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences The Wizard of Oz Elements `` Surrender Dorothy '' Ruby slippers Music `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' `` If I Only Had a Brain '' `` Optimistic Voices '' `` The Merry Old Land of Oz '' `` If I Were King of the Forest '' `` The Jitterbug '' ( cut from final film ) Versions , sequels , and adaptations Stage musicals : 1942 , 1987 , 2011 The Wizard of Oz in Concert : Dreams Come True On television Was Apocalypse Oz Off to See the Wizard Journey Back to Oz The Wiz The Wizard of Oz ( TV series ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz Wicked Oz the Great and Powerful Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz Lost In Oz Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz Games Arcade game Pinball Video game Related The Making of The Wizard of Oz Friend of Dorothy Over the Rainbow Dark Side of the Rainbow Meco Plays The Wizard of Oz L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Canonical books L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz ( 1908 ) The Road to Oz ( 1909 ) The Emerald City of Oz ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1913 ) Tik - Tok of Oz ( 1914 ) The Scarecrow of Oz ( 1915 ) Rinkitink in Oz ( 1916 ) The Lost Princess of Oz ( 1917 ) The Tin Woodman of Oz ( 1918 ) The Magic of Oz ( 1919 ) Glinda of Oz ( 1920 ) Ruth Plumly Thompson The Royal Book of Oz ( 1921 ) Kabumpo in Oz ( 1922 ) The Cowardly Lion of Oz ( 1923 ) Grampa in Oz ( 1924 ) The Lost King of Oz ( 1925 ) The Hungry Tiger of Oz ( 1926 ) The Gnome King of Oz ( 1927 ) The Giant Horse of Oz ( 1928 ) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz ( 1929 ) The Yellow Knight of Oz ( 1930 ) Pirates in Oz ( 1931 ) The Purple Prince of Oz ( 1932 ) Ojo in Oz ( 1933 ) Speedy in Oz ( 1934 ) The Wishing Horse of Oz ( 1935 ) Captain Salt in Oz ( 1936 ) Handy Mandy in Oz ( 1937 ) The Silver Princess in Oz ( 1938 ) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Others The Wonder City of Oz ( 1940 ) The Scalawagons of Oz ( 1941 ) Lucky Bucky in Oz ( 1942 ) The Magical Mimics in Oz ( 1946 ) The Shaggy Man of Oz ( 1949 ) The Hidden Valley of Oz ( 1951 ) Merry Go Round in Oz ( 1963 ) Yankee in Oz ( 1972 ) The Enchanted Island of Oz ( 1976 ) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz ( 1980 ) The Ozmapolitan of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wicked Witch of Oz ( 1993 ) The Giant Garden of Oz ( 1993 ) The Runaway in Oz ( 1995 ) The Rundelstone of Oz ( 2000 ) The Emerald Wand of Oz ( 2005 ) Trouble Under Oz ( 2006 ) Alternate Dorothy of Oz ( 1989 ) Locations and elements Land of Oz Emerald City Munchkin Country Gillikin Country Winkie Country Quadling Country Yellow brick road Oogaboo Deadly Desert Nonestica Forest of Burzee Land of Ev Merryland Mo Ix Nome Kingdom Noland Ruby slippers Silver Shoes The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Characters Dorothy Gale Toto Princess Ozma The Wizard of Oz Scarecrow Tin Woodman Cowardly Lion Jack Pumpkinhead Tik - Tok Sawhorse Trot Hungry Tiger Good Witch of the North Glinda , the Good Witch of the South Wicked Witch of the West Wicked Witch of the East Aunt Em Uncle Henry Betsy Bobbin Billina Boq Button - Bright Cap'n Bill Eureka Herby Jellia Jamb Jenny Jump Jinjur Jinnicky the Red Jinn John Dough Kabumpo Mombi Munchkins Nome King Ojo the Lucky Pastoria Patchwork Girl Peter Brown Pigasus Polychrome Queen Lurline Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Winged monkeys Woggle - Bug Other writers Authors John R. Neill Jack Snow Rachel Cosgrove Payes Eloise Jarvis McGraw Dick Martin Alexander Volkov Gregory Maguire Sherwood Smith Roger S. Baum Illustrators William Wallace Denslow Frank Kramer Dirk Gringhuis Dick Martin Eric Shanower William Stout Adaptations and other derivative works Films The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays ( 1908 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1910 ) Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz ( 1910 ) The Land of Oz ( 1910 ) John Dough and the Cherub ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) The Magic Cloak of Oz ( 1914 ) His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1933 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Return to Oz ( 1964 ) The Wonderful Land of Oz ( 1969 ) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde ( 1971 ) Journey Back to Oz ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1975 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1982 ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz ( 1987 ) The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) Lion of Oz ( 2000 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz ( 2011 ) After the Wizard ( 2011 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( 2014 ) Ozland ( 2014 ) Guardians of Oz ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Stage The Wizard of Oz ( 1902 ) The Woggle - Bug ( 1905 ) The Tik - Tok Man of Oz ( 1913 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1942 ) The Wiz ( 1974 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1981 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2000 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) The Woodsman ( 2012 ) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz ( 1961 ) Off to See the Wizard ( 1967 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1990 ) The Oz Kids ( 1996 ) Lost in Oz ( 2002 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) The Wiz Live ! ( 2015 ) Lost In Oz ( 2015 ) Emerald City ( 2017 ) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz ( 2017 ) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 -- 05 ) Adventures in Oz ( 1986 -- 92 ) The Enchanted Apples of Oz ( 1986 ) Oz Squad ( 1991 ) Lost Girls ( 1991 -- 92 ) Oz ( 1994 ) Dorothy of Oz ( 2006 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2009 ) Video games The Wizard of Oz ( 1993 ) The Wizard of Oz : Beyond the Yellow Brick Road ( 2008 ) Emerald City Confidential ( 2009 ) Parodies The Wozard of Iz Os Trapalhões eo Mágico de Oróz The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's Wizard of Odd Reimagining The Wizard of Mars ( 1965 ) Hunter ( 1973 ) Zardoz ( 1974 ) Oz ( 1976 ) The Number of the Beast ( 1980 ) A Barnstormer in Oz ( 1982 ) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) Dorothy Must Die ( 2014 ) The Wicked Will Rise ( 2015 ) The Wicked Years Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Wicked ( musical ) Characters Others Rainbow Road to Oz MÄR The Wizard of Oz ( pinball ) The Wizard of Oz ( arcade game ) Related The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle Category Portal Judy Garland Discography Performances Songs Awards and honors Studio albums Miss Show Business Judy Alone Judy in Love The Letter That 's Entertainment ! The Garland Touch Live albums Garland at the Grove Judy at Carnegie Hall Judy Garland Live ! `` Live '' at the London Palladium Judy Garland at Home at the Palace : Opening Night Soundtracks Summer Stock A Star Is Born Gay Purr - ee I Could Go On Singing Other Biographies As gay icon Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall Rufus ! Rufus ! Rufus ! Does Judy ! Judy ! Judy ! : Live from the London Palladium Liza Minnelli The Judy Monologues ( 2010 play ) Films directed by Victor Fleming When the Clouds Roll by ( 1919 ) The Mollycoddle ( 1920 ) Mama 's Affair ( 1921 ) Woman 's Place ( 1921 ) The Lane That Had No Turning ( 1922 ) Red Hot Romance ( 1922 ) Anna Ascends ( 1922 ) Dark Secrets ( 1923 ) Law of the Lawless ( 1923 ) To the Last Man ( 1923 ) The Call of the Canyon ( 1923 ) Code of the Sea ( 1924 ) Empty Hands ( 1924 ) The Devil 's Cargo ( 1925 ) Adventure ( 1925 ) A Son of His Father ( 1925 ) Lord Jim ( 1925 ) The Blind Goddess ( 1926 ) Mantrap ( 1926 ) The Way of All Flesh ( 1927 ) Hula ( 1927 ) The Rough Riders ( 1927 ) Abie 's Irish Rose ( 1928 ) The Awakening ( 1928 ) Wolf Song ( 1929 ) The Virginian ( 1929 ) Common Clay ( 1930 ) Renegades ( 1930 ) Around the World in 80 Minutes with Douglas Fairbanks ( 1931 ) Red Dust ( 1932 ) The Wet Parade ( 1932 ) Treasure Island ( 1934 ) Reckless ( 1935 ) The Farmer Takes a Wife ( 1935 ) Captains Courageous ( 1937 ) Test Pilot ( 1938 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1941 ) Tortilla Flat ( 1942 ) A Guy Named Joe ( 1943 ) Adventure ( 1945 ) Joan of Arc ( 1948 ) Arthur Freed musical productions As producer Babes in Arms ( 1939 ) Strike Up the Band ( 1940 ) Little Nellie Kelly ( 1940 ) Lady Be Good ( 1941 ) Babes on Broadway ( 1941 ) Panama Hattie ( 1942 ) For Me and My Gal ( 1942 ) Cabin in the Sky ( 1943 ) DuBarry Was a Lady ( 1943 ) Best Foot Forward ( 1943 ) Girl Crazy ( 1943 ) Meet Me in St. Louis ( 1944 ) Yolanda and the Thief ( 1945 ) The Harvey Girls ( 1946 ) Ziegfeld Follies ( 1946 ) Till the Clouds Roll By ( 1946 ) Good News ( 1947 ) Summer Holiday ( 1948 ) The Pirate ( 1948 ) Easter Parade ( 1948 ) Words and Music ( 1948 ) Take Me Out to the Ball Game ( 1949 ) The Barkleys of Broadway ( 1949 ) On the Town ( 1949 ) Annie Get Your Gun ( 1950 ) Pagan Love Song ( 1950 ) Royal Wedding ( 1951 ) Show Boat ( 1951 ) An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Belle of New York ( 1952 ) Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) The Band Wagon ( 1953 ) Brigadoon ( 1954 ) It 's Always Fair Weather ( 1955 ) Kismet ( 1955 ) Invitation to the Dance ( 1956 ) Silk Stockings ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Bells Are Ringing ( 1960 ) Uncredited as producer The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Meet the People ( 1944 ) Non-musicals The Clock ( 1945 ) Any Number Can Play ( 1949 ) Crisis ( 1950 ) The Subterraneans ( 1960 ) Light in the Piazza ( 1962 ) Busby Berkeley : Choreographer and director Broadway pre-Hollywood Holka Polka ( chor , 1925 ) The Wild Rose ( chor , 1926 ) Lady Do ( chor , 1927 ) A Connecticut Yankee ( chor , 1927 ) White Eagle ( chor , 1927 ) Present Arms ( chor , 1928 ) Earl Carroll 's Vanities ( 1928 ) ( chor , 1928 ) Good Boy ( chor , 1928 ) Rainbow ( chor , 1928 ) Hello , Daddy ( chor , 1928 ) Pleasure Bound ( chor , 1929 ) A Night in Venice ( chor , 1929 ) Broadway Nights ( chor , 1929 ) The Street Singer ( dir & prod , 1929 ) Nine - Fifteen Revue ( chor , 1930 ) The International Review ( chor , 1930 ) Sweet and Low ( chor , 1930 ) 1930s Whoopee ! ( chor , 1930 ) Kiki ( chor , 1931 ) Palmy Days ( chor , 1931 ) Flying High ( chor , 1931 ) Sky Devils ( chor , 1932 ) Girl Crazy ( chor , 1932 ) Night World ( chor , 1932 ) Bird of Paradise ( chor , 1932 ) The Kid From Spain ( chor , 1932 ) 42nd Street ( chor , 1933 ) Gold Diggers of 1933 ( chor , 1933 ) She Had to Say Yes ( dir , 1933 ) Footlight Parade ( chor , 1933 ) Roman Scandals ( chor , 1933 ) Dames ( dir mus nmbrs , 1934 ) Fashions of 1934 ( chor & dir mus nmbrs , 1934 ) Wonder Bar ( chor , 1934 ) Gold Diggers of 1935 ( dir & chor , 1935 ) Bright Lights ( dir , 1935 ) I Live for Love ( dir & chor , 1935 ) In Caliente ( chor & dir mus nmbrs , 1935 ) Stars Over Broadway ( chor & dir mus nmbrs , 1935 ) Stage Struck ( dir , 1936 ) Varsity Show ( dir finale , 1937 ) The Singing Marine ( chor & dir mus nmbrs , 1937 ) Gold Diggers of 1937 ( dir mus nmbrs , 1937 ) The Go Getter ( dir , 1937 ) Hollywood Hotel ( dir & chor , 1937 ) Men Are Such Fools ( dir , 1938 ) Gold Diggers in Paris ( chor & dir mus nmbrs , 1938 ) Garden of the Moon ( dir , 1938 ) Comet Over Broadway ( dir , 1938 ) Broadway Serenade ( dir finale , 1939 ) They Made Me a Criminal ( dir , 1939 ) Fast and Furious ( dir , 1939 ) Babes in Arms ( dir , 1939 ) The Wizard of Oz ( Scarecrow 's dance - cut , 1939 ) 1940s Forty Little Mothers ( dir , 1940 ) Strike Up The Band ( dir , 1940 ) Blonde Inspiration ( dir , 1941 ) Lady Be Good ( dir mus nmbrs , 1941 ) Ziegfeld Girl ( dir mus nmbrs , 1941 ) Babes on Broadway ( dir , 1941 ) For Me and My Gal ( dir , 1942 ) Calling All Girls ( chor & dir mus nmbrs , 1942 ) Born to Sing ( dir finale , 1942 ) Cabin in the Sky ( dir `` Shine '' seq , 1943 ) The Gang 's All Here ( dir & chor , 1943 ) Three Cheers for the Girls ( chor , 1943 ) Girl Crazy ( dir `` I Got Rhythm '' , 1943 ) All Star Musical Revue ( dir mus nmbrs , 1945 ) Cinderella Jones ( dir , 1946 ) Romance on the High Seas ( chor , 1948 ) Take Me Out to the Ball Game ( dir , 1949 ) 1950s Annie Get Your Gun ( dir - cut , 1950 ) Big Town ( dir TV series , 1950 ) Weeks With Love ( chor , 1950 ) Call Me Mister ( chor , 1951 ) Ticket to Broadway ( chor , 1951 ) Million Dollar Mermaid ( chor , 1952 ) Small Town Girl ( chor , 1953 ) Easy to Love ( chor , 1953 ) Rose Marie ( chor , 1954 ) 1960s Billy Rose 's Jumbo ( chor & dir 2nd unit , 1962 ) VIAF : 316753484 LCCN : n88179164 GND : 4301474 - 4 SUDOC : 033392390 BNF : cb12426260d ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)&oldid=825458778 '' Categories : 1939 films English - language films 1930s adventure films 1930s fantasy films American adventure films American drama films American children 's adventure films American fantasy adventure films American musical fantasy films Films scored by Herbert Stothart Films about dreams Films about tornadoes Films based on American novels Films based on children 's books Films based on fantasy novels Films based on The Wizard of Oz Films directed by Victor Fleming Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in the 1900s Films set in Kansas Films partially in color Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award IMAX films Memory of the World Register Musicals by Harold Arlen Musicals by Yip Harburg Screenplays by Herman J. 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which state in the pacific northwest had volcanic activity in the last 20 years

Cascade volcanoes

cascade volcanoes

The Cascade Volcanoes ( also known as the Cascade Volcanic Arc or the Cascade Arc ) are a number of volcanoes in a volcanic arc in western North America , extending from southwestern British Columbia through Washington and Oregon to Northern California , a distance of well over 700 miles ( 1,100 km ) . The arc has formed due to subduction along the Cascadia subduction zone . Although taking its name from the Cascade Range , this term is a geologic grouping rather than a geographic one , and the Cascade Volcanoes extend north into the Coast Mountains , past the Fraser River which is the northward limit of the Cascade Range proper .

Some of the major cities along the length of the arc include Portland , Seattle , and Vancouver , and the population in the region exceeds 10 million . All could be potentially affected by volcanic activity and great subduction - zone earthquakes along the arc . Because the population of the Pacific Northwest is rapidly increasing , the Cascade volcanoes are some of the most dangerous , due to their eruptive history and potential for future eruptions , and because they are underlain by weak , hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks that are susceptible to failure . Consequently , Mount Rainier is one of the Decade Volcanoes identified by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth 's Interior ( IAVCEI ) as being worthy of particular study , due to the danger it poses to Seattle and Tacoma . Many large , long - runout landslides originating on Cascade volcanoes have engulfed valleys tens of kilometers from their sources , and some of the areas affected now support large populations . The Cascade Volcanoes are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , the ring of volcanoes and associated mountains around the Pacific Ocean . The Cascade Volcanoes have erupted several times in recorded history . Two most recent were Lassen Peak in 1914 to 1921 and a major eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 . It is also the site of Canada 's most recent major eruption about 2,350 years ago at the Mount Meager massif . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology 2 Human history 3 Cascadia subduction zone 4 Major catastrophic eruptions 4.1 Other eruptions 4.2 Eruptions in the Cascade Range 5 List of volcanoes 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Geology ( edit ) The Cascade Arc includes nearly 20 major volcanoes , among a total of over 4,000 separate volcanic vents including numerous stratovolcanoes , shield volcanoes , lava domes , and cinder cones , along with a few isolated examples of rarer volcanic forms such as tuyas . Volcanism in the arc began about 37 million years ago ; however , most of the present - day Cascade volcanoes are less than 2,000,000 years old , and the highest peaks are less than 100,000 years old . Twelve volcanoes in the arc are over 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) in elevation , and the two highest , Mount Rainier and Mount Shasta , exceed 14,000 feet ( 4,300 m ) . By volume , the two largest Cascade volcanoes are the broad shields of Medicine Lake Volcano and Newberry Volcano , which are about 145 cubic miles ( 600 km ) and 108 cubic miles ( 450 km ) respectively . Glacier Peak is the only Cascade volcano that is made exclusively of dacite . Lassen Peak and Devastated Area from Cinder Cone Over the last 37 million years , the Cascade Arc has been erupting a chain of volcanoes along the Pacific Northwest . Several of the volcanoes in the arc are frequently active . The volcanoes of the Cascade Arc share some general characteristics , but each has its own unique geological traits and history . Lassen Peak in California , which last erupted in 1917 , is the southernmost historically active volcano in the arc , while the Mount Meager massif in British Columbia , which erupted about 2,350 years ago , is generally considered the northernmost member of the arc . A few isolated volcanic centers northwest of the Mount Meager massif such as the Silverthrone Caldera , which is a circular 20 km ( 12 mi ) wide , deeply dissected caldera complex , may also be the product of Cascadia subduction because the igneous rocks andesite , basaltic andesite , dacite and rhyolite can also be found at these volcanoes as they are elsewhere along the subduction zone . At issue are the current estimates of plate configuration and rate of subduction , but based on the chemistry of these volcanoes , they are also subduction related and therefore part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc . The Cascade Volcanic Arc appears to be segmented ; the central portion of the arc is the most active and the northern end least active . Lavas representing the earliest stage in the development of the Cascade Volcanic Arc mostly crop out south of the North Cascades proper , where uplift of the Cascade Range has been less , and a thicker blanket of Cascade Arc volcanic rocks has been preserved . In the North Cascades , geologists have not yet identified with any certainty any volcanic rocks as old as 35 million years , but remnants of the ancient arc 's internal plumbing system persist in the form of plutons , which are the crystallized magma chambers that once fed the early Cascade volcanoes . The greatest mass of exposed Cascade Arc plumbing is the Chilliwack batholith , which makes up much of the northern part of North Cascades National Park and adjacent parts of British Columbia beyond . Individual plutons range in age from about 35 million years old to 2.5 million years old . The older rocks invaded by all this magma were affected by the heat . Around the plutons of the batholith , the older rocks recrystallized . This contact metamorphism produced a fine mesh of interlocking crystals in the old rocks , generally strengthening them and making them more resistant to erosion . Where the recrystallization was intense , the rocks took on a new appearance dark , dense and hard . Many rugged peaks in the North Cascades owe their prominence to this baking . The rocks holding up many such North Cascade giants , as Mount Shuksan , Mount Redoubt , Mount Challenger , and Mount Hozomeen , are all partly recrystallized by plutons of the nearby and underlying Chilliwack batholith . The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt is the northern extension of the Cascade Arc . Volcanoes within the volcanic belt are mostly stratovolcanoes along with the rest of the arc , but also include calderas , cinder cones , and small isolated lava masses . The eruption styles within the belt range from effusive to explosive , with compositions from basalt to rhyolite . Due to repeated continental and alpine glaciations , many of the volcanic deposits in the belt reflect complex interactions between magma composition , topography , and changing ice configurations . Four volcanoes within the belt appear related to seismic activity since 1975 , including : Mount Meager massif , Mount Garibaldi and Mount Cayley massif . The Pemberton Volcanic Belt is an eroded volcanic belt north of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt , which appears to have formed during the Miocene before fracturing of the northern end of the Juan de Fuca Plate . The Silverthrone Caldera is the only volcano within the belt that appears related to seismic activity since 1975 . Mount Garibaldi as seen from Squamish The Mount Meager massif is the most unstable volcanic massif in Canada . It has dumped clay and rock several meters deep into the Pemberton Valley at least three times during the past 7,300 years . Recent drilling into the Pemberton Valley bed encountered remnants of a debris flow that had traveled 50 km ( 31 mi ) from the volcano shortly before it last erupted 2,350 years ago . About 1,000,000,000 cubic metres ( 0.24 cu mi ) of rock and sand extended over the width of the valley . Two previous debris flows , about 4,450 and 7,300 years ago , sent debris at least 32 km ( 20 mi ) from the volcano . Recently , the volcano has created smaller landslides about every ten years , including one in 1975 that killed four geologists near Meager Creek . The possibility of the Mount Meager massif covering stable sections of the Pemberton Valley in a debris flow is estimated at about one in 2,400 years . There is no sign of volcanic activity with these events . However scientists warn the volcano could release another massive debris flow over populated areas any time without warning . Mount Cayley as seen from its southeast slopes In the past , Mount Rainier has had large debris avalanches , and has also produced enormous lahars due to the large amount of glacial ice present . Its lahars have reached all the way to Puget Sound . Around 5,000 years ago , a large chunk of the volcano slid away and that debris avalanche helped to produce the massive Osceola Mudflow , which went all the way to the site of present - day Tacoma and south Seattle . This massive avalanche of rock and ice took out the top 1,600 feet ( 490 m ) of Rainier , bringing its height down to around 14,100 feet ( 4,300 m ) . About 530 to 550 years ago , the Electron Mudflow occurred , although this was not as large - scale as the Osceola Mudflow . While the Cascade volcanic arc ( a geological term ) includes volcanoes such as the Mount Meager massif and Mount Garibaldi , which lie north of the Fraser River , the Cascade Range ( a geographic term ) is considered to have its northern boundary at the Fraser . Human history ( edit ) Major Cascade volcano eruptions in the last 4000 years Indigenous peoples have inhabited the area for thousands of years and developed their own myths and legends concerning the Cascade volcanoes . According to some of these tales , Mounts Baker , Jefferson , Shasta and Garibaldi were used as refuge from a great flood . Other stories , such as the Bridge of the Gods tale , had various High Cascades such as Hood and Adams , act as god - like chiefs who made war by throwing fire and stone at each other . St. Helens with its pre-1980 graceful appearance , was regaled as a beautiful maiden for whom Hood and Adams feuded . Among the many stories concerning Mount Baker , one tells that the volcano was formerly married to Mount Rainier and lived in that vicinity . Then , because of a marital dispute , she picked herself up and marched north to her present position . Native tribes also developed their own names for the High Cascades and many of the smaller peaks , the most well known to non-natives being Tahoma , the Lushootseed name for Mount Rainier . Mount Cayley and The Black Tusk are known to the Squamish people who live nearby as `` the Landing Place of the Thunderbird '' . Hot springs in the Canadian side of the arc , were originally used and revered by First Nations people . The springs located on Meager Creek are called Teiq in the language of the Lillooet people and were the farthest up the Lillooet River . The spirit - beings / wizards known as `` the Transformers '' reached them during their journey into the Lillooet Country , and were a `` training '' place for young First Nations men to acquire power and knowledge . In this area , also , was found the blackstone chief 's head pipe that is famous of Lillooet artifacts ; found buried in volcanic ash , one supposes from the 2350 BP eruption of the Mount Meager massif . Legends associated with the great volcanoes are many , as well as with other peaks and geographical features of the arc , including its many hot springs and waterfalls and rock towers and other formations . Stories of Tahoma -- today Mount Rainier and the namesake of Tacoma , Washington -- allude to great , hidden grottos with sleeping giants , apparitions and other marvels in the volcanoes of Washington , and Mount Shasta in California has long been well known for its associations with everything from Lemurians to aliens to elves and , as everywhere in the arc , Sasquatch or Bigfoot . Cascadia earthquake sources In the spring of 1792 British navigator George Vancouver entered Puget Sound and started to give English names to the high mountains he saw . Mount Baker was named for Vancouver 's third lieutenant , the graceful Mount St. Helens for a famous diplomat , Mount Hood was named in honor of Samuel Hood , 1st Viscount Hood ( an admiral of the Royal Navy ) and the tallest Cascade , Mount Rainier , is the namesake of Admiral Peter Rainier . Vancouver 's expedition did not , however , name the arc these peaks belonged to . As marine trade in the Strait of Georgia and Puget Sound proceeded in the 1790s and beyond , the summits of Rainier and Baker became familiar to captains and crews ( mostly British and American over all others , but not exclusively ) . With the exception of the 1915 eruption of remote Lassen Peak in Northern California , the arc was quiet for more than a century . Then , on May 18 , 1980 , the dramatic eruption of little - known Mount St. Helens shattered the quiet and brought the world 's attention to the arc . Geologists were also concerned that the St. Helens eruption was a sign that long - dormant Cascade volcanoes might become active once more , as in the period from 1800 to 1857 when a total of eight erupted . None have erupted since St. Helens , but precautions are being taken nevertheless , such as the Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning System in Pierce County , Washington . Cascadia subduction zone ( edit ) Main article : Cascadia subduction zone Area of the Cascadia subduction zone , including Cascade volcanoes ( red triangles ) The Cascade Volcanoes were formed by the subduction of the Juan de Fuca , Explorer and the Gorda Plate ( remnants of the much larger Farallon Plate ) under the North American Plate along the Cascadia subduction zone . This is a 680 - mile ( 1,090 km ) long fault , running 50 miles ( 80 km ) off the coast of the Pacific Northwest from northern California to Vancouver Island , British Columbia . The plates move at a relative rate of over 0.4 inches ( 10 mm ) per year at a somewhat oblique angle to the subduction zone . Because of the very large fault area , the Cascadia subduction zone can produce very large earthquakes , magnitude 9.0 or greater , if rupture occurred over its whole area . When the `` locked '' zone stores up energy for an earthquake , the `` transition '' zone , although somewhat plastic , can rupture . Thermal and deformation studies indicate that the locked zone is fully locked for 60 km ( 37 mi ) downdip from the deformation front . Further downdip , there is a transition from fully locked to aseismic sliding . Unlike most subduction zones worldwide , there is no oceanic trench present along the continental margin in Cascadia . Instead , terranes and the accretionary wedge have been uplifted to form a series of coast ranges and exotic mountains . A high rate of sedimentation from the outflow of the three major rivers ( Fraser River , Columbia River , and Klamath River ) which cross the Cascade Range contributes to further obscuring the presence of a trench . However , in common with most other subduction zones , the outer margin is slowly being compressed , similar to a giant spring . When the stored energy is suddenly released by slippage across the fault at irregular intervals , the Cascadia subduction zone can create very large earthquakes such as the M 8.7 -- 9.2 Cascadia earthquake of 1700 . Major catastrophic eruptions ( edit ) 3,000 - foot ( 910 m ) steam plume from Mount St. Helens on May 19 , 1982 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens Main article : 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was one of the most closely studied volcanic eruptions in the arc and one of the best studied ever . It was a Plinian style eruption with a VEI = 5 and was the most significant to occur in the lower 48 U.S. states in recorded history . An earthquake at 8 : 32 a.m. on May 18 , 1980 , caused the entire weakened north face to slide away . An ash column rose high into the atmosphere and deposited ash in 11 U.S. states . The eruption killed 57 people and thousands of animals and caused more than a billion U.S. dollars in damage . 1914 -- 17 Eruptions of Lassen Peak Main article : Lassen Peak On May 22 , 1915 , an explosive eruption at Lassen Peak devastated nearby areas and rained volcanic ash as far away as 200 miles ( 320 km ) to the east . A huge column of volcanic ash and gas rose more than 30,000 feet ( 9,100 m ) into the air and was visible from as far away as Eureka , California , 150 miles ( 240 km ) to the west . A pyroclastic flow swept down the side of the volcano , devastating a 3 - square - mile ( 7.8 km ) area . This explosion was the most powerful in a 1914 -- 17 series of eruptions at Lassen Peak . 2350 BP Eruption of the Mount Meager massif Main article : Mount Meager massif The Mount Meager massif produced the most recent major eruption in Canada , sending ash as far away as Alberta . The eruption was similar to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens , sending an ash column approximately 20 km ( 12 mi ) high into the stratosphere . This activity produced a diverse sequence of volcanic deposits , well exposed in the bluffs along the Lillooet River , which is defined as the Pebble Creek Formation . The eruption was episodic , occurring from a vent on the north - east side of Plinth Peak . An unusual , thick apron of welded vitrophyric breccia may represent the explosive collapse of an early lava dome , depositing ash several meters in thickness near the vent area . 7700 BP Eruption of Mount Mazama The caldera of Mount Mazama , filled by Crater Lake Main article : Mount Mazama The 7,700 BP eruption of Mount Mazama was a large catastrophic eruption in the U.S. state of Oregon . It began with a large eruption column with pumice and ash that erupted from a single vent . The eruption was so great that most of Mount Mazama collapsed to form a caldera and subsequent smaller eruptions occurred as water began to fill in the caldera to form Crater Lake . Volcanic ash from the eruption was carried across most of the Pacific Northwest as well as parts of southern Canada . 13100 BP Eruption of Glacier Peak About 13,000 years ago , Glacier Peak generated an unusually strong sequence of eruptions depositing volcanic ash as far away as Wyoming . Other eruptions ( edit ) Silverthrone Caldera Most of the Silverthrone Caldera 's eruptions in the Pacific Range occurred during the last ice age and was episodically active during both Pemberton and Garibaldi Volcanic Belt stages of volcanism . The caldera is one of the largest of the few calderas in western Canada , measuring about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) long ( north - south ) and 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) wide ( east - west ) . The last eruption from Mount Silverthrone ran up against ice in Chernaud Creek . The lava was dammed by the ice and made a cliff with a waterfall up against it . The most recent activity was 1000 years ago . Mount Garibaldi Mount Garibaldi in the Pacific Range was last active about 10,700 to 9,300 years ago from a cinder cone called Opal Cone . It produced a 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) long broad dacite lava flow with prominent wrinkled ridges . The lava flow is unusually long for a silicic lava flow . Panorama from the northwest of Mount Baker and the Black Buttes Mount Baker During the mid-19th century , Mount Baker erupted for the first time in several thousand years . Fumarole activity remains in Sherman Crater , just south of the volcano 's summit , became more intense in 1975 and is still energetic . However , an eruption is not expected in the near future . Glacier Peak Glacier Peak last erupted about 200 -- 300 years ago and has erupted about six times in the past 4,000 years . Mount Rainier Mount Rainier last erupted between 1824 and 1854 , but many eyewitnesses reported eruptive activity in 1858 , 1870 , 1879 , 1882 and in 1894 as well . Mount Rainier has created at least four eruptions and many lahars in the past 4,000 years . Mount Adams Mount Adams was last active about 1,000 years ago and has created few eruptions during the past several thousand years , resulting in several major lava flows , the most notable being the A.G. Aiken Lava Bed , the Muddy Fork Lava Flows , and the Takh Takh Lava Flow . One of the most recent flows issued from South Butte created the 4.5 - mile ( 7.2 km ) long by 0.5 - mile ( 0.80 km ) wide A.G. Aiken Lava Bed . Thermal anomalies ( hot spots ) and gas emissions ( including hydrogen sulfide ) have occurred especially on the summit plateau since the Great Slide of 1921 . Mount Hood Mount Hood was last active about 200 years ago , creating pyroclastic flows , lahars , and a well - known lava dome close to its peak called Crater Rock . Between 1856 and 1865 , a sequence of steam explosions took place at Mount Hood . Newberry Volcano A great deal of volcanic activity has occurred at Newberry Volcano , which was last active about 1,300 years ago . It has one of the largest collections of cinder cones , lava domes , lava flows and fissures in the world . Medicine Lake Volcano Medicine Lake Volcano has erupted about eight times in the past 4,000 years and was last active about 1,000 years ago when rhyolite and dacite erupted at Glass Mountain and associated vents near the caldera 's eastern rim . Mount Shasta Mount Shasta last erupted in 1786 and has been the most active volcano in California for about 4,000 years , erupting once every 300 years . The 1786 eruption created a pyroclastic flow , a lahar and three cold lahars , which streamed 7.5 miles ( 12.1 km ) down Shasta 's east flank via Ash Creek . A separate hot lahar went 12 miles ( 19 km ) down Mud Creek . Eruptions in the Cascade Range ( edit ) Eleven of the thirteen volcanoes in the Cascade Range have erupted at least once in the past 4,000 years , and seven have done so in just the past 200 years . The Cascade volcanoes have had more than 100 eruptions over the past few thousand years , many of them explosive eruptions . However , certain Cascade volcanoes can be dormant for hundreds or thousands of years between eruptions , and therefore the great risk caused by volcanic activity in the regions is not always readily apparent . When Cascade volcanoes do erupt , pyroclastic flows , lava flows , and landslides can devastate areas more than 10 miles ( 16 km ) away ; and huge mudflows of volcanic ash and debris , called lahars , can inundate valleys more than 50 miles ( 80 km ) downstream . Falling ash from explosive eruptions can disrupt human activities hundreds of miles downwind , and drifting clouds of fine ash can cause severe damage to jet aircraft even thousands of miles away . All of the known historical eruptions have occurred in Washington , Oregon and in Northern California . The two most recent were Lassen Peak in 1914 to 1921 and a major eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 . Minor eruptions of Mount St. Helens have also occurred , most recently in 2006 . In contrast , volcanoes in southern British Columbia , central and southern Oregon are currently dormant . The regions lacking new eruptions keep in touch to positions of fracture zones that offset the Gorda Ridge , Explorer Ridge and the Juan de Fuca Ridge . The volcanoes with historical eruptions include : Mount Rainier , Glacier Peak , Mount Baker , Mount Hood , Lassen Peak , and Mount Shasta . Renewed volcanic activity in the Cascade Arc , such as the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens , has offered a great deal of evidence about the structure of the Cascade Arc . One effect of the 1980 eruption was a greater knowledge of the influence of landslides and volcanic development in the evolution of volcanic terrain . A vast piece on the north side of Mount St. Helens dropped and formed a jumbled landslide environment several kilometers away from the volcano . Pyroclastic flows and lahars moved across the countryside . Parallel episodes have also happened at Mount Shasta and other Cascade volcanoes in prehistoric times . List of volcanoes ( edit ) Main article : List of Cascade volcanoes Washington has a majority of the very highest volcanoes , with 4 of the top 6 overall , although Oregon does hold a majority of the next highest peaks . Even though Mount Rainier is the tallest , it is not the largest by volume . Mount Shasta in California is the largest by volume , followed by Washington 's Mount Adams . Mount Rainier is thus the 3rd largest by eruptive volume . Below is a list of the highest Cascade volcanoes : Name Elevation State / Province Location Last eruption feet meters Mount Rainier 14,411 4,392 Washington 46 ° 51 ′ 10 '' N 121 ° 45 ′ 37 '' W  /  46.8528857 ° N 121.7603744 ° W  / 46.8528857 ; - 121.7603744 November to December 1894 Mount Shasta 14,162 4,317 California 41 ° 24 ′ 33 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 42 '' W  /  41.409196033 ° N 122.194888358 ° W  / 41.409196033 ; - 122.194888358 1786 Mount Adams 12,280 3,740 Washington 46 ° 12 ′ 09 '' N 121 ° 29 ′ 27 '' W  /  46.202411792 ° N 121.490894694 ° W  / 46.202411792 ; - 121.490894694 About 950 AD Mount Hood 11,239 3,426 Oregon 45 ° 22 ′ 25 '' N 121 ° 41 ′ 45 '' W  /  45.373514489 ° N 121.695918558 ° W  / 45.373514489 ; - 121.695918558 1865 to 1866 Mount Baker 10,781 3,286 Washington 48 ° 46 ′ 38 '' N 121 ° 48 ′ 48 '' W  /  48.7773426 ° N 121.8132008 ° W  / 48.7773426 ; - 121.8132008 September to November 1880 Glacier Peak 10,541 3,213 Washington 48 ° 06 ′ 45 '' N 121 ° 06 ′ 50 '' W  /  48.112513950 ° N 121.113804642 ° W  / 48.112513950 ; - 121.113804642 1700 ± 100 years Mount Jefferson 10,497 3,199 Oregon 44 ° 40 ′ 27 '' N 121 ° 47 ′ 58 '' W  /  44.674300600 ° N 121.799573611 ° W  / 44.674300600 ; - 121.799573611 About 950 AD Lassen Peak 10,457 3,187 California 40 ° 29 ′ 17 '' N 121 ° 30 ′ 18 '' W  /  40.4881731 ° N 121.5050078 ° W  / 40.4881731 ; - 121.5050078 1914 to 1917 Silverthrone Caldera 10,370 3,160 British Columbia 51 ° 26 ′ 00 '' N 126 ° 18 ′ 00 '' W  /  51.43333 ° N 126.30000 ° W  / 51.43333 ; - 126.30000 About 100,000 years ago South Sister 10,358 3,157 Oregon 44 ° 06 ′ 12 '' N 121 ° 46 ′ 09 '' W  /  44.1034490 ° N 121.7692058 ° W  / 44.1034490 ; - 121.7692058 50 BC North Sister ( Three Sisters ) 10,085 3,074 Oregon 44 ° 09 ′ 58 '' N 121 ° 46 ′ 21 '' W  /  44.1662273 ° N 121.7725431 ° W  / 44.1662273 ; - 121.7725431  ( North Sister ) 100,000 yrs ago Middle Sister ( Three Sisters ) 10,047 3,062 Oregon 44 ° 08 ′ 53 '' N 121 ° 47 ′ 02 '' W  /  44.1481718 ° N 121.7839312 ° W  / 44.1481718 ; - 121.7839312  ( Middle Sister ) 14,000 yrs ago Mount McLoughlin 9,495 2,894 Oregon 42 ° 26 ′ 40 '' N 122 ° 18 ′ 56 '' W  /  42.44444 ° N 122.31556 ° W  / 42.44444 ; - 122.31556 About 30,000 years ago See also ( edit ) Cascadia subduction zone Cascade Range Pacific Ranges Coast Mountains List of volcanoes in the United States Volcanology of Western Canada List of volcanoes in Canada Geology of the Pacific Northwest Canadian Cascade Arc Garibaldi Volcanic Belt Milbanke Sound Group Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Meager '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Jump up ^ The Cascade Episode Retrieved on 2007 - 10 - 03 Jump up ^ `` Silverthrone '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ USGS . `` Washington State Volcanoes and Volcanics '' . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Garibaldi volcanic belt '' . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Geological Survey of Canada . 2008 - 02 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Impact of varied slab age and thermal structure on enrichment processes and melting regimes in sub-arc mantle : Example from the Cascadia subduction system '' ( PDF ) . Nathan L. , A. Krishna Sinha . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 19 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Meager '' . Bivouac.com . Jump up ^ Pilot Project : Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning System Archived May 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2007 - 10 - 06 Jump up ^ Pacific Mountain System -- Cascade volcanoes Archived 2007 - 05 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : USGS : Eruptions of Lassen Peak , California , 1914 to 1917 ^ Jump up to : Catalogue of Canadian Volcanoes : Mount Meager Archived 2011 - 06 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2007 - 07 - 16 ^ Jump up to : Volcanology of the 2350 B.P. Eruption of the Mount Meager Volcanic Complex ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 2007 - 07 - 16 ^ Jump up to : Living With Volcanic Risk in the Cascades Retrieved on 2007 - 10 - 03 Jump up ^ Wood , Charles A. ; Kienle , Jürgen ( 2001 ) . Volcanoes of North America : United States and Canada . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43811 - 7 . OCLC 27910629 . Jump up ^ Mount St. Helens , Washington Eruption 2004 to Current Retrieved on 2007 - 10 - 06 References ( edit ) Harris , Stephen L. ( 2005 ) . Fire Mountains of the West : The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes ( 3rd ed . ) . Mountain Press Publishing Company . p. 454 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87842 - 220 - 3 . Wood , Charles A. ; Jürgen Kienle , eds. ( 1990 ) . Volcanoes of North America . Cambridge University Press . p. 354 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43811 - X . Skiing the Cascade Volcanoes -- Introduction to the Cascade Volcanoes Harris , Stephen L. ( 1980 ) . Fire & Ice : The Cascade Volcanoes . Seattle , WA : The Mountaineers and Pacific Search Press . ISBN 0 - 89886 - 009 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cascade Volcanoes . USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program ( hide ) Cascade Volcanoes British Columbia Silverthrone Caldera Franklin Glacier Complex Mount Meager massif Mount Cayley massif Mount Garibaldi Washington Mount Baker Black Buttes Glacier Peak Mount Rainier Goat Rocks Mount St. Helens Mount Adams Indian Heaven Oregon Mount Hood Mount Jefferson Three Sisters Broken Top Mount Bachelor Newberry Volcano Diamond Peak Mount Thielsen Mount Mazama ( Crater Lake ) Yamsay Mountain Mount McLoughlin California Medicine Lake Volcano Mount Shasta Mount Tehama Lassen Peak Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&oldid=842738320 '' Categories : Cascade Volcanoes Cascade Range Volcanoes of British Columbia Volcanoes of Washington ( state ) Volcanoes of Oregon Volcanoes of California Volcanic arcs Volcanic belts Pacific Ranges Pacific Coast Ranges Eocene volcanism Miocene volcanism Pliocene volcanism Pleistocene volcanism Holocene volcanism Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Geobox usage tracking for other type M w Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 10 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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wrong side of heaven and the righteous side of hell meaning

Wrong Side of Heaven

wrong side of heaven

`` Wrong Side of Heaven '' is a single by American heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch from their fourth studio album , The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 1 , the fourth studio album . It is the third single from the album , and is the nineteenth single overall from the band , which was released on August 11 , 2014 .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Release 3 Chart performance 4 References Background ( edit ) To add to the contributions made by the band through their numerous military concerts , the ensemble wanted to create a music video in order to assist vagrant veterans of the armed forces by publicly portraying the consequences of post-traumatic stress disorder on wounded warriors . Additionally , the group created a `` No One Gets Left Behind '' jersey to be funded via an Indiegogo crowd funding campaign to assist the organizations mentioned in the video . They also requested that the family and friends of deceased military veterans provide dog tags to assist in the preparation of a memorial wall to accompany the band in late 2014 . It is proposed that the wall eventually will be placed in a museum to honor those who served . The music video , as is common for the genre today , show the voice of the lead singer speaking through a number of other people 's mouths . This depicting of possession is consistent with other modern art pieces including Fallen and Joan of Arcadia . The pattern as well as the lack of discussion of the trend is noteworthy in light of a large number of people complaining of experiencing similar phenomenon , these mental health issues have been highlighted in recent stories of Wired and the New York Times and they may link to domestic terrorism and school shootings where this pattern of complaining of possession also exists . Release ( edit ) The video , directed by Nick Peterson , increases visibility on the suffering of vagrant veterans of the armed forces and the consequences of post-traumatic stress disorder . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position US Bubbling Under Hot 100 ( Billboard ) 12 US Mainstream Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 11 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heaney , Gregory . `` The Wrong Side of Heaven and The Righteous Side - Allmusic Review '' . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Five Finger Death Punch Premiere New Music Video , `` Wrong Side of Heaven '' - Hard Rock & Heavy Metal News - Music Videos - Golden Gods Awards - revolvermag.com `` . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Five Finger Death Punch music video highlights veteran homelessness ... but is it accurate ? - The Washington Post '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Five Finger Death Punch 's ' Wrong Side Of Heaven ' Video Focuses On Veterans Suffering From Ptsd - Blabbermouth.net '' . BLABBERMOUTH.NET . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Yan , Laura . `` MIND GAMES : THE TORTURED LIVES OF ' TARGETED INDIVIDUALS ' '' . Wired . Jump up ^ McPhate , Mike . `` United States of Paranoia : They See Gangs of Stalkers '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Horwitz , Sari . `` Officials : Navy Yard shooter carved odd messages into his gun before carnage '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Five Finger Death Punch Reveal ' Wrong Side of Heaven Video '' . Loudwire . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Five Finger Death Punch - Chart history - Billboard '' . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Five Finger Death Punch - Chart history - Billboard '' . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Five Finger Death Punch - Chart history - Billboard '' . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . ( hide ) Five Finger Death Punch Zoltan Bathory Jeremy Spencer Ivan Moody Jason Hook Chris Kael Caleb Bingham Darrell Roberts Matt Snell Studio albums The Way of the Fist ( 2007 ) War Is the Answer ( 2009 ) American Capitalist ( 2011 ) The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 1 ( 2013 ) The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 2 ( 2013 ) Got Your Six ( 2015 ) And Justice for None ( 2018 ) Compilation albums A Decade of Destruction ( 2017 ) Singles `` The Bleeding '' `` Never Enough '' `` Stranger than Fiction '' `` Hard to See '' `` Walk Away '' `` Dying Breed '' `` No One Gets Left Behind '' `` Bad Company '' `` Far from Home '' `` Under and Over It '' `` Back for More '' `` Remember Everything '' `` Coming Down '' `` The Pride '' `` Lift Me Up '' `` Battle Born '' `` House of the Rising Sun '' `` Wrong Side of Heaven '' `` Jekyll and Hyde '' `` Wash It All Away '' `` My Nemesis '' `` Gone Away '' Related articles Discography Invidia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wrong_Side_of_Heaven&oldid=834141246 '' Categories : Five Finger Death Punch songs 2014 singles 2013 songs Song recordings produced by Kevin Churko Heavy metal ballads Works about wars Songs about the military Songs written by Kevin Churko Songs written by Zoltan Bathory Songs written by Ivan L. Moody Songs written by Jason Hook Songs written by Jeremy Spencer ( drummer ) Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 04 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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how many times did captain cook visited australia

James Cook

james cook

Captain James Cook FRS ( 7 November 1728 -- 14 February 1779 ) was a British explorer , navigator , cartographer , and captain in the Royal Navy . Cook made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean , during which he achieved the first recorded European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands , and the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand .

Cook joined the British merchant navy as a teenager and joined the Royal Navy in 1755 . He saw action in the Seven Years ' War , and subsequently surveyed and mapped much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege of Quebec . This helped bring Cook to the attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society . This notice came at a crucial moment in both Cook 's career and the direction of British overseas exploration , and led to his commission in 1766 as commander of HM Bark Endeavour for the first of three Pacific voyages . In three voyages Cook sailed thousands of miles across largely uncharted areas of the globe . He mapped lands from New Zealand to Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean in greater detail and on a scale not previously achieved . As he progressed on his voyages of discovery he surveyed and named features , and recorded islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time . He displayed a combination of seamanship , superior surveying and cartographic skills , physical courage and an ability to lead men in adverse conditions . Cook was attacked and killed in 1779 during his third exploratory voyage in the Pacific while attempting to kidnap Kalaniʻōpuʻu , a Hawaiian chief , in order to reclaim a cutter stolen from one of his ships . He left a legacy of scientific and geographical knowledge which was to influence his successors well into the 20th century , and numerous memorials worldwide have been dedicated to him . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and family 2 Start of Royal Navy career 2.1 Newfoundland 3 Voyages of exploration 3.1 First voyage ( 1768 -- 71 ) 3.2 Interlude 3.3 Second voyage ( 1772 -- 75 ) 3.4 Third voyage ( 1776 -- 79 ) 3.5 Return to Hawaii 3.6 Death 3.7 Aftermath 4 Legacy 4.1 Ethnographic collections 4.2 Navigation and science 4.3 Memorials 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Citations 6.3 Bibliography 7 Further reading 8 External links 8.1 Biographical dictionaries 8.2 Journals 8.3 Collections and museums Early Life and family James Cook was born on 7 November 1728 ( N.S. ) in the village of Marton in Yorkshire and baptised on 14 November ( N.S. ) in the parish church of St Cuthbert , where his name can be seen in the church register . He was the second of eight children of James Cook , a Scottish farm labourer from Ednam in Roxburghshire , and his locally born wife , Grace Pace , from Thornaby - on - Tees . In 1736 , his family moved to Airey Holme farm at Great Ayton , where his father 's employer , Thomas Skottowe , paid for him to attend the local school . In 1741 , after five years ' schooling , he began work for his father , who had been promoted to farm manager . For leisure , he would climb a nearby hill , Roseberry Topping , enjoying the opportunity for solitude . Cooks ' Cottage , his parents ' last home , which he is likely to have visited , is now in Melbourne , Australia , having been moved from England and reassembled , brick by brick , in 1934 . In 1745 , when he was 16 , Cook moved 20 miles ( 32 km ) to the fishing village of Staithes , to be apprenticed as a shop boy to grocer and haberdasher William Sanderson . Historians have speculated that this is where Cook first felt the lure of the sea while gazing out of the shop window . After 18 months , not proving suitable for shop work , Cook travelled to the nearby port town of Whitby to be introduced to friends of Sanderson 's , John and Henry Walker . The Walkers , who were Quakers , were prominent local ship - owners in the coal trade . Their house is now the Captain Cook Memorial Museum . Cook was taken on as a merchant navy apprentice in their small fleet of vessels , plying coal along the English coast . His first assignment was aboard the collier Freelove , and he spent several years on this and various other coasters , sailing between the Tyne and London . As part of his apprenticeship , Cook applied himself to the study of algebra , geometry , trigonometry , navigation and astronomy -- all skills he would need one day to command his own ship . Mrs Elizabeth Cook , by William Henderson , 1830 His three - year apprenticeship completed , Cook began working on trading ships in the Baltic Sea . After passing his examinations in 1752 , he soon progressed through the merchant navy ranks , starting with his promotion in that year to mate aboard the collier brig Friendship . In 1755 , within a month of being offered command of this vessel , he volunteered for service in the Royal Navy , when Britain was re-arming for what was to become the Seven Years ' War . Despite the need to start back at the bottom of the naval hierarchy , Cook realised his career would advance more quickly in military service and entered the Navy at Wapping on 17 June 1755 . Cook married Elizabeth Batts ( 1742 -- 1835 ) , the daughter of Samuel Batts , keeper of the Bell Inn , Wapping and one of his mentors , on 21 December 1762 at St Margaret 's Church , Barking , Essex . The couple had six children : James ( 1763 -- 94 ) , Nathaniel ( 1764 -- 80 , lost aboard HMS Thunderer which foundered with all hands in a hurricane in the West Indies ) , Elizabeth ( 1767 -- 71 ) , Joseph ( 1768 -- 68 ) , George ( 1772 -- 72 ) and Hugh ( 1776 -- 93 ) , the last of whom died of scarlet fever while a student at Christ 's College , Cambridge . When not at sea , Cook lived in the East End of London . He attended St Paul 's Church , Shadwell , where his son James was baptised . Cook has no direct descendants -- all his children died before having children of their own . Start of Royal Navy career Further information : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War Cook 's first posting was with HMS Eagle , serving as able seaman and master 's mate under Captain Joseph Hamar for his first year aboard , and Captain Hugh Palliser thereafter . In October and November 1755 he took part in Eagle 's capture of one French warship and the sinking of another , following which he was promoted to boatswain in addition to his other duties . His first temporary command was in March 1756 when he was briefly master of Cruizer , a small cutter attached to Eagle while on patrol . In June 1757 Cook formally passed his master 's examinations at Trinity House , Deptford , qualifying him to navigate and handle a ship of the King 's fleet . He then joined the frigate HMS Solebay as master under Captain Robert Craig . Newfoundland James Cook 's 1765 chart of Newfoundland During the Seven Years ' War , Cook served in North America as master aboard the fourth - rate Navy vessel HMS Pembroke . With others in Pembroke 's crew , he took part in the major amphibious assault that captured the Fortress of Louisbourg from the French in 1758 , and in the siege of Quebec City in 1759 . Throughout his service he demonstrated a talent for surveying and cartography , and was responsible for mapping much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege , thus allowing General Wolfe to make his famous stealth attack during the 1759 Battle of the Plains of Abraham . Cook 's surveying ability was also put to use in mapping the jagged coast of Newfoundland in the 1760s , aboard HMS Grenville . He surveyed the north - west stretch in 1763 and 1764 , the south coast between the Burin Peninsula and Cape Ray in 1765 and 1766 , and the west coast in 1767 . At this time Cook employed local pilots to point out the `` rocks and hidden dangers '' along the south and west coasts . During the 1765 season , four pilots were engaged at a daily pay of 4 shillings each : John Beck for the coast west of `` Great St Lawrence '' , Morgan Snook for Fortune Bay , John Dawson for Connaigre and Hermitage Bay , and John Peck for the `` Bay of Despair '' . His five seasons in Newfoundland produced the first large - scale and accurate maps of the island 's coasts and were the first scientific , large scale , hydrographic surveys to use precise triangulation to establish land outlines . They also gave Cook his mastery of practical surveying , achieved under often adverse conditions , and brought him to the attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society at a crucial moment both in his career and in the direction of British overseas discovery . Cook 's map would be used into the 20th century -- copies of it being referenced by those sailing Newfoundland 's waters for 200 years . Following on from his exertions in Newfoundland , it was at this time that Cook wrote that he intended to go not only `` farther than any man has been before me , but as far as I think it is possible for a man to go '' . Voyages of exploration First voyage ( 1768 -- 71 ) Main article : First voyage of James Cook In 1766 , the Admiralty engaged Cook to command a scientific voyage to the Pacific Ocean . The purpose of the voyage was to observe and record the transit of Venus across the Sun for the benefit of a Royal Society inquiry into a means of determining longitude . Cook , at the age of 39 , was promoted to lieutenant to grant him sufficient status to take the command . For its part the Royal Society agreed that Cook would receive a one hundred guinea gratuity in addition to his Naval pay . Endeavour replica in Cooktown , Queensland harbour -- anchored where the original Endeavour was beached for seven weeks in 1770 The expedition sailed aboard HMS Endeavour , departing England on 26 August 1768 . Cook and his crew rounded Cape Horn and continued westward across the Pacific to arrive at Tahiti on 13 April 1769 , where the observations of the Venus Transit were made . However , the result of the observations was not as conclusive or accurate as had been hoped . Once the observations were completed , Cook opened the sealed orders which were additional instructions from the Admiralty for the second part of his voyage : to search the south Pacific for signs of the postulated rich southern continent of Terra Australis . Cook then sailed to New Zealand and mapped the complete coastline , making only some minor errors . He then voyaged west , reaching the south - eastern coast of Australia on 19 April 1770 , and in doing so his expedition became the first recorded Europeans to have encountered its eastern coastline . On 23 April he made his first recorded direct observation of indigenous Australians at Brush Island near Bawley Point , noting in his journal : `` ... and were so near the Shore as to distinguish several people upon the Sea beach they appear 'd to be of a very dark or black Colour but whether this was the real colour of their skins or the C ( l ) othes they might have on I know not . '' On 29 April Cook and crew made their first landfall on the mainland of the continent at a place now known as the Kurnell Peninsula . Cook originally christened the area as `` Stingray Bay '' , but later he crossed this out and named it `` Botany Bay '' after the unique specimens retrieved by the botanists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander . It is here that James Cook made first contact with an aboriginal tribe known as the Gweagal . After his departure from Botany Bay he continued northwards . He stopped at Bustard Bay ( now known as Seventeen Seventy or 1770 ) at 8 o'clock on 23 May 1770 . On 24 May Cook and Banks and others went ashore . Continuing north , on 11 June a mishap occurred when HMS Endeavour ran aground on a shoal of the Great Barrier Reef , and then `` nursed into a river mouth on 18 June 1770 '' . The ship was badly damaged and his voyage was delayed almost seven weeks while repairs were carried out on the beach ( near the docks of modern Cooktown , Queensland , at the mouth of the Endeavour River ) . The voyage then continued , sailing through Torres Strait and on 22 August Cook landed on Possession Island , where he claimed the entire coastline that he had just explored as British territory . He returned to England via Batavia ( modern Jakarta , Indonesia ) , where many in his crew succumbed to malaria , and then the Cape of Good Hope , arriving at the island of Saint Helena on 12 July 1771 . Interlude Cook 's journals were published upon his return , and he became something of a hero among the scientific community . Among the general public , however , the aristocratic botanist Joseph Banks was a greater hero . Banks even attempted to take command of Cook 's second voyage , but removed himself from the voyage before it began , and Johann Reinhold Forster and his son Georg Forster were taken on as scientists for the voyage . Cook 's son George was born five days before he left for his second voyage . The routes of Captain James Cook 's voyages . The first voyage is shown in red , second voyage in green , and third voyage in blue . The route of Cook 's crew following his death is shown as a dashed blue line . Second voyage ( 1772 -- 75 ) Main article : Second voyage of James Cook Shortly after his return from the first voyage , Cook was promoted in August 1771 , to the rank of commander . In 1772 he was commissioned to lead another scientific expedition on behalf of the Royal Society , to search for the hypothetical Terra Australis . On his first voyage , Cook had demonstrated by circumnavigating New Zealand that it was not attached to a larger landmass to the south . Although he charted almost the entire eastern coastline of Australia , showing it to be continental in size , the Terra Australis was believed to lie further south . Despite this evidence to the contrary , Alexander Dalrymple and others of the Royal Society still believed that a massive southern continent should exist . James Cook witnessing human sacrifice in Tahiti c. 1773 Cook commanded HMS Resolution on this voyage , while Tobias Furneaux commanded its companion ship , HMS Adventure . Cook 's expedition circumnavigated the globe at an extreme southern latitude , becoming one of the first to cross the Antarctic Circle ( 17 January 1773 ) . In the Antarctic fog , Resolution and Adventure became separated . Furneaux made his way to New Zealand , where he lost some of his men during an encounter with Māori , and eventually sailed back to Britain , while Cook continued to explore the Antarctic , reaching 71 ° 10 'S on 31 January 1774 . Cook almost encountered the mainland of Antarctica , but turned towards Tahiti to resupply his ship . He then resumed his southward course in a second fruitless attempt to find the supposed continent . On this leg of the voyage he brought a young Tahitian named Omai , who proved to be somewhat less knowledgeable about the Pacific than Tupaia had been on the first voyage . On his return voyage to New Zealand in 1774 , Cook landed at the Friendly Islands , Easter Island , Norfolk Island , New Caledonia , and Vanuatu . James Cook 's 1777 South - Up map of South Georgia Before returning to England , Cook made a final sweep across the South Atlantic from Cape Horn and surveyed , mapped and took possession for Britain of South Georgia , which had been explored by Anthony de la Roché in 1675 . Cook also discovered and named Clerke Rocks and the South Sandwich Islands ( `` Sandwich Land '' ) . He then turned north to South Africa , and from there continued back to England . His reports upon his return home put to rest the popular myth of Terra Australis . Cook 's second voyage marked a successful employment of Larcum Kendall 's K1 copy of John Harrison 's H4 marine chronometer , which enabled Cook to calculate his longitudinal position with much greater accuracy . Cook 's log was full of praise for this time - piece which he used to make charts of the southern Pacific Ocean that were so remarkably accurate that copies of them were still in use in the mid-20th century . Upon his return , Cook was promoted to the rank of post-captain and given an honorary retirement from the Royal Navy , with a posting as an officer of the Greenwich Hospital . He reluctantly accepted , insisting that he be allowed to quit the post if an opportunity for active duty should arise . His fame extended beyond the Admiralty ; he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society , and awarded the Copley Gold Medal for completing his second voyage without losing a man to scurvy . Nathaniel Dance - Holland painted his portrait ; he dined with James Boswell ; he was described in the House of Lords as `` the first navigator in Europe '' . But he could not be kept away from the sea . A third voyage was planned and Cook volunteered to find the Northwest Passage . He travelled to the Pacific and hoped to travel east to the Atlantic , while a simultaneous voyage travelled the opposite route . Third voyage ( 1776 -- 79 ) Main article : Third voyage of James Cook A statue of James Cook stands in Waimea , Kauai commemorating his first contact with the Hawaiian Islands at the town 's harbour in January 1778 On his last voyage , Cook again commanded HMS Resolution , while Captain Charles Clerke commanded HMS Discovery . The voyage was ostensibly planned to return the Pacific Islander , Omai to Tahiti , or so the public were led to believe . The trip 's principal goal was to locate a Northwest Passage around the American continent . After dropping Omai at Tahiti , Cook travelled north and in 1778 became the first European to begin formal contact with the Hawaiian Islands . After his initial landfall in January 1778 at Waimea harbour , Kauai , Cook named the archipelago the `` Sandwich Islands '' after the fourth Earl of Sandwich -- the acting First Lord of the Admiralty . From the Sandwich Islands Cook sailed north and then north - east to explore the west coast of North America north of the Spanish settlements in Alta California . He made landfall on the Oregon coast at approximately 44 ° 30 ′ north latitude , naming his landing point Cape Foulweather . Bad weather forced his ships south to about 43 ° north before they could begin their exploration of the coast northward . He unknowingly sailed past the Strait of Juan de Fuca , and soon after entered Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island . He anchored near the First Nations village of Yuquot . Cook 's two ships remained in Nootka Sound from 29 March to 26 April 1778 , in what Cook called Ship Cove , now Resolution Cove , at the south end of Bligh Island , about 5 miles ( 8 km ) east across Nootka Sound from Yuquot , lay a Nuu - chah - nulth village ( whose chief Cook did not identify but may have been Maquinna ) . Relations between Cook 's crew and the people of Yuquot were cordial if sometimes strained . In trading , the people of Yuquot demanded much more valuable items than the usual trinkets that had worked in Hawaii . Metal objects were much desired , but the lead , pewter , and tin traded at first soon fell into disrepute . The most valuable items which the British received in trade were sea otter pelts . During the stay , the Yuquot `` hosts '' essentially controlled the trade with the British vessels ; the natives usually visited the British vessels at Resolution Cove instead of the British visiting the village of Yuquot at Friendly Cove . After leaving Nootka Sound , Cook explored and mapped the coast all the way to the Bering Strait , on the way identifying what came to be known as Cook Inlet in Alaska . In a single visit , Cook charted the majority of the North American north - west coastline on world maps for the first time , determined the extent of Alaska , and closed the gaps in Russian ( from the West ) and Spanish ( from the South ) exploratory probes of the Northern limits of the Pacific . HMS Resolution and Discovery in Tahiti By the second week of August 1778 Cook was through the Bering Strait , sailing into the Chukchi Sea . He headed north - east up the coast of Alaska until he was blocked by sea ice . His furthest north was 70 degrees 44 minutes . Cook then sailed west to the Siberian coast , and then south - east down the Siberian coast back to the Bering Strait . By early September 1778 he was back in the Bering Sea to begin the trip to the Sandwich ( Hawaiian ) Islands . He became increasingly frustrated on this voyage , and perhaps began to suffer from a stomach ailment ; it has been speculated that this led to irrational behaviour towards his crew , such as forcing them to eat walrus meat , which they had pronounced inedible . Return to Hawaii Cook returned to Hawaii in 1779 . After sailing around the archipelago for some eight weeks , he made landfall at Kealakekua Bay , on ' Hawaii Island ' , largest island in the Hawaiian Archipelago . Cook 's arrival coincided with the Makahiki , a Hawaiian harvest festival of worship for the Polynesian god Lono . Coincidentally the form of Cook 's ship , HMS Resolution , or more particularly the mast formation , sails and rigging , resembled certain significant artefacts that formed part of the season of worship . Similarly , Cook 's clockwise route around the island of Hawaii before making landfall resembled the processions that took place in a clockwise direction around the island during the Lono festivals . It has been argued ( most extensively by Marshall Sahlins ) that such coincidences were the reasons for Cook 's ( and to a limited extent , his crew 's ) initial deification by some Hawaiians who treated Cook as an incarnation of Lono . Though this view was first suggested by members of Cook 's expedition , the idea that any Hawaiians understood Cook to be Lono , and the evidence presented in support of it , were challenged in 1992 . Death Main article : Kidnapping of Kalaniʻōpuʻu by Captain James Cook The Death of Captain James Cook , 14 February 1779 , an unfinished painting by Johan Zoffany , circa 1795 . After a month 's stay , Cook attempted to resume his exploration of the Northern Pacific . Shortly after leaving Hawaii Island , however , the Resolution 's foremast broke , so the ships returned to Kealakekua Bay for repairs . Tensions rose , and a number of quarrels broke out between the Europeans and Hawaiians at Kealakekua Bay . An unknown group of Hawaiians took one of Cook 's small boats . The evening when the cutter was taken , the people had become `` insolent '' even with threats to fire upon them . Cook was forced into a wild goose chase that ended with his return to the ship frustrated . He attempted to kidnap and ransom the King of Hawaiʻi , Kalaniʻōpuʻu . That following day , 14 February 1779 , Cook marched through the village to retrieve the King . Cook took the King ( aliʻi nui ) by his own hand and led him willingly away . One of Kalaniʻōpuʻu 's favorite wives , Kanekapolei and two chiefs approached the group as they were heading to boats . They pleaded with the king not to go until he stopped and sat where he stood . An old kahuna ( priest ) , chanting rapidly while holding out a coconut , attempted to distract Cook and his men as a large crowd began to form at the shore . The king began to understand that Cook was his enemy . As Cook turned his back to help launch the boats , he was struck on the head by the villagers and then stabbed to death as he fell on his face in the surf . He was first struck on the head with a club by a chief named Kalaimanokahoʻowaha or Kanaʻina ( namesake of Charles Kana'ina ) and then stabbed by one of the king 's attendants , Nuaa . The Hawaiians carried his body away towards the back of the town , still visible to the ship through their spyglass . Four marines , Corporal James Thomas , Private Theophilus Hinks , Private Thomas Fatchett and Private John Allen , were also killed and two others were wounded in the confrontation . Aftermath The esteem which the islanders nevertheless held for Cook caused them to retain his body . Following their practice of the time , they prepared his body with funerary rituals usually reserved for the chiefs and highest elders of the society . The body was disembowelled , baked to facilitate removal of the flesh , and the bones were carefully cleaned for preservation as religious icons in a fashion somewhat reminiscent of the treatment of European saints in the Middle Ages . Some of Cook 's remains , thus preserved , were eventually returned to his crew for a formal burial at sea . Clerke assumed leadership of the expedition , and made a final attempt to pass through the Bering Strait . He died from tuberculosis on 22 August 1779 and John Gore , a veteran of Cook 's first voyage , took command of Resolution and of the expedition . James King replaced Gore in command of Discovery . The expedition returned home , reaching England in October 1780 . After their arrival in England , King completed Cook 's account of the voyage . David Samwell , who sailed with Cook on Resolution , wrote of him : `` He was a modest man , and rather bashful ; of an agreeable lively conversation , sensible and intelligent . In temper he was somewhat hasty , but of a disposition the most friendly , benevolent and humane . His person was above six feet high : and , though a good looking man , he was plain both in dress and appearance . His face was full of expression : his nose extremely well shaped : his eyes which were small and of a brown cast , were quick and piercing ; his eyebrows prominent , which gave his countenance altogether an air of austerity . '' Legacy Ethnographic Collections Main article : James Cook Collection : Australian Museum Hawaiian feather cloak held by the Australian Museum Statue of Cook , Greenwich , London John Webber 's Captain Cook , oil on canvas , 1776 The Australian Museum acquired its `` Cook Collection '' in 1894 from the Government of New South Wales . At that time the collection consisted of 115 artefacts collected on Cook 's three voyages throughout the Pacific Ocean , during the period 1768 -- 80 , along with documents and memorabilia related to these voyages . Many of the ethnographic artefacts were collected at a time of first contact between Pacific Peoples and Europeans . In 1935 most of the documents and memorabilia were transferred to the Mitchell Library in the State Library of New South Wales . The provenance of the collection shows that the objects remained in the hands of Cook 's widow Elizabeth Cook , and her descendants , until 1886 . In this year John Mackrell , the great - nephew of Isaac Smith , Elizabeth Cook 's cousin , organised the display of this collection at the request of the NSW Government at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London . In 1887 the London - based Agent - General for the New South Wales Government , Saul Samuel , bought John Mackrell 's items and also acquired items belonging to the other relatives Reverend Canon Frederick Bennett , Mrs Thomas Langton , H.M.C. Alexander , and William Adams . The collection remained with the Colonial Secretary of NSW until 1894 , when it was transferred to the Australian Museum . Navigation and science Cook 's 12 years sailing around the Pacific Ocean contributed much to European knowledge of the area . Several islands such as the Sandwich Islands ( Hawaii ) were encountered for the first time by Europeans , and his more accurate navigational charting of large areas of the Pacific was a major achievement . To create accurate maps , latitude and longitude must be accurately determined . Navigators had been able to work out latitude accurately for centuries by measuring the angle of the sun or a star above the horizon with an instrument such as a backstaff or quadrant . Longitude was more difficult to measure accurately because it requires precise knowledge of the time difference between points on the surface of the earth . The Earth turns a full 360 degrees relative to the sun each day . Thus longitude corresponds to time : 15 degrees every hour , or 1 degree every 4 minutes . Cook gathered accurate longitude measurements during his first voyage due to his navigational skills , the help of astronomer Charles Green and by using the newly published Nautical Almanac tables , via the lunar distance method -- measuring the angular distance from the moon to either the sun during daytime or one of eight bright stars during night - time to determine the time at the Royal Observatory , Greenwich , and comparing that to his local time determined via the altitude of the sun , moon , or stars . On his second voyage Cook used the K1 chronometer made by Larcum Kendall , which was the shape of a large pocket watch , 5 inches ( 13 cm ) in diameter . It was a copy of the H4 clock made by John Harrison , which proved to be the first to keep accurate time at sea when used on the ship Deptford 's journey to Jamaica , 1761 -- 62 . Cook succeeded in circumnavigating the world on his first voyage without losing a single man to scurvy , an unusual accomplishment at the time . He tested several preventive measures but the most important was frequent replenishment of fresh food . It was for presenting a paper on this aspect of the voyage to the Royal Society that he was presented with the Copley Medal in 1776 . Ever the observer , Cook was the first European to have extensive contact with various people of the Pacific . He correctly postulated a link among all the Pacific peoples , despite their being separated by great ocean stretches ( see Malayo - Polynesian languages ) . Cook theorised that Polynesians originated from Asia , which scientist Bryan Sykes later verified . In New Zealand the coming of Cook is often used to signify the onset of colonisation . Cook carried several scientists on his voyages ; they made significant observations and discoveries . Two botanists , Joseph Banks and Swede Daniel Solander , were on the first voyage . The two collected over 3,000 plant species . Banks subsequently strongly promoted British settlement of Australia . Artists also sailed on Cook 's first voyage . Sydney Parkinson was heavily involved in documenting the botanists ' findings , completing 264 drawings before his death near the end of the voyage . They were of immense scientific value to British botanists . Cook 's second expedition included William Hodges , who produced notable landscape paintings of Tahiti , Easter Island , and other locations . Several officers who served under Cook went on to distinctive accomplishments . William Bligh , Cook 's sailing master , was given command of HMS Bounty in 1787 to sail to Tahiti and return with breadfruit . Bligh is most known for the mutiny of his crew which resulted in his being set adrift in 1789 . He later became governor of New South Wales , where he was subject of another mutiny -- the Rum Rebellion was the only successful armed takeover of an Australian government . George Vancouver , one of Cook 's midshipmen , led a voyage of exploration to the Pacific Coast of North America from 1791 to 1794 . In honour of his former commander , Vancouver 's ship was named Discovery . George Dixon , who sailed under Cook on his third expedition , later commanded his own . A lieutenant under Cook , Henry Roberts , spent many years after that voyage preparing the detailed charts that went into Cook 's posthumous Atlas , published around 1784 . Cook 's contributions to knowledge were internationally recognised during his lifetime . In 1779 , while the American colonies were fighting Britain for their independence , Benjamin Franklin wrote to captains of colonial warships at sea , recommending that if they came into contact with Cook 's vessel , they were to `` not consider her an enemy , nor suffer any plunder to be made of the effects contained in her , nor obstruct her immediate return to England by detaining her or sending her into any other part of Europe or to America ; but that you treat the said Captain Cook and his people with all civility and kindness , ... as common friends to mankind . '' Unknown to Franklin , Cook had met his death a month before this safe conduct `` passport '' was written . Cook 's voyages were involved in another unusual first . The first recorded circumnavigation of the world by an animal was by Cook 's goat , who made that memorable journey twice ; the first time on HMS Dolphin , under Samuel Wallis , and then aboard Endeavour . When they returned to England , Cook had the goat presented with a silver collar engraved with lines from Samuel Johnson : Perpetui , ambita bis terra , praemia lactis Haec habet altrici Capra secunda Jovis . ( `` In fame scarce second to the nurse of Jove , / This Goat , who twice the world had traversed round , / Deserving both her master 's care and love , / Ease and perpetual pasture now has found . '' ) She was put to pasture on Cook 's farm outside London , and was reportedly admitted to the privileges of the Royal Naval hospital at Greenwich . Cook 's journal recorded the date of the goat 's death : 28 March 1772 . Memorials Memorial to James Cook and family in St Andrew the Great , Cambridge A US coin , the 1928 Hawaiian Sesquicentennial half dollar carries Cook 's image . Minted for the 150th anniversary of his discovery of the islands , its low mintage ( 10,008 ) has made this example of Early United States commemorative coins both scarce and expensive . The site where he was killed in Hawaii was marked in 1874 by a white obelisk set on 25 square feet ( 2.3 m ) of chained - off beach . This land , although in Hawaii , was deeded to the United Kingdom . A nearby town is named Captain Cook , Hawaii ; several Hawaiian businesses also carry his name . The Apollo 15 Command / Service Module Endeavour was named after Cook 's ship , HMS Endeavour , as was the space shuttle Space Shuttle Endeavour . Another shuttle , Discovery , was named after Cook 's HMS Discovery . Blue plaque for Captain James Cook , at 326 The Highway in Shadwell , East London , England The first institution of higher education in North Queensland , Australia was named after him , with James Cook University opening in Townsville in 1970 . In Australian rhyming slang the expression `` Captain Cook '' means `` look '' . Numerous institutions , landmarks and place names reflect the importance of Cook 's contributions , including the Cook Islands , the Cook Strait , Cook Inlet , and the Cook crater on the Moon . Aoraki / Mount Cook , the highest summit in New Zealand , is named for him . Another Mount Cook is on the border between the US state of Alaska and the Canadian Yukon Territory , and is designated Boundary Peak 182 as one of the official Boundary Peaks of the Hay -- Herbert Treaty . A life - size statue of Cook upon a column stands in a park in the centre of Sydney : its inscription `` Discovered this territory 1770 '' has been challenged as rendering Aboriginal history invisible . One of the earliest monuments to Cook in the United Kingdom is located at The Vache , erected in 1780 by Admiral Hugh Palliser , a contemporary of Cook and one - time owner of the estate . A huge obelisk was built in 1827 as a monument to Cook on Easby Moor overlooking his boyhood village of Great Ayton , along with a smaller monument at the former location of Cook 's cottage . There is also a monument to Cook in the church of St Andrew the Great , St Andrew 's Street , Cambridge , where his sons Hugh , a student at Christ 's College , and James were buried . Cook 's widow Elizabeth was also buried in the church and in her will left money for the memorial 's upkeep . The 250th anniversary of Cook 's birth was marked at the site of his birthplace in Marton , by the opening of the Captain Cook Birthplace Museum , located within Stewart Park ( 1978 ) . A granite vase just to the south of the museum marks the approximate spot where he was born . Tributes also abound in post-industrial Middlesbrough , including a primary school , shopping square and the Bottle ' O Notes , a public artwork by Claes Oldenburg , that was erected in the town 's Central Gardens in 1993 . Also named after Cook is the James Cook University Hospital , a major teaching hospital which opened in 2003 with a railway station serving it called James Cook opening in 2014 . The Royal Research Ship RRS James Cook was built in 2006 to replace the RRS Charles Darwin in the UK 's Royal Research Fleet , and Stepney Historical Trust placed a plaque on Free Trade Wharf in the Highway , Shadwell to commemorate his life in the East End of London . In 2002 Cook was placed at number 12 in the BBC 's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons . See also Australian places named by James Cook European and American voyages of scientific exploration Exploration of the Pacific List of places named after Captain James Cook List of sea captains Death of Cook References Notes Jump up ^ Old style date : 27 October Jump up ^ At this time , the International Date Line had yet to be established , so the dates in Cook 's journal are a day earlier than those accepted today . Citations ^ Jump up to : Rigby & van der Merwe 2002 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Robson 2009 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Stamp 1978 , p. 1 ^ Jump up to : Collingridge 2003 Jump up ^ Collingridge 2003 , p. 15 ^ Jump up to : Horwitz 2003 Jump up ^ Hough 1994 , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : Rigby & van der Merwe 2002 , p. 27 Jump up ^ `` Famous 18th century people in Barking and Dagenham : James Cook and Dick Turpin '' ( PDF ) . London Borough of Barking and Dagenham . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 June 2012 . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Robson 2009 , pp. 120 -- 1 Jump up ^ Stamp 1978 , p. 138 Jump up ^ Robson , John ( 2009 ) . Captain Cook 's War and Peace : The Royal Navy Years 1755 -- 1768 . University of New South Wales Press . pp. 19 -- 25 . ISBN 9781742231099 . Jump up ^ McLynn 2011 , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : Williams , Glyn ( 17 February 2011 ) . `` Captain Cook : Explorer , Navigator and Pioneer '' . BBC . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Capper , Paul ( 1985 -- 96 ) . `` The Captain Cook Society : Cook 's Log '' . Life in the Royal Navy ( 1755 -- 1767 ) . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Kemp & Dear 2005 Jump up ^ Hough 1994 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Whiteley , William ( 1975 ) . `` James Cook in Newfoundland 1762 -- 1767 '' ( PDF ) . Newfoundland Historical Society Pamphlet Number 3 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Government of Canada ( 2012 ) . `` Captain James Cook R.N. '' Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Hough 1994 , p. 32 Jump up ^ Collingridge 2003 , p. 95 Jump up ^ Rigby & van der Merwe 2002 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Wikisource : 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica / Cook , James Jump up ^ Beaglehole 1968 , p. cix Jump up ^ `` The Sydney Morning Herald '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . National Library of Australia . 2 May 1931 . p. 12 . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - History - Captain James Cook '' . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Instructions to Captain Cook , 30 June 1768 '' ( PDF ) . National Archives of Australia . Retrieved 3 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cook 's Journal : Daily Entries , 22 April 1770 '' . Retrieved 21 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PAGES FROM THE PAST '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 31 May 1919 . p. 20 . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Once were warriors -- smh.com.au '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 11 November 2002 . Retrieved 21 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Robson 2004 , p. 81 Jump up ^ Beaglehole 1968 , p. 468 Jump up ^ `` Captain Cook : Obsession & Discovery . ( Part 2 of 4 ) -- Britain on DocuWatch -- free streaming British history documentaries '' . 2011 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Hough 1994 , p. 180 Jump up ^ McLynn 2011 , p. 167 Jump up ^ Hough 1994 , p. 182 Jump up ^ Hough 1994 , p. 263 Jump up ^ `` Captain James Cook : His voyages of exploration and the men that accompanied him '' . National Maritime Museum . Archived from the original on 21 April 2007 . Retrieved 10 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Beaglehole 1974 , p. 444 Jump up ^ Rigby & van der Merwe 2002 , p. 79 Jump up ^ Hough 1994 , p. 268 Jump up ^ Collingridge 2003 , p. 327 Jump up ^ Fish , Shirley ( 2011 ) . The Manila - Acapulco Galleons : The Treasure Ships of the Pacific : With An Annotated List of the Transpacific Galleons 1565 -- 1815 . AuthorHouse . pp. 360 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4567 - 7543 - 8 . Jump up ^ Collingridge 2003 , p. 380 Jump up ^ Hayes 1999 , pp. 42 -- 3 Jump up ^ `` Resolution Cove '' . BC Geographical Names . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Fisher 1979 Jump up ^ Beaglehole , John Cawte ( 1974 ) . The Life of Captain James Cook . A & C Black . pp. 615 -- 23 . ISBN 0 - 7136 - 1382 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Obeyesekere 1992 Jump up ^ Sahlins 1985 Jump up ^ Obeyesekere 1997 Jump up ^ `` The Death of Captain James Cook , 14 February 1779 -- National Maritime Museum '' . National Maritime Museum . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Obeyesekere , Gananath ( 1997 ) . The Apotheosis of Captain Cook : European Mythmaking in the Pacific . Princeton University Press . pp. 310 -- . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05752 - 4 . Jump up ^ Collingridge 2003 , p. 410 ^ Jump up to : Samwell , David ; Townsend , Ebenezer ( Jr ) ; Gilbert , George ; Hawaiian Historical Society ; Ingraham , Joseph ; Meares , John ; Cartwright , Bruce ( 1791 ) . Extracts from Voyages Made in the Years 1788 and 1789 , from China to the Northwest Coast of America : With an Introductory Narrative of a Voyage Performed in 1786 , from Bengal in the Ship `` Nootka '' . Paradise of the Pacific Press . p. 76 . Jump up ^ Dibble , Sheldon ( 1843 ) . History of the Sandwich Islands . Lahainaluna : Press of the Mission Seminary . p. 61 . Jump up ^ `` Muster for HMS Resolution during the third Pacific voyage , 1776 -- 1780 '' ( pdf ) . Captain Cook Society . 15 October 2012 . p. 20 . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Collingridge 2003 , p. 413 Jump up ^ Collingridge 2003 , p. 412 Jump up ^ Collingridge 2003 , p. 423 Jump up ^ `` Better Conceiv 'd than Describ 'd : the life and times of Captain James King ( 1750 - 84 ) , Captain Cook 's Friend and Colleague . Steve Ragnall. 2013 '' . The Captain Cook Society ( CCS ) . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Samwell , David ( 1791 ) . A Narrative of the Death of Captain James Cook ( Reprint ed . ) . Hawaiian Historical Society . p. 20 . Retrieved 14 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomsett , Sue . `` Cook Collection , History of Acquisition '' . Electronic Museum Narrative . Australian Museum . Jump up ^ Cook , James ; Clerke , Charles ; Gore , John ; King , James ( 1784 ) . A voyage to the Pacific Ocean ... -- Google Books . 2 . London : W. and A. Strahan . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celestial Sphere : The Apparent Motions of the Sun , Moon , Planets , and Stars -- Earth , North , Axis , Approximately , Latitude , and Equator '' . 2011 . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Cook -- Cook 's Chronometer -- English and Media Literacy , Documentaries '' . dl.nfsa.gov.au. 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Fernandez - Armesto 2006 , p. 297 Jump up ^ Stamp 1978 , p. 105 Jump up ^ Cook , Captain James ( 2011 ) . `` The Method Taken for Preserving the Health of the Crew of His Majesty 's Ship the Resolution during Her Late Voyage Round the World '' . Philosophical Transactions . Royal Society Publications . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Sykes 2001 Jump up ^ `` The Endeavour Botanical Illustrations at the Natural History Museum '' . nhm.ac.uk. 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Joseph Banks '' . BBC . 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , L.A. Solander , Daniel ( 1733 -- 1782 ) . Australian Dictionary of Biography , National Centre of Biography , Australian National University . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Endeavour Botanical Illustrations at the Natural History Museum '' . nhm.ac.uk. 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Biography : William Bligh Online Information Bank Research Collections Royal Naval Museum at Portsmouth Historic Dockyard '' . royalnavalmuseum.org. 2011 . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Nan . Vancouver , George ( 1757 -- 1798 ) . Australian Dictionary of Biography . National Centre of Biography , Australian National University . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Gough , Barry M. ( 1979 ) . `` Dixon , George '' . In Halpenny , Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. IV ( 1771 -- 1800 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ Franklin , Benjamin ( 1837 ) . The works of Benjamin Franklin . Tappan , Whittemore , and Mason . pp. 123 -- 24 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Boswell , James ( 1772 ) . Boswell 's Life of Johnson . Henry Frowde . p. 144 . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaplin , Joyce E. ( 2012 ) . Round About the Earth : Circumnavigation from Magellan to Orbit . p. 125 . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Sesquicentennial Half Dollar '' . coinsite.com. 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Chris ( 11 November 2000 ) . `` Captain Cook 's little corner of Hawaii under threat from new golf '' . The Independent . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Call Signs '' . NASA . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Space Shuttle Endeavour '' . John F. Kennedy Space Center website . NASA . Archived from the original on 21 May 2011 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Space Shuttle Discovery '' . John F. Kennedy Space Center website . NASA . Archived from the original on 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About James Cook University '' . James Cook University . 2011 . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Sidney 1981 , p. 160 Jump up ^ `` Planetary Names : Crater , craters : Cook on Moon '' . Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . USGS / NASA . Retrieved 21 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Aoraki Mount Cook National Park & Mt Cook Village , New Zealand '' . Archived from the original on 1 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Map of Mount Cook , Yukon , Mountain -- Canada Geographical Names Maps '' . Retrieved 21 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Knaus , Christopher ( 23 August 2017 ) . `` Captain Cook statue : Sydney refers ' discovery ' claim to Indigenous board '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Soon after this was reported in media , the plinth of the statue was vandalised : Me , Cameron ; Robertson , James ( 26 August 2017 ) . `` Vandals deface Hyde Park statues in Australia Day protest '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Koziol , Michael ( 26 August 2017 ) . `` Vandalism of Hyde Park statues is a ' deeply disturbing ' act of Stalinism , says Malcolm Turnbull '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CCS -- Cook Monument at the Vache , Chalfont St Giles -- Access Restored '' . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Great Ayton -- Captain Cook 's Monument '' . Retrieved 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CAPTAIN COOK '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . NSW : National Library of Australia . 26 January 1935 . p. 16 . Retrieved 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Captain Cook Birthplace Museum , Marton , Middlesbrough , UK '' . captcook-ne.co.uk. 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Cook Primary School '' . BBC . 2 December 2004 . Retrieved 21 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Cook Shopping Square '' . Captaincookshopping.com . Retrieved 8 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Cook and the Captain Cook Trail '' . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RRS James Cook '' . Nautical Environment Research Council . 2011 . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Great Britons -- Top 100 '' . Internet Archive . Archived from the original on 4 December 2002 . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Bibliography Beaglehole , J.C. , ed. ( 1968 ) . The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery . I : The Voyage of the Endeavour 1768 -- 1771 . Cambridge University Press . OCLC 223185477 . Beaglehole , John Cawte ( 1974 ) . The Life of Captain James Cook . A & C Black . ISBN 0 - 7136 - 1382 - 3 . Collingridge , Vanessa ( 2003 ) . Captain Cook : The Life , Death and Legacy of History 's Greatest Explorer . Ebury Press . ISBN 0 - 09 - 188898 - 0 . Fernandez - Armesto , Felipe ( 2006 ) . Pathfinders : A Global History of Exploration . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 06259 - 7 . Fisher , Robin ( 1979 ) . Captain James Cook and his times . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7099 - 0050 - 4 . Hayes , Derek ( 1999 ) . Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest : Maps of exploration and Discovery . Sasquatch Books . ISBN 1 - 57061 - 215 - 3 . Horwitz , Tony ( October 2003 ) . Blue Latitudes : Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0 - 7475 - 6455 - 8 . Hough , Richard ( 1994 ) . Captain James Cook . Hodder and Stoughton . ISBN 0 - 340 - 82556 - 1 . Kemp , Peter ; Dear , I.C.B. ( 2005 ) . The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea . OUP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860616 - 1 . Kippis , Andrew ( 1788 ) . Narrative of the voyages round the world , performed by Captain James Cook ; with an account of his life during the previous and intervening periods . McLynn , Frank ( 2011 ) . Captain Cook : Master of the Seas . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11421 - 8 . Moorehead , Alan ( 1966 ) . Fatal Impact : An Account of the Invasion of the South Pacific , 1767 -- 1840 . H Hamilton . ISBN 0 - 241 - 90757 - 8 . Obeyesekere , Gananath ( 1992 ) . The Apotheosis of Captain Cook : European Mythmaking in the Pacific . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05752 - 4 . Obeyesekere , Gananath ( 1997 ) . The Apotheosis of Captain Cook : European Mythmaking in the Pacific . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 05752 - 1 . With new preface and afterword replying to criticism from Sahlins Rigby , Nigel ; van der Merwe , Pieter ( 2002 ) . Captain Cook in the Pacific . National Maritime Museum , London UK . ISBN 0 - 948065 - 43 - 5 . Robson , John ( 2004 ) . The Captain Cook Encyclopædia . Random House Australia . ISBN 0 - 7593 - 1011 - 4 . Robson , John ( 2009 ) . Captain Cook 's War and Peace : The Royal Navy Years 1755 -- 1768 . University of New South Wales Press . ISBN 9781742231099 . Sahlins , Marshall David ( 1985 ) . Islands of history . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 73358 - 6 . Sahlins , Marshall David ( 1995 ) . How `` Natives '' Think : About Captain Cook , for example . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 73368 - 5 . Sidney , John Baker ( 1981 ) . The Australian Language : An Examination of the English Language and English Speech as Used in Australia , from Convict Days to the Present . Melbourne : Sun Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7251 - 0382 - 8 . Stamp , Tom and Cordelia ( 1978 ) . James Cook Maritime Scientist . Whitby : Caedmon of Whitby Press . ISBN 0 - 905355 - 04 - 0 . Sykes , Bryan ( 2001 ) . The Seven Daughters of Eve . Norton Publishing : New York City and London . ISBN 0 - 393 - 02018 - 5 . Wagner , A.R. ( 1972 ) . Historic Heraldry of Britain . London : Phillimore & Co Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85033 - 022 - 9 . Wharton , W.J.L. ( 1893 ) . Captain Cook 's Journal during his first voyage round the world made in H.M. Bark `` Endeavour '' 1768 -- 71 . Further reading Albert , Jean - Max ( 1983 ) . Les nouveaux voyages du capitaine Cook . Angoûlème , France : Acapa . ISBN 2 - 904353 - 00 - 3 . Aughton , Peter ( 2002 ) . Endeavour : The Story of Captain Cook 's First Great Epic Voyage . London : Cassell & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 36236 - 3 . Edwards , Philip , ed. ( 2003 ) . James Cook : The Journals . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 043647 - 2 . Prepared from the original manuscripts by J.C. Beaglehole 1955 -- 67 Forster , Georg , ed. ( 1986 ) . A Voyage Round the World . Wiley - VCH . ISBN 978 - 3 - 05 - 000180 - 7 . Published first 1777 as : A Voyage round the World in His Britannic Majesty 's Sloop Resolution , Commanded by Capt . James Cook , during the Years , 1772 , 3 , 4 , and 5 Hawkesworth , John ; Byron , John ; Wallis , Samuel ; Carteret , Philip ; Cook , James ; Banks , Joseph ( 1773 ) , An account of the voyages undertaken by the order of His present Majesty for making discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere , and successively performed by Commodore Byron , Captain Wallis , Captain Carteret , and Captain Cook , in the Dolphin , the Swallow , and the Endeavour drawn up from the journals which were kept by the several commanders , and from the papers of Joseph Banks , esq , London Printed for W. Strahan and T. Cadell , Volume I , Volume II - III . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Kippis , Andrew ( 1904 ) . The Life and Voyages of Captain James Cook . George Newnes , London & Charles Scribner 's Sons , New York . Richardson , Brian . ( 2005 ) Longitude and Empire : How Captain Cook 's Voyages Changed the World University of British Columbia Press . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 1190 - 0 . Sydney Daily Telegraph ( 1970 ) Captain Cook : His Artists -- His Voyages The Sydney Daily Telegraph Portfolio of Original Works by Artists who sailed with Captain Cook . Australian Consolidated Press , Sydney Thomas , Nicholas The Extraordinary Voyages of Captain James Cook . Walker & Co. , New York . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1412 - 9 ( 2003 ) Villiers , Alan ( Summer 1956 -- 57 ) . `` James Cook , Seaman '' . Quadrant. 1 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 16 . Villiers , Alan John , Captain James Cook Newport Beach , California : Books on Tape ( 1983 ) Williams , Glyndwr , ed. ( 1997 ) . Captain Cook 's Voyages : 1768 -- 1779 . London : The Folio Society . External links Library resources about James Cook Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Cook . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Category : James Cook . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Author : James Cook Captain Cook Society Captain Cook historic plaque , Halifax Biographical dictionaries `` Cook , James ( 1728 -- 1779 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography ( online ed . ) . National Centre of Biography , Australian National University . 1966 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Williams , Glyndwr ( 1979 ) . `` Cook , James '' . In Halpenny , Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. IV ( 1771 -- 1800 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Mackay , David . `` Cook , James '' . Dictionary of New Zealand Biography . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Journals The Endeavour journal ( 1 ) and The Endeavour journal ( 2 ) , as kept by James Cook -- digitised and held by the National Library of Australia The South Seas Project : maps and online editions of the Journals of James Cook 's First Pacific Voyage , 1768 -- 1771 . Includes full text of journals kept by Cook , Joseph Banks and Sydney Parkinson , as well as the complete text of John Hawkesworth 's 1773 Account of Cook 's first voyage . Digitised copies of log books from James Cook 's voyages at the British Atmospheric Data Centre Works by James Cook at Project Gutenberg Works by or about James Cook at Internet Archive Works by James Cook at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Log book of Cook 's second voyage : high - resolution digitised version in Cambridge Digital Library Digitised Tapa cloth catalogue held at Auckland Libraries Collections and museums The Library of the Royal Geographical Society of South Australia specialises in collecting works on Captain James Cook , his voyages and HMS Endeavour Cook 's Pacific Encounters : Cook - Forster Collection online Images and descriptions of more than 300 artefacts collected during the three Pacific voyages of James Cook . Images and descriptions of items associated with James Cook at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa `` Archival material relating to James Cook '' . UK National Archives . James Cook Birthplace Museum Captain Cook Memorial Museum Whitby Cook 's manuscript maps of the south - east coast of Australia , held at the American Geographical Society Library at UW Milwaukee . Captain James Cook Voyages First voyage Second voyage Third voyage Vessels HMS Adventure HMS Discovery HMS Eagle HMS Endeavour HMS Grenville HMS Pembroke HMS Resolution Associates Joseph Banks William Bayly William Bligh Alexander Buchan James Burney Charles Clerke James Colnett Alexander Dalrymple Georg Forster Johann Reinhold Forster Tobias Furneaux John Gore Charles Green Zachary Hickes James King John Ledyard David Nelson Omai Hugh Palliser Sydney Parkinson Nathaniel Portlock Edward Riou Henry Roberts David Samwell Daniel Solander Herman Spöring William Taylor James Trevenen John Watts John Webber Artworks Paintings of the death of Cook Zoffany 's Death of Cook Statue in The Mall , London Related 1769 Transit of Venus observed from Tahiti Kidnapping of Kalaniʻōpuʻu Birthplace Museum Cooks ' Cottage James Cook Collection : Australian Museum Memorial Museum Copley Medallists of 1751 -- 1800 John Canton ( 1751 ) John Pringle ( 1752 ) Benjamin Franklin ( 1753 ) William Lewis ( 1754 ) John Huxham ( 1755 ) Charles Cavendish ( 1757 ) John Dollond ( 1758 ) John Smeaton ( 1759 ) Benjamin Wilson ( 1760 ) John Canton ( 1764 ) William Brownrigg / Edward Delaval / Henry Cavendish ( 1766 ) John Ellis ( 1767 ) Peter Woulfe ( 1768 ) William Hewson ( 1769 ) William Hamilton ( 1770 ) Matthew Raper ( 1771 ) Joseph Priestley ( 1772 ) John Walsh ( 1773 ) Nevil Maskelyne ( 1775 ) James Cook ( 1776 ) John Mudge ( 1777 ) Charles Hutton ( 1778 ) Samuel Vince ( 1780 ) William Herschel ( 1781 ) Richard Kirwan ( 1782 ) John Goodricke / Thomas Hutchins ( 1783 ) Edward Waring ( 1784 ) William Roy ( 1785 ) John Hunter ( 1787 ) Charles Blagden ( 1788 ) William Morgan ( 1789 ) James Rennell / Jean - André Deluc ( 1791 ) Benjamin Thompson ( 1792 ) Alessandro Volta ( 1794 ) Jesse Ramsden ( 1795 ) George Atwood ( 1796 ) George Shuckburgh - Evelyn / Charles Hatchett ( 1798 ) John Hellins ( 1799 ) Edward Charles Howard ( 1800 ) Polar exploration Arctic Ocean History Expeditions Research stations Farthest North North Pole Barentsz Hudson Marmaduke Carolus Parry North Magnetic Pole J. Ross J.C. Ross Abernethy Kane Hayes Polaris Polaris C.F. Hall British Arctic Expedition HMS Alert Nares HMS Discovery Stephenson Markham Lady Franklin Bay Expedition Greely Lockwood Brainard 1st Fram expedition Fram Nansen Johansen Sverdrup Jason Amedeo F. Cook Peary Sedov Byrd Airship Norge Amundsen Nobile Wisting Riiser - Larsen Ellsworth Airship Italia Nautilus Wilkins ANT - 25 Chkalov Baydukov Belyakov `` North Pole '' manned drifting ice stations NP - 1 Papanin Shirshov E. Fyodorov Krenkel NP - 36 NP - 37 Sedov Badygin Wiese USS Nautilus USS Skate Plaisted Herbert NS Arktika Barneo Arktika 2007 Mir submersibles Sagalevich Chilingarov Iceland Greenland Pytheas Brendan Papar Vikings Naddodd Svavarsson Arnarson Norse colonization of the Americas Ulfsson Galti Erik the Red Christian IV 's expeditions J. Hall Cunningham Lindenov C. Richardson Danish colonization Egede Scoresby Jason Nansen Sverdrup Peary Rasmussen Northwest Passage Northern Canada Cabot G. Corte - Real M. Corte - Real Frobisher Gilbert Davis Hudson Discovery Bylot Baffin Munk I. Fyodorov Gvozdev HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Discovery Clerke Mackenzie Kotzebue J. Ross HMS Griper Parry HMS Hecla Lyon HMS Fury Hoppner Crozier J.C. Ross Coppermine Expedition Franklin Back Dease Simpson HMS Blossom Beechey Franklin 's lost expedition HMS Erebus HMS Terror Collinson Rae -- Richardson Expedition Rae J. Richardson Austin McClure Expedition HMS Investigator McClure HMS Resolute Kellett Belcher Kennedy Bellot Isabel Inglefield 2nd Grinnell Expedition USS Advance Kane Fox McClintock HMS Pandora Young Fram Sverdrup Gjøa Amundsen Rasmussen Karluk Stefansson Bartlett St. Roch H. Larsen Cowper North East Passage Russian Arctic Pomors Koch boats Willoughby Chancellor Barentsz Mangazeya Hudson Poole Siberian Cossacks Perfilyev Stadukhin Dezhnev Popov Ivanov Vagin Permyakov Great Northern Expedition Bering Chirikov Malygin Ovtsyn Minin V. Pronchishchev M. Pronchishcheva Chelyuskin Kh . Laptev D. Laptev Chichagov Lyakhov Billings Sannikov Gedenschtrom Wrangel Matyushkin Anjou Litke Lavrov Pakhtusov Tsivolko Middendorff Austro - Hungarian Expedition Weyprecht Payer Vega Expedition A.E. Nordenskiöld Palander USS Jeannette De Long Yermak Makarov Zarya Toll Kolomeitsev Matisen Kolchak Sedov Rusanov Kuchin Brusilov Expedition Sv . Anna Brusilov Albanov Konrad Wiese Nagórski Taymyr / Vaygach Vilkitsky Maud Amundsen AARI Samoylovich Begichev Urvantsev Sadko Ushakov Glavsevmorput Schmidt Aviaarktika Shevelev Sibiryakov Voronin Chelyuskin Krassin Gakkel Nuclear - powered icebreakers NS Lenin Arktika class Antarctic Continent History Expeditions Southern Ocean Roché Bouvet Kerguelen HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Smith San Telmo Vostok Bellingshausen Mirny Lazarev Bransfield Palmer Davis Weddell Morrell Astrolabe Dumont d'Urville United States Exploring Expedition USS Vincennes Wilkes USS Porpoise Ringgold Ross expedition HMS Erebus ( J.C. Ross Abernethy ) HMS Terror ( Crozier ) Cooper Challenger expedition HMS Challenger Nares Murray Jason C.A. Larsen `` Heroic Age '' Belgian Antarctic Expedition Belgica de Gerlache Lecointe Amundsen Cook Arctowski Racoviță Dobrowolski Southern Cross Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Discovery Discovery Hut Gauss Gauss Drygalski Swedish Antarctic Expedition Antarctic O. Nordenskjöld C.A. Larsen Scottish Antarctic Expedition Bruce Scotia Orcadas Base Nimrod Expedition Nimrod French Antarctic Expeditions Pourquoi - Pas Charcot Japanese Antarctic Expedition Shirase Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Framheim Polheim Terra Nova Terra Nova Scott Wilson E.R. Evans Crean Lashly Filchner Australasian Antarctic Expedition SY Aurora Mawson Far Eastern Party Imperial Trans - Antarctic Expedition Endurance Ernest Shackleton Wild James Caird Ross Sea party Mackintosh Shackleton -- Rowett Expedition Quest IPY IGY Modern research Christensen Byrd BANZARE BGLE Rymill New Swabia Ritscher Operation Tabarin Marr Operation Highjump Captain Arturo Prat Base British Antarctic Survey Operation Windmill Ketchum Ronne Expedition F. Ronne E. Ronne Schlossbach Operation Deep Freeze McMurdo Station Commonwealth Trans - Antarctic Expedition Hillary V. Fuchs Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 1st Somov Klenova Mirny 2nd Tryoshnikov 3rd Tolstikov Antarctic Treaty System Transglobe Expedition Fiennes Burton Lake Vostok Kapitsa Farthest South South Pole HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Weddell HMS Erebus J.C. Ross HMS Terror Crozier Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Barne Nimrod Shackleton Wild Marshall Adams South Magnetic Pole Mawson David Mackay Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Bjaaland Helmer Hassel Wisting Polheim Terra Nova Scott E. Evans Oates Wilson Bowers Byrd Balchen McKinley Dufek Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station Hillary V. Fuchs Pole of Cold Vostok Station Pole of inaccessibility Pole of Inaccessibility Station Tolstikov Crary A. Fuchs Messner VIAF : 31994819 LCCN : n78091496 ISNI : 0000 0001 2277 9981 GND : 118522027 SELIBR : 182176 SUDOC : 026798018 BNF : cb11897579w ( data ) BIBSYS : 6041738 ULAN : 500132086 NLA : 35030799 NDL : 00436531 NKC : jn20000700325 Botanist : Cook BNE : XX872658 RKD : 260655 SNAC : w65n6vn2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Cook&oldid=826483598 '' Categories : 1728 births 1779 deaths 1779 crimes 18th - century English people 18th - century explorers British explorers of the Pacific British military personnel of the French and Indian War British people murdered abroad Circumnavigators of the globe Deaths by stabbing English cartographers English explorers English people of Scottish descent English sailors Explorers of Alaska Explorers of Australia Explorers of British Columbia Explorers of New Zealand Explorers of Oregon Explorers of Washington ( state ) Fellows of the Royal Society James Cook Murdered explorers People from Middlesbrough People from North Yorkshire People murdered in Hawaii Persons of National Historic Significance ( Canada ) Recipients of the Copley Medal Royal Navy officers Q150 Icons Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use British English from May 2012 Use dmy dates from October 2017 Biography with signature Articles with hCards Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links AC with 16 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Ladino Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Livvinkarjala Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Piemontèis Polski Português Reo tahiti Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 125 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 11 : 08 . 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why does the work of haida artist bill reid appear on the bill

Bill Reid

bill reid

William Ronald `` Bill '' Reid Jr. , OBC ( 12 January 1920 -- 13 March 1998 ) ( Haida ) was a Canadian artist whose works include jewelry , sculpture , screen - printing , and paintings . Some of his major works were featured on the Canadian $20 banknote of the Canadian Journey series ( 2004 -- 2012 ) .

Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early years 1.2 Major works and awards 2 Legacy and honours 2.1 Later years 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Biography ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) William Ronald Reid Jr. , called Bill , was born in Victoria , British Columbia ; his father was American William Ronald Reid Sr. , of Scottish - German descent and his mother , Sophie Gladstone Reid , was from the Kaadaas gaah Kiiguwaay , Raven / Wolf Clan of T'anuu , more commonly known as the Haida , one of the First Nations of the Pacific coast . Reid developed a keen interest in Haida art while working as a radio announcer in Toronto for CBC Radio , where he also studied jewelry making at the Ryerson Institute of Technology . His maternal grandfather first taught Reid about Haida art , and through him , Bill inherited his tools from his great - great - uncle Charles Edenshaw , a renowned artist who died the year Reid was born . In 1951 , Reid returned to Vancouver , where he eventually established a studio on Granville Island . He became greatly interested in the works of Edenshaw , working to understand the symbolism of his work , much of which had been lost along with many Haida traditions . During this time Reid also worked on salvaging artifacts , including many intricately carved totem poles , which were then moldering in abandoned village sites . He assisted in the partial reconstruction of a Haida village in the University of British Columbia Museum of Anthropology . At the age of 29 , Reid married a woman named Mabel . They had one child together and later adopted a second . Working in the traditional forms and modern media ( usually gold , silver and argillite ) , Reid began by making jewelry . He gradually explored larger sculptures in bronze , red cedar and Nootka Cypress ( yellow cedar ) , usually portraying figures , animals , and scenes from folklore . He intended to express his ancestors ' visual traditions into a contemporary form . Major works and Awards ( edit ) Reid 's most popular works are three large bronze sculptures . Two depict a canoe filled with human and animal figures : one black , The Spirit of Haida Gwaii , is at the Canadian Embassy , Washington , D.C. , in the United States ; and one green , The Jade Canoe , is at Vancouver International Airport , in British Columbia . The third sculpture , Chief of the Undersea World , depicts a breaching orca and is installed at the Vancouver Aquarium . Plaster casts of these sculptures are held by the Canadian Museum of History in Gatineau , Canada . OBC ribbon Legacy and honours ( edit ) Reid received many honours in his life , including honorary degrees from the University of British Columbia , the University of Toronto , the University of Victoria , the University of Western Ontario , York University , and Trent University . He received the National Aboriginal Achievement Award , the Indspire Awards , for Lifetime Achievement in 1994 , and was made a member of the Order of British Columbia and an Officer of France 's Order of Arts and Letters . He was made a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts . On 30 April 1996 Canada Post issued ' The Spirit of Haida Gwaii , 1986 - 1991 , Bill Reid ' in the Masterpieces of Canadian art series . The stamp was designed by Pierre - Yves Pelletier based on the sculpture The Spirit of Haida Gwaii ( 1991 ) by William Ronald Reid in the Canadian Embassy , Washington , United States . The 90 ¢ stamps are perforated 12.5 x 13 and were printed by Ashton - Potter Limited . Two of his sculptures , Raven and the First Men and Spirit of Haida Gwaii , are prominently featured on the $20 note in the Bank of Canada 's new Canadian Journey ( 2004 ) issue , paired with a quotation from author Gabrielle Roy . Later years ( edit ) Reid participated in the blockades of logging roads which helped save the rain forests of Gwaii Haanas ( South Moresby ) . He stopped work on the sculpture in Washington during this period to protest the destruction of the forests of Haida Gwaii , by the time Bill Reid was alive the archipelago was called the Queen Charlotte Islands . In 1981 , he married Martine de Widerspach - Thor ( Mormanne ) , a French anthropologist . Having dedicated the later part of his life to the creation of new works and these tasks of curation , Reid died on 13 March 1998 , of Parkinson 's disease , in Vancouver . In July 1998 friends and relatives paddled Lootaas , a large cedar canoe carved by Reid for Expo 86 , on a two - day journey along the Pacific coast to bring his ashes to Tanu Island in Haida Gwaii , the site of his mother 's village of New Clew . Gallery ( edit ) Chief of the Undersea World , Vancouver Aquarium Raven and The First Men , UBC Museum of Anthropology . It depicts part of a Haida creation myth . The Raven represents the Trickster figure common to many mythologies . Bear Mother , Delegation of the Ismaili Imamat , Ottawa , Ontario The Spirit of Haida Gwaii ( The Black Canoe ) , Canadian Embassy , Washington , D.C. , USA See also ( edit ) Notable Aboriginal people of Canada List of indigenous artists of the Americas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bill Reid '' , The Canadian Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Bill Reid , Can . Museum of Civilization Jump up ^ Bill Reid Foundation ( 2010 ) . `` Who was Bill Reid ? '' . The Raven 's Call . virtualmuseum.ca . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Harris , Christie ( 1966 ) . Raven 's Cry . Toronto : McClelland and Stewart . p. 189 . Jump up ^ Wright , Robin K. ; Ginson , Mandy ( 2013 ) . Wright , Robin K. ; Augaitis , Daina , eds . Charles Edenshaw . London : Black Dog Publishing . p. 228 . ISBN 9781908966209 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 12 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) , Museum of Anthropology Jump up ^ Canada Gazette Part I , Vol. 132 , No. 26 Archived 2013 - 05 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Members since 1880 '' . Royal Canadian Academy of Arts . Archived from the original on 26 May 2011 . Retrieved 11 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Canada Post stamp Jump up ^ $20 - 2001 - 2004 Series , Canadian Journey - Bank note series , 1935 to present - Bank Notes - Bank of Canada External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bill Reid . Bill Reid Foundation Douglas Reynolds Gallery ( Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada ) `` Bill Reid '' , 1979 NFB documentary `` The Life and Legend of Bill Reid '' , CBC Digital Archives The Raven 's Call / L'Appel du Corbeau virtual exhibition from the Virtual Museum of Canada WorldCat Identities BNF : cb121466565 ( data ) GND : 119098806 ISNI : 0000 0000 7830 7038 LCCN : n50050932 NDL : 01018961 RKD : 320413 SNAC : w6bg3q4c SUDOC : 029949734 ULAN : 500127408 VIAF : 51726674 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Reid&oldid=840624298 '' Categories : 1920 births 1998 deaths Canadian people of American descent Canadian people of Scottish descent Canadian people of German descent First Nations jewelers First Nations sculptors First Nations woodcarvers Haida artists First Nations activists Members of the Order of British Columbia Northwest Coast art Artists from Victoria , British Columbia Victoria College , British Columbia alumni Members of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts 20th - century Canadian sculptors 20th - century First Nations people Indspire Awards Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Webarchive template wayback links Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 01 : 59 ( UTC ) . 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isotope refers to the electrical charge of the electron

The number of protons within the atom 's nucleus is called atomic number and is equal to the number of electrons in the neutral ( non-ionized ) atom . Each atomic number identifies a specific element , but not the isotope ; an atom of a given element may have a wide range in its number of neutrons . The number of nucleons ( both protons and neutrons ) in the nucleus is the atom 's mass number , and each isotope of a given element has a different mass number .

Isotope

isotope

Isotopes are variants of a particular chemical element which differ in neutron number . All isotopes of a given element have the same number of protons in each atom . The term isotope is formed from the Greek roots isos ( ἴσος `` equal '' ) and topos ( τόπος `` place '' ) , meaning `` the same place '' ; thus , the meaning behind the name is that different isotopes of a single element occupy the same position on the periodic table .

The number of protons within the atom 's nucleus is called atomic number and is equal to the number of electrons in the neutral ( non-ionized ) atom . Each atomic number identifies a specific element , but not the isotope ; an atom of a given element may have a wide range in its number of neutrons . The number of nucleons ( both protons and neutrons ) in the nucleus is the atom 's mass number , and each isotope of a given element has a different mass number . For example , carbon - 12 , carbon - 13 and carbon - 14 are three isotopes of the element carbon with mass numbers 12 , 13 and 14 respectively . The atomic number of carbon is 6 , which means that every carbon atom has 6 protons , so that the neutron numbers of these isotopes are 6 , 7 and 8 respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Isotope vs. nuclide 2 Definition of isotopes 3 Notation 4 Radioactive , primordial , and stable isotopes 5 History 5.1 Radioactive isotopes 5.2 Stable isotopes 6 Variation in properties between isotopes 6.1 Chemical and molecular properties 6.2 Nuclear properties and stability 6.3 Numbers of isotopes per element 6.4 Even and odd nucleon numbers 6.4. 1 Even atomic number 6.4. 2 Odd atomic number 6.4. 3 Odd neutron number 7 Occurrence in nature 8 Atomic mass of isotopes 9 Applications of isotopes 9.1 Purification of isotopes 9.2 Use of chemical and biological properties 9.3 Use of nuclear properties 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Isotope vs. nuclide ( edit ) A nuclide is a species of an atom with a specific number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus , for example carbon - 13 with 6 protons and 7 neutrons . The nuclide concept ( referring to individual nuclear species ) emphasizes nuclear properties over chemical properties , whereas the isotope concept ( grouping all atoms of each element ) emphasizes chemical over nuclear . The neutron number has large effects on nuclear properties , but its effect on chemical properties is negligible for most elements . Even in the case of the lightest elements where the ratio of neutron number to atomic number varies the most between isotopes it usually has only a small effect , although it does matter in some circumstances ( for hydrogen , the lightest element , the isotope effect is large enough to strongly affect biology ) . The term isotopes ( originally also isotopic elements , now sometimes isotopic nuclides ) is intended to imply comparison ( like synonyms or isomers ) , for example : the nuclides , , are isotopes ( nuclides with the same atomic number but different mass numbers ) , but Ar , , Ca are isobars ( nuclides with the same mass number ) . However , because isotope is the older term , it is better known than nuclide , and is still sometimes used in contexts where nuclide might be more appropriate , such as nuclear technology and nuclear medicine . Definition of isotopes ( edit ) Isotopes are atoms of the same element having the same numbers of protons ( atomic number ) , but different numbers of neutrons . They have same chemical properties due to the same electronic configuration but different physical properties . Notation ( edit ) An isotope and / or nuclide is specified by the name of the particular element ( this indicates the atomic number ) followed by a hyphen and the mass number ( e.g. helium - 3 , helium - 4 , carbon - 12 , carbon - 14 , uranium - 235 and uranium - 239 ) . When a chemical symbol is used , e.g. `` C '' for carbon , standard notation ( now known as `` AZE notation '' because A is the mass number , Z the atomic number , and E for element ) is to indicate the mass number ( number of nucleons ) with a superscript at the upper left of the chemical symbol and to indicate the atomic number with a subscript at the lower left ( e.g. He , He , , , U , and U ) . Because the atomic number is given by the element symbol , it is common to state only the mass number in the superscript and leave out the atomic number subscript ( e.g. He , He , , , U , and U ) . The letter m is sometimes appended after the mass number to indicate a nuclear isomer , a metastable or energetically - excited nuclear state ( as opposed to the lowest - energy ground state ) , for example Ta ( tantalum - 180m ) . The common pronunciation of the AZE notation is different from how it is written : He is commonly pronounced as helium - four instead of four - two - helium , and U as uranium two - thirty - five ( American English ) or uranium - two - three - five ( British ) instead of 235 - 92 - uranium . Radioactive , primordial , and stable isotopes ( edit ) Some isotopes / nuclides are radioactive , and are therefore referred to as radioisotopes or radionuclides , whereas others have never been observed to decay radioactively and are referred to as stable isotopes or stable nuclides . For example , C is a radioactive form of carbon , whereas and are stable isotopes . There are about 339 naturally occurring nuclides on Earth , of which 286 are primordial nuclides , meaning that they have existed since the Solar System 's formation . Primordial nuclides include 32 nuclides with very long half - lives ( over 100 million years ) and 253 that are formally considered as `` stable nuclides '' , because they have not been observed to decay . In most cases , for obvious reasons , if an element has stable isotopes , those isotopes predominate in the elemental abundance found on Earth and in the Solar System . However , in the cases of three elements ( tellurium , indium , and rhenium ) the most abundant isotope found in nature is actually one ( or two ) extremely long - lived radioisotope ( s ) of the element , despite these elements having one or more stable isotopes . Theory predicts that many apparently `` stable '' isotopes / nuclides are radioactive , with extremely long half - lives ( discounting the possibility of proton decay , which would make all nuclides ultimately unstable ) . Of the 253 nuclides never observed to decay , only 90 of these ( all from the first 40 elements ) are theoretically stable to all known forms of decay . Element 41 ( niobium ) is theoretically unstable via spontaneous fission , but this has never been detected . Many other stable nuclides are in theory energetically susceptible to other known forms of decay , such as alpha decay or double beta decay , but no decay products have yet been observed , and so these isotopes are said to be `` observationally stable '' . The predicted half - lives for these nuclides often greatly exceed the estimated age of the universe , and in fact there are also 27 known radionuclides ( see primordial nuclide ) with half - lives longer than the age of the universe . Adding in the radioactive nuclides that have been created artificially , there are 3,339 currently known nuclides . These include 905 nuclides that are either stable or have half - lives longer than 60 minutes . See list of nuclides for details . History ( edit ) Radioactive isotopes ( edit ) The existence of isotopes was first suggested in 1913 by the radiochemist Frederick Soddy , based on studies of radioactive decay chains that indicated about 40 different species referred to as radioelements ( i.e. radioactive elements ) between uranium and lead , although the periodic table only allowed for 11 elements from uranium to lead . Several attempts to separate these new radioelements chemically had failed . For example , Soddy had shown in 1910 that mesothorium ( later shown to be Ra ) , radium ( Ra , the longest - lived isotope ) , and thorium X ( Ra ) are impossible to separate . Attempts to place the radioelements in the periodic table led Soddy and Kazimierz Fajans independently to propose their radioactive displacement law in 1913 , to the effect that alpha decay produced an element two places to the left in the periodic table , whereas beta decay emission produced an element one place to the right . Soddy recognized that emission of an alpha particle followed by two beta particles led to the formation of an element chemically identical to the initial element but with a mass four units lighter and with different radioactive properties . Soddy proposed that several types of atoms ( differing in radioactive properties ) could occupy the same place in the table . For example , the alpha - decay of uranium - 235 forms thorium - 231 , whereas the beta decay of actinium - 230 forms thorium - 230 . The term `` isotope '' , Greek for `` at the same place '' , was suggested to Soddy by Margaret Todd , a Scottish physician and family friend , during a conversation in which he explained his ideas to her . He won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in part for his work on isotopes . In the bottom right corner of J.J. Thomson 's photographic plate are the separate impact marks for the two isotopes of neon : neon - 20 and neon - 22 . In 1914 T.W. Richards found variations between the atomic weight of lead from different mineral sources , attributable to variations in isotopic composition due to different radioactive origins . Stable isotopes ( edit ) The first evidence for multiple isotopes of a stable ( non-radioactive ) element was found by J.J. Thomson in 1913 as part of his exploration into the composition of canal rays ( positive ions ) . Thomson channeled streams of neon ions through a magnetic and an electric field and measured their deflection by placing a photographic plate in their path . Each stream created a glowing patch on the plate at the point it struck . Thomson observed two separate patches of light on the photographic plate ( see image ) , which suggested two different parabolas of deflection . Thomson eventually concluded that some of the atoms in the neon gas were of higher mass than the rest . F.W. Aston subsequently discovered multiple stable isotopes for numerous elements using a mass spectrograph . In 1919 Aston studied neon with sufficient resolution to show that the two isotopic masses are very close to the integers 20 and 22 , and that neither is equal to the known molar mass ( 20.2 ) of neon gas . This is an example of Aston 's whole number rule for isotopic masses , which states that large deviations of elemental molar masses from integers are primarily due to the fact that the element is a mixture of isotopes . Aston similarly showed that the molar mass of chlorine ( 35.45 ) is a weighted average of the almost integral masses for the two isotopes Cl and Cl . Variation in properties between isotopes ( edit ) Chemical and molecular properties ( edit ) A neutral atom has the same number of electrons as protons . Thus different isotopes of a given element all have the same number of electrons and share a similar electronic structure . Because the chemical behavior of an atom is largely determined by its electronic structure , different isotopes exhibit nearly identical chemical behavior . The main exception to this is the kinetic isotope effect : due to their larger masses , heavier isotopes tend to react somewhat more slowly than lighter isotopes of the same element . This is most pronounced by far for protium ( ) , deuterium ( ) , and tritium ( ) , because deuterium has twice the mass of protium and tritium has three times the mass of protium . These mass differences also affect the behavior of their respective chemical bonds , by changing the center of gravity ( reduced mass ) of the atomic systems . However , for heavier elements the relative mass difference between isotopes is much less , so that the mass - difference effects on chemistry are usually negligible . ( Heavy elements also have relatively more neutrons than lighter elements , so the ratio of the nuclear mass to the collective electronic mass is slightly greater . ) Isotope half - lives . The plot for stable isotopes diverges from the line Z = N as the element number Z becomes larger Similarly , two molecules that differ only in the isotopes of their atoms ( isotopologues ) have identical electronic structure , and therefore almost indistinguishable physical and chemical properties ( again with deuterium and tritium being the primary exceptions ) . The vibrational modes of a molecule are determined by its shape and by the masses of its constituent atoms ; so different isotopologues have different sets of vibrational modes . Because vibrational modes allow a molecule to absorb photons of corresponding energies , isotopologues have different optical properties in the infrared range . Nuclear properties and stability ( edit ) See also : Stable nuclide , Stable isotope ratio , List of nuclides , and List of elements by stability of isotopes Atomic nuclei consist of protons and neutrons bound together by the residual strong force . Because protons are positively charged , they repel each other . Neutrons , which are electrically neutral , stabilize the nucleus in two ways . Their copresence pushes protons slightly apart , reducing the electrostatic repulsion between the protons , and they exert the attractive nuclear force on each other and on protons . For this reason , one or more neutrons are necessary for two or more protons to bind into a nucleus . As the number of protons increases , so does the ratio of neutrons to protons necessary to ensure a stable nucleus ( see graph at right ) . For example , although the neutron : proton ratio of He is 1 : 2 , the neutron : proton ratio of U is greater than 3 : 2 . A number of lighter elements have stable nuclides with the ratio 1 : 1 ( Z = N ) . The nuclide Ca ( calcium - 40 ) is observationally the heaviest stable nuclide with the same number of neutrons and protons ; ( theoretically , the heaviest stable one is sulfur - 32 ) . All stable nuclides heavier than calcium - 40 contain more neutrons than protons . Numbers of isotopes per element ( edit ) Of the 80 elements with a stable isotope , the largest number of stable isotopes observed for any element is ten ( for the element tin ) . No element has nine stable isotopes . Xenon is the only element with eight stable isotopes . Four elements have seven stable isotopes , eight have six stable isotopes , ten have five stable isotopes , nine have four stable isotopes , five have three stable isotopes , 16 have two stable isotopes ( counting Ta as stable ) , and 26 elements have only a single stable isotope ( of these , 19 are so - called mononuclidic elements , having a single primordial stable isotope that dominates and fixes the atomic weight of the natural element to high precision ; 3 radioactive mononuclidic elements occur as well ) . In total , there are 253 nuclides that have not been observed to decay . For the 80 elements that have one or more stable isotopes , the average number of stable isotopes is 253 / 80 = 3.1625 isotopes per element . Even and odd nucleon numbers ( edit ) Main article : Even and odd atomic nuclei Even / odd Z , N ( Hydrogen - 1 included as OE ) p , n EE OO EO OE Total Stable 147 5 53 48 253 Long - lived 23 5 35 All primordial 170 9 56 53 288 The proton : neutron ratio is not the only factor affecting nuclear stability . It depends also on evenness or oddness of its atomic number Z , neutron number N and , consequently , of their sum , the mass number A. Oddness of both Z and N tends to lower the nuclear binding energy , making odd nuclei , generally , less stable . This remarkable difference of nuclear binding energy between neighbouring nuclei , especially of odd - A isobars , has important consequences : unstable isotopes with a nonoptimal number of neutrons or protons decay by beta decay ( including positron decay ) , electron capture or other exotic means , such as spontaneous fission and cluster decay . The majority of stable nuclides are even - proton - even - neutron , where all numbers Z , N , and A are even . The odd - A stable nuclides are divided ( roughly evenly ) into odd - proton - even - neutron , and even - proton - odd - neutron nuclides . Odd - proton - odd - neutron nuclei are the least common . Even atomic number ( edit ) The 148 even - proton , even - neutron ( EE ) nuclides comprise ~ 58 % of all stable nuclides and all have spin 0 because of pairing . There are also 22 primordial long - lived even - even nuclides . As a result , each of the 41 even - numbered elements from 2 to 82 has at least one stable isotope , and most of these elements have several primordial isotopes . Half of these even - numbered elements have six or more stable isotopes . The extreme stability of helium - 4 due to a double pairing of 2 protons and 2 neutrons prevents any nuclides containing five or eight nucleons from existing for long enough to serve as platforms for the buildup of heavier elements via nuclear fusion in stars ( see triple alpha process ) . Even - odd long - lived Decay Half - life Cd beta 7.7 × 10 a Sm alpha 1.06 × 10 a U alpha 7.04 × 10 a These 53 stable nuclides have an even number of protons and an odd number of neutrons . They are a minority in comparison to the even - even isotopes , which are about 3 times as numerous . Among the 41 even - Z elements that have a stable nuclide , only two elements ( argon and cerium ) have no even - odd stable nuclides . One element ( tin ) has three . There are 24 elements that have one even - odd nuclide and 13 that have two odd - even nuclides . Of 35 primordial radionuclides there exist four even - odd nuclides ( see table at right ) , including the fissile U . Because of their odd neutron numbers , the even - odd nuclides tend to have large neutron capture cross sections , due to the energy that results from neutron - pairing effects . These stable even - proton odd - neutron nuclides tend to be uncommon by abundance in nature , generally because , to form and enter into primordial abundance , they must have escaped capturing neutrons to form yet other stable even - even isotopes , during both the s - process and r - process of neutron capture , during nucleosynthesis in stars . For this reason , only Pt and Be are the most naturally abundant isotopes of their element . Odd atomic number ( edit ) Forty - eight stable odd - proton - even - neutron nuclides , stabilized by their even numbers of paired neutrons , form most of the stable isotopes of the odd - numbered elements ; the very few odd - proton - odd - neutron nuclides comprise the others . There are 41 odd - numbered elements with Z = 1 through 81 , of which 39 have stable isotopes ( the elements technetium ( Tc ) and promethium ( Pm ) have no stable isotopes ) . Of these 39 odd Z elements , 30 elements ( including hydrogen - 1 where 0 neutrons is even ) have one stable odd - even isotope , and nine elements : chlorine ( Cl ) , potassium ( ) , copper ( Cu ) , gallium ( Ga ) , bromine ( Br ) , silver ( Ag ) , antimony ( Sb ) , iridium ( Ir ) , and thallium ( Tl ) , have two odd - even stable isotopes each . This makes a total 30 + 2 ( 9 ) = 48 stable odd - even isotopes . There are also five primordial long - lived radioactive odd - even isotopes , Rb , In , Re , Eu , and Bi . The last two were only recently found to decay , with half - lives greater than 10 years . Only five stable nuclides contain both an odd number of protons and an odd number of neutrons . The first four `` odd - odd '' nuclides occur in low mass nuclides , for which changing a proton to a neutron or vice versa would lead to a very lopsided proton - neutron ratio ( , Li , , and ; spins 1 , 1 , 3 , 1 ) . The only other entirely `` stable '' odd - odd nuclide is Ta ( spin 9 ) is thought to be the rarest of the 253 stable isotopes , and is the only primordial nuclear isomer , which has not yet been observed to decay despite experimental attempts . Many odd - odd radionuclides ( like tantalum - 180 ) with comparatively short half lives are known . Usually , they beta - decay to their nearby even - even isobars that have paired protons and paired neutrons . Of the nine primordial odd - odd nuclides ( five stable and four radioactive with long half lives ) , only is the most common isotope of a common element . This is the case because it is a part of the CNO cycle . The nuclides Li and are minority isotopes of elements that are themselves rare compared to other light elements , whereas the other six isotopes make up only a tiny percentage of the natural abundance of their elements . Odd neutron number ( edit ) Neutron number parity ( H with 0 neutrons included as even ) Even Odd Stable 195 58 Long - lived 28 7 All primordial 223 65 Actinides with odd neutron number are generally fissile ( with thermal neutrons ) , whereas those with even neutron number are generally not , though they are fissionable with fast neutrons . All observationally stable odd - odd nuclides have nonzero integer spin . This is because the single unpaired neutron and unpaired proton have a larger nuclear force attraction to each other if their spins are aligned ( producing a total spin of at least 1 unit ) , instead of anti-aligned . See deuterium for the simplest case of this nuclear behavior . Only Pt , Be and have odd neutron number and are the most naturally abundant isotope of their element . Occurrence in nature ( edit ) See also : Abundance of the chemical elements Elements are composed of one nuclide ( mononuclidic elements ) or of more naturally occurring isotopes . The unstable ( radioactive ) isotopes are either primordial or postprimordial . Primordial isotopes were a product of stellar nucleosynthesis or another type of nucleosynthesis such as cosmic ray spallation , and have persisted down to the present because their rate of decay is so slow ( e.g. uranium - 238 and potassium - 40 ) . Post-primordial isotopes were created by cosmic ray bombardment as cosmogenic nuclides ( e.g. , tritium , carbon - 14 ) , or by the decay of a radioactive primordial isotope to a radioactive radiogenic nuclide daughter ( e.g. uranium to radium ) . A few isotopes are naturally synthesized as nucleogenic nuclides , by some other natural nuclear reaction , such as when neutrons from natural nuclear fission are absorbed by another atom . As discussed above , only 80 elements have any stable isotopes , and 26 of these have only one stable isotope . Thus , about two - thirds of stable elements occur naturally on Earth in multiple stable isotopes , with the largest number of stable isotopes for an element being ten , for tin ( Sn ) . There are about 94 elements found naturally on Earth ( up to plutonium inclusive ) , though some are detected only in very tiny amounts , such as plutonium - 244 . Scientists estimate that the elements that occur naturally on Earth ( some only as radioisotopes ) occur as 339 isotopes ( nuclides ) in total . Only 253 of these naturally occurring nuclides are stable in the sense of never having been observed to decay as of the present time . An additional 35 primordial nuclides ( to a total of 289 primordial nuclides ) , are radioactive with known half - lives , but have half - lives longer than 80 million years , allowing them to exist from the beginning of the Solar System . See list of nuclides for details . All the known stable nuclides occur naturally on Earth ; the other naturally occurring nuclides are radioactive but occur on Earth due to their relatively long half - lives , or else due to other means of ongoing natural production . These include the afore - mentioned cosmogenic nuclides , the nucleogenic nuclides , and any radiogenic nuclides formed by ongoing decay of a primordial radioactive nuclide , such as radon and radium from uranium . An additional ~ 3000 radioactive nuclides not found in nature have been created in nuclear reactors and in particle accelerators . Many short - lived nuclides not found naturally on Earth have also been observed by spectroscopic analysis , being naturally created in stars or supernovae . An example is aluminium - 26 , which is not naturally found on Earth , but is found in abundance on an astronomical scale . The tabulated atomic masses of elements are averages that account for the presence of multiple isotopes with different masses . Before the discovery of isotopes , empirically determined noninteger values of atomic mass confounded scientists . For example , a sample of chlorine contains 75.8 % chlorine - 35 and 24.2 % chlorine - 37 , giving an average atomic mass of 35.5 atomic mass units . According to generally accepted cosmology theory , only isotopes of hydrogen and helium , traces of some isotopes of lithium and beryllium , and perhaps some boron , were created at the Big Bang , while all other nuclides were synthesized later , in stars and supernovae , and in interactions between energetic particles such as cosmic rays , and previously produced nuclides . ( See nucleosynthesis for details of the various processes thought responsible for isotope production . ) The respective abundances of isotopes on Earth result from the quantities formed by these processes , their spread through the galaxy , and the rates of decay for isotopes that are unstable . After the initial coalescence of the Solar System , isotopes were redistributed according to mass , and the isotopic composition of elements varies slightly from planet to planet . This sometimes makes it possible to trace the origin of meteorites . Atomic mass of isotopes ( edit ) The atomic mass ( m ) of an isotope ( nuclide ) is determined mainly by its mass number ( i.e. number of nucleons in its nucleus ) . Small corrections are due to the binding energy of the nucleus ( see mass defect ) , the slight difference in mass between proton and neutron , and the mass of the electrons associated with the atom , the latter because the electron : nucleon ratio differs among isotopes . The mass number is a dimensionless quantity . The atomic mass , on the other hand , is measured using the atomic mass unit based on the mass of the carbon - 12 atom . It is denoted with symbols `` u '' ( for unified atomic mass unit ) or `` Da '' ( for dalton ) . The atomic masses of naturally occurring isotopes of an element determine the atomic mass of the element . When the element contains N isotopes , the expression below is applied for the average atomic mass m _̄ a ( \ displaystyle ( \ overline ( m ) ) _ ( a ) ) : m _̄ a = m 1 x 1 + m 2 x 2 + ... + m N x N ( \ displaystyle ( \ overline ( m ) ) _ ( a ) = m_ ( 1 ) x_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) x_ ( 2 ) + ... + m_ ( N ) x_ ( N ) ) where m , m , ... , m are the atomic masses of each individual isotope , and x , ... , x are the relative abundances of these isotopes . Applications of isotopes ( edit ) Purification of isotopes ( edit ) Main article : isotope separation Several applications exist that capitalize on properties of the various isotopes of a given element . Isotope separation is a significant technological challenge , particularly with heavy elements such as uranium or plutonium . Lighter elements such as lithium , carbon , nitrogen , and oxygen are commonly separated by gas diffusion of their compounds such as CO and NO . The separation of hydrogen and deuterium is unusual because it is based on chemical rather than physical properties , for example in the Girdler sulfide process . Uranium isotopes have been separated in bulk by gas diffusion , gas centrifugation , laser ionization separation , and ( in the Manhattan Project ) by a type of production mass spectrometry . Use of chemical and biological properties ( edit ) Main articles : isotope geochemistry , cosmochemistry , and paleoclimatology Isotope analysis is the determination of isotopic signature , the relative abundances of isotopes of a given element in a particular sample . For biogenic substances in particular , significant variations of isotopes of C , N and O can occur . Analysis of such variations has a wide range of applications , such as the detection of adulteration in food products or the geographic origins of products using isoscapes . The identification of certain meteorites as having originated on Mars is based in part upon the isotopic signature of trace gases contained in them . Isotopic substitution can be used to determine the mechanism of a chemical reaction via the kinetic isotope effect . Another common application is isotopic labeling , the use of unusual isotopes as tracers or markers in chemical reactions . Normally , atoms of a given element are indistinguishable from each other . However , by using isotopes of different masses , even different nonradioactive stable isotopes can be distinguished by mass spectrometry or infrared spectroscopy . For example , in ' stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture ( SILAC ) ' stable isotopes are used to quantify proteins . If radioactive isotopes are used , they can be detected by the radiation they emit ( this is called radioisotopic labeling ) . Isotopes are commonly used to determine the concentration of various elements or substances using the isotope dilution method , whereby known amounts of isotopically - substituted compounds are mixed with the samples and the isotopic signatures of the resulting mixtures are determined with mass spectrometry . Use of nuclear properties ( edit ) A technique similar to radioisotopic labeling is radiometric dating : using the known half - life of an unstable element , one can calculate the amount of time that has elapsed since a known concentration of isotope existed . The most widely known example is radiocarbon dating used to determine the age of carbonaceous materials . Several forms of spectroscopy rely on the unique nuclear properties of specific isotopes , both radioactive and stable . For example , nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) spectroscopy can be used only for isotopes with a nonzero nuclear spin . The most common nuclides used with NMR spectroscopy are H , D , N , C , and P . Mössbauer spectroscopy also relies on the nuclear transitions of specific isotopes , such as Fe . Radionuclides also have important uses . Nuclear power and nuclear weapons development require relatively large quantities of specific isotopes . Nuclear medicine and radiation oncology utilize radioisotopes respectively for medical diagnosis and treatment . See also ( edit ) Abundance of the chemical elements Atom Geotraces Isobars Isotones Isotope dilution Isotopologue Isotopomer List of elements by stability of isotopes List of nuclides List of particles Nuclear medicine ( includes medical isotopes ) Radionuclide ( or radioisotope ) Table of nuclides Mass spectrometry Reference materials for stable isotope analysis Notes ( edit ) Isotopes are nuclides having the same number of protons ; compare : Isotones are nuclides having the same number of neutrons . N = A − Z ( \ displaystyle N = A-Z ) Isobars are nuclides having the same mass number , i.e. sum of protons plus neutrons . A ( \ displaystyle A ) Nuclear isomers are different excited states of the same type of nucleus . A transition from one isomer to another is accompanied by emission or absorption of a gamma ray , or the process of internal conversion . Isomers are by definition both isotopic and isobaric . ( Not to be confused with chemical isomers . ) Isodiaphers are nuclides having the same neutron excess , i.e. number of neutrons minus number of protons . D = N − Z ( \ displaystyle D = N-Z ) Bainbridge mass spectrometer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Soddy , Frederick ( 1913 ) . `` Intra-atomic charge '' . Nature . 92 ( 2301 ) : 399 -- 400 . Bibcode : 1913Natur ... 92 ... 399S . doi : 10.1038 / 092399c0 . Jump up ^ IUPAP Red Book Jump up ^ IUPAC Gold Book Jump up ^ IUPAC Gold Book Jump up ^ IUPAC ( Connelly , N.G. ; Damhus , T. ; Hartshorn , R.M. ; and Hutton , A.T. ) , Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry -- IUPAC Recommendations 2005 , The Royal Society of Chemistry , 2005 ; IUPAC ( McCleverty , J.A. ; and Connelly , N.G. ) , Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry II . Recommendations 2000 , The Royal Society of Chemistry , 2001 ; IUPAC ( Leigh , G.J. ) , Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry ( recommendations 1990 ) , Blackwell Science , 1990 ; IUPAC , Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry , Second Edition , 1970 ; probably in the 1958 first edition as well Jump up ^ This notation seems to have been introduced in the second half of the 1930s . Before that , various notations were used , such as Ne ( 22 ) for neon - 22 ( 1934 ) , Ne for neon - 22 ( 1935 ) , or even Pb for lead - 210 ( 1933 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Radioactives Missing From The Earth '' . Jump up ^ `` NuDat 2 Description '' . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Choppin , G. ; Liljenzin , J.O. and Rydberg , J. ( 1995 ) Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry ( 2nd ed . ) Butterworth - Heinemann , pp. 3 -- 5 Jump up ^ Others had also suggested the possibility of isotopes ; for example : Strömholm , Daniel and Svedberg , Theodor ( 1909 ) `` Untersuchungen über die Chemie der radioactiven Grundstoffe II . '' ( Investigations into the chemistry of the radioactive elements , part 2 ) , Zeitschrift für anorganischen Chemie , 63 : 197 -- 206 ; see especially page 206 . Alexander Thomas Cameron , Radiochemistry ( London , England : J.M. Dent & Sons , 1910 ) , p. 141 . ( Cameron also anticipated the displacement law . ) ^ Jump up to : Ley , Willy ( October 1966 ) . `` The Delayed Discovery '' . For Your Information . Galaxy Science Fiction . pp. 116 -- 127 . ^ Jump up to : Scerri , Eric R. ( 2007 ) The Periodic Table Oxford University Press , pp. 176 -- 179 ISBN 0 - 19 - 530573 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Nagel , Miriam C. ( 1982 ) . `` Frederick Soddy : From Alchemy to Isotopes '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 59 ( 9 ) : 739 -- 740 . Bibcode : 1982JChEd ... 59 ... 739N . doi : 10.1021 / ed059p739 . Jump up ^ See : Kasimir Fajans ( 1913 ) `` Über eine Beziehung zwischen der Art einer radioaktiven Umwandlung und dem elektrochemischen Verhalten der betreffenden Radioelemente '' ( On a relation between the type of radioactive transformation and the electrochemical behavior of the relevant radioactive elements ) , Physikalische Zeitschrift , 14 : 131 -- 136 . Soddy announced his `` displacement law '' in : Soddy , Frederick ( 1913 ) . `` The Radio - Elements and the Periodic Law '' . Nature . 91 ( 2264 ) : 57 . Bibcode : 1913Natur ... 91 ... 57S . doi : 10.1038 / 091057a0 ... Soddy elaborated his displacement law in : Soddy , Frederick ( 1913 ) `` Radioactivity , '' Chemical Society Annual Report , 10 : 262 -- 288 . Alexander Smith Russell ( 1888 -- 1972 ) also published a displacement law : Russell , Alexander S. ( 1913 ) `` The periodic system and the radio - elements , '' Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science , 107 : 49 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Soddy first used the word `` isotope '' in : Soddy , Frederick ( 1913 ) . `` Intra-atomic charge '' . Nature . 92 ( 2301 ) : 399 -- 400 . Bibcode : 1913Natur ... 92 ... 399S . doi : 10.1038 / 092399c0 . Jump up ^ Fleck , Alexander ( 1957 ) . `` Frederick Soddy '' . Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society . 3 : 203 -- 216 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbm. 1957.0014 . p. 208 : Up to 1913 we used the phrase ' radio elements chemically non-separable ' and at that time the word isotope was suggested in a drawing - room discussion with Dr. Margaret Todd in the home of Soddy 's father - in - law , Sir George Beilby . Jump up ^ Budzikiewicz H , Grigsby RD ( 2006 ) . `` Mass spectrometry and isotopes : a century of research and discussion '' . Mass spectrometry reviews . 25 ( 1 ) : 146 -- 57 . Bibcode : 2006MSRv ... 25 ... 146B . doi : 10.1002 / mas. 20061 . PMID 16134128 . Jump up ^ Scerri , Eric R. ( 2007 ) The Periodic Table , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 530573 - 6 , Ch. 6 , note 44 ( p. 312 ) citing Alexander Fleck , described as a former student of Soddy 's . Jump up ^ In his 1893 book , William T. Preyer also used the word `` isotope '' to denote similarities among elements . From p. 9 of William T. Preyer , Das genetische System der chemischen Elemente ( The genetic system of the chemical elements ) ( Berlin , Germany : R. Friedländer & Sohn , 1893 ) : `` Die ersteren habe ich der Kürze wegen isotope Elemente genannt , weil sie in jedem der sieben Stämmme der gleichen Ort , nämlich dieselbe Stuffe , einnehmen . '' ( For the sake of brevity , I have named the former `` isotopic '' elements , because they occupy the same place in each of the seven families ( i.e. , columns of the periodic table ) , namely the same step ( i.e. , row of the periodic table ) . ) ^ Jump up to : The origins of the conceptions of isotopes Frederick Soddy , Nobel prize lecture Jump up ^ Thomson , J.J. ( 1912 ) . `` XIX . Further experiments on positive rays '' . Philosophical Magazine . Series 6 . 24 ( 140 ) : 209 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786440808637325 . Jump up ^ Thomson , J.J. ( 1910 ) . `` LXXXIII . Rays of positive electricity '' . Philosophical Magazine . Series 6 . 20 ( 118 ) : 752 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786441008636962 . Jump up ^ Mass spectra and isotopes Francis W. Aston , Nobel prize lecture 1922 Jump up ^ Sonzogni , Alejandro ( 2008 ) . `` Interactive Chart of Nuclides '' . National Nuclear Data Center : Brookhaven National Laboratory . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Hult , Mikael ; Wieslander , J.S. ; Marissens , Gerd ; Gasparro , Joël ; Wätjen , Uwe ; Misiaszek , Marcin ( 2009 ) . `` Search for the radioactivity of 180mTa using an underground HPGe sandwich spectrometer '' . Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 67 ( 5 ) : 918 -- 21 . doi : 10.1016 / j. apradiso. 2009.01. 057 . PMID 19246206 . Jump up ^ `` Radioactives Missing From The Earth '' . Don-lindsay-archive.org . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jamin , Eric ; Guérin , Régis ; Rétif , Mélinda ; Lees , Michèle ; Martin , Gérard J. ( 2003 ) . `` Improved Detection of Added Water in Orange Juice by Simultaneous Determination of the Oxygen - 18 / Oxygen - 16 Isotope Ratios of Water and Ethanol Derived from Sugars '' . J. Agric . Food Chem. 51 ( 18 ) : 5202 . doi : 10.1021 / jf030167m . Jump up ^ Treiman , A.H. ; Gleason , J.D. ; Bogard , D.D. ( 2000 ) . `` The SNC meteorites are from Mars '' . Planet . Space Sci. 48 ( 12 -- 14 ) : 1213 . Bibcode : 2000P&SS ... 48.1213 T . doi : 10.1016 / S0032 - 0633 ( 00 ) 00105 - 7 . External links ( edit ) The Nuclear Science web portal Nucleonica The Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart National Nuclear Data Center Portal to large repository of free data and analysis programs from NNDC National Isotope Development Center Coordination and management of the production , availability , and distribution of isotopes , and reference information for the isotope community Isotope Development & Production for Research and Applications ( IDPRA ) U.S. Department of Energy program for isotope production and production research and development International Atomic Energy Agency Homepage of International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) , an Agency of the United Nations ( UN ) Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements Static table , from NIST ( National Institute of Standards and Technology ) Atomgewichte , Zerfallsenergien und Halbwertszeiten aller Isotope Exploring the Table of the Isotopes at the LBNL Current isotope research and information isotope.info Emergency Preparedness and Response : Radioactive Isotopes by the CDC ( Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ) Chart of Nuclides Interactive Chart of Nuclides ( National Nuclear Data Center ) Interactive Chart of the nuclides , isotopes and Periodic Table The LIVEChart of Nuclides -- IAEA with isotope data . 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according to the definition used for this class the central focus of study for kinesiology should be

Kinesiology

kinesiology

Kinesiology is the scientific study of human or non-human body movement . Kinesiology addresses physiological , biomechanical , and psychological dynamic principles and mechanisms of movement . Applications of kinesiology to human health ( i.e. , human kinesiology ) include biomechanics and orthopedics ; strength and conditioning ; sport psychology ; methods of rehabilitation , such as physical and occupational therapy ; and sport and exercise . Studies of human and animal motion include measures from motion tracking systems , electrophysiology of muscle and brain activity , various methods for monitoring physiological function , and other behavioral and cognitive research techniques .

The word comes from the Greek κίνησις kínēsis , `` movement '' ( itself from κινεῖν kineîn , `` to move '' ) , and - λογία - logia , `` study '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Basics 2 Principles 2.1 Adaptation through exercise 2.2 Neuroplasticity 2.3 Motor redundancy 3 Scope of practice 4 Licensing and regulation 4.1 Canada 5 Health service 6 History of Kinesiology 7 Technology in Kinesiology 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Basics ( edit ) Kinesiology is the study of human and nonhuman animal - body movements , performance , and function by applying the sciences of biomechanics , anatomy , physiology , psychology , and neuroscience . Applications of kinesiology in human - health include physical education teacher , rehabilitation , health and safety , health promotion , workplaces , sport and exercise industries . A bachelor 's degree in kinesiology can provide strong preparation for graduate study in biomedical research , as well as in professional programs , such as medicine . Whereas the term `` kinesiologist '' is neither a licensed nor professional designation in the United States nor most countries ( with the exception of Canada ) , individuals with training in this area can teach physical education , provide consulting services , conduct research and develop policies related to rehabilitation , human motor performance , ergonomics , and occupational health and safety . In North America , kinesiologists may study to earn a Bachelor of Science , Master of Science , or Doctorate of Philosophy degree in Kinesiology or a Bachelor of Kinesiology degree , while in Australia or New Zealand , they are often conferred an Applied Science ( Human Movement ) degree ( or higher ) . Many doctoral level faculty in North American kinesiology programs received their doctoral training in related disciplines , such as neuroscience , mechanical engineering , psychology , and physiology . The world 's first kinesiology department was launched in 1967 at the University of Waterloo , Canada . Principles ( edit ) Adaptation through exercise ( edit ) Summary of long - term adaptations to regular aerobic and anaerobic exercise . Aerobic exercise can cause several central cardiovascular adaptations , including an increase in stroke volume ( SV ) and maximal aerobic capacity ( VO max ) , as well as a decrease in resting heart rate ( RHR ) . Long - term adaptations to resistance training , the most common form of anaerobic exercise , include muscular hypertrophy , an increase in the physiological cross-sectional area ( PCSA ) of muscle ( s ) , and an increase in neural drive , both of which lead to increased muscular strength . Neural adaptations begin more quickly and plateau prior to the hypertrophic response . Adaptation through exercise is a key principle of kinesiology that relates to improved fitness in athletes as well as health and wellness in clinical populations . Exercise is a simple and established intervention for many movement disorders and musculoskeletal conditions due to the neuroplasticity of the brain and the adaptability of the musculoskeletal system . Therapeutic exercise has been shown to improve neuromotor control and motor capabilities in both normal and pathological populations . There are many different types of exercise interventions that can be applied in kinesiology to athletic , normal , and clinical populations . Aerobic exercise interventions help to improve cardiovascular endurance . Anaerobic strength training programs can increase muscular strength , power , and lean body mass . Decreased risk of falls and increased neuromuscular control can be attributed to balance intervention programs . Flexibility programs can increase functional range of motion and reduce the risk of injury . As a whole , exercise programs can reduce symptoms of depression and risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases . Additionally , they can help to improve quality of life , sleeping habits , immune system function , and body composition . The study of the physiological responses to physical exercise and their therapeutic applications is known as exercise physiology , which is an important area of research within kinesiology . Neuroplasticity ( edit ) Main article : Neurobiological effects of physical exercise Adaptive plasticity along with practice in three levels . In behavior level , performance ( e.g. , successful rate , accuracy ) improved after practice . In cortical level , motor representation areas of the acting muscles enlarged ; functional connectivity between primary motor cortex ( M1 ) and supplementary motor area ( SMA ) is strengthened . In neuronal level , the number of dendrites and neurotransmitter increase with practice . Neuroplasticity is also a key scientific principle used in kinesiology to describe how movement and changes in the brain are related . The human brain adapts and acquires new motor skills based on this principle , which includes both adaptive and maladaptive brain changes . Adaptive plasticity Recent empirical evidence indicates the significant impact of physical activity on brain function ; for example , greater amounts of physical activity are associated with enhanced cognitive function in older adults . The effects of physical activity can be distributed throughout the whole brain , such as higher gray matter density and white matter integrity after exercise training , and / or on specific brain areas , such as greater activation in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus . Neuroplasticity is also the underlying mechanism of skill acquisition . For example , after long - term training , pianists showed greater gray matter density in sensorimotor cortex and white matter integrity in the internal capsule compared to non-musicians . Maladaptive plasticity Maladaptive plasticity is defined as neuroplasticity with negative effects or detrimental consequences in behavior . Movement abnormalities may occur among individuals with and without brain injuries due to abnormal remodeling in central nervous system . Learned non-use is an example commonly seen among patients with brain damage , such as stroke . Patients with stroke learned to suppress paretic limb movement after unsuccessful experience in paretic hand use ; this may cause decreased neuronal activation at adjacent areas of the infarcted motor cortex . There are many types of therapies that are designed to overcome maladaptive plasticity in clinic and research , such as constraint - induced movement therapy ( CIMT ) , body weight support treadmill training ( BWSTT ) and virtual reality therapy . These interventions are shown to enhance motor function in paretic limbs and stimulate cortical reorganization in patients with brain damage . Motor redundancy ( edit ) Animation illustrating the concept of motor redundancy : the motor action of bringing the finger in contact with a point in space can be achieved using a wide variety of limb configurations . Motor redundancy is a widely used concept in kinesiology and motor control which states that , for any task the human body can perform , there are effectively an unlimited number of ways the nervous system could achieve that task . This redundancy appears at multiple levels in the chain of motor execution : Kinematic redundancy means that for a desired location of the endpoint ( e.g. the hand or finger ) , there are many configurations of the joints that would produce the same endpoint location in space . Muscle redundancy means that the same net joint torque could be generated by many different relative contributions of individual muscles . Motor unit redundancy means that for the same net muscle force could be generated by many different relative contributions of motor units within that muscle . The concept of motor redundancy is explored in numerous studies , usually with the goal of describing the relative contribution of a set of motor elements ( e.g. muscles ) in various human movements , and how these contributions can be predicted from a comprehensive theory . Two distinct ( but not incompatible ) theories have emerged for how the nervous system coordinates redundant elements : simplification and optimization . In the simplification theory , complex movements and muscle actions are constructed from simpler ones , often known as primitives or synergies , resulting in a simpler system for the brain to control . In the optimization theory , motor actions arise from the minimization of a control parameter , such as the energetic cost of movement or errors in movement performance . Scope of practice ( edit ) In Canada , kinesiology is a professional designation as well as an area of study . In the province of Ontario the scope has been officially defined as , `` the assessment of human movement and performance and its rehabilitation and management to maintain , rehabilitate or enhance movement and performance '' Kinesiologists work in a variety of roles as health professionals . They work as rehabilitation providers in hospitals , clinics and private settings working with populations needing care for musculoskeletal , cardiac and neurological conditions . They provide rehabilitation to persons injured at work and in vehicular accidents . Kinesiologists also work as functional assessment specialists , exercise therapists , ergonomists , return to work specialists , case managers and medical legal evaluators . They can be found in hospital , long term care , clinic , work , and community settings . Additionally , kinesiology is applied in areas of health and fitness for all levels of athletes , but more often found with training of elite athletes . Licensing and Regulation ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) In Canada , Kinesiology has been designated a regulated health profession in Ontario . Kinesiology was granted the right to regulate in the province of Ontario in the summer of 2007 and similar proposals have been made for other provinces . The College of Kinesiologists of Ontario achieved proclamation on April 1 , 2013 , at which time the professional title `` Kinesiologist '' became protected by law . In Ontario only members of the college may call themselves a Registered Kinesiologist . Individuals who have earned degrees in kinesiology can work in research , the fitness industry , clinical settings , and in industrial environments . They also work in cardiac rehabilitation , health and safety , hospital and long - term care facilities and community health centers just to name a few . Health service ( edit ) The analysis of recorded human movement , as pioneered by Eadweard Muybridge , figures prominently in kinesiology . Health Promotion Kinesiologists working in the health promotion industry work with individuals to enhance the health , fitness , and well - being of the individual . Kinesiologists can be found working in fitness facilities , personal training / corporate wellness facilities , and industry . Clinical / Rehabilitation Kinesiologists work with individuals with disabling conditions to assist in regaining their optimal physical function . They work with individuals in their home , fitness facilities , rehabilitation clinics , and at the worksite . They also work alongside physiotherapists and occupational therapists . Ergonomics Kinesiologists work in industry to assess suitability of design of workstations and provide suggestions for modifications and assistive devices . Health and Safety . Kinesiologists are involved in consulting with industry to identify hazards and provide recommendations and solutions to optimize the health and safety of workers . Disability Management / Case Coordination Kinesiologists recommend and provide a plan of action to return an injured individual to their optimal function in all aspects of life . Management / Research / Administration / Health and Safety Kinesiologists frequently fulfill roles in all above areas , perform research , and manage businesses . Health Education Kinesiologists working in health education teach people about behaviors that promote wellness . They develop and implement strategies to improve the health of individuals and communities . Community health workers collect data and discuss health concerns with members of specific populations or communities . Athletic Training Kinesiologists working in athletic training work in cooperation with physicians . Athletic trainers strive to prevent athletes from suffering injuries , diagnose them if they have suffered an injury and apply the appropriate treatment . Athletic Coaches and Scouts Kinesiologists who pursue a career as an athletic coach develop new talent and guide an athlete 's progress in a specific sport . They teach amateur or professional athletes the skills they need to succeed at their sport . Many coaches are also involved in scouting . Scouts look for new players and evaluate their skills and likelihood for success at the college , amateur , or professional level . Physical Education Teacher Kinesiologists working as physical education teachers are responsible for teaching fitness , sports and health . They help students stay both mentally and physically fit by teaching them to make healthy choices . History of kinesiology ( edit ) In 1886 , Swedish baron Nils Posse ( 1862 - 1895 ) introduced the term Kinesiology in the U.S.A. , 1894 he wrote the book `` The Special Kinesiology of Educational Gymnastics '' . Nils Posse was a graduate of the Royal Gymnastic Central Institute in Stockholm , Sweden and founder of the Posse Gymnasium , Boston , MA . Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics ( sv ) G.C.I. was founded 1813 in Stockholm , Sweden by Pehr Henrik Ling . It was the first Physiotherapy School in the world , training hundreds of medical gymnasts who spread the Swedish physical therapy around the entire world . In 1887 , Sweden was the first country in the world to give a national state licence to physiotherapists / physical therapists . The Swedish medical gymnast and kinesiologist Carl August Georgii ( sv ) , Professor at the Royal Gymnastic Central Institute GCI in Stockholm , was the one who created and coined the new international word Kinesiology in 1854 . The term Kinesiology is a literal translation to Greek + English from the original Swedish word Rörelselära , meaning `` Movement Science '' . It was the foundation of the Medical Gymnastics , the original Physiotherapy and Physical Therapy , developed during 100 years in Sweden ( starting 1813 ) . The new medical therapy created in Sweden was originally called Rörelselära ( sv ) , and later in 1854 translated to the new and invented international word `` Kinesiology '' . The Kinesiology consisted of nearly 2,000 physical movements and 50 different types of massage therapy techniques . They were all used to affect various dysfunctions and even illnesses , not only in the movement apparatus , but also into the internal physiology of man . Thus , the original classical and Traditional Kinesiology was not only a system of rehabilitation for the body , or biomechanics like in modern Academic Kinesiology , but also a new therapy for relieving and curing diseases , by affecting the autonomic nervous system , organs and glands in the body. , In 1886 , the Swedish Medical Gymnast Nils Posse ( 1862 - 1895 ) introduced the term kinesiology in the U.S. Nils Posse was a graduate of the Royal Gymnastic Central Institute in Stockholm , Sweden and founder of the Posse Gymnasium in Boston , MA . He was teaching at Boston Normal School of Gymnastics BNSG . The Special Kinesiology Of Educational Gymnastics was the first book ever written in the world with the word `` Kinesiology '' in the title of the book . It was written by Nils Posse and published in Boston , 1894 - 1895 . Technology in kinesiology ( edit ) Motion capture technology has application in measuring human movement , and thus kinesiology . Historically , motion capture labs have recorded high fidelity data . While accurate and credible , these systems can come at high capital and operational costs . Modern - day systems have increased accessibility to mocap technology . See also ( edit ) Anatomical terms of motion Exercise physiology Kinanthropometry Kinesiogenomics Physical therapy ( USA ) Mental Practice of Action Motor imagery Movement Assessment Neurology Sports science Kinesiological stretching References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bodo Rosenhahn , Reinhard Klette and Dimitris Metaxas ( eds . ) . Human Motion - Understanding , Modelling , Capture and Animation . 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Neuroscience Letters. 459 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neulet. 2008.07. 056 . PMID 18672026 . Jump up ^ PANTEV , C. ; ENGELIEN , A. ; CANDIA , V. ; ELBERT , T. ( 25 January 2006 ) . `` Representational Cortex in Musicians '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 930 ( 1 ) : 300 -- 314 . Bibcode : 2001NYASA. 930 ... 300P . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.2001. tb05740. x . Jump up ^ Cramer SC , Sur M , Dobkin BH , O'Brien C , Sanger TD , Trojanowski JQ , Rumsey JM , Hicks R , Cameron J , Chen D , Chen WG , Cohen LG , deCharms C , Duffy CJ , Eden GF , Fetz EE , Filart R , Freund M , Grant SJ , Haber S , Kalivas PW , Kolb B , Kramer AF , Lynch M , Mayberg HS , McQuillen PS , Nitkin R , Pascual - Leone A , Reuter - Lorenz P , Schiff N , Sharma A , Shekim L , Stryker M , Sullivan EV , Vinogradov S ( June 2011 ) . `` Harnessing neuroplasticity for clinical applications '' . Brain . 134 ( Pt 6 ) : 1591 -- 609 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / awr039 . PMC 3102236 . PMID 21482550 . Jump up ^ Nahum , A ; Sznajder , JI ; Solway , J ; Wood , LD ; Schumacker , PT ( May 1988 ) . `` Pressure , flow , and density relationships in airway models during constant - flow ventilation '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 64 ( 5 ) : 2066 -- 73 . doi : 10.1152 / jappl. 1988.64. 5.2066 . PMID 3391905 . Jump up ^ Kadota , H ; Nakajima , Y ; Miyazaki , M ; Sekiguchi , H ; Kohno , Y ; Amako , M ; Arino , H ; Nemoto , K ; Sakai , N ( July 2010 ) . `` An fMRI study of musicians with focal dystonia during tapping tasks '' . Journal of Neurology . 257 ( 7 ) : 1092 -- 8 . doi : 10.1007 / s00415 - 010 - 5468 - 9 . PMID 20143109 . Jump up ^ Taub E , Crago JE , Burgio LD , Groomes TE , Cook EW , DeLuca SC , Miller NE ( March 1994 ) . `` An operant approach to rehabilitation medicine : overcoming learned nonuse by shaping '' . Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior . 61 ( 2 ) : 281 -- 93 . doi : 10.1901 / jeab. 1994.61 - 281 . PMC 1334416 . PMID 8169577 . Jump up ^ Jones TA , Allred RP , Jefferson SC , Kerr AL , Woodie DA , Cheng SY , Adkins DL ( June 2013 ) . `` Motor system plasticity in stroke models : intrinsically use - dependent , unreliably useful '' . Stroke : A Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 44 ( 6 Suppl 1 ) : S104 -- 6 . doi : 10.1161 / STROKEAHA. 111.000037 . PMC 3727618 . PMID 23709698 . Jump up ^ Macko , RF ; Smith , GV ; Dobrovolny , CL ; Sorkin , JD ; Goldberg , AP ; Silver , KH ( July 2001 ) . `` Treadmill training improves fitness reserve in chronic stroke patients '' . Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation . 82 ( 7 ) : 879 -- 84 . doi : 10.1053 / apmr. 2001.23853 . PMID 11441372 . Jump up ^ Wolf , SL ; Winstein , CJ ; Miller , JP ; Taub , E ; Uswatte , G ; Morris , D ; Giuliani , C ; Light , KE ; Nichols - Larsen , D ; EXCITE , Investigators ( Nov 1 , 2006 ) . `` Effect of constraint - induced movement therapy on upper extremity function 3 to 9 months after stroke : the EXCITE randomized clinical trial '' . JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association . 296 ( 17 ) : 2095 -- 104 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 296.17. 2095 . PMID 17077374 . Jump up ^ Turolla , A ; Dam , M ; Ventura , L ; Tonin , P ; Agostini , M ; Zucconi , C ; Kiper , P ; Cagnin , A ; Piron , L ( Aug 1 , 2013 ) . `` Virtual reality for the rehabilitation of the upper limb motor function after stroke : a prospective controlled trial '' . Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation . 10 : 85 . doi : 10.1186 / 1743 - 0003 - 10 - 85 . PMC 3734026 . PMID 23914733 . Jump up ^ Orihuela - Espina F , Fernández del Castillo I , Palafox L , Pasaye E , Sánchez - Villavicencio I , Leder R , Franco JH , Sucar LE ( May -- Jun 2013 ) . `` Neural reorganization accompanying upper limb motor rehabilitation from stroke with virtual reality - based gesture therapy '' . Topics in stroke rehabilitation . 20 ( 3 ) : 197 -- 209 . doi : 10.1310 / tsr2003 - 197 . PMID 23841967 . Jump up ^ Szaflarski , JP ; Page , SJ ; Kissela , BM ; Lee , JH ; Levine , P ; Strakowski , SM ( August 2006 ) . `` Cortical reorganization following modified constraint - induced movement therapy : a study of 4 patients with chronic stroke '' . Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation . 87 ( 8 ) : 1052 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. apmr. 2006.04. 018 . PMID 16876549 . Jump up ^ Yang , YR ; Chen , IH ; Liao , KK ; Huang , CC ; Wang , RY ( April 2010 ) . `` Cortical reorganization induced by body weight - supported treadmill training in patients with hemiparesis of different stroke durations '' . Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation . 91 ( 4 ) : 513 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. apmr. 2009.11. 021 . PMID 20382280 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Nikolai ( 1967 ) . The Co-ordination and Regulation of Movement . Long Island City , NY : Permagon Press . p. 196 . Jump up ^ Latash , ML ; Scholz , JP ; Schöner , G ( January 2002 ) . `` Motor control strategies revealed in the structure of motor variability '' . Exercise and sport sciences reviews . 30 ( 1 ) : 26 -- 31 . doi : 10.1097 / 00003677 - 200201000 - 00006 . PMID 11800496 . Jump up ^ Tresch , MC ; Jarc , A ( December 2009 ) . `` The case for and against muscle synergies '' . Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 19 ( 6 ) : 601 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. conb. 2009.09. 002 . PMC 2818278 . PMID 19828310 . ^ Jump up to : Todorov , E ; Jordan , MI ( November 2002 ) . `` Optimal feedback control as a theory of motor coordination '' . Nature Neuroscience. 5 ( 11 ) : 1226 -- 35 . doi : 10.1038 / nn963 . PMID 12404008 . Jump up ^ d'Avella , A ; Saltiel , P ; Bizzi , E ( March 2003 ) . `` Combinations of muscle synergies in the construction of a natural motor behavior '' . Nature Neuroscience. 6 ( 3 ) : 300 -- 8 . doi : 10.1038 / nn1010 . PMID 12563264 . Jump up ^ Mussa - Ivaldi , FA ; Giszter , SF ; Bizzi , E ( Aug 2 , 1994 ) . `` Linear combinations of primitives in vertebrate motor control '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 91 ( 16 ) : 7534 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1994PNAS ... 91.7534 M . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 91.16. 7534 . PMC 44436 . PMID 8052615 . Jump up ^ Harris , CM ; Wolpert , DM ( Aug 20 , 1998 ) . `` Signal - dependent noise determines motor planning '' . Nature . 394 ( 6695 ) : 780 -- 4 . Bibcode : 1998Natur. 394 ... 780H . doi : 10.1038 / 29528 . PMID 9723616 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Ontario Kinesiology Association '' . Oka.on.ca . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Law Document English View '' . gov.on.ca. 24 July 2014 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2015 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2013 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , S.J. ( 2008 ) . Shirl J. Hoffman , ed . Introduction to Kinesiology ( 3 ed . ) . Human Kinetics . ISBN 9780736076135 . Jump up ^ `` Kinesiology Act , 2007 , S.O. 2007 , c. 10 , Sched . O '' . E-laws.gov.on.ca. 2007 - 06 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` CKA - Canadian Kinesiology Alliance - Alliance Canadienne de Kinésiologie '' . Cka.ca . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` CKA - Canadian Kinesiology Alliance - Alliance Canadienne de Kinésiologie '' . Cka.ca . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Labor Statistics , U.S. Department of Labor , Occupational Outlook Handbook , 2016 - 17 Edition , Health Educators and Community Health Workers '' . 20 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Labor Statistics , U.S. Department of Labor , Occupational Outlook Handbook , 2016 - 17 Edition , Athletic Trainers '' . 20 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Labor Statistics , U.S. Department of Labor , Occupational Outlook Handbook , 2016 - 17 Edition , Coaches and Scouts '' . 20 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Concordia Online Education , Physical Education Teacher : Job and Salary , Information for P.E. Teachers '' . teaching careers , 2016 . 20 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ottosson , Anders ( 2010 ) . `` The First Historical Movements of Kinesiology : Scientification in the Borderline between Physical Culture and Medicine around 1850 '' . The International Journal of the History of Sport. 27 ( 11 ) : 1892 -- 1919 . doi : 10.1080 / 09523367.2010. 491618 . Jump up ^ Ottosson , Anders ( 2007 ) . Sjukgymnasten - vart tog han vägen ? En undersökning av sjukgymnastyrkets maskulinisering och avmaskulinisering 1813 - 1934 . Gothenburg Sweden , Göteborg Sverige : Doctoral Theses from University of Gothenburg . ISBN 91 - 88614 - 56 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2016 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ www.Kinesiology.com , Mac Pompeius Wolontis , . `` Kinesiology.com - manual muscle testing MMT '' . kinesiology.com . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Motion capture '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 01 - 16 . External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of kinesiology at Wiktionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinesiology&oldid=841516370 '' Categories : Ergonomics Applied sciences Human physiology Motor control Exercise physiology Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Shqip Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 09 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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khatron ke khiladi season 7 episode 9 full episode

Fear Factor : Khatron Ke Khiladi ( season 8 )

fear factor : khatron ke khiladi ( season 8 )

The eighth season of Fear Factor : Khatron Ke Khiladi , an Indian reality and stunt television series premiered first on 22 July 2017 and is broadcast on Colors TV . The name of the season is Khatron Ke Khiladi : Pain in Spain . It airs on Saturday and Sunday nights at 9 PM . The series is produced by Endemol India of Deepak Dhar .

The season , which was filmed in Spain , was hosted by Rohit Shetty . The season ended on 30 September 2017 with Shantanu Maheshwari was declared as the winner while Popular TV Actress Hina Khan became the runner - up . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Information chart 3 References 4 External links Contestants ( edit ) Contestant Profession Status Notes Shantanu Maheshwari Indian TV actor , dancer and choreographer Winner on 30 September 2017 1st Place Hina Khan Indian TV actress 1st Runner Up 2nd Place Ravi Dubey Indian TV actor 2nd Runner Up 3rd Place Monica Dogra American musician and actress Eliminated on 13 August 2017 returned on 2 September 2017 Eliminated on 30 September 2017 ( Finalist ) 4th place Nia Sharma Indian TV actress Eliminated on 6 August 2017 returned on 12 August 2017 eliminated again on 27 August 2017 returned again on 2 September 2017 Eliminated on 30 September ( Finalist ) 5th place Lopamudra Raut Indian model Eliminated on 24 September 2017 6th place ( semi-finalist ) Rithvik Dhanjani Indian TV actor Eliminated on 24 September 2017 7th place ( semi-finalist ) Karan Wahi Indian TV actor Eliminated on 10 September 2017 8th place Geeta Phogat Wrestler Eliminated on 3 September 2017 9th place Manveer Gurjar Bigg Boss 10 winner Eliminated on 20 August 2017 10th place Shiny Doshi Indian TV actress and model Eliminated on 30 July 2017 11th place Shibani Dandekar Indian TV actress , singer and model Eliminated on 29 July 2017 12th place Information chart ( edit ) Week Contestants Shantanu Maheshwari Hina Khan Ravi Dubey Nia Sharma Monica Dogra Lopamudra Raut Rithvik Dhanjani Karan Wahi Geeta Phogat Manveer Gurjar Shiny Doshi Shibani Dandekar Safe Win Low Low Low Low Win Win Win Safe Win Low Safe Win Win Low Low Win Eliminated Safe Win Safe Win Safe Win Low Low Win Low Low Win Win Low Low Win Eliminated Win Win Low Low Safe Low Win Safe Win Low Win Low Low Win Eliminated Win Win Safe Safe Win Low Win Safe Win Low Safe Safe Safe Win Win Eliminated Win Win Win Safe Win Win Low Low Low Low Win Safe Safe Eliminated 6 Win Win Low Low Low Low Win Win Win Low Low Win Win Win Win Low Low Low Safe Low Win Eliminated Safe Win 7 Safe Safe Safe Wild card Wild card Safe Safe Safe Safe Wild card Win Safe Eliminated Win Win Win Safe Low Low Win Low Low Low Win Win Low Win Eliminated 8 Win Low Win Low Win Safe Safe Low Low Win Safe Win Low Safe Win Win Low Low Safe Win Safe Eliminated 9 Win Low Win Low Win Low Low Low Win Low Low Win Low Win Low Low Low Low Win 10 Low Win Win Ticket to finale Win Low Low Low 2nd finalist Low 3rd finalist Eliminated 5th finalist 4th finalist Eliminated 11 Winner 1st Runner up 2nd Runner up Eliminated Eliminated Win -- Winner of weekly task ( s ) Safe -- Neither top nor bottom WC -- Wild card Low -- Elimination round Eliminated -- Eliminated Ticket to finale Finalist Winner 1st Runner up 2nd Runner up Eliminated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rohit Shetty will host Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 ; Geeta Phogat , Manveer Gurjar to compete '' . 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi season 8 begins tonight : Nia Sharma , Rithvik Dhanjani look promising '' . 22 July 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spain is calling ! Khatron Ke Khiladi season 8 host Rohit Shetty to begin shooting for reality show ! '' . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shantanu Maheshwari wins Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 '' . The Indian Express . September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I do n't mind sporting a bikini in future , but not right now : Hina Khan '' . Jump up ^ `` Marriage is not on the cards for at least two to three years : Hina Khan '' . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 : Nia Sharma , Hina Khan And Geeta Phogat Leave A Mark In The First Episode '' . 23 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 : Ravi Dubey , Rithvik Dhanjani and Karan Wahi personify bromance . See photos '' . 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 final contestants list : Nia Sharma , Manveer Gurjar , Hina Khan to fight their fears this season '' . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nia Sharma in ' Khatron Ke Khiladi ' '' . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 6 August 2017 Review : Nia Sharma Gets Eliminated From Rohit Shetty 's Show '' . 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi : Bigg Boss 10 contestant Lopamudra Raut to join Rohit Shetty 's show ! '' . 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi : REVEALED ! Karan Wahi , Yuvika Chaudhary , Prince Narula may participate '' . 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KHATRON KE KHILADI : Shiny Doshi , Additi Gupta and Mahima Chaudhary head for the show '' . 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KHATRON KE KHILADI 8 : Shiny Doshi OUT of the show ? '' . 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi : Shiny Doshi eliminated ; Manveer Gurjar wins the elimination task '' . 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Singer Shibani Dandekar Confirms Participating in ' Khatron Ke Khiladi Season 8 ' . Check Out the List of Other Confirmed Contestants ! '' . 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KHATRON KE KHILADI 8 : Shibani Dandekar ELIMINATED ? '' . 29 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Programs currently broadcast by Colors Reality show Bigg Boss 11 Weekly drama Chandrakanta Dev Mahakali Soap opera Dil Se Dil Tak Ishq Mein Marjawan Karamafal Daata Shani Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki Sasural Simar Ka Savitri Devi College & Hospital Shakti Tu Aashiqui Udaan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fear_Factor:_Khatron_Ke_Khiladi_(season_8)&oldid=805570998 '' Categories : 2017 Indian television seasons 2010s Indian television series Hindi - language television programs Indian reality television series Stunts Fear Factor Television series by Endemol Colors ( TV channel ) series Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 07 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear%20Factor%3A%20Khatron%20Ke%20Khiladi%20%28season%208%29

what is the difference between titans and olympians

In Greek mythology , the Titans ( Greek : Τιτάν , Titán , plural : Τiτᾶνες , Titânes ) and Titanesses ( or Titanides ; Greek : Τιτανίς , Titanís , plural : Τιτανίδες , Titanídes ) were members of the second generation of divine beings , descending from the primordial deities and preceding the Olympians . Based on Mount Othrys , the Titans most famously included the first twelve children of Gaia ( Mother Earth ) and Uranus ( Father Sky ) . They ruled during the legendary Golden Age , and also comprised the first pantheon of Greek deities .

Titan ( mythology )

titan ( mythology )

In Greek mythology , the Titans ( Greek : Τιτάν , Titán , plural : Τiτᾶνες , Titânes ) and Titanesses ( or Titanides ; Greek : Τιτανίς , Titanís , plural : Τιτανίδες , Titanídes ) were members of the second generation of divine beings , descending from the primordial deities and preceding the Olympians . Based on Mount Othrys , the Titans most famously included the first twelve children of Gaia ( Mother Earth ) and Uranus ( Father Sky ) . They ruled during the legendary Golden Age , and also comprised the first pantheon of Greek deities .

The first twelve Titans were the females Mnemosyne , Tethys , Theia , Phoebe , Rhea , and Themis and the males Oceanus , Hyperion , Coeus , Cronus , Crius , and Iapetus . They begat more Titans : Hyperion 's children Helios , Selene , and Eos ; Coeus ' children Leto and Asteria ; Iapetus ' sons Atlas , Prometheus , Epimetheus , and Menoetius ; Oceanus ' daughter Metis ; and Crius ' sons Astraeus , Pallas , and Perses . Just as Cronus overthrew his father Uranus , the Titans were overthrown by Cronus 's children ( Zeus , Hades , Poseidon , Hestia , Hera and Demeter ) , in the Titanomachy ( or `` War of the Titans '' ) . The Greeks may have borrowed this mytheme from the Ancient Near East . Contents 1 Titanomachy 2 Genealogy 3 Orphic sources 4 Modern interpretations 5 In astronomy 6 In popular culture 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Titanomachy ( edit ) Main article : Titanomachy Greeks of the classical age knew several poems about the war between the Olympians and Titans . The dominant one , and the only one that has survived , was in the Theogony attributed to Hesiod . A lost epic , Titanomachia ( attributed to the legendary blind Thracian bard Thamyris ) was mentioned in passing in an essay On Music that was once attributed to Plutarch . The Titans also played a prominent role in the poems attributed to Orpheus . Although only scraps of the Orphic narratives survive , they show interesting differences with the Hesiodic tradition . The classical Greek myths of the Titanomachy fall into a class of similar myths throughout Europe and the Near East concerning a war in heaven , where one generation or group of gods largely opposes the dominant one . Sometimes the elders are supplanted , and sometimes the rebels lose and are either cast out of power entirely or incorporated into the pantheon . Other examples might include the wars of the Æsir with the Vanir in Scandinavian mythology , the Babylonian epic Enuma Elish , the Hittite `` Kingship in Heaven '' narrative , the obscure generational conflict in Ugaritic fragments , Virabhadra 's conquest of the early Vedic Gods , and the rebellion of Lucifer in Christianity . The Titanomachy lasted for ten years . The Titans were imprisoned in Tartarus after the war had ended . Tartarus is said to be the deepest part of the Underworld and the place where the evilest beings are tortured for all eternity . Genealogy ( edit ) hide Titan Family Tree Uranus Gaia Pontus Oceanus Tethys Hyperion Theia Crius Eurybia The Rivers The Oceanids Helios Selene Eos Astraeus Pallas Perses Cronus Rhea Coeus Phoebe Hestia Hera Poseidon Zeus Leto Asteria Demeter Hades Apollo Artemis Hecate Iapetus Clymene ( or Asia ) Themis ( Zeus ) Mnemosyne Atlas Menoetius Prometheus Epimetheus The Horae The Muses Orphic sources ( edit ) Rhea , a Titan daughter of the earth goddess Gaia , was both sister and wife to Kronos . Hesiod does not have the last word on the Titans . Surviving fragments of poetry ascribed to Orpheus preserve some variations on the myth . In such text , Zeus does not simply set upon his father violently . Instead , Rhea spreads out a banquet for Cronus so that he becomes drunk upon fermented honey . Rather than being consigned to Tartarus , Cronus is dragged -- still drunk -- to the cave of Nyx ( Night ) , where he continues to dream throughout eternity . Another myth concerning the Titans that is not in Hesiod revolves around Dionysus . At some point in his reign , Zeus decides to give up the throne in favor of the infant Dionysus , who like the infant Zeus , is guarded by the Kouretes . The Titans decide to slay the child and claim the throne for themselves ; they paint their faces white with gypsum , distract Dionysus with toys , then dismember him and boil and roast his limbs . Zeus , enraged , slays the Titans with his thunderbolt ; Athena preserves the heart in a gypsum doll , out of which a new Dionysus is made . This story is told by the poets Callimachus and Nonnus , who call this Dionysus `` Zagreus '' , and in a number of Orphic texts , which do not . One iteration of this story , of the Late Antique Neoplatonist philosopher Olympiodorus , recounted in his commentary of Plato 's Phaedo , affirms that humanity sprang up out of the fatty smoke of the burning Titan corpses . Pindar , Plato , and Oppian refer offhandedly to the `` Titanic nature '' of humans . According to them , the body is the titanic part , while soul is the divine part of humans . Other early writers imply that humanity was born out of the malevolent blood shed by the Titans in their war against Zeus . Some scholars consider that Olympiodorus ' report , the only surviving explicit expression of this mythic connection , embodied a tradition that dated to the Bronze Age , while Radcliffe Edmonds has suggested an element of innovative allegorized improvisation to suit Olympiodorus ' purpose . Modern interpretations ( edit ) Cronus armed with sickle ; after a carved gem ( Aubin - Louis Millin de Grandmaison , Galerie mythologique , 1811 ) . Some 19th - and 20th - century scholars , including Jane Ellen Harrison , have argued that an initiatory or shamanic ritual underlies the myth of the dismemberment and cannibalism of Dionysus by the Titans . She also asserts that the word `` Titan '' comes from the Greek τίτανος , signifying white `` earth , clay , or gypsum , '' and that the Titans were `` white clay men '' , or men covered by white clay or gypsum dust in their rituals . Martin Litchfield West also asserts this in relation to shamanistic initiatory rites of early Greek religious practices . Beekes connects the word with τιτώ ( a now - obscure word for `` day '' ) . Other scholars connect the word to the Greek verb τείνω ( `` teino '' , to stretch ) , through an epic variation τιταίνω and τίσις ( titaino and tisis , `` retribution '' and `` vengeance '' ) . Hesiod appears to share that view when he narrates : But their father , great Ouranos , called them Titans by surname , rebuking his sons , whom he had begotten himself ; for he said they had `` strained '' ( τιταίνοντας , titainontas ) in their wickedness to perform a mighty deed , and at some later time there would be `` vengeance '' ( τίσιν , tisin ) for this . -- Hesiod , Theogony , 207 -- 210 . Robert Graves suggested that Titans means ' lords ' . In astronomy ( edit ) The planet Saturn is named for the Roman equivalent of the Titan Cronus . Saturn 's largest moon , Titan , is named after the Titans generally , and the other moons of Saturn are named after individual titans , specifically Tethys , Phoebe , Rhea , Hyperion , and Iapetus . Astronomer William Henry Pickering claimed to discover another moon of Saturn which he named Themis , but this discovery was never confirmed , and the name Themis was given to an asteroid , 24 Themis . Asteroid 57 Mnemosyne was also named for a titan . A proto - planet Theia is hypothesized to have been involved in a collision in the early solar system , forming the Earth 's moon . In popular culture ( edit ) Main article : Titans in popular culture Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Burkert , pp. 94f , 125 -- 27 . Jump up ^ About. com 's Ancient / Classical History section ; Hesiod , Theogony , 617 -- 643 : `` So they , with bitter wrath , were fighting continually with one another at that time for ten full years , and the hard strife had no close or end for either side ... '' Jump up ^ Hesiod , Theogony 132 -- 138 , 337 -- 411 , 453 -- 520 , 901 -- 906 , 915 -- 920 ; Caldwell , pp. 8 -- 11 , tables 11 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Although usually the daughter of Hyperion and Theia , as in Hesiod , Theogony 371 -- 374 , in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes ( 4 ) , 99 -- 100 , Selene is instead made the daughter of Pallas the son of Megamedes . Jump up ^ According to Hesiod , Theogony 507 -- 511 , Clymene , one of the Oceanids , the daughters of Oceanus and Tethys , at Hesiod , Theogony 351 , was the mother by Iapetus of Atlas , Menoetius , Prometheus , and Epimetheus , while according to Apollodorus , 1.2. 3 , another Oceanid , Asia was their mother by Iapetus . Jump up ^ According to Plato , Critias , 113d -- 114a , Atlas was the son of Poseidon and the mortal Cleito . Jump up ^ In Aeschylus , Prometheus Bound 18 , 211 , 873 ( Sommerstein , pp. 444 -- 445 n . 2 , 446 -- 447 n . 24 , 538 -- 539 n . 113 ) Prometheus is made to be the son of Themis . Jump up ^ Olympiodorus , In Plat . Phaedr . I. 3 -- 6 . Jump up ^ West ; Albert Bernabé , `` La toile de Pénélope : a-t - il existé un mythe orphique sur Dionysos et les Titans ? '' , Revue de l'histoire des religions ( 2002 : 401 -- 33 ) , noted by Radcliffe G. Edmonds III , `` A Curious concoction : tradition and innovation in Olympiodorus ' creation of mankind '' . Jump up ^ Harrison , Jane Ellen ( 1908 ) . Proleoromena to the Study of Greek Religion ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 490 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Jane Ellen ( 1908 ) . Proleoromena to the Study of Greek Religion ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 491ff . Jump up ^ West . Jump up ^ Beekes 2010 Etymological Dictionary of Greek , sv . τιτώ Jump up ^ Robert Graves . The Greek Myths , section 1 s.v. The Pelasgian Creation Myth References ( edit ) Burket , Walter , The Orientalizing Revolution : Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age , Harvard University Press , 1995 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 64364 - 2 . Harrison , Jane Ellen , Themis : A Study of the Social Origins of Greek Religion , 1913 . Hesiod , Theogony , in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn - White , Cambridge , Massachusetts. , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann Ltd. 1914 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library . Smith , William , Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology , 1870 , Ancientlibrary.com , article on `` Titan '' West , Martin Litchfield , The Orphic Poems , Clarendon Press , 1983 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 814854 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Titans . Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Theogony of Hesiod Theoi Project , Titans references to Titans in classical literature , in translation Greek Mythology Link , Titans summary of the Titans myth Ancient Greek deities by affiliation Primordial deities Achlys Aether Aion / Chronos Ananke Chaos Erebus Eros / Phanes Gaia Hemera Nyx The Ourea Pontus / Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Fates Atropos Clotho Lachesis Titan deities Titanes ( male ) Coeus Crius Cronus Hyperion Iapetus Oceanus Ophion Titanides ( female ) Dione Eurybia Mnemosyne Phoebe Rhea Tethys Theia Themis Children of Hyperion Eos Helios Selene Children of Coeus Asteria Leto Lelantos Children of Crius Astraeus Pallas Perses Children of Iapetus Atlas Epimetheus Menoetius Prometheus Mousai ( Muses ) Aoide Arche Melete Mneme Olympian deities Dodekatheon Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Theoi Olympioi Asclepius Deimos Ganymede Eileithyia Enyo Eris Iris Harmonia Hebe Heracles Paean Pan Phobos Mousai ( Muses ) Daughters of Zeus Calliope Clio Euterpe Erato Melpomene Polyhymnia Terpsichore Thalia Urania Daughters of Apollo Apollonis Borysthenis Cephisso Muses of the Lyre Hypate Mese Nete Muses at Sicyon Polymatheia Charites ( Graces ) Aglaea Antheia Euphrosyne Hegemone Pasithea Thalia Horae ( Hours ) Dike Eirene Eunomia Children of Styx Bia Kratos Nike Zelos Aquatic deities Sea Gods Amphitrite Benthesikyme Brizo Calypso Ceto Glaucus The Ichthyocentaurs Kymopoleia Leucothea Melicertes Nereus Nerites The Nesoi Oceanus Phorcys Pontus / Thalassa Poseidon Proteus Rhodos Tethys Thaumas Thetis Triton Oceanids Acaste Admete Adrasteia Amalthea Asia Callirrhoe Ceto Clytie Dione Dodone Doris Electra Eurynome Idyia Melia Metis Nemesis Perse Pleione Plouto Styx Telesto Zeuxo Nereides Amphitrite Arethusa Dynamene Galatea Galene Psamathe Thetis Potamoi Achelous Almo Alpheus Anapos Asopus Asterion Axius Caanthus Cebren Cephissus Clitumnus Enipeus Kladeos Meander Nilus Numicus Phyllis Peneus Rivers of the Underworld Cocytus Eridanos Lethe Phlegethon Styx Sangarius Scamander Simoeis Strymon Naiads Aegina Achiroe Aganippe The Anigrides Argyra Bistonis Bolbe Caliadne Cassotis Castalia Cleocharia Creusa Daphne Drosera Harpina The Ionides Ismenis Larunda Lilaea Liriope Melite Metope Minthe Moria Nana Nicaea Orseis Pallas Pirene Salmacis Stilbe The Thriae Corycia Kleodora Melaina Tiasa Chthonic deities Theoi Chthonioi Angelos Demeter Gaia Hades Hecate The Lampads Macaria Melinoë Persephone Zagreus Erinyes ( Furies ) Alecto Megaera Tisiphone Earthborn Cyclopes Gigantes Hecatonchires Kouretes Meliae Telchines Typhon Apotheothenai Trophonius Triptolemus Orpheus Aeacus Minos Rhadamanthus Personifications Children of Nyx Achlys Apate Dolos Eleos Elpis Epiphron Eris Geras Hesperides Hybris Hypnos Ker The Keres The Moirai Aisa Clotho Lachesis Momus Moros Oizys The Oneiroi Epiales Morpheus Phantasos Phobetor Nemesis Philotes Sophrosyne Thanatos Children of Eris Algos Amphillogiai Ate The Androktasiai Dysnomia Horkos Hysminai Lethe Limos Machai Phonoi Ponos Neikea Pseudea Logoi Children of other gods Aergia Aidos Alala Aletheia Angelia Arete Bia Caerus The Younger Charites Eucleia Eupheme Euthenia Philophrosyne Corus Deimos The Erotes Anteros Eros Hedylogos Hermaphroditus Hymen Eupraxia Hedone Homonoia Iacchus Kratos The Litae Homonoia Nike Peitho Phobos Tyche Zelos Others Adephagia Alala Alke Amechania Anaideia Alastor Apheleia Aporia The Arae Dikaiosyne Dyssebeia Ekecheiria Eulabeia Eusebeia Gelos Heimarmene Homados Horme Ioke Kakia Kalokagathia Koalemos Kydoimos Lyssa The Maniae Methe Nomos Palioxis Peitharchia Penia Penthus Pepromene Pheme Philotes Phrike Phthonus Pistis Poine Polemos Poros Praxidike Proioxis Prophasis Roma Soter Soteria Techne Thrasos Other deities Sky deities The Anemoi The Astra Planeti Stilbon Eosphorus Hesperus Pyroeis Phaethon Phaenon Aura Chione The Hesperides The Hyades Nephele The Pleiades Alcyone Sterope Celaeno Electra Maia Merope Taygete Agricultural deities Aphaea Ariadne Carmanor Demeter Despoina Eunostus Philomelus Plutus Health deities Asclepius Aceso Epione Iaso Hygieia Panacea Telesphorus Rustic deities Aetna The Alseids The Auloniads Amphictyonis The Anthousai Aristaeus Attis Britomartis The Cabeiri Comus The Dryades Erato Eurydice The Hamadryades Chrysopeleia The Epimeliades Hecaterus Leuce Ma The Maenades The Meliae The Napaeae The Nymphai Hyperboreioi The Oreads Adrasteia Echo Helike Iynx Nomia Oenone Pitys The Pegasides Priapus Rhapso Silenus Telete Others Acratopotes Adrasteia Agdistis Alexiares and Anicetus Aphroditus Astraea Circe Eiresione Enyalius Harpocrates Ichnaea Palaestra Ancient Greek religion and mythology Classical religious forms Ancient Greek religion Gnosticism Paleo - Balkan mythology Proto - Indo - European religion Hellenistic religion Alchemy Orphism Pythagoreanism Mycenaean deities Mystery religions and sacred mysteries Dionysian Mysteries Eleusinian Mysteries Imbrian Mysteries Mithraism Samotracian Mysteries Main beliefs Apotheosis Euhemerism Eusebeia Greek Heroic Age Interpretatio graeca Monism Mythology Nympholepsy Paganism Paradoxography Polytheism Theism Texts / epic poems / odes Aretalogy Argonautica Bibliotheca Cyranides Derveni papyrus Ehoiai Greek Magical Papyri Homeric Hymns Iliad Odyssey Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis Sibylline Books Telegony The golden verses of Pythagoras Theogony Works and Days Epic Cycle Theban Cycle Rites and practices Amphictyonic League Amphidromia Animal sacrifice Apotheosis Baptes Curse tablet Daduchos Delphinion Funeral and burial practices Hymns Hero cult Heroon Hierophany Hierophant Hierophylakes Hieros gamos Hypsistarians Iatromantis Interpretatio graeca Kanephoros Kykeon Libations Mystagogue Nekyia Necromancy Necromanteion Nymphaeum Panegyris Pharmakos Prayers Orgia Sacrifices Temenos Thyia Temples Votive offerings Sacred places Oracle Sanctuaries -- Necromanteion Aornum Delphi Didymaion Dodona Oracle of Menestheus Tegyra Athenian sacred ships Cave of Zeus , Aydın Cave of Zeus , Crete Cretea Delos Eleusis Hiera Orgas Kanathos Olympia Olympus Psychro Cave Sacred Way Mythical beings Dragons in Greek mythology Greek mythological creatures Greek mythological figures List of minor Greek mythological figures Deities Primordial deities Aether Aion Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx Phanes Pontus Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Titans First generation Coeus Crius Cronus Hyperion Iapetus Mnemosyne Oceanus Phoebe Rhea Tethys Theia Themis Second generation Asteria Astraeus Atlas Eos Epimetheus Helios Leto Menoetius Metis Pallas Perses Prometheus Selene Third generation Hecate Hesperus Phosphorus Twelve Olympians Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Aquatic deities Amphitrite Alpheus Ceto Glaucus The Naiads The Nereids Nereus The Oceanids Phorcys Poseidon The Potamoi Potamides Proteus Scamander Thaumas Thetis Triton Love deities Erotes Anteros Eros Hedylogos Hermaphroditus Himeros Hymen / Hymenaeus Pothos Aphrodite Aphroditus Philotes Peitho War deities Adrestia Alala Alke Amphillogiai Androktasiai Ares Athena Bia Deimos Enyalius Enyo Eris Gynaecothoenas Homados Hysminai Ioke Keres Kratos Kydoimos Ma Machai Nike Palioxis Pallas Perses Phobos Phonoi Polemos Proioxis Chthonic deities Psychopomps Hermanubis Hermes Thanatos Achlys Angelos Hades / Pluto Hecate Hypnos Keres Lampad Macaria Melinoe Persephone Health deities Aceso Aegle Artemis Apollo Asclepius Chiron Eileithyia Epione Hebe Hygieia Iaso Paean Panacea Telesphorus Sleep deities Empusa Epiales Hypnos Morpheus Pasithea Phantasos Phobetor Oneiroi Messenger deities Angelia Arke Hermes Iris Trickster deities Apate Dolos Hermes Momus Magic deities Circe Hecate Hermes Trismegistus Triple deity Other major deities Azone Eileithyia The Erinyes Harmonia The Muses Nemesis Pan Unknown God Zelus Heroes / heroines Abderus Achilles Actaeon Aeneas Argonauts Ajax the Great Ajax the Lesser Akademos Amphiaraus Amphitryon Antilochus Atalanta Autolycus Bellerophon Bouzyges Cadmus Chrysippus Cyamites Daedalus Diomedes Dioscuri ( Castor and Pollux ) Echetlus Eleusis Erechtheus Eunostus Ganymede Hector Heracles Icarus Iolaus Jason Meleager Odysseus Oedipus Orpheus Pandion Peleus Pelops Penthesilea Perseus Theseus Triptolemus Mythical tribes Amazons Anthropophage Atlantians Bebryces Curetes Dactyls Gargareans Halizones Korybantes Lapiths Lotus - eaters Myrmidons Pygmies Telchines Oracles / seers Aesacus Aleuas Amphiaraus Amphilochus Ampyx Anius Asbolus Bakis Branchus Calchas Carnus Carya Cassandra Delphic Sibyl Elatus Ennomus Epimenides Halitherses Helenus Iamus Idmon Manto Melampus Mopsus Munichus Phineus Polyeidos Polypheides Pythia Sibyl Telemus Theiodamas Theoclymenus Tiresias Magic Apotropaic magic Greek Magical Papyri Pella curse tablet Philia Mythical realms Aethiopia Atlantis Hyperborea Libya Nysa Ogygia Panchaia Scythia Themiscyra Underworld Entrances to the underworld Rivers Acheron Cocytus Eridanos Lethe Phlegethon Styx Lakes / swamps Acherusia Avernus Lake Lerna Lake Caves Cave at Cape Matapan Cave Charonium Cave at Lake Avernus Cave at Heraclea Pontica Ploutonion Pluto 's Gate Places Elysium Erebus Fields of Asphodel Fields of Punishment Isles of the Blessed Tartarus Judges of the underworld Aeacus Minos Rhadamanthus Guards Cerberus Ferryman Charon Charon 's obol Symbols / objects Bident Cap of invisibility Animals / daemons / spirits Ascalaphus Ceuthonymus Eurynomos Hade 's cattle Mythological wars Amazonomachy Attic War Centauromachy Gigantomachy Cranes - Pygmies war Theomachy Titanomachy Trojan War Mythological and religious objects Adamant Aegis Ambrosia Apple of Discord Ara Baetylus Caduceus Cornucopia Dragon 's teeth Diipetes Galatea Golden apple Golden Fleece Gorgoneion Greek terracotta figurines Harpe Ichor Lotus tree Minoan sealstone Moly Necklace of Harmonia Omphalos Orichalcum Palladium Panacea Pandora 's box Petasos ( Winged helmet ) Philosopher 's stone Ring of Gyges Rod of Asclepius Sacrificial tripod Sceptre Shield of Achilles Shirt of Nessus Sword of Damocles Talaria Thunderbolt Thymiaterion Thyrsus Trident Trojan Horse Winnowing Oar Wheel of Fortune Wheel of fire Xoanon Symbols Arkalochori Axe Labrys Ouroboros Owl of Athena Mythological powers Anthropomorphism Divination Eidolon Eternal youth Evocation Fortune - telling Immortality Language of the birds Nympholepsy Magic Ornithomancy Shamanism Shapeshifting Weather modification Storage containers / cups / vases Amphora Calathus Chalice Ciborium Cotyla Hydria Hydriske Kalpis Kantharos Kernos Kylix Lebes Lekythos Loutrophoros Oenochoe Pelike Pithos Skyphos Stamnos Urn Musical Instruments Aulos Barbiton Chelys Cithara Cochilia Crotalum ( Castanets ) Epigonion Kollops Lyre Pan flute Pandura Phorminx Psaltery Salpinx Sistrum Tambourine Trigonon Tympanum Water organ Games Panhellenic Games Olympic Games Pythian Games Nemean Games Isthmian Games Agon Panathenaic Games Rhieia Festivals / feasts Actia Adonia Agrionia Amphidromia Anthesteria Apellai Apaturia Aphrodisia Arrhephoria Ascolia Bendidia Boedromia Brauronia Buphonia Chalceia Diasia Delphinia Dionysia Ecdysia Elaphebolia Gamelia Haloa Heracleia Hermaea Hieromenia Iolaia Kronia Lenaia Lykaia Metageitnia Munichia Oschophoria Pamboeotia Pandia Plynteria Pyanopsia Skira Synoikia Soteria Tauropolia Thargelia Theseia Thesmophoria Vessels Argo Phaeacian ships Modern offshoot religions Discordianism Gaianism Greco - Buddhism Hellenismos Decline of Greco - Roman polytheism Modern popular culture Greek mythology in popular culture WorldCat Identities GND : 118884786 VIAF : 15567720 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titan_(mythology)&oldid=863584945 '' Categories : Titans Greek legendary creatures Characters in Book VI of the Aeneid Condemned souls into Tartarus Offspring of Gaia Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 70 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2018 , at 18 : 21 ( UTC ) . 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nontariff barriers include all but which one of the following

Non-tariff barriers to trade

non - tariff barriers to trade

Non-tariff barriers to trade ( NTBs ) or sometimes called `` Non-Tariff Measures ( NTMs ) '' are trade barriers that restrict imports or exports of goods or services through mechanisms other than the simple imposition of tariffs . The SADC says , `` a Non-Tariff Barrier is any obstacle to international trade that is not an import or export duty . They may take the form of import quotas , subsidies , customs delays , technical barriers , or other systems preventing or impeding trade . '' According to the World Trade Organisation , non-tariff barriers to trade include import licensing , rules for valuation of goods at customs , pre-shipment inspections , rules of origin ( ' made in ' ) , and trade prepared investment measures .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of Non-Tariff Barriers 1.1 Licenses 1.2 Quotas 1.2. 1 Agreement on a `` voluntary '' export restraint 1.3 Embargo 1.4 Standards 1.5 Administrative and bureaucratic delays at the entrance 1.6 Import deposits 1.7 Foreign exchange restrictions and foreign exchange controls 2 History 2.1 The transition from tariffs to non-tariff barriers 2.2 Non-tariff barriers today 3 Addressing Non-Tariff Barriers 4 Types of Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade 5 Examples of Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 8 External links Types of non-tariff barriers ( edit ) Professor Alan Deardorff characterises NTB policies under three headings : Purposes , Examples , and Consequences Policy Purpose Examples Potential Consequences Protectionist policies To help domestic firms and enterprises at the expense of other countries . Import quotas ; local content requirements ; public procurement practices Challenges levied at WTO and other trade forums Assistance policies To help domestic firms and enterprises , but not at the expense of other countries . Domestic subsidies ; anti dumping laws ; industry bailouts . Adversely affected countries may respond to protect themselves ( i.e. , imposing countervailing duties and subsidies ) . Nonprotectionist policies To protect the health and safety of people , animals , and plants ; to protect or improve the environment . Licensing , packaging , and labeling requirements ; sanitary and phytosanitary ( SPS ) rules ; food , plant and animal inspections ; import bans based on objectionable fishing or harvesting methods . Limited formal consequences lead to efforts to establish common standards or mutual recognition of different standards . There are several different variants of division of non-tariff barriers . Some scholars divide between internal taxes , administrative barriers , health and sanitary regulations and government procurement policies . Others divide non-tariff barriers into more categories such as specific limitations on trade , customs and administrative entry procedures , standards , government participation in trade , charges on import , and other categories . The first category includes methods to directly import restrictions for protection of certain sectors of national industries : licensing and allocation of import quotas , antidumping and countervailing duties , import deposits , so - called voluntary export restraints , countervailing duties , the system of minimum import prices , etc . Under second category follow methods that are not directly aimed at restricting foreign trade and more related to the administrative bureaucracy , whose actions , however , restrict trade , for example : customs procedures , technical standards and norms , sanitary and veterinary standards , requirements for labeling and packaging , bottling , etc . The third category consists of methods that are not directly aimed at restricting the import or promoting the export , but the effects of which often lead to this result . The non-tariff barriers can include wide variety of restrictions to trade . Here are some example of the popular NTBs . Licenses ( edit ) The most common instruments of direct regulation of imports ( and sometimes export ) are licenses and quotas . Almost all industrialized countries apply these non-tariff methods . The license system requires that a state ( through specially authorized office ) issues permits for foreign trade transactions of import and export commodities included in the lists of licensed merchandises . Product licensing can take many forms and procedures . The main types of licenses are general license that permits unrestricted importation or exportation of goods included in the lists for a certain period of time ; and one - time license for a certain product importer ( exporter ) to import ( or export ) . One - time license indicates a quantity of goods , its cost , its country of origin ( or destination ) , and in some cases also customs point through which import ( or export ) of goods should be carried out . The use of licensing systems as an instrument for foreign trade regulation is based on a number of international level standards agreements . In particular , these agreements include some provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) / World Trade Organization ( WTO ) such as the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures . Quotas ( edit ) Licensing of foreign trade is closely related to quantitative restrictions -- quotas - on imports and exports of certain goods . A quota is a limitation in value or in physical terms , imposed on import and export of certain goods for a certain period of time . This category includes global quotas in respect to specific countries , seasonal quotas , and so - called `` voluntary '' export restraints . Quantitative controls on foreign trade transactions carried out through one - time license . Quantitative restriction on imports and exports is a direct administrative form of government regulation of foreign trade . Licenses and quotas limit the independence of enterprises with a regard to entering foreign markets , narrowing the range of countries , which may be entered into transaction for certain commodities , regulate the number and range of goods permitted for import and export . However , the system of licensing and quota imports and exports , establishing firm control over foreign trade in certain goods , in many cases turns out to be more flexible and effective than economic instruments of foreign trade regulation . This can be explained by the fact , that licensing and quota systems are an important instrument of trade regulation of the vast majority of the world . The consequence of this trade barrier is normally reflected in the consumers ' loss because of higher prices and limited selection of goods as well as in the companies that employ the imported materials in the production process , increasing their costs . An import quota can be unilateral , levied by the country without negotiations with exporting country , and bilateral or multilateral , when it is imposed after negotiations and agreement with exporting country . An export quota is a restricted amount of goods that can leave the country . There are different reasons for imposing of export quota by the country , which can be the guarantee of the supply of the products that are in shortage in the domestic market , manipulation of the prices on the international level , and the control of goods strategically important for the country . In some cases , the importing countries request exporting countries to impose voluntary export restraints . Agreement on a `` voluntary '' export restraint ( edit ) In the past decade , a widespread practice of concluding agreements on the `` voluntary '' export restrictions and the establishment of import minimum prices imposed by leading Western nations upon weaker in economical or political sense exporters . The specifics of these types of restrictions is the establishment of unconventional techniques when the trade barriers of importing country , are introduced at the border of the exporting and not importing country . Thus , the agreement on `` voluntary '' export restraints is imposed on the exporter under the threat of sanctions to limit the export of certain goods in the importing country . Similarly , the establishment of minimum import prices should be strictly observed by the exporting firms in contracts with the importers of the country that has set such prices . In the case of reduction of export prices below the minimum level , the importing country imposes anti-dumping duty , which could lead to withdrawal from the market . `` Voluntary '' export agreements affect trade in textiles , footwear , dairy products , consumer electronics , cars , machine tools , etc . Problems arise when the quotas are distributed between countries because it is necessary to ensure that products from one country are not diverted in violation of quotas set out in second country . Import quotas are not necessarily designed to protect domestic producers . For example , Japan , maintains quotas on many agricultural products it does not produce . Quotas on imports is a leverage when negotiating the sales of Japanese exports , as well as avoiding excessive dependence on any other country in respect of necessary food , supplies of which may decrease in case of bad weather or political conditions . Export quotas can be set in order to provide domestic consumers with sufficient stocks of goods at low prices , to prevent the depletion of natural resources , as well as to increase export prices by restricting supply to foreign markets . Such restrictions ( through agreements on various types of goods ) allow producing countries to use quotas for such commodities as coffee and oil ; as the result , prices for these products increased in importing countries . A quota can be a tariff rate quota , global quota , discriminating quota , and export quota . Embargo ( edit ) Embargo is a specific type of quotas prohibiting the trade . As well as quotas , embargoes may be imposed on imports or exports of particular goods , regardless of destination , in respect of certain goods supplied to specific countries , or in respect of all goods shipped to certain countries . Although the embargo is usually introduced for political purposes , the consequences , in essence , could be economic . Standards ( edit ) Standards take a special place among non-tariff barriers . Countries usually impose standards on classification , labeling and testing of products in order to be able to sell domestic products , but also to block sales of products of foreign manufacture . These standards are sometimes entered under the pretext of protecting the safety and health of local populations . Administrative and bureaucratic delays at the entrance ( edit ) Among the methods of non-tariff regulation should be mentioned administrative and bureaucratic delays at the entrance , which increase uncertainty and the cost of maintaining inventory . For example , even though Turkey is in the European Customs Union , transport of Turkish goods to the European Union is subject to extensive administrative overheads that Turkey estimates cost it three billion euros a year . Import deposits ( edit ) Another example of foreign trade regulations is import deposits . Import deposits is a form of deposit , which the importer must pay the bank for a definite period of time ( non-interest bearing deposit ) in an amount equal to all or part of the cost of imported goods . At the national level , administrative regulation of capital movements is carried out mainly within a framework of bilateral agreements , which include a clear definition of the legal regime , the procedure for the admission of investments and investors . It is determined by mode ( fair and equitable , national , most - favored - nation ) , order of nationalization and compensation , transfer profits and capital repatriation and dispute resolution . Foreign exchange restrictions and foreign exchange controls ( edit ) Foreign exchange restrictions and foreign exchange controls occupy a special place among the non-tariff regulatory instruments of foreign economic activity . Foreign exchange restrictions constitute the regulation of transactions of residents and nonresidents with currency and other currency values . Also an important part of the mechanism of control of foreign economic activity is the establishment of the national currency against foreign currencies . History ( edit ) The transition from tariffs to non-tariff barriers ( edit ) One of the reasons why industrialized countries have moved from tariffs to NTBs is the fact that developed countries have sources of income other than tariffs . Historically , in the formation of nation - states , governments had to get funding . They received it through the introduction of tariffs . This explains the fact that most developing countries still rely on tariffs as a way to finance their spending . Developed countries can afford not to depend on tariffs , at the same time developing NTBs as a possible way of international trade regulation . The second reason for the transition to NTBs is that these tariffs can be used to support weak industries or compensation of industries , which have been affected negatively by the reduction of tariffs . The third reason for the popularity of NTBs is the ability of interest groups to influence the process in the absence of opportunities to obtain government support for the tariffs . Non-tariff barriers today ( edit ) With the exception of export subsidies and quotas , NTBs are most similar to the tariffs . Tariffs for goods production were reduced during the eight rounds of negotiations in the WTO and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) . After lowering of tariffs , the principle of protectionism demanded the introduction of new NTBs such as technical barriers to trade ( TBT ) . According to statements made at United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD , 2005 ) , the use of NTBs , based on the amount and control of price levels has decreased significantly from 45 % in 1994 to 15 % in 2004 , while use of other NTBs increased from 55 % in 1994 to 85 % in 2004 . Increasing consumer demand for safe and environment friendly products also have had their impact on increasing popularity of TBT . Many NTBs are governed by WTO agreements , which originated in the Uruguay Round ( the TBT Agreement , SPS Measures Agreement , the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing ) , as well as GATT articles . NTBs in the field of services have become as important as in the field of usual trade . Most of the NTB can be defined as protectionist measures , unless they are related to difficulties in the market , such as externalities and information asymmetries between consumers and producers of goods . An example of this is safety standards and labeling requirements . The need to protect sensitive to import industries , as well as a wide range of trade restrictions , available to the governments of industrialized countries , forcing them to resort to use the NTB , and putting serious obstacles to international trade and world economic growth . Thus , NTBs can be referred as a new form of protection which has replaced tariffs as an old form of protection . Addressing non-tariff barriers ( edit ) The scarcity of information on non-tariff barriers is a major problem to the competitiveness of developing countries . As a result , the International Trade Centre conducted national surveys and began publishing a series of technical papers on non-tariff barriers faced in developing countries . By 2015 it launched the NTM Business Surveys website listing non-tariff barriers from company perspectives . Types of non-tariff barriers to trade ( edit ) This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this section to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( September 2014 ) Specific Limitations on Trade : Import Licensing requirements Proportion restrictions of foreign domestic goods ( local content requirements ) Minimum import price limits Fees Embargoes Customs and Administrative Entry Procedures : Valuation systems Anti-dumping practices other than punitive tariffs Tariff classifications Documentation requirements Fees Standards : Standard disparities Sanitary and phytosanitary measures Intergovernmental acceptances of testing methods and standards Packaging , labeling , and marking Government Participation in Trade : Government procurement policies Export subsidies Countervailing duties Domestic assistance programs Charges on imports : Prior import deposit subsidies Administrative fees Special supplementary duties Import credit discrimination Variable levies Border taxes Others : Voluntary export restraints Orderly marketing agreements Examples of non-tariff barriers to trade ( edit ) This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this section to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( September 2014 ) Non-tariff barriers to trade can be the following : Export restrictions General or product - specific quotas Rules of Origin Quality conditions imposed by the importing country on the exporting countries Sanitary and phytosanitary conditions Packaging conditions Labeling conditions Product standards CIncompatible conventions for contracts Determination of eligibility of an exporting country by the importing country Determination of eligibility of an exporting establishment ( firm , company ) by the importing country . Additional trade documents like Certificate of Origin , Certificate of Authenticity etc . Occupational safety and health regulation Employment law Import licenses State subsidies , procurement , trading , state ownership Export subsidies Minimum import pricing Differences of Product classification Quota shares Foreign exchange market controls and multiplicity Inadequate infrastructure `` Buy national '' policy Over-valued or under - valued currency . Intellectual property laws ( patents , copyrights ) ; differences of view on applicability of patents ( for example , DNA , software ) or longevity of copyrights . Restrictive licenses Seasonal import regimes Corrupt and / or lengthy customs procedures Protected designation of origin , protected names ( for example , Champagne ) See also ( edit ) Arms embargo Arms Export Control Act ( United States ) Economic sanctions Non-violation nullification of benefits Trade Facilitation and Development References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Non-tariff barriers -- Southern African Development Community Jump up ^ UNDERSTANDING THE WTO : THE AGREEMENTS Non-tariff barriers : red tape , etc Jump up ^ Alan Deardorff , `` Easing the burden of non-tariff barriers '' ( International Trade Center , October 1 , 2012 ) . Cited in NONTARIFF BARRIERS TO TRADE RATE Summary - US Agency for International Development ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Turkey border gridlock hints at pain to come for Brexit Britain : Truck drivers bemoan long queues and endless paperwork needed to enter EU The Financial Times , 16 February 2017 , by Mehul Srivastava and Alex Barker Bibliography ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section cites its sources but does not provide page references . You can help to improve it by introducing citations that are more precise . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The citations in this section lack sufficient bibliographical information ( e.g. author , title , date of publication , publisher , ISBN , OCLC number , pages cited , etc . ) . Specific concerns can be found on the talk page . See Help : Referencing for beginners with citation templates for guidance about writing citations . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Evans , G. , Newnham , J. , Dictionary of International Relations ; Penguin Books , 1998 Filanlyason , J. , Zakher M. , The GATT and the regulation of Trade Barriers : Regime Dynamic and Functions ; International Organization , Vol. 35 , No. 4 , 1981 Frieden , J. , Lake , D. , International political economy : perspectives on global power and wealth , London : Routledge , 1995 Mansfield , E. , Busch , M. , The political economy of Non-tariff barriers : a cross national analysis ; International Organization , Vol. 49 , No. 4 , 1995 Oatley , T. , International political economy : interests and institutions in the global economy ; Harlow : Longman , 2007 Roorbach , G. , Tariffs and Trade Barriers in Relation to International Trade ; Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science , Vol. 15 , No 2 , 1993 Yu , Zhihao , A model of Substitution of Non-Tariff Barriers for Tariffs ; The Canadian Journal of Economics , Vol. 33 , No. 4 , 2000 World Trade Organization Website , Non-tariff barriers : red tape , etc. ; http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm9_e.htm External links ( edit ) ITC 's Understanding non-tariff obstacles to trade : The Business Perspective ( 2016 ) A series of technical papers based on large - scale company surveys in developing countries to improve knowledge of NTM barriers . ITC 's Market Access Map , an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements . The WTO 's Integrated Trade Intelligence Portal I - TIP provides statistical and detailed information on non-tariff measures notified by WTO members . The WTO 'S Trade Monitoring Database provides information on trade measures taken by WTO members and observers since October 2008 . World Bank 's World Integrated Trade Solution ( WITS ) provides access to trade , tariff and non-tariff data . NTM Network Wiki serves as both a place for researchers to find and add content related to non-tariff measures and discuss research and ideas . Sheila Page ( 2010 ) What happens after trade agreements ? Overseas Development Institute Trade Costs and Facilitation : The Development Dimension , the main World Bank project on trade facilitation , economic growth and development . Agritrade ( 1 ) website for ACP - EU agriculture and fisheries trade issues . World Trade Organization System Accession and membership Appellate Body Dispute Settlement Body International Trade Centre Chronology of key events Issues Criticism Doha Development Round Singapore issues Quota Elimination Peace Clause Agreements General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Agriculture Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Technical Barriers to Trade Trade Related Investment Measures Trade in Services Trade - Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Government Procurement Information Technology Marrakech Agreement Doha Declaration Bali Package Ministerial Conferences 1st ( 1996 ) 2nd ( 1998 ) 3rd ( 1999 ) 4th ( 2001 ) 5th ( 2003 ) 6th ( 2005 ) 7th ( 2009 ) 8th ( 2011 ) 9th ( 2013 ) 10th ( 2015 ) People Roberto Azevêdo ( Director - General ) Pascal Lamy Supachai Panitchpakdi Alejandro Jara Rufus Yerxa Members Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belize Benin Bolivia Botswana Brazil Brunei Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Cuba Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Fiji Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Israel Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Macau Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Russia Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Switzerland Tajikistan Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe European Union Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Special administrative regions of the People 's Republic of China , participates as `` Hong Kong , China '' and `` Macao China '' . Officially the Republic of China , participates as `` Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan , Penghu , Kinmen and Matsu '' , and `` Chinese Taipei '' in short . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Non-tariff_barriers_to_trade&oldid=783530507 '' Categories : International trade Non Tariff barriers to trade World Trade Organization Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2014 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles needing expert attention from September 2014 All articles needing expert attention Trade articles needing expert attention Economics articles needing expert attention Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from September 2014 Articles needing cleanup from September 2014 All pages needing cleanup Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from September 2014 Articles lacking page references from September 2014 Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 日本 語 Polski Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 June 2017 , at 22 : 13 . 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who has played the most cricket test matches for australia

List of Australia Test cricket records

list of australia test cricket records

Test cricket is the oldest form of cricket played at international level . A Test match is scheduled to take place over a period of five days , and is played by teams representing Full Member nations of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) . Australia was a founding member of the ICC having played the first Test match against England in March 1877 at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Since then they have played 811 matches , second only to England who have played just under 1,000 . As of March 2018 , Australia is the most successful team in Test cricket with an overall winning percentage of 47.22 , ahead of their nearest rival South Africa on 37.73 .

Top order batsman and former captain Don Bradman holds several batting records . Considered to be the greatest batsman of all time , he played 52 Tests between 1928 and 1948 . He holds the record for the highest Test average of 99.94 , has scored the most Test double centuries with 12 and the most runs scored in a series with 974 during the 1930 Ashes series . He also holds the highest fifth - wicket partnership with Sid Barnes with 405 runs , set during the 1946 -- 47 Ashes series , the oldest of the wicket partnerships records . A further two Australian partnership records for the second and the sixth wickets set by Bradman still stand . Shane Warne , regarded as one of the best bowlers in the history of the game , holds several Test records . He held the record for the most Test wickets with 708 until December 2007 when Sri Lankan bowler Muttiah Muralitharan passed Warne 's milestone . Warne is second only to Muralitharan in taking the most five - wicket hauls in an innings and the most ten - wicket hauls in a Test match . Glenn McGrath , who took 563 wickets in his career , holds the record for the most wickets taken by a fast bowler in Test cricket . Adam Gilchrist is Australia 's most successful wicket - keeper having taken 416 dismissals . He is second only to South Africa 's Mark Boucher with 555 to his name . Allan Border , who made his Test debut in 1978 and captained Australia from 1984 until his retirement in 1994 , holds the Test record for the most consecutive matches played with 153 and the record for the most matches played as skipper for Australia with 93 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Team records 2.1 Team wins , losses , draws and ties 2.2 Team scoring records 2.2. 1 Most runs in an innings 2.2. 2 Fewest runs in an innings 2.3 Result records 2.3. 1 Greatest win margins ( by innings ) 2.3. 2 Greatest win margins ( by runs ) 2.3. 3 Greatest win margins ( by 10 wickets ) 2.3. 4 Narrowest win margins ( by runs ) 2.3. 5 Narrowest win margins ( by wickets ) 2.3. 6 Greatest loss margins ( by innings ) 2.3. 7 Greatest loss margins ( by runs ) 2.3. 8 Greatest loss margins ( by 10 wickets ) 2.3. 9 Narrowest loss margins ( by runs ) 2.3. 10 Narrowest loss margins ( by wickets ) 2.3. 11 Tied matches 3 Individual records 3.1 Batting records 3.1. 1 Most career runs 3.1. 2 Highest individual score 3.1. 3 Highest career average 3.1. 4 Most half - centuries 3.1. 5 Most centuries 3.1. 6 Most double centuries 3.1. 7 Most runs in a series 3.1. 8 Most ducks 3.2 Bowling records 3.2. 1 Most career wickets 3.2. 2 Best figures in an innings 3.2. 3 Best figures in a match 3.2. 4 Best career average 3.2. 5 Best career economy rate 3.2. 6 Best career strike rate 3.2. 7 Most five - wicket hauls in an innings 3.2. 8 Most ten - wicket hauls in a match 3.2. 9 Worst figures in an innings 3.2. 10 Worst figures in a match 3.2. 11 Most wickets in a series 3.3 Wicket - keeping records 3.3. 1 Most career dismissals 3.3. 2 Most career catches 3.3. 3 Most career stumpings 3.3. 4 Most dismissals in an innings 3.3. 5 Most dismissals in a series 3.4 Fielding records 3.4. 1 Most career catches 3.4. 2 Most catches in a series 3.5 Other records 3.5. 1 Most career matches 3.5. 2 Most consecutive career matches 3.5. 3 Most matches as captain 3.5. 4 Youngest players 3.5. 5 Oldest players on debut 3.5. 6 Oldest players 4 Partnership records 4.1 Highest partnerships by wicket 4.2 Highest partnerships by runs 5 Umpiring records 5.1 Most matches umpired 6 Notes 7 References Key ( edit ) The top five records are listed for each category , except for the team wins , losses , draws and ties and the partnership records . Tied records for fifth place are also included . Explanations of the general symbols and cricketing terms used in the list are given below . Specific details are provided in each category where appropriate . Key Symbol Meaning Player or umpire is currently active in Test cricket * Player remained not out or partnership remained unbroken ♠ Test cricket record d Innings was declared ( e.g. 8 / 758d ) Date Starting date of the Test match Innings Number of innings played Matches Number of matches played Opponent The team Australia was playing against Period The time period when the player was active in Test cricket Player The player involved in the record Venue Test cricket ground where the match was played Team records ( edit ) Team wins , losses , draws and ties ( edit ) Australia has played 811 Test matches resulting in 383 victories , 218 defeats , 208 draws and 2 ties for an overall winning percentage of 47.22 , the highest winning percentage of Test playing teams . Australia has played the second highest number of Test matches , behind England who have competed in 996 . Australia has never lost or drawn a match against Zimbabwe , the only team to do so . Opponent First Test Matches Won Lost Drawn Tied % Won Bangladesh 000000002003 - 07 - 18 - 0000 18 July 2003 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001833300000000000 ♠ 83.33 England 000000001877 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 March 1877 7002346000000000000 ♠ 346 7002144000000000000 ♠ 144 7002108000000000000 ♠ 108 7001940000000000000 ♠ 94 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001416100000000000 ♠ 41.61 ICC World XI 000000002005 - 10 - 14 - 0000 14 October 2005 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 India 000000001947 - 11 - 28 - 0000 28 November 1947 7001940000000000000 ♠ 94 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001436100000000000 ♠ 43.61 New Zealand 000000001946 - 03 - 29 - 0000 29 March 1946 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001543800000000000 ♠ 54.38 Pakistan 000000001956 - 10 - 11 - 0000 11 October 1956 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 South Africa 000000001902 - 10 - 11 - 0000 11 October 1902 7001970000000000000 ♠ 97 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001536000000000000 ♠ 53.60 Sri Lanka 000000001983 - 04 - 22 - 0000 22 April 1983 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001586200000000000 ♠ 58.62 West Indies 000000001930 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 December 1930 7002116000000000000 ♠ 116 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Zimbabwe 000000001999 - 10 - 14 - 0000 14 October 1999 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Total 810 383 218 208 47.22 Last updated : 26 March 2018 Team scoring records ( edit ) Most runs in an innings ( edit ) The highest innings total scored in Test cricket came in the series between Sri Lanka and India in August 1997 . Playing in the first Test at the R. Premadasa Stadium in Colombo , the hosts posted a first innings total of 6 / 952d . This broke the longstanding record of 7 / 903d which England set against Australia in the final Test of the 1938 Ashes series at The Oval . The fifth Test of the 1954 -- 55 series against the West Indies saw Australia set their highest innings total of 8 / 758d , the eighth highest score in Test cricket . Rank Score Opposition Venue Date 758 ! 8 / 758d West Indies Sabina Park , Kingston , Jamaica 000000001955 - 06 - 11 - 0000 11 June 1955 735 ! 6 / 735d Zimbabwe WACA Ground , Perth , Australia 000000002003 - 10 - 09 - 0000 9 October 2003 729 ! 6 / 729d England Lord 's , London , England 000000001930 - 06 - 27 - 0000 27 June 1930 701 ! 701 England The Oval , London , England 000000001934 - 08 - 18 - 0000 18 August 1934 5 695 ! 695 England The Oval , London , England 000000001930 - 08 - 16 - 0000 16 August 1930 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Fewest runs in an innings ( edit ) The lowest innings total scored in Test cricket came in the second Test of England 's tour of New Zealand in March 1955 . Trailing England by 46 , New Zealand was bowled out in their second innings for 26 runs . The equal fifth lowest score in Test history is Australia 's total of 36 scored in their first innings against England in the first Test of the 1902 Ashes series . Rank Score Opposition Venue Date 36 England Edgbaston Cricket Ground , Birmingham , England 000000001902 - 05 - 29 - 0000 29 May 1902 42 England Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney , Australia 000000001888 - 02 - 10 - 0000 10 February 1888 44 England The Oval , London , England 000000001896 - 08 - 10 - 0000 10 August 1896 47 South Africa Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town , South Africa 000000002011 - 11 - 09 - 0000 9 November 2011 5 53 England Lord 's , London , England 000000001896 - 06 - 22 - 0000 22 June 1896 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Result records ( edit ) A Test match is won when one side has scored more runs than the total runs scored by the opposing side during their two innings . If both sides have completed both their allocated innings and the side that fielded last has the higher aggregate of runs , it is known as a win by runs . This indicates the number of runs that they had scored more than the opposing side . If one side scores more runs in a single innings than the total runs scored by the other side in both their innings , it is known as a win by innings and runs . If the side batting last wins the match , it is known as a win by wickets , indicating the number of wickets that were still to fall . Greatest win margins ( by innings ) ( edit ) In 2002 , Steve Waugh led Australia to victory over South Africa by an innings and 360 runs , Australia 's greatest winning margin by an innings . The fifth Test of the 1938 Ashes series at The Oval saw England win by an innings and 579 runs , the largest victory by an innings in Test cricket history . The next largest victory was Australia 's win against South Africa in the first Test of the 2001 -- 02 tour at the Wanderers Stadium , where the tourists won by an innings and 360 runs . Rank Margin Opposition Venue Date Innings and 360 runs South Africa Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg , South Africa 000000002002 - 02 - 22 - 0000 22 February 2002 Innings and 332 runs England The Gabba , Brisbane , Australia 000000001946 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 1946 Innings and 259 runs South Africa St George 's Park , Port Elizabeth , South Africa 000000001950 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 March 1950 Innings and 226 runs India The Gabba , Brisbane , Australia 000000001947 - 11 - 28 - 0000 28 November 1947 5 Innings and 222 runs New Zealand Bellerive Oval , Hobart , Australia 000000001993 - 11 - 26 - 0000 26 November 1993 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Greatest win margins ( by runs ) ( edit ) The greatest winning margin by runs in Test cricket was England 's victory over Australia by 675 runs in the first Test of the 1928 -- 29 Ashes series . The next three largest victories were all recorded by Australia including defeat over England in the final Test of the 1934 Ashes series by 562 runs . Rank Margin Opposition Venue Date 562 runs England The Oval , London , England 000000001934 - 08 - 18 - 0000 18 August 1934 530 runs South Africa Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne , Australia 000000001911 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 1911 491 runs Pakistan WACA Ground , Perth , Australia 000000002004 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 2004 409 runs England Lord 's , London , England 000000001948 - 06 - 24 - 0000 24 June 1948 5 405 runs England Lord 's , London , England 000000002015 - 07 - 16 - 0000 16 July 2015 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Greatest win margins ( by 10 wickets ) ( edit ) Australia have won a Test match by a margin of 10 wickets on 29 occasions , more than any other Test playing team . Rank Victories Opposition Most recent venue Date 7 England The Gabba , Brisbane , Australia 000000002017 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 November 2017 6 South Africa Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney , Australia 000000002002 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 2002 5 West Indies Kensington Oval , Bridgetown , Barbados 000000001995 - 03 - 31 - 0000 31 March 1995 4 ! = 4 India Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai , India 000000002001 - 02 - 27 - 0000 27 February 2001 New Zealand Basin Reserve , Wellington , New Zealand 000000002010 - 03 - 19 - 0000 19 March 2010 Pakistan The Gabba , Brisbane , Australia 000000001999 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November 1999 7 ! = 7 Sri Lanka Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne , Australia 000000001995 - 12 - 26 - 0000 26 December 1995 Zimbabwe Harare Sports Club , Harare , Zimbabwe 000000001999 - 10 - 14 - 0000 14 October 1999 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Narrowest win margins ( by runs ) ( edit ) The Australian cricket team captained by Joe Darling ( seated middle ) , won the fourth Test of the 1902 Ashes series by a margin of three runs and lost the fifth Test by a margin of one wicket . Both records still stand over a century later as Australia 's narrowest win by runs and narrowest loss by wickets respectively . Australia 's narrowest win by runs was against England in the fourth Test of the 1902 Ashes series at Old Trafford . Set 124 runs for victory in the final innings , England were bowled all out for 120 to give victory to Australia by three runs . This was the third narrowest win in Test cricket , with the narrowest being the West Indies ' one - run win over Australia in 1993 . Rank Margin Opposition Venue Date 03 ! 3 runs England Old Trafford Cricket Ground , Manchester , England 000000001902 - 07 - 24 - 0000 24 July 1902 06 ! 6 runs England Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney , Australia 000000001885 - 02 - 20 - 0000 20 February 1885 07 ! 7 runs England The Oval , London , England 000000001882 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 1882 11 ! 11 runs England Adelaide Oval , Adelaide , Australia 000000001925 - 01 - 16 - 0000 16 January 1925 5 ! = 5 16 ! 16 runs India The Gabba , Brisbane , Australia 000000001977 - 12 - 02 - 0000 2 December 1977 Sri Lanka Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo , Sri Lanka 000000001992 - 07 - 16 - 0000 16 July 1992 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Narrowest win margins ( by wickets ) ( edit ) Australia 's narrowest win by wickets came in the fourth Test of the West Indies tour of Australia in 1951 -- 52 . Played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the hosts won the match by a margin of one wicket , one of only twelve one - wicket victories in Test cricket . Rank Margin Opposition Venue Date 1 wicket West Indies Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne , Australia 000000001951 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 December 1951 2 ! = 2 2 wickets England Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney , Australia 000000001907 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 1907 West Indies Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne , Australia 000000001961 - 02 - 10 - 0000 10 February 1961 India WACA Ground , Perth , Australia 000000001977 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 1977 South Africa St George 's Park , Port Elizabeth , South Africa 000000001997 - 03 - 14 - 0000 14 March 1997 South Africa Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg , South Africa 000000002006 - 03 - 31 - 0000 31 March 2006 South Africa Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg , South Africa 000000002011 - 11 - 17 - 0000 17 November 2011 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Greatest loss margins ( by innings ) ( edit ) The Oval in London played host the greatest defeat by an innings in Test cricket . The final Test of the 1938 Ashes saw England defeat the tourists by an innings and 579 runs , to the draw the series at one match all . Rank Margin Opposition Venue Date Innings and 579 runs ♠ England The Oval , London , England 000000001938 - 08 - 20 - 0000 20 August 1938 Innings and 230 runs England Adelaide Oval , Adelaide , Australia 000000001892 - 03 - 24 - 0000 24 March 1892 Innings and 225 runs England Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne , Australia 000000001912 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 February 1912 Innings and 219 runs India Eden Gardens , Kolkata , India 000000001998 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 March 1998 5 Innings and 217 runs England The Oval , London , England 000000001886 - 08 - 12 - 0000 12 August 1886 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Greatest loss margins ( by runs ) ( edit ) The first Test of the 1928 -- 29 Ashes series saw Australia defeated by England by 675 runs , the greatest losing margin by runs in Test cricket . The match was played at the Brisbane Exhibition Ground , the first of only two Test matches contested at the venue . Rank Margin Opposition Venue Date 675 runs ♠ England Brisbane Exhibition Ground , Brisbane , Australia 000000001928 - 11 - 30 - 0000 30 November 1928 408 runs West Indies Adelaide Oval , Adelaide , Australia 000000001980 - 01 - 26 - 0000 26 January 1980 356 runs Pakistan Zayed Sports City Stadium , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates 000000002014 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 2014 347 runs England Lord 's , London , England 000000002013 - 07 - 18 - 0000 18 July 2013 5 343 runs West Indies Kensington Oval , Bridgetown , Barbados 000000001991 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 April 1991 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Greatest loss margins ( by 10 wickets ) ( edit ) Australia have lost a Test match by a margin of 10 wickets on 10 occasions . Rank Victories Opposition Most recent venue Date 6 West Indies Sabina Park , Kingston , Jamaica 000000001999 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 1999 England Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney , Australia 000000001932 - 12 - 02 - 0000 2 December 1932 South Africa Adelaide Oval , Adelaide , Australia 000000001964 - 01 - 24 - 0000 24 January 1964 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Narrowest loss margins ( by runs ) ( edit ) Allan Border was the captain of the Australian team that lost the fourth Test against the West Indies in 1993 by a margin of one run , the narrowest loss in Test cricket history . Only one match in over 140 years of Test cricket has been decided by a margin of one run , the fourth Test of the West Indian tour of Australia in 1992 -- 93 playing for the Frank Worrell Trophy . Contested at Adelaide Oval , Australia was set 186 runs for victory in the final innings . With just two runs left to score , Australia 's number eleven batsman Craig McDermott was caught behind off the bowling of Courtney Walsh , to give the victory to the tourists . Rank Margin Opposition Venue Date 1 run ♠ West Indies Adelaide Oval , Adelaide , Australia 000000001993 - 01 - 23 - 0000 23 January 1993 2 runs England Edgbaston Cricket Ground , Birmingham , England 000000002005 - 08 - 04 - 0000 4 August 2005 3 runs England Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne , Australia 000000001982 - 12 - 26 - 0000 26 December 1982 5 runs South Africa Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney , Australia 000000001994 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 1994 5 7 runs New Zealand Bellerive Oval , Hobart , Australia 000000002011 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 December 2011 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Narrowest loss margins ( by wickets ) ( edit ) Test cricket has seen twelve matches been decided by a margin of one wicket , with Australia being defeated in five of them . The first of these was the final Test of the 1902 Ashes series at The Oval where England ran down the target of 263 runs in the final innings . The most recent match also involved Australia . Touring India in October 2010 , the first Test at the Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium in Mohali saw the hosts reach their fourth innings target of 216 runs . Rank Margin Opposition Venue Date = 1 1 wicket England The Oval , London , England 000000001902 - 08 - 11 - 0000 11 August 1902 England Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne , Australia 000000001908 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1908 Pakistan National Stadium , Karachi , Pakistan 000000001994 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 1994 West Indies Kensington Oval , Bridgetown , Barbados 000000001999 - 03 - 26 - 0000 26 March 1999 India Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium , Mohali , India 000000002010 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 2010 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Tied matches ( edit ) A tie can occur when the scores of both teams are equal at the conclusion of play , provided that the side batting last has completed their innings . Only two matches have ended in a tie in Test cricket history , both of which involved Australia . Opposition Venue Date West Indies ♠ The Gabba , Brisbane , Australia 000000001960 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 December 1960 India ♠ M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai , India 000000001986 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1986 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Individual records ( edit ) Matthew Hayden has scored the highest individual Test score ( 380 ) for Australia . Batting records ( edit ) Most career runs ( edit ) A run is the basic means of scoring in cricket . A run is scored when the batsman hits the ball with his bat and with his partner runs the length of 22 yards ( 20 m ) of the pitch . India 's Sachin Tendulkar has scored the most runs in Test cricket with 15,921 . Second is Ricky Ponting of Australia with 13,378 ahead of Jacques Kallis from South Africa in third with 13,289 . Allan Border and Steve Waugh are the only other Australian batsmen who have scored more than 10,000 runs in Test cricket . Rank Runs Player Matches Innings Period 13,378 Ponting , Ricky Ricky Ponting 168 287 1995 -- 2012 11,174 Border , Allan Allan Border 156 265 1978 -- 1994 10,927 Waugh , Steve Steve Waugh 168 260 1985 -- 2004 8,643 Clarke , Michael Michael Clarke 115 198 2004 -- 2015 5 8,625 Hayden , Matthew Matthew Hayden 103 184 1994 -- 2009 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Highest individual score ( edit ) Matthew Hayden set the highest Test score with 380 , surpassing Brian Lara 's 375 scored against England in April 1994 at the Antigua Recreation Ground . Six months after Hayden set the record , the West Indian claimed it back scoring 400 not out against the same opposition and on the same ground . Rank Runs Player Opposition Venue Date 380 Hayden , Matthew Matthew Hayden Zimbabwe WACA Ground , Perth , Australia 000000002003 - 10 - 09 - 0000 9 October 2003 334 * Taylor , Mark Mark Taylor Pakistan Peshawar Club Ground , Peshawar , Pakistan 000000001998 - 10 - 15 - 0000 15 October 1998 334 Bradman , Don Don Bradman England Headingley Stadium , Leeds , England 000000001930 - 07 - 11 - 0000 11 July 1930 329 * Clarke , Michael Michael Clarke India Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney , Australia 000000002012 - 01 - 03 - 0000 3 January 2012 5 311 Simpson , Bob Bob Simpson England Old Trafford Cricket Ground , Manchester , England 000000001964 - 07 - 23 - 0000 23 July 1964 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Highest career average ( edit ) A batsman 's batting average is the total number of runs they have scored divided by the number of times they have been dismissed . Australia 's Don Bradman , widely acknowledged as the greatest batsman of all time , finished his Test career with an average of 99.94 . The next closest to him is Adam Voges who retired in 2016 with an average of 61.87 . As of March 2018 , the current Australian captain , Steve Smith , has the third best career average in Test cricket with 61.37 . Rank Average Player Runs Innings Period 99.94 ♠ Bradman , Don Don Bradman 6,996 80 1928 -- 1948 61.87 Voges , Adam Adam Voges 1,485 31 2015 -- 2016 61.37 Smith , Steve Steve Smith 6,199 117 2010 -- 2018 53.86 Chappell , Greg Greg Chappell 7,110 151 1970 -- 1984 5 51.85 Ponting , Ricky Ricky Ponting 13,378 287 1995 -- 2012 Qualification : 20 innings Last updated : 26 March 2018 Most half - centuries ( edit ) A half - century is a score of between 50 and 99 runs . Statistically , once a batsman 's score reaches 100 , it is no longer considered a half - century but a century . Sachin Tendulkar of India has score the most half - centuries in Test cricket with 68 . He is followed by the West Indies ' Shivnarine Chanderpaul on 66 , India 's Rahul Dravid and Allan Border of Australia on 63 and in fifth with 62 fifties to his name , Australia 's Ricky Ponting . Rank Half centuries Player Runs Period 63 Border , Allan Allan Border 11,174 1978 -- 1994 62 Ponting , Ricky Ricky Ponting 13,378 1995 -- 2012 50 Waugh , Steve Steve Waugh 10,927 1985 -- 2004 47 Waugh , Mark Mark Waugh 8,029 1991 -- 2002 5 40 Taylor , Mark Mark Taylor 7,525 1989 -- 1999 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Most centuries ( edit ) Ricky Ponting has scored the most Test runs ( 13,378 ) and the most centuries ( 41 ) for Australia . See also : List of Australia Test cricket centurions A century is a score of 100 or more runs in a single innings . Tendulkar has also scored the most centuries in Test cricket with 51 . South Africa 's Jacques Kallis is next on 45 and Ricky Ponting with 41 hundreds is in third . Rank Centuries Player Runs Period 41 Ponting , Ricky Ricky Ponting 13,378 1995 -- 2012 32 Waugh , Steve Steve Waugh 10,927 1985 -- 2004 30 Hayden , Matthew Matthew Hayden 8,625 1994 -- 2009 29 Bradman , Don Don Bradman 6,996 1928 -- 1948 5 28 Clarke , Michael Michael Clarke 8,643 2004 -- 2015 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Most double centuries ( edit ) A double century is a score of 200 or more runs in a single innings . Bradman holds the Test record for the most double centuries scored with twelve , one ahead of Sri Lanka 's Kumar Sangakkara who finished his career with eleven . In third is Brian Lara of the West Indies with nine . England 's Wally Hammond and Mahela Jayawardene of Sri Lanka both scored seven and Ponting is one of seven cricketers who reached the mark on six occasions . Rank Double centuries Player Runs Period 1 ! 12 ♠ Bradman , Don Don Bradman 6,996 1928 -- 1948 2 ! 6 Ponting , Ricky Ricky Ponting 13,378 1995 -- 2012 3 ! = 3 3 ! 4 Chappell , Greg Greg Chappell 7,110 1970 -- 1984 Clarke , Michael Michael Clarke 8,643 2004 -- 2015 5 ! = 5 5 ! 3 Langer , Justin Justin Langer 7,696 1993 -- 2007 Simpson , Bob Bob Simpson 4,869 1957 -- 1978 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Most runs in a series ( edit ) The 1930 Ashes series in England saw Bradman set the record for the most runs scored in a single series , falling just 26 short of 1,000 runs . He is followed by Wally Hammond with 905 runs scored in the 1928 -- 29 Ashes series . Mark Taylor with 839 in the 1989 Ashes and Neil Harvey with 834 in 1952 -- 53 South African series are third and fourth on the list respectively . Rank Runs Player Matches Innings Series 974 ♠ Bradman , Don Don Bradman 5 7 1930 Ashes series 839 Taylor , Mark Mark Taylor 6 11 1989 Ashes series 834 Harvey , Neil Neil Harvey 5 9 South African cricket team in Australia in 1952 -- 53 810 Bradman , Don Don Bradman 5 9 1936 -- 37 Ashes series 5 806 Bradman , Don Don Bradman 5 5 South African cricket team in Australia in 1931 -- 32 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Most ducks ( edit ) A duck refers to a batsman dismissed without scoring a run . Glenn McGrath has scored the third highest number of ducks in Test cricket behind Courtney Walsh with 43 and Chris Martin with 36 . Rank Ducks Player Matches Innings Period 35 McGrath , Glenn Glenn McGrath 124 138 1993 -- 2007 34 Warne , Shane Shane Warne 145 199 1992 -- 2007 22 Waugh , Steve Steve Waugh 168 260 1985 -- 2004 4 ! = 4 19 Johnson , Mitchell Mitchell Johnson 73 109 2007 -- 2015 Waugh , Mark Mark Waugh 128 209 1991 -- 2002 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Bowling records ( edit ) Shane Warne has taken the most Test wickets ( 708 ) , the most five - wicket hauls ( 37 ) and the most ten - wicket hauls ( 10 ) for Australia . Most career wickets ( edit ) A bowler takes the wicket of a batsman when the form of dismissal is bowled , caught , leg before wicket , stumped or hit wicket . If the batsman is dismissed by run out , obstructing the field , handling the ball , hitting the ball twice or timed out the bowler does not receive credit . Shane Warne held the record for the most Test wickets with 708 until December 2007 when Sri Lankan bowler Muttiah Muralitharan passed Warne 's milestone . Muralitharan , who continued to play until 2010 , finished with 800 wickets to his name . India 's Anil Kumble is third on the list taking 610 wickets and Glenn McGrath of Australia with 563 holds the record for most wickets by a fast bowler in Test cricket . Rank Wickets Player Matches Innings Period 708 Warne , Shane Shane Warne 145 273 1992 -- 2007 563 McGrath , Glenn Glenn McGrath 124 243 1993 -- 2007 355 Lillee , Dennis Dennis Lillee 70 132 1971 -- 1984 313 Johnson , Mitchell Mitchell Johnson 73 140 2007 -- 2015 5 310 Lee , Brett Brett Lee 76 150 1999 -- 2008 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Best figures in an innings ( edit ) Bowling figures refers to the number of the wickets a bowler has taken and the number of runs conceded . There have been two occasions in Test cricket where a bowler has taken all ten wickets in a single innings -- Jim Laker of England took 10 / 53 against Australia in 1956 and India 's Anil Kumble in 1999 returned figures of 10 / 74 against Pakistan . Arthur Mailey is one of 15 bowlers who have taken nine wickets in a Test match innings . Rank Figures Player Opposition Venue Date 9079 ! 9 / 121 Mailey , Arthur Arthur Mailey England Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne , Australia 000000001921 - 02 - 11 - 0000 11 February 1921 8176 ! 8 / 24 McGrath , Glenn Glenn McGrath Pakistan WACA Ground , Perth , Australia 000000002004 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 2004 8169 ! 8 / 31 Laver , Frank Frank Laver England Old Trafford Cricket Ground , Manchester , England 000000001909 - 07 - 26 - 0000 26 July 1909 8162 ! 8 / 38 McGrath , Glenn Glenn McGrath England Lord 's , London , England 000000001997 - 06 - 19 - 0000 19 June 1997 5 8157 ! 8 / 43 Trott , Albert Albert Trott England Adelaide Oval , Adelaide , Australia 000000001895 - 01 - 11 - 0000 11 January 1895 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Best figures in a match ( edit ) A bowler 's bowling figures in a match is sum of the wickets taken and the runs conceded in two innings . No bowler in the history of Test cricket has taken all 20 wickets in a match . The closest to do so was English spin bowler Jim Laker . During the fourth Test of the 1956 Ashes series , Laker took 9 / 37 in the first innings and 10 / 53 in the second to finish with match figures of 19 / 90 . Bob Massie 's figures of 16 / 137 , taken in second match of the 1972 Ashes series , is the fourth best in Test cricket history . Rank Figures Player Opposition Venue Date 16063 ! 16 / 137 Massie , Bob Bob Massie England Lord 's , London , England 000000001972 - 06 - 22 - 0000 22 June 1972 14110 ! 14 / 90 Spofforth , Fred Fred Spofforth England The Oval , London , England 000000001882 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 1882 14001 ! 14 / 199 Grimmett , Clarrie Clarrie Grimmett South Africa Adelaide Oval , Adelaide , Australia 000000001932 - 01 - 29 - 0000 29 January 1932 13123 ! 13 / 77 Noble , Monty Monty Noble England Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne , Australia 000000001902 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1902 5 13090 ! 13 / 110 Spofforth , Fred Fred Spofforth England Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne , Australia 000000001879 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 1879 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Best career average ( edit ) A bowler 's bowling average is the total number of runs they have conceded divided by the number of wickets they have taken . Nineteenth century English medium pacer George Lohmann holds the record for the best career average in Test cricket with 10.75 . J.J. Ferris , one of fourteen cricketers to have played Test cricket for more than one team , is second behind Lohmann with an overall career average of 12.70 runs per wicket . Rank Average Player Wickets Runs Balls Period 14.25 Ferris , J.J. J.J. Ferris 48 684 2,030 1887 -- 1890 16.53 Turner , Charles Charles Turner 101 1,670 5,179 1887 -- 1895 17.97 Ironmonger , Bert Bert Ironmonger 74 1,330 4,695 1928 -- 1933 18.41 Spofforth , Fred Fred Spofforth 94 1,731 4,185 1877 -- 1887 5 20.53 Davidson , Alan Alan Davidson 186 3,819 11,587 1953 -- 1963 Qualification : 2,000 balls Last updated : 3 December 2017 Best career economy rate ( edit ) A bowler 's economy rate is the total number of runs they have conceded divided by the number of overs they have bowled . English bowler William Attewell , who played 10 matches for England between 1884 and 1892 , holds the Test record for the best career economy rate with 1.31 . Australia 's Bert Ironmonger , with a rate of 1.69 runs per over conceded over his 14 - match Test career , is fifth on the list . Rank Economy rate Player Runs Balls Wickets Period 1.69 Ironmonger , Bert Bert Ironmonger 1,330 4,695 74 1928 -- 1933 1.78 Mackay , Ken Ken Mackay 1,721 5,792 50 1956 -- 1963 1.88 Toshack , Ernie Ernie Toshack 989 3,140 47 1946 -- 1948 1.93 Turner , Charles Charles Turner 1,670 5,179 101 1887 -- 1895 5 1.94 O'Reilly , Bill Bill O'Reilly 3,254 10,024 144 1932 -- 1946 Qualification : 2,000 balls Last updated : 3 December 2017 Best career strike rate ( edit ) J.J. Ferris holds the Australian record for the best Test career bowling average and strike rate , with figures of 14.25 and 42.2 respectively . A bowler 's strike rate is the total number of balls they have bowled divided by the number of wickets they have taken . As with the career average above , the top two bowlers with the best Test career strike rate are George Lohmann and J.J. Ferris , with Lohmann on 34.1 and Ferris with an overall career strike rate of 37.7 balls per wicket . Rank Strike rate Player Wickets Balls Runs Period 42.2 Ferris , J.J. J.J. Ferris 48 2,030 684 1887 -- 1890 44.5 Spofforth , Fred Fred Spofforth 94 4,185 1,731 1877 -- 1887 45.1 Saunders , Jack Jack Saunders 79 3,565 1,796 1902 -- 1908 46.6 Hordern , H.V. H.V. Hordern 46 2,148 1,075 1911 -- 1912 5 46.8 Pattinson , James James Pattinson 70 3,279 1,831 2011 -- 2016 Qualification : 2,000 balls Last updated : 3 December 2017 Most five - wicket hauls in an innings ( edit ) A five - wicket haul refers to a bowler taking five wickets in a single innings . Shane Warne is second only to Sri Lanka 's Muttiah Muralitharan in taking the most five - wicket hauls in Test cricket with Muralitharan taking 67 throughout his career and Warne achieving 37 . Rank Five - wicket hauls Player Wickets Period 37 Warne , Shane Shane Warne 708 1992 -- 2007 29 McGrath , Glenn Glenn McGrath 563 1993 -- 2007 23 Lillee , Dennis Dennis Lillee 355 1971 -- 1984 21 Grimmett , Clarrie Clarrie Grimmett 216 1925 -- 1936 5 ! = 5 16 McKenzie , Graham Graham McKenzie 246 1961 -- 1971 Benaud , Richie Richie Benaud 248 1952 -- 1964 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Most ten - wicket hauls in a match ( edit ) A ten - wicket haul refers to a bowler taking ten or more wickets in a match over two innings . As with the five - wicket hauls above , Shane Warne is second only to Muttiah Muralitharan of Sri Lanka in taking the most ten - wicket hauls in Test cricket with Muralitharan haven taken 22 to Warne 's 10 . Rank Ten - wicket hauls Player Wickets Period 10 Warne , Shane Shane Warne 708 1992 -- 2007 2 ! = 2 7 Grimmett , Clarrie Clarrie Grimmett 216 1925 -- 1936 Lillee , Dennis Dennis Lillee 355 1971 -- 1984 Spofforth , Fred Fred Spofforth 94 1877 -- 1887 5 ! = 5 Trumble , Hugh Hugh Trumble 141 1890 -- 1904 O'Reilly , Bill Bill O'Reilly 144 1932 -- 1946 Johnson , Mitchell Mitchell Johnson 313 2007 -- 2015 McKenzie , Graham Graham McKenzie 246 1961 -- 1971 McGrath , Glenn Glenn McGrath 563 1993 -- 2007 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Worst figures in an innings ( edit ) The worst figures in a single innings in Test cricket came in the third Test between the West Indies at home to Pakistan in 1958 . Pakistan 's Khan Mohammad returned figures of 0 / 259 from his 54 overs in the second innings of the match . The worst figures by an Australian is 0 / 149 that came off the bowling off Bryce McGain in his only Test appearance . Rank Figures Player Overs Opposition Venue Date 1 ! 0 / 149 McGain , Bryce Bryce McGain 18 South Africa Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town , South Africa 000000002009 - 03 - 19 - 0000 19 March 2009 2 ! 0 / 147 Warne , Shane Shane Warne 42 India Eden Gardens , Kolkata , India 000000001998 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 March 1998 3 ! 0 / 146 Lyon , Nathan Nathan Lyon 34 South Africa WACA Ground , Perth , Australia 000000002016 - 11 - 03 - 0000 3 November 2016 4 ! 0 / 146 MacGill , Stuart Stuart MacGill 38 India Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney , Australia 000000002004 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 2004 5 5 ! 0 / 142 Ward , Frank Frank Ward 30 England Trent Bridge , Nottingham , England 000000001938 - 06 - 10 - 0000 10 June 1938 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Worst figures in a match ( edit ) The worst figures in a match in Test cricket were taken by South Africa 's Imran Tahir in the 2006 Boxing Day Test match against Australia . He returned figures of 0 / 180 from his 23 overs in the first innings and 0 / 80 off 14 in the third innings for a total 0 / 260 from 37 overs . He claimed the record in his final over when two runs came from it -- enough for him to pass the previous record of 0 / 259 , set 48 years prior . The worst figures by an Australian came in the first Test of the 2010 -- 11 Ashes series when Mitchell Johnson returned figures of 0 / 66 and 0 / 104 for a total of 0 / 170 off 42 overs , equalling the figures that Geoff Lawson set in the second Test of the Ashes series of 1986 -- 87 from 50 overs . Rank Figures Player Overs Opposition Venue Date 1 ! 0 / 170 Johnson , Mitchell Mitchell Johnson 42 England The Gabba , Brisbane , Australia 000000002010 - 11 - 25 - 0000 25 November 2010 2 ! 0 / 170 Lawson , Geoff Geoff Lawson 50 England WACA Ground , Perth , Australia 000000001986 - 11 - 28 - 0000 28 November 1986 3 ! 0 / 162 Wall , Tim Tim Wall 45 England Old Trafford Cricket Ground , Manchester , England 000000001934 - 07 - 06 - 0000 6 July 1934 4 ! 0 / 160 Waugh , Steve Steve Waugh 51 West Indies WACA Ground , Perth , Australia 000000001988 - 12 - 02 - 0000 2 December 1988 5 5 ! 0 / 157 Kline , Lindsay Lindsay Kline 33 West Indies Adelaide Oval , Adelaide , Australia 000000001961 - 01 - 27 - 0000 27 January 1961 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Most wickets in a series ( edit ) Clarrie Grimmett took 44 wickets in the 1935 -- 36 series against South Africa , the most by any Australian cricketer in a series . South Africa 's seventh Test tour of England in 1913 -- 14 saw the record set for the most wickets taken by a bowler in a Test series . English paceman Sydney Barnes played in four of the five matches and achieved a total of 49 wickets to his name . Jim Laker sits second on the list with 46 wickets taken during the 1956 Ashes series . Australia 's Clarrie Grimmett is third with his 44 wickets taken against South Africa during the 1935 -- 36 tour . Rank Wickets Player Matches Series 44 Grimmett , Clarrie Clarrie Grimmett 5 Australian cricket team in South Africa in 1935 -- 36 42 Alderman , Terry Terry Alderman 6 1981 Ashes series 3 ! = 3 41 Hogg , Rodney Rodney Hogg 6 1978 -- 79 Ashes series Alderman , Terry Terry Alderman 6 1989 Ashes series 5 40 Warne , Shane Shane Warne 5 2005 Ashes series Last updated : 3 December 2017 Wicket - keeping records ( edit ) The wicket - keeper is a specialist fielder who stands behind the stumps being guarded by the batsman on strike and is the only member of the fielding side permitted to wear gloves and external leg guards . Most career dismissals ( edit ) Adam Gilchrist has taken the most wicket - keeping Test dismissals ( 416 ) for Australia . A wicket - keeper can be credited with the dismissal of batsman in two ways , caught or stumped . A fair catch is a taken when the ball is caught fully within the field of play without it bouncing when the ball has touched the striker 's bat or glove holding the bat , while a stumping occurs when the wicket - keeper puts down the wicket while the batsman is out of his ground and not attempting a run . Australia 's Adam Gilchrist is second only South Africa 's Mark Boucher is taking most dismissals in Test cricket as a designated wicket - keeper , with Boucher taking 555 to Gilchrist 416 . Rank Dismissals Player Matches Period 416 Gilchrist , Adam Adam Gilchrist 96 1999 -- 2008 395 Healy , Ian Ian Healy 119 1988 -- 1999 355 Marsh , Rod Rod Marsh 96 1970 -- 1984 270 Haddin , Brad Brad Haddin 66 2008 -- 2015 5 187 Grout , Wally Wally Grout 51 1957 -- 1966 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Most career catches ( edit ) Boucher also leads Gilchrist in the number of catches taken as a designated wicket - keeper in Test cricket , 532 to 379 . Rank Catches Player Matches Period 379 Gilchrist , Adam Adam Gilchrist 96 1999 -- 2008 366 Healy , Ian Ian Healy 119 1988 -- 1999 343 Marsh , Rod Rod Marsh 96 1970 -- 1984 262 Haddin , Brad Brad Haddin 66 2008 -- 2015 5 163 Grout , Wally Wally Grout 51 1957 -- 1966 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Most career stumpings ( edit ) Bert Oldfield holds the record for the most stumpings in Test cricket with 52 . Bert Oldfield , Australia 's fifth most capped wicket - keeper , holds the record for most stumpings in Test cricket with 52 . He is followed by England 's Godfrey Evans with 46 to his name . Indian glovemen Syed Kirmani and MS Dhoni are both equal third on 38 and Gilchrist is fifth on the list with 37 . Rank Stumpings Player Matches Period 52 ♠ Oldfield , Bert Bert Oldfield 54 1920 -- 1937 37 Gilchrist , Adam Adam Gilchrist 96 1999 -- 2008 29 Healy , Ian Ian Healy 119 1988 -- 1999 4 ! = 4 24 Blackham , Jack Jack Blackham 32 1877 -- 1894 Grout , Wally Wally Grout 51 1957 -- 1966 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Most dismissals in an innings ( edit ) Four wicket - keepers have taken seven wickets in a single innings in a Test match -- Wasim Bari of Pakistan in 1979 , Englishman Bob Taylor in 1980 , New Zealand 's Ian Smith in 1991 and most recently West Indian gloveman Ridley Jacobs against Australia in 2000 . The feat of taking 6 wickets in an innings has been achieved by 22 wicket - keepers on 30 occasions including 4 Australians . Rank Dismissals Player Opposition Venue Date = 1 6 Grout , Wally Wally Grout South Africa Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg , South Africa 000000001957 - 12 - 23 - 0000 23 December 1957 Marsh , Rod Rod Marsh England The Gabba , Brisbane , Australia 000000001982 - 11 - 26 - 0000 26 November 1982 Healy , Ian Ian Healy England Edgbaston Cricket Ground , Birmingham , England 000000001997 - 06 - 05 - 0000 5 June 1997 Haddin , Brad Brad Haddin India The Gabba , Brisbane , Australia 000000002014 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 2014 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Most dismissals in a series ( edit ) Brad Haddin holds the Test cricket record for the most dismissals taken by a wicket - keeper in a series . He took 29 catches during the 2013 Ashes series which broke the previous record held by fellow Australian Rod Marsh where he took 28 catches in the 1982 -- 83 Ashes series . Rank Dismissals Player Matches Innings Series 29 ♠ Haddin , Brad Brad Haddin 5 10 2013 Ashes series 28 Marsh , Rod Rod Marsh 5 10 1982 -- 83 Ashes series 27 Healy , Ian Ian Healy 6 12 1997 Ashes series 26 Paine , Tim Tim Paine 5 9 2017 -- 18 Ashes series 5 ! = 5 26 Gilchrist , Adam Adam Gilchrist 5 10 2001 Ashes series 2006 -- 07 Ashes series Last updated : 8 January 2018 Fielding records ( edit ) Most career catches ( edit ) Caught is one of the ten methods a batsman can be dismissed in cricket . A fair catch is defined as a fielder catches the ball , from a legal delivery , fully within the field of play without it bouncing when the ball has touched the striker 's bat or glove holding the bat . The majority of catches are caught in the slips , located behind the batsman , next to the wicket - keeper , on the off side of the field . Most slip fielders are top order batsmen . India 's Rahul Dravid holds the record for the most catches in Test cricket by a non-wicket - keeper with 210 , followed by Mahela Jayawardene of Sri Lanka on 205 and South African Jacques Kallis with 200 . Ricky Ponting is the highest ranked Australian in fourth , securing 196 catches in his Test career . Jack Gregory took 15 catches during Australia 's 5 -- 0 whitewash of England in the 1920 -- 21 Ashes series -- a Test cricket record . Rank Catches Player Matches Period 196 Ponting , Ricky Ricky Ponting 168 1995 -- 2012 181 Waugh , Mark Mark Waugh 128 1991 -- 2002 157 Taylor , Mark Mark Taylor 104 1989 -- 1999 156 Border , Allan Allan Border 156 1978 -- 1994 5 134 Clarke , Michael Michael Clarke 115 2004 -- 2015 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Most catches in a series ( edit ) The 1920 -- 21 Ashes series , in which Australia whitewashed England 5 -- 0 for the first time , saw the record set for the most catches taken by non-wicket - keeper in a Test series . Australian all - rounder Jack Gregory took 15 catches in the series as well as 23 wickets . Greg Chappell , a fellow Australian all - rounder , is second behind Gregory with 14 catches taken during the 1974 -- 75 Ashes series . Three players have taken 13 catches in a series on five occasions with both Bob Simpson and Brian Lara having done so twice and Rahul Dravid once . Rank Catches Player Matches Series 15 ♠ Gregory , Jack Jack Gregory 5 1920 -- 21 Ashes series 14 Chappell , Greg Greg Chappell 6 1974 -- 75 Ashes series 3 ! = 3 13 Simpson , Bob Bob Simpson 5 Australian cricket team in South Africa in 1957 -- 58 West Indian cricket team in Australia in 1960 -- 61 5 ! = 5 12 Whatmore , Dav Dav Whatmore 5 Australian cricket team in India in 1979 -- 80 Border , Allan Allan Border 6 1981 Ashes series Last updated : 3 December 2017 Other records ( edit ) Most career matches ( edit ) India 's Sachin Tendulkar holds the record for the most Test matches played with 200 with former captains in Ricky Ponting and Steve Waugh being joint second with each having represented Australia on 168 occasions . Rank Matches Player Period 1 ! = 1 168 Ponting , Ricky Ricky Ponting 1995 -- 2012 Waugh , Steve Steve Waugh 1985 -- 2004 156 Border , Allan Allan Border 1978 -- 1994 145 Warne , Shane Shane Warne 1992 -- 2007 5 128 Waugh , Mark Mark Waugh 1991 -- 2002 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Most consecutive career matches ( edit ) Allan Border holds the record for the most consecutive career matches in Test cricket and the most matches as captain of Australia with 153 and 93 respectively . Australia 's Allan Border holds the record for the most consecutive Test matches played with 153 . Former English captain and currently active player Alastair Cook is second with 151 matches and Mark Waugh , the Australian middle order batsman who played 107 consecutive Test matches , is third . The recently retired New Zealand wicket - keeper - batsman Brendon McCullum , who is fifth on the list with 101 matches , is the highest ranked cricketer who never missed a Test match during his playing career . Adam Gilchrist , in seventh on 96 , is the highest ranked Australian player to achieve the feat . Rank Matches Player Period 153 ! 153 ♠ Border , Allan Allan Border 1979 -- 1994 107 ! 107 Waugh , Mark Mark Waugh 1993 -- 2002 096 ! 96 Gilchrist , Adam Adam Gilchrist 1999 -- 2008 086 ! 86 Hayden , Matthew Matthew Hayden 2000 -- 2008 5 079 ! 79 Hussey , Michael Michael Hussey 2005 -- 2013 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Most matches as captain ( edit ) See also : List of Australia national cricket captains Graeme Smith , who led the South African cricket team from 2003 to 2014 , holds the record for the most matches played as captain in Test cricket with 109 . Allan Border , the man who skippered Australia from 1984 to 1994 is second with 93 matches . New Zealand 's captain from 1997 to 2006 , Stephen Fleming , is third on the list with 80 and in fourth on 77 is Australia 's Ricky Ponting who led the side for six years from 2004 to 2010 . Rank Matches Player Period 93 Border , Allan Allan Border 1984 -- 1994 77 Ponting , Ricky Ricky Ponting 2004 -- 2010 57 Waugh , Steve Steve Waugh 1999 -- 2004 50 Taylor , Mark Mark Taylor 1994 -- 1999 5 48 Chappell , Greg Greg Chappell 1975 -- 1983 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Youngest players ( edit ) The youngest player to play in a Test match is claimed to be Hasan Raza at the age of 14 years and 227 days . Making his debut for Pakistan against Zimbabwe on 24 October 1996 , there is some doubt as to the validity of Raza 's age at the time . The youngest Australian to play Test cricket was Ian Craig who at the age of 17 years and 239 days debuted in the final Test of the series against South Africa in February 1953 . Rank Age Player Opposition Venue Date 1 ! 17 years and 239 days Craig , Ian Ian Craig South Africa Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne , Australia 000000001953 - 02 - 06 - 0000 6 February 1953 2 ! 18 years and 193 days Cummins , Pat Pat Cummins South Africa Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg , South Africa 000000002011 - 11 - 17 - 0000 17 November 2011 3 ! 18 years and 232 days Garrett , Tom Tom Garrett England Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne , Australia 000000001877 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 March 1877 4 ! 19 years and 96 days Hill , Clem Clem Hill England Lord 's , London , England 000000001896 - 06 - 22 - 0000 22 June 1896 5 5 ! 19 years and 100 days Hazlitt , Gerry Gerry Hazlitt England Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney , Australia 000000001907 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 1907 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Oldest players on debut ( edit ) Bert Ironmonger is the oldest Australian cricketer to play in a Test match and was the second oldest to make his debut for Australia . At 49 years and 119 days , James Southerton of England , playing in the very first Test match in March 1877 , is the oldest player to make his debut in Test cricket . Second on the list is Miran Bakhsh of Pakistan who at 47 years and 284 days made his debut against India in 1955 . Australia 's Don Blackie is the third oldest player to make his debut , breaking into the side during the second Test of the 1928 -- 29 Ashes series at the age of 46 years and 253 days . He broke the record set by his teammate Bert Ironmonger who debuted in the previous Test match two weeks earlier . Rank Age Player Opposition Venue Date 1 ! 46 years and 253 days Blackie , Don Don Blackie England Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney , Australia 000000001928 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1928 2 ! 46 years and 237 days Ironmonger , Bert Bert Ironmonger England Brisbane Exhibition Ground , Brisbane , Australia 000000001928 - 11 - 30 - 0000 30 November 1928 3 ! 38 years and 35 days Holland , Bob Bob Holland West Indies The Gabba , Brisbane , Australia 000000001984 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 November 1984 = 4 4 ! 37 years and 290 days Gregory , Ned Ned Gregory England Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne , Australia 000000001877 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 March 1877 Thomson , Nat Nat Thomson Last updated : 3 December 2017 Oldest players ( edit ) England all - rounder Wilfred Rhodes is the oldest player to appear in a Test match . Playing in the fourth Test against the West Indies in 1930 at Sabina Park , in Kingston , Jamaica , he was aged 52 years and 165 days on the final day 's play . The second oldest Test player is Bert Ironmonger who was aged 50 years and 327 days when he represented Australia for the final time in the fifth Test of the 1932 -- 33 Ashes series at the Sydney Cricket Ground . Rank Age Player Opposition Venue Date 1 ! 50 years and 327 days Ironmonger , Bert Bert Ironmonger England Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney , Australia 000000001933 - 02 - 23 - 0000 23 February 1933 2 ! 46 years and 309 days Blackie , Don Don Blackie England Adelaide Oval , Adelaide , Australia 000000001929 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 February 1929 3 ! 44 years and 69 days Grimmett , Clarrie Clarrie Grimmett South Africa Kingsmead Cricket Ground , Durban , South Africa 000000001936 - 02 - 28 - 0000 28 February 1936 4 ! 43 years and 259 days Carter , Sammy Sammy Carter South Africa Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town , South Africa 000000001921 - 11 - 26 - 0000 26 November 1921 5 5 ! 43 years and 255 days Bardsley , Warren Warren Bardsley England The Oval , London , England 000000001926 - 08 - 14 - 0000 14 August 1926 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Partnership records ( edit ) In cricket , two batsmen are always present at the crease batting together in a partnership . This partnership will continue until one of them is dismissed , retires or the innings comes to a close . Highest partnerships by wicket ( edit ) Don Bradman and Sid Barnes set the highest fifth wicket partnership in Test cricket , scoring 405 against England in 1946 . A wicket partnership describes the number of runs scored before each wicket falls . The first wicket partnership is between the opening batsmen and continues until the first wicket falls . The second wicket partnership then commences between the not out batsman and the number three batsman . This partnership continues until the second wicket falls . The third wicket partnership then commences between the not out batsman and the new batsman . This continues down to tenth wicket partnership . When the tenth wicket has fallen , there is no more batsman left to partner so the innings is closed . Australian batsmen hold two Test wicket partnerships records . Sid Barnes and Don Bradman came together in the second Test of the 1946 -- 47 Ashes series at the Sydney Cricket Ground and put together a fifth wicket partnership of 405 runs . The other record is the fourth wicket partnership of 449 which was set by still active Shaun Marsh and the recently retired Adam Voges . This came in the first Test against the West Indies at Bellerive Oval in December 2015 . Wicket Runs First batsman Second batsman Opposition Venue Date 01 ! 1st wicket 382 Lawry , Bill Bill Lawry Simpson , Bob Bob Simpson West Indies Kensington Oval , Bridgetown , Barbados 000000001965 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 1965 02 ! 2nd wicket 451 Ponsford , Bill Bill Ponsford Bradman , Don Don Bradman England The Oval , London , England 000000001934 - 08 - 18 - 0000 18 August 1934 03 ! 3rd wicket 315 Ponting , Ricky Ricky Ponting Lehmann , Darren Darren Lehmann West Indies Queen 's Park Oval , Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago 000000002003 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 April 2003 04 ! 4th wicket 449 ♠ Voges , Adam Adam Voges Marsh , Shaun Shaun Marsh West Indies Bellerive Oval , Hobart , Australia 000000002015 - 12 - 10 - 0000 10 December 2015 05 ! 5th wicket 405 ♠ Barnes , Sid Sid Barnes Bradman , Don Don Bradman England Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney , Australia 000000001946 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 1946 06 ! 6th wicket 346 Fingleton , Jack Jack Fingleton Bradman , Don Don Bradman England Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne , Australia 000000001937 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1937 07 ! 7th wicket 217 Walters , Doug Doug Walters Gilmour , Gary Gary Gilmour New Zealand Lancaster Park , Christchurch , New Zealand 000000001977 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 1977 08 ! 8th wicket 243 Hartigan , Roger Roger Hartigan Hill , Clem Clem Hill England Adelaide Oval , Adelaide , Australia 000000001908 - 01 - 10 - 0000 10 January 1908 09 ! 9th wicket 154 Gregory , Syd Syd Gregory Blackham , Jack Jack Blackham England Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney , Australia 000000001894 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1894 10 ! 10th wicket 163 Hughes , Phillip Phillip Hughes Agar , Ashton Ashton Agar England Trent Bridge , Nottingham , England 000000002013 - 07 - 10 - 0000 10 July 2013 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Highest partnerships by runs ( edit ) The highest Test partnership by runs for any wicket is held by the Sri Lankan pairing of Kumar Sangakkara and Mahela Jayawardene who put together a third wicket partnership of 624 runs during the first Test against South Africa in July 2006 . This broke the record of 576 runs set by their compatriots Sanath Jayasuriya and Roshan Mahanama against India in 1997 . New Zealand 's Andrew Jones and Martin Crowe hold the third highest Test partnership with 467 made in 1991 against Sri Lanka . Equal fourth on the list is Mudassar Nazar and Javed Miandad of Pakistan who together scored 451 against Pakistan in 1983 and the Australian pairing of Bill Ponsford and Don Bradman putting on the same score against England in the 1934 Ashes series . Wicket Runs First batsman Second batsman Opposition Venue Date 2nd wicket 451 Ponsford , Bill Bill Ponsford Bradman , Don Don Bradman England The Oval , London , England 000000001934 - 08 - 18 - 0000 18 August 1934 4th wicket 449 Voges , Adam Adam Voges Marsh , Shaun Shaun Marsh West Indies Bellerive Oval , Hobart , Australia 000000002015 - 12 - 10 - 0000 10 December 2015 5th wicket 405 Barnes , Sid Sid Barnes Bradman , Don Don Bradman England Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney , Australia 000000001946 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 1946 4th wicket 388 Ponsford , Bill Bill Ponsford Bradman , Don Don Bradman England Headingley Stadium , Leeds , England 000000001934 - 07 - 20 - 0000 20 July 1934 4th wicket 386 Ponting , Ricky Ricky Ponting Clarke , Michael Michael Clarke India Adelaide Oval , Adelaide , Australia 000000002012 - 01 - 24 - 0000 24 January 2012 Last updated : 3 December 2017 Umpiring records ( edit ) Most matches umpired ( edit ) An umpire in cricket is a person who officiates the match according to the laws of cricket . Two umpires adjudicate the match on the field , whilst a third umpire has access to video replays , and a fourth umpire looks after the match balls and other duties . The records below are only for on - field umpires . Steve Bucknor of the West Indies holds the record for the most Test matches umpired with 128 . He is followed by the currently active Aleem Dar from Pakistan who has stood in 116 Test matches and South Africa 's Rudi Koertzen who has officiated in 108 . The most experienced Australian is Daryl Harper who is fourth on the list with 95 Test matches umpired . Rank Matches Umpire Period 95 Harper , Daryl Daryl Harper 1998 -- 2011 78 Hair , Darrell Darrell Hair 1992 -- 2008 74 Taufel , Simon Simon Taufel 2000 -- 2012 59 Tucker , Rod Rod Tucker 2010 -- 2018 5 57 Davis , Steve Steve Davis 1997 -- 2015 Last updated : 9 March 2018 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For the first 50 years of Test cricket matches were played over three or four days and until the 1930s some timeless Tests were played . Jump up ^ The other teams to have won a Test match by a margin of 10 wickets are the West Indies ( 25 ) , England ( 20 ) , Pakistan ( 13 ) , South Africa ( 8 ) , Sri Lanka ( 8 ) , India ( 7 ) and New Zealand ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ The other teams to have lost a Test match by a margin of 10 wickets are Bangladesh ( 4 ) , Sri Lanka ( 5 ) , Zimbabwe ( 7 ) , Pakistan ( 9 ) , South Africa ( 12 ) , New Zealand ( 13 ) , the West Indies ( 15 ) , India ( 17 ) and England ( 22 ) . Jump up ^ 8 ball overs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nicholson , Matthew ( 2007 ) . Sport and the media : managing the nexus . Butterworth - Heinemann . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 8109 - 4 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin ( 18 May 2007 ) . `` International Cricket Council : A brief history ... '' ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Classification of Official Cricket '' ( pdf ) . International Cricket Council . 1 October 2017 : 2 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 18 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicholas , Mark ( 15 March 2017 ) . `` Where are we 140 years later ? '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin ( 22 August 2015 ) . `` The Oval grind of 1938 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin ( 23 January 1998 ) . `` The birth of Test cricket '' . ESPNcricinfo . 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ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 6 September 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Test records -- Most career wickets taken by a fast bowler '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Test records -- Most wicket - keeper career dismissals '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 4 May 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Test records -- Most consecutive career matches '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 26 March 2018 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian Test records -- Most matches as captain '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 4 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe Test records -- Results summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 September 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Test matches against Bangladesh '' . ESPNcricinfo . 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Archived from the original on 31 August 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 4th Test , Australia tour of England at Manchester , Jul 24 - 26 1902 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 3 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5th Test , Australia tour of England at London , Aug 11 - 13 1902 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 3 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Test records -- Smallest margin of victory ( by runs ) '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 7 August 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian Test records -- Smallest victories '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 12 May 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Test records -- Smallest margin of victory ( by wickets ) '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 31 August 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 Ashes series '' . ESPNcricinfo . 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Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Test records -- Most matches umpired '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 18 May 2017 . Retrieved 9 March 2018 . 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do nfl players get paid while on ir

Injured reserve list

injured reserve list

The injured reserve list ( abbr . IR list ) is an official designation used by the National Football League ( NFL ) and National Hockey League ( NHL ) for athletes who become injured and temporarily unable to play . It is analogous to the injured list in the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) or the disabled list in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) does not have a direct analog to an injured reserve list , instead using a more general - purpose `` inactive list '' that does not require a player to be injured .

It is used because the rules of these leagues allow for only a certain numbers of players on each team 's roster . Designating a player as `` Injured / Reserve '' frees up a spot , enabling the team to add a new player during the injured athlete 's convalescence . In the NFL , when a player is placed on the list he can not return to play for the remainder of the regular season ; the other leagues allow the player to return to play during the season . The NBA 's inactive list is the most liberal as it does not generally require a player to be injured . Contents ( hide ) 1 NHL rules 2 NFL rules 3 NBA rules 4 MLB rules 5 References 6 External links NHL rules ( edit ) A player may be placed on injured reserve if he is unable to participate due to illness or injury , provided that the player had passed the club 's initial physical examination at the start of the season . To qualify for the IR due to injury , that injury must be sufficient ( in the opinion of the team 's medical staff ) to render the player unable to participate for the seven days following that injury . Once placed on IR , the team may then replace the player on their roster . The player on IR may not return to active play for seven days , although they may participate in non-competitive events such as practice , meetings , etc . NFL rules ( edit ) A team may place a player on injured reserve ( reserve / injured list ) who is `` not immediately available for participation with a club '' . Generally , these players may not practice or return to the Active List for the rest of the season ( including postseason games or the Pro Bowl ) in which they are placed on injured reserve , but are allowed to be with the team . During the preseason , the league also allows players with long - term , but not season - ending , injuries to be placed into one of two designations : physically unable to perform ( PUP ) , for injuries sustained during the previous season or during offseason training activities ( a player who passes their physical at the beginning of training camp and practices is physically able to participate and is thus ineligible for the PUP list ) , or reserve / non-football injury , for injuries sustained outside of team or league activities ( despite the name , this includes lingering injuries from college football play , should an injured player be drafted and join the team ) . Both designations are functionally identical in that the player can be promoted to the active roster by week 6 of the regular season or placed on injured reserve . During the regular season , players on the PUP list and injured reserve do not count against the league 's 53 man roster maximum , but do count against the 90 man roster limit ( also includes practice squad players ) . Starting in 2012 , the NFL and the NFLPA reached an agreement allowing one player placed on injured reserve to be brought back to the active roster . Provided that the player was on the final 53 - man preseason roster ( A rule exempted for the 2012 season ) , and that the injury is deemed to keep this player unable to practice or play football for an estimated six weeks , the player may be allowed to practice after Week 6 , and be activated to play after Week 8 . As of 2017 , teams may now return two players from injured reserve after Week 8 . Teams may also place a player on injured reserve with a minor injury designation , but the team must release the player once he is healthy . NBA rules ( edit ) Main article : NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement Due to abuses in the use of the injured reserve list , where some teams found it convenient to use the IR to stash players without independent medical oversight , the injured reserve has been renamed the Inactive List with the last collective bargaining agreement . Starting in the 2005 -- 06 season , players can enter the inactive list one hour before tip - off for as little as one game . The inactive list has a minimum of one player and a maximum of three , subject to hardship rules when a team with three injured players already on its inactive list has a fourth player injured . Players sent to the NBA Development League will continue to count on a team 's inactive list . MLB rules ( edit ) Main article : Disabled list References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NHL Headquarters '' . nhl.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ 2009 NFL Record and Fact Book , p. 32 ISBN 1 - 60320 - 809 - 7 Jump up ^ `` NFLPA , NFL agree to trade deadline extension , IR exception '' . NFL . 2012 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://wcfcourier.com/sports/football/nfl-changes-rule-for-players-on-ir/article_19dcb07c-f329-11e1-ba45-0019bb2963f4.html Jump up ^ D'Andrea , Christian ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` NFL approves rule to allow 2 players to return from injured reserve '' . SB Nation . Jump up ^ Gehlken , Michael ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Nate Kaeding passes physical , no longer a Charger '' . U-T San Diego . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Inactive vs. Active List Rules '' . NBA . November 1 , 2005 . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Now , the active and inactive list can be set on a game - by - game basis , one hour before tip - off , with no length of stay required for either list . Jump up ^ `` CBA Principal Deal Points '' . NBA . August 4 , 2005 . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Teams may have a maximum of three players on their inactive list ( subject to hardship rules , which will apply in the event that a team with three injured players on its inactive list has a fourth player that suffers an injury ) . External links ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Injured_reserve_list&oldid=803663708 '' Categories : Sports terminology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 21 : 40 . About Wikipedia

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where are most official documents relating to the ownership of land now stored

HM Land Registry

hm land registry

Her Majesty 's Land Registry is a non-ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom , created in 1862 to register the ownership of land and property in England and Wales . It reports to the Department for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy

The equivalent office in Scotland is the Registers of Scotland . Land and Property Services maintain records for Northern Ireland . Contents ( hide ) 1 Purpose 2 Benefits of land registration 3 Offices 4 Structure 4.1 Adjudicator to the Land Registry 5 History 6 Chief Land Registrars 7 Privatisation plans 8 See also 9 Bibliography 10 References 11 External links Purpose ( edit ) Trafalgar House , Bedford Park , Croydon , Greater London ; HM Land Registry Head Office and Croydon Local Office HM Land Registry registers the ownership of property . It is one of the largest property databases in Europe . At the peak of the property boom in 2007 , £ 1 million worth of property was processed every minute in England and Wales . Like land registration organisations in other countries , HM Land Registry guarantees title to registered estates and interests in land . It records the ownership rights of freehold properties , and leasehold properties where the lease has been granted for a term exceeding seven years . The definition of land can include the buildings situated upon the land , particularly where parts of buildings at different levels ( such as flats ) are in different ownership . It is also possible to register the ownership of the mines and minerals which lie within the ground , as well as airspace above property where this is in separate ownership . HM Land Registry receives no government funding , being required to ensure that its income covers expenditure , and finances itself from registration and search fees . It provides online access to its database of titles ( ownership and charges or interests by other parties ) and most plans ( maps ) . People need to pay a fee to access some information . Property owners whose property is not registered can make voluntary applications for registration . As of March 2016 , there are 24.5 million registered titles representing 88 % of the land mass of England and Wales . Registration of land under the Land Registration Act 2002 affords property owners some protection against squatters as well as avoiding the need to produce old documents each time a property changes hands . Benefits of Land registration ( edit ) According to HM Land Registry : `` Registration establishes proof of ownership and produces an easy - to - read document reflecting the contents of all the paper title deeds . This simplifies conveyancing , making transactions easier and potentially less costly for all involved . All title information is kept on HM Land Registry 's database , reducing the need to store old and often unclear deeds . The register can be viewed quickly and securely online . There is no better way to safeguard ownership of land and property than by registering your title with us . State - backed registration gives you greater security of title , providing you with better protection against claims of adverse possession '' Registering a title provides a `` Title Plan '' which is normally not definitive , but which identifies the land within the title on the Ordnance Survey map . It is important that the original title deeds are retained as they will provide a starting point if ever it is necessary to identify the precise position of the boundaries . In addition to being the government body that registers the ownership of land and property in England and Wales , HM Land Registry is also a useful tool for property investors who use the online price calculator to query the latest monthly residential property prices . The government is also using the land registry data to assess property values for tax purposes . Offices ( edit ) HM Land Registry has 14 offices at : Birkenhead , Coventry , Croydon , Durham , Fylde ( Warton ) , Gloucester , Kingston upon Hull , Leicester , Nottingham , Peterborough , Plymouth , Swansea , Telford and Weymouth . HM Land Registry 's Head Office is based in Croydon . The in - house IT department ( Information Systems ) and Land Charges Departments are based in Plymouth . In 2006 , as a result of a review of office accommodation , HM Land Registry announced the closure of several offices . This involved merging offices in Birkenhead , Durham , Lytham / Warton , Nottingham and Swansea , and closing of offices in Harrow and York . A further review of staffing levels and overall office space began in 2009 . The economic recession and lower volumes of property sales and mortgages meant that HM Land Registry 's basic work in connection with remortgages and house sales reduced to the point where it made a financial loss for the first time in many years . HM Land Registry announced proposals to close five offices at Portsmouth , Tunbridge Wells , Croydon , Stevenage and Peterborough . As a result of consultation , the plans to close the Croydon and Peterborough offices were not carried out , but the closure of the other three went ahead , although until 2013 a small office remained at Portsmouth as a sub-office of Croydon . The Head Office moved out of its famous Lincoln 's Inn Fields building in March 2011 and is now based in Croydon . The building has been purchased by the London School of Economics for a sum of £ 37.5 million . During the early part of 2011 , staff based in the Plymouth office were relocated to the Information Systems office in Seaton Court . Structure ( edit ) Each local office has an Area Manager ( sometimes shared between offices ) , a Local Land Registrar ( also sometimes shared between offices ) who is the senior lawyer , an Operations Manager , and an Integrity Manager . Each office also has staff responsible for processing applications lodged by members of the legal profession and the public . Traditionally customers send applications to the office that deals with applications for the geographical area where the property is located , but since 2009 many customers now deal with dedicated customer teams , who deal with all their applications from certain customers regardless of where the property is located . From 6 January 2014 , all paper applications lodged by members of the public have been processed at the Citizen Centre at Land Registry Wales Office . The organisation is led by the Chief Land Registrar and Chief Executive ( both one role ) . The Chief Land Registrar is assisted by the HM Land Registry Board and Executive Board . The HM Land Registry Board sets the overall strategy for the department . The Executive Board delivers the annual business plan and is responsible for day - to - day management . Since December 1990 , the Land Register has been open to the public . For a fee , anyone can inspect the Register , find out the name and address of the current owner of any registered property or obtain a copy of any registered title . This can also be done online . HM Land Registry was awarded the former Charter Mark five times , and 97 % of its customers rate their service as good , very good or excellent . HM Land Registry has an Independent Complaints Reviewer . Adjudicator to the Land Registry ( edit ) Disputed applications to Land Registry are determined by the Adjudicator to HM Land Registry , an independent office created by the Land Registration Act 2002 . Under previous legislation this function had been the responsibility of the Chief Land Registrar . From July 2013 , the functions of the Adjudicator have been transferred to the Land Registration division of the Property Chamber of the First - tier Tribunal . History ( edit ) Former Land Registry Head Office , 32 Lincoln 's Inn Fields ( 1913 -- 2011 ) In 1857 the Royal Commission on Registration of Title proposed a system of registration administered by a central registry in London with district offices . The Land Registry Act 1862 was introduced by the then Lord Chancellor , Richard Bethell , 1st Baron Westbury . The Act provided for the registration of freehold and long leasehold estates in land . The system of registration adopted had some differences to that piloted in South Australia by that colony 's then Premier Sir Robert Torrens , although both were founded on the 1857 report . Brent Spencer Follett , the first Chief Land Registrar , opened the Land Registry 's first offices , at 34 Lincoln 's Inn Fields , London , on 15 October 1862 . Mr Follett had a staff of just six people and was paid £ 2,500 a year , at a time when the average labourer 's wage was £ 40 . At first , registration was not compulsory , and once property was registered there was no compulsion to register any subsequent transactions . Thus it was possible for the person registered as the owner of a property to cease to be the owner while remaining on the register . Serious flaws in the 1862 Act led to the Land Transfer Act 1875 , which forms the basis of the system used today . However , the LTA did not make registration compulsory . A report by Sir Charles Brickdale on the system of land registration used in Germany proved influential . In 1897 the then Lord Chancellor , Hardinge Giffard , 1st Earl of Halsbury introduced the Land Transfer Act 1897 , which brought an element of compulsion into the registration system . To satisfy the demands of the legal profession , the option of a county veto was offered . London County Council was attracted to the idea of compulsory registration and voted in favour of it . It was introduced in stages between 1899 and 1902 and this led to the expansion of HM Land Registry . Also at this time , the first female staff were employed and typewriters were introduced . A proposal to extend compulsory registration to Northamptonshire in 1902 was lost in committee . From 1905 to 1913 new HM Land Registry headquarters were built in Lincoln 's Inn Fields . Two significant pieces of land legislation were enacted in 1925 : the Law of Property Act and the Land Registration Act . Government - initiated extensions to compulsory registration were suspended for ten years , but Eastbourne ( 1926 ) and Hastings ( 1929 ) voluntarily became areas of compulsory registration . After the ten years were up , compulsory registration was extended to Middlesex ( 1937 ) and the County Borough of Croydon ( 1939 ) . Plans to extend it to Surrey in 1940 were abandoned due to the Second World War . In 1925 the government forecast that the whole of England and Wales would be subject to compulsory registration by 1955 , but the process took much longer . In 1940 , after damage sustained in the 193rd air raid on Central London , HM Land Registry was evacuated to the Marsham Court Hotel in Bournemouth so that it could carry on its normal business . In 1950 , eighty - eight years after its creation , HM Land Registry registered its one millionth title . The growth in property ownership after the war years meant that the potential number of properties to be registered increased dramatically . This , in turn , slowed down the rate of land registration . To deal with the increasing workload , an office was opened in Tunbridge Wells in 1955 and a further office at Lytham St. Annes in 1957 . In 1963 , 101 years after the registry started , it registered its two millionth title . Theodore Ruoff , who was appointed Chief Land Registrar in 1963 , laid down the three fundamental principles of Land Registration : The Mirror principle -- the register of title should reflect , accurately and completely , and beyond all argument , the facts that are material to the title The Curtain principle -- the register should be the sole and definitive source of information for proposing purchasers , but should not reveal sensitive information The Insurance principle -- if , as a result of human error , the title is proved to be defective in any way , then the person or persons suffering loss as a result , must be able to claim compensation New offices were opened in Gloucester and Stevenage ( 1964 ) , Durham and Harrow ( 1965 ) , Plymouth ( 1966 ) , Croydon and Swansea ( 1967 ) , Birkenhead and Weymouth ( 1977 ) , Peterborough ( 1978 ) , Telford ( 1986 ) , Coventry and Hull ( 1987 ) , Leicester ( 1988 ) , Portsmouth ( 1989 ) , York ( 1991 ) and Lancashire ( 2000 ) . Land registers at this time were not public records , and processing them required laborious typing and the completion of plans by hand using paintbrushes and ink on linen . Copies of everything produced had to be made by hand . HM Land Registry retained the originals , and the copies were sewn , using needle and thread , into large certificates . The certificates were produced as indisputable evidence of the ownership of the land . Such was the importance of the certificates that tampering with them was a criminal offence . In 1986 the Plymouth Office became the first HM Land Registry office to produce registers electronically . Although the certificates still bore the same importance , computerisation dramatically increased the efficiency of the Land Register at a time when HM Land Registry was keen to bring the whole of England and Wales under compulsory registration . In 1990 the provision of compulsory registration was brought to the whole of England and Wales , the ten millionth title was registered and for the first time , the Land Register was opened to public inspection . Although compulsory registration had now spread to the whole of its jurisdiction , compulsion only occurred when a property was sold . This was a barrier to the registration of the whole of England and Wales , and in 1998 new triggers for registration were introduced , dramatically increasing the rate of registration of land . These triggers included gifts of land , assent of land on death and raising monies by mortgages on the land . The Land Registration Act 2002 leaves the system substantially in place , but enables the future compulsory introduction of electronic conveyancing , using electronic signatures to transfer and register property . As a result of that act , Land and Charge Certificates are no longer issued . The new home of the Information Systems department , a state - of - the - art office with 500 staff , was opened in 2005 in Plymouth 's International Business Park . Chief Land Registrars ( edit ) Brent Spencer Follett ( 1862 -- 1886 ) Robert Hallet Holt ( 1886 -- 1900 ) Sir Charles Fortescue Brickdale ( 1900 -- 1923 ) Sir John Stewart Stewart - Wallace ( 1923 -- 1941 ) Rouxville Mark Lowe ( 1941 -- 1947 ) Sir George Harold Curtis ( 1947 -- 1963 ) Theodore Burton Fox Ruoff ( 1963 -- 1974 ) Robert Burnell Roper ( 1974 -- 1983 ) Eric John Pryer ( 1983 -- 1990 ) John Manthorpe ( 1990 -- 1996 ) Stuart John Hill ( 1996 -- 1999 ) Peter Collis ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Marco Pierleoni ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Malcolm Dawson ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Ed Lester ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Graham Farrant ( 2015 - ) Privatisation plans ( edit ) On 23 January 2014 , the Government issued a public consultation on its proposal to create a service delivery company to carry out the day - to - day process of land registration . This might be either a wholly Government - owned company or privately owned , and was to be subject to regulation from the Office of the Chief Land Registrar , which would remain part of Government . This proposal generated considerable controversy in the media and was opposed by Land Registry staff . There was also opposition to the plans from legal professionals and other users of Land Registry services . In July 2014 , the Government announced that , having considered the results of the consultation , whilst it continued to consider that there were considerable benefits to a service delivery company , it felt that further consideration was necessary and therefore would not be proceeding with any changes . In November 2015 , it was reported that the Chancellor of the Exchequer was reconsidering privatising the agency and an article in PoliticsHome noted that all potential bidders were linked to tax havens . The privatization plans have faced fierce opposition from the industry in 2016 . The Conveyancing Association has argued that a ' reversal of the recent halving of fees ' could in fact double Land Registry 's income ' yet is a relatively small burden for the homebuyer in amongst the other costs and charges involved in the process ' of privatisation ' . The Competition & Markets Authority ( CMA ) has claimed that the privatisation would give a private organisation monopoly to commercially valuable data and provide little inclination to improve anyone 's access to it . Currently the Land Registry makes some datasets available for purchase by private companies and other organisations , such as Search Providers . Private search companies and ordering platforms have been integrating Land Registry 's data to improve search ordering for conveyancers . Data from Land Registry 's National Spatial Dataset , for example , has been used to display boundary maps on - screen using a live data link to help conveyancers validate property locations . The government made further proposals to privatise the Land Registry in a consultation which ran from 24 March to 26 May 2016 . In the 2016 Autumn Statement , Chancellor Philip Hammond put an end to speculation about Land Registry privatisation : `` Following consultation the government has decided that HM Land Registry should focus on becoming a more digital data - driven registration business , and to do this will remain in the public sector . Modernisation will maximise the value of HM Land Registry to the economy , and should be completed without a need for significant Exchequer investment . '' See also ( edit ) Rural Land Register National Land & Property Gazetteer Housing in the United Kingdom Torrens system Bibliography ( edit ) Mayer , P. ( 1996 ) . Ten Chief Land Registrars . London . -- & Pemberton , A. ( 2000 ) . `` A Short History of Land Registration in England and Wales '' ( PDF ) . London : HM Land Registry . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 19 . Offer , A. ( 1981 ) . Property and Politics : 1870 -- 1914 . Cambridge . Pemberton , A. ( 1992 ) . HM Land Registry -- An Historical Perspective . London : HM Land Registry . Riddall , J.G. ( 2003 ) . Land Law . 7th ed. , Lexis - Nexis Butterworths . ISBN 0 - 406 - 96743 - 1 . Ch. 26 for current law in England and Wales Rowton - Simpson , S. ( 1976 ) . Land Law and Registration . Cambridge . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Land Registry Annual Report 2015 - 2016 , figure is as of 31.3. 16 Jump up ^ New Chief Land Registrar & Chief Executive . Jump up ^ `` Framework Document 2008 '' . HM Land Registry . Retrieved 25 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Collis , Peter ( April 2006 ) Welcome to Land Registry 's 10 - year strategic plan . landregistry.gov.uk Jump up ^ HM Land Registry Annual Report 2015 - 2016 Jump up ^ Foundation , Internet Memory . `` ( ARCHIVED CONTENT ) UK Government Web Archive -- The National Archives '' . webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` How the best investors are using the land registry to find their next investment property '' . http://blog.thenello.com/ . Archived from the original on 25 August 2015 . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Land Registry 's Accelerated Transformation Programme -- Consultation on office closures . Consultation Document , v1 - 0 22 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Accelerated Transformation Programme Decisions Report 17 March 2010 Jump up ^ Press Notice dated 8 October 2010 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Land Registry Customer Teams webpage . landregistry.gov.uk Jump up ^ Land Registry announcement on Citizen Centre Archived 29 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... landregistry.gov.uk Jump up ^ Land Registry Management Structure . landregistry.gov.uk Jump up ^ Land Registry Find a Property webpage . landregistry.gov.uk . Jump up ^ Press Release -- Customer Satisfaction Success for Land Registry . landregistry.gov.uk . Jump up ^ British Labour Statistics : Historical Abstracts , 1886 -- 1968 , quoted in Essex University research . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Introduction of a Land Registry service delivery company : Government response , p. 6 Jump up ^ Rajeev Syal ( 2014 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Land Registry privatisation plans revealed in leaked document Politics '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - Land Registry staff stage strike over privatisation plans '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2014 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Save the Land Registry website home page Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 18 Jump up ^ Law Society press release of 21 March 2014 regarding its response to the consultation Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 18 Jump up ^ Introduction of a Land Registry service delivery company : Government response , p. 24 Jump up ^ `` Land Registry in frame for £ 1.2 bn privatisation '' . The Telegraph . 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 17 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Potential Land registry bidders linked to tax havens - report '' . Politics Home . 26 May 2016 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Conveyancing Association announces opposition to Land Registry privatisation '' Conveyancing Association . 16 May 2016 Jump up ^ `` CMA objects Land Registry privatisation '' The Guardian . 23 May 2016 Jump up ^ Land Registry public dataset Jump up ^ Land Registry National Spatial dataset Jump up ^ Consultation - Land Registry : moving operations to the private sector External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to HM Land Registry . Land Registry website Registers of Scotland website Departments of Her Majesty 's Government Ministerial Attorney General 's Office Cabinet Office Department for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy Department for Communities and Local Government Department for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport Department for Education Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Department for Exiting the European Union Department for International Development Department for International Trade Department for Transport Department for Work and Pensions Department of Health Foreign and Commonwealth Office Her Majesty 's Treasury Home Office Ministry of Defence Ministry of Justice Northern Ireland Office Office of the Advocate General for Scotland Office of the Leader of the House of Commons Office of the Leader of the House of Lords Scotland Office UK Export Finance Wales Office Non-ministerial Charity Commission for England and Wales Competition and Markets Authority Crown Prosecution Service Food Standards Agency Forestry Commission Government Actuary 's Department Government Legal Department Her Majesty 's Land Registry Her Majesty 's Revenue and Customs National Crime Agency National Savings and Investments Office for Standards in Education , Children 's Services and Skills Office of Gas and Electricity Markets Office of Qualifications and Examinations Regulation Office of Rail and Road Ordnance Survey Serious Fraud Office Supreme Court of the United Kingdom The National Archives UK Statistics Authority UK Trade & Investment Water Services Regulation Authority Category Commons Department for Business , Innovation and Skills Ministers Secretary of State for Business , Innovation and Skills Minister of State for Universities and Science Minister of State for Business and Enterprise Minister of State for Trade and Investment Minister of State for Further Education , Skills and Lifelong Learning Parliamentary Under - Secretary of State for Employment Relations , Consumer and Postal Affairs Parliamentary Under - Secretary of State for Business , Innovation and Skills Executive agencies Companies House HM Land Registry Insolvency Service Intellectual Property Office Met Office National Measurement and Regulation Office Skills Funding Agency UK Space Agency Non-departmental public bodies Acas British Hallmarking Council Construction Industry Training Board Council for Science and Technology Higher Education Funding Council for England Innovate UK Low Pay Commission Office for Fair Access UK Atomic Energy Authority UK Commission for Employment and Skills Research councils Arts and Humanities Research Council Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council Economic and Social Research Council Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Medical Research Council Natural Environment Research Council Science and Technology Facilities Council Other British Business Bank Government Office for Science Groceries Code Adjudicator Manufacturing Advisory Service Office of Manpower Economics Ordnance Survey Public Data Group Shareholder Executive UK Green Investment Bank Wave Hub Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HM_Land_Registry&oldid=807353109 '' Categories : Non-ministerial departments of the United Kingdom Government Department for Business , Innovation and Skills English property law Housing in the United Kingdom Executive agencies of the United Kingdom government Trading funds of the United Kingdom government Government databases in the United Kingdom Databases in England Databases in Wales 1862 establishments in England Geographical databases in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2013 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Use dmy dates from July 2015 Use British English from July 2015 Articles needing additional references from March 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Welsh - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 12 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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do you need a visa to enter lebanon

Visa policy of Lebanon

visa policy of lebanon

The visa policy of Lebanon deals with the requirements which a foreign national wishing to enter the Republic of Lebanon must meet to be permitted to travel to , enter and remain in the country .

Lebanese visas are documents issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its subsequent diplomatic missions abroad with the stated goal of regulating and facilitating migratory flows . Visitors to the Republic of Lebanon must obtain a visa from one of the Diplomatic missions of the Republic of Lebanon unless they come from one of the 7 visa - exempt countries and territories or one of the 79 other countries and territories whose citizens are eligible for a visa on arrival . Citizens of member nations of the Gulf Cooperation Council and Jordan may travel to Republic of Lebanon without visa limits for a maximum stay of 6 months per year and 3 months per 6 months respectively , citizens of the 79 other countries and territories are granted a visa on arrival at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli stamps , visas , or seals on their passport and are holding a telephone number , address in the Republic of Lebanon , and a non-refundable return or circle trip ticket for a maximum stay of one month , extendable for 2 additional months . Citizens of Brazil and Turkey are instead granted a multiple entry visa valid for a maximum stay of 1 month and 3 months respectively . All visitors must hold a passport valid for 6 months beyond the period of intended stay and with two blank pages . An identity document is accepted in lieu of a passport for Jordanian citizens . Palestinian and Israeli citizens or any other person who holds any passport bearing stamps , visas , or seals issued by Israel are strictly prohibited from entry to the Republic of Lebanon and may be subject to arrest or detention for further inspection . Contents 1 Visa policy map 2 As of right 3 Visa exemption 3.1 3 months ( extendable to 6 months ) within 1 year 3.2 Diplomatic , official , and service passports 3.3 Other visa exemptions 4 Visa on arrival ( VoA ) 4.1 Diplomatic , official , and service passports 5 Conditional visa on arrival ( VoA ) 6 Entry regulations regarding the entry of Syrian citizens to the Republic of Lebanon 7 Approval requirement from the Lebanese Immigration General Directorate for General Security 8 Exemptions from proof documents and GDGS Immigration pre-approval 9 Future changes 10 Obtaining a visa 10.1 Terms 10.2 Required documents 11 Visa types and requirements 11.1 Tourist visa 11.2 Temporary & permanent residence visa 11.3 Transit visa 11.4 Courtesy visa 11.5 Collective visa 11.6 Work visa 12 Israeli stamps 13 Minors ( Under 15 years of age ) 14 Visitor statistics 15 See also 16 References 17 External links Visa policy map ( edit ) Visa policy of Lebanon As of right ( edit ) The following citizens do not require a visa to enter , reside , study , and work indefinitely in the Republic of Lebanon without any immigration requirements : Lebanese citizens Holders of a travel document ( Titre de Voyage ) issued by the Republic of Lebanon to stateless persons and refugees , including their wife and children with proof thereof . Visa exemption ( edit ) Holders of passports of the following 7 countries and territories do not require a visa to visit the Republic of Lebanon up to 6 months per year for tourism or business purposes if there is no Israeli stamps , visas , or seals on their passport and are holding a telephone number , address in the Republic of Lebanon , and a non-refundable return or circle trip ticket . An identity document is accepted in lieu of a passport for Jordanian citizens : 3 months ( extendable to 6 months ) within 1 year ( edit ) Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Jordan ) Diplomatic , official , and service passports ( edit ) Visa is not required for holders of diplomatic , official , or service passports issued by Colombia for a maximum stay of 6 months , 180 days , and 180 days respectively for tourism or business purposes ( unless otherwise stated ) if there is no Israeli stamps , visas , or seals on their passport and are holding a telephone number , address in the Republic of Lebanon , and a non-refundable return or circle trip ticket Visa is not required for holders of diplomatic or service passports issued by Venezuela for a maximum stay of 6 months and 1 month respectively for tourism or business purposes ( unless otherwise stated ) if there is no Israeli stamps , visas , or seals on their passport and are holding a telephone number , address in the Republic of Lebanon , and a non-refundable return or circle trip ticket Visa is not required for holders of diplomatic , official , or service passports issued by Colombia for tourism or business purposes ( unless otherwise stated ) if there is no Israeli stamps , visas , or seals on their passport and are holding a telephone number , address in the Republic of Lebanon , and a non-refundable return or circle trip ticket Visa is not required for holders of diplomatic or official passports issued by Paraguay for a maximum stay of 6 months and 1 month respectively for tourism or business purposes ( unless otherwise stated ) if there is no Israeli stamps , visas , or seals on their passport and are holding a telephone number , address in the Republic of Lebanon , and a non-refundable return or circle trip ticket Visa is not required for holders of diplomatic , official , or service passports issued by Cuba for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for tourism or business purposes ( unless otherwise stated ) if there is no Israeli stamps , visas , or seals on their passport and are holding a telephone number , address in the Republic of Lebanon , and a non-refundable return or circle trip ticket Visa is not required for holders of diplomatic , official , or service passports issued by Serbia for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for tourism or business purposes ( unless otherwise stated ) if there is no Israeli stamps , visas , or seals on their passport and are holding a telephone number , address in the Republic of Lebanon , and a non-refundable return or circle trip ticket Other visa exemptions ( edit ) Visa is not required for travelers of Lebanese origins traveling with any foreign passport and with a valid Lebanese national identity card , an expired Lebanese passport or a Lebanese civil document are exempted from visa requirements and admitted as citizens of the Republic of Lebanon Visa is not required for all Merchant Seamen who are citizens of Bahrain , Jordan , Kuwait , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Syria and the United Arab Emirates but must hold a Seaman Book and Letter of Employment or Letter or Guarantee from the shipping company if arriving by air in order to board a ship , or if arriving by ship in order to board an aircraft Visa is not required for a maximum stay of 24 hours for holders of a travel document ( Titre de Voyage ) issued by Syria to stateless persons and refugees holding a residence permit issued by a third country , continuing to Syria , and have previously traveled out of Beirut Visa is not required for United Nations ' staff provided holding a diplomatic card issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lebanon for a maximum stay of 6 months per year for tourism or business purposes Visa is not required for holders of a Laissez - Passer issued by the United Nations and are travelling on duty Visa is not required for Members of the Deterrent , Emergency , UN Interim ( UNIFIL ) and UN Security Forces provided holding Military Identity Cards for a maximum stay of 6 months per year for tourism or business purposes Visa on arrival ( voa ) ( edit ) Holders of the passports issued by the following 81 countries and territories are granted visa on arrival at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli stamps , visas , or seals on their passport and are holding a telephone number , address in the Republic of Lebanon , and a non-refundable return or circle trip ticket for a maximum stay of one month , extendable for 2 additional months for tourism or business purposes ( unless otherwise stated ) : European Union / EFTA Andorra Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bahamas Barbados Belarus Belize Bhutan Brazil Canada Chile China Costa Rica Dominican Republic Georgia Hong Kong Iran Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Macao Macedonia Malaysia Mexico Moldova Monaco Montenegro New Zealand Panama Paraguay Peru Russia Saint Kitts and Nevis Samoa San Marino Serbia Singapore South Korea Tajikistan Turkmenistan Turkey Ukraine United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Diplomatic , official , and service passports ( edit ) Visa is granted on arrival for holders of diplomatic passports issued by Thailand for a maximum stay of 1 month extendable for 2 additional months at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli stamps , visas , or seals on their passport and are holding a telephone number , address in the Republic of Lebanon , and a non-refundable return or circle trip ticket Visa is granted on arrival for holders of service or special passports issued by Philippines for a maximum stay of 1 month extendable for 2 additional months at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli stamps , visas , or seals on their passport and are holding a telephone number , address in the Republic of Lebanon , and a non-refundable return or circle trip ticket Visa on arrival for diplomatic passport holders Conditional visa on arrival ( VoA ) ( edit ) Citizens of the following 15 countries and territories can obtain a visa on arrival at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry only if there is no Israeli stamps , visas , or seals on their passport and provided holding , a non-refundable return or circle trip ticket , a copy of a reservation in a 3 to 5 star hotel or private residential address with telephone number in the Republic of Lebanon , and at least USD 2,000 in cash Algeria Comoros Cote d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Ghana Iraq Libya Mauritania Morocco Nigeria Somalia Sudan Tunisia Yemen Visa is granted on arrival for children under 15 years of age , travelling on a foreign passport and accompanied by at least one Lebanese parent holding a Lebanese Passport or a Lebanese ID card . This however , does not apply for Palestinian refugees born to Lebanese mothers Visa is granted on arrival for a maximum stay of 11 months for Businessmen , Directors / General Managers , Employers , Physicians , Engineers and Lawyers possessing a valid residence in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries , provided that the term of the granted visa does n't exceed the validity of the concerned person 's passport and residence . The airlines companies are in charge of checking the residence 's validity prior to boarding . As for the wives and children of this category , they are granted visas according to the conditions concerning the entry of individuals of same nationalities in case that they do not possess a valid residence in the one of the Gulf Countries and are holding a telephone number , address in the Republic of Lebanon , and a non-refundable return or circle trip ticket Visa is granted on arrival for tourist groups composed of a minimum of 8 people for stays of more than 3 days provided being sponsored by a registered tour operator in the Republic of Lebanon having sent their applocation at least two days prior to arrival for a maximum stay of 6 months at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is Israeli stamps , visas , or seals on their passport and are holding a telephone number , address in the Republic of Lebanon , and a non-refundable return or circle trip ticket Visa is granted on arrival for holders of a written notification issued by the Lebanese Immigration General Directorate of General Security at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli stamps , visas , or seals on their passport and are holding a telephone number , address in the Republic of Lebanon , and a non-refundable return or circle trip ticket Visa is granted on arrival for individuals occupying official positions in the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia ( ESCWA ) and to their families after verifying their titles at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli stamps , visas , or seals on their passport and are holding a telephone number , address in the Republic of Lebanon , and a non-refundable return or circle trip ticket . As for the invited personnel on the part of the committee to participate in its official acts and activities , they will get a free visa based on an approval from the General Directorate of General Security pursuant to a formal request from `` ESCWA '' presented to this General Directorate or at border departments and centers Visa is granted on arrival for citizens of Arab League member states visiting the Republic of Lebanon individually or by group for a maximum stay of 3 months that they present the student 's card or a registration statement or an acceptance statement issued by one of the universities , institutes or schools in the Republic of the Republic of Lebanon at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli stamps , visas , or seals on their passport and are holding a telephone number , address in the Republic of Lebanon , and a non-refundable return or circle trip ticket Visa is granted on arrival for maids of those accredited to citizens of the Republic of the Republic of Lebanon for a maximum stay of 6 months at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli stamps , visas , or seals on their passport and are holding a telephone number , address in the Republic of Lebanon , and a non-refundable return or circle trip ticket Entry regulations regarding the entry of Syrian citizens to the Republic of Lebanon ( edit ) Citizens of Syria , passing through the Republic of Lebanon on their way to Syria can obtain a visa on arrival at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry for maximum stay of 48 hours Citizens of Syria , traveling as tourists can obtain a visa on arrival at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry for the duration of the pre-arranged hotel accommodation if holding a cash amount equivalent to the sum of one thousand US Dollars or an authentic cheque of the same value from a recognized bank , a proof of pre-arranged hotel accommodation , and a family book if accompanied by family members Citizens of Syria , traveling for business can obtain a visa on arrival at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry for maximum stay of 1 month provided holding a proof of business / occupation , a letter of invitation / guarantee issued by an inviting party , and a family book if accompanied by family members Citizens of Syria , owning a property in the Republic of Lebanon can obtain a visa on arrival at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry for a maximum stay of 6 months provided holding a proof of property ownership and a family book if accompanied by family members Citizens of Syria , traveling to the Republic of Lebanon for medical treatment can obtain a visa on arrival at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry for maximum stay of 72 hours , provided holding medical reports / certificates of treatment / condition . Extension is possible Citizens of Syria , visiting a foreign embassy in the Republic of Lebanon can obtain a visa on arrival at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry for maximum stay of 48 hours , provided holding proof of scheduled appointment Citizens of Syria , traveling to study in an accredited school or university can obtain a visa on arrival at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry for maximum stay of 7 days , provided holding a letter of acceptance issued by College / University or College / University ID , applicable diplomas / certificates , and a copy of their passport Approval requirement from the Lebanese immigration General Directorate for General Security ( edit ) The following are required to obtain a pre-approval from the General Directorate of General Security in addition to a visa : Citizens of the Republic of Lebanon holding a Laissez - Passer issued by the Republic of Lebanon or those who have been deported back to the Republic of Lebanon Citizens of Angola , Bangladesh , Benin , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Botswana , Burkina Faso , Burundi , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Cote d'Ivoire , El Salvador , Equatorial Guinea , Eritrea , Ethiopia , Fiji , Gabon , Gambia , Ghana , Guinea - Bissau , Guinea , India , Indonesia , Kenya , Liberia , Madagascar , Malawi , Mali , Mauritius , Mozambique , Namibia , Nicaragua , Niger , Nigeria , North Korea , Pakistan , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Paraguay , Philippines , Rwanda , Saint Lucia , Seychelles , Sierra Leone , South Africa , Sri Lanka , Suriname , Taiwan , Tanzania , Togo , Trinidad and Tobago , Uganda , Vietnam , Zambia , and Zimbabwe Holders of Jordanian passports without a national serial number , issued to Palestenians residing in the West Bank Citizens of Iraq holding visas issued by the Embassy of the Republic of Lebanon in Baghdad after February 20 , 2007 Females who have previously undertaken employment or currently working as artists or masseuses in the Republic of Lebanon , irrespective of the length of time spent out of the Republic of Lebanon Holders of Emergency Passports issued by any country other than Australia , France , The Netherlands , and Sweden Holders of Alien Passports Exemptions from proof documents and gdgs immigration pre-approval ( edit ) The following cases are exempted from all the conditions concerning the address , the non-refundable return or circle trip ticket , and the pre-approval from the General Directorate of General Security : The wife of a Lebanese citizen , who did not work previously as an artist or a masseuse , after presenting a document asserting the marriage . Marital status must be officially registered for more than one year The wife of a Palestinian refugee in the Republic of Lebanon or a holder of a valid identity card under consideration and who did not work previously as an artist or a masseuse , after presenting a document asserting the marriage . Marital status must be officially registered for more than one year The wife of a Syrian citizen accompanying him and who did not work previously as an artist or masseuse in the Republic of Lebanon , provided that the marriage is registered on the husband 's family register or by presenting a document proving the marriage . Marital status must be officially registered for more than one year Women who did not work previously as artists or masseuses in the Republic of Lebanon , accompanying their husband , their child , one of their parents , brothers The mother in law of a Lebanese citizen , after presenting a document asserting the kinship Women coming among official delegations , or those holding private , special or diplomatic passports The wife of a Lebanese citizen who has previously worked as an artist or a masseuse and left the Republic of Lebanon for a period of more than one year , if she is accompanied by one or more of her children from this marriage after presenting the documents proving the marriage The wife of a foreigner non Arabic man who has previously worked as an artist or a masseuse and had left the Republic of Lebanon for a period more than one year , provided that she is in his company and that she holds a document proving the marriage Future changes ( edit ) On March 6 , 2015 , following his diplomatic trip to Latin America , Minister of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants of the Republic of Lebanon , Gebran Bassil announced in a press conference a proposal to introduce visa on arrival regime for citizens of the following 15 jurisdictions however it is still pending ratification or implementation : Brunei Dominica El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Honduras Saint Lucia Macau Mauritius Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Seychelles Solomon Islands Taiwan Trinidad and Tobago Vatican City Obtaining a visa ( edit ) All visitors must apply in person at an Embassy or a General Consulate of the Republic of Lebanon , fill in the application form and pay the application processing fee at a visa application center . Citizens of the 7 visa - exempt countries and territories or the 79 countries and territories whose citizens are eligible for a visa on arrival can obtain the visa before travel but are exempted from submitting proof documents but will be required to pay a processing fee The visa application will be sent to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the Republic of Lebanon by the diplomatic pouch . One should apply one month before travel date . Head of Missions outside the Republic of Lebanon have the right to issue visas to the Republic of Lebanon given that the visa grant is `` under the responsibility of the Head of Mission '' , except in the cases of Palestinian refugees or holders of passports issued by the Palestinian Authority or Jordan without a national ID number A visitor 's visa for a single entry costs $35 and for a multiple entry costs $70 for stays up to 3 months . For applicants holding a managerial or a more senior position the visa is processed at the Embassy or General Consulate of the Republic of Lebanon within 2 - 3 working days , for applicants holding a non-managerial position , the visa is processed between 6 and 8 weeks if approved by the Directorate General of General Security in the Republic of Lebanon Terms ( edit ) All documents should be submitted in Arabic , French or English . The General Security has the right to request further documents if it is necessary Visas are valid from the date they are issued , for a period of 90 days before the date of entry to the Republic of Lebanon for a period of 15 days or a month or three months or 6 months . The stay period is effective from the date of entry to the Republic of Lebanon Visas can not be issued on passports bearing Israeli stamps , visas , or seals A Lebanese Visa is rendered invalid if the passport was subsequently stamped with an Israeli stamp , visa , or seal After a person has successfully granted a Lebanese visa , if they subsequently obtain a new passport , but the Lebanese visa in their old passport still has remaining validity , they are not required to have the Lebanese visa vignette affixed in the old passport transferred to the new passport , but must be able to present both the new and old passports at passport control when entering the Republic of Lebanon If a person who has successfully granted a Lebanese visa subsequently loses the passport in which the visa vignette is affixed ( or if it is stolen ) , he / she has to pay the original visa fee in full again and may be required to show that his / her circumstances have not changed when applying for a replacement visa Required documents ( edit ) Passport valid for 3 months beyond the period of intended stay and with two blank pages bearing no Israeli stamps , visas , or seals Photocopies of the passport pages ( Passport cover , bio-page , pages 7 and 9 , and last page ) containing the full name , photo , passport # , issue date , and expiry date ( one copy of each page ) Appointment Letter Proof of fee payment , which is a valid receipt A copy of applicant 's residency card with no less than 6 months until expiration if applying at the Embassy or General Consulate of the Republic of Lebanon outside the applicant 's country of origin Two passport - sized photos and must be on a white background format 3.5 cm x 4.5 cm taken from the front & should be fresh new photographs Recent three months original and till dated online bank statement ( Should state A / c. holder 's name , sort - code & account number on any internet banking printout should be stamped by the bank Travel reservations showing dates of travel Hotel reservations in the name of the Lebanese sponsor or place of residency with a listed contact number . If the sponsor is not a citizen of the Republic of Lebanon , they must show proof of residency in the Republic of Lebanon for at least 3 months ( Hotel booking or host 's reference letter ) No objection letter from the sponsor mentioning the reason of the visit or for minors , a Parental Consent Form * from both parents allowing their dependents to travel to the Republic of Lebanon is required Travel insurance must clearly state all the travelling passengers ' names on the policy . The area of validity must clearly cover the Republic of Lebanon or Worldwide , Coverage of at least $30,000 for emergency medical & repatriation in order to face any expenses that may arise in connection with the applicant 's repatriation for medical reasons , urgent medical attention or emergency hospital treatment , with these scenarios expressly stated on the policy document For minor 's , Original Full Birth Certificate , stating both parents ' names and child 's name For those with passports from the Palestinian Authority or Jordan without a national ID number who are living in occupied Palestine , they will need proof that they can return Visa types and requirements ( edit ) Tourist visa ( edit ) Eligibility Tourists People visiting relatives or friends People wishing to visit Lebanon for a short period for the purpose of making or meeting with business contacts , attending trade fairs , speaking at conferences etc . Unpaid participation in athletic or artistic event or competition . An invitation letter from the sponsoring organization in the Republic of Lebanon is required Unpaid participation in a scientific / academic seminar or conference sponsored by a research or academic institution . An invitation letter from the sponsoring organization in the Republic of Lebanon is required Temporary & permanent residence visa ( edit ) Foreigners wishing to live and work in the Republic of Lebanon are required to apply for a temporary residence visa . To obtain a temporary visa for employment purposes , the worker needs to secure a job offer from a company based in the Republic of Lebanon or government department , or a foreign company based in the Republic of Lebanon , and the company is required to apply to the Immigration Division of the Ministry of Labor on the worker 's behalf . The criteria for approval of an employment visa include suitable educational qualifications or work experience , a secured employment contract in the Republic of Lebanon , proof of adequate means of subsistence in the Republic of Lebanon , police confirmation that the worker has no criminal record , and a satisfactory medical examination . All official documents must be translated into Arabic , French , or English and ' legalized ' by the consulate . The application processing period is normally around 1 - 3 weeks . Employment visas are issued for a specific job , and are not transferable between employers in the Republic of Lebanon without permission . Visas are also issued to the employment visa holder 's spouse and children Foreign citizens aged over 50 can apply for a permanent visa if they have a pension of at least 3,000,000 Lebanese Lira ( US $2,000 ) per month and will transfer it to the Republic of Lebanon every month . Visas may also issued to dependents , Documentary proof of the pension and a bank declaration authorizing the monthly transfer are required . Applicants for permanent residence visas are required to submit their passport , birth certificate , marriage certificate ( if applicable ) and a police certificate of no criminal record , issued within the last 90 days Transit visa ( edit ) A Transit Without Visa ( TWOV ) applies if the traveler is passing through an international transit area of at Beirut International Airport in order to board a connecting or to proceed by the same flight to an international destination , without entering the country ( i.e. clearing immigration ) . This however does not apply to : Travelers holding stand - by or refundable tickets Citizens of the following 18 jurisdictions : Afghanistan Angola Bangladesh Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic DR Congo Eritrea Ethiopia Kosovo Liberia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Pakistan Republic of the Congo South Sudan Sri Lanka Duration Cost Up to 48 hours Free 48 hours to 15 days 25,000 LBP This visa must be applied for at least 2 days before the trip , provided submitting a copy of a visa or residence permit related to the country of destination and the airline ticket Courtesy visa ( edit ) It is granted for VIPs by Embassies or General Consulates of the Republic of Lebanon abroad or by the General Director of General Security free of charge provided they present a letter from their mission or the ministry of foreign affairs or the employer explaining the purpose of the travel Collective visa ( edit ) It is granted for groups , and the fee is collected from each member of the groups Work visa ( edit ) It is granted for 3 months costs 50.000 LP based on a pre-approval from the Ministry of Labor . All of the documents for a tourist visa are needed , as well as an invitation letter from sponsor or trade partner in the Republic of Lebanon and their contact information ( showing period of stay and name , address and phone number of sponsor ) , a proof that the trade partner is certified in the Republic of Lebanon , and a proof that there is a relationship between applicant and the trade partner by means of a commercial announcement Israeli stamps ( edit ) Travelers who hold passports that contain stamps , visas , or seals for Israel will be denied entry into the Republic of Lebanon and may be subject to arrest or detention . Even if their travel documents currently do not have Israeli stamps or visas , persons seeking entry into the Republic of Lebanon who have previously traveled to Israel may still face arrest and / or detention if this travel is disclosed . The Government of the Republic of Lebanon has the authority to refuse admission to other country 's citizens and to detain them for further inspection . Admission and transit is refused to holders of passports issued by both Israel and Palestine . Minors ( under 15 years of age ) ( edit ) Children under 15 years of age , of all nationalities travelling on their parents ' passports must be accompanied by the passport holder , otherwise they must hold their own passport . Visitor statistics ( edit ) Most visitors arriving to Lebanon were from the following countries of nationality : Country 2017 2016 Syria 2,337,368 1,802,598 Iraq 226,930 236,013 United States 171,110 154,095 France 164,924 145,666 Canada 107,713 100,076 Germany 96,711 87,567 Australia 87,663 72,743 Jordan 90,077 86,693 Ethiopia 84,412 79,140 Egypt 82,282 83,337 United Kingdom 68,360 61,994 Saudi Arabia 64,270 40,391 Kuwait 40,886 25,653 Sweden 38,958 34,722 Italy 33,642 29,574 Philippines 31,778 29,438 Total non-resident 4,338,037 3,657,616 See also ( edit ) Lebanon portal International relations portal Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Lebanon . Constitution of Lebanon Driving licence in Lebanon Foreign relations of Lebanon History of Lebanon Lebanese diaspora Lebanese identity card Lebanese passport Politics of Lebanon Vehicle registration plates of Lebanon Visa requirements for Lebanese citizens References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Country information ( visa section ) '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.general-security.gov.lb/Entry_visa/sub4.aspx Jump up ^ http://www.general-security.gov.lb/Entry_visa/The-formalities-required.aspx Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ https://electronicintifada.net/content/illegal-discrimination-against-palestinians-lebanon/7184 Jump up ^ http://www.anera.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/LEBRefugeeReport.pdf Jump up ^ ( http://Lebanonembassy.ca/eng/index.html# Embassy of Lebanon , Ottawa , Canada > Consular > Visas ) Jump up ^ http://www.general-security.gov.lb/en/posts/38 Jump up ^ http://www.general-security.gov.lb/Entry_visa/Brazilian-Immigrants.aspx Brazilian Immigrants Jump up ^ http://www.general-security.gov.lb/Entry_visa/sub4.aspx Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZ461bZ_55A Jump up ^ http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2015/Feb-27/288977-lebanon-colombia-sign-visa-exemption-agreement.ashx Jump up ^ http://www.lebanonembassyus.org/visas.html Jump up ^ http://lebaneseembassyuk.org/consular-affairs/visas/ Jump up ^ http://www.lebembassyegypt.org/en/visa Jump up ^ http://www.lebanonconsulate-uae.com/en/home/services_visa Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/Lebanon/entry-requirements Jump up ^ `` Country information ( visa section ) '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Country information ( visa section ) '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Arrivals by nationality 2016 Jump up ^ Arrivals by nationality 2017 External links ( edit ) Lebanese General Directorate for General Security - Entry Visas Lebanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Consular Information Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast ASEAN : Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Other : East Timor Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . 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Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty Visa requirements Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea - Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghanistani Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN ( O ) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan British Overseas Territories . 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increasing levels of cortisol inhibit the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (crh)

Corticotropin - releasing hormone

corticotropin - releasing hormone

3EHU , 3EHT , 1GOE

Identifiers Aliases CRH , CRF , CRH1 , corticotropin releasing hormone External IDs OMIM : 122560 MGI : 88496 HomoloGene : 599 GeneCards : CRH ( hide ) Gene location ( Human ) Chr . Chromosome 8 ( human ) Band 8q13. 1 Start 66,176,382 bp End 66,178,725 bp ( show ) Gene location ( Mouse ) Chr . Chromosome 3 ( mouse ) Band n / a Start 19,693,401 bp End 19,695,396 bp ( hide ) RNA expression pattern More reference expression data ( show ) Gene ontology Molecular function hormone activity corticotropin - releasing hormone receptor 1 binding corticotropin - releasing hormone receptor 2 binding protein binding neuropeptide hormone activity receptor binding corticotropin - releasing hormone activity Cellular component cytoplasm perikaryon varicosity extracellular region neuronal cell body extracellular space Biological process response to cocaine response to immobilization stress positive regulation of cAMP biosynthetic process positive regulation of cortisol secretion steroid metabolic process positive regulation of protein phosphorylation negative regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion positive regulation of cell death associative learning ion homeostasis lung development negative regulation of blood pressure diterpenoid metabolic process response to corticosterone female pregnancy negative regulation of norepinephrine secretion adrenal gland development positive regulation of corticotropin secretion synaptic transmission , dopaminergic negative regulation of cell death negative regulation of gene expression cellular response to dexamethasone stimulus positive regulation of corticosterone secretion response to estrogen locomotory exploration behavior regulation of NMDA receptor activity regulation of serotonin secretion positive regulation of calcium ion import glucocorticoid biosynthetic process positive regulation of gene expression positive regulation of digestive system process parturition response to pain positive regulation of circadian sleep / wake cycle , wakefulness positive regulation of cell proliferation hypothalamus development learning or memory hormone - mediated apoptotic signaling pathway positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus response to ethanol inflammatory response negative regulation of circadian sleep / wake cycle , REM sleep response to ether positive regulation of behavioral fear response response to drug signal transduction cellular response to cocaine long - term synaptic potentiation chemical synaptic transmission negative regulation of epinephrine secretion negative regulation of glucagon secretion Sources : Amigo / QuickGO Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 1392 12918 Ensembl ENSG00000147571 ENSMUSG00000049796 UniProt P06850 Q8CIT0 RefSeq ( mRNA ) NM_000756 NM_205769 RefSeq ( protein ) NP_000747 NP_991338 Location ( UCSC ) Chr 8 : 66.18 -- 66.18 Mb Chr 8 : 19.69 -- 19.7 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View / Edit Human View / Edit Mouse Corticotropin - releasing hormone ( CRH ) ( also known as corticotropin - releasing factor ( CRF ) or corticoliberin ; corticotropin may also be spelled corticotrophin ) is a peptide hormone involved in the stress response . It is a releasing hormone that belongs to corticotropin - releasing factor family . In humans , it is encoded by the CRH gene . Its main function is the stimulation of the pituitary synthesis of ACTH , as part of the HPA Axis . Corticotropin - releasing hormone ( CRH ) is a 41 - amino acid peptide derived from a 196 - amino acid preprohormone . CRH is secreted by the paraventricular nucleus ( PVN ) of the hypothalamus in response to stress . Increased CRH production has been observed to be associated with Alzheimer 's disease and major depression , and autosomal recessive hypothalamic corticotropin deficiency has multiple and potentially fatal metabolic consequences including hypoglycemia . In addition to being produced in the hypothalamus , CRH is also synthesized in peripheral tissues , such as T lymphocytes , and is highly expressed in the placenta . In the placenta , CRH is a marker that determines the length of gestation and the timing of parturition and delivery . A rapid increase in circulating levels of CRH occurs at the onset of parturition , suggesting that , in addition to its metabolic functions , CRH may act as a trigger for parturition . A recombinant version for diagnostics is called corticorelin ( INN ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hormonal actions 2 Psychopharmacology 3 Role in parturition 4 Structure 5 Role in non-mammalian vertebrates 6 Interactions 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Hormonal actions ( edit ) CRH is produced by parvocellular neuroendocrine cells within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and is released at the median eminence from neurosecretory terminals of these neurons into the primary capillary plexus of the hypothalamo - hypophyseal portal system . The portal system carries the CRH to the anterior lobe of the pituitary , where it stimulates corticotropes to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) and other biologically - active substances ( β - endorphin ) . ACTH stimulates the synthesis of cortisol , glucocorticoids , mineralocorticoids and DHEA . In the short term , CRH can suppress appetite , increase subjective feelings of anxiety , and perform other functions like boosting attention . Although the distal action of CRH is immunosuppression via the action of cortisol , CRH itself can actually heighten inflammation , a process being investigated in multiple sclerosis research . Psychopharmacology ( edit ) The CRH - 1 receptor antagonist pexacerfont is currently under investigation for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder . Another CRH - 1 antagonist antalarmin has been researched in animal studies for the treatment of anxiety , depression and other conditions , but no human trials with this compound have been carried out . Also , abnormally high levels of CRH have been found in the cerebrospinal fluid of people that have committed suicide . Recent research has linked the activation of the CRH1 receptor with the euphoric feelings that accompany alcohol consumption . A CRH1 receptor antagonist developed by Pfizer , CP - 154,526 is under investigation for the potential treatment of alcoholism . Alpha - helical CRH - ( 9 -- 41 ) acts as a CRH antagonist . Role in parturition ( edit ) CRH is also synthesized by the placenta and seems to determine the duration of pregnancy . Levels rise towards the end of pregnancy just before birth and current theory suggests three roles of CRH in parturition : Increases levels of dehydroepiandrosterone ( DHEA ) directly by action on the fetal adrenal gland , and indirectly via the mother 's pituitary gland . DHEA has a role in preparing for and stimulating cervical contractions . Increases prostaglandin availability in uteroplacental tissues . Prostaglandins activate cervical contractions . Prior to parturition it may have a role inhibiting contractions , through increasing cAMP levels in the myometrium . In culture , trophoblast CRH is inhibited by progesterone , which remains high throughout pregnancy . Its release is stimulated by glucocorticoids and catecholamines , which increase prior to parturition lifting this progesterone block . Structure ( edit ) The 41 - amino acid sequence of CRH was first discovered in sheep by Vale et al. in 1981 . Its full sequence is : SQEPPISLDLTFHLLREVLEMTKADQLAQQAHSNRKLLDIA The rat and human peptides are identical and differ from the ovine sequence only by 7 amino acids . SEEPPISLDLTFHLLREVLEMARAEQLAQQAHSNRKLMEII Role in non-mammalian vertebrates ( edit ) In mammals , studies suggest that CRH has no significant thyrotropic effect . However , in representatives of all non-mammalian vertebrates , it has been found that , in addition to its corticotropic function , CRH has a potent thyrotropic function , acting with TRH to control the thyroid axis ( TRH has been found to be less potent than CRH in some species ) . Interactions ( edit ) Corticotropin - releasing hormone has been shown to interact with corticotropin - releasing hormone receptor 1 . See also ( edit ) Corticotropin - releasing hormone receptor ACTH Glucocorticoids Proopiomelanocortin Hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis Cushing 's syndrome Addison 's disease References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : GRCh38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSG00000147571 - Ensembl , May 2017 ^ Jump up to : GRCm38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSMUSG00000049796 - Ensembl , May 2017 Jump up ^ `` Human PubMed Reference : '' . Jump up ^ `` Mouse PubMed Reference : '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Entrez Gene : CRH corticotropin releasing hormone '' . Jump up ^ Raadsheer FC , van Heerikhuize JJ , Lucassen PJ , Hoogendijk WJ , Tilders FJ , Swaab DF ( September 1995 ) . `` Corticotropin - releasing hormone mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus of patients with Alzheimer 's disease and depression '' . Am J Psychiatry . 152 ( 9 ) : 1372 -- 6 . PMID 7653697 . Jump up ^ `` Corticotrophin - releasing hormone '' . September 5 , 2012 . Society for Endocrinology . Jump up ^ Paul , William E. ( September 1993 ) . `` Infectious Diseases and the Immune System '' . Scientific American . 269 ( 3 ) : 112 . Bibcode : 1993SciAm. 269c ... 90P . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0993 - 90 . Jump up ^ `` Study of Pexacerfont ( BMS - 562086 ) in the Treatment of Outpatients With Generalized Anxiety Disorder '' . ClinicalTrials.gov. 2008 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Arató M , Bánki CM , Bissette G , Nemeroff CB ( 1989 ) . `` Elevated CSF CRF in suicide victims '' . Biol. Psychiatry . 25 ( 3 ) : 355 -- 9 . PMID 2536563 . doi : 10.1016 / 0006 - 3223 ( 89 ) 90183 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Drug Has Potential To Prevent Alcoholics From Relapsing '' . Science News . ScienceDaily. 2008 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Pastor R , McKinnon CS , Scibelli AC , Burkhart - Kasch S , Reed C , Ryabinin AE , Coste SC , Stenzel - Poore MP , Phillips TJ ( July 2008 ) . `` Corticotropin - releasing factor - 1 receptor involvement in behavioral neuroadaptation to ethanol : a urocortin1 - independent mechanism '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 ( 26 ) : 9070 -- 5 . Bibcode : 2008PNAS ... 105.9070 P. PMC 2449366 . PMID 18591672 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0710181105 . Jump up ^ Santos J , Saunders PR , Hanssen NP , Yang PC , Yates D , Groot JA , Perdue MH ( 1 August 1999 ) . `` Corticotropin - releasing hormone mimics stress - induced colonic epithelial pathophysiology in the rat '' . Am. J. Physiol. 277 ( 2 Pt 1 ) : G391 -- 9 . PMID 10444454 . Jump up ^ Kimball JW ( 2006 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Hormones of the Hypothalamus '' . Kimball 's Biology Pages . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Lye S , Challis JR ( 2001 ) . `` Chapter 12 : Parturition '' . In Bocking AD , Harding R. Fetal growth and development . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . pp. 241 -- 266 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 64543 - 3 . Jump up ^ Jones SA , Brooks AN , Challis JR ( April 1989 ) . `` Steroids modulate corticotropin - releasing hormone production in human fetal membranes and placenta '' . J. Clin. Endocrinol . Metab. 68 ( 4 ) : 825 -- 30 . PMID 2537843 . doi : 10.1210 / jcem - 68 - 4 - 825 . Jump up ^ Vale W , Spiess J , Rivier C , Rivier J ( September 1981 ) . `` Characterization of a 41 - residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates secretion of corticotropin and beta - endorphin '' . Science . 213 ( 4514 ) : 1394 -- 7 . Bibcode : 1981Sci ... 213.1394 V. PMID 6267699 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 6267699 . Jump up ^ Chrousos GP , Schuermeyer TH , Doppman J , Oldfield EH , Schulte HM , Gold PW , Loriaux DL ( March 1985 ) . `` NIH conference . Clinical applications of corticotropin - releasing factor '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 102 ( 3 ) : 344 -- 358 . PMID 2982307 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 102 - 3 - 344 . Jump up ^ Seasholtz AF , Valverde RA , Denver RJ ( October 2002 ) . `` Corticotropin - releasing hormone - binding protein : biochemistry and function from fishes to mammals '' . The Journal of endocrinology. 175 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 97 . PMID 12379493 . doi : 10.1677 / joe. 0.1750089 . Jump up ^ De Groef B , Van der Geyten S , Darras VM , Kühn ER ( March 2006 ) . `` Role of corticotropin - releasing hormone as a thyrotropin - releasing factor in non-mammalian vertebrates '' . General and comparative endocrinology. 146 ( 1 ) : 62 -- 8 . PMID 16337947 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ygcen. 2005.10. 014 . Jump up ^ Grammatopoulos DK , Dai Y , Randeva HS , Levine MA , Karteris E , Easton AJ , Hillhouse EW ( December 1999 ) . `` A novel spliced variant of the type 1 corticotropin - releasing hormone receptor with a deletion in the seventh transmembrane domain present in the human pregnant term myometrium and fetal membranes '' . Mol . Endocrinol. 13 ( 12 ) : 2189 -- 202 . PMID 10598591 . doi : 10.1210 / me. 13.12. 2189 . Jump up ^ Gottowik J , Goetschy V , Henriot S , Kitas E , Fluhman B , Clerc RG , Moreau JL , Monsma FJ , Kilpatrick GJ ( October 1997 ) . `` Labelling of CRF1 and CRF2 receptors using the novel radioligand , ( 3H ) - urocortin '' . Neuropharmacology. 36 ( 10 ) : 1439 -- 46 . PMID 9423932 . doi : 10.1016 / S0028 - 3908 ( 97 ) 00098 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Florio P , Severi FM , Ciarmela P , Fiore G , Calonaci G , Merola A , De Felice C , Palumbo M , Petraglia F ( 2003 ) . `` Placental stress factors and maternal - fetal adaptive response : the corticotropin - releasing factor family '' . Endocrine. 19 ( 1 ) : 91 -- 102 . PMID 12583606 . doi : 10.1385 / ENDO : 19 : 1 : 91 . Florio P , Rossi M , Sigurdardottir M , Ciarmela P , Luisi S , Viganò P , Grasso D , Fiore G , Cobellis L , Di Blasio AM , Petraglia F ( 2003 ) . `` Paracrine regulation of endometrial function : interaction between progesterone and corticotropin - releasing factor ( CRF ) and activin A '' . Steroids. 68 ( 10 -- 13 ) : 801 -- 7 . PMID 14667971 . doi : 10.1016 / S0039 - 128X ( 03 ) 00137 - 5 . Vamvakopoulos NC , Karl M , Mayol V , Gomez T , Stratakis CA , Margioris A , Chrousos GP ( 1990 ) . `` Structural analysis of the regulatory region of the human corticotropin releasing hormone gene '' . FEBS Lett. 267 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 5 . PMID 2365075 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 5793 ( 90 ) 80272 - K . Robinson BG , D'Angio LA , Pasieka KB , Majzoub JA ( 1989 ) . `` Preprocorticotropin releasing hormone : cDNA sequence and in vitro processing '' . Mol . Cell . Endocrinol. 61 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 80 . PMID 2783917 . doi : 10.1016 / 0303 - 7207 ( 89 ) 90128 - 7 . Arbiser JL , Morton CC , Bruns GA , Majzoub JA ( 1988 ) . `` Human corticotropin releasing hormone gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 8 '' . Cytogenet . Cell Genet. 47 ( 3 ) : 113 -- 6 . PMID 3259914 . doi : 10.1159 / 000132525 . Sasaki A , Tempst P , Liotta AS , Margioris AN , Hood LE , Kent SB , Sato S , Shinkawa O , Yoshinaga K , Krieger DT ( 1988 ) . `` Isolation and characterization of a corticotropin - releasing hormone - like peptide from human placenta '' . J. Clin. Endocrinol . Metab. 67 ( 4 ) : 768 -- 73 . PMID 3262120 . doi : 10.1210 / jcem - 67 - 4 - 768 . Shibahara S , Morimoto Y , Furutani Y , Notake M , Takahashi H , Shimizu S , Horikawa S , Numa S ( 1984 ) . `` Isolation and sequence analysis of the human corticotropin - releasing factor precursor gene '' . EMBO J. 2 ( 5 ) : 775 -- 9 . PMC 555184 . PMID 6605851 . Behan DP , Heinrichs SC , Troncoso JC , Liu XJ , Kawas CH , Ling N , De Souza EB ( 1995 ) . `` Displacement of corticotropin releasing factor from its binding protein as a possible treatment for Alzheimer 's disease '' . Nature . 378 ( 6554 ) : 284 -- 7 . Bibcode : 1995Natur. 378 ... 284B . PMID 7477348 . doi : 10.1038 / 378284a0 . Kawahito Y , Sano H , Mukai S , Asai K , Kimura S , Yamamura Y , Kato H , Chrousos GP , Wilder RL , Kondo M ( 1996 ) . `` Corticotropin releasing hormone in colonic mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis '' . Gut. 37 ( 4 ) : 544 -- 51 . PMC 1382908 . PMID 7489943 . doi : 10.1136 / gut. 37.4. 544 . McLean M , Bisits A , Davies J , Woods R , Lowry P , Smith R ( 1995 ) . `` A placental clock controlling the length of human pregnancy '' . Nat . Med. 1 ( 5 ) : 460 -- 3 . PMID 7585095 . doi : 10.1038 / nm0595 - 460 . Slominski A , Ermak G , Hwang J , Chakraborty A , Mazurkiewicz JE , Mihm M ( 1995 ) . `` Proopiomelanocortin , corticotropin releasing hormone and corticotropin releasing hormone receptor genes are expressed in human skin '' . FEBS Lett. 374 ( 1 ) : 113 -- 6 . PMID 7589495 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 5793 ( 95 ) 01090 - 2 . Sutton SW , Behan DP , Lahrichi SL , Kaiser R , Corrigan A , Lowry P , Potter E , Perrin MH , Rivier J , Vale WW ( 1995 ) . `` Ligand requirements of the human corticotropin - releasing factor - binding protein '' . Endocrinology. 136 ( 3 ) : 1097 -- 102 . PMID 7867564 . doi : 10.1210 / en. 136.3. 1097 . Vamvakopoulos NC , Chrousos GP ( 1994 ) . `` Structural organization of the 5 ' flanking region of the human corticotropin releasing hormone gene '' . DNA Seq. 4 ( 3 ) : 197 -- 206 . PMID 8161822 . doi : 10.3109 / 10425179309015632 . Perrin MH , Donaldson CJ , Chen R , Lewis KA , Vale WW ( 1994 ) . `` Cloning and functional expression of a rat brain corticotropin releasing factor ( CRF ) receptor '' . Endocrinology. 133 ( 6 ) : 3058 -- 61 . PMID 8243338 . doi : 10.1210 / en. 133.6. 3058 . Romier C , Bernassau JM , Cambillau C , Darbon H ( 1993 ) . `` Solution structure of human corticotropin releasing factor by 1H NMR and distance geometry with restrained molecular dynamics '' . Protein Eng. 6 ( 2 ) : 149 -- 56 . PMID 8386360 . doi : 10.1093 / protein / 6.2. 149 . Liaw CW , Grigoriadis DE , Lovenberg TW , De Souza EB , Maki RA ( 1997 ) . `` Localization of ligand - binding domains of human corticotropin - releasing factor receptor : a chimeric receptor approach '' . Mol . Endocrinol. 11 ( 7 ) : 980 -- 5 . PMID 9178757 . doi : 10.1210 / me. 11.7. 980 . Timpl P , Spanagel R , Sillaber I , Kresse A , Reul JM , Stalla GK , Blanquet V , Steckler T , Holsboer F , Wurst W ( 1998 ) . `` Impaired stress response and reduced anxiety in mice lacking a functional corticotropin - releasing hormone receptor 1 '' . Nat . Genet. 19 ( 2 ) : 162 -- 6 . PMID 9620773 . doi : 10.1038 / 520 . Perone MJ , Murray CA , Brown OA , Gibson S , White A , Linton EA , Perkins AV , Lowenstein PR , Castro MG ( 1998 ) . `` Procorticotrophin - releasing hormone : endoproteolytic processing and differential release of its derived peptides within AtT20 cells '' . Mol . Cell . Endocrinol. 142 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 191 -- 202 . PMID 9783915 . doi : 10.1016 / S0303 - 7207 ( 98 ) 00104 - X . Willenberg HS , Bornstein SR , Hiroi N , Päth G , Goretzki PE , Scherbaum WA , Chrousos GP ( 2000 ) . `` Effects of a novel corticotropin - releasing - hormone receptor type I antagonist on human adrenal function '' . Mol . Psychiatry . 5 ( 2 ) : 137 -- 41 . PMID 10822340 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. mp. 4000720 . Saeed B , Fawcett M , Self C ( 2001 ) . `` Corticotropin - releasing hormone binding to the syncytiotrophoblast membranes '' . Eur. J. Clin. Invest . 31 ( 2 ) : 125 -- 30 . PMID 11168450 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2362.2001. 00770. x . PDB gallery 1go9 : MONITORING THE STRUCTURAL CONSEQUENCES OF PHE12 -- > D - PHE12 AND LEU15 -- > AIB15 SUBSTITUTION IN H / R CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE : IMPLICATIONS FOR DESIGN OF CRH ANTAGONISTS . 1goe : MONITORING THE STRUCTURAL CONSEQUENCES OF PHE12 -- > D - PHE12 AND LEU15 -- > AIB15 SUBSTITUTION IN H / R CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE : IMPLICATIONS FOR DESIGN OF CRH ANTAGONISTS . Hormones Endocrine glands Hypothalamic - pituitary Hypothalamus GnRH TRH Dopamine CRH GHRH Somatostatin ( GHIH ) MCH Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Vasopressin Anterior pituitary FSH LH TSH Prolactin POMC CLIP ACTH MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH Adrenal axis Adrenal cortex aldosterone cortisol cortisone DHEA DHEA - S androstenedione Adrenal medulla epinephrine norepinephrine Thyroid Thyroid hormone Calcitonin Thyroid axis Parathyroid PTH Gonadal axis Testis testosterone AMH inhibin Ovary estradiol progesterone activin and inhibin relaxin ( pregnancy ) Placenta hCG HPL estrogen progesterone Pancreas glucagon insulin amylin somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide Pineal gland melatonin N , N - dimethyltryptamine 5 - methoxy - N , N - dimethyltryptamine Other Thymus Thymosins Thymosin α1 Beta thymosins Thymopoietin Thymulin Digestive system Stomach gastrin ghrelin Duodenum CCK Incretins GIP GLP - 1 secretin motilin VIP Ileum enteroglucagon peptide YY Liver / other Insulin - like growth factor IGF - 1 IGF - 2 Adipose tissue leptin adiponectin resistin Skeleton Osteocalcin Kidney JGA ( renin ) peritubular cells EPO calcitriol prostaglandin Heart Natriuretic peptide ANP BNP Peptides : neuropeptides Hormones see hormones Opioid peptides Dynorphins Big dynorphin Dynorphin A Dynorphin B Leumorphin Endomorphins Endomorphin - 1 Endomorphin - 2 Endorphins α - Endorphin β - Endorphin γ - Endorphin α - Neoendorphin β - Neoendorphin Enkephalins Met - enkephalin Leu - enkephalin Others Adrenorphin Amidorphin Hemorphin Hemorphin - 4 Nociceptin Opiorphin Spinorphin Valorphin Other neuropeptides Kinins Bradykinin Tachykinins : mammal Substance P Neurokinin A Neurokinin B amphibian Kassinin Physalaemin Neuromedins U Orexins Other Angiotensin Bombesin Calcitonin gene - related peptide Carnosine Cocaine - and amphetamine - regulated transcript Delta sleep - inducing peptide FMRFamide Galanin Galanin - like peptide Gastrin releasing peptide Ghrelin Neuropeptide AF Neuropeptide FF Neuropeptide SF Neuropeptide VF Neuropeptide S Neuropeptide Y Neurophysins Neurotensin Pancreatic polypeptide Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide RVD - Hpα VGF Neurotransmitters Amino acid - derived Major excitatory / inhibitory systems : Glutamate system : Agmatine Aspartic acid ( aspartate ) Cycloserine Glutamic acid ( glutamate ) Glutathione Glycine GSNO GSSG Kynurenic acid NAA NAAG Proline Serine ; GABA system : GABA GABOB GHB ; Glycine system : α - Alanine β - Alanine Glycine Hypotaurine Proline Sarcosine Serine Taurine ; GHB system : GHB T - HCA ( GHC ) Biogenic amines : Monoamines : 6 - OHM Dopamine Epinephrine ( adrenaline ) NAS ( normelatonin ) Norepinephrine ( noradrenaline ) Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) ; Trace amines : 3 - Iodothyronamine N - Methylphenethylamine N - Methyltryptamine m - Octopamine p - Octopamine Phenylethanolamine Phenethylamine Synephrine Tryptamine m - Tyramine p - Tyramine ; Others : Histamine Neuropeptides : See here instead . Lipid - derived Endocannabinoids : 2 - AG 2 - AGE ( noladin ether ) 2 - ALPI 2 - OG AA - 5 - HT Anandamide ( AEA ) DEA LPI NADA NAGly OEA Oleamide PEA RVD - Hpα SEA Virodhamine ( O - AEA ) Neurosteroids : See here instead . Nucleobase - derived Nucleosides : Adenosine system : Adenosine ADP AMP ATP Vitamin - derived Cholinergic system : Acetylcholine Miscellaneous Gasotransmitters : Carbon monoxide ( CO ) Hydrogen sulfide ( H S ) Nitric oxide ( NO ) ; Candidates : Acetaldehyde Ammonia ( NH ) Carbonyl sulfide ( COS ) Nitrous oxide ( N O ) Sulfur dioxide ( SO ) Signaling peptide / protein receptor modulators Adiponectin AdipoR Agonists : Peptide : Adiponectin ADP - 355 ADP - 399 ; Non-peptide : AdipoRon ( -- ) - Arctigenin Arctiin Gramine Matairesinol Antagonists : Peptide : ADP - 400 AdipoR Agonists : Peptide : Adiponectin ADP - 355 ADP - 399 ; Non-peptide : AdipoRon Deoxyschizandrin Parthenolide Syringing Taxifoliol Antagonists : Peptide : ADP - 400 Angiotensin See here instead . Bradykinin Agonists : Bradykinin Kallidin Antagonists : FR - 173657 Icatibant LF22 - 0542 CGRP Agonists : Amylin CGRP Pramlintide Antagonists : Atogepant BI 44370 TA CGRP ( 8 - 37 ) MK - 3207 Olcegepant Rimegepant SB - 268262 Telcagepant Ubrogepant Antibodies : Erenumab Cholecystokinin CCK Agonists : Cholecystokinin Antagonists : Amiglumide Asperlicin Devazepide Dexloxiglumide Lintitript Lorglumide Loxiglumide Pranazepide Proglumide Tarazepide Tomoglumide CCK Agonists : Cholecystokinin CCK - 4 Gastrin Pentagastrin ( CCK - 5 ) Antagonists : Ceclazepide CI - 988 ( PD - 134308 ) Itriglumide L - 365,360 Netazepide Proglumide Spiroglumide Unsorted Antagonists : Nastorazepide CRH CRF Agonists : Cortagine Corticorelin Corticotropin releasing hormone Sauvagine Stressin I Urocortin Antagonists : Antalarmin Astressin - B CP - 154,526 Emicerfont Hypericin LWH - 234 NBI - 27914 Pexacerfont R - 121919 TS - 041 Verucerfont CRF Agonists : Corticorelin Corticotropin releasing hormone Sauvagine Urocortin Antagonists : Astressin - B Cytokine See here instead . Endothelin Agonists : Endothelin 1 Endothelin 2 Endothelin 3 IRL - 1620 Antagonists : A-192621 ACT - 132577 Ambrisentan Aprocitentan Atrasentan Avosentan Bosentan BQ - 123 BQ - 788 Clazosentan Darusentan Edonentan Enrasentan Fandosentan Feloprentan Macitentan Nebentan Sitaxentan Sparsentan Tezosentan Zibotentan Galanin GAL Agonists : Galanin Galanin ( 1 - 15 ) Galanin - like peptide Galmic Galnon NAX 810 - 2 Antagonists : C7 Dithiepine - 1 , 1 , 4 , 4 - tetroxide Galantide ( M15 ) M32 M35 M40 SCH - 202596 GAL Agonists : Galanin Galanin ( 1 - 15 ) Galanin ( 2 - 11 ) Galanin - like peptide Galmic Galnon J18 NAX 810 - 2 Antagonists : C7 Galantide ( M15 ) M32 M35 M40 M871 GAL Agonists : Galanin Galanin ( 1 - 15 ) Galmic Galnon Antagonists : C7 Galantide ( M15 ) GalR3ant HT - 2157 M32 M35 M40 SNAP - 37889 SNAP - 398299 Ghrelin / GHS See here instead . GH See here instead . GHRH See here instead . GLP GLP - 1 Agonists : Albiglutide Beinaglutide Dulaglutide Efpeglenatide Exenatide GLP - 1 Langlenatide Liraglutide Lixisenatide Oxyntomodulin Semaglutide Taspoglutide GLP - 2 Agonists : Elsiglutide Glepaglutide GLP - 2 Teduglutide Others Propeptides : Preproglucagon Proglucagon Glucagon Agonists : Dasiglucagon Glucagon Oxyntomodulin Antagonists : Adomeglivant L - 168,049 LGD - 6972 Propeptides : Preproglucagon Proglucagon GnRH Agonists : Peptide : Avorelin Buserelin ( buserelin acetate ) Deslorelin Fertirelin ( fertirelin acetate ) Gonadorelin GnRH ( LHRH , gonadorelin ) Goserelin ( goserelin acetate ) Histrelin Leuprorelin ( leuprolide acetate ) Lutrelin Nafarelin Peforelin Triptorelin Zoptarelin doxorubicin Antagonists : Peptide : Abarelix Acyline Cetrorelix Degarelix Detirelix Ganirelix Iturelix Ozarelix Prazarelix Ramorelix Teverelix ( antarelix ) ; Non-peptide : ASP - 1707 Elagolix KLH - 2109 ( OBE - 2109 ) Relugolix Sufugolix Gonadotropin LH / CG Agonists : Choriogonadotropin alfa Human chorionic gonadotropin Luteinizing hormone Lutropin alfa Menotropin ( human menopausal gonadotropin ) FSH Agonists : Corifollitropin alfa Follicle - stimulating hormone Follitropin alfa Follitropin beta Follitropin epsilon Menotropin ( human menopausal gonadotropin ) Urofollitropin Varfollitropin alfa NAMs : ADX - 61623 Growth factor See here instead . Insulin Agonists : Chaetochromin ( 4548 - G05 ) Insulin - like growth factor 1 Insulin - like growth factor 2 Insulin Insulin aspart Insulin degludec Insulin detemir Insulin glargine Insulin glulisine Insulin lispro Mecasermin Mecasermin rinfabate Antagonists : BMS - 754807 S661 S961 Kinase inhibitors : Linsitinib Antibodies : Xentuzumab ( against IGF - 1 and IGF - 2 ) Kisspeptin Agonists : Kisspeptin Kisspeptin - 10 Antagonists : Kisspeptin - 234 Leptin Agonists : Leptin Metreleptin MCH MCH Agonists : Melanin concentrating hormone Antagonists : ATC - 0065 ATC - 0175 GW - 803430 NGD - 4715 SNAP - 7941 SNAP - 94847 MCH Agonists : Melanin concentrating hormone Melanocortin See here instead . Neuropeptide FF Agonists : Neuropeptide AF Neuropeptide FF Neuropeptide SF ( RFRP - 1 ) Neuropeptide VF ( RFRP - 3 ) Antagonists : BIBP - 3226 RF9 Neuropeptide S Agonists : Neuropeptide S Antagonists : ML - 154 SHA - 68 Neuropeptide Y Y Agonists : Neuropeptide Y Peptide YY Antagonists : BIBO - 3304 BIBP - 3226 BVD - 10 GR - 231118 PD - 160170 Y Agonists : 2 - Thiouridine 5 ' - triphosphate Neuropeptide Y Neuropeptide Y ( 13 - 36 ) Peptide YY Peptide YY ( 3 - 36 ) Antagonists : BIIE - 0246 JNJ - 5207787 SF - 11 Y Agonists : GR - 231118 Neuropeptide Y Pancreatic polypeptide Peptide YY Antagonists : UR - AK49 Y Agonists : BWX - 46 Neuropeptide Y Peptide YY Antagonists : CGP - 71683 FMS - 586 L - 152,804 Lu AA - 33810 MK - 0557 NTNCB Velneperit ( S - 2367 ) Neurotensin NTS Agonists : Neurotensin Neuromedin N Antagonists : Meclinertant SR - 142948 NTS Agonists : Neurotensin Antagonists : Levocabastine SR - 142948 Opioid See here instead . Orexin OX Agonists : Orexin ( A , B) Antagonists : ACT - 335827 ACT - 462206 Almorexant Filorexant Lemborexant SB - 334867 SB - 408124 SB - 649868 Suvorexant TCS - 1102 OX Agonists : Orexin ( A , B) SB - 668875 Antagonists : ACT - 335827 ACT - 462206 Almorexant EMPA Filorexant JNJ - 10397049 Lemborexant MK - 1064 SB - 649868 Seltorexant Suvorexant TCS - 1102 TCS - OX2 - 29 Oxytocin See here instead . Prolactin Agonists : Growth hormone Human placental lactogen Placental growth hormone ( growth hormone variant ) Prolactin S179D - hPRL Somatotropin Antagonists : Δ1 -- 9 - G129R - hPRL Δ1 -- 14 - G129R - hPRL G120K - hGH G129R - hPRL Prolactin modulators : Prolactin inhibitors : D receptor agonists ( e.g. , bromocriptine , cabergoline ) ; Prolactin releasers : D receptor antagonists ( e.g. , domperidone , metoclopramide , risperidone ) Estrogens ( e.g. , estradiol ) Progestogens ( e.g. , progesterone ) PTH Agonists : Abaloparatide Parathyroid hormone Parathyroid hormone - related protein ( PTHrP ) Semparatide Teriparatide Relaxin Agonists : Insulin - like factor 3 Relaxin ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) Serelaxin Somatostatin See here instead . Tachykinin See here instead . TRH Agonists : Azetirelin Fertirelin Montirelin Orotirelin Posatirelin Protirelin Rovatirelin Taltirelin TRH ( TRF ) TSH Agonists : Thyrotropin alfa TSH ( thyrotropin ) Vasopressin See here instead . VIP / PACAP VIPR Agonists : Peptide : Bay 55 - 9837 LBT - 3393 PACAP VIP VIPR Agonists : Peptide : LBT - 3627 PACAP VIP PAC Agonists : PACAP PACAP ( 1 - 27 ) PACAP ( 1 - 38 ) Antagonists : PACAP ( 6 - 38 ) Unsorted PHI PHM PHV Others Endogenous : Adrenomedullin Apelin Asprosin Bombesin Calcitonin Carnosine CART CLIP DSIP Enteroglucagon Formyl peptide GALP GIP GRP Integrin ligands ( collagens , fibrinogen , fibronectin , laminins , ICAM - 1 , ICAM - 2 , osteopontin , VCAM - 1 , vitronectin ) Kininogens Motilin Natriuretic peptides ( ANP , BNP , CNP , urodilatin ) Nesfatin - 1 Neuromedin B Neuromedin N Neuromedin S Neuromedin U Obestatin Osteocalcin Resistin Secretin Thymopoietin Thymosins Thymulin Urotensin - II VGF Exogenous : Lifitegrast ( LFA - 1 antagonist ) See also Receptor / signaling modulators Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corticotropin-releasing_hormone&oldid=798040284 '' Categories : Genes on human chromosome 8 Hormones of the hypothalamus Peptide hormones Corticotropin - releasing hormone Hormones of the hypothalamus - pituitary - adrenal axis Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 16 : 49 . 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when does marilyn manson's new album come out

Heaven Upside Down is the tenth studio album by American rock band Marilyn Manson . It was released on October 6 , 2017 , by Loma Vista Recordings and Caroline International . `` We Know Where You Fucking Live '' was issued as the album 's lead single on September 11 , with `` Kill4Me '' following on September 20 . The album is being supported by the Heaven Upside Down Tour .

October 6 , 2017

Heaven Upside Down

heaven upside down

Heaven Upside Down is the tenth studio album by American rock band Marilyn Manson . It was released on October 6 , 2017 , by Loma Vista Recordings and Caroline International . `` We Know Where You Fucking Live '' was issued as the album 's lead single on September 11 , with `` Kill4Me '' following on September 20 . The album is being supported by the Heaven Upside Down Tour .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and recording 2 Composition and style 3 Release and artwork 4 Promotion and singles 5 Critical reception 6 Commercial performance 7 Track listing 8 Personnel 9 Charts 10 References Background and recording ( edit ) The band 's eponymous vocalist announced on KEGL in November 2015 that he , Tyler Bates , Twiggy and Gil Sharone had begun work on the follow - up to 2015 's The Pale Emperor . Seven months later , during an interview with Ryan J. Downey at the APMAs , he revealed several details about the forthcoming record , such as a tentative Valentine 's Day 2017 release date and its working title , Say10 . He later said that the title dated back to a hand - written note in his twelfth - grade workbook from GlenOak High School , near Canton , Ohio . As with The Pale Emperor , Manson and Bates worked on the record while the latter was composing score material for the American television series Salem , the third season of which featured Manson as a recurring cast member . Parts of the album were recorded in Louisiana where Manson was filming scenes for the series . The vocalist later expressed surprise that Bates agreed to work with him again , since The Hell Not Hallelujah Tour saw relations between the two deteriorate to where Manson threatened the guitarist on - stage with a box - cutter knife . Bates explained that the incident stemmed from Manson `` breaking beer bottles so he could cut himself , but the shards of glass were hitting our drummer Gil . I got really pissed and told him to stop with the fucking glass ... so he like , kicked a ( bottle ) and it hit me on stage and I 'd just had enough . I said , ' What the fuck ? ' . So instead of the bottle , he pulls out a box cutter and says ' You want me to cut you open with this box cutter , Tyler Bates ? ' I said , ' You fucking come near me and I 'll kill you with that box cutter ! ' And this is all happening on stage , you know ? '' Bates said that he found the experience to be funny , and that he renamed his publishing company to Box Cutter Music in reference to the incident . Despite initially suggesting that Twiggy would contribute to recording sessions , Manson later confirmed that the band 's longtime bassist does not feature on the album , although he did attend sessions in Bates ' recording studio in Studio City . After listening to pre-recorded basslines performed by Bates , Twiggy responded by indicating he would be unable to `` play them any better , and that the record sounded great ( as it was ) '' , according to Manson . Manson revealed the album had been renamed Heaven Upside Down on May 8 , 2017 , and that its recording had been completed . Composition and style ( edit ) `` Two decades on and ten albums down , Manson remains the same icon in a different realm , one that he 's warned us about his whole career . 2017 is heaven upside down : a nightmarish , capitalist landscape of broken promises that we 're constantly reassured is what we asked for . A world of uncertainty , with endless possibility sitting alongside ever - growing restriction , reality TV becoming reality ... becoming president . `` I 'm not a ghost '' , Manson screams on the album 's title track . And is n't that what we 're all worried about right now -- that we 're either invisible , or nearly dead ? '' -- Dazed writer Thomas Gorton on the underlying concept behind Heaven Upside Down . Manson initially described Say10 as being a musical departure from The Pale Emperor , and said it would be more similar to the band 's earlier work , particularly Antichrist Superstar and Mechanical Animals , but `` with a new , different approach . '' He described it as being `` pretty violent in its nature for some reason , and it 's not emotional in the same way ( as The Pale Emperor ) . It 's got a chip on its shoulder . '' He also called it `` by far the most thematic and over-complicated thing that I 've done '' , adding that it contained some of his most politically - charged lyrics . `` We Know Where You Fucking Live '' was the first song Manson and Bates recorded for the album . The pair largely improvized during writing sessions , with Bates explaining that songs were created `` out of a conversation , essentially , just between ( Manson ) and I , and we make it pretty much on the spot . It 's me making music right from my head , and the lyrics are developed by Manson right there in the studio with me . '' The vocalist described the collaborative process between the two as being `` a very intimate , personal experience ... We sit across from each other , with headphones on , we look each other in the eye when we 're writing . '' Manson opted not to record his vocals from inside a vocal booth , instead recording them while sitting at Bates ' mixing console ; the majority of vocals on the album were recorded in single takes , with minimal overdubbing . Bates also sought to factor in the band 's live performances into the material , and described the album as `` intense , fun and violent . It 's more immediate than The Pale Emperor , much more aggressive , and definitely much more imbued with Manson 's fucked - up humor . '' He also said : `` I wanted the album to be a platform for Manson to return to journalism , and write about the stuff we talk about , which is the sickness and passivity that is permeating the annals of society . Terrorism , mass shootings , reluctance to change , abandonment , dogma , apathy , judgment -- all of this is pervasive in shaping our daily life 's experience . ( So ) the music is imbued with frustration , sadness , and anger about all of this , and to explore this landscape effectively , the sounds and the riffs needed to be more cutting and abrasive than The Pale Emperor . Heaven Upside Down is comprised of the music we love : goth and industrial , king - size guitar riffs , sex , equal parts ' fuck you ' and jagged humor . Act II . '' -- Tyler Bates , in an interview with Goldo Sync Report . The vocalist called the album his `` most precise and well - thought - out work '' , and compared its lyrics to those found on Holy Wood ( In the Shadow of the Valley of Death ) , noting that the majority of lyrics on both releases were initially written in prose format . Lyrical themes and subject matter on the record range from politics , violence , sex and romance , chaos and isolation , and capitalism , religion , drugs , paranoia , fear and mental illness . Manson has described it as a concept album , and contrasted it with The Pale Emperor by saying : `` The last album was Faust , Mephistopheles . For me , this would be The Pilgrim 's Progress , if I was going to make a religious reference . '' He later denied that the album 's political lyrical content related to the election of Donald Trump , saying that most of the lyrics were written before the 2016 US presidential election . He had previously indicated he would not be voting in that election , explaining : `` I do n't think that , as an artist , I can make as much of a difference voting as I can the commentaries I make in music '' . Release and artwork ( edit ) The album was not released on Valentine 's Day . Manson later explained that its release was delayed by several factors , including Bates ' schedule scoring films , the vocalist being unhappy with the quality of the record by that date , as well as the death of his father Hugh Warner on July 7 , 2017 , to whom Heaven Upside Down is dedicated . Bates has also said that recording was delayed due to the band 's touring schedule ; the pair had completed just six songs before beginning a North American co-headlining tour with Slipknot in the summer of 2016 . A further three tracks on the album were recorded sometime after Valentine 's Day : `` Revelation # 12 '' , `` Saturnalia '' and `` Heaven Upside Down '' , with the album 's name then being changed to the latter song title . Manson elaborated on its meaning , saying : `` I was going to call the record SAY10 , but I did n't feel that that defined the album . I had the lyrics written for the song ' Heaven Upside Down ' , and I thought that defined the record more so because of the idea of time as a flat circle , constellations being defined by the negative space -- the blackness ; the idea of looking at something from an opposite point of view . '' `` Saturnalia '' This song has been described as a centrepiece of the album Problems playing this file ? See media help . Manson was unaware of the severity of his father 's terminal illness until two days before he died , the same day the band finished recording the final song written for the album , `` Saturnalia '' . The track is eight minutes long , and contains numerous astrological and mythological references , specifically the astrological transit of Saturn -- Saturn return -- and the myth of Saturnus devouring his children . Manson conflated his father 's death with the song 's lyrical content , saying : `` Seeing my father dying , I felt like that was the circle of life that he 'd want me to put the energy of death into rebirth , you know , the snake eating its own tail , Saturnalia , Saturninus , that whole concept . '' Prior to the album 's eventual release , Manson posted a series of videos on Instagram . The first of these , posted on March 22 , 2017 , was captioned `` 6 : 19 . The time has come . '' Numerous publications hypothesized whether 6 : 19 referred to a June 19 release date , a Bible verse , or the lyrics to the Eat Me , Drink Me track `` If I Was Your Vampire '' . Further videos featured air - raid sirens and distant screaming , a hooded figure , and the Celebritarian Cross -- an inverted variation on the Cross of Lorraine which had been previously used by Manson as a logo for his Celebritarian art movement in 2005 ; the symbol subsequently appeared on the Heaven Upside Down album cover . The record was released worldwide on October 6 . The album 's lyric booklet was printed on Bible paper , with the lyrics also formatted to resemble biblical text . The record was mastered by Brian Lucey , the engineer who masters the majority of Bates ' soundtrack work . He was chosen because , according to Manson , the album contains `` some extreme experiments with sound . We were very particular in not allowing someone else to master it , who might accidentally eliminate them . We 've got some very intense , alchemical , scientific , binaural sounds that sometimes even make me have a panic attack while I 'm listening to it . '' These sounds are most prevalent in the title track and `` Saturnalia '' , which Manson highlighted as centerpieces of the record . Japanese editions of the album contain a Mystery Skulls remix of `` Kill4Me '' as a bonus track . Promotion and singles ( edit ) On the day of the 2016 US presidential election -- November 8 -- the band released a short teaser clip of a new video , `` Say10 '' . The video was created by Final Girl director Tyler Shields . It featured images of Manson brandishing a bloodstained knife while standing above a decapitated corpse lying in a pool of blood . Numerous publications noted the corpse was dressed in similar clothing to the kind regularly worn by Donald Trump -- a suit and red tie . The band , which initially included Manson on vocals with Bates and Paul Wiley on electric guitars , Twiggy on bass and Sharone on drums , began the first leg of the Heaven Upside Down Tour on July 20 in Budapest , during which they debuted several new songs . The band narrowly avoided injury in Moscow when their tour bus was involved in a collision with a semi-trailer truck . Manson caused controversy in Eastern Europe when he referenced the ongoing conflict in Ukraine and told a crowd in Kiev : `` You just made Moscow sound like your bitch '' . The band 's cover of Ministry 's `` Stigmata '' was released on July 28 when it appeared on the soundtrack to Atomic Blonde . The album 's lead single , `` We Know Where You Fucking Live '' , was released on September 11 after it premiered on Zane Lowe 's Beats 1 show . Its music video was directed by Bill Yukich and Perou , and was posted onto YouTube four days later . `` Kill4Me '' was issued as the album 's primary airplay single in the United States , where it went on to become the band 's highest peaking single ever on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Chart . A series of advertisements created by Canadian pop artist Alex Kazemi to promote the album on Instagram were leaked online in late September , but were deemed too graphic to be used on the image hosting service . Subsequent music videos were released for `` Say10 '' and `` Kill4Me '' , which were both directed by Yukich and featured actor Johnny Depp . The North American leg of the Heaven Upside Down Tour began on September 27 , and was scheduled to incorporate appearances by the band at several music festivals , including the Aftershock Festival on October 22 , at which Nine Inch Nails was also scheduled to appear . Manson indicated a possibility of joining that band on stage during the festival , after he and Trent Reznor mended a longstanding feud . However , the tour has seen the vocalist be injured on several different occasions . On September 29 at Pittsburgh 's Stage AE , he injured his ankle after jumping off the stage . The following night , at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York City , he was crushed by a large stage prop , and lay unconscious on the stage for up to 15 minutes , before being carried out of the venue on a stretcher to a nearby hospital . The rest of the tour was later canceled , including the band 's appearance at Aftershock , with all dates , excluding festival appearances , rescheduled to take place at the start of 2018 . `` In an era where mass shootings have become a nearly daily occurrence , this was an act of theater in an attempt to make a statement about how easily accessible semi-automatic weapons are , and how seeing them has become normalized . My performance was not meant to be disrespectful or show any insensitivity ... My art has always been a reaction to popular culture , and my way to make people think about the horrible things that happen in this world . My empathy goes out to anyone who has been affected by the irresponsible and reprehensible misuse of real guns . '' -- Manson 's statement in response to criticism made after his use of a replica assault rifle as a microphone during a concert . The band 's founding guitarist , Daisy Berkowitz , died on October 22 . He was 49 years old , and had been diagnosed with stage IV colorectal cancer in 2013 . Three days later , Manson announced that he had `` decided to part ways '' with Twiggy , after the latter had been accused of sexual assault by a former girlfriend , Jack Off Jill vocalist Jessicka Addams , in their shared apartment while the pair were a couple in the mid-90s . He was replaced on subsequent tour dates by former Racer X and The Mars Volta bassist Juan Alderete . Alderete 's first show with the band , at the 2017 Ozzfest Meets Knotfest festival in San Bernardino on November 5 , found Manson performing in a wheelchair as a result of injuries he sustained earlier in the tour . Manson also attracted criticism from some publications after he used a replica assault rifle as a microphone during the concert , with some commentators arguing it was insensitive considering the city had previously been the subject of a terrorism - related attack , and that the performance came just hours after a mass shooting in Texas , in which 24 people were killed . A cover of `` God 's Gonna Cut You Down '' , recorded during the Heaven Upside Down sessions , will feature on the soundtrack to 24 Hours to Live , whose soundtrack album is set to be released through Varèse Sarabande on December 8 . Additionally , a cover of David Bowie 's `` Rebel Rebel '' has also been recorded by the band , and is scheduled to appear on another , unspecified soundtrack album . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 71 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Alternative Press The Boston Globe Consequence of Sound Drowned in Sound 6 / 10 NME Pitchfork 5.9 / 10 PopMatters Q Rolling Stone Heaven Upside Down was well received by music critics upon its initial release . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications , the album received an average score of 71 , based on 15 reviews , indicating `` generally positive reviews '' . It also holds an aggregate score of 6.2 out of 10 at AnyDecentMusic ? . Eleanor Goodman of Metal Hammer gave the album a positive review , writing that it finds Manson `` glancing back to the past . Throwbacks to numerous stepping stones in ( his ) career are given a punk feel -- like the band have holed up in the Tate house again , or been rehearsing live for weeks to recapture the rawness of the Antichrist Superstar days ... If The Pale Emperor was banger after low - down banger , and predecessor Born Villain went back to basics , this one sits somewhere in between -- still bearing Tyler 's mark but with a nod to other eras . '' She went on to call it a `` solid album that shows ( Manson ) can still do what he got famous doing : write biting , anti-establishment goth rock full of dark , playful imagery . '' Greg Kennelty of Metal Injection praised the album 's consistency , saying : `` I 'll come right out and say it up top -- Heaven Upside Down , as a full album , is by far one of the most engaging listens I 've had in 2017 . It 's an impeccably well - written album that constantly introduces new styles and aspects to its sound throughout , all while revolving around a very disquieting core tonality . '' He concluded by calling it `` a damn good album that flows exceptionally well , keeps you interested , and proves that Marilyn Manson absolutely has a place in both rock and metal in 2017 . If you 're expecting The Pale Emperor 2 , then Heaven Upside Down is going to fall short of your expectations . However , if you 're expecting a goth - laden Manson album that stands up strong against even his most classic works , then you 're going to love this . Expect to see ( the album ) on some year - end lists , including my own . '' Neil Z . Yeung also praised the album in the review for AllMusic , writing that it saw Manson `` at his most human . If The Pale Emperor was a welcome return to form that signaled a new day for the band , its successor is just as satisfying , if not better . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) Heaven Upside Down debuted at number eight on the Billboard 200 with 35,000 album - equivalent units , 32,000 of which were pure album sales , making it the band 's seventh consecutive top ten album on the chart . Industry forecasters had predicted it was on course to debut in the top ten with sales of between 25,000 to 32,000 copies . It also became the band 's fourth consecutive number one album on Billboard 's Top Hard Rock Albums , and debuted at number two on both Top Rock Albums and Top Album Sales , which acts as the current equivalent of the previous Billboard 200 , before it was reconfigured to incorporate album - equivalent units . On its second week , the record dropped to number 84 on the Billboard 200 . In Canada , the album matched the peak of The Pale Emperor by debuting at number four . It was also predicted to enter the top ten of the UK Albums Chart , making Heaven Upside Down the band 's first top ten album in the country since Eat Me , Drink Me peaked at number eight a decade earlier . It went on to peak at number seven there with first - week sales of 6,636 copies -- their highest opening week figure since The High End of Low debuted with 7,746 copies in 2009 -- and the band 's highest - charting album in the country since The Golden Age of Grotesque peaked at number four in 2003 . In France , the record debuted at number ten with first week sales of 4,745 copies . Heaven Upside Down entered the ARIA Charts at number four , making it the band 's sixth top ten album in the country , and their highest - charting since Mechanical Animals reached number one in 1998 . It also entered at number six on the Official New Zealand Music Chart , their fifth top ten studio album there . On the Japanese Oricon chart , the album debuted at number 29 with first week sales of 1,805 copies -- exactly half the amount The Pale Emperor debuted with two years earlier . Track listing ( edit ) All lyrics written by Marilyn Manson ; all music composed by Tyler Bates . No . Title Length 1 . `` Revelation # 12 '' 4 : 42 2 . `` Tattooed in Reverse '' 4 : 24 3 . `` We Know Where You Fucking Live '' ( stylized as `` WE KNOW WHERE YOU FUCKING LIVE '' ) 4 : 32 4 . `` Say10 '' ( stylized as `` SAY10 '' ) 4 : 18 5 . `` Kill4Me '' ( stylized as `` KILL4ME '' ) 3 : 59 6 . `` Saturnalia '' 7 : 59 7 . `` Je $ u $ Cri $ i $ '' ( stylized as `` JE $ U $ CRI $ I $ '' ) 3 : 59 8 . `` Blood Honey '' 4 : 10 9 . `` Heaven Upside Down '' 4 : 49 10 . `` Threats of Romance '' 4 : 37 Total length : 47 : 29 ( show ) Heaven Upside Down -- Japanese edition No . Title Length 11 . `` Kill4Me '' ( Mystery Skulls Remix ) 3 : 39 Total length : 50 : 18 Personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes of Heaven Upside Down . Marilyn Manson Marilyn Manson -- vocals Tyler Bates -- instrumentation , engineering , recording , production , mixing Gil Sharone -- drums Additional musicians Dana Dentata -- backing vocals ( track 9 ) Roger Joseph Manning , Jr . -- Clavinet ( track 10 ) Technical Emma Banks -- booking agent for Creative Artists Agency Robert Carranza -- mixing Tony Ciulla -- management Chris Dalston -- booking agent for CAA Joanne Higginbottom -- assistant engineer Olivia Jaffe -- hexagram sigil Brian Lucey -- mastering Perou -- photography Brian Roettinger -- art direction Rick Roskin -- booking agent for CAA Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 20 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 12 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 28 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 8 French Albums ( SNEP ) 10 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 9 Greek Albums ( IFPI Greece ) 10 Hungarian Albums ( MAHASZ ) 18 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 35 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 14 Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) 29 Japanese International Albums ( Oricon ) 8 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 6 Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 18 Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) 20 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) 5 Slovak Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) 10 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 6 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 14 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Albums ( OCC ) 7 UK Rock & Metal Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 8 US Top Alternative Albums ( Billboard ) US Top Hard Rock Albums ( Billboard ) US Top Rock Albums ( Billboard ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Eleanor ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson -- Heaven Upside Down album review '' . Metal Hammer . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cawley , Terence ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` There 's a good album hidden behind Manson 's shtick '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yeung , Neil . `` Heaven Upside Down -- Marilyn Manson '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendell , Andrew ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam discusses his friendship with Marilyn Manson : ' I call him cunty bollocks ' '' . NME . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Hear Marilyn Manson 's New Love Song ' Kill4Me ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scull , Cindy ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Marilyn Manson 97.1 FM The Eagle '' . KEGL . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Downey , Ryan J. ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' I put a gun in the mouth of the editor of Spin and hid out at Trump Tower ' -- Marilyn Manson ( WATCH ) '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DeVita , Joe ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Marilyn Manson Announces New Album ' SAY10 ' '' . Loudwire . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Segallon , Bryce ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Fire Away : A Conversation with Marilyn Manson '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grow , Kory ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` Marilyn Manson Teases ' Pretty Violent ' New Album ' SAY10 ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Marilyn Manson on ' Utterly Sociopathic ' ' Salem ' Role , Gruesome Collectibles '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Urquhart - White , Alaina ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Who Is Thomas Dinley On ' Salem ' ? Marilyn Manson Has A Terrifying Role '' . Bustle . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Childers , Chad ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Marilyn Manson : ' SAY10 ' Music Has ' Got a Chip on Its Shoulder ' '' . Loudwire . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petridis , Alexis ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Columbine destroyed my entire career ' : Marilyn Manson on the perils of being the lord of darkness '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : De Ville , Adam ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` '' You Gotta Bring The Fire `` : An Interview with Tyler Bates '' . Collide Art and Culture Magazine . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson Interview '' . Sonic Seducer . Berlin . October 2017 . p. 88 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Munro , Scott ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson names new album Heaven Upside Down '' . Metal Hammer . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gorton , Thomas ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson knows where you fucking live '' . Dazed . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stagg , Natasha ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Marilyn Manson : all - American nightmare '' . Dazed . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ali , Lorraine ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` Marilyn Manson 's unsettling answers about sucking leeches and making sausage for his new ' Salem ' role '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Epstein , Dan ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Film Composer Tyler Bates Became Marilyn Manson 's Secret Weapon '' . Revolver . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Epstein , Dan ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson on New Album , Father 's Death , Bring Chaos Back '' . Revolver . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Miska , Brad ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ( Interview ) Marilyn Manson 's Fire Burns Again on Emotional ' Heaven Upside Down ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tyler Bates ( Interview ) -- Goldo Sync Report '' . Goldo Sync Report . October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Daisy ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson Pushes You to Lean Into Your Fears Like No One Else '' . Noisey . Vice . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mervis , Scott ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson on new album : ' I 'm chaos . I 'm here to disrupt things . ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` Marilyn Manson : It 's ' Fun ' to See Fox News Go Down in Flames '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kennelty , Greg ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson Is Very Vaguely Teasing Something '' . Metal Injection . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hartmann , Graham ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson Reveals Why New Album Was n't Released on Valentine 's Day '' . Loudwire . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sky , Lucy ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Interview : Tyler Bates Talks Working With Marilyn Manson , Film Scores , & Monsters After Dark '' . Aesthetic Magazine . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hartmann , Graham ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson : ' Heaven Upside Down ' Needs to Be ' Chaos and Fuck Shit Up ' '' . Loudwire . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Loftin , Steven ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` 13 Marilyn Manson deep cuts that are genius and dark AF '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mac , Emmy ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson Posts String of Creepy , Cryptic Teaser Videos As World Waits For New Album '' . Music Feeds . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson Calls Upon ' Say10 ' This June ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hartmann , Graham ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Did Marilyn Manson Just Reveal the Release Date for ' Say10 ' ? '' . Loudwire . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Laroche , Sophie ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Watch : Marilyn Manson Is Posting Terrifying Videos On Instagram '' . Konbini . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Sarah ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson Unveils New ' SAY10 ' Teaser '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Munro , Scott ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson releases another mysterious video '' . Metal Hammer . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hartmann , Graham ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` Rapper Lil Uzi Vert Drops $220,000 on Diamond Marilyn Manson Necklace ; Manson Creeps Out Fans on Instagram '' . Loudwire . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Stream Marilyn Manson 's New Album ' Heaven Upside Down ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Booklet '' . Heaven Upside Down ( liner notes ) . Marilyn Manson . Los Angeles , United States : Loma Vista Recordings. 2017 . LVR00229 . Jump up ^ Metal Hammer Staff ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson interviewed by Metal Hammer '' . Metal Hammer . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` マリリン ・ マンソン 、 新作 より '' Say10 `` の ミュージック ・ ビデオ を 公開 '' ( Marilyn Manson releases `` Say 10 '' music video from new album ) . NME Japan ( in Japanese ) . October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Geslani , Michelle ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Marilyn Manson decapitates Donald Trump in new video for `` SAY10 '' -- watch `` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Marilyn Manson 's Shocking Trump Video '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Britton , Luke Morgan ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Watch Marilyn Manson behead Donald Trump in NSFW ' SAY10 ' video '' . NME . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Marilyn Manson ' beheads Donald Trump ' in new music video '' . The Independent . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Jessica ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump : Marilyn Manson video alludes to death '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Axl ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` '' We Know Where You Fucking Live `` : Marilyn Manson 's New Song is Pretty Decent '' . MetalSucks . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gaca , Anna ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson Releases Single `` We Know Where You Fucking Live , '' Announces New Album Heaven Upside Down `` . Spin . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Istomina , Toma ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson in Kyiv : ' You made Moscow sound like your bitch ' '' . Kyiv Post . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hear Marilyn Manson 's Crushing Cover of Ministry 's `` Stigmata '' . Revolver . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson Details New Album ' Heaven Upside Down , ' Drops New Song '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Childers , Chad ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson Unleashes Mayhem on Serene Neighborhood in NSFW ' We Know Where You F - ing Live ' Video '' . Loudwire . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Marilyn Manson , Nuns Terrorize Suburbia in Disturbing New Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson -- Chart History : Hot Rock Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Marilyn Manson Instagram ads you were n't supposed to see '' . Dazed . September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Johnny Depp Join Marilyn Manson in NSFW ' Say10 ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grant , Sarah ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Johnny Depp 's Unholy Threesome in New Marilyn Manson Video ' KILL4ME ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Derrick ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson debuts brutal song , `` We Know Where You Fucking Live '' `` . Nerdist Industries . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christopher , Michael ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson : Trent Reznor and I Have ' Sort of Mended Ways ' '' . Loudwire . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DiVita , Joe ( September 30 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson at Pittsburgh Show : ' I Just Broke My Ankle ' '' . Loudwire . Townsquare Media . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Sarah ( October 1 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson struck by falling stage scenery during New York concert '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson cancels tour dates due to stage injury '' . The Guardian . October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ganz , Caren ; Stevens , Matt ( October 1 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson Injured by Falling Stage Prop at Concert '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( October 1 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson Cancels Tour Dates Following Onstage Injury in New York '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson Pulls Out of Aftershock Festival '' . Blabbermouth.net . October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Serlo , Alexandra ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` We Do n't Know If Marilyn Manson Was Trolling Us in This Interview '' . Vice . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson : Assault Rifle Stunt ' Not Meant to be Disrespectful ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Folgar , Abel ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson 's Scott `` Daisy Berkowitz '' Putesky Remembered `` . Miami New Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson ' parts ways ' with bassist Twiggy Ramirez after rape accusation '' . The Independent . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Sam ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Former Marilyn Manson bassist Twiggy Ramirez responds to rape allegations '' . NME . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morgan Britton , Luke ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson recruits Mars Volta bassist after sacking Twiggy Ramirez over rape accusations '' . NME . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson , Dave Grohl , 2 Chainz , Axl Rose , Lady Gaga & Other Artists Who Rocked Hard in Wheelchairs '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aswad , Jem ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson Issues Statement on Fake Assault Rifle : ' An Act of Theater in an Attempt to Make a Statement ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Papenfuss , Mary ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson Defends Aiming Fake Assault Rifle At Concert As Anti-Gun Statement '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson to cover Johnny Cash for film soundtrack '' . NME . October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gernandt , Alex ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson im Interview : Schock - Rocker und Meister des Bizarren '' ( Marilyn Manson in Interview : Shock - Rocker and Master of the Bizarre ) . Spiegel Online ( in German ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews and Tracks for Heaven Upside Down by Marilyn Manson '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pettigrew , Jason ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson goes back to his roots on ' Heaven Upside Down ' '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lecaro , Lina ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson -- Heaven Upside Down '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burrows , Mar ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson Heaven Upside Down '' . Drowned in Sound . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cochrane , Greg ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson -- ' Heaven Upside Down ' Review '' . NME . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Geffen , Sasha ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson Heaven Upside Down '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carr , Paul ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson Heaven Upside Down '' . PopMatters . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Q. London ( November ) . 2017 . CS1 maint : Untitled periodical ( link ) Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Marilyn Manson Gets Back to His Shock - Rock Roots '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Heaven Upside Down by Marilyn Manson reviews '' . AnyDecentMusic ? . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kennelty , Greg ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson 's Heaven Upside Down : A Track - By - Track Review '' . Metal Injection . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` NF Scores First No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With ' Perception ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HITS Daily Double : Rumor Mill -- New Releases : Anyone 's Game '' . Hits Daily Double . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Kevin ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marilyn Manson 's ' Heaven Upside Down ' Crowns Alternative & Hard Rock Albums Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marilyn Manson Chart History ( Top Rock Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson -- Chart history : Top Album Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Chart Watch : P ! nk has the year 's top album debut by a woman '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Note : User must click on the blue Story Continues button found at the bottom of the article to access the relevant information . Jump up ^ `` On The Charts : October 15 , 2017 '' . FYI Music News . October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Liam Gallagher 's As You Were is outselling the rest of the Top 20 combined on today 's Chart Update '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Liam Gallagher 's As You Were charges in at Number 1 on the Official Albums Chart and sets new vinyl record '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Liam Gallagher debuts at No. 1 with more than 100,000 album sales '' . Music Week . NewBay Media . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Hamard , Jonathan ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Ventes de la semaine 41 : Florent Pagny incontesté , Marilyn Manson et Carla Bruni sont de retour au top '' ( Week 41 Sales : Florent Pagny undisputed , Marilyn Manson and Carla Bruni back on top ) . Aficia ( in French ) . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Australian Charts : Triple J Like A Version 13 In Number One '' . Noise11 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Marilyn Manson -- Heaven Upside Down '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 週間 CD アルバム ランキング '' ( Weekly CD Album Ranking ) ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` オリコン 週間 CD アルバム ランキング 2015 年 01 月 19 日 ~ 2015 年 01 月 25 日 21 ~ 30 位 '' ( Oricon weekly CD album index January 19 , 2015 -- January 25 , 2015 -- places 21 ~ 30 ) . Oricon ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Heaven Upside Down '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Marilyn Manson -- Heaven Upside Down '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Marilyn Manson -- Heaven Upside Down '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Marilyn Manson -- Heaven Upside Down '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Note : On the chart page , select 201741 on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Marilyn Manson -- Heaven Upside Down '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson : Heaven Upside Down '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Heaven Upside Down '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Marilyn Manson -- Heaven Upside Down '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official IFPI Charts -- Top 75 Albums Sales Chart ( Week : 43 / 2017 ) '' . IFPI Greece . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemez - lista -- 2017 . 42 . hét '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish-charts.com -- Discography Marilyn Manson '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Heaven Upside Down '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 週間 洋楽 アルバム ランキング '' ( Weekly Western Album Ranking ) ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Heaven Upside Down '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI -- SK ALBUMS TOP 100 -- 201741 '' . IFPI . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Note : To access information from this reference , user must define SK -- Albums -- Top 100 and 201741 as the search parameters , and then click Zobrazit Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Heaven Upside Down '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Heaven Upside Down '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Heaven Upside Down '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rock & Metal Albums Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson Chart History ( Top Alternative Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson Chart History ( Top Hard Rock Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Marilyn Manson Marilyn Manson Juan Alderete Gil Sharone Paul Wiley Tyler Bates Zsa Zsa Speck Olivia Newton Bundy Gidget Gein Sara Lee Lucas Daisy Berkowitz Zim Zum John 5 Madonna Wayne Gacy Tim Sköld Ginger Fish Chris Vrenna Fred Sablan Daniel Fox Twiggy Ramirez Studio albums Portrait of an American Family Antichrist Superstar Mechanical Animals Holy Wood ( In the Shadow of the Valley of Death ) The Golden Age of Grotesque Eat Me , Drink Me The High End of Low Born Villain The Pale Emperor Heaven Upside Down Live albums The Last Tour on Earth Compilations Lunch Boxes & Choklit Cows Lest We Forget : The Best Of Extended plays Smells Like Children Remix & Repent Lost & Found Singles Commercial `` Get Your Gunn '' `` Lunchbox '' `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' `` The Beautiful People '' `` Tourniquet '' `` Long Hard Road Out of Hell '' `` The Dope Show '' `` I Do n't Like the Drugs ( But the Drugs Like Me ) '' `` Rock Is Dead '' `` Disposable Teens '' `` The Fight Song '' `` The Nobodies '' `` Tainted Love '' `` Mobscene '' `` This Is the New Shit '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` Heart - Shaped Glasses ( When the Heart Guides the Hand ) '' `` Putting Holes in Happiness '' `` Arma - goddamn - motherfuckin - geddon '' `` No Reflection '' `` Slo - Mo - Tion '' `` Third Day of a Seven Day Binge '' `` Deep Six '' `` Cupid Carries a Gun '' `` We Know Where You Fucking Live '' `` Kill4Me '' Promotional `` Dope Hat '' `` Antichrist Superstar '' `` Man That You Fear '' `` Coma White '' `` Astonishing Panorama of the Endtimes '' `` You and Me and the Devil Makes 3 '' `` We 're from America '' `` The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles '' `` The Devil Beneath My Feet '' Other songs `` Apple of Sodom '' `` This Is Halloween '' `` If I Was Your Vampire '' `` Running to the Edge of the World '' `` Wow '' `` Killing Strangers '' `` Say10 '' Video albums Dead to the World God Is in the T.V. Guns , God and Government Books The Long Hard Road Out of Hell Holy Wood Genealogies of Pain Campaign Films Doppelherz Born Villain Concert tours Independent touring Portrait of an American Family Tour Smells Like Children Tour Dead to the World Tour Mechanical Animals Tour Beautiful Monsters Tour Rock Is Dead Tour Guns , God and Government Tour Grotesk Burlesk Tour Against All Gods Tour Rape of the World Tour The High End of Low Tour Hey Cruel World ... Tour Twins of Evil Tour Masters of Madness Tour The Hell Not Hallelujah Tour The End Times Tour Heaven Upside Down Tour Related Articles Discography Awards and nominations Band members The Manson Family Album MarilynManson.com Posthuman Records Hell , etc . Marilyn Manson -- Columbine High School massacre controversy Bands Alice Cooper gODHEAD Goon Moon Jack Off Jill Loser Nine Inch Nails Rob Zombie Slipknot The Smashing Pumpkins Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heaven_Upside_Down&oldid=810398697 '' Categories : 2017 albums English - language albums Loma Vista Recordings albums Marilyn Manson ( band ) albums Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Untitled periodical Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with attributed pull quotes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Lietuvių Русский Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 00 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven%20Upside%20Down

when did the round pound come into circulation

The original , round £ 1 coin replaced the Bank of England £ 1 note , which ceased to be issued at the end of 1984 and was removed from circulation on 11 March 1988 , though still redeemable at the Bank 's offices , like all English banknotes . One - pound notes continue to be issued in Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man , and by the Royal Bank of Scotland , but the pound coin is much more widely used . A new , dodecagonal ( 12 - sided ) design of coin was introduced on 28 March 2017 and both new and old versions of the one pound coin circulated together until the older design was withdrawn from circulation on 15 October 2017 . After that date , the older coin could only be redeemed at banks , although some retailers announced they would continue to accept it for a limited time . Meanwhile , the original round pound remains legal tender on the Isle of Man .

1984

One pound ( British coin )

one pound ( british coin )

The British one pound ( £ 1 ) coin is a denomination of the pound sterling . Its obverse bears the Latin engraving ELIZABETH II DG REG `` Dei Gratia Regina '' meaning , `` Elizabeth II , by the grace of God , Queen '' and FD meaning Fidei defensor , Defender of the Faith . It has featured the profile of Queen Elizabeth II since the original coin 's introduction on 21 April 1983 . Four different portraits of the Queen have been used , with the latest design by Jody Clark being introduced in 2015 . The design on the reverse side of the current , 12 - sided coin features four emblems to represent each of the nations of the United Kingdom -- the English rose , the leek for Wales , the Scottish thistle , and the shamrock for Northern Ireland -- emerging from a single stem within a crown .

The original , round £ 1 coin replaced the Bank of England £ 1 note , which ceased to be issued at the end of 1984 and was removed from circulation on 11 March 1988 , though still redeemable at the Bank 's offices , like all English banknotes . One - pound notes continue to be issued in Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man , and by the Royal Bank of Scotland , but the pound coin is much more widely used . A new , dodecagonal ( 12 - sided ) design of coin was introduced on 28 March 2017 and both new and old versions of the one pound coin circulated together until the older design was withdrawn from circulation on 15 October 2017 . After that date , the older coin could only be redeemed at banks , although some retailers announced they would continue to accept it for a limited time . Meanwhile , the original round pound remains legal tender on the Isle of Man . The main purpose of redesigning the coin was to combat counterfeiting . As of March 2014 there were an estimated 1,553 million of the original nickel - brass coins in circulation , of which the Royal Mint estimated in 2014 that just over 3 % were counterfeit . The new coin , in contrast , is bimetallic like the current £ 2 coin , and features an undisclosed hidden security feature called ' iSIS ' ( Integrated Secure Identification Systems ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 Mintage figures 2.1 Round coin 2.2 12 - sided coin 3 Counterfeiting 4 Other pound coins in circulation 5 Further reading 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Design ( edit ) Original round pound coin with Dent 's 2008 obverse design To date , four different portraits of Elizabeth II have appeared on the obverse . For the first three of these , the inscription was ELIZABETH II D.G. REG. F.D. 2013 , where 2013 is replaced by the year of minting . The fourth design , unveiled in March 2015 , expanded the inscription slightly to ELIZABETH II DEI. GRA. REG. FID. DEF. 2015 . The 12 - sided design , introduced in March 2017 , reverted to D.G. REG. F.D. In summary : In 1983 and 1984 the portrait of Queen Elizabeth II by Arnold Machin appeared on the obverse , in which the Queen wears the ' Girls of Great Britain and Ireland ' Tiara . Between 1985 and 1997 the portrait by Raphael Maklouf was used , in which the Queen wears the George IV State Diadem . Between 1998 and 2015 the portrait by Ian Rank - Broadley was used , again featuring the tiara , with a signature - mark IRB below the portrait . In 2015 the portrait by Jody Clark was introduced , in which the Queen wears the George IV State Diadem , with a signature - mark JC below the portrait . In August 2005 the Royal Mint launched a competition to find new reverse designs for all circulating coins apart from the £ 2 coin . The winner , announced in April 2008 , was Matthew Dent , whose designs were gradually introduced into the circulating British coinage from mid-2008 . The designs for the 1p , 2p , 5p , 10p , 20p and 50p coins depict sections of the Royal Shield that form the whole shield when placed together . The shield in its entirety was featured on the £ 1 coin . The coin 's obverse remained unchanged . The design of the reverse of the original coin was changed each year from 1983 to 2008 to show , in turn , an emblem representing the UK , Scotland , Wales , Northern Ireland , and England , together with an appropriate edge inscription . This edge inscription could frequently be `` upside - down '' ( when obverse is facing upward ) . From 2008 , national - based designs were still minted , but alongside the new standard version and no longer in strict rotation . The inscription ONE POUND appeared on all reverse designs . In common with non-commemorative £ 2 coins , the round £ 1 coin ( except 2004 -- 07 and the 2010 -- 11 ' capital cities ' designs ) had a mint mark : a small crosslet found on the milled edge that represents Llantrisant in South Wales , where the Royal Mint has been based since 1968 . The reverse of the new 12 - sided , bimetallic pound coin , introduced on 28 March 2017 , was chosen by a public design competition . The competition to design the reverse of this coin was opened in September 2014 . It was won in March 2015 by 15 - year - old David Pearce from Walsall , and unveiled by Chancellor George Osborne during his Budget announcement . The design features a rose , leek , thistle and shamrock bound by a crown . Mintage figures ( edit ) Round coin ( edit ) Images : Royal Mint Year Design Nation represented Edge inscription Translation Mintage Ornamental royal arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 443,053,510 1984 Thistle and royal diadem Scotland NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT No one attacks me with impunity 146,256,501 1985 Leek and royal diadem Wales PLEIDIOL WYF I 'M GWLAD True am I to my country 228,430,749 1986 Flax plant and royal diadem Northern Ireland DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 10,409,501 Oak tree and royal diadem England DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 39,298,502 Crown over the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 7,118,825 Thistle and royal diadem Scotland NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT No one attacks me with impunity 70,580,501 Leek and royal diadem Wales PLEIDIOL WYF I 'M GWLAD True am I to my country 97,269,302 1991 Flax plant and royal diadem Northern Ireland DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 38,443,575 Oak tree and royal diadem England DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 36,320,487 Ornamental royal arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 114,744,500 Lion rampant within a double tressure flory counter-flory Scotland NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT No one attacks me with impunity 29,752,525 1995 Dragon passant Wales PLEIDIOL WYF I 'M GWLAD True am I to my country 34,503,501 Celtic cross , Broighter collar and pimpernel Northern Ireland DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 89,886,000 Three lions passant guardant England DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 57,117,450 1998 Ornamental royal arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard not circulated 1999 Lion rampant within a double tressure flory counter-flory Scotland NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT No one attacks me with impunity not circulated 2000 Dragon passant Wales PLEIDIOL WYF I 'M GWLAD True am I to my country 109,496,500 Celtic cross , Broighter collar and pimpernel Northern Ireland DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 63,968,065 2002 Three lions passant guardant England DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 77,818,000 2003 Ornamental royal arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 61,596,500 Forth Railway Bridge surrounded by railway tracks Scotland An incuse decorative feature symbolising bridges and pathways N / A 39,162,000 2005 Menai Suspension Bridge surrounded by railing and stanchions Wales 99,429,500 2006 Egyptian Arch Railway Bridge surrounded by railway station canopy dags Northern Ireland 38,938,000 2007 Gateshead Millennium Bridge surrounded by struts England 26,180,160 2008 Ornamental royal arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 3,910,000 2008 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 43,827,300 2009 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 27,625,600 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 57,120,000 Coat of arms of the City of London England DOMINE DIRIGE NOS Lord , guide us 2,635,000 Coat of arms of Belfast Northern Ireland PRO TANTO QUID RETRIBUAMUS For so much , what shall we give in return ? 6,205,000 2011 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 25,415,000 2011 Coat of arms of Cardiff Wales Y DDRAIG GOCH DDYRY CYCHWYN The red dragon will give the lead 1,615,000 2011 Coat of arms of Edinburgh Scotland NISI DOMINUS FRUSTRA In vain without the Lord 400,000 2012 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 35,700,030 2013 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 13,090,500 2013 Oak and rose England DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 5,270,000 2013 Leek and daffodil Wales PLEIDIOL WYF I 'M GWLAD True am I to my country 5,270,000 2014 Shamrock and flax plant Northern Ireland DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 5,780,000 2014 Thistle and bluebell Scotland NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT No one attacks me with impunity 900,000 2014 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 79,305,200 2015 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms ( 4th portrait ) United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 29,580,000 2015 The Royal Coat of Arms ( 5th portrait ) United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 131,250,000 2016 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms ( 5th portrait ) United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 30,000 ( only in BU sets ) 2016 Four heraldic beasts United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard not circulated All years except 1998 and 1999 have been issued into circulation , although the number issued has varied enormously -- 1983 , 1984 and 1985 in particular had large mintages to facilitate the changeover from paper notes , while some years such as 1988 are only rarely seen ( although 1988 is more noticeable as it has a unique reverse ) . Production since 1997 has been reduced , thanks to the introduction of the circulating two pound coin . The final round coins minted for 2016 did not enter circulation , as they were only available through commemorative sets . These were the shield from the Royal Coat of Arms by Matthew Dent , and a design by Gregory Cameron , Bishop of St Asaph , of four heraldic beasts . 12 - sided coin ( edit ) Year Design Nation represented Mintage 2016 Nations of the Crown United Kingdom 300,000,000 ( initial launch in March 2017 ) 2017 Nations of the Crown United Kingdom TBA Counterfeiting ( edit ) Royal Mint surveys estimate the proportion of counterfeit £ 1 coins in circulation . This was estimated at 3.04 % in 2013 , a rise from 2.74 % . The figure previously announced in 2012 was 2.86 % , following the prolonged rise from 0.92 % in 2002 -- 2003 to 0.98 % in 2004 , 1.26 % in 2005 , 1.69 % in 2006 , 2.06 % in 2007 , 2.58 % in 2008 , 2.65 % in 2009 , 3.07 % in 2010 and 3.09 % in 2011 . Figures have generally been reported in the following year ; in 2008 ( as reported in 2009 ) , the highest levels of counterfeits were in Northern Ireland ( 3.6 % ) and the South East and London ( 2.97 % ) , with the lowest being in Northwest England . Coin testing companies estimated in 2009 that the actual figure was about twice the Mint 's estimate , suggesting that the Mint was underplaying the figures so as not to undermine confidence in the coin . It is illegal to pass on counterfeit currency knowingly ; the official advice is to hand it in , with details of where received , to the police , who will retain it and investigate . One article suggested `` given that fake coins are worthless , you will almost certainly be better off not even looking '' . The recipient has recourse against the supplier , as in any such case . Counterfeits are put into circulation by dishonest people , then circulated inadvertently by others who are unaware ; in many cases banks do not check , and circulate counterfeits . A 2011 BBC television programme withdrew 1,000 £ 1 coins from each of five major banks and found that each batch contained between 32 and 38 counterfeits ; the Mint estimated that about 31 per 1,000 £ 1 coins were counterfeit . Some of the counterfeits were found by automated machinery , others could be detected only by expert visual inspection . In July 2010 , following speculation that the Royal Mint would have to consider replacing £ 1 coins with a new design because of the fakes , bookmakers Paddy Power offered odds of 6 / 4 ( bet £ 4 to win £ 6 , plus the £ 4 stake back ; decimal odds of 2.5 ) , that the £ 1 coin would be removed from circulation . Real and fake pound coin , showing poor - quality edge inscription and milling Some counterfeits are of poor quality , with obviously visible differences ( less sharply defined , lacking intricate details , edge milling and markings visibly wrong ) . Many better counterfeits can be detected by comparing the orientation of the obverse and reverse -- they always match in genuine coins , but very often not in counterfeits . The design on the reverse must be correct for the stamped year ( e.g. , a 1996 coin should have a Celtic cross ) . It is difficult to manufacture coins with properly - produced edges ; the milling ( grooves ) may be incomplete or poor and the inscription ( often `` DECUS ET TUTAMEN '' ) may be poorly produced and sometimes in the wrong typeface . A shiny coin with less wear than its date suggests is also suspect , although it may be a genuine coin that has rarely been used . Counterfeit coins are made by different processes including casting , stamping , electrotyping , and copying with a pantograph or spark erosion . In a 2009 survey , 99 % of fake £ 1 coins found in cash centres were made of a nickel - brass , of which three fifths contained some lead and a fifth were of a very similar alloy to that used by the Royal Mint . The remaining 1 % were made of simple copper - zinc brass , or lead or tin , or both . Those made of lead or tin may have a gold - coloured coating ; counterfeits made of acrylic plastic containing metal powder to increase weight have occasionally been found . The final `` round coins '' were minted in December 2015 ; the replacement , a new 12 - sided design , was introduced in 2017 . The coin has a 12 - edged shape , similar to the pre-decimal brass threepence coin ; it has roughly the same size as the previous £ 1 coin , and is bi-metallic like the current £ 2 coin . The new design is intended to make counterfeiting more difficult , and also has an undisclosed hidden security feature called `` iSIS '' ( Integrated Secure Identification Systems ) . Current two - pound coins are made from two metals of different colour , and are much harder to counterfeit ; counterfeited coins are often easily seen to be the wrong colour . Other pound coins in circulation ( edit ) Also legally circulating but not legal tender in the UK are some £ 1 coins of British Crown Dependencies , Gibraltar and UK South Atlantic Overseas Territories , being of the same size and composition as their UK equivalent and mostly bearing the same portraits of the UK monarch ( as with most other coins of the same territories ) . Further reading ( edit ) In an April 1993 The New Yorker article `` Real Britannia '' , Julian Barnes describes the meetings to choose the 1994 -- 1997 reverse designs . This is reprinted in his book Letters from London as `` Britannia 's New Bra Size '' . See also ( edit ) Numismatics portal Banknotes of the pound sterling Coin counterfeiting Coins of the pound sterling References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` No. 39873 '' . The London Gazette ( 11th supplement ) . 26 May 1953 . p. 3023 . Proclamation of 28 May 1953 made in accordance with the Royal Titles Act 1953 . Jump up ^ `` Project Britain - British Coins '' . 2013 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` One Pound Coin '' . Royal Mint . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` New 12 - sided pound coin to enter circulation in March '' . BBC News . 1 January 2017 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Giedroyc , Richard ( 23 May 2017 ) . `` ' Most secure coin in world ' launched '' . numismaticsnews.net . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Race on to spend old £ 1 coins as deadline looms '' . BBC News . 13 October 2017 . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manx round pound coins to remain ' legal tender ' '' . BBC News . 7 February 2017 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mintage Figures '' . Royal Mint . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` £ 1 Counterfeit Coins '' . royalmint.com . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` How can I spot a fake £ 1 coin ? '' . London : The Telegraph . 19 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New pound coin : Firms told to prepare for redesign '' . BBC News . 2016 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Specification of the £ 1 coin : a technical consultation '' ( PDF ) . HM Treasury . September 2014 . Jump up ^ Clayton , Tony . `` Decimal Coins of the UK -- Bronze '' . tclayton.demon.co.uk . Retrieved 24 May 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Katie ( 17 March 2015 ) . `` New 12 - sided pound coin to be unveiled ahead of budget announcement '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1p Coin '' . British Royal Mint . Archived from the original on 27 April 2006 . Retrieved 23 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Mint unveils new coinage portrait of the Queen '' . BBC News . 2 March 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The reveal of the Queen 's fifth coin portrait '' . Royal Mint. 2 March 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Mint seeks new coin designs '' , BBC News , 17 August 2005 Jump up ^ `` Royal Mint unveils new UK coins '' , dofonline.co.uk , 2 April 2008 Jump up ^ Royal Mint . `` Why does the edge inscription on the £ 2 and £ 1 coins sometimes appear `` upside down '' ? `` . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Royal Mint '' . 24carat.co.uk . Retrieved 9 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The New One Pound Coin '' . royalmint.com. 19 March 2014 . Retrieved 19 March 2014 . Jump up ^ New One Pound Coin Royal Mint ^ Jump up to : `` Decimal coins issued £ 2 -- 20p '' . The Royal Mint Limited . 2016 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` New coin designs for 2014 unveiled by The Royal Mint '' . BBC News . 31 December 2013 . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Decimal coins issued up to 31 December 2015 £ 2 - 20p '' . The Royal Mint . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Decimal coins issued up to 31 December 2015 £ 2 - 20p '' . The Royal Mint . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 One Pound Check Your Change '' . www.checkyourchange.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Dated UK Collector Coin Sales '' . The Royal Mint . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Round Pound 2016 United Kingdom £ 1 Brilliant Uncirculated Coin '' . The Royal Mint . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 One Pound '' . www.checkyourchange.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Powell , Anna ( 16 May 2016 ) . `` Behind the design : the last ' round pound ' '' . The Royal Mint blog . The Royal Mint . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Sebastian ( 28 March 2017 ) . `` New `` impossible '' to fake £ 1 coin enters circulation today `` . Ars Technica . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Clive Kahn ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` 43.5 Million Fake Pound Coins in Circulation '' . BusinessReport . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) HM Treasury FOI response relating to a period 2008 -- 2009 . hm-treasury.gov.uk ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Josie Ensor ( 1 April 2012 ) . `` Three pound coins in every 100 are fake '' . London : The Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : Rosie Murray - West and Harry Wallop ( 27 July 2010 ) . `` Record number of fake £ 1 coins could force reissue '' . London : The Telegraph . Jump up ^ Chris Irvine ( 29 January 2009 ) . `` One £ 1 coin in 40 is a fake '' . London : The Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : Ben Ando ( 8 April 2009 ) . `` Fake £ 1 coin estimate ' doubled ' '' . BBC News . ^ Jump up to : Fake Britain , Series 2 episode 1 , first broadcast on BBC1 TV on 16 May 2011 ^ Jump up to : Hilary Osborne ( 2 April 2012 ) How to spot a fake £ 1 coin Guardian . Retrieved 24 January 2016 Jump up ^ Sarah Preece ( 28 July 2010 ) . `` £ 1 coin under threat '' . London : Live Odds and Scores . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) Three blog entries analyzing counterfeits the author has been passed . blog.alism.com ^ Jump up to : The types of counterfeit one - pound coins and identifying them . coinauthentication.co.uk . February 2006 . Retrieved 24 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Report on UK £ 1 counterfeit survey '' ( PDF ) . Royal Mint . May 2009 . Jump up ^ Royal Mint Presses Last Batch of Round Pound Coins The Guardian Jump up ^ Svenja O'Donnell ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` U.K. to Replace 1 - Pound Coin With Secure 12 - Edged Design '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ Can I use coinage from the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man ? , Royal Mint . Retrieved 24 January 2016 Jump up ^ Can I use coinage from United Kingdom Overseas Territories ? , Royal Mint . Retrieved 24 January 2016 Jump up ^ `` Letter From London : Real Britannia '' . The New Yorker ( paid registration required for the full article ) . Coincraft 's Standard Catalogue English & UK Coins 1066 to Date , Richard Lobel , Coincraft . ISBN 0 - 9526228 - 8 - 2 External links ( edit ) Royal Mint -- £ 1 coin Royal Mint - the new pound coin ( hide ) British coinage Decimal ​ ⁄ p 1p 2p 5p 10p 20p 50p £ 1 £ 2 Pre-decimal Quarter farthing ( ​ ⁄ d ) Third farthing ( ​ ⁄ d ) Half farthing ( ​ ⁄ d ) Farthing ( ​ ⁄ d ) Halfpenny ( ​ ⁄ d ) Penny ( 1d ) Three halfpence ( ​ 1 ⁄ d ) Twopence ( 2d ) Threepence ( 3d ) Fourpence ( 4d ) Sixpence ( 6d ) Shilling ( 1 / - ) Florin ( 2 / - ) Half crown ( 2 / 6d ) Double florin ( 4 / - ) Crown ( 5 / - ) Quarter guinea ( 5 / 3d ) Third guinea ( 7 / - ) Half sovereign ( 10 / - ) Half guinea ( 10 / 6d ) Sovereign ( £ 1 ) Guinea ( £ 1 / 1s ) Double sovereign ( £ 2 ) Two guineas ( £ 2 / 2s ) Five pound ( £ 5 ) Five guineas ( £ 5 / 5s ) Non-circulating Commemorative 25p £ 5 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Maundy money Bullion Britannia Quarter sovereign Half sovereign Sovereign Lunar The Queen 's Beasts Landmarks of Britain See also Pound sterling Coins of the pound sterling Banknotes of the pound sterling List of British banknotes and coins List of British currencies Scottish coinage Coins of Ireland List of people on coins of the United Kingdom Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_pound_(British_coin)&oldid=814515450 '' Categories : Coins of the United Kingdom Currency introduced in 1983 One - base - unit coins Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2015 Use dmy dates from September 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Қазақша Polski Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 07 : 36 . 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why alkali metals have low melting and boiling points

The physical and chemical properties of the alkali metals can be readily explained by their having an ns valence electron configuration , which results in weak metallic bonding . Hence , all the alkali metals are soft and have low densities , melting and boiling points , as well as heats of sublimation , vaporisation , and dissociation . They all crystallise in the body - centered cubic crystal structure , and have distinctive flame colours because their outer s electron is very easily excited . The ns configuration also results in the alkali metals having very large atomic and ionic radii , as well as very high thermal and electrical conductivity . Their chemistry is dominated by the loss of their lone valence electron in the outermost s - orbital to form the + 1 oxidation state , due to the ease of ionising this electron and the very high second ionisation energy . Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first five members of the group . The chemistry of francium is not well established due to its extreme radioactivity ; thus , the presentation of its properties here is limited . What little is known about francium shows that it is very close in behaviour to caesium , as expected . The physical properties of francium are even sketchier because the bulk element has never been observed ; hence any data that may be found in the literature are certainly speculative extrapolations .

Alkali metal

alkali metal

The alkali metals are a group ( column ) in the periodic table consisting of the chemical elements lithium ( Li ) , sodium ( Na ) , potassium ( K ) , rubidium ( Rb ) , caesium ( Cs ) , and francium ( Fr ) . This group lies in the s - block of the periodic table of elements as all alkali metals have their outermost electron in an s - orbital : this shared electron configuration results in them having very similar characteristic properties . Indeed , the alkali metals provide the best example of group trends in properties in the periodic table , with elements exhibiting well - characterised homologous behaviour .

The alkali metals are all shiny , soft , highly reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure and readily lose their outermost electron to form cations with charge + 1 . They can all be cut easily with a knife due to their softness , exposing a shiny surface that tarnishes rapidly in air due to oxidation by atmospheric moisture and oxygen ( and in the case of lithium , nitrogen ) . Because of their high reactivity , they must be stored under oil to prevent reaction with air , and are found naturally only in salts and never as the free elements . Caesium , the fifth alkali metal , is the most reactive of all the metals . In the modern IUPAC nomenclature , the alkali metals comprise the group 1 elements , excluding hydrogen ( H ) , which is nominally a group 1 element but not normally considered to be an alkali metal as it rarely exhibits behaviour comparable to that of the alkali metals . All the alkali metals react with water , with the heavier alkali metals reacting more vigorously than the lighter ones . All of the discovered alkali metals occur in nature as their compounds : in order of abundance , sodium is the most abundant , followed by potassium , lithium , rubidium , caesium , and finally francium , which is very rare due to its extremely high radioactivity ; francium occurs only in the minutest traces in nature as an intermediate step in some obscure side branches of the natural decay chains . Experiments have been conducted to attempt the synthesis of ununennium ( Uue ) , which is likely to be the next member of the group , but they have all met with failure . However , ununennium may not be an alkali metal due to relativistic effects , which are predicted to have a large influence on the chemical properties of superheavy elements ; even if it does turn out to be an alkali metal , it is predicted to have some differences in physical and chemical properties from its lighter homologues . Most alkali metals have many different applications . One of the best - known applications of the pure elements is the use of rubidium and caesium in atomic clocks , of which caesium atomic clocks are the most accurate and precise representation of time . A common application of the compounds of sodium is the sodium - vapour lamp , which emits light very efficiently . Table salt , or sodium chloride , has been used since antiquity . Sodium and potassium are also essential elements , having major biological roles as electrolytes , and although the other alkali metals are not essential , they also have various effects on the body , both beneficial and harmful . Contents ( hide ) 1 Properties 1.1 Physical and chemical 1.1. 1 Lithium 1.1. 2 Francium 1.2 Nuclear 2 Periodic trends 2.1 Atomic and ionic radii 2.2 First ionisation energy 2.3 Reactivity 2.4 Electronegativity 2.5 Melting and boiling points 2.6 Density 3 Compounds 3.1 Hydroxides 3.2 Intermetallic compounds 3.3 Compounds with the group 13 elements 3.4 Compounds with the group 14 elements 3.5 Nitrides and pnictides 3.6 Oxides and chalcogenides 3.7 Halides , hydrides , and pseudohalides 3.8 Coordination complexes 3.9 Ammonia solutions 3.10 Organometallic 3.10. 1 Organolithium 3.10. 2 Heavier alkali metals 4 Extensions 5 Pseudo-alkali metals 5.1 Hydrogen 5.2 Ammonium and derivatives 5.3 Cobaltocene and derivatives 5.4 Thallium 5.5 Copper , silver , and gold 6 History 7 Occurrence 7.1 In the Solar System 7.2 On Earth 8 Production and isolation 9 Applications 10 Biological role and precautions 10.1 Metals 10.2 Ions 11 Notes 12 References Properties ( edit ) Physical and Chemical ( edit ) The physical and chemical properties of the alkali metals can be readily explained by their having an ns valence electron configuration , which results in weak metallic bonding . Hence , all the alkali metals are soft and have low densities , melting and boiling points , as well as heats of sublimation , vaporisation , and dissociation . They all crystallise in the body - centered cubic crystal structure , and have distinctive flame colours because their outer s electron is very easily excited . The ns configuration also results in the alkali metals having very large atomic and ionic radii , as well as very high thermal and electrical conductivity . Their chemistry is dominated by the loss of their lone valence electron in the outermost s - orbital to form the + 1 oxidation state , due to the ease of ionising this electron and the very high second ionisation energy . Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first five members of the group . The chemistry of francium is not well established due to its extreme radioactivity ; thus , the presentation of its properties here is limited . What little is known about francium shows that it is very close in behaviour to caesium , as expected . The physical properties of francium are even sketchier because the bulk element has never been observed ; hence any data that may be found in the literature are certainly speculative extrapolations . Properties of the alkali metals Name Lithium Sodium Potassium Rubidium Caesium Francium Atomic number 11 19 37 55 87 Standard atomic weight ( u ) 6.94 ( 1 ) 22.98976928 ( 2 ) 39.0983 ( 1 ) 85.4678 ( 3 ) 132.9054519 ( 2 ) ( 223 ) Electron configuration ( He ) 2s ( Ne ) 3s ( Ar ) 4s ( Kr ) 5s ( Xe ) 6s ( Rn ) 7s Melting point ( ° C ) 180.54 97.72 63.38 39.31 28.44 ? Boiling point ( ° C ) 1342 883 759 688 671 ? Density ( g cm ) 0.534 0.968 0.89 1.532 1.93 ? Heat of fusion ( kJ mol ) 3.00 2.60 2.321 2.19 2.09 ? Heat of vaporisation ( kJ mol ) 136 97.42 79.1 69 66.1 ? Heat of formation of monatomic gas ( kJ mol ) 162 108 89.6 82.0 78.2 ? Electrical resistivity at 25 ° C ( n Ω cm ) 94.7 48.8 73.9 131 208 ? Atomic radius ( pm ) 152 186 227 248 265 ? Ionic radius of hexacoordinate M ion ( pm ) 76 102 138 152 167 ? First ionisation energy ( kJ mol ) 520.2 495.8 418.8 403.0 375.7 392.8 Electron affinity ( kJ mol ) 59.62 52.87 48.38 46.89 45.51 ? Enthalpy of dissociation of M ( kJ mol ) 106.5 73.6 57.3 45.6 44.77 ? Pauling electronegativity 0.98 0.93 0.82 0.82 0.79 ? Standard electrode potential ( E ° ( M → M ) ; V ) − 3.04 − 2.71 − 2.93 − 2.98 − 3.03 ? Flame test colour Principal emission / absorption wavelength ( nm ) Crimson 670.8 Yellow 589.2 Violet 766.5 Red - violet 780.0 Blue 455.5 ? The alkali metals are more similar to each other than the elements in any other group are to each other . Indeed , the similarity is so great that it is quite difficult to separate potassium , rubidium , and caesium , due to their similar ionic radii ; lithium and sodium are more distinct . For instance , when moving down the table , all known alkali metals show increasing atomic radius , decreasing electronegativity , increasing reactivity , and decreasing melting and boiling points as well as heats of fusion and vaporisation . In general , their densities increase when moving down the table , with the exception that potassium is less dense than sodium . One of the very few properties of the alkali metals that does not display a very smooth trend is their reduction potentials : lithium 's value is anomalous , being more negative than the others . This is because the Li ion has a very high hydration energy in the gas phase : though the lithium ion disrupts the structure of water significantly , causing a higher change in entropy , this high hydration energy is enough to make the reduction potentials indicate it as being the most electropositive alkali metal , despite the difficulty of ionising it in the gas phase . The stable alkali metals are all silver - coloured metals except for caesium , which has a pale golden tint : it is one of only three metals that are clearly coloured ( the other two being copper and gold ) . Additionally , the heavy alkaline earth metals calcium , strontium , and barium , as well as the divalent lanthanides europium and ytterbium , are pale yellow , though the colour is much less prominent than it is for caesium . Their lustre tarnishes rapidly in air due to oxidation . They all crystallise in the body - centered cubic crystal structure , and have distinctive flame colours because their outer s electron is very easily excited . Indeed , these flame test colours are the most common way of identifying them since all their salts with common ions are soluble . Play media Potassium reacts violently with water at room temperature Play media Caesium reacts explosively with water even at low temperatures All the alkali metals are highly reactive and are never found in elemental forms in nature . Because of this , they are usually stored in mineral oil or kerosene ( paraffin oil ) . They react aggressively with the halogens to form the alkali metal halides , which are white ionic crystalline compounds that are all soluble in water except lithium fluoride ( Li F ) . The alkali metals also react with water to form strongly alkaline hydroxides and thus should be handled with great care . The heavier alkali metals react more vigorously than the lighter ones ; for example , when dropped into water , caesium produces a larger explosion than potassium if the same number of moles of each metal is used . The alkali metals have the lowest first ionisation energies in their respective periods of the periodic table because of their low effective nuclear charge and the ability to attain a noble gas configuration by losing just one electron . Not only do the alkali metals react with water , but also with proton donors like alcohols and phenols , gaseous ammonia , and alkynes , the last demonstrating the phenomenal degree of their reactivity . Their great power as reducing agents makes them very useful in liberating other metals from their oxides or halides . The second ionisation energy of all of the alkali metals is very high as it is in a full shell that is also closer to the nucleus ; thus , they almost always lose a single electron , forming cations . The alkalides are an exception : they are unstable compounds which contain alkali metals in a − 1 oxidation state , which is very unusual as before the discovery of the alkalides , the alkali metals were not expected to be able to form anions and were thought to be able to appear in salts only as cations . The alkalide anions have filled s - subshells , which gives them enough stability to exist . All the stable alkali metals except lithium are known to be able to form alkalides , and the alkalides have much theoretical interest due to their unusual stoichiometry and low ionisation potentials . Alkalides are chemically similar to the electrides , which are salts with trapped electrons acting as anions . A particularly striking example of an alkalide is `` inverse sodium hydride '' , H Na ( both ions being complexed ) , as opposed to the usual sodium hydride , Na H : it is unstable in isolation , due to its high energy resulting from the displacement of two electrons from hydrogen to sodium , although several derivatives are predicted to be metastable or stable . In aqueous solution , the alkali metal ions form aqua ions of the formula ( M ( H O ) ) , where n is the solvation number . Their coordination numbers and shapes agree well with those expected from their ionic radii . In aqueous solution the water molecules directly attached to the metal ion are said to belong to the first coordination sphere , also known as the first , or primary , solvation shell . The bond between a water molecule and the metal ion is a dative covalent bond , with the oxygen atom donating both electrons to the bond . Each coordinated water molecule may be attached by hydrogen bonds to other water molecules . The latter are said to reside in the second coordination sphere . However , for the alkali metal cations , the second coordination sphere is not well - defined as the + 1 charge on the cation is not high enough to polarise the water molecules in the primary solvation shell enough for them to form strong hydrogen bonds with those in the second coordination sphere , producing a more stable entity . The solvation number for Li has been experimentally determined to be 4 , forming the tetrahedral ( Li ( H O ) ) : while solvation numbers of 3 to 6 have been found for lithium aqua ions , solvation numbers less than 4 may be the result of the formation of contact ion pairs , and the higher solvation numbers may be interpreted in terms of water molecules that approach ( Li ( H O ) ) through a face of the tetrahedron , though molecular dynamic simulations may indicate the existence of an octahedral hexaaqua ion . There are also probably six water molecules in the primary solvation sphere of the sodium ion , forming the octahedral ( Na ( H O ) ) ion . While it was previously thought that the heavier alkali metals also formed octahedral hexaaqua ions , it has since been found that potassium and rubidium probably form the ( K ( H O ) ) and ( Rb ( H O ) ) ions , which have the square antiprismatic structure , and that caesium forms the 12 - coordinate ( Cs ( H O ) ) ion . Lithium ( edit ) The chemistry of lithium shows several differences from that of the rest of the group as the small Li cation polarises anions and gives its compounds a more covalent character . Lithium and magnesium have a diagonal relationship due to their similar atomic radii , so that they show some similarities . For example , lithium forms a stable nitride , a property common among all the alkaline earth metals ( magnesium 's group ) but unique among the alkali metals . In addition , among their respective groups , only lithium and magnesium form organometallic compounds with significant covalent character ( e.g. Li Me and MgMe ) . Lithium fluoride is the only alkali metal halide that is poorly soluble in water , and lithium hydroxide is the only alkali metal hydroxide that is not deliquescent . Conversely , lithium perchlorate and other lithium salts with large anions that can not be polarised are much more stable than the analogous compounds of the other alkali metals , probably because Li has a high solvation energy . This effect also means that most simple lithium salts are commonly encountered in hydrated form , because the anhydrous forms are extremely hygroscopic : this allows salts like lithium chloride and lithium bromide to be used in dehumidifiers and air - conditioners . Francium ( edit ) Francium is also predicted to show some differences due to its high atomic weight , causing its electrons to travel at considerable fractions of the speed of light and thus making relativistic effects more prominent . In contrast to the trend of decreasing electronegativities and ionisation energies of the alkali metals , francium 's electronegativity and ionisation energy are predicted to be higher than caesium 's due to the relativistic stabilisation of the 7s electrons ; also , its atomic radius is expected to be abnormally low . Thus , contrary to expectation , caesium is the most reactive of the alkali metals , not francium . All known physical properties of francium also deviate from the clear trends going from lithium to caesium , such as the first ionisation energy , electron affinity , and anion polarisability , though due to the paucity of known data about francium many sources give extrapolated values , ignoring that relativistic effects make the trend from lithium to caesium become inapplicable at francium . Some of the few properties of francium that have been predicted taking relativity into account are the electron affinity ( 47.2 kJ / mol ) and the enthalpy of dissociation of the Fr molecule ( 42.1 kJ / mol ) . The CsFr molecule is polarised as Cs Fr , showing that the 7s subshell of francium is much more strongly affected by relativistic effects than the 6s subshell of caesium . Additionally , francium superoxide ( FrO ) is expected to have significant covalent character , unlike the other alkali metal superoxides , because of bonding contributions from the 6p electrons of francium . Nuclear ( edit ) Primordial isotopes of the alkali metals Z Alkali metal Stable Decays unstable : italics odd -- odd isotopes coloured pink lithium -- 7 Li 6 Li 11 sodium -- 23 Na 19 potassium 39 41 40 37 rubidium 85 Rb 87 Rb 55 caesium -- 133 Cs 87 francium -- -- No primordial isotopes ( 223 Fr is a radiogenic nuclide ) Radioactive : K , t 1.25 × 10 years ; Rb , t 4.9 × 10 years ; Fr , t 22.0 min . All the alkali metals have odd atomic numbers ; hence , their isotopes must be either odd -- odd ( both proton and neutron number are odd ) or odd -- even ( proton number is odd , but neutron number is even ) . Odd -- odd nuclei have even mass numbers , whereas odd -- even nuclei have odd mass numbers . Odd -- odd primordial nuclides are rare because most odd -- odd nuclei are highly unstable with respect to beta decay , because the decay products are even -- even , and are therefore more strongly bound , due to nuclear pairing effects . Due to the great rarity of odd -- odd nuclei , almost all the primordial isotopes of the alkali metals are odd -- even ( the exceptions being the light stable isotope lithium - 6 and the long - lived radioisotope potassium - 40 ) . For a given odd mass number , there can be only a single beta - stable nuclide , since there is not a difference in binding energy between even -- odd and odd -- even comparable to that between even -- even and odd -- odd , leaving other nuclides of the same mass number ( isobars ) free to beta decay toward the lowest - mass nuclide . An effect of the instability of an odd number of either type of nucleons is that odd - numbered elements , such as the alkali metals , tend to have fewer stable isotopes than even - numbered elements . Of the 26 monoisotopic elements that have only a single stable isotope , all but one have an odd atomic number and all but one also have an even number of neutrons . Beryllium is the single exception to both rules , due to its low atomic number . All of the alkali metals except lithium and caesium have at least one naturally occurring radioisotope : sodium - 22 and sodium - 24 are trace radioisotopes produced cosmogenically , potassium - 40 and rubidium - 87 have very long half - lives and thus occur naturally , and all isotopes of francium are radioactive . Caesium was also thought to be radioactive in the early 20th century , although it has no naturally occurring radioisotopes . ( Francium had not been discovered yet at that time . ) The natural long - lived radioisotope of potassium , potassium - 40 , makes up about 0.012 % of natural potassium , and thus natural potassium is weakly radioactive . This natural radioactivity became a basis for a mistaken claim of the discovery for element 87 ( the next alkali metal after caesium ) in 1925 . Natural rubidium is similarly slightly radioactive , with 27.83 % being the long - lived radioisotope rubidium - 87 . Caesium - 137 , with a half - life of 30.17 years , is one of the two principal medium - lived fission products , along with strontium - 90 , which are responsible for most of the radioactivity of spent nuclear fuel after several years of cooling , up to several hundred years after use . It constitutes most of the radioactivity still left from the Chernobyl accident . Caesium - 137 undergoes high - energy beta decay and eventually becomes stable barium - 137 . It is a strong emitter of gamma radiation . Caesium - 137 has a very low rate of neutron capture and can not be feasibly disposed of in this way , but must be allowed to decay . Caesium - 137 has been used as a tracer in hydrologic studies , analogous to the use of tritium . Small amounts of caesium - 134 and caesium - 137 were released into the environment during nearly all nuclear weapon tests and some nuclear accidents , most notably the Goiânia accident and the Chernobyl disaster . As of 2005 , caesium - 137 is the principal source of radiation in the zone of alienation around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant . Its chemical properties as one of the alkali metals make it one of most problematic of the short - to - medium - lifetime fission products because it easily moves and spreads in nature due to the high water solubility of its salts , and is taken up by the body , which mistakes it for its essential congeners sodium and potassium . Periodic trends ( edit ) The alkali metals are more similar to each other than the elements in any other group are to each other . For instance , when moving down the table , all known alkali metals show increasing atomic radius , decreasing electronegativity , increasing reactivity , and decreasing melting and boiling points as well as heats of fusion and vaporisation . In general , their densities increase when moving down the table , with the exception that potassium is less dense than sodium . Atomic and ionic radii ( edit ) Main article : Atomic radius Effective nuclear charge on an atomic electron The atomic radii of the alkali metals increase going down the group . Because of the shielding effect , when an atom has more than one electron shell , each electron feels electric repulsion from the other electrons as well as electric attraction from the nucleus . In the alkali metals , the outermost electron only feels a net charge of + 1 , as some of the nuclear charge ( which is equal to the atomic number ) is cancelled by the inner electrons ; the number of inner electrons of an alkali metal is always one less than the nuclear charge . Therefore , the only factor which affects the atomic radius of the alkali metals is the number of electron shells . Since this number increases down the group , the atomic radius must also increase down the group . The ionic radii of the alkali metals are much smaller than their atomic radii . This is because the outermost electron of the alkali metals is in a different electron shell than the inner electrons , and thus when it is removed the resulting atom has one fewer electron shell and is smaller . Additionally , the effective nuclear charge has increased , and thus the electrons are attracted more strongly towards the nucleus and the ionic radius decreases . First ionisation energy ( edit ) Main article : Ionisation energy Periodic trend for ionisation energy : each period begins at a minimum for the alkali metals , and ends at a maximum for the noble gases . The first ionisation energy of an element or molecule is the energy required to move the most loosely held electron from one mole of gaseous atoms of the element or molecules to form one mole of gaseous ions with electric charge + 1 . The factors affecting the first ionisation energy are the nuclear charge , the amount of shielding by the inner electrons and the distance from the most loosely held electron from the nucleus , which is always an outer electron in main group elements . The first two factors change the effective nuclear charge the most loosely held electron feels . Since the outermost electron of alkali metals always feels the same effective nuclear charge ( + 1 ) , the only factor which affects the first ionisation energy is the distance from the outermost electron to the nucleus . Since this distance increases down the group , the outermost electron feels less attraction from the nucleus and thus the first ionisation energy decreases . ( This trend is broken in francium due to the relativistic stabilisation and contraction of the 7s orbital , bringing francium 's valence electron closer to the nucleus than would be expected from non-relativistic calculations . This makes francium 's outermost electron feel more attraction from the nucleus , increasing its first ionisation energy slightly beyond that of caesium . ) The second ionisation energy of the alkali metals is much higher than the first as the second-most loosely held electron is part of a fully filled electron shell and is thus difficult to remove . Reactivity ( edit ) Main article : Reactivity ( chemistry ) The reactivities of the alkali metals increase going down the group . This is the result of a combination of two factors : the first ionisation energies and atomisation energies of the alkali metals . Because the first ionisation energy of the alkali metals decreases down the group , it is easier for the outermost electron to be removed from the atom and participate in chemical reactions , thus increasing reactivity down the group . The atomisation energy measures the strength of the metallic bond of an element , which falls down the group as the atoms increase in radius and thus the metallic bond must increase in length , making the delocalised electrons further away from the attraction of the nuclei of the heavier alkali metals . Adding the atomisation and first ionisation energies gives a quantity closely related to ( but not equal to ) the activation energy of the reaction of an alkali metal with another substance . This quantity decreases going down the group , and so does the activation energy ; thus , chemical reactions can occur faster and the reactivity increases down the group . Electronegativity ( edit ) Main article : Electronegativity The variation of Pauling electronegativity ( y - axis ) as one descends the main groups of the periodic table from the second to the sixth period Electronegativity is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom or a functional group to attract electrons ( or electron density ) towards itself . If the bond between sodium and chlorine in sodium chloride were covalent , the pair of shared electrons would be attracted to the chlorine because the effective nuclear charge on the outer electrons is + 7 in chlorine but is only + 1 in sodium . The electron pair is attracted so close to the chlorine atom that they are practically transferred to the chlorine atom ( an ionic bond ) . However , if the sodium atom was replaced by a lithium atom , the electrons will not be attracted as close to the chlorine atom as before because the lithium atom is smaller , making the electron pair more strongly attracted to the closer effective nuclear charge from lithium . Hence , the larger alkali metal atoms ( further down the group ) will be less electronegative as the bonding pair is less strongly attracted towards them . As mentioned previously , francium is expected to be an exception . Because of the higher electronegativity of lithium , some of its compounds have a more covalent character . For example , lithium iodide ( Li I ) will dissolve in organic solvents , a property of most covalent compounds . Lithium fluoride ( Li F ) is the only alkali halide that is not soluble in water , and lithium hydroxide ( Li OH ) is the only alkali metal hydroxide that is not deliquescent . Melting and boiling points ( edit ) Main articles : Melting point and Boiling point The melting point of a substance is the point where it changes state from solid to liquid while the boiling point of a substance ( in liquid state ) is the point where the vapour pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid and all the liquid changes state to gas . As a metal is heated to its melting point , the metallic bonds keeping the atoms in place weaken so that the atoms can move around , and the metallic bonds eventually break completely at the metal 's boiling point . Therefore , the falling melting and boiling points of the alkali metals indicate that the strength of the metallic bonds of the alkali metals decreases down the group . This is because metal atoms are held together by the electromagnetic attraction from the positive ions to the delocalised electrons . As the atoms increase in size going down the group ( because their atomic radius increases ) , the nuclei of the ions move further away from the delocalised electrons and hence the metallic bond becomes weaker so that the metal can more easily melt and boil , thus lowering the melting and boiling points . ( The increased nuclear charge is not a relevant factor due to the shielding effect . ) Density ( edit ) Main article : Density The alkali metals all have the same crystal structure ( body - centred cubic ) and thus the only relevant factors are the number of atoms that can fit into a certain volume and the mass of one of the atoms , since density is defined as mass per unit volume . The first factor depends on the volume of the atom and thus the atomic radius , which increases going down the group ; thus , the volume of an alkali metal atom increases going down the group . The mass of an alkali metal atom also increases going down the group . Thus , the trend for the densities of the alkali metals depends on their atomic weights and atomic radii ; if figures for these two factors are known , the ratios between the densities of the alkali metals can then be calculated . The resultant trend is that the densities of the alkali metals increase down the table , with an exception at potassium . Due to having the lowest atomic weight of all the elements in their period and having the largest atomic radius for their periods , the alkali metals are the least dense metals in the periodic table . Lithium , sodium , and potassium are the only three metals in the periodic table that are less dense than water : in fact , lithium is the least dense known solid at room temperature . Compounds ( edit ) The alkali metals form complete series of compounds with all usually encountered anions , which well illustrate group trends . These compounds can be described as involving the alkali metals losing electrons to acceptor species and forming monopositive ions . This description is most accurate for alkali halides and becomes less and less accurate as cationic and anionic charge increase , and as the anion becomes larger and more polarisable . For instance , ionic bonding gives way to metallic bonding along the series NaCl , Na O , Na S , Na P , Na As , Na Sb , Na Bi , Na . Hydroxides ( edit ) External video Reactions of the alkali metals with water , conducted by The Open University A reaction of 3 pounds ( ≈ 1.4 kg ) of sodium with water All the alkali metals react vigorously or explosively with cold water , producing an aqueous solution of a strongly basic alkali metal hydroxide and releasing hydrogen gas . This reaction becomes more vigorous going down the group : lithium reacts steadily with effervescence , but sodium and potassium can ignite and rubidium and caesium sink in water and generate hydrogen gas so rapidly that shock waves form in the water that may shatter glass containers . When an alkali metal is dropped into water , it produces an explosion , of which there are two separate stages . The metal reacts with the water first , breaking the hydrogen bonds in the water and producing hydrogen gas ; this takes place faster for the more reactive heavier alkali metals . Second , the heat generated by the first part of the reaction often ignites the hydrogen gas , causing it to burn explosively into the surrounding air . This secondary hydrogen gas explosion produces the visible flame above the bowl of water , lake or other body of water , not the initial reaction of the metal with water ( which tends to happen mostly under water ) . The alkali metal hydroxides are the most basic known hydroxides . Recent research has suggested that the explosive behavior of alkali metals in water is driven by a Coulomb explosion rather than solely by rapid generation of hydrogen itself . All alkali metals melt as a part of the reaction with water . Water molecules ionise the bare metallic surface of the liquid metal , leaving a positively charged metal surface and negatively charged water ions . The attraction between the charged metal and water ions will rapidly increase the surface area , causing an exponential increase of ionisation . When the repulsive forces within the liquid metal surface exceeds the forces of the surface tension , it vigorously explodes . The hydroxides themselves are the most basic hydroxides known , reacting with acids to give salts and with alcohols to give oligomeric alkoxides . They easily react with carbon dioxide to form carbonates or bicarbonates , or with hydrogen sulfide to form sulfides or bisulfides , and may be used to separate thiols from petroleum . They react with amphoteric oxides : for example , the oxides of aluminium , zinc , tin , and lead react with the alkali metal hydroxides to give aluminates , zincates , stannates , and plumbates . Silicon dioxide is acidic , and thus the alkali metal hydroxides can also attack silicate glass . Intermetallic compounds ( edit ) Liquid NaK alloy at room temperature The alkali metals form many intermetallic compounds with each other and the elements from groups 2 to 13 in the periodic table of varying stoichiometries , such as the sodium amalgams with mercury , including Na Hg and Na Hg . Some of these have ionic characteristics : taking the alloys with gold , the most electronegative of metals , as an example , NaAu and KAu are metallic , but RbAu and CsAu are semiconductors . NaK is an alloy of sodium and potassium that is very useful because it is liquid at room temperature , although precautions must be taken due to its extreme reactivity towards water and air . The eutectic mixture melts at − 12.6 ° C. An alloy of 41 % caesium , 47 % sodium , and 12 % potassium has the lowest known melting point of any metal or alloy , − 78 ° C . Compounds with the group 13 elements ( edit ) The intermetallic compounds of the alkali metals with the heavier group 13 elements ( aluminium , gallium , indium , and thallium ) , such as NaTl , are poor conductors or semiconductors , unlike the normal alloys with the preceding elements , implying that the alkali metal involved has lost an electron to the Zintl anions involved . Nevertheless , while the elements in group 14 and beyond tend to form discrete anionic clusters , group 13 elements tend to form polymeric ions with the alkali metal cations located between the giant ionic lattice . For example , NaTl consists of a polymeric anion ( -- Tl -- ) with a covalent diamond cubic structure with Na ions located between the anionic lattice . The larger alkali metals can not fit similarly into an anionic lattice and tend to force the heavier group 13 elements to form anionic clusters . Boron is a special case , being the only nonmetal in group 13 . The alkali metal borides tend to be boron - rich , involving appreciable boron -- boron bonding involving deltahedral structures , and are thermally unstable due to the alkali metals having a very high vapour pressure at elevated temperatures . This makes direct synthesis problematic because the alkali metals do not react with boron below 700 ° C , and thus this must be accomplished in sealed containers with the alkali metal in excess . Furthermore , exceptionally in this group , reactivity with boron decreases down the group : lithium reacts completely at 700 ° C , but sodium at 900 ° C and potassium not until 1200 ° C , and the reaction is instantaneous for lithium but takes hours for potassium . Rubidium and caesium borides have not even been characterised . Various phases are known , such as LiB , NaB , NaB , and KB . Under high pressure the boron -- boron bonding in the lithium borides changes from following Wade 's rules to forming Zintl anions like the rest of group 13 . Compounds with the group 14 elements ( edit ) Side ( left ) and top ( right ) views of the graphite intercalation compound KC Lithium and sodium react with carbon to form acetylides , Li C and Na C , which can also be obtained by reaction of the metal with acetylene . Potassium , rubidium , and caesium react with graphite ; their atoms are intercalated between the hexagonal graphite layers , forming graphite intercalation compounds of formulae MC ( dark grey , almost black ) , MC ( dark grey , almost black ) , MC ( blue ) , MC ( steel blue ) , and MC ( bronze ) ( M = K , Rb , or Cs ) . These compounds are over 200 times more electrically conductive than pure graphite , suggesting that the valence electron of the alkali metal is transferred to the graphite layers ( e.g. M + C − 8 ) . Upon heating of KC , the elimination of potassium atoms results in the conversion in sequence to KC , KC , KC and finally KC . KC is a very strong reducing agent and is pyrophoric and explodes on contact with water . While the larger alkali metals ( K , Rb , and Cs ) initially form MC , the smaller ones initially form MC , and indeed they require reaction of the metals with graphite at high temperatures around 500 ° C to form . Apart from this , the alkali metals are such strong reducing agents that they can even reduce buckminsterfullerene to produce solid fullerides M C ; sodium , potassium , rubidium , and caesium can form fullerides where n = 2 , 3 , 4 , or 6 , and rubidium and caesium additionally can achieve n = 1 . When the alkali metals react with the heavier elements in the carbon group ( silicon , germanium , tin , and lead ) , ionic substances with cage - like structures are formed , such as the silicides M Si ( M = K , Rb , or Cs ) , which contains M and tetrahedral Si 4 − 4 ions . The chemistry of alkali metal germanides , involving the germanide ion Ge and other cluster ( Zintl ) ions such as Ge 2 − 4 , Ge 4 − 9 , Ge 2 − 9 , and ( ( Ge ) ) , is largely analogous to that of the corresponding silicides . Alkali metal stannides are mostly ionic , sometimes with the stannide ion ( Sn ) , and sometimes with more complex Zintl ions such as Sn 4 − 9 , which appears in tetrapotassium nonastannide ( K Sn ) . The monatomic plumbide ion ( Pb ) is unknown , and indeed its formation is predicted to be energetically unfavourable ; alkali metal plumbides have complex Zintl ions , such as Pb 4 − 9 . These alkali metal germanides , stannides , and plumbides may be produced by reducing germanium , tin , and lead with sodium metal in liquid ammonia . Nitrides and pnictides ( edit ) Unit cell ball - and - stick model of lithium nitride . On the basis of size a tetrahedral structure would be expected , but that would be geometrically impossible : thus lithium nitride takes on this unique crystal structure . Lithium , the lightest of the alkali metals , is the only alkali metal which reacts with nitrogen at standard conditions , and its nitride is the only stable alkali metal nitride . Nitrogen is an unreactive gas because breaking the strong triple bond in the dinitrogen molecule ( N ) requires a lot of energy . The formation of an alkali metal nitride would consume the ionisation energy of the alkali metal ( forming M ions ) , the energy required to break the triple bond in N and the formation of N ions , and all the energy released from the formation of an alkali metal nitride is from the lattice energy of the alkali metal nitride . The lattice energy is maximised with small , highly charged ions ; the alkali metals do not form highly charged ions , only forming ions with a charge of + 1 , so only lithium , the smallest alkali metal , can release enough lattice energy to make the reaction with nitrogen exothermic , forming lithium nitride . The reactions of the other alkali metals with nitrogen would not release enough lattice energy and would thus be endothermic , so they do not form nitrides at standard conditions . Sodium nitride ( Na N ) and potassium nitride ( K N ) , while existing , are extremely unstable , being prone to decomposing back into their constituent elements , and can not be produced by reacting the elements with each other at standard conditions . Steric hindrance forbids the existence of rubidium or caesium nitride . However , sodium and potassium form colourless azide salts involving the linear N − 3 anion ; due to the large size of the alkali metal cations , they are thermally stable enough to be able to melt before decomposing . All the alkali metals react readily with phosphorus and arsenic to form phosphides and arsenides with the formula M Pn ( where M represents an alkali metal and Pn represents a pnictogen -- phosphorus , arsenic , antimony , or bismuth ) . This is due to the greater size of the P and As ions , so that less lattice energy needs to be released for the salts to form . These are not the only phosphides and arsenides of the alkali metals : for example , potassium has nine different known phosphides , with formulae K P , K P , K P , KP , K P , K P , K P , KP , and KP . While most metals form arsenides , only the alkali and alkaline earth metals form mostly ionic arsenides . The structure of Na As is complex with unusually short Na -- Na distances of 328 -- 330 pm which are shorter than in sodium metal , and this indicates that even with these electropositive metals the bonding can not be straightforwardly ionic . Other alkali metal arsenides not conforming to the formula M As are known , such as LiAs , which has a metallic lustre and electrical conductivity indicating the presence of some metallic bonding . The antimonides are unstable and reactive as the Sb ion is a strong reducing agent ; reaction of them with acids form the toxic and unstable gas stibine ( SbH ) . Indeed , they have some metallic properties , and the alkali metal antimonides of stoichiometry MSb involve antimony atoms bonded in a spiral Zintl structure . Bismuthides are not even wholly ionic ; they are intermetallic compounds containing partially metallic and partially ionic bonds . Oxides and chalcogenides ( edit ) See also : Alkali metal oxide Rb 9O 2 cluster , composed of two regular octahedra connected to each other by one face Cs 11 O 3 cluster , composed of three regular octahedra where each octahedron is connected to both of the others by one face each . All three octahedra have one edge in common . All the alkali metals react vigorously with oxygen at standard conditions . They form various types of oxides , such as simple oxides ( containing the O ion ) , peroxides ( containing the O2 − 2 ion , where there is a single bond between the two oxygen atoms ) , superoxides ( containing the O − 2 ion ) , and many others . Lithium burns in air to form lithium oxide , but sodium reacts with oxygen to form a mixture of sodium oxide and sodium peroxide . Potassium forms a mixture of potassium peroxide and potassium superoxide , while rubidium and caesium form the superoxide exclusively . Their reactivity increases going down the group : while lithium , sodium and potassium merely burn in air , rubidium and caesium are pyrophoric ( spontaneously catch fire in air ) . The smaller alkali metals tend to polarise the larger anions ( the peroxide and superoxide ) due to their small size . This attracts the electrons in the more complex anions towards one of its constituent oxygen atoms , forming an oxide ion and an oxygen atom . This causes lithium to form the oxide exclusively on reaction with oxygen at room temperature . This effect becomes drastically weaker for the larger sodium and potassium , allowing them to form the less stable peroxides . Rubidium and caesium , at the bottom of the group , are so large that even the least stable superoxides can form . Because the superoxide releases the most energy when formed , the superoxide is preferentially formed for the larger alkali metals where the more complex anions are not polarised . ( The oxides and peroxides for these alkali metals do exist , but do not form upon direct reaction of the metal with oxygen at standard conditions . ) In addition , the small size of the Li and O ions contributes to their forming a stable ionic lattice structure . Under controlled conditions , however , all the alkali metals , with the exception of francium , are known to form their oxides , peroxides , and superoxides . The alkali metal peroxides and superoxides are powerful oxidising agents . Sodium peroxide and potassium superoxide react with carbon dioxide to form the alkali metal carbonate and oxygen gas , which allows them to be used in submarine air purifiers ; the presence of water vapour , naturally present in breath , makes the removal of carbon dioxide by potassium superoxide even more efficient . All the stable alkali metals except lithium can form red ozonides ( MO ) through low - temperature reaction of the powdered anhydrous hydroxide with ozone : the ozonides may be then extracted using liquid ammonia . They slowly decompose at standard conditions to the superoxides and oxygen , and hydrolyse immediately to the hydroxides when in contact with water . Potassium , rubidium , and caesium also form sesquioxides M O , which may be better considered peroxide disuperoxides , ( ( M + ) 4 ( O2 − 2 ) ( O − 2 ) 2 ) . Rubidium and caesium can form a great variety of suboxides with the metals in formal oxidation states below + 1 . Rubidium can form Rb O and Rb O ( copper - coloured ) upon oxidation in air , while caesium forms an immense variety of oxides , such as the ozonide CsO and several brightly coloured suboxides , such as Cs O ( bronze ) , Cs O ( red - violet ) , Cs O ( violet ) , Cs O ( dark green ) , CsO , Cs O , as well as Cs O . The last of these may be heated under vacuum to generate Cs O . The alkali metals can also react analogously with the heavier chalcogens ( sulfur , selenium , tellurium , and polonium ) , and all the alkali metal chalcogenides are known ( with the exception of francium 's ) . Reaction with an excess of the chalcogen can similarly result in lower chalcogenides , with chalcogen ions containing chains of the chalcogen atoms in question . For example , sodium can react with sulfur to form the sulfide ( Na S ) and various polysulfides with the formula Na S ( x from 2 to 6 ) , containing the S2 − x ions . Due to the basicity of the Se and Te ions , the alkali metal selenides and tellurides are alkaline in solution ; when reacted directly with selenium and tellurium , alkali metal polyselenides and polytellurides are formed along with the selenides and tellurides with the Se 2 − x and Te 2 − x ions . They may be obtained directly from the elements in liquid ammonia or when air is not present , and are colourless , water - soluble compounds that air oxidises quickly back to selenium or tellurium . The alkali metal polonides are all ionic compounds containing the Po ion ; they are very chemically stable and can be produced by direct reaction of the elements at around 300 -- 400 ° C . Halides , hydrides , and pseudohalides ( edit ) Main article : Alkali metal halide The alkali metals are among the most electropositive elements on the periodic table and thus tend to bond ionically to the most electronegative elements on the periodic table , the halogens ( fluorine , chlorine , bromine , iodine , and astatine ) , forming salts known as the alkali metal halides . The reaction is very vigorous and can sometimes result in explosions . All twenty stable alkali metal halides are known ; the unstable ones are not known , with the exception of sodium astatide , because of the great instability and rarity of astatine and francium . The most well - known of the twenty is certainly sodium chloride , otherwise known as common salt . All of the stable alkali metal halides have the formula MX where M is an alkali metal and X is a halogen . They are all white ionic crystalline solids that have high melting points . All the alkali metal halides are soluble in water except for lithium fluoride ( LiF ) , which is insoluble in water due to its very high lattice enthalpy . The high lattice enthalpy of lithium fluoride is due to the small sizes of the Li and F ions , causing the electrostatic interactions between them to be strong : a similar effect occurs for magnesium fluoride , consistent with the diagonal relationship between lithium and magnesium . The alkali metals also react similarly with hydrogen to form ionic alkali metal hydrides , where the hydride anion acts as a pseudohalide : these are often used as reducing agents , producing hydrides , complex metal hydrides , or hydrogen gas . Other pseudohalides are also known , notably the cyanides . These are isostructural to the respective halides except for lithium cyanide , indicating that the cyanide ions may rotate freely . Ternary alkali metal halide oxides , such as Na ClO , K BrO ( yellow ) , Na Br O , Na I O , and K Br O , are also known . The polyhalides are rather unstable , although those of rubidium and caesium are greatly stabilised by the feeble polarising power of these extremely large cations . Coordination complexes ( edit ) 18 - crown - 6 coordinating a potassium ion Structure of 2.2. 2 - Cryptand encapsulating a potassium cation ( purple ) . At crystalline state , obtained with an X-ray diffraction . Alkali metal cations do not usually form coordination complexes with simple Lewis bases due to their low charge of just + 1 and their relatively large size ; thus the Li ion forms most complexes and the heavier alkali metal ions form less and less ( though exceptions occur for weak complexes ) . Lithium in particular has a very rich coordination chemistry in which it exhibits coordination numbers from 1 to 12 , although octahedral hexacoordination is its preferred mode . In aqueous solution , the alkali metal ions exist as octahedral hexahydrate complexes ( ( M ( H O ) ) ) ) , with the exception of the lithium ion , which due to its small size forms tetrahedral tetrahydrate complexes ( ( Li ( H O ) ) ) ) ; the alkali metals form these complexes because their ions are attracted by electrostatic forces of attraction to the polar water molecules . Because of this , anhydrous salts containing alkali metal cations are often used as desiccants . Alkali metals also readily form complexes with crown ethers ( e.g. 12 - crown - 4 for Li , 15 - crown - 5 for Na , 18 - crown - 6 for K , and 21 - crown - 7 for Rb ) and cryptands due to electrostatic attraction . Ammonia solutions ( edit ) The alkali metals dissolve slowly in liquid ammonia , forming ammoniacal solutions of solvated M and e , which react to form hydrogen gas and the alkali metal amide ( MNH , where M represents an alkali metal ) : this was first noted by Humphry Davy in 1809 and rediscovered by W. Weyl in 1864 . The process may be speeded up by a catalyst . Similar solutions are formed by the heavy divalent alkaline earth metals calcium , strontium , barium , as well as the divalent lanthanides , europium and ytterbium . The amide salt is quite insoluble and readily precipitates out of solution , leaving intensely coloured ammonia solutions of the alkali metals . In 1907 , Charles Krause identified the colour as being due to the presence of solvated electrons , which contribute to the high electrical conductivity of these solutions . At low concentrations ( below 3 M ) , the solution is dark blue and has ten times the conductivity of aqueous sodium chloride ; at higher concentrations ( above 3 M ) , the solution is copper - coloured and has approximately the conductivity of liquid metals like mercury . In addition to the alkali metal amide salt and solvated electrons , such ammonia solutions also contain the alkali metal cation ( M ) , the neutral alkali metal atom ( M ) , diatomic alkali metal molecules ( M ) and alkali metal anions ( M ) . These are unstable and eventually become the more thermodynamically stable alkali metal amide and hydrogen gas . Solvated electrons are powerful reducing agents and are often used in chemical synthesis . Organometallic ( edit ) Organolithium ( edit ) Main article : Organolithium reagent Structure of the octahedral n - butyllithium hexamer , ( C H Li ) . The aggregates are held together by delocalised covalent bonds between lithium and the terminal carbon of the butyl chain . There is no direct lithium -- lithium bonding in any organolithium compound . Solid phenyllithium forms monoclinic crystals can be described as consisting of dimeric Li ( C H ) subunits . The lithium atoms and the ipso carbons of the phenyl rings form a planar four - membered ring . The plane of the phenyl groups are perpendicular to the plane of this Li C ring . Additional strong intermolecular bonding occurs between these phenyllithium dimers and the π electrons of the phenyl groups in the adjacent dimers , resulting in an infinite polymeric ladder structure . Being the smallest alkali metal , lithium forms the widest variety of and most stable organometallic compounds , which are bonded covalently . Organolithium compounds are electrically non-conducting volatile solids or liquids that melt at low temperatures , and tend to form oligomers with the structure ( RLi ) where R is the organic group . As the electropositive nature of lithium puts most of the charge density of the bond on the carbon atom , effectively creating a carbanion , organolithium compounds are extremely powerful bases and nucleophiles . For use as bases , butyllithiums are often used and are commercially available . An example of an organolithium compound is methyllithium ( ( CH Li ) ) , which exists in tetrameric ( x = 4 , tetrahedral ) and hexameric ( x = 6 , octahedral ) forms . Organolithium compounds , especially n - butyllithium , are useful reagents in organic synthesis , as might be expected given lithium 's diagonal relationship with magnesium , which plays an important role in the Grignard reaction . For example , alkyllithiums and aryllithiums may be used to synthesise aldehydes and ketones by reaction with metal carbonyls . The reaction with nickel tetracarbonyl , for example , proceeds through an unstable acyl nickel carbonyl complex which then undergoes electrophilic substitution to give the desired aldehyde ( using H as the electrophile ) or ketone ( using an alkyl halide ) product . LiR + ( Ni ( CO ) ) − CO → Li ( RCONi ( CO ) ) Li ( RCONi ( CO ) ) H → solvent Li + RCHO + ( ( solvent ) Ni ( CO ) ) Li ( RCONi ( CO ) ) R'Br → solvent Li + R'COR + ( ( solvent ) Ni ( CO ) ) Alkyllithiums and aryllithiums may also react with N , N - disubstituted amides to give aldehydes and ketones , and symmetrical ketones by reacting with carbon monoxide . They thermally decompose to eliminate a β - hydrogen , producing alkenes and lithium hydride : another route is the reaction of ethers with alkyl - and aryllithiums that act as strong bases . In non-polar solvents , aryllithiums react as the carbanions they effectively are , turning carbon dioxide to aromatic carboxylic acids ( ArCO H ) and aryl ketones to tertiary carbinols ( Ar'C ( Ar ) OH ) . Finally , they may be used to synthesise other organometallic compounds through metal - halogen exchange . Heavier alkali metals ( edit ) Unlike the organolithium compounds , the organometallic compounds of the heavier alkali metals are predominantly ionic . The application of organosodium compounds in chemistry is limited in part due to competition from organolithium compounds , which are commercially available and exhibit more convenient reactivity . The principal organosodium compound of commercial importance is sodium cyclopentadienide . Sodium tetraphenylborate can also be classified as an organosodium compound since in the solid state sodium is bound to the aryl groups . Organometallic compounds of the higher alkali metals are even more reactive than organosodium compounds and of limited utility . A notable reagent is Schlosser 's base , a mixture of n - butyllithium and potassium tert - butoxide . This reagent reacts with propene to form the compound allylpotassium ( KCH CHCH ) . cis - 2 - Butene and trans - 2 - butene equilibrate when in contact with alkali metals . Whereas isomerisation is fast with lithium and sodium , it is slow with the heavier alkali metals . The heavier alkali metals also favour the sterically congested conformation . Several crystal structures of organopotassium compounds have been reported , establishing that they , like the sodium compounds , are polymeric . Organosodium , organopotassium , organorubidium and organocaesium compounds are all mostly ionic and are insoluble ( or nearly so ) in nonpolar solvents . Alkyl and aryl derivatives of sodium and potassium tend to react with air . They cause the cleavage of ethers , generating alkoxides . Unlike alkyllithium compounds , alkylsodiums and alkylpotassiums can not be made by reacting the metals with alkyl halides because Wurtz coupling occurs : RM + R'X → R -- R ' + MX As such , they have to be made by reacting alkylmercury compounds with sodium or potassium metal in inert hydrocarbon solvents . While methylsodium forms tetramers like methyllithium , methylpotassium is more ionic and has the nickel arsenide structure with discrete methyl anions and potassium cations . The alkali metals and their hydrides react with acidic hydrocarbons , for example cyclopentadienes and terminal alkynes , to give salts . Liquid ammonia , ether , or hydrocarbon solvents are used , the most common of which being tetrahydrofuran . The most important of these compounds is sodium cyclopentadienide , NaC H , an important precursor to many transition metal cyclopentadienyl derivatives . Similarly , the alkali metals react with cyclooctatetraene in tetrahydrofuran to give alkali metal cyclooctatetraenides ; for example , dipotassium cyclooctatetraenide ( K C H ) is an important precursor to many metal cyclooctatetraenyl derivatives , such as uranocene . The large and very weakly polarising alkali metal cations can stabilise large , aromatic , polarisable radical anions , such as the dark - green sodium naphthalenide , Na ( C H ) , a strong reducing agent . Extensions ( edit ) Empirical ( Na -- Cs , Mg -- Ra ) and predicted ( Fr -- Uhp , Ubn -- Uhh ) atomic radius of the alkali and alkaline earth metals from the third to the ninth period , measured in angstroms Although francium is the heaviest alkali metal that has been discovered , there has been some theoretical work predicting the physical and chemical characteristics of the hypothetical heavier alkali metals . Being the first period 8 element , the undiscovered element ununennium ( element 119 ) is predicted to be the next alkali metal after francium and behave much like their lighter congeners ; however , it is also predicted to differ from the lighter alkali metals in some properties . Its chemistry is predicted to be closer to that of potassium or rubidium instead of caesium or francium . This is unusual as periodic trends , ignoring relativistic effects would predict ununennium to be even more reactive than caesium and francium . This lowered reactivity is due to the relativistic stabilisation of ununennium 's valence electron , increasing ununennium 's first ionisation energy and decreasing the metallic and ionic radii ; this effect is already seen for francium . This assumes that ununennium will behave chemically as an alkali metal , which , although likely , may not be true due to relativistic effects . The relativistic stabilisation of the 8s orbital also increases ununennium 's electron affinity far beyond that of caesium and francium ; indeed , ununennium is expected to have an electron affinity higher than all the alkali metals lighter than it . Relativistic effects also cause a very large drop in the polarisability of ununennium . On the other hand , ununennium is predicted to continue the trend of melting points decreasing going down the group , being expected to have a melting point between 0 ° C and 30 ° C . Empirical ( Na -- Fr ) and predicted ( Uue ) electron affinity of the alkali metals from the third to the eighth period , measured in electron volts The stabilisation of ununennium 's valence electron and thus the contraction of the 8s orbital cause its atomic radius to be lowered to 240 pm , very close to that of rubidium ( 247 pm ) , so that the chemistry of ununennium in the + 1 oxidation state should be more similar to the chemistry of rubidium than to that of francium . On the other hand , the ionic radius of the Uue ion is predicted to be larger than that of Rb , because the 7p orbitals are destabilised and are thus larger than the p - orbitals of the lower shells . Ununennium may also show the + 3 oxidation state , which is not seen in any other alkali metal , in addition to the + 1 oxidation state that is characteristic of the other alkali metals and is also the main oxidation state of all the known alkali metals : this is because of the destabilisation and expansion of the 7p spinor , causing its outermost electrons to have a lower ionisation energy than what would otherwise be expected . Indeed , many ununennium compounds are expected to have a large covalent character , due to the involvement of the 7p electrons in the bonding . Empirical ( Na -- Fr , Mg -- Ra ) and predicted ( Uue -- Uhp , Ubn -- Uhh ) ionisation energy of the alkali and alkaline earth metals from the third to the ninth period , measured in electron volts Not as much work has been done predicting the properties of the alkali metals beyond ununennium . Although a simple extrapolation of the periodic table would put element 169 , unhexennium , under ununennium , Dirac - Fock calculations predict that the next alkali metal after ununennium may actually be element 165 , unhexpentium , which is predicted to have the electron configuration ( Og ) 5 g 6f 7d 8s 8p 9s . Furthermore , this element would be intermediate in properties between an alkali metal and a group 11 element , and while its physical and atomic properties would be closer to the former , its chemistry may be closer to that of the latter . Further calculations show that unhexpentium would follow the trend of increasing ionisation energy beyond caesium , having an ionisation energy comparable to that of sodium , and that it should also continue the trend of decreasing atomic radii beyond caesium , having an atomic radius comparable to that of potassium . However , the 7d electrons of unhexpentium may also be able to participate in chemical reactions along with the 9s electron , possibly allowing oxidation states beyond + 1 , whence the likely transition metal behaviour of unhexpentium . Due to the alkali and alkaline earth metals both being s - block elements , these predictions for the trends and properties of ununennium and unhexpentium also mostly hold quite similarly for the corresponding alkaline earth metals unbinilium ( Ubn ) and unhexhexium ( Uhh ) . The probable properties of further alkali metals beyond unhexpentium have not been explored yet as of 2015 ; in fact , it is suspected that they may not be able to exist . In periods 8 and above of the periodic table , relativistic and shell - structure effects become so strong that extrapolations from lighter congeners become completely inaccurate . In addition , the relativistic and shell - structure effects ( which stabilise the s - orbitals and destabilise and expand the d - , f - , and g - orbitals of higher shells ) have opposite effects , causing even larger difference between relativistic and non-relativistic calculations of the properties of elements with such high atomic numbers . Interest in the chemical properties of ununennium and unhexpentium stems from the fact that both elements are located close to the expected locations of islands of stabilities , centered at elements 122 ( Ubb ) and 164 ( Uhq ) . Pseudo-alkali metals ( edit ) Many other substances are similar to the alkali metals in their tendency to form monopositive cations . Analogously to the pseudohalogens , they have sometimes been called `` pseudo-alkali metals '' . These substances include some elements and many more polyatomic ions ; the polyatomic ions are especially similar to the alkali metals in their large size and weak polarising power . Hydrogen ( edit ) The element hydrogen , with one electron per neutral atom , is usually placed at the top of Group 1 of the periodic table for convenience , but hydrogen is not normally considered to be an alkali metal ; when it is considered to be an alkali metal , it is because of its atomic properties and not its chemical properties . Under typical conditions , pure hydrogen exists as a diatomic gas consisting of two atoms per molecule ( H ) ; however , the alkali metals only form diatomic molecules ( such as dilithium , Li ) at high temperatures , when they are in the gaseous state . Hydrogen , like the alkali metals , has one valence electron and reacts easily with the halogens , but the similarities end there because of the small size of a bare proton H compared to the alkali metal cations . Its placement above lithium is primarily due to its electron configuration . It is sometimes placed above carbon due to their similar electronegativities or fluorine due to their similar chemical properties . The first ionisation energy of hydrogen ( 1312.0 kJ / mol ) is much higher than that of the alkali metals . As only one additional electron is required to fill in the outermost shell of the hydrogen atom , hydrogen often behaves like a halogen , forming the negative hydride ion , and is very occasionally considered to be a halogen on that basis . ( The alkali metals can also form negative ions , known as alkalides , but these are little more than laboratory curiosities , being unstable . ) An argument against this placement is that formation of hydride from hydrogen is endothermic , unlike the exothermic formation of halides from halogens . The radius of the H anion also does not fit the trend of increasing size going down the halogens : indeed , H is very diffuse because its single proton can not easily control both electrons . It was expected for some time that liquid hydrogen would show metallic properties ; while this has been shown to not be the case , under extremely high pressures , such as those found at the cores of Jupiter and Saturn , hydrogen does become metallic and behaves like an alkali metal ; in this phase , it is known as metallic hydrogen . The electrical resistivity of liquid metallic hydrogen at 3000 K is approximately equal to that of liquid rubidium and caesium at 2000 K at the respective pressures when they undergo a nonmetal - to - metal transition . The 1s electron configuration of hydrogen , while superficially similar to that of the alkali metals ( ns ) , is unique because there is no 1p subshell . Hence it can lose an electron to form the hydron H , or gain one to form the hydride ion H. In the former case it resembles superficially the alkali metals ; in the latter case , the halogens , but the differences due to the lack of a 1p subshell are important enough that neither group fits the properties of hydrogen well . Group 14 is also a good fit in terms of thermodynamic properties such as ionisation energy and electron affinity , but makes chemical nonsense because hydrogen can not be tetravalent . Thus none of the three placements are entirely satisfactory , although group 1 is the most common placement ( if one is chosen ) because the hydron is by far the most important of all monatomic hydrogen species , being the foundation of acid - base chemistry . As an example of hydrogen 's unorthodox properties stemming from its unusual electron configuration and small size , the hydrogen ion is very small ( radius around 150 fm compared to the 50 -- 220 pm size of most other atoms and ions ) and so is nonexistent in condensed systems other than in association with other atoms or molecules . Indeed , transferring of protons between chemicals is the basis of acid - base chemistry . Also unique is hydrogen 's ability to form hydrogen bonds , which are an effect of charge - transfer , electrostatic , and electron correlative contributing phenomena . While analogous lithium bonds are also known , they are mostly electrostatic . Nevertheless , hydrogen can take on the same structural role as the alkali metals in some molecular crystals , and has a close relationship with the lightest alkali metals ( especially lithium ) . Ammonium and derivatives ( edit ) Similarly to the alkali metals , ammonia reacts with hydrochloric acid to form the salt ammonium chloride . The ammonium ion ( NH + 4 ) has very similar properties to the heavier alkali metals , acting as an alkali metal intermediate between potassium and rubidium , and is often considered a close relative . For example , most alkali metal salts are soluble in water , a property which ammonium salts share . Ammonium is expected to behave stably as a metal ( NH + 4 ions in a sea of delocalised electrons ) at very high pressures ( though less than the typical pressure where transitions from insulating to metallic behaviour occur around , 100 GPa ) , and could possibly occur inside the ice giants Uranus and Neptune , which may have significant impacts on their interior magnetic fields . It has been estimated that the transition from a mixture of ammonia and dihydrogen molecules to metallic ammonium may occur at pressures just below 25 GPa . Under standard conditions , ammonium can form a metallic amalgam with mercury . Other `` pseudo-alkali metals '' include the alkylammonium cations , in which some of the hydrogen atoms in the ammonium cation are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups . In particular , the quaternary ammonium cations ( NR + 4 ) are very useful since they are permanently charged , and they are often used as an alternative to the expensive Cs to stabilise very large and very easily polarisable anions such as HI − 2 . Tetraalkylammonium hydroxides , like alkali metal hydroxides , are very strong bases that react with atmospheric carbon dioxide to form carbonates . Furthermore , the nitrogen atom may be replaced by a phosphorus , arsenic , or antimony atom ( the heavier nonmetallic pnictogens ) , creating a phosphonium ( PH + 4 ) or arsonium ( AsH + 4 ) cation that can itself be substituted similarly ; while stibonium ( SbH + 4 ) itself is not known , some of its organic derivatives are characterised . Cobaltocene and derivatives ( edit ) Cobaltocene , Co ( C H ) , is a metallocene , the cobalt analogue of ferrocene . It is a dark purple solid . Cobaltocene has 19 valence electrons , one more than usually found in organotransition metal complexes , such as its very stable relative , ferrocene , in accordance with the 18 - electron rule . This additional electron occupies an orbital that is antibonding with respect to the Co -- C bonds . Consequently , many chemical reactions of Co ( C H ) are characterized by its tendency to lose this `` extra '' electron , yielding a very stable 18 - electron cation known as cobaltocenium . Many cobaltocenium salts coprecipitate with caesium salts , and cobaltocenium hydroxide is a strong base that absorbs atmospheric carbon dioxide to form cobaltocenium carbonate . Like the alkali metals , cobaltocene is a strong reducing agent , and decamethylcobaltocene is stronger still due to the combined inductive effect of the ten methyl groups . Cobalt may be substituted by its heavier congener rhodium to give rhodocene , an even stronger reducing agent . Iridocene ( involving iridium ) would presumably be still more potent , but is not very well - studied due to its instability . Thallium ( edit ) Very pure thallium pieces in a glass ampoule , stored under argon gas Thallium is the heaviest stable element in group 13 of the periodic table . At the bottom of the periodic table , the inert pair effect is quite strong , because of the relativistic stabilisation of the 6s orbital and the decreasing bond energy as the atoms increase in size so that the amount of energy released in forming two more bonds is not worth the high ionisation energies of the 6s electrons . It displays the + 1 oxidation state that all the known alkali metals display , and thallium compounds with thallium in its + 1 oxidation state closely resemble the corresponding potassium or silver compounds stoichiometrically due to the similar ionic radii of the Tl ( 164 pm ) , K ( 152 pm ) and Ag ( 129 pm ) ions . It was sometimes considered an alkali metal in continental Europe ( but not in England ) in the years immediately following its discovery , and was placed just after caesium as the sixth alkali metal in Dmitri Mendeleev 's 1869 periodic table and Julius Lothar Meyer 's 1868 periodic table . ( Mendeleev 's 1871 periodic table and Meyer 's 1870 periodic table put thallium in its current position in the boron group and left the space below caesium blank . ) However , thallium also displays the oxidation state + 3 , which no known alkali metal displays ( although ununennium , the undiscovered seventh alkali metal , is predicted to possibly display the + 3 oxidation state ) . The sixth alkali metal is now considered to be francium . While Tl is stabilised by the inert pair effect , this inert pair of 6s electrons is still able to participate chemically , so that these electrons are stereochemically active in aqueous solution . Additionally , the thallium halides ( except TlF ) are quite insoluble in water , and TlI has an unusual structure because of the presence of the stereochemically active inert pair in thallium . Copper , silver , and gold ( edit ) Copper Silver Gold The group 11 metals ( or coinage metals ) , copper , silver , and gold , are typically categorised as transition metals given they can form ions with incomplete d - shells . Physically , they have the relatively low melting points and high electronegativity values associated with post-transition metals . `` The filled d subshell and free s electron of Cu , Ag , and Au contribute to their high electrical and thermal conductivity . Transition metals to the left of group 11 experience interactions between s electrons and the partially filled d subshell that lower electron mobility . '' Chemically , the group 11 metals behave like main - group metals in their + 1 valence states , and are hence somewhat related to the alkali metals : this is one reason for their previously being labelled as `` group IB '' , paralleling the alkali metals ' `` group IA '' . They are occasionally classified as post-transition metals . Their spectra are analogous to those of the alkali metals . Their monopositive ions are paramagnetic and contribute no colour to their salts , like those of the alkali metals . In Mendeleev 's 1871 periodic table , copper , silver , and gold are listed twice , once under group VIII ( with the iron triad and platinum group metals ) , and once under group IB . Group IB was nonetheless parenthesised to note that it was tentative . Mendeleev 's main criterion for group assignment was the maximum oxidation state of an element : on that basis , the group 11 elements could not be classified in group IB , due to the existence of copper ( II ) and gold ( III ) compounds being known at that time . However , eliminating group IB would make group I the only main group ( group VIII was labelled a transition group ) to lack an A -- B bifurcation . Soon afterward , a majority of chemists chose to classify these elements in group IB and remove them from group VIII for the resulting symmetry : this was the predominant classification until the rise of the modern medium - long 18 - column periodic table , which separated the alkali metals and group 11 metals . The coinage metals were traditionally regarded as a subdivision of the alkali metal group , due to them sharing the characteristic s electron configuration of the alkali metals ( group 1 : p s ; group 11 : d s ) . However , the similarities are largely confined to the stoichiometries of the + 1 compounds of both groups , and not their chemical properties . This stems from the filled d subshell providing a much weaker shielding effect on the outermost s electron than the filled p subshell , so that the coinage metals have much higher first ionisation energies and smaller ionic radii than do the corresponding alkali metals . Furthermore , they have higher melting points , hardnesses , and densities , and lower reactivities and solubilities in liquid ammonia , as well as having more covalent character in their compounds . Finally , the alkali metals are at the top of the electrochemical series , whereas the coinage metals are almost at the very bottom . The coinage metals ' filled d shell is much more easily disrupted than the alkali metals ' filled p shell , so that the second and third ionisation energies are lower , enabling higher oxidation states than + 1 and a richer coordination chemistry , thus giving the group 11 metals clear transition metal character . Particularly noteworthy is gold forming ionic compounds with rubidium and caesium , in which it forms the auride ion ( Au ) which also occurs in solvated form in liquid ammonia solution : here gold behaves as a pseudohalogen because its 5d 6s configuration has one electron less than the quasi-closed shell 5d 6s configuration of mercury . History ( edit ) Petalite , the lithium mineral from which lithium was first isolated Sodium compounds have been known since ancient times ; salt ( sodium chloride ) has been an important commodity in human activities , as testified by the English word salary , referring to salarium , money paid to Roman soldiers for the purchase of salt . While potash has been used since ancient times , it was not understood for most of its history to be a fundamentally different substance from sodium mineral salts . Georg Ernst Stahl obtained experimental evidence which led him to suggest the fundamental difference of sodium and potassium salts in 1702 , and Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau was able to prove this difference in 1736 . The exact chemical composition of potassium and sodium compounds , and the status as chemical element of potassium and sodium , was not known then , and thus Antoine Lavoisier did include the alkali in his list of chemical elements in 1789 . Pure potassium was first isolated in 1807 in England by Sir Humphry Davy , who derived it from caustic potash ( KOH , potassium hydroxide ) by the use of electrolysis of the molten salt with the newly invented voltaic pile . Previous attempts at electrolysis of the aqueous salt were unsuccessful due to potassium 's extreme reactivity . Potassium was the first metal that was isolated by electrolysis . Later that same year , Davy reported extraction of sodium from the similar substance caustic soda ( NaOH , lye ) by a similar technique , demonstrating the elements , and thus the salts , to be different . Later that year , the first pieces of pure molten sodium metal were similarly prepared by Humphry Davy through the electrolysis of molten caustic soda ( now called sodium hydroxide ) . Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner was among the first to notice similarities between what are now known as the alkali metals . Petalite ( Li Al Si O ) was discovered in 1800 by the Brazilian chemist José Bonifácio de Andrada in a mine on the island of Utö , Sweden . However , it was not until 1817 that Johan August Arfwedson , then working in the laboratory of the chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius , detected the presence of a new element while analysing petalite ore . This new element was noted by him to form compounds similar to those of sodium and potassium , though its carbonate and hydroxide were less soluble in water and more alkaline than the other alkali metals . Berzelius gave the unknown material the name `` lithion / lithina '' , from the Greek word λιθoς ( transliterated as lithos , meaning `` stone '' ) , to reflect its discovery in a solid mineral , as opposed to potassium , which had been discovered in plant ashes , and sodium , which was known partly for its high abundance in animal blood . He named the metal inside the material `` lithium '' . Lithium , sodium , and potassium were part of the discovery of periodicity , as they are among a series of triads of elements in the same group that were noted by Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner in 1850 as having similar properties . Lepidolite , the rubidium mineral from which rubidium was first isolated Rubidium and caesium were the first elements to be discovered using the spectroscope , invented in 1859 by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff . The next year , they discovered caesium in the mineral water from Bad Dürkheim , Germany . Their discovery of rubidium came the following year in Heidelberg , Germany , finding it in the mineral lepidolite . The names of rubidium and caesium come from the most prominent lines in their emission spectra : a bright red line for rubidium ( from the Latin word rubidus , meaning dark red or bright red ) , and a sky - blue line for caesium ( derived from the Latin word caesius , meaning sky - blue ) . Around 1865 John Newlands produced a series of papers where he listed the elements in order of increasing atomic weight and similar physical and chemical properties that recurred at intervals of eight ; he likened such periodicity to the octaves of music , where notes an octave apart have similar musical functions . His version put all the alkali metals then known ( lithium to caesium ) , as well as copper , silver , and thallium ( which show the + 1 oxidation state characteristic of the alkali metals ) , together into a group . His table placed hydrogen with the halogens . Mendeleev 's periodic system proposed in 1871 showing hydrogen and the alkali metals as part of his group I , along with copper , silver , and gold After 1869 , Dmitri Mendeleev proposed his periodic table placing lithium at the top of a group with sodium , potassium , rubidium , caesium , and thallium . Two years later , Mendeleev revised his table , placing hydrogen in group 1 above lithium , and also moving thallium to the boron group . In this 1871 version , copper , silver , and gold were placed twice , once as part of group IB , and once as part of a `` group VIII '' encompassing today 's groups 8 to 11 . After the introduction of the 18 - column table , the group IB elements were moved to their current position in the d - block , while alkali metals were left in group IA . Later the group 's name was changed to group 1 in 1988 . The trivial name `` alkali metals '' comes from the fact that the hydroxides of the group 1 elements are all strong alkalis when dissolved in water . There were at least four erroneous and incomplete discoveries before Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute in Paris , France discovered francium in 1939 by purifying a sample of actinium - 227 , which had been reported to have a decay energy of 220 keV . However , Perey noticed decay particles with an energy level below 80 keV . Perey thought this decay activity might have been caused by a previously unidentified decay product , one that was separated during purification , but emerged again out of the pure actinium - 227 . Various tests eliminated the possibility of the unknown element being thorium , radium , lead , bismuth , or thallium . The new product exhibited chemical properties of an alkali metal ( such as coprecipitating with caesium salts ) , which led Perey to believe that it was element 87 , caused by the alpha decay of actinium - 227 . Perey then attempted to determine the proportion of beta decay to alpha decay in actinium - 227 . Her first test put the alpha branching at 0.6 % , a figure that she later revised to 1 % . 227 89 Ac α ( 1.38 % ) → 21.77 y 223 87 Fr β → 22 min 223 88 Ra α → 11.4 d The next element below francium ( eka - francium ) in the periodic table would be ununennium ( Uue ) , element 119 . The synthesis of ununennium was first attempted in 1985 by bombarding a target of einsteinium - 254 with calcium - 48 ions at the superHILAC accelerator at Berkeley , California . No atoms were identified , leading to a limiting yield of 300 nb . 254 99 Es + 48 20 Ca → 302 119 Uue * → no atoms It is highly unlikely that this reaction will be able to create any atoms of ununennium in the near future , given the extremely difficult task of making sufficient amounts of einsteinium - 254 , which is favoured for production of ultraheavy elements because of its large mass , relatively long half - life of 270 days , and availability in significant amounts of several micrograms , to make a large enough target to increase the sensitivity of the experiment to the required level ; einsteinium has not been found in nature and has only been produced in laboratories , and in quantities smaller than those needed for effective synthesis of ultraheavy elements . However , given that ununennium is only the first period 8 element on the extended periodic table , it may well be discovered in the near future through other reactions , and indeed attempts to synthesise it in 2019 and 2020 are currently planned at laboratories at Japan and Russia . Currently , none of the period 8 elements have been discovered yet , and it is also possible , due to drip instabilities , that only the lower period 8 elements , up to around element 128 , are physically possible . No attempts at synthesis have been made for any heavier alkali metals , such as unhexpentium , due to their extremely high atomic number : they would require new , more powerful technology to make . Occurrence ( edit ) In the solar system ( edit ) Estimated abundances of the chemical elements in the Solar system . Hydrogen and helium are most common , from the Big Bang . The next three elements ( lithium , beryllium , and boron ) are rare because they are poorly synthesised in the Big Bang and also in stars . The two general trends in the remaining stellar - produced elements are : ( 1 ) an alternation of abundance in elements as they have even or odd atomic numbers , and ( 2 ) a general decrease in abundance , as elements become heavier . Iron is especially common because it represents the minimum energy nuclide that can be made by fusion of helium in supernovae . The Oddo -- Harkins rule holds that elements with even atomic numbers are more common that those with odd atomic numbers , with the exception of hydrogen . This rule argues that elements with odd atomic numbers have one unpaired proton and are more likely to capture another , thus increasing their atomic number . In elements with even atomic numbers , protons are paired , with each member of the pair offsetting the spin of the other , enhancing stability . All the alkali metals have odd atomic numbers and they are not as common as the elements with even atomic numbers adjacent to them ( the noble gases and the alkaline earth metals ) in the Solar System . The heavier alkali metals are also less abundant than the lighter ones as the alkali metals from rubidium onward can only be synthesised in supernovae and not in stellar nucleosynthesis . Lithium is also much less abundant than sodium and potassium as it is poorly synthesised in both Big Bang nucleosynthesis and in stars : the Big Bang could only produce trace quantities of lithium , beryllium and boron due to the absence of a stable nucleus with 5 or 8 nucleons , and stellar nucleosynthesis could only pass this bottleneck by the triple - alpha process , fusing three helium nuclei to form carbon , and skipping over those three elements . On Earth ( edit ) Spodumene , an important lithium mineral The Earth formed from the same cloud of matter that formed the Sun , but the planets acquired different compositions during the formation and evolution of the solar system . In turn , the natural history of the Earth caused parts of this planet to have differing concentrations of the elements . The mass of the Earth is approximately 5.98 × 10 kg . It is composed mostly of iron ( 32.1 % ) , oxygen ( 30.1 % ) , silicon ( 15.1 % ) , magnesium ( 13.9 % ) , sulfur ( 2.9 % ) , nickel ( 1.8 % ) , calcium ( 1.5 % ) , and aluminium ( 1.4 % ) ; with the remaining 1.2 % consisting of trace amounts of other elements . Due to planetary differentiation , the core region is believed to be primarily composed of iron ( 88.8 % ) , with smaller amounts of nickel ( 5.8 % ) , sulfur ( 4.5 % ) , and less than 1 % trace elements . The alkali metals , due to their high reactivity , do not occur naturally in pure form in nature . They are lithophiles and therefore remain close to the Earth 's surface because they combine readily with oxygen and so associate strongly with silica , forming relatively low - density minerals that do not sink down into the Earth 's core . Potassium , rubidium and caesium are also incompatible elements due to their large ionic radii . Sodium and potassium are very abundant in earth , both being among the ten most common elements in Earth 's crust ; sodium makes up approximately 2.6 % of the Earth 's crust measured by weight , making it the sixth most abundant element overall and the most abundant alkali metal . Potassium makes up approximately 1.5 % of the Earth 's crust and is the seventh most abundant element . Sodium is found in many different minerals , of which the most common is ordinary salt ( sodium chloride ) , which occurs in vast quantities dissolved in seawater . Other solid deposits include halite , amphibole , cryolite , nitratine , and zeolite . Many of these solid deposits occur as a result of ancient seas evaporating , which still occurs now in places such as Utah 's Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea . Despite their near - equal abundance in Earth 's crust , sodium is far more common than potassium in the ocean , both because potassium 's larger size makes its salts less soluble , and because potassium is bound by silicates in soil and what potassium leaches is absorbed far more readily by plant life than sodium . Despite its chemical similarity , lithium typically does not occur together with sodium or potassium due to its smaller size . Due to its relatively low reactivity , it can be found in seawater in large amounts ; it is estimated that seawater is approximately 0.14 to 0.25 parts per million ( ppm ) or 25 micromolar . Its diagonal relationship with magnesium often allows it to replace magnesium in ferromagnesium minerals , where its crustal concentration is about 18 ppm , comparable to that of gallium and niobium . Commercially , the most important lithium mineral is spodumene , which occurs in large deposits worldwide . Rubidium is approximately as abundant as zinc and more abundant than copper . It occurs naturally in the minerals leucite , pollucite , carnallite , zinnwaldite , and lepidolite , although none of these contain only rubidium and no other alkali metals . Caesium is more abundant than some commonly known elements , such as antimony , cadmium , tin , and tungsten , but is much less abundant than rubidium . Francium - 223 , the only naturally occurring isotope of francium , is the product of the alpha decay of actinium - 227 and can be found in trace amounts in uranium minerals . In a given sample of uranium , there is estimated to be only one francium atom for every 10 uranium atoms . It has been calculated that there is at most 30 g of francium in the earth 's crust at any time , due to its extremely short half - life of 22 minutes . Production and isolation ( edit ) Salt flats are rich in lithium , such as these in Salar del Hombre Muerto , Argentina ( left ) and Uyuni , Bolivia ( right ) . The lithium - rich brine is concentrated by pumping it into solar evaporation ponds ( visible in Argentina image ) . The production of pure alkali metals is somewhat complicated due to their extreme reactivity with commonly used substances , such as water . From their silicate ores , all the stable alkali metals may be obtained the same way : sulfuric acid is first used to dissolve the desired alkali metal ion and aluminium ( III ) ions from the ore ( leaching ) , whereupon basic precipitation removes aluminium ions from the mixture by precipitating it as the hydroxide . The remaining insoluble alkali metal carbonate is then precipitated selectively ; the salt is then dissolved in hydrochloric acid to produce the chloride . The result is then left to evaporate and the alkali metal can then be isolated . Lithium and sodium are typically isolated through electrolysis from their liquid chlorides , with calcium chloride typically added to lower the melting point of the mixture . The heavier alkali metals , however , is more typically isolated in a different way , where a reducing agent ( typically sodium for potassium and magnesium or calcium for the heaviest alkali metals ) is used to reduce the alkali metal chloride . The liquid or gaseous product ( the alkali metal ) then undergoes fractional distillation for purification . Lithium salts have to be extracted from the water of mineral springs , brine pools , and brine deposits . The metal is produced electrolytically from a mixture of fused lithium chloride and potassium chloride . Sodium occurs mostly in seawater and dried seabed , but is now produced through electrolysis of sodium chloride by lowering the melting point of the substance to below 700 ° C through the use of a Downs cell . Extremely pure sodium can be produced through the thermal decomposition of sodium azide . Potassium occurs in many minerals , such as sylvite ( potassium chloride ) . Previously , potassium was generally made from the electrolysis of potassium chloride or potassium hydroxide , found extensively in places such as Canada , Russia , Belarus , Germany , Israel , United States , and Jordan , in a method similar to how sodium was produced in the late 1800s and early 1900s . It can also be produced from seawater . However , these methods are problematic because the potassium metal tends to dissolve in its molten chloride and vaporises significantly at the operating temperatures , potentially forming the explosive superoxide . As a result , pure potassium metal is now produced by reducing molten potassium chloride with sodium metal at 850 ° C . Na ( g ) + KCl ( l ) ⇌ NaCl ( l ) + K ( g ) Although sodium is less reactive than potassium , this process works because at such high temperatures potassium is more volatile than sodium and can easily be distilled off , so that the equilibrium shifts towards the right to produce more potassium gas and proceeds almost to completion . This sample of uraninite contains about 100,000 atoms ( 3.3 × 10 g ) of francium - 223 at any given time . For several years in the 1950s and 1960s , a by - product of the potassium production called Alkarb was a main source for rubidium . Alkarb contained 21 % rubidium while the rest was potassium and a small fraction of caesium . Today the largest producers of caesium , for example the Tanco Mine in Manitoba , Canada , produce rubidium as by - product from pollucite . Today , a common method for separating rubidium from potassium and caesium is the fractional crystallisation of a rubidium and caesium alum ( Cs , Rb ) Al ( SO ) 12 H O , which yields pure rubidium alum after approximately 30 recrystallisations . The limited applications and the lack of a mineral rich in rubidium limit the production of rubidium compounds to 2 to 4 tonnes per year . Caesium , however , is not produced from the above reaction . Instead , the mining of pollucite ore is the main method of obtaining pure caesium , extracted from the ore mainly by three methods : acid digestion , alkaline decomposition , and direct reduction . Both metals are produced as by - products of lithium production : after 1958 , when interest in lithium 's thermonuclear properties increased sharply , the production of rubidium and caesium also increased correspondingly . Pure rubidium and caesium metals are produced by reducing their chlorides with calcium metal at 750 ° C and low pressure . As a result of its extreme rarity in nature , most francium is synthesised in the nuclear reaction Au + O → Fr + 5 n , yielding francium - 209 , francium - 210 , and francium - 211 . The greatest quantity of francium ever assembled to date is about 300,000 neutral atoms , which were synthesised using the nuclear reaction given above . When the only natural isotope francium - 223 is specifically required , it is produced as the alpha daughter of actinium - 227 , itself produced synthetically from the neutron irradiation of natural radium - 226 , one of the daughters of natural uranium - 238 . Applications ( edit ) FOCS 1 , a caesium atomic clock in Switzerland Lithium , sodium , and potassium have many applications , while rubidium and caesium are very useful in academic contexts but do not have many applications yet . Lithium is often used in batteries , and lithium oxide can help process silica . Lithium stearate is a thickener and can be used to make lubricating greases ; it is produced from lithium hydroxide , which is also used to absorb carbon dioxide in space capsules and submarines . Lithium chloride is used as a brazing alloy for aluminium parts . Metallic lithium is used in alloys with magnesium and aluminium to give very tough and light alloys . Sodium compounds have many applications , the most well - known being sodium chloride as table salt . Sodium salts of fatty acids are used as soap . Pure sodium metal also has many applications , including use in sodium - vapour lamps , which produce very efficient light compared to other types of lighting , and can help smooth the surface of other metals . Being a strong reducing agent , it is often used to reduce many other metals , such as titanium and zirconium , from their chlorides . Furthermore , it is very useful as a heat - exchange liquid in fast breeder nuclear reactors due to its low melting point , viscosity , and cross-section towards neutron absorption . Potassium compounds are often used as fertilisers as potassium is an important element for plant nutrition . Potassium hydroxide is a very strong base , and is used to control the pH of various substances . Potassium nitrate and potassium permanganate are often used as powerful oxidising agents . Potassium superoxide is used in breathing masks , as it reacts with carbon dioxide to give potassium carbonate and oxygen gas . Pure potassium metal is not often used , but its alloys with sodium may substitute for pure sodium in fast breeder nuclear reactors . Rubidium and caesium are often used in atomic clocks . Caesium atomic clocks are extraordinarily accurate ; if a clock had been made at the time of the dinosaurs , it would be off by less than four seconds ( after 80 million years ) . For that reason , caesium atoms are used as the definition of the second . Rubidium ions are often used in purple fireworks , and caesium is often used in drilling fluids in the petroleum industry . Francium has no commercial applications , but because of francium 's relatively simple atomic structure , among other things , it has been used in spectroscopy experiments , leading to more information regarding energy levels and the coupling constants between subatomic particles . Studies on the light emitted by laser - trapped francium - 210 ions have provided accurate data on transitions between atomic energy levels , similar to those predicted by quantum theory . Biological role and precautions ( edit ) Metals ( edit ) Pure alkali metals are dangerously reactive with air and water and must be kept away from heat , fire , oxidising agents , acids , most organic compounds , halocarbons , plastics , and moisture . They also react with carbon dioxide and carbon tetrachloride , so that normal fire extinguishers are counterproductive when used on alkali metal fires . Some Class D dry powder extinguishers designed for metal fires are effective , depriving the fire of oxygen and cooling the alkali metal . Experiments are usually conducted using only small quantities of a few grams in a fume hood . Small quantities of lithium may be disposed of by reaction with cool water , but the heavier alkali metals should be dissolved in the less reactive isopropanol . The alkali metals must be stored under mineral oil or an inert atmosphere . The inert atmosphere used may be argon or nitrogen gas , except for lithium , which reacts with nitrogen . Rubidium and caesium must be kept away from air , even under oil , because even a small amount of air diffused into the oil may trigger formation of the dangerously explosive peroxide ; for the same reason , potassium should not be stored under oil in an oxygen - containing atmosphere for longer than 6 months . Ions ( edit ) Lithium carbonate The bioinorganic chemistry of the alkali metal ions has been extensively reviewed . Solid state crystal structures have been determined for many complexes of alkali metal ions in small peptides , nucleic acid constituents , carbohydrates and ionophore complexes . Lithium naturally only occurs in traces in biological systems and has no known biological role , but does have effects on the body when ingested . Lithium carbonate is used as a mood stabiliser in psychiatry to treat bipolar disorder ( manic - depression ) in daily doses of about 0.5 to 2 grams , although there are side - effects . Excessive ingestion of lithium causes drowsiness , slurred speech and vomiting , among other symptoms , and poisons the central nervous system , which is dangerous as the required dosage of lithium to treat bipolar disorder is only slightly lower than the toxic dosage . Its biochemistry , the way it is handled by the human body and studies using rats and goats suggest that it is an essential trace element , although the natural biological function of lithium in humans has yet to be identified . Sodium and potassium occur in all known biological systems , generally functioning as electrolytes inside and outside cells . Sodium is an essential nutrient that regulates blood volume , blood pressure , osmotic equilibrium and pH ; the minimum physiological requirement for sodium is 500 milligrams per day . Sodium chloride ( also known as common salt ) is the principal source of sodium in the diet , and is used as seasoning and preservative , such as for pickling and jerky ; most of it comes from processed foods . The Dietary Reference Intake for sodium is 1.5 grams per day , but most people in the United States consume more than 2.3 grams per day , the minimum amount that promotes hypertension ; this in turn causes 7.6 million premature deaths worldwide . Potassium is the major cation ( positive ion ) inside animal cells , while sodium is the major cation outside animal cells . The concentration differences of these charged particles causes a difference in electric potential between the inside and outside of cells , known as the membrane potential . The balance between potassium and sodium is maintained by ion transporter proteins in the cell membrane . The cell membrane potential created by potassium and sodium ions allows the cell to generate an action potential -- a `` spike '' of electrical discharge . The ability of cells to produce electrical discharge is critical for body functions such as neurotransmission , muscle contraction , and heart function . Disruption of this balance may thus be fatal : for example , ingestion of large amounts of potassium compounds can lead to hyperkalemia strongly influencing the cardiovascular system . Potassium chloride is used in the United States for lethal injection executions . A wheel type radiotherapy device which has a long collimator to focus the radiation into a narrow beam . The caesium - 137 chloride radioactive source is the blue square , and gamma rays are represented by the beam emerging from the aperture . This was the radiation source involved in the Goiânia accident , containing about 93 grams of caesium - 137 chloride . Due to their similar atomic radii , rubidium and caesium in the body mimic potassium and are taken up similarly . Rubidium has no known biological role , but may help stimulate metabolism , and , similarly to caesium , replace potassium in the body causing potassium deficiency . Partial substitution is quite possible and rather non-toxic : a 70 kg person contains on average 0.36 g of rubidium , and an increase in this value by 50 to 100 times did not show negative effects in test persons . Rats can survive up to 50 % substitution of potassium by rubidium . Rubidium ( and to a much lesser extent caesium ) can function as temporary cures for hypokalemia ; while rubidium can adequately physiologically substitute potassium in some systems , caesium is never able to do so . There is only very limited evidence in the form of deficiency symptoms for rubidium being possibly essential in goats ; even if this is true , the trace amounts usually present in food are more than enough . Caesium compounds are rarely encountered by most people , but most caesium compounds are mildly toxic . Like rubidium , caesium tends to substitute potassium in the body , but is significantly larger and is therefore a poorer substitute . Excess caesium can lead to hypokalemia , arrythmia , and acute cardiac arrest , but such amounts would not ordinarily be encountered in natural sources . As such , caesium is not a major chemical environmental pollutant . The median lethal dose ( LD ) value for caesium chloride in mice is 2.3 g per kilogram , which is comparable to the LD values of potassium chloride and sodium chloride . Caesium chloride has been promoted as an alternative cancer therapy , but has been linked to the deaths of over 50 patients , on whom it was used as part of a scientifically unvalidated cancer treatment . Radioisotopes of caesium require special precautions : the improper handling of caesium - 137 gamma ray sources can lead to release of this radioisotope and radiation injuries . Perhaps the best - known case is the Goiânia accident of 1987 , in which an improperly - disposed - of radiation therapy system from an abandoned clinic in the city of Goiânia , Brazil , was scavenged from a junkyard , and the glowing caesium salt sold to curious , uneducated buyers . This led to four deaths and serious injuries from radiation exposure . Together with caesium - 134 , iodine - 131 , and strontium - 90 , caesium - 137 was among the isotopes distributed by the Chernobyl disaster which constitute the greatest risk to health . Radioisotopes of francium would presumably be dangerous as well due to their high decay energy and short half - life , but none have been produced in large enough amounts to pose any serious risk . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The symbols Na and K for sodium and potassium are derived from their Latin names , natrium and kalium ; these are still the names for the elements in some languages , such as German and Russian . Jump up ^ Caesium is the spelling recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) . The American Chemical Society ( ACS ) has used the spelling cesium since 1921 , following Webster 's Third New International Dictionary . Jump up ^ In both the old IUPAC and the CAS systems for group numbering , this group is known as group IA ( pronounced as `` group one A '' , as the `` I '' is a Roman numeral ) . Jump up ^ The number given in parentheses refers to the measurement uncertainty . This uncertainty applies to the least significant figure ( s ) of the number prior to the parenthesised value ( ie . counting from rightmost digit to left ) . For instance , 7000100794000000000 ♠ 1.007 94 ( 7 ) stands for 7000100794000000000 ♠ 1.007 94 ± 0.000 07 , while 7000100794000000000 ♠ 1.007 94 ( 72 ) stands for 7000100794000000000 ♠ 1.007 94 ± 0.000 72 . Jump up ^ The value listed is the conventional value suitable for trade and commerce ; the actual value may range from 6.938 to 6.997 depending on the isotopic composition of the sample . Jump up ^ The element does not have any stable nuclides , and a value in brackets indicates the mass number of the longest - lived isotope of the element . Jump up ^ Linus Pauling estimated the electronegativity of francium at 0.7 on the Pauling scale , the same as caesium ; the value for caesium has since been refined to 0.79 , although there are no experimental data to allow a refinement of the value for francium . Francium has a slightly higher ionisation energy than caesium , 392.811 ( 4 ) kJ / mol as opposed to 375.7041 ( 2 ) kJ / mol for caesium , as would be expected from relativistic effects , and this would imply that caesium is the less electronegative of the two . Jump up ^ In the 1869 version of Mendeleev 's periodic table , copper and silver were placed in their own group , aligned with hydrogen and mercury , while gold was tentatively placed under uranium and the undiscovered eka - aluminium in the boron group . Jump up ^ The asterisk denotes an excited state . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( 2005 ) . Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry ( IUPAC Recommendations 2005 ) . Cambridge ( UK ) : RSC -- IUPAC . ISBN 0 - 85404 - 438 - 8 . pp. 248 -- 49 . Electronic version ... Jump up ^ Coghill , Anne M. ; Garson , Lorrin R. , eds. ( 2006 ) . The ACS Style Guide : Effective Communication of Scientific Information ( 3rd ed . ) . 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Northewestern University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 August 2011 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sodium and Potassium Quick Health Facts '' . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dietary Reference Intakes : Water , Potassium , Sodium , Chloride , and Sulfate '' . Food and Nutrition Board , Institute of Medicine , United States National Academies. 11 February 2004 . Retrieved 23 November 2011 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Agriculture ; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ( December 2010 ) . Dietary Guidelines for Americans , 2010 ( PDF ) ( 7th ed . ) . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 087941 - 8 . OCLC 738512922 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 23 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Geleijnse , J.M. ; Kok , F.J. ; Grobbee , D.E. ( 2004 ) . `` Impact of dietary and lifestyle factors on the prevalence of hypertension in Western populations '' . European Journal of Public Health . 14 ( 3 ) : 235 -- 239 . 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( 1971 ) . `` Rubidium chloride ingestion by volunteer subjects : Initial experience '' . Psychopharmacologia. 20 ( 4 ) : 307 -- 14 . PMID 5561654 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00403562 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , H.L. ( 1991 ) . `` A pharmacokinetic analysis of long - term administration of rubidium chloride '' . Journal of clinical pharmacology. 31 ( 2 ) : 179 -- 84 . PMID 2010564 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1552 - 4604.1991. tb03704. x . Jump up ^ Follis , Richard H. , Jr. ( 1943 ) . `` Histological Effects in rats resulting from adding Rubidium or Cesium to a diet deficient in potassium '' . AJP : Legacy. 138 ( 2 ) : 246 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Gottschlich , Michele M. ( 2001 ) . The Science and Practice of Nutrition Support : A Case - based Core Curriculum . Kendall Hunt . p. 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7872 - 7680 - 5 . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Insel , Paul M. ; Turner , R. Elaine ; Ross , Don ( 2004 ) . Nutrition . Jones & Bartlett Learning . p. 499 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 0765 - 1 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Melnikov , P. ; Zanoni , L.Z. ( June 2010 ) . `` Clinical effects of cesium intake '' . Biological trace element research . 135 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 1 -- 9 . PMID 19655100 . doi : 10.1007 / s12011 - 009 - 8486 - 7 . Jump up ^ Pinsky , Carl ; Bose , Ranjan ; Taylor , J.R. ; McKee , Jasper ; Lapointe , Claude ; Birchall , James ( 1981 ) . `` Cesium in mammals : Acute toxicity , organ changes and tissue accumulation '' . Journal of Environmental Science and Health , Part A. 16 ( 5 ) : 549 -- 567 . doi : 10.1080 / 10934528109375003 . Jump up ^ Pinsky , Carl ; Bose , Ranjan ; Taylor , J.R. ; McKee , Jasper ; Lapointe , Claude ; Birchall , James ( 1981 ) . `` Cesium in mammals : Acute toxicity , organ changes and tissue accumulation '' . Journal of Environmental Science and Health , Part A. 16 ( 5 ) : 549 -- 567 . doi : 10.1080 / 10934528109375003 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Garland T. ; Lewis , Trent R. ; Wagner , D. Wagner ( 1975 ) . `` Acute toxicity of cesium and rubidium compounds '' . Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology . 32 ( 2 ) : 239 -- 245 . PMID 1154391 . doi : 10.1016 / 0041 - 008X ( 75 ) 90216 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sartori , H.E. ( 1984 ) . `` Cesium therapy in cancer patients '' . Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 21 ( Suppl 1 ) : 11 -- 13 . PMID 6522427 . doi : 10.1016 / 0091 - 3057 ( 84 ) 90154 - 0 . Jump up ^ Wood , Leonie . `` ' Cured ' cancer patients died , court told '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 20 November 2010 . Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Fricke model large cells Pyykkö model Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Superactinides Eka - superactinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Polyatomic nonmetals Diatomic nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming Etymology controversies places scientists in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev Book Chemistry Portal ( hide ) Periodic table ( Large cells ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - ​ transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties Alkali metals Lithium Li Atomic Number : 3 Atomic Weight : 6.941 Melting Point : 453.85 K Boiling Point : 1615 K Specific mass : 0.534 g / cm Electronegativity : 0.98 Sodium Na Atomic Number : 11 Atomic Weight : 22.98976928 Melting Point : 371.15 K Boiling Point : 1156 K Specific mass : 0.97 g / cm Electronegativity : 0.96 Potassium Atomic Number : 19 Atomic Weight : 39.0983 Melting Point : 336.5 K Boiling Point : 1032 K Specific mass : 0.86 g / cm Electronegativity : 0.82 Rubidium Rb Atomic Number : 37 Atomic Weight : 85.4678 Melting Point : 312.79 K Boiling Point : 961 K Specific mass : 1.53 g / cm Electronegativity : 0.82 Caesium Cs Atomic Number : 55 Atomic Weight : 132.9054519 Melting Point : 301.7 K Boiling Point : 944 K Specific mass : 1.93 g / cm Electronegativity : 0.79 Francium Fr Atomic Number : 87 Atomic Weight : ( 223 ) Melting Point : ? Boiling Point : ? Specific mass : ? Electronegativity : ? LCCN : sh85003587 GND : 4224517 - 5 BNF : cb12121218w ( data ) NDL : 00560346 BNE : XX533900 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alkali_metal&oldid=801075682 '' Categories : Alkali metals Groups in the periodic table Periodic table Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Good articles Use dmy dates from August 2012 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 14 : 17 . 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when did the battle of vimy ridge end

Battle of Vimy Ridge Part of the Battle of Arras along the Western Front of the First World War The Battle of Vimy Ridge , a painting by Richard Jack . Canadian War Museum Date 9 -- 12 April 1917 Location Vimy , Pas - de-Calais , France 50 ° 22 ′ 44 '' N 2 ° 46 ′ 26 '' E  /  50.379 ° N 2.774 ° E  / 50.379 ; 2.774 Coordinates : 50 ° 22 ′ 44 '' N 2 ° 46 ′ 26 '' E  /  50.379 ° N 2.774 ° E  / 50.379 ; 2.774 Result Entente victory Belligerents Canada United Kingdom German Empire Commanders and leaders Julian Byng Ludwig von Falkenhausen Karl von Fasbender Georg Karl Wichura Strength 4 Canadian divisions and 1 British division totalling 170,000 men 3 divisions totalling 30,000 -- 45,000 men Casualties and losses 3,598 dead , 7,004 wounded unknown dead or wounded , 4,000 captured

12 April 1917

Battle of Vimy Ridge

battle of vimy ridge

Battle of Vimy Ridge Part of the Battle of Arras along the Western Front of the First World War The Battle of Vimy Ridge , a painting by Richard Jack . Canadian War Museum Date 9 -- 12 April 1917 Location Vimy , Pas - de-Calais , France 50 ° 22 ′ 44 '' N 2 ° 46 ′ 26 '' E  /  50.379 ° N 2.774 ° E  / 50.379 ; 2.774 Coordinates : 50 ° 22 ′ 44 '' N 2 ° 46 ′ 26 '' E  /  50.379 ° N 2.774 ° E  / 50.379 ; 2.774 Result Entente victory Belligerents Canada United Kingdom German Empire Commanders and leaders Julian Byng Ludwig von Falkenhausen Karl von Fasbender Georg Karl Wichura Strength 4 Canadian divisions and 1 British division totalling 170,000 men 3 divisions totalling 30,000 -- 45,000 men Casualties and losses 3,598 dead , 7,004 wounded unknown dead or wounded , 4,000 captured Nivelle Offensive , 1917 Battles Arras Vimy Ridge 2nd Aisne 3rd Champagne ( The Hills ) Other engagements La Malmaison Associated articles Mutinies Verdun Battle of Arras , 1917 Battles of Arras Vimy Ridge 1st Scarpe Monchy Wancourt 2nd Scarpe Guémappe Gavrelle Coulotte Arleux 3rd Scarpe Fresnoy Rœux Oppy Wood Flanking operations 1st Bullecourt Lagnicourt 2nd Bullecourt Hindenburg Line Souchez Avion Hill 70 Associated articles Tactics , 1917 Ancre , 1917 Alberich Hindenburg Line Western Front Belgium Halen Liège Dinant Namur Frontiers Charleroi Mons Great Retreat 1st Marne 1st Aisne Antwerp Race to the Sea Yser 1st Ypres Winter operations 1st Artois 1st Champagne Hartmannswillerkopf Neuve Chapelle 2nd Ypres 2nd Artois 2nd Champagne Loos 3rd Artois Verdun Somme Alberich Nivelle Arras 2nd Aisne Hills Messines 3rd Ypres ( Passchendaele ) La Malmaison 1st Cambrai Spring Michael Lys 3rd Aisne 2nd Marne Hundred Days Amiens The Battle of Vimy Ridge was part of the Battle of Arras , in the Nord - Pas - de-Calais region of France , during the First World War . The main combatants were the four divisions of the Canadian Corps in the First Army , against three divisions of the German 6th Army . The battle took place from 9 to 12 April 1917 at the beginning of the Battle of Arras , the first attack of the Nivelle Offensive , which was intended to attract German reserves from the French , before their attempt at a decisive offensive on the Aisne and the Chemin des Dames ridge further south . The Canadian Corps was to capture the German - held high ground of Vimy Ridge , an escarpment on the northern flank of the Arras front . This would protect the First Army and the Third Army farther south from German enfilade fire . Supported by a creeping barrage , the Canadian Corps captured most of the ridge during the first day of the attack . The village of Thélus fell during the second day , as did the crest of the ridge , once the Canadian Corps overran a salient against considerable German resistance . The final objective , a fortified knoll located outside the village of Givenchy - en - Gohelle , fell to the Canadians on 12 April . The 6th Army then retreated to the Oppy -- Méricourt line . Historians attribute the success of the Canadian Corps to technical and tactical innovation , meticulous planning , powerful artillery support and extensive training , as well as the failure of the German 6th Army properly to apply the new German defensive doctrine . The battle was the first occasion when all four divisions of the Canadian Expeditionary Force fought together and it was made a symbol of Canadian national achievement and sacrifice . A 100 - hectare ( 250 - acre ) portion of the former battleground serves as a memorial park and site of the Canadian National Vimy Memorial . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Prelude 2.1 Strategic planning 2.2 Tactical plan 2.3 German defences 2.4 Artillery 2.5 Training 2.6 Underground operations 2.7 Trench raiding 2.8 Battle in the air 3 Battle 3.1 Belligerents 3.2 Preliminary attack 3.3 Main assault 3.3. 1 9 April 3.3. 2 10 April 3.3. 3 12 April 4 Aftermath 5 Commemoration 5.1 Influence on Canada 5.2 Vimy Memorial 6 Notes 7 Footnotes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) Location of the Battle of Vimy Ridge Vimy Ridge is an escarpment 8 km ( 5.0 mi ) northeast of Arras on the western edge of the Douai Plain . The ridge rises gradually on its western side and drops more quickly on the eastern side . At approximately 7 km ( 4.3 mi ) in length and culminating at an elevation of 145 m ( 476 ft ) or 60 m ( 200 ft ) above the Douai Plains , the ridge provides a natural unobstructed view for tens of kilometres in all directions . The ridge fell under German control in October 1914 during the Race to the Sea as the Franco - British and German forces continually attempted to outflank each other through northeastern France . The French Tenth Army attempted to dislodge the Germans from the region during the Second Battle of Artois in May 1915 by attacking their positions at Vimy Ridge and Notre Dame de Lorette . The French 1st Moroccan Division managed to briefly capture the height of the ridge but was unable to hold it owing to a lack of reinforcements . The French made another attempt during the Third Battle of Artois in September 1915 but only captured the village of Souchez at the western base of the ridge . The Vimy sector calmed following the offensive with both sides taking a largely live and let live approach . In all , the French suffered approximately 150,000 casualties in their attempts to gain control of Vimy Ridge and surrounding territory . The British XVII Corps , commanded by Lieutenant - General Sir Julian Byng , relieved the French Tenth Army in the sector in February 1916 , permitting the French to expand their operations at Verdun . The British soon discovered that German tunnelling companies had taken advantage of the relative calm on the surface to build an extensive network of tunnels and deep mines from which they would attack French positions by setting off explosive charges underneath their trenches . The Royal Engineers immediately deployed specialist tunnelling companies along the front to combat the German mining operations . In response to increased British mining aggression , German artillery and trench mortar fire intensified in early May 1916 . On 21 May 1916 , after shelling both forward trenches and divisional artillery positions from no less than 80 out - of - sight batteries on the reverse slope of the ridge , the German infantry began operation Schleswig Holstein , an attack on the British lines along a 2,000 yd ( 1,800 m ) front in an effort to eject them from positions along the ridge . The Germans captured several British - controlled tunnels and mine craters before halting their advance and entrenching their positions . Small counterattacks by units of the 140th and 141st British Brigades took place on 22 May but did not manage to change the situation . The Canadian Corps relieved the British IV Corps stationed along the western slopes of Vimy Ridge in October 1916 . Prelude ( edit ) Strategic planning ( edit ) Byng during the battle On 28 May 1916 , Byng took command of the Canadian Corps from Lieutenant - General Sir Edwin Alderson . Formal discussions for a spring offensive near Arras began , following a conference of corps commanders held at the First Army Headquarters on 21 November 1916 . In March 1917 , the First Army headquarters formally presented Byng with orders outlining Vimy Ridge as the Canadian Corps objective for the Arras Offensive . A formal assault plan , adopted in early March 1917 , drew heavily on the briefings of staff officers sent to learn from the experiences of the French Army during the Battle of Verdun . For the first time the four Canadian divisions would fight together . The nature and size of the attack needed more resources than the Canadian Corps possessed ; the British 5th Division , artillery , engineer and labour units were attached to the corps , bringing the nominal strength of the Canadian Corps to about 170,000 men , of whom 97,184 were Canadian . Tactical plan ( edit ) In January 1917 , three Canadian Corps officers accompanied other British and Dominion officers attending a series of lectures hosted by the French Army regarding their experiences during the Battle of Verdun . The French counter offensive devised by General Robert Nivelle had been one of a number of Allied successes of 1916 . Following extensive rehearsal , eight French divisions had assaulted German positions in two waves along a 6 mi ( 9.7 km ) front . Supported by extremely strong artillery , the French had recovered lost ground and inflicted heavy casualties on five German divisions . The Canadian Corps plan of attack outlining the four coloured objective lines -- Black , Red , Blue and Brown On their return from the lectures , the Canadian Corps staff officers produced a tactical analysis of the Verdun battles and delivered a series of corps and divisional - level lectures to promote the primacy of artillery and stress the importance of harassing fire and company and platoon flexibility . The report of 1st Canadian Division commander Arthur Currie highlighted the lessons he believed the Canadian Corps could learn from the experiences of the French . The final plan for the assault on Vimy Ridge drew heavily on the experience and tactical analysis of the officers who attended the Verdun lectures . British First Army commander General Henry Horne approved the plan on 5 March 1917 . The plan divided the Canadian Corps advance into four coloured objective lines . The attack would be made on a front of 7,000 yd ( 6,400 m ) , with its centre opposite the village of Vimy , to the east of the ridge . The first objective , represented by the Black Line , was to seize the German forward defensive line . The final objective of the northern flank was the Red Line : taking the highest point on the ridge , the fortified knoll known as the Pimple , the Folie Farm , the Zwischen - Stellung trench and the hamlet of Les Tilleuls . The southern two divisions were to achieve two additional objectives : the Blue Line encompassing the village of Thélus and the woods outside the village of Vimy and the Brown Line , which aimed at capturing the Zwölfer - Graben trench and the German second line . The infantry would proceed close behind a creeping barrage placed down by light field guns , advancing in timed 100 - yard ( 90 m ) increments . The medium and heavy howitzers would establish a series of standing barrages further ahead of the infantry against known defensive systems . The plan called for units to leapfrog over one another , as the advance progressed , to maintain momentum during the attack . The initial wave would capture and consolidate the Black Line and then push forward to the Red Line . The barrage would pause , to enable reserve units to move up and then move forward with the units pushing beyond the Red Line to the Blue Line . Once the corps secured the Blue Line , advancing units would once again leapfrog established ones and capture the Brown Line . Conducted properly , the plan would leave the German forces little time to exit the security of their deep dugouts and defend their positions against the infantry advance . If the corps maintained its schedule , the troops would advance as much as 4,000 yd ( 3,700 m ) and have the majority of the ridge under control by 1 : 00 pm of the first day . German defences ( edit ) German dispositions at Vimy Ridge on the first day of the battle The experience of the Battle of the Somme led the German command to conclude that the policy of rigidly defending a trench position line was no longer effective against the firepower that the Entente armies had accumulated . Ludendorff published a new defensive doctrine in December 1916 , in which deeper defences were to be built , within which the garrison would have room to manoeuvre , rather than rigidly holding successive lines of trenches . Along Vimy Ridge , the German forces spent two years constructing fortifications designed for rigid defence . Little reconstruction based upon the new defence - in - depth doctrine had been accomplished by April 1917 because the terrain made it impractical . The topography of the Vimy battlefield made defence - in - depth difficult to realize . The ridge was 700 metres ( 2,300 ft ) wide at its narrowest point , with a steep drop on the eastern side , all but eliminating the possibility of counterattacks if the ridge was captured . The Germans were apprehensive about the inherent weakness of the Vimy Ridge defences . The German defensive scheme was to maintain a front line defence of sufficient strength to defend against an initial assault and move operational reserves forward , before the enemy could consolidate their gains or overrun remaining German positions . As a result , the German defence at Vimy Ridge relied largely on machine guns , which acted as force multipliers for the defending infantry . Three line divisions , comprising seven infantry regiments were responsible for the immediate defence of the ridge . The paper strength of each division was approximately 15,000 men but their actual strength was significantly fewer . In 1917 , a full - strength German rifle company consisted of 264 men ; at Vimy Ridge , each rifle company contained approximately 150 men . Each German regiment held a zone approximately 1,000 metres ( 1,100 yd ) wide as far back as the rear area . When the Canadian Corps attacked , each German company faced two or more battalions of approximately 1,000 men each . Reserve divisions were kept about 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) back instead of assembling close behind the second line according the defence - in - depth theory . Artillery ( edit ) Map showing rolling artillery barrage for advance The Canadian Corps ' divisional artillery formations , totalling eight field artillery brigades and two heavy artillery groups , were insufficient for the task at hand and were consequently reinforced with outside formations . Four heavy artillery groups , nine field artillery brigades , three divisional artillery groups and the artillery complement of the British 5th Division was attached to the Canadian Corps . In addition , ten heavy artillery groups of the flanking I and XVII Corps were assigned tasks in support of the Canadian Corps . The artillery batteries of I Corps were particularly important because they enfiladed German gun positions behind Vimy Ridge . In total , the British made available to the Canadian Corps twenty - four brigade artillery groups consisting of four hundred and eighty 18 pounder field guns , one hundred thirty - eight 4.5 inch howitzers , ninety - six 2 inch trench mortars , twenty - four 9.45 inch mortars , supported by 245 corps - level siege guns and heavy mortars . This firepower gave a density of one heavy gun for every 20 metres ( 20 yd ) and one field gun for every 10 metres ( 10 yd ) of Canadian Corps frontage , representing a considerable average increase , including three times the heavy guns , over the distribution of artillery at the Battle of the Somme a year earlier . Brigadier - General Edward Morrison developed and subsequently issued a 35 - page multi-phased fire support plan called Canadian Corps Artillery Instruction No. 1 for the Capture of Vimy Ridge to support the efforts of the infantry . For its operations , the Canadian Corps received three times the artillery normally assigned to a corps for regular operations . To manage the logistics associated with the increased artillery , Royal Artillery staff officer Major Alan Brooke developed coordinated communication and transport plans to work in conjunction with the complex barrage plans . A 1.6 million shell allotment allowed the artillery along the Canadian Corps front to maintain a high sustained rate of fire . Improvements in the quality of the shells compared to those used earlier in the war ensured fewer duds . The introduction of the instantaneous No. 106 fuze greatly improved the effectiveness of the artillery since this fuse burst reliably with the slightest of contact , unlike older timed fuses , making it especially effective at cutting barbed wire before the advance . To maintain communications during the battle , particularly with the artillery , field units laid over 870 mi ( 1,400 km ) of telegraph and field telephone cabling , normally at a depth of 2 metres ( 7 ft ) . In addition , the corps conducted coordinated counter-battery initiatives before the battle . The First Army Field Survey Company printed barrage maps for all batteries , produced artillery boards and provided counter-battery support with their flash spotting groups and sound ranging sections . Utilizing flash spotting , sound ranging and aerial reconnaissance from No. 16 Squadron and Nos. 1 & 2 Balloon Companies of the Royal Flying Corps ( RFC ) in the week before the battle , the counter battery artillery under command of Lieutenant - Colonel Andrew McNaughton fired 125,900 shells , harassing an estimated 83 % of the German gun positions . Training ( edit ) Large model of German trench lines In February 1917 , the British General Staff released a training pamphlet titled SS 143 Instructions for the Training of Platoons for Offensive Action , espousing the return to the pre-war emphasis on fire and movement tactics and the use of the platoon as the basic tactical unit . The pamphlet noted the importance of specialist hand grenade , rifle grenade , rifle and Lewis gun sections in suppressing enemy strong points with an appropriate level of fire to permit other military units to advance . Coupled with the observations and suggestions made by Currie in the report he submitted in January 1917 following the Verdun lectures , the Canadian Corps instilled the tactical change with vigour . The corps implemented the tactical doctrine for small units by assigning objectives down to the platoon level . Assaulting infantry battalions used hills behind the lines as full - scale models of the battlefield . Taped lines demarcated German trench lines while officers on horseback carried flags to represent the advancing front of the artillery barrage . Recognizing that the men in leadership positions were likely to be wounded or killed , soldiers learned the jobs of those beside and above them . At the British First Army headquarters , a large plasticine model of the Vimy sector was constructed and used to show commissioned and senior non-commissioned officers the topographical features of the battlefield and details of the German trench system . Upwards of 40,000 topographical trench maps were printed and distributed to ensure that even platoon sergeants and section commanders possessed a wider awareness of the battlefield . The new measures gave each platoon a clearer picture of how it fitted into the greater battle plan and in so doing , reduced the command and control problems that plagued First World War combat . Underground operations ( edit ) British - dug fighting tunnel in Vimy sector Operations along the Vimy Ridge were accompanied by extensive underground excavations . The Arras -- Vimy sector was conducive to tunnelling owing to the soft , porous yet extremely stable nature of the chalk underground . Underground warfare had been conducted on the Vimy sector since 1915 . Bavarian engineers had blown twenty mines in the sector by March 1915 . By early 1916 , German miners had gained an advantage over their French counterparts . British tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers took over progressively from the French between February and May 1916 . On their arrival , the British began offensive mining against German miners , first stopping the German underground advance and then developing a defensive strategy that prevented the Germans from gaining a tactical advantage by mining . From spring 1916 , the British had deployed five tunnelling companies along the Vimy Ridge and during the first two months of their tenure of the area , 70 mines were fired , mostly by the Germans . Between October 1915 and April 1917 an estimated 150 French , British and German charges were fired in this 4.3 mi ( 7 km ) sector of the Western Front . In May 1916 , Operation Schleswig - Holstein , a German infantry attack , forced the British back 700 yd ( 640 m ) , to stop British mining by capturing the shaft entrances . In the second half of 1916 , the British constructed strong defensive underground positions and from August 1916 , the Royal Engineers developed a mining scheme for a big infantry attack on the Vimy Ridge proposed for autumn 1916 , although this was postponed . After September 1916 , when the Royal Engineers had completed their network of defensive galleries along most of the front line , offensive mining largely ceased although activities continued until 1917 . The British gallery network beneath Vimy Ridge eventually grew to a length of 7.5 mi ( 12 km ) . The Canadian Corps was posted to the northern part of Vimy Ridge in October 1916 and preparations for an attack were revived in February 1917 . British tunnelling companies created extensive underground networks and fortifications . Twelve subways , up to 1.2 km ( 0.75 mi ) long were excavated at a depth of 10 metres ( 33 ft ) and used to connect reserve lines to front lines , permitting soldiers to advance to the front quickly , securely and unseen . Often incorporated into subways were light rail lines , hospitals , command posts , water reservoirs , ammunition stores , mortar and machine gun posts and communication centres . The Germans dug a number of similar tunnels on the Vimy front , to provide covered routes to the front line and protection for headquarters , resting personnel , equipment , and ammunition . The Germans also conducted counter-mining against the British tunnellers and destroyed a number of British attempts to plant mines under or near their lines . Prior to the Battle of Vimy Ridge , the British tunnelling companies also secretly laid 13 mines under German positions to destroy surface fortifications before the assault . To protect some advancing troops from German machine gun fire , as they crossed no man 's land during the attack , eight smaller Wombat charges were laid at the end of the subways to allow troops to move more quickly and safely enter the German trench system by creating an elongated trench - depth crater that spanned the length of no man 's land . At the same time , 19 crater groups existed along this section of the Western Front , each with several large craters . To assess the consequences of infantry having to advance across cratered ground after a mining attack , officers from the Canadian Corps visited La Boisselle and Fricourt where the mines had been blown on the First day of the Somme . Their reports and the experience of the Canadians at The Actions of St Eloi Craters in April 1916 , where mines had so altered and damaged the landscape as to render occupation of the mine craters by the infantry all but impossible , led to the decision to remove offensive mining from the central sector allocated to the Canadian Corps at Vimy Ridge . Further British mines in the area were vetoed following the blowing by the Germans on 23 March 1917 of nine craters along no man 's land as it was probable that the Germans were aiming to restrict an Allied attack to predictable points . The three mines already laid by 172nd Tunnelling Company were also dropped from the British plans . The mines were left in place after the assault and were only removed in the 1990s . Another mine , prepared by 176th Tunnelling Company against the German strongpoint known as the Pimple , was not completed in time for the attack . The gallery had been pushed silently through the clay , avoiding the sandy and chalky layers of the Vimy Ridge but by 9 April 1917 was still 21 metres ( 70 ft ) short of its target . In the end , two mines were blown before the attack , while three mines and two Wombat charges were fired to support the attack , including those forming a northern flank . Trench raiding ( edit ) Further information : Trench raiding Trench raiding involved making small - scale surprise attacks on enemy positions , often in the middle of the night for reasons of stealth . All belligerents employed trench raiding as a tactic to harass their enemy and gain intelligence . In the Canadian Corps trench raiding developed into a training and leadership - building mechanism . The size of a raid would normally be anything from a few men to an entire company , or more , depending on the size of the mission . The four months before the April attack saw the Canadian Corps execute no fewer than 55 separate trench raids . Competition between units even developed with units competing for the honour of the greatest number of prisoners captured or most destruction wrought . The policy of aggressive trench raiding was not without its cost . A large - scale trench raid on 13 February 1917 , involving 900 men from the 4th Canadian Division , resulted in 150 casualties . An even more ambitious trench raid , using chlorine gas , on 1 March 1917 , once again by the 4th Canadian Division , failed and resulted in 637 casualties including two battalion commanders and a number of company commanders killed . This experience did not lessen the extent to which the Canadian Corps employed trench raiding with raids being conducted nightly between 20 March and the opening of the offensive on 9 April , resulting in approximately 1,400 additional Canadian casualties . The Germans operated an active patrolling policy and although not as large and ambitious as those of the Canadian Corps , they also engaged in trench raiding . As an example , a German trench raid launched by 79 men against the 3rd Canadian Division on 15 March 1917 was successful in capturing prisoners and causing damage . Battle in the air ( edit ) See also : Royal Flying Corps and Luftstreitkräfte Observer of the Royal Flying Corps in a photographic reconnaissance aircraft , showing the camera The RFC launched a determined effort to gain air superiority over the battlefield in support of the spring offensive . The Canadians considered activities such as artillery - observation and photography of opposing trench systems , troop movements and gun emplacements essential to continue their offensive . The Royal Flying Corps deployed 25 squadrons totalling 365 aircraft along the Arras sector , outnumbering the Luftstreitkräfte ( Imperial German Air Service ) by 2 - to - 1 . Byng was given use of No. 2 Squadron , No. 8 ( Naval ) Squadron , No. 25 Squadron , No. 40 Squadron and No. 43 Squadron , with No. 16 Squadron permanently attached to the Canadian Corps and employed exclusively for reconnaissance and artillery - observation . Aerial reconnaissance was often a hazardous task because of the necessity of flying at slow speeds and at low altitude . The task was made more dangerous with the arrival of additional German flying squadrons , including the highly experienced and well equipped Jasta 11 ( Manfred von Richthofen ) which led to a sharp increase in RFC losses . Although significantly outnumbering the Germans , the RFC lost 131 aircraft during the first week of April ( Bloody April ) . Despite the losses suffered by the RFC , the Luftstreitkräfte failed to prevent the British from carrying out its priority , air support of the army during the Battle of Arras with up - to - date aerial photographs and other reconnaissance information . Battle ( edit ) Belligerents ( edit ) See also : Battle of Vimy Ridge order of battle German 6th Army commander General Ludwig von Falkenhausen was responsible for the Cambrai -- Lille sector and commanded 20 divisions , plus reserves . Vimy Ridge itself was principally defended by the ad hoc Gruppe Vimy formation based under I Bavarian Reserve Corps commander General der Infanterie Karl von Fasbender . However , a division of Gruppe Souchez , under VIII Reserve Corps General of the Infantry Georg Karl Wichura , was involved in the frontline defence along the northernmost portion of the ridge . Position of the defending and attacking forces before the battle Three divisions were ultimately responsible for manning the frontline defences opposite the Canadian Corps . The 16th Bavarian Division was located opposite the village of Souchez and responsible for the defence of the northernmost section of the ridge . The division had been created in January 1917 by amalgamating existing Bavarian formations and had so far only opposed the Canadian Corps . The 79th Reserve Division was responsible for the defence of the vast central section , including the highest point of the ridge , Hill 145 . The 79th Reserve Division had fought for two years on the Eastern Front before being transferred to the Vimy sector at the end of February 1917 . The 1st Bavarian Reserve Division had been in the Arras area since October 1914 and held the villages of Thélus , Bailleul and the southern slope of the ridge . Byng commanded four attacking divisions , one division in reserve and numerous support units . He was supported to the north by the 24th Division , I Corps , which advanced north of the Souchez river and by the XVII Corps to the south . The 4th Canadian Division was responsible for the northern portion of the advance that included the capture of the highest point of the ridge , followed by the elaborately fortified Pimple just west of the village of Givenchy - en - Gohelle . The 3rd Canadian Division was responsible for the narrow central section of the ridge , including the capture of La Folie Farm . The 2nd Canadian Division , which later included a brigade from the 5th Division , was directly south of 3rd Canadian Division and entrusted with the capture of the village of Thélus . The 1st Canadian Division was responsible for the broad southern sector of the corps advance and expected to cover the longest distance . Byng planned for a healthy reserve for contingencies that included the relief of forward troops , help in consolidating positions and aiding the 4th Canadian Division with the capture of the Pimple . As a result , the 9th Canadian Brigade and the British 15th and 95th Brigades were kept in corps reserve . Preliminary attack ( edit ) 6 - inch ( 150 mm ) gun of the Royal Garrison Artillery firing over Vimy Ridge behind Canadian lines at night Foreign intelligence gathering by the Germans , big Allied trench raids and troop concentrations seen west of Arras , made it clear to the Germans that a spring offensive in the area was being prepared . In February 1917 , a German - born Canadian soldier deserted and helped confirm many of the suspicions held by the Germans , providing them with a great deal of useful information . By March 1917 , the 6th Army knew that an offensive was imminent and would include operations aimed at capturing Vimy Ridge . General of Infantry Ernst August Marx von Bachmeister , commanding the German 79th Reserve Division , reported in late March that he believed the Canadian Corps was moving into an echelon formation and were preparing for a big attack . The Germans quickly planned Operation Munich ( Unternehmen München ) , a spoiling attack to capture the northern section of the Zouave Valley , along the northernmost portion of the Canadian front . Munich was not undertaken because the extent of Canadian Corps artillery fire made it impracticable . The preliminary phase of the Canadian Corps artillery bombardment began on 20 March 1917 , with a systematic two - week bombardment of German batteries , trenches and strong points . The Canadian Corps gunners paid particular attention to eliminating German barbed wire , a task made easier with the introduction of the No. 106 instantaneous fuse . Only half of the artillery fired at once and the intensity of the barrage was varied to confuse the Germans about Canadian intentions . Phase two lasted the week beginning 2 April 1917 and employed all of the guns supporting the Canadian Corps , massing the equivalent of a heavy gun for every 18 metres ( 20 yd ) and a field gun for every 9.1 metres ( 10 yd ) . The German soldiers came to refer to the week before the attack as `` the week of suffering '' . In the German account , their trenches and defensive works were almost completely demolished . The health and morale of the German troops suffered from the stress of remaining at the ready for eleven straight days under extremely heavy artillery bombardment . Compounding German difficulties was the inability of ration parties to bring food supplies to the front lines . On 3 April , General von Falkenhausen ordered his reserve divisions to prepare to relieve front line divisions over the course of a long drawn - out defensive battle in a manner similar to the Battle of the Somme and the divisions were kept 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) from the battlefield to avoid being shelled . Main assault ( edit ) 9 April ( edit ) Artillery - fire on a field of barbed wire at Vimy Ridge The attack was to begin at 5 : 30 am on Easter Monday , 9 April 1917 . The attack was originally planned for the morning of 8 April ( Easter Sunday ) but it was postponed for 24 hours at the request of the French . During the late hours of 8 April and early morning of 9 April the men of the leading and supporting wave of the attack were moved into their forward assembly positions . The weather was cold and later changed to sleet and snow . Although physically discomforting for everyone , the northwesterly storm provided some advantage to the assaulting troops by blowing snow in the faces of the defending troops . Light Canadian and British artillery bombardments continued throughout the night but stopped in the few minutes before the attack , as the artillery recalibrated their guns in preparation for the synchronized barrage . At 5 : 30 am , every artillery piece at the disposal of the Canadian Corps began firing . Thirty seconds later , engineers detonated the mine charges laid under no man 's land and the German trench line , destroying a number of German strong points and creating secure communication trenches directly across no man 's land . Light field guns laid down a barrage that mostly advanced at a rate of 100 yards ( 91 m ) in three minutes while medium and heavy howitzers established a series of standing barrages further ahead against known defensive systems . During the early fighting , the German divisional artilleries , despite many losses , were able to maintain their defensive firing . As the Canadian assault advanced , it overran many of the German guns because large numbers of their draught horses had been killed in the initial gas attack . 2nd Canadian Division soldiers advance behind a tank The 1st , 2nd and 3rd Canadian Divisions reported reaching and capturing their first objective , the Black Line , by 6 : 25 am . The 4th Canadian Division encountered a great deal of trouble during its advance and was unable to complete its first objective until some hours later . After a planned pause when the 1st , 2nd and 3rd Canadian Divisions consolidated their positions , the advance resumed . Shortly after 7 : 00 am , the 1st Canadian Division captured the left half of its second objective , the Red Line and moved the 1st Canadian Brigade forward to mount an attack on the remainder . The 2nd Canadian Division reported reaching the Red Line and capturing the village of Les Tilleuls at approximately the same time . A mine explosion that killed many German troops of Reserve Infantry Regiment 262 manning the front line , preceded the advance of the 3rd Canadian Division . The remaining German troops could do no more than man temporary lines of resistance until later manning a full defence at the German third line . As a result , the southern section of the 3rd Canadian Division was able to reach the Red Line at the western edge of the Bois de la Folie at around 7 : 30 am . At 9 : 00 am the division learned of its exposed left flank , as the 4th Canadian Division had not yet captured Hill 145 . The 3rd Canadian Division was thus called upon to establish a divisional defensive flank to its north . Although the German commanders were able to maintain open lines of communication and issue orders , even with swift staff work the tempo of the assault was such that German decision cycle was unable to react decisively . Machine gunners operating from craters on the plateau above the ridge The only portion of the Canadian assault that did not go as planned was the advance of the 4th Canadian Division , collapsing almost immediately after exiting their trenches . The commanding officer of one of the assaulting battalions requested that the artillery leave a portion of German trench undamaged . Machine gun nests in the undamaged sections of the German line pinned down , wounded , or killed much of the 4th Canadian Division 's right flank . The progress on the left flank was eventually impeded by harassing fire from the Pimple that was made worse when the creeping barrage got too far ahead of the advancing troops . In view of the German defence , the 4th Canadian Division did not attempt a further frontal assault throughout the afternoon . Reserve units from the 4th Canadian Division came forward and once again attacked the German positions on the top of the ridge . Persistent attacks eventually forced the German troops holding the southwestern portion of Hill 145 to withdraw , but only after they had run out of ammunition , mortar rounds , and grenades . Towards midday , the 79th Reserve Division was ordered to recapture the portions of its third line lost during the progression of the Canadian attack . However , it was not until 6 : 00 pm that the force was able to organize and counterattack , clearing the Canadian Corps troops out of the ruined village of Vimy , but not recapturing the third line south of the village . By night time , the German forces holding the top of the ridge believed they had overcome the immediate crisis for the time being . Additional German reinforcements began arriving and by late evening portions of the 111th Infantry Division occupied the third line near Acheville and Arleux , with the remainder of the division arriving the following day . 10 April ( edit ) Front page of the Daily Mail on 10 April 1917 The British moved three fresh brigades up to the Red Line by 9 : 30 am on 10 April to support the advance of the 1st and 2nd Canadian Division , whereupon they were to leapfrog existing units occupying the Red line and advance to the Blue Line . Fresh units including two sections of tanks and the 13th British Brigade were called up from reserve to support the advance of the 2nd Canadian Division . By approximately 11 : 00 am , the Blue Line , including Hill 135 and the village of Thélus , had been captured . To permit the troops time to consolidate the Blue Line , the advance halted and the barrage remained stationary for 90 minutes while machine guns were brought forward . Shortly before 1 : 00 pm , the advance recommenced with both the 1st and 2nd Canadian Divisions reporting their final objective . The tank - supported advance via Farbus and directed at the rear of the 79th Reserve Division , was eventually halted by concentrated German fire short of the village . The Canadian 1st and 2nd Divisions were nonetheless able to secure the Brown Line by approximately 2 : 00 pm . The 4th Canadian Division had made an attempt to capture the northern half of Hill 145 at around 3 : 15 pm , briefly capturing the peak before a German counterattack retook the position . The Germans occupying the small salient on the ridge soon found themselves being attacked along their flanks by continuously reinforced Canadian Corps troops . When it became obvious that the position was completely outflanked and there was no prospect of reinforcement , the German troops pulled back . The German forces were evacuated off the ridge with German artillery batteries moved west of the Vimy -- Bailleul railway embankment or to the Oppy -- Méricourt line . By nightfall of 10 April , the only Canadian objective not yet achieved was the capture of the Pimple . 12 April ( edit ) The 4th Canadian Division faced difficulties at the start of the battle that forced it to delay its assault on the Pimple until 12 April . The Pimple was initially defended by the 16th Bavarian Infantry Division but the Canadian Corps ' preliminary artillery bombardment leading up to the assault on 9 April caused heavy casualties amongst its ranks . On 11 April , the 4th Guards Infantry Division first reinforced and then relieved affected 16th Bavarian Infantry Division units . The night before the attack , artillery harassed German positions while a gas section of Royal Engineers , employing Livens Projectors , fired more than 40 drums of gas directly into the village of Givenchy - en - Gohelle to cause confusion . The defending German troops managed to drive back the initial Canadian assaults at around 4 : 00 am using small arms fire . The 10th Canadian Brigade attacked once again at 5 : 00 am , this time supported by a significant amount of artillery and the 24th Division of I Corps to the north . The German defensive artillery fire was late and too light to cause the assaulting troops great difficulty , allowing the Canadian Corps to exploit wide gaps and break into the German positions . The 10th Canadian Brigade , assisted by snow and a westerly wind , fought hastily entrained German troops to capture the entire Pimple by 6 : 00 pm . Aftermath ( edit ) Vimy as seen from Vimy Ridge May 1917 By nightfall on 12 April 1917 , the Canadian Corps was in firm control of the ridge . The corps suffered 10,602 casualties : 3,598 killed and 7,004 wounded . The German 6th Army suffered an unknown number of casualties with approximately 4,000 men becoming prisoners of war . Four members of the Canadian Corps received the Victoria Cross , the highest military decoration awarded to British and Commonwealth forces for valour , for their actions during the battle : Private William Johnstone Milne , 16th ( Canadian Scottish ) Battalion Lance - Sergeant Ellis Wellwood Sifton , 18th ( Western Ontario ) Battalion Private John George Pattison , 50th ( Calgary ) Battalion Captain Thain Wendell MacDowell , 38th ( Ottawa ) Battalion At least two Orders Pour le Mérite , the Kingdom of Prussia 's highest military order , were awarded to German commanders for their actions during the battle : Oberstleutnant Wilhelm von Goerne commander of the 261st Prussian Reserve Infantry Regiment , of the German 79th Reserve Division . General of the Infantry Georg Karl Wichura commander of the VIII Reserve Corps and Gruppe Souchez . German soldiers captured during the battle . Following the defeat , the Chief of the German General Staff , Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg , ordered the Oberste Heeresleitung ( OHL , Supreme Army Command ) to conduct a court of enquiry into the defensive collapse of the Arras sector . The court concluded that the 6th Army headquarters had disregarded frontline commander reports , noting a possible imminent attack and as a result , reserve units were kept too far back to execute a timely and effective counterattack . The court concluded that 6th Army commander General Ludwig von Falkenhausen failed to apply an elastic defence properly as espoused by German defensive doctrine of the time . Instead , the defensive system was a series of unmoving strong points and static lines of resistance , which the Allied artillery ultimately isolated and destroyed . As a result of the inquiry , Hindenburg removed Falkenhausen from his command and transferred him to Belgium where he served the remainder of the war as that country 's Governor General . The Germans did not see the Canadian Corps 's capture of Vimy Ridge as a loss . Contemporary German sources viewed the action , at worst , as a draw , given that no full - scale breakthrough occurred following the attack . The Germans did not attempt to recapture the ridge , even during the Spring Offensive and it remained under British control until the end of the war . The loss of Vimy Ridge forced the Germans to reassess their defensive strategy in the area . Instead of mounting a counterattack , they pursued a scorched earth policy and retreated to the Oppy -- Méricourt line . The complete failure of the French Nivelle Offensive in the week after the Arras Offensive placed pressure on Field Marshal Douglas Haig to keep the Germans occupied in the Arras sector to minimize French losses . The Canadian Corps participated in several of these actions including the Battle of Arleux and the Third Battle of the Scarpe in late April and early May 1917 . After the end of World War I , Byng was raised to the peerage as Baron Byng of Vimy , of Thorpe - le - Soken in the County of Essex , on 7 October 1919 . The next month , he retired from the military . Commemoration ( edit ) Influence on Canada ( edit ) The Battle of Vimy Ridge has considerable significance for Canada . Although the battle is not generally considered the greatest achievement of the Canadian Corps in strategic importance or results obtained , it was the first instance in which all four Canadian divisions , made up of troops drawn from all parts of the country , fought as a cohesive formation . The image of national unity and achievement is what , according to one of many recent patriotic narratives , initially gave the battle importance for Canada . According to Pierce , `` The historical reality of the battle has been reworked and reinterpreted in a conscious attempt to give purpose and meaning to an event that came to symbolize Canada 's coming of age as a nation . '' The idea that Canada 's national identity and nationhood were born out of the battle is an opinion that in the late twentieth century became widely held in military and general histories of Canada . According to McKay and Swift , the theory that Vimy Ridge is a source of Canada 's rise as a nation is highly contested and developed in the latter part of the twentieth century after most of those who experienced the Great War had passed away . British composer Thomas Bidgood composed a march titled `` Vimy Ridge '' in 1921 in commemoration of the battle . Vimy memorial ( edit ) Main article : Canadian National Vimy Memorial Ghosts of Vimy Ridge , painting by Will Longstaff The Canadian National Vimy Memorial is Canada 's largest and principal overseas war memorial . Located on the highest point of the Vimy Ridge , the memorial is dedicated to the commemoration of the Battle of Vimy Ridge and Canadian Expeditionary Force members killed during the First World War . It serves as the place of commemoration for Canadian soldiers killed in France during the First World War with no known grave . France granted Canada perpetual use of a section of land at Vimy Ridge in 1922 for the purpose of a battlefield park and memorial . A 100 - hectare ( 250 - acre ) portion of the former battlefield is preserved as part of the memorial park that surrounds the monument . The grounds of the site are still honeycombed with wartime tunnels , trenches , craters and unexploded munitions and are largely closed off for public safety . A section of preserved trenches and a portion of a tunnel have been made accessible to site visitors . King Edward VIII unveiling the figure Canada Bereft on the Vimy Ridge Memorial The memorial was designed by Toronto architect and sculptor Walter Seymour Allward , who described it as a `` sermon against the futility of war '' . The memorial took eleven years and cost $1.5 million ( $21.16 million in present terms ) to build . The unveiling was conducted on 26 July 1936 , by King Edward VIII accompanied by President Albert Lebrun of France and a crowd of over 50,000 people , including at least 6,200 Canadian veterans and their families . The Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King was absent , it being well understood that he was generally not comfortable around veterans and felt it more appropriate for a war veteran in Cabinet to act as minister in attendance . Edward VIII thanked France , in both English and French , for its generosity and assured those assembled that Canada would never forget its war missing and dead . A restoration project began in 2004 , which included general cleaning and the recarving of many inscribed names . Queen Elizabeth II rededicated the restored monument on 9 April 2007 , during a ceremony commemorating the 90th anniversary of the battle . Veterans Affairs Canada maintains the memorial site . The commemoration at the memorial on 9 April 2017 for the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge was attended by dignitaries including Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau , Governor General David Johnston , Charles , Prince of Wales , Prince William , Duke of Cambridge , Prince Harry and President of France François Hollande . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Germans grew uneasy about the proximity of the British positions to the top of the ridge , particularly after the increase in British tunnelling and counter-mining activities Jump up ^ These included the Prinz Arnulf , Volker and Schwaben tunnels . Jump up ^ German counter-mining explosion ; 35 t ( 34 long tons ) exploded near the Broadmarsh Crater ( creating the Longfellow crater group ) on 23 March 1917 , 45 t ( 44 long tons ) exploded 26 March 1917 near the Pimple . Jump up ^ Hill 145 is the site of the present - day Vimy Memorial . Jump up ^ The German Historical Service estimated 6th Army suffered 79,418 casualties during April and May 1917 , of that 22,792 were classified as missing . Crown Prince Rupprecht estimated 85,000 casualties for the 6th Army , with 3,404 men becoming prisoners of war at Vimy Ridge . Losses of the 79th Reserve Division 1 -- 11 April were 3,473 and 1st Bavarian Reserve were 3,133 . Other casualties from the bombardment and the units sent as reinforcements and counterattack divisions are additional . Jump up ^ On importance to Canada , see Inglis . Outside of Canada the battle has much less significance and may simply be noted as being one part of the larger offensive of the Battle of Arras Jump up ^ The Canadian War Museum cites a crowd of 100,000 . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nicholson 1962 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Turner 2005 , pp. 21 -- 22 . ^ Jump up to : Moran 2007 , p. 139 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholson 1962 , p. 265 . ^ Jump up to : Canada Treaty Information , Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade , 26 February 2002 , archived from the original on 21 September 2013 , retrieved 17 October 2010 Jump up ^ Boire 2007 , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Boire 2007 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Tucker 1996 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Turner 2005 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Boire 1992 , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Boire 2007 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Samuels 1996 , pp. 200 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Farr 2007 , p. 147 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholson 1962 , p. 245 . ^ Jump up to : Brennan 2007 , p. 94 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholson 1962 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Humphries 2007 , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Granatstein 2004 , p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholson 1962 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 1962 , p. 249 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 2005 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 1962 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 1962 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 1962 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Wynne 1976 , pp. 170 -- 171 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 2005 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2008 , pp. ix , 252 . ^ Jump up to : Sheldon 2008 , p. 252 . ^ Jump up to : Godefroy 2007b , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Turner 2005 , pp. 20 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Turner 2005 , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholson 1962 , p. 267 . ^ Jump up to : Farndale 1986 , p. 238 Map 38 . Jump up ^ Chasseaud 1999 , p. 266 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholson 1962 , p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : Cook 2007 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Sheffield 2002 , pp. 191 , 194 . Jump up ^ WO 106 / 399 Canadian Corps Artillery Instruction No. 1 for the Capture of Vimy Ridge ( 1917 ) ^ Jump up to : Brennan 2007 , pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Sheffield 2002 , p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 2005 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Chasseaud 1999 , p. 268 . ^ Jump up to : Cook 2007 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Corkerry 2001 , entire manual . Jump up ^ Humphries 2007 , pp. 73 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Humphries 2007 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Barris 2007 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Terraine 1992 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2008 , pp. 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2008 , p. 179 . ^ Jump up to : Sheldon 2008 , p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : The Durand Group . `` Vimy Ridge '' . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 2010 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Barton , Doyle & Vandewalle 2004 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2008 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Robinson & Cave 2011 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2008 , pp. 218 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Boire 1992 , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Boire 1992 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Jones 2010 , pp. 134 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Jones 2010 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Jones 2010 , p. 135 . ^ Jump up to : Cook 1999 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Tucker 1996 , p. 694 . Jump up ^ Turner 2005 , p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : Sheldon 2008 , p. xi . Jump up ^ Cook 1999 , pp. 7 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Turner 2005 , pp. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2008 , p. 254 . ^ Jump up to : Barris 2007 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 2005 , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholson 1962 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Williams 1983 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Godefroy 2007b , pp. 228 -- 229 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 1919 , p. 157 . ^ Jump up to : Sheldon 2008 , pp. 229 -- 237 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 1919 , pp. 157 -- 158 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2008 , p. 251 . ^ Jump up to : Godefroy 2007b , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2008 , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2008 , pp. 248 -- 249 , 263 . ^ Jump up to : Barris 2007 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 1962 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2008 , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2008 , pp. 270 -- 272 . Jump up ^ Godefroy 2007a , p. 231 . Jump up ^ McGill 2007 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Turner 2005 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 1962 , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Cook 2007 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Rawling 2007 , pp. 131 -- 133 . ^ Jump up to : Hayes 2007 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2008 , p. 298 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2008 , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 1962 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2007 , pp. 178 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2008 , p. 291 . ^ Jump up to : Hayes 2007 , pp. 202 -- 203 . Jump up ^ Godefroy 2007a , pp. 217 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 1962 , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 1962 , pp. 259 -- 260 . Jump up ^ Godefroy 2007a , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2008 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2008 , p. 309 . ^ Jump up to : Godefroy 2007a , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2008 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2008 , pp. 308 -- 309 . ^ Jump up to : Sheldon 2008 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2007 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2007 , pp. 179 -- 181 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 1962 , p. 257 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell 2007 , p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Sheldon 2008 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2008 , p. 313 . ^ Jump up to : Sheldon 2008 , p. 315 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholson 1962 , p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : Sheldon 2008 , p. 317 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 1962 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Philip ( 11 April 1917 ) , `` All of Vimy Ridge Cleared of Germans '' , The New York Times , New York , retrieved 2 February 2009 Jump up ^ Falls 1992 , pp. 341 , 556 -- 557 . Jump up ^ Falls 1992 , p. 341 . ^ Jump up to : Godefroy 2007b , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Godefroy 2007b , p. 231 . ^ Jump up to : Godefroy 2007b , pp. 233 -- 234 . ^ Jump up to : Bechthold 2007 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Bechthold 2007 , pp. 239 -- 264 . Jump up ^ `` No. 31610 '' . The London Gazette. 21 October 1919 . p. 12890 . Jump up ^ `` No. 31640 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 11 November 1919 . p. 13768 . Jump up ^ Vance 1997 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Vance 1997 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Pierce 1992 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Inglis 1995 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Humphries 2007 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ McKay & Swift 2016 , pp. 8 , 11 . Jump up ^ WarMuseum.ca -- History of the First World War -- After the War , Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation , retrieved 16 May 2009 ^ Jump up to : The Battle of Vimy Ridge -- Fast Facts , Department of Veterans Affairs Canada , archived from the original on 21 June 2008 , retrieved 8 April 2012 Jump up ^ Hucker 2007 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Hucker , Jacqueline ( 2008 ) . `` Vimy : A Monument for the Modern World '' . Architecture Canada . 33 , 1 : 43 . Jump up ^ Brown & Cook 2011 , pp. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Cook , Tim ( 2 April 2017 ) . `` The event that recast the Battle of Vimy Ridge '' . Toronto Star . Toronto . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Excerpted from Vimy : The Battle and the Legend Jump up ^ Evans 2007 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Brown & Cook 2011 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Brown & Cook 2011 , pp. 47 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Wineguard 2007 , pp. 83 -- 85 . Jump up ^ `` Vimy Ridge : Royals commemorate defining WW1 battle '' . BBC . 9 April 2017 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth II ( 9 April 2017 ) . `` Message from Her Majesty The Queen on the 100th Anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . References ( edit ) Barris , Ted ( 2007 ) , Victory at Vimy : Canada Comes of Age , April 9 -- 12 , 1917 , Toronto : Thomas Allen Publishers , ISBN 978 - 0 - 88762 - 253 - 3 Barton , Peter ; Doyle , Peter ; Vandewalle , Johan ( 2004 ) , Beneath Flanders Fields : The Tunnellers ' War 1914 -- 1918 , Montreal & Kingston : McGill - Queen 's University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 2949 - 6 Bechthold , Mike ( 2007 ) , `` In the Shadow of Vimy Ridge : The Canadian Corps in April and May 1917 '' , in Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike , Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , pp. 239 -- 264 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 Berton , Pierre ( 1986 ) . Vimy . Toronto : McClelland and Stewart . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 1339 - 3 . Boire , Michael ( 1992 ) , `` The Underground War : Military Mining Operations in support of the attack on Vimy Ridge , 9 April 1917 '' ( PDF ) , Canadian Military History , Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies , 1 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 15 -- 24 , ISSN 1195 - 8472 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 March 2009 , retrieved 2 January 2008 Boire , Michael ( 2007 ) , `` The Battlefield before the Canadians , 1914 -- 1916 '' , in Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike , Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , pp. 51 -- 61 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 Brennan , Patrick ( 2007 ) , `` Julian Byng and Leadership in the Canadian Corps '' , in Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike , Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , pp. 87 -- 104 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 Brown , Eric ; Cook , Tim ( 2011 ) . `` The 1936 Vimy Pilgrimage '' . Canadian Military History . Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies . 20 ( 2 ) : 33 -- 54 . Campbell , David ( 2007 ) , `` The 2nd Canadian Division : A ' Most Spectacular Battle ' '' , in Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike , Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , pp. 171 -- 192 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 Chasseaud , Peter ( 1999 ) , Artillery 's Astrologers : A History of British Survey and Mapping on the Western Front 1914 -- 1918 , Lewes : Mapbooks , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9512080 - 2 - 1 Cook , Tim ( 1999 ) , `` ' A Proper Slaughter ' : The March 1917 Gas Raid at Vimy '' ( PDF ) , Canadian Military History , Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies , 8 ( 2 ) : 7 -- 24 , ISSN 1195 - 8472 , retrieved 25 July 2015 Cook , Tim ( 2007 ) , `` The Gunners of Vimy Ridge : ' We are Hammering Fritz to Pieces ' '' , in Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike , Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , pp. 105 -- 124 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 Corkerry , Shaun ( 2001 ) , Instructions for the Training of Divisions for Offensive Action 1916 , Instructions for the Training of Platoons for Offensive Action 1917 , Buckinghamshire : Military Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85420 - 250 - 8 Evans , Suzanne ( 9 February 2007 ) . Mothers of Heroes , Mothers of Martyrs : World War I and the Politics of Grief . Montreal : McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 3188 - 8 . Falls , Cyril ( 1992 ) ( 1940 ) , Military Operations : France and Belgium 1917 : The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras , History of the Great War Based on Official Documents , I , Nashville : The Battery Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 89839 - 180 - 0 Farndale , General Sir Martin ( 1986 ) , Western Front , 1914 -- 1918 , History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery , Woolwich : Royal Artillery Institution , ISBN 1 - 870114 - 00 - 0 Farr , Don ( 2007 ) , The Silent General : A Biography of Haig 's Trusted Great War Comrade - in - Arms , Solihull : Helion , ISBN 978 - 1 - 874622 - 99 - 4 Godefroy , Andrew ( 2007a ) , `` The 4th Canadian Division : ' Trenches Should Never be Saved ' '' , in Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike , Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , pp. 211 -- 224 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 Godefroy , Andrew ( 2007b ) , `` The German Army at Vimy Ridge '' , in Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike , Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , pp. 225 -- 238 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 Granatstein , Jack Lawrence ( 2004 ) , Canada 's Army : Waging War and Keeping the Peace , Toronto : University of Toronto Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8696 - 9 Hayes , Geoffrey ( 2007 ) , `` The 3rd Canadian Division : Forgotten Victory '' , in Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike , Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , pp. 193 -- 210 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 Hopkins , J. Castell ( 1919 ) , Canada at War , 1914 -- 1918 : A Record of Heroism and Achievement , Toronto : Canadian Annual Review , OCLC 869410882 Hucker , Jacqueline ( 2007 ) . `` The Meaning and Significance of the Vimy Monument '' . In Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike . Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment . Waterloo , ONT : Wilfrid Laurier University Press . pp. 279 -- 290 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 . Humphries , Mark Osborne ( 2007 ) , `` '' Old Wine in New Bottles `` : A Comparison of British and Canadian Preparations for the Battle of Arras '' , in Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike , Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , pp. 65 -- 85 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 Inglis , Dave ( 1995 ) , Vimy Ridge : 1917 -- 1992 , A Canadian Myth over Seventy Five Years , Burnaby : Simon Fraser University , ISBN 978 - 0 - 612 - 06688 - 5 Jones , Simon ( 2010 ) . Underground Warfare 1914 -- 1918 . Barnsley : Pen & Sword Military . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 962 - 8 . McGill , Harold W. ( 2007 ) , Norris , Marjorie , ed. , Medicine and duty : the World War I memoir of Captain Harold W. McGill , Medical Officer , 31st Battalion , C.E.F , Calgary : University of Calgary Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55238 - 193 - 9 McKay , Ian ; Swift , Jamie ( 2016 ) . The Vimy Trap : Or , How We Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Great War . Toronto : Between the Lines . ISBN 978 - 1 - 77113 - 275 - 6 . Moran , Heather ( 2007 ) , `` The Canadian Army Medical Corps at Vimy Ridge '' , in Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike , Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , pp. 139 -- 154 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 Nicholson , G.W.L. ( 1962 ) , Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914 -- 1919 ( PDF ) , Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War , Ottawa : Queen 's Printer and Controller of Stationary , OCLC 59609928 , retrieved 15 July 2015 Pierce , John ( 1992 ) , `` Constructing Memory : The Vimy Memorial '' ( PDF ) , Canadian Military History , Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies , 1 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 4 -- 14 , ISSN 1195 - 8472 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 March 2009 , retrieved 2 February 2009 Rawling , Bill ( 2007 ) , `` The Sappers of Vimy : Specialized Support for the Assault of 9 April 1917 '' , in Hayes editor - first = Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike , Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , pp. 125 -- 138 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 Robinson , Phillip ; Cave , Nigel ( 2011 ) . The Underground War : Vimy Ridge to Arras . I. Barnsley : Pen & Sword . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 976 - 5 . Samuels , Martin ( 1996 ) , Command or Control ? Command Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies , 1888 -- 1918 , Portland : Frank Cass , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 4570 - 4 Sheffield , Gary ( 2002 ) , Forgotten Victory : The First World War Myths and Realities , London : Headline Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7472 - 6460 - 6 Sheldon , Jack ( 2008 ) , The German Army on Vimy Ridge 1914 -- 1917 , Barnsley : Pen & Sword Military , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 680 - 1 Terraine , John ( 1992 ) , The Smoke and the Fire : Myths and Anti-Myths of War 1861 -- 1945 , London : Pen & Sword Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85052 - 330 - 0 Tucker , Spencer , ed. ( 1996 ) , The European powers in the First World War : an encyclopedia , New York : Garland , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 0399 - 2 Turner , Alexander ( 2005 ) , Vimy Ridge 1917 : Byng 's Canadians Triumph at Arras , London : Osprey , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 871 - 7 Vance , Jonathan Franklin ( 1997 ) , Death So Noble : Memory , Meaning and the First World War , Vancouver : UBC Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 0600 - 8 Vimy Memorial , Ottawa , Ontario : Canadian War Museum , 2009 , retrieved 26 January 2015 Williams , Jeffery ( 1983 ) , Byng of Vimy , General and Governor General , London : Secker & Warburg , ISBN 978 - 0 - 436 - 57110 - 7 Wineguard , Timothy ( 2007 ) , `` Here at Vimy : A Retrospective -- The 90th Anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge '' ( PDF ) , Canadian Military Journal , Department of National Defence , 8 ( 2 ) : 83 -- 85 , ISSN 1492 - 465X , retrieved 2 February 2009 Wynne , Graeme Chamley ( 1976 ) ( 1940 ) , If Germany Attacks : The Battle in Depth in the West ( Greenwood Press , NY ed . ) , London : Faber & Faber , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8371 - 5029 - 1 Further reading ( edit ) Cook , Tim ( 2017 ) . Vimy : The Battle and the Legend . Toronto , ON : Penguin Canada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7352 - 3317 - 1 . Macintyre , D. Eberts ( 1967 ) . Canada at Vimy . Toronto : Peter Martins Associates . OCLC 910396 . Sheldon , J. ( 2015 ) . The German Army in the Spring Offensives 1917 : Arras , Aisne & Champagne . Barnsley : Pen & Sword Military . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78346 - 345 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Canadian Armed Forces portal World War I portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Vimy Ridge . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Battle of Vimy Ridge '' dated 2006 - 05 - 18 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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how many amendments does the kansas constitution have

List of amendments to the United States Constitution

list of amendments to the united states constitution

This article is about the 33 constitutional amendments approved by Congress and sent to the states for ratification since 1789 . For proposals to amend the United States Constitution introduced in but not approved by the U.S. Congress , see List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution . This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book Thirty - three amendments to the United States Constitution have been proposed by the United States Congress and sent to the states for ratification since the Constitution was put into operation on March 4 , 1789 . Twenty - seven of these , having been ratified by the requisite number of states , are part of the Constitution . The first ten amendments were adopted and ratified simultaneously and are known collectively as the Bill of Rights . Six amendments adopted by Congress and sent to the states have not been ratified by the required number of states . Four of these amendments are still technically open and pending , one is closed and has failed by its own terms , and one is closed and has failed by the terms of the resolution proposing it . Article Five of the United States Constitution detailed the two - step process for amending the nation 's frame of government . Amendments must be properly Proposed and Ratified before becoming operative . This process was designed to strike a balance between the excesses of constant change and inflexibility . An amendment may be proposed and sent to the states for ratification by either : The United States Congress , whenever a two - thirds majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives deem it necessary ; OR A national convention , called by Congress for this purpose , on the application of the legislatures of two - thirds ( currently 34 ) of the states . To become part of the Constitution , an amendment must be ratified by either ( as determined by Congress ) : The legislatures of three - fourths ( currently 38 ) of the states , within the stipulated time period -- if any ; OR State ratifying conventions in three - fourths ( currently 38 ) of the states , within the stipulated time period -- if any . Upon being properly ratified , an amendment becomes an operative addition to the Constitution . Approximately 11,699 proposals to amend the Constitution have been introduced in Congress since 1789 ( as of January 2017 ) . Collectively , members of the House and Senate typically propose around 200 amendments during each two -- year term of Congress . Most , however , never get out of the Congressional committees in which they were proposed , and only a fraction of those that do receive enough support to win Congressional approval to go through the constitutional ratification process . Beginning in the early 20th century , Congress has usually , but not always , stipulated that an amendment must be ratified by the required number of states within seven years from the date of its submission to the states in order to become part of the Constitution . Congress ' authority to set ratification deadline was affirmed by the United States Supreme Court in Coleman v. Miller , 307 U.S. 433 ( 1939 ) . The thirty - three amendments to the United States Constitution -- both ratified and unratified -- are listed and detailed in the tables below . Contents 1 Ratified amendments 1.1 Synopsis of each ratified amendment 1.2 Summation of ratification data for each ratified amendment 2 Unratified amendments 2.1 Synopsis of each unratified amendment 2.2 Summation of ratification data for each unratified amendment 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Ratified amendments Synopsis of each ratified amendment No . Subject Ratification Submitted Completed Time span 1st Prohibits Congress from making any law respecting an establishment of religion , impeding the free exercise of religion , abridging the freedom of speech , infringing on the freedom of the press , interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the right to petition the government September 25 , 1789 December 15 , 1791 7002811000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 81 days 2nd Protects the right to keep and bear arms September 25 , 1789 December 15 , 1791 7002811000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 81 days 3rd Places restrictions on the quartering of soldiers in private homes September 25 , 1789 December 15 , 1791 7002811000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 81 days 4th Prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and sets out requirements for search warrants based on probable cause September 25 , 1789 December 15 , 1791 7002811000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 81 days 5th Sets out rules for indictment by grand jury and eminent domain , protects the right to due process , and prohibits self - incrimination and double jeopardy September 25 , 1789 December 15 , 1791 7002811000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 81 days 6th Protects the right to a fair and speedy public trial by jury , including the rights to be notified of the accusations , to confront the accuser , to obtain witnesses and to retain counsel September 25 , 1789 December 15 , 1791 7002811000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 81 days 7th Provides for the right to trial by jury in certain civil cases , according to common law September 25 , 1789 December 15 , 1791 7002811000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 81 days 8th Prohibits excessive fines and excessive bail , as well as cruel and unusual punishment September 25 , 1789 December 15 , 1791 7002811000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 81 days 9th Protects rights not enumerated in the Constitution September 25 , 1789 December 15 , 1791 7002811000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 81 days 10th Reinforces the principle of federalism by stating that the federal government possesses only those powers delegated to it by the states or the people through the Constitution September 25 , 1789 December 15 , 1791 7002811000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 81 days 11th Makes states immune from suits from out - of - state citizens and foreigners not living within the state borders ; lays the foundation for sovereign immunity March 4 , 1794 February 7 , 1795 7002340000000000000 ♠ 340 days 12th Revises presidential election procedures by having the president and vice president elected together as opposed to the vice president being the runner up in the presidential election December 9 , 1803 June 15 , 1804 7002189000000000000 ♠ 189 days 13th Abolishes slavery , and involuntary servitude , except as punishment for a crime January 31 , 1865 December 6 , 1865 7002309000000000000 ♠ 309 days 14th Defines citizenship , contains the Privileges or Immunities Clause , the Due Process Clause , the Equal Protection Clause , and deals with post -- Civil War issues June 13 , 1866 July 9 , 1868 7002757000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 26 days 15th Prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race , color or previous condition of servitude February 26 , 1869 February 3 , 1870 7002342000000000000 ♠ 342 days 16th Permits Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the various states or basing it on the United States Census July 12 , 1909 February 3 , 1913 7003130200000000000 ♠ 3 years , 206 days 17th Establishes the direct election of United States Senators by popular vote May 13 , 1912 April 8 , 1913 7002330000000000000 ♠ 330 days 18th Prohibited the manufacturing or sale of alcohol within the United States ( Repealed December 5 , 1933 , via the 21st Amendment ) December 18 , 1917 January 16 , 1919 7002394000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 29 days 19th Prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on sex June 4 , 1919 August 18 , 1920 7002441000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 75 days 20th Changes the date on which the terms of the president and vice president and of members of Congress end and begin ( to January 20 and January 3 respectively ) March 2 , 1932 January 23 , 1933 7002327000000000000 ♠ 327 days 21st Repeals the 18th Amendment and makes it a federal offense to transport or import intoxicating liquors into U.S. states and territories where such transport or importation is prohibited by the laws of those states and territories February 20 , 1933 December 5 , 1933 7002288000000000000 ♠ 288 days 22nd Limits the number of times that a person can be elected president : a person can not be elected president more than twice , and a person who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected can not be elected more than once March 24 , 1947 February 27 , 1951 7003143600000000000 ♠ 3 years , 340 days 23rd Grants the District of Columbia electors ( the number of electors being equal to the least populous state ) in the Electoral College June 16 , 1960 March 29 , 1961 7002286000000000000 ♠ 286 days 24th Prohibits the revocation of voting rights due to the non-payment of a poll tax or any other tax September 14 , 1962 January 23 , 1964 7002496000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 131 days 25th Addresses succession to the Presidency and establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President , as well as responding to Presidential disabilities July 6 , 1965 February 10 , 1967 7002584000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 219 days 26th Prohibits the denial of the right of US citizens , eighteen years of age or older , to vote on account of age March 23 , 1971 July 1 , 1971 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 days 27th Delays laws affecting Congressional salary from taking effect until after the next election of representatives September 25 , 1789 May 5 , 1992 7004740010000000000 ♠ 202 years , 223 days Summation of ratification data for each ratified amendment `` Y '' indicates that state ratified amendment `` N '' indicates that state rejected amendment `` Y '' indicates that state ratified amendment after first rejecting it `` Y '' indicates that state ratified amendment , later rescinded that ratification , but subsequently re-ratified it `` -- '' indicates that state did not complete action on amendment `` '' indicates that amendment was ratified before state joined the Union State ( in order of statehood ) 1 -- 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Delaware Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Pennsylvania Y -- Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- New Jersey Y -- Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Georgia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y -- Y -- -- -- Y Y Connecticut Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Massachusetts Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Maryland Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y South Carolina Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y Y -- -- Y Y Y New Hampshire Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Virginia Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y Y New York Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- North Carolina Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y -- Y Y Y Y Rhode Island Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y Y Y Vermont Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Kentucky Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y Y -- -- Y Y -- Y Tennessee Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Ohio Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Louisiana Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y -- -- Y Y Y Indiana Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Mississippi Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y -- Y -- Y -- -- Illinois Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Alabama Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Maine Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Missouri Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Arkansas Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y Michigan Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Florida Y Y Y -- -- Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y -- Y Texas Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y Y Iowa Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Wisconsin Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y California Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Minnesota Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Oregon Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Kansas Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y Y Y Y West Virginia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y Y Y Nevada Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Nebraska Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y Y Y Y Colorado Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y North Dakota Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y -- -- Y South Dakota Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y -- -- Y Montana Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Washington Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y Y Y Idaho Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Wyoming Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y Utah Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Oklahoma Y Y Y Y Y -- Y -- Y Y Y New Mexico Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Arizona Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y -- Y Y Y Alaska Y Y Y Y Y Hawaii Y Y Y Y Y State ( in order of statehood ) 1 -- 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Source : Unratified amendments Synopsis of each unratified amendment Title Subject Status Congressional Apportionment Amendment Would strictly regulate the size of congressional districts for representation in the House of Representatives . Pending since September 25 , 1789 Titles of Nobility Amendment Would strip citizenship from any United States citizen who accepts a title of nobility from a foreign country . Pending since May 1 , 1810 Corwin Amendment Would make the states ' `` domestic institutions '' ( slavery ) impervious to the constitutional amendment procedures established in Article V and immune to abolition or interference from Congress . Pending since March 2 , 1861 Child Labor Amendment Would empower the federal government to limit , regulate , and prohibit child labor . Pending since June 2 , 1924 Equal Rights Amendment Would have prohibited deprivation of equality of rights by the federal or state governments on account of sex . Initial ratification period ended March 22 , 1979 , and extension period ended June 30 , 1982 ; amendment failed District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment Would have treated the District of Columbia as if it were a state regarding representation in the United States Congress ( including repealing the 23rd Amendment ) , representation in the Electoral College and participation in the process by which the Constitution is amended . Ratification period ended August 22 , 1985 ; amendment failed Summation of ratification data for each unratified amendment `` Y '' indicates that state ratified amendment `` N '' indicates that state rejected amendment `` Y '' indicates that state ratified amendment after first rejecting it `` Y '' indicates that state ratified amendment , but later recinded that ratification `` ⋈ '' indicates that state did not complete action on amendment during stated ratification period . `` '' An empty cell indicates that state has not completed action on pending amendment . State ( in alphabetical order ) Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights Alabama ⋈ ⋈ Alaska Y ⋈ Arizona Y ⋈ ⋈ Arkansas Y ⋈ ⋈ California Y Y ⋈ Colorado Y Y ⋈ Connecticut Y Y Delaware Y Y Y Florida ⋈ ⋈ Georgia Y ⋈ ⋈ Hawaii Y Y Idaho Y Y ⋈ Illinois Y Y ⋈ Y ⋈ Indiana Y Y ⋈ Iowa Y Y Y Kansas Y Y ⋈ Kentucky Y Y Y Y Y ⋈ Louisiana ⋈ Y Maine Y Y Y Maryland Y Y Y Y Y Massachusetts Y Y Y Michigan Y Y Y Minnesota Y Y Y Mississippi ⋈ ⋈ Missouri ⋈ ⋈ Montana Y Y ⋈ Nebraska Y ⋈ Nevada Y ⋈ Y ⋈ New Hampshire Y Y Y Y ⋈ New Jersey Y Y Y Y Y New Mexico Y Y ⋈ New York Y Y ⋈ North Carolina Y Y ⋈ ⋈ North Dakota Y Y ⋈ Ohio Y Y Y Y Y Oklahoma Y ⋈ ⋈ Oregon Y Y Y Pennsylvania Y Y Y Y ⋈ Rhode Island Y Y Y Y South Carolina Y ⋈ ⋈ South Dakota Y ⋈ Tennessee Y Y ⋈ Texas Y ⋈ Utah Y ⋈ ⋈ Vermont Y Y Y ⋈ Virginia Y ⋈ ⋈ Washington Y Y ⋈ West Virginia Y Y Y Wisconsin Y Y Y Wyoming Y Y ⋈ Number of ratifications : 11 12 5 28 37 16 See also History of the United States Constitution Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution References Jump up ^ England , Trent ; Spalding , Matthew . `` Essays on Article V : Amendments '' . The Heritage Guide to The Constitution . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Measures Proposed to Amend the Constitution '' . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Secretary , United States Senate . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` C - SPAN 's Capitol Questions '' . June 9 , 2000 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2008 . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Constitution '' . Ithaca , New York : Legal Information Institute , Cornell Law School . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill of Rights '' . America 's Founding Documents . Washington , D.C. : National Archives . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution : Amendments 11 - 27 '' . America 's Founding Documents . Washington , D.C. : National Archives . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Michael J. ; Lewis , Catlain Devereaux ; Nolan , Andrew ; Toten , Meghan ; Tyson , Ashley , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation '' ( PDF ) . 112th Congress , 2nd Session , Senate Document No. 112 -- 9 . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office . pp. 25 -- 45 . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . 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is the us virgin island part of the united states

The United States Virgin Islands ( USVI ; also called the American Virgin Islands ) , officially the Virgin Islands of the United States , is a group of islands in the Caribbean that is an insular area of the United States located 40 miles ( 64 km ) east of Puerto Rico . The islands are geographically part of the Virgin Islands archipelago and are located in the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles .

United States Virgin Islands

united states virgin islands

The United States Virgin Islands ( USVI ; also called the American Virgin Islands ) , officially the Virgin Islands of the United States , is a group of islands in the Caribbean that is an insular area of the United States located 40 miles ( 64 km ) east of Puerto Rico . The islands are geographically part of the Virgin Islands archipelago and are located in the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles .

The U.S. Virgin Islands consist of the main islands of Saint Croix , Saint John , and Saint Thomas , and many other surrounding minor islands . The total land area of the territory is 133.73 square miles ( 346.36 km ) . The territory 's capital is Charlotte Amalie on the island of Saint Thomas . Previously the Danish West Indies of the Kingdom of Denmark -- Norway , they were sold to the United States by Denmark in the Treaty of the Danish West Indies of 1916 . They are classified by the U.N. as a Non-Self - Governing Territory , and are currently an organized , unincorporated United States territory . The U.S. Virgin Islands are organized under the 1954 Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands and have since held five constitutional conventions . The last and only proposed Constitution , adopted by the Fifth Constitutional Convention of the U.S. Virgin Islands in 2009 , was rejected by the U.S. Congress in 2010 , which urged the convention to reconvene to address the concerns Congress and the Obama Administration had with the proposed document . The Fifth Constitutional Convention of the U.S. Virgin Islands met in October 2012 to address these concerns , but was not able to produce a revised Constitution before its October 31 deadline . In 2010 the population was 106,405 , and mostly Afro - Caribbean . Tourism and related categories are the primary economic activity , employing a high percentage of the civilian non-farm labor force that totalled 42,752 persons in 2016 . ( The total non-farm labor force was 48,278 persons . ) Private sector jobs made up 71 percent of the total workforce . The average private sector salary was $34,088 and the average public sector salary was $52,572 . In a May 2016 report , some 11,000 people were categorized as being involved in some aspect of agriculture in the first half of 2016 but this category makes up a small part of the total economy . ( The islands have a significant rum manufacturing sector . ) At that time , there were approximately 607 manufacturing jobs and 1,487 natural resource and construction jobs . The single largest employer was the government . In mid February 2017 , the USVI was facing a financial crisis due to a very high debt level of $2 billion and a structural budget deficit of $110 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Politics and government 3.1 Administrative divisions 3.2 Self - determination 3.3 Military 4 Economy 4.1 Financial challenges 4.2 Transportation and communications 5 Demographics 5.1 Ethnic groups 5.2 Languages 5.3 Religion 5.4 Health 5.5 Education 6 Culture 6.1 Music 6.2 Language 6.3 Media 6.4 Public holidays 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : History of the United States Virgin Islands The U.S. Virgin Islands were originally inhabited by the Ciboney , Carib , and Arawaks . The islands were named by Christopher Columbus on his second voyage in 1493 for Saint Ursula and her virgin followers . Over the next two hundred years , the islands were held by many European powers , including Spain , Great Britain , the Netherlands , France , and Denmark - Norway . The Danish West India Company settled on Saint Thomas in 1672 , settled on Saint John in 1694 , and purchased Saint Croix from France in 1733 . The islands became royal Danish colonies in 1754 , named the Danish West Indian Islands ( Danish : De dansk - vestindiske øer ) . Sugarcane , produced by slave labor , drove the islands ' economy during the 18th and early 19th centuries , until the abolition of slavery by Governor Peter von Scholten on July 3 , 1848 . The Danish West India and Guinea Company are also credited with naming the island St. John ( Danish : Sankt Jan ) . The Danish crown took full control of Saint John in 1754 along with St. Thomas and St. Croix . Sugarcane plantations such as the famous Annaberg Sugar Plantation were established in great numbers on St. John because of the intense heat and fertile terrain that provided ideal growing conditions . The establishment of sugarcane plantations also led to the buying of more slaves from Africa . In 1733 , St. John was the site of one of the first significant slave rebellions in the New World when Akwamu slaves from the Gold Coast took over the island for six months . The Danish were able to defeat the enslaved Africans with help from the French in Martinique . Instead of allowing themselves to be recaptured , more than a dozen of the ringleaders shot themselves before the French forces could capture them and call them to account for their activities during the period of rebel control . It is estimated that by 1775 , slaves outnumbered the Danish settlers by a ratio of 5 : 1 . The indigenous Caribs and Arawaks were also used as slave labor to the point of the entire native population being absorbed into the larger groups . Slavery was abolished in the Virgin Islands on July 3 , 1848 . Although some plantation owners refused to accept the abolition , some 5,000 Black people were freed while another 17,000 remained enslaved . In that era , slaves labored mainly on sugar plantations . Other crops included cotton and indigo . Over the following years , strict labor laws were implemented several times , leading planters to abandon their estates , causing a significant drop in population and the overall economy . In the late 1800s , numerous natural disasters added to worsen the situation . For the remainder of the period of Danish rule the islands were not economically viable and significant transfers were made from the Danish state budgets to the authorities in the islands . In 1867 a treaty to sell Saint Thomas and Saint John to the United States was agreed , but the sale was never effected . A number of reforms aimed at reviving the islands ' economy were attempted , but none had great success . A second draft treaty to sell the islands to the United States was negotiated in 1902 but was defeated in the upper house of the Danish parliament in a balanced ballot ( because the opposition carried a 97 - year - old life member into the chamber ) . The aftermath of Hurricane Marilyn on the island of St. Thomas , 1995 . The onset of World War I brought the reforms to a close and again left the islands isolated and exposed . During the submarine warfare phases of the war , the United States , fearing that the islands might be seized by Germany as a submarine base , again approached Denmark about buying them . After a few months of negotiations , a selling price of $25 million in United States gold coin was agreed ( this is equivalent to $550.23 million in 2016 dollars ) . At the same time the economics of continued possession weighed heavily on the minds of Danish decision makers , and a consensus in favor of selling emerged in the Danish parliament . The Treaty of the Danish West Indies was signed in August 1916 , with a Danish referendum held in December 1916 to confirm the decision . The deal was finalized on January 17 , 1917 , when the United States and Denmark exchanged their respective treaty ratifications . The United States took possession of the islands on March 31 , 1917 and the territory was renamed the Virgin Islands of the United States . Every year Transfer Day is recognized as a holiday , to commemorate the acquisition of the islands by the United States . U.S. citizenship was granted to the inhabitants of the islands in 1927 . The U.S. dollar was adopted in the territory in 1934 and from 1935 to 1939 the islands were a part of the United States customs area . Water Island , a small island to the south of St. Thomas , was initially administered by the U.S. federal government and did not become a part of the U.S. Virgin Islands territory until 1996 , when 50 acres ( 200,000 m ) of land was transferred to the territorial government . The remaining 200 acres ( 81 ha ) of the island were purchased from the U.S. Department of the Interior in May 2005 for $10 , a transaction that marked the official change in jurisdiction . Hurricane Hugo struck the U.S. Virgin Islands in 1989 , causing catastrophic physical and economic damage , particularly on the island of St. Croix . The territory was again struck by Hurricane Marilyn in 1995 , killing eight people and causing more than $2 billion in damage . The islands were again struck by Hurricanes Bertha , Georges , Lenny , and Omar in 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , and 2008 , respectively , but damage was not as severe in those storms . In 2017 , Hurricane Irma caused catastrophic damage to St. John and St. Thomas ; just days later , Hurricane Maria 's eyewall crossed over St. Croix . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of the United States Virgin Islands A map of the United States Virgin Islands . The U.S. Virgin Islands are in the Atlantic Ocean , about 40 miles ( 60 km ) east of Puerto Rico and immediately west of the British Virgin Islands . They share the Virgin Islands Archipelago with the Puerto Rican Virgin Islands of Vieques and Culebra ( administered by Puerto Rico ) , and the British Virgin Islands . The territory consists of three main islands : Saint Thomas , Saint John , and Saint Croix , as well as several dozen smaller islands . The main islands have nicknames often used by locals : `` Twin City '' ( St. Croix ) , `` Rock City '' ( St. Thomas ) and `` Love City '' ( St. John ) . The combined land area of the islands is roughly twice the size of Washington , D.C. The U.S. Virgin Islands are known for their white sand beaches , including Magens Bay and Trunk Bay , and strategic harbors , including Charlotte Amalie and Christiansted . Like most Caribbean islands , the islands of the Virgin Islands , including Saint Thomas , are volcanic in origin and hilly . The highest point is Crown Mountain , Saint Thomas ( 1,555 ft or 474 m ) . Saint Croix , the largest of the U.S. Virgin Islands , lies to the south and has a flatter terrain due to being coral in origin . The National Park Service manages more than half of Saint John , nearly all of Hassel Island , and many acres of coral reef . ( See also Virgin Islands National Park , Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument , Buck Island Reef National Monument , Christiansted National Historic Site , and Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve . ) The U.S. Virgin Islands lie on the boundary of the North American plate and the Caribbean Plate . Natural hazards include earthquakes and hurricanes . Climate ( edit ) The United States Virgin Islands enjoy a tropical climate , with little seasonal change throughout the year . Rainfall is concentrated in the high sun period ( May through October ) , while in the winter the northeast trade winds prevail . Summer and winter high temperatures differ by 5 ° F ( 3 ° C ) or less on average . Main article : Climate of the United States Virgin Islands ( hide ) Climate data for Saint Thomas , Virgin Islands Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 93 ( 34 ) 93 ( 34 ) 94 ( 34 ) 96 ( 36 ) 97 ( 36 ) 99 ( 37 ) 98 ( 37 ) 99 ( 37 ) 98 ( 37 ) 97 ( 36 ) 95 ( 35 ) 92 ( 33 ) 99 ( 37 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 85 ( 29 ) 85 ( 29 ) 86 ( 30 ) 87 ( 31 ) 88 ( 31 ) 89 ( 32 ) 90 ( 32 ) 90 ( 32 ) 90 ( 32 ) 89 ( 32 ) 87 ( 31 ) 86 ( 30 ) 87.7 ( 30.9 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 72 ( 22 ) 73 ( 23 ) 73 ( 23 ) 74 ( 23 ) 76 ( 24 ) 78 ( 26 ) 78 ( 26 ) 78 ( 26 ) 78 ( 26 ) 77 ( 25 ) 75 ( 24 ) 74 ( 23 ) 75.5 ( 24.3 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 63 ( 17 ) 62 ( 17 ) 56 ( 13 ) 62 ( 17 ) 66 ( 19 ) 67 ( 19 ) 57 ( 14 ) 59 ( 15 ) 64 ( 18 ) 66 ( 19 ) 52 ( 11 ) 62 ( 17 ) 52 ( 11 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.38 ( 60.5 ) 1.48 ( 37.6 ) 1.42 ( 36.1 ) 2.74 ( 69.6 ) 3.06 ( 77.7 ) 2.53 ( 64.3 ) 2.85 ( 72.4 ) 3.74 ( 95 ) 5.58 ( 141.7 ) 5.42 ( 137.7 ) 5.23 ( 132.8 ) 2.96 ( 75.2 ) 39.39 ( 1,000.5 ) Source : weather.com Politics and government ( edit ) Main article : Politics of the United States Virgin Islands See also : Political party strength in the United States Virgin Islands This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Charlotte Amalie , St. Thomas , the Islands ' capital . Christiansted , the largest town on St. Croix . The U.S. Virgin Islands are an organized , unincorporated United States territory . Although they are U.S. citizens , U.S. Virgin Islanders residing in the territory are ineligible to vote for the President of the United States . They are however eligible to vote if they become residents of mainland U.S. states . The U.S. Democratic and Republican parties allow U.S. Virgin Islands citizens to vote in their presidential primary elections for delegates to the respective national conventions . People born in the U.S. Virgin Islands derive their U.S. citizenship from Congressional statute . The main political parties in the U.S. Virgin Islands are the Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands , the Independent Citizens Movement , and the Republican Party of the Virgin Islands . Additional candidates run as independents . At the national level , the U.S. Virgin Islands elect a delegate to Congress from their at - large congressional district . The elected delegate , while able to vote in committee , can not participate in floor votes . The current House of Representatives delegate is Stacey Plaskett ( D ) . At the territorial level , 15 senators -- seven from the district of Saint Croix , seven from the district of Saint Thomas and Saint John , and one senator at - large who must be a resident of Saint John -- are elected for two - year terms to the unicameral Virgin Islands Legislature . There is no limit as to the number of terms they can serve . The U.S. Virgin Islands have elected a territorial governor every four years since 1970 . Previous governors were appointed by the President of the United States . The U.S. Virgin Islands have a District Court , Superior Court and the Supreme Court . The District Court is responsible for federal law , while the Superior Court is responsible for U.S. Virgin Islands law at the trial level and the Supreme Court is responsible for appeals from the Superior Court for all appeals filed on or after January 29 , 2007 . Appeals filed prior to that date are heard by the Appellate Division of the District Court . Appeals from the federal District Court are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit , located in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . District Court judges are appointed by the U.S. president , while Superior Court and Supreme Court judges are appointed by the governor . On Oct 21 , 1976 , President Gerald Ford signed Pub. L. 94 -- 584 authorizing the people of the United States Virgin Islands to organize a government pursuant to a constitution , which would be automatically approved if Congress did not act within 60 days . On May 26 , 2009 the U.S. Virgin Islands Fifth Constitutional Convention adopted a proposed Constitution of the Virgin Islands , which was submitted by President Barack Obama to Congress on March 1 , 2010 . On June 30 , 2010 , President Obama signed Pub. L. 111 -- 194 in which Congress rejected the proposed constitution and urged the constitutional convention to reconvene . As of early 2017 , the territory still did not have its own constitution . Little has been achieved on this front since 2009 when a proposed constitution was contested by the U.S. Justice Department on the grounds that the powers sought exceeded what would be considered allowable under territorial status . In September 2012 , the Fifth Constitutional Convention of the U.S. Virgin Islands was unable to come to a decision on the contents of a proposed constitution by the October 31 deadline . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main article : Districts and sub-districts of the United States Virgin Islands Administratively , the U.S. Virgin Islands are divided into three ( 3 ) districts and twenty ( 20 ) sub-districts . Districts and sub-districts of the U.S. Virgin Islands Districts St. Thomas St. John St. Croix Sub-districts Charlotte Amalie East End Northside Southside Tutu Water Island West End Central Coral Bay Cruz Bay East End Anna 's Hope Village Christiansted East End Frederiksted Northcentral Northwest Sion Farm Southcentral Southwest While a Danish possession , the Islands were divided into `` quarters '' ( five on St. John and nine on St. Croix ) which were further divided into many dozens of `` estates '' . Estate names are still used to write addresses ; estates and quarters are used in describing real estate , especially on St. John and St. Croix . More densely populated towns such as Frederiksted and Christiansted on St. Croix were historically referred to as `` districts '' , in contrast to the surrounding plantation land . Self - determination ( edit ) A 1993 referendum on status attracted only 31.4 % turnout , and so its results ( in favor of the status quo ) were considered void . No further referenda have been scheduled since . In 2004 , the 25th Legislature of the Virgin Islands established the Fifth Constitutional Convention , a constitutional convention gathered in order to draft a new constitution . In June 2009 , Governor John de Jongh , Jr. rejected the resulting constitutional draft , saying the terms of the document would `` violate federal law , fail to defer to federal sovereignty and disregard basic civil rights . '' A lawsuit filed by members of the Convention to force Governor de Jongh to forward the document to President Barack Obama was ultimately successful . The President of the United States forwarded the proposal to Congress -- which then had 60 days to approve or reject the document -- in May 2010 , along with a report noting concerns raised by the U.S. Department of Justice and restating the issues noted by Governor de Jongh . A U.S. Congressional resolution disapproving of the proposed constitution and requesting that the Fifth Constitutional Convention reconvene to consider changes to address these issues was signed into law by President Obama on June 30 , 2010 . Months later , a federal lawsuit was filed in the Federal District Court of the Virgin Islands in 2011 . The lawsuit claimed that the United States had to provide U.S. Virgin Islanders with the ability to be represented in Congress and vote for U.S. President . The case is Civil No. 3 : 11 - cv - 110 , Charles v. U.S. Federal Elections Commission et al. ( 3 : 11 - cv - 00110 - AET - RM ) . It alleged that racial discrimination present in an all - white and segregated U.S. Congress of 1917 was the impetus to deny the right to vote to a majority non-white constituency . The case was ultimately dismissed and closed on August 16 , 2012 by District Judge Anne E. Thompson from the Federal District Court of the Virgin Islands , Division of St. Croix . The Fifth Constitutional Convention of the U.S. Virgin Islands met in October 2012 but was not able to produce a revised Constitution before its October 31 deadline . In 2016 , the United Nations 's Special Committee on Decolonisation recommended to the UN 's General Assembly that this larger body should assist in `` decolonization '' and help the people of the territory to `` determine freely their future political status '' . Specifically , the Special Committee recommended that the `` views of the people of the United States Virgin Islands in respect of their right to self - determination should be ascertained '' and that the UN should `` actively pursue a public awareness campaign aimed at assisting the people of the United States Virgin Islands with their inalienable right to self - determination and in gaining a better understanding of the options for self - determination '' . Military ( edit ) There are some military facilities and personnel on the islands : United States Army Reserve Virgin Islands Army National Guard Virgin Islands Air National Guard - stationed at St Croix ANGS Virgin Islands Army National Guard - stationed at St Croix ANGS Lionel A. Jackson Readiness Center - shared facility for Army and Air units Although a public airport , Henry E. Rohlsen Airport has hosted aircraft from the United States Air Force as well as the United States Army . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of the United States Virgin Islands Magens Bay , St. Thomas . Tourism is the primary economic activity . The islands normally host up to 2 million visitors a year , many of whom visit on cruise ships . Additionally , the islands frequently are a starting point for private yacht charters to the neighboring British Virgin Islands . Euromonitor indicates that over 50 percent of the workforce is employed in some tourism - related work . The manufacturing sector consists of mainly rum distilling . The agricultural sector is small , with most food being imported . International business and financial services are a small but growing component of the economy . Most energy is also generated from imported oil , leading to electricity costs four to five times higher than the U.S. mainland . The Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority also uses imported energy to operate its desalination facilities to provide fresh water . Until February 2012 , the Hovensa plant located on St. Croix was one of the world 's largest petroleum refineries and contributed about 20 % of the territory 's GDP . The facility stopped exporting petroleum products in 2014 . In the final year of full refinery operations , the value of exported petroleum products was $12.7 billion ( 2011 fiscal year ) . After being shut down , it has operated as no more than an oil storage facility ; the closure had provoked a local economic crisis . The U.S. Virgin Islands are located in the Atlantic Standard Time zone and do not participate in daylight saving time . When the mainland United States is on Standard Time , the U.S. Virgin Islands are one hour ahead of Eastern Standard Time . When the mainland United States is on daylight saving time , Eastern Daylight Time is the same as Atlantic Standard Time . The U.S. Virgin Islands are an independent customs territory from the mainland United States and operate largely as a free port . U.S. citizens thus do not have to clear customs when arriving in the U.S. Virgin Islands , but do when traveling to the mainland . Local residents are not subject to U.S. federal income taxes on U.S. Virgin Islands source income ; they pay taxes to the territory equal to what their federal taxes would be if they lived in a state . A 2012 Economic report from the US Census Bureau indicated a total of 2,414 business establishments generating $6.8 billion in sales , employing 32,465 people and paying $1.1 billion in payroll per year . Between 2007 and 2012 , sales declined by $12.6 billion , or 64.9 percent . ( In 2007 , total sales were $19.5 billion and the number employed was 35,300 . ) The latest data ( May 2016 ) from the islands ' own Bureau of Economic Research indicates that there were 37,613 non-agricultural wage and salary jobs in the islands . This report states that the `` leisure and hospitality sector '' employed an average of 7,333 people . However , the retail trade sector , which also serves many tourists , averaged another 5,913 jobs . Other categories which also include some tourism jobs include Arts and Entertainment ( 792 jobs ) , Accommodation & Food ( 6,541 jobs ) , Accommodation ( 3755 jobs ) , Food Services & Drink ( 2,766 jobs ) . When those are totaled , it is clear that a large percentage of the 37,613 non-farm workers are employed in dealing with tourists ; of course , serving the local population is also part of the role of these sectors . Financial challenges ( edit ) Analysts reviewing the economy often point to the closure of the HOVENSA oil refinery , the islands ' largest private sector employer , in early 2012 as having a major negative impact on the territory 's economy . In late 2013 , the Reserve Bank of New York 's Research and Statistics Group pointed out that manufacturing employment dropped by 50 percent in May 2012 , and by another 4 percent by November 2012 , and that the GDP fell by 13 percent , `` mainly due to an 80 percent drop - off in exports ( mostly refined petroleum ) '' . On the other hand , tourism and some other service industries were growing . As well , the 2010 census indicated that a relatively high share of the adult population is in the labor force : 66 percent , versus 65 percent on the mainland and well below 50 percent in Puerto Rico . The bottom line in this report however is that `` it may also be worthwhile to look at the physical infrastructure and human capital built up over the years , with an eye toward using it for other types of productive economic activity '' . Tourism , trade , and other service - oriented industries are the primary economic activities , accounting for nearly 60 % of the GDP . Approximately 2.5 million tourists per year visit , most arriving on cruise ships . Granted , such visitors do not spend large amounts of money ( $146.70 each on average ) but as a group , they contributed $339.8 million to the economy in 2012 . However , the travel industry warned in late 2014 that work needs to be done for USVI tourism practices to meet 21st century demands . `` The needs of the community and the tourists may be diametrically opposed ; however , for tourism to flourish cooperation is a necessity . From reduced energy costs to increased educational opportunities , from improved healthcare to a continued reduction in crime , these and many other challenges must be tackled . There is only now . '' The CIA 's World Factbook also discusses the value of federal programs and grants -- $241.4 million in 2013 , 19.7 % of the territory 's total revenues -- and that `` the economy remains relatively diversified . Along with a vibrant tourism industry , rum exports , trade , and services will be major income sources in future years '' . A May 2016 report by Bloomberg expressed concern about the islands ' tax - supported debt load . By January 23 , 2017 this had increased to 2 billion which was very high considering the moderate population . That translated to a per capita debt of $19,000 , which was worse than the per capita debt in Puerto Rico which was undergoing a severe financial crisis at the time . A Debtwire analyst writing in Forbes indicated that nothing short of a miracle would prevent a financial collapse . Another area of concern was the structural budget deficit which was at $110 million in mid February 2017 . The government instituted a new law in March 2017 with new or increased taxes on rum , beer , tobacco products and sugary drinks , as well as internet purchases and timeshare unit owners . Transportation and communications ( edit ) Main article : Transportation in the United States Virgin Islands The Henry E. Rohlsen International Airport serves St. Croix and the Cyril E. King International Airport serves St. Thomas and St. John . The U.S. Virgin Islands is the only U.S. jurisdiction that drives on the left . This was inherited from what was then - current practice on the islands at the time of the 1917 transfer of the territory to the United States from Denmark . However , because most cars in the territory are imported from the mainland United States , the cars in the territory are left - hand drive . As in other U.S. territories , U.S. Virgin Islands mail service is handled by the United States Postal Service , using the two - character state code `` VI '' for domestic mail delivery . ZIP codes are in the 008xx range . As of January 2010 , specifically assigned codes include 00801 -- 00805 ( St Thomas ) , 00820 -- 00824 ( Christiansted ) , 00830 -- 00831 ( St John ) , 00840 -- 00841 ( Frederiksted ) , and 00850 -- 00851 ( Kingshill ) . The islands are part of the North American Numbering Plan , using area code 340 , and island residents and visitors are able to call most toll - free U.S. numbers . Demographics ( edit ) See also : Demographics of the United States Virgin Islands Trunk Bay , St. John . Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1970 62,468 -- 1980 96,569 + 54.6 % 101,809 + 5.4 % 2000 108,612 + 6.7 % 106,405 − 2.0 % In 2010 the U.S. Virgin Islands had a population of 106,405 . There are 40,648 households , and 26,636 families . In 2010 there were 40,648 households out of which 34.7 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 33.2 % were married couples living together , 24.9 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 34.5 % were non-families. 30.2 % of all households were made up of individuals and 6.3 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.34 . In the territory , the population in 2010 was spread out with 31.6 % under the age of 18 , 8.0 % from 18 to 24 , 27.1 % from 25 to 44 , 24.9 % from 45 to 64 , and 8.4 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 33 years . For every 100 females , there were 91.4 males . For every 100 females ages 18 and up , there were 87.7 males . The annual population growth is − 0.12 % . The median income for a household in the territory was $24,704 , and the median income for a family was $28,553 according to the 2010 Census . Males had a median income of $28,309 versus $22,601 for females . The per capita income for the territory was $13,139 . About 28.7 % of families and 32.5 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 41.7 % of those less than 18 years old and 29.8 % of those 65 or more years old . Nearly 70 % of adults had at least a high school diploma and 19.2 % had a bachelor 's degree or higher . According to a report on the first half of 2016 by the VI Bureau of Economic Research , the unemployment rate was 11.5 percent . There were 37,613 non-agricultural wage and salary jobs ; the government employed 10,743 people , making it the single largest employer . The report states that the `` leisure and hospitality sector '' employed an average of 7,333 people . However , the `` retail trade sector '' , which also serves many tourists , averaged another 5,913 jobs . Other categories which also include some tourism jobs include Arts and Entertainment ( 792 jobs ) , Accommodation & Food ( 6,541 jobs ) , Accommodation ( 3755 jobs ) , Food Services & Drink ( 2,766 jobs ) . When those are totaled , it is clear that a large percentage of the 37,613 non-farm workers are employed in dealing with tourists ; of course , serving the local population is also part of the role of these sectors . The literacy rate for the adult population was 94.9 % in 2010 . Ethnic groups ( edit ) The racial makeup of the U.S. Virgin Islands was : Black or Afro - Caribbean : 76.0 % ( 66.1 % Non-Hispanic Black ) White : 15.7 % ( 13.5 % Non-Hispanic Whites ) Asian : 1.4 % Mixed : 2.1 % Other : 4.5 % Hispanic or Latino of any race : 17.4 % ( 10.3 % Puerto Rican , 5.4 % Dominican ) Many residents can trace their ancestry to other Caribbean islands , especially Puerto Rico and the Lesser Antilles . The territory is largely Afro - Caribbean in origin . Languages ( edit ) English is currently the dominant language and Spanish is spoken by about 17 % of the population . Other languages are spoken by 11 % of the population . English has been the official language since 1917 when the islands were transferred from Denmark to the United States . Under Danish rule , the official language was Danish , but it was solely the language of administration and spoken by Danes , a tiny minority of the overall population that primarily occupied administrative roles in colonial Danish West Indian society . However , place names and surnames of Denmark - Norway origins still remain among natives . Although the U.S. Virgin Islands was a Danish possession during most of its colonial history , Danish never was a spoken language among the populace , black or white , as the majority of plantation and slave owners were of Dutch , English , Scottish or Irish descent . Even during Danish ownership , Dutch was more common at least during some of those 245 years , specifically on St. Thomas and St. John . In St. Croix , English was the dominant language . St. Croix was owned by the French until 1733 when the island was sold to the Danish West Indian and Guinea Company . By 1741 there were five times as many English on the island as Danes . English Creole emerged on St. Croix more so than Dutch Creole , which was more popular on St. Thomas and St. John . Other languages spoken in the Danish West Indies included Irish , Scots , Spanish , and French , as well as Virgin Islands English Creole . Virgin Islands Creole English , an English - based creole locally known as `` dialect '' , is spoken in informal situations . The form of Virgin Islands Creole spoken on St. Croix , known as Crucian , is slightly different from that spoken on St. Thomas and St. John . Because the U.S. Virgin Islands are home to thousands of immigrants from across the Caribbean , Spanish and various French creole languages are also widely spoken . As of the 2000 census , 25.3 % of persons over the age of five speak a language other than English at home . Spanish is spoken by 16.8 % of the population and French is spoken by 6.6 % . Religion ( edit ) Religions : in the United States Virgin Islands ( 2010 ) Protestant ( 65.5 % ) Roman Catholic ( 27.1 % ) Other Christian ( 1.8 % ) Unaffiliated ( 3.7 % ) Other religion ( 1.9 % ) Christianity is the dominant religion in the U.S. Virgin Islands . According to Pew Research Center , 94.8 % of the population was Christian in 2010 . Baptist , Roman Catholic and Episcopalian were the largest denominations in the 2010 Census . Protestantism is the most widespread of the religious categories , reflecting the territory 's Danish and Norwegian colonial heritage and more recently , its being a part of the United States . There is also a strong Roman Catholic presence . Rastafari is also prevalent . Saint Thomas is home to one of the oldest Jewish communities in the Western Hemisphere as Sephardic Jews began to settle the island in the 18th century as traders and merchants . The St. Thomas Synagogue in Charlotte Amalie is the second oldest synagogue on American soil and oldest in terms of continuous usage . Health ( edit ) In 2010 , the national average life expectancy was 79.61 years . It was 76.57 years for men and 82.83 for women . Education ( edit ) The U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Education serves as the territory 's education agency , and has two school districts : St. Thomas - St. John School District and St. Croix School District . The University of the Virgin Islands provides higher education leading to associate 's , bachelor 's , and master 's degrees , with campuses on St. Thomas and St. Croix . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of the Virgin Islands The culture of the Virgin Islands reflects the various people that have inhabited the present - day U.S. Virgin Islands and British Virgin Islands , both despite their political separation having kept close cultural ties . The culture derives chiefly from West African , European and American cultures , in addition to the influences from the immigrants from the Arab world , India and other Caribbean islands . The island was also strongly influenced by the Dutch , French and Danish during the periods of control the island were under these powers . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of the Virgin Islands Language ( edit ) Main article : Virgin Islands Creole English Media ( edit ) The islands have a number of AM and FM radio stations ( mostly on St. Thomas and St. Croix ) broadcasting music , religious , and news programming . ( See List of radio stations in U.S. Territories . ) Full and low - power television stations are split between St. Thomas and St. Croix . ( See List of television stations in the U.S. Virgin Islands . ) Newspapers include : The Avis , printed daily on St. Croix . The Virgin Islands Daily News , printed daily on St. Thomas . St. John Tradewinds , distributed weekly on St. John . St. Thomas -- St. John This Week , online only . St. Thomas Source , online only . St. Croix Source , online only . St. John On Island Times , news and information on St John , USVI . Public holidays ( edit ) Main article : Public holidays in the United States Virgin Islands January 1 : New Years Day January 6 : Three Kings Day January ( third Monday ) : Martin Luther King , Jr . Day February ( third Monday ) : President 's Day March 31 : Transfer Day ( celebrates the transfer of the islands from Denmark to the U.S. ) April : Holy Thursday , Good Friday , Easter Monday May : Memorial Day July 3 : Emancipation Day July 4 : U.S. Independence Day September ( first Monday ) : Labor Day October ( second Monday ) : Virgin Islands Puerto Rico Friendship Day / Columbus Day November 1 : D. Hamilton Jackson Day ( also known as `` Liberty Day '' , or `` Bull and Bread Day '' ) November 11 : Veteran 's Day November ( fourth Thursday ) : Thanksgiving Day December 25 : Christmas December 26 : Christmas Second Day ( also known as `` Boxing Day '' ) Virgin Islands government employees are also given administrative leave for St. Croix carnival events in January and St. Thomas carnival events in April / May . See also ( edit ) Caribbean portal United States portal Outline of the United States Virgin Islands Index of United States Virgin Islands - related articles Bibliography of the United States Virgin Islands References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands - 2010 Census Results '' ( PDF ) . census.gov . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gross Domestic Product Per Capita for U.S. Virgin Islands '' . 5 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CIA -- The World Factbook - US Virgin Islands '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 2010 Population Counts for the U.S. Virgin Islands , U.S. Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands Economic Review -- VI '' ( PDF ) . VI Bureau of Economic Research . VI Bureau of Economic Research . May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands Economic Review -- VI '' ( PDF ) . VI Bureau of Economic Research . VI Bureau of Economic Research . May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Baribeau , Simone ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` United States Virgin Islands Risks Capsizing Under Weight Of Debt '' . Forbes . Forbes . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . How far behind is the United States Virgin Islands ( USVI ) from facing the same sort of financial crisis as Puerto Rico ? Not very . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Ernice ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` GOVERNMENT HAS TWO DAYS CASH ON HAND LEFT , FINANCE COMMISSIONER REVEALS '' . VI Consortium . VI Consortium . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Danish West Indies , 1666 -- 1917 '' . Danish National Archives . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands History '' . VI Now . VInow.com. 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . In the Danish West Indies slaves labored mainly on sugar plantations . Cotton , indigo and other crops were also grown . Sugar mills and plantations dotted the islands hilly landscapes . Each islands economy prospered through sugar plantations and slave trading . While St. John and St. Croix maintained a plantation economy , St. Thomas developed into a prosperous center of trade . Slave rebellion on St. John and St. Croix are well documented . Legitimate trade and business on St. Thomas influenced a different society where many more slaves were given freedom and an opportunity outside of plantation life . ^ Jump up to : A Brief History of the Danish West Indies , 1666 -- 1917 , Danish National Archives Jump up ^ Convention between the United States and Denmark for cession of the Danish West Indies , 39 Stat. 1706 Jump up ^ Transfer Day , Royal Danish Consulate , United States Virgin Islands Jump up ^ United States Department of the Interior ( 1934 ) . Annual Report of the Department of the Interior 1934 . U.S. Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ various United States governmental bureaus ( 1950 ) . Statistical Abstract of the United States . U.S. Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ Poinski , Megan . `` Water Island appears frozen in time , but big plans run under the surface -- V.I. says land acquired from the feds is about to undergo large - scale improvements '' . The Virgin Islands Daily News , November 18 , 2005 , online edition . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Slawych , Diane . `` Love is in the air '' . CANOE.ca . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Average Conditions Saint Thomas , VI '' . weather.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential election in the U.S. Virgin Islands , 2016 '' . Ballotpedia . Ballotpedia . July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Legislature of the Virgin Islands '' . Ballotpedia . Ballotpedia . July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Corbin , Dr. Carlyle G. ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Choose or Lose : U.S. Virgin Islands in 2017 '' . Pacific Island Times . Pacific Island Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mattei , Lou , Virgin Islands Daily News ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` Constitutional Convention Meeting Marred by Arguments , Technical Snarls '' . High Beam Research . Cengage Learning . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lou Mattei ( Daily News Staff ) ( September 29 , 2012 ) . `` Constitutional Convention meeting marred by arguments , technical snarls -- News '' . Virgin Islands Daily News . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` St John Map of Estates on St John US Virgin Islands Real Estate '' . American Paradise . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American Virgin Islands Maps -- Map of St. Croix Condos '' . American-virgin-islands.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poinski , Megan , `` Governor Rejects Constitution Draft '' , article in The Virgin Islands Daily News , June 13 , 2009 . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Office of the White House Press Secretary ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Statement by the Press Secretary on S.J. Res. 33 '' . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USVI Constitutional Convention mandated to reconsider autonomous proposals '' . Virgin Islands News Online . June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion '' ( PDF ) , Charles v. U.S. Federal Election Commission et . al. ( Court Filing ) , D.V.I. , No. 3 : 11 - cv - 00110 ( Docket 18 ) , Aug 20 , 2012 , retrieved Jul 25 , 2017 -- via Recap `` Order '' ( PDF ) , Charles v. U.S. Federal Election Commission et . al. ( Court Filing ) , D.V.I. , No. 3 : 11 - cv - 00110 ( Docket 19 ) , Aug 20 , 2012 , retrieved Jul 25 , 2017 -- via Recap Jump up ^ Lou Mattei ( Daily News Staff ) ( September 29 , 2012 ) . `` Constitutional Convention meeting marred by arguments , technical snarls -- News '' . Virgin Islands Daily News . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mattei , Lou ; Virgin Islands Daily News ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` Constitutional Convention Meeting Marred by Arguments , Technical Snarls '' . High Beam Research . Cengage Learning . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Special Committee on Decolonisation ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Question of the U.S. Virgin Islands '' . Overseas Review . Overseas Review . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Recognizing that the specific characteristics and the aspirations of the people of the United States Virgin Islands require flexible , practical and innovative approaches to the options for self - determination , without any prejudice to territorial size , geographical location , size of population or natural resources Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands Economic Review -- VI '' ( PDF ) . VI Bureau of Economic Research . VI Bureau of Economic Research . May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Travel and Tourism in US Virgin Islands '' . Euromonitor . Euromonitor. 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew ( February 19 , 2012 ) . `` USVI , NREL Partner to Reduce Fossil FuelS 60 % by 2025 '' . CleanTechnica . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority ( WAPA ) '' . Viwapa.vi . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands Economic Review -- VI '' ( PDF ) . VI Bureau of Economic Research . VI Bureau of Economic Research . May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DANIEL SHEA ( Daily News Staff ) ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` HOVENSA closing -- News '' . Virgin Islands Daily News . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived April 15 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` U.S. INSULAR AREAS , Application of the U.S. Constitution '' ( PDF ) . U.S. General Accounting Office . November 1997 : 37 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . US federal individual and corporate income taxes as such are not currently imposed in US insular areas . Jump up ^ `` Economic Census Shows the U.S. Virgin Islands Generated $6.8 Billion in Sales in 2012 '' . US Census . Department of Commerce . July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands Economic Review -- VI '' ( PDF ) . VI Bureau of Economic Research . VI Bureau of Economic Research . May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bram , Jason ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` A Long Road to Economic Recovery for the U.S. Virgin Islands '' . Liberty Street Economics . Retrieved Liberty Street Economics . Looking ahead , we note that the tropical weather and picturesque beaches will continue to draw tourists , and natural resources bode well for rum production . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Garely , Dr. Elinor ( November 9 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : The Honorable Beverly Nicholson - Doty , Commissioner of Tourism , United States Virgin Islands '' . E Turbo News . eTurboNews , Inc . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Dr. Elinor Garely , Editor - in - Chief , TourismExecutives.com Jump up ^ `` Central America and Caribbean -- VIRGIN ISLANDS -- Economy '' . CIA . CIA . 2014 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chappatta , Brian ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` More in Debt Than Puerto Rico , the Virgin Islands Rejects Rescue '' . Bloomberg . Bloomberg . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Ernice ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` FINANCIAL CRISIS : MAPP EXECUTIVE ORDER SUSPENDS HIRING , TRAVEL , WAGE NEGOTIATIONS AND LIMITS USE OF GOV 'T VEHICLES '' . VI Consortium . VI Consortium . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sin Tax is Now Law '' . NewsofStJohn.com . March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Virgin Islands Tourist Tips '' . Here.VI Search . WebMastersVI.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official USPS Abbreviations '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Virgin Islands General Information '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` St Thomas , VI '' . Zip-Codes.com . Datasheer , LLC . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Christiansted , VI '' . Zip-Codes.com . Datasheer , LLC . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` St John , VI '' . Zip-Codes.com . Datasheer , LLC . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Frederiksted , VI '' . Zip-Codes.com . Datasheer , LLC . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kingshill , VI '' . Zip-Codes.com . Datasheer , LLC . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2010 News U.S. Census Bureau Releases 2010 Census Population Counts for the U.S. Virgin Islands '' . 2010.census.gov . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Finder '' . US Census . Department of Commerce . 2011 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands Economic Review -- VI '' ( PDF ) . VI Bureau of Economic Research . VI Bureau of Economic Research . May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands '' . Pew Research . Pew Research . 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2010 News U.S. Census Bureau Releases 2010 Census Ethnic Counts for the U.S. Virgin Islands '' . 2010.census.gov . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands Demographics '' . VI Moving Center . VI Moving Center . 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Resource : 2010 United States Census of Population and Housing Jump up ^ An introduction to pidgins and creoles -- John A. Holm Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands Language '' . Vinow . VI Now . 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . St. Croix was owned by the French until 1733 when the Danes bought it . By 1741 there were five times as many English on the island as Danes . English Creole emerged on St. Croix more so than Dutch Creole , which was more popular on St. Thomas and St. John . Jump up ^ Detailed Tables -- American FactFinder Archived November 10 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . United States Census Bureau Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Îles Vierges américaines . Tlfq.ulaval.ca . Retrieved on July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Virgin Islands Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands '' . Pew Research . Pew Research . 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands Demographics '' . VI Moving Center . VI Moving Center . 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Resource : 2010 United States Census of Population and Housing Jump up ^ `` Chabad Lubavitch Jewish Center of the Virgin Islands -- Your Soul Resort In America 's paradise '' . Jewishvirginislands.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands '' . Pew Research . Pew Research . 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home . '' U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Education . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Go to the `` Schools '' tab and two school districts are listed . Jump up ^ `` Life in Denmark and 2017 centennial in St. Thomas of U.S. Virgin Islands '' . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands Daily News virginislandsdailynews.com A Pulitzer Prize Winning Newspaper , Virgin Islands Guide , Virgin Islands InfoVirgin Islands Daily News '' . Dailynews.vi . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Frontpage '' . Stjohntradewindsnews.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Island Vacation Guide -- What to Do , Restaurants , Hotels in St Thomas & St John '' . virginislandsthisweek.com . Jump up ^ `` St. Thomas Source '' . Jump up ^ `` St. Croix Source '' . Jump up ^ `` St John On Island Times '' . St John On Island Times . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 21 . 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what's the alcohol content of yuengling black & tan

Yuengling

yuengling

D.G. Yuengling & Son is the oldest operating brewing company in the United States , established in 1829 . It is one of the largest breweries by volume in the country . Based on volume sold in 2016 , Yuengling was the top craft beer company in the U.S. Based on sales in 2011 , Yuengling was tied with the Boston Beer Company , maker of Samuel Adams brands , as the largest American - owned brewery . Its headquarters are in Pottsville , Pennsylvania . Yuengling produces about 2.8 million barrels annually , operating two Pennsylvania facilities and a brewery in Tampa , Florida .

Yuengling is pronounced / ˈjɪŋlɪŋ / ( listen ) YENG - ling , and is an Anglicized version of Jüngling , its founder 's surname and the German term for `` youngling '' or `` young person '' . The family - owned brewery has traditionally changed ownership through the purchase of the company by the offspring of the previous owner . Due to the popularity of Yuengling Traditional Lager in Pennsylvania and the Delaware Valley ( including South Jersey ) , it can in some bars be ordered by simply asking for a lager . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Products 2.1 No longer produced 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) D.G. Yuengling and Son Brewing Complex U.S. National Register of Historic Places Part of the brewery at dusk Location 5th and Mahantongo Sts. , Pottsville , Pennsylvania Area 2.7 acres ( 1.1 ha ) Built 1873 NRHP reference # 85000180 Added to NRHP February 1 , 1985 Plaque on the outside of the brewery . German brewer David Gottlieb Jüngling ( 1808 -- 1877 ) immigrated to the United States in 1828 from Aldingen , a suburb of Stuttgart , in the Kingdom of Württemberg . He anglicized his surname from Jüngling to Yuengling and began the `` Eagle Brewery '' on Centre Street in Pottsville in 1829 . His eldest son David Jr. left the Eagle Brewery to establish the James River Steam Brewery along the James River in Richmond , Virginia . The first brewery burned down in an 1831 fire and the company relocated to W. Mahantongo Street at 5th Street , its current location . The Eagle Brewery changed its name to `` D.G. Yuengling and Son '' in 1873 after Frederick Yuengling joined his father David in running the company . Although the company 's name changed , the bald eagle remained the company 's emblem . During the late 19th century , breweries were also opened in Saratoga Springs , New York City , and Trail , British Columbia , although they were eventually merged with the Pottsville plant . Frank D. Yuengling began heading the company in 1899 after his father Frederick died . During the Prohibition era , Yuengling survived by producing `` near beers '' ( beverages with a 0.5 % alcohol content ) called `` Yuengling Special '' , `` Yuengling Por - Tor '' , and `` Yuengling Juvo '' . The company also ran a dairy which produced ice cream and opened dance halls in Philadelphia and New York City . In 1933 when the nation 's breweries and disgruntled beer lovers finally won the fight against Prohibition , Yuengling introduced its symbolic Winner Beer , celebrating Prohibition 's repeal , and the brewery shipped a truck load of its popular brew to the White House to show their appreciation to President Roosevelt . Richard L. Yuengling Sr. and F. Dohrman Yuengling succeeded Frank Yuengling after their father 's death in 1963 . Yuengling experienced an increase of sales after a renewed interest in history owing to the United States Bicentennial in 1976 . Yuengling bought the rights to use the Mount Carbon ( Bavarian Premium Beer ) name and label when Mount Carbon Brewery went out of business in 1977 . Yuengling initially brewed beer at Mount Carbon but eventually abandoned it . The dairy remained in business until 1985 . Richard L. ( `` Dick '' ) Yuengling Jr. took over as the 5th - generation company president in 1985 , the same year its Pennsylvanian brewery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the oldest in the United States . It was also so listed in the Pennsylvania Inventory of Historic Places at some unspecified date . ( The company 's website mentions only a vague national and state registration in 1976 ) . Yuengling has been a registered trademark for a variety of merchandise , including beer , since 1995 . The Pottsville brewery was featured on an episode of The History Channel 's American Eats . In 1987 , the brewery reintroduced a lager they had not made in decades to take advantage of a spike in popularity of heavier - style beers . Since this time , Yuengling Lager has become its flagship brand , accounting for 80 % of production and much of its rapid growth . In 1990 , the brewery sold 138,000 barrels . At the time , Yuengling was the largest brewer of porter in the United States . In the early 1990s , demand throughout Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and Delaware outstripped the existing brewery 's abilities . In 1999 , they increased their manufacturing capacity by purchasing a Stroh Brewery Company plant in Tampa , Florida , hiring the former Stroh employees , and began working with a trade union for the first time . In 2000 , the company built a third brewery in Pennsylvania , in Port Carbon in Schuylkill County near Pottsville . With production at the Port Carbon , Tampa , and original Pottsville plants , the company has been able to expand throughout the East Coast . Yuengling employees filed for union decertification in 2006 . As a result , Yuengling did not renew a contract with Teamsters Local 830 of Philadelphia in March 2006 . In response , the trade union began boycotting Yuengling products . As of 2017 , Yuengling is a moderately priced beer popular northward through New York , westward until Illinois and Kentucky , and southward through Georgia , where it has a large following . The Tampa brewery supplies the Florida Gulf Coast , the Florida Keys , Central Florida , North Florida , the Florida Panhandle as well as Alabama and Tennessee . The brewery uses corn from Minnesota and hops from Washington as ingredients in its products . Yuengling beer returned to Massachusetts on March 3 , 2014 , after having circulated among some bars and restaurants beginning in February . Yuengling began distribution in the state of Georgia on October 27 , 2008 . Yuengling also expanded distribution into West Virginia in May 2009 , Ohio in October 2011 , Rhode Island in June 2014 , Connecticut in September 2014 , Louisiana in August 2016 , and Indiana in March 2017 . On December 7 , 2017 , Yuengling announced it would expand to Arkansas in January 2018 , after teasing it would expand to either that state , Kentucky , Michigan , or Texas earlier in the day on social media . Despite losing out to Arkansas , Kentucky began serving Yuengling in draft form on March 6th , 2018 , and will begin selling it for takeout use on March 19th , 2018 . A quart of Yuengling vanilla ice cream Owner Dick Yuengling spoke in Harrisburg , PA on August 26 , 2013 and made his anti-union beliefs clear , calling for Pennsylvania to be a `` right - to - work '' state , and praising Republican governor Tom Corbett . A fire broke out at Yuengling 's Tampa brewery on October 26 , 2013 . The extent of the damage was unknown . In February 2014 , Yuengling Ice Cream returned to the market after a near 30 - year absence . Although operated by the Yuengling family , it is operated by David Yuengling , a cousin of Dick Yuengling and a direct descendant of David Gottlob Jüngling . It is legally a separate company from the brewery , as was the case since 1935 . In October 2016 , Dick Yuengling sparked calls for boycotts of Yuengling after endorsing Donald Trump for President . Yuengling will transfer at least 51 % control of the company in the future to either of his daughters that are currently executives Jennifer or Wendy , he told them which one privately but not publicly . His other two daughters , Sheryl and Debbie , are also involved in the company . Products ( edit ) Finished bottles being cased at a brewery Traditional Lager An amber lager in the style common before Prohibition ( commonly called pre-Prohibition lager ) . This is the company 's flagship beer , and what is received if a `` lager '' is ordered throughout many parts of Pennsylvania , New Jersey and Delaware . It is usually sold in green bottles prominently featuring the word `` LAGER '' on the label , but is also available in cans , brown quart bottles , and 24 ounce cans . It was previously offered in 22 ounce bottles , colloquially known as `` bombers '' . The `` bomber '' name is still used for the large cans . Yuengling Lager is 4.4 percent ABV . Light Lager A lower - calorie version of the Traditional Lager . Yuengling Premium Beer A standard American pilsner . Yuengling Premium Light Beer A lower - calorie version of the Premium Beer . Original Black & Tan This black and tan is a mixture of Yuengling Premium Beer ( 40 % ) and Dark - Brewed Porter ( 60 % ) . It was introduced in 1986 . Dark - Brewed Porter A Baltic porter with a very dark cola color , appearing almost black in the glass with a pale tan head , and a strong malt flavor . Rather than using the traditional top - fermenting ale yeasts used in most porters , Yuengling 's porter is bottom - fermented ; few mainstream breweries produce this style . Originally known as `` Pottsville Porter , '' this beer is notable for being one of the few porters commercially available from the late 1960s to the early 1980s . Lord Chesterfield Ale Named for Philip Stanhope , 4th Earl of Chesterfield , this is Yuengling 's hoppiest beer . This is not a true ale as it is brewed with , `` bottom - fermenting '' type , lager yeast . Like the Traditional Lager , it is usually sold in green bottles ( but also in cans ) and has an element of corn in its profile . It is very carbonated and tends to sprout a large but short - lived head when poured . As of 2007 , Lord Chesterfield is no longer sold in kegs . However , quarter kegs were put back on the market in October 2008 . Golden Pilsner Introduced in 2018 , Golden Pilsner is the first year - round beer introduced in 17 years . Combining pale and specialty malts , and Hallertau and Saaz hops , it has an ABV of 4.7 % and comes in at 135 calories . It was initially distributed April 1 to select markets , but will eventually make its way around the 22 - state footprint Yuengling covers . Yuengling Oktoberfest Produced for the Oktoberfest season , beginning in 2011 . It is currently Yuengling 's only seasonal beer . No longer produced ( edit ) Yuengling Bock Introduced in February , 2009 , this was a return of a discontinued beer last brewed in the 1970s . According to company sources , it was to be sold as a draught - only , spring seasonal beer . Due to its popularity Yuengling Bock beer was made available for kegs and cases in January 2010 . Bock Beer was discontinued in early 2015 after not meeting sales expectations . Summer Wheat Yuengling introduced a Summer Wheat beer in 2014 . It was 4.5 % ABV and was less hoppy than the normal brew . It was described as `` a southern true authentic Bavarian - style wheat beer . Summer Wheat was discontinued in 2017 along with Yuengling IPL when the Golden Pilsner was introduced , as `` part of a business strategy to focus more on the core brands . '' Yuengling IPL At 5 % ABV , the India Pale Lager was bright in color and loaded with Bravo , Belma , Cascade , and Citra hops on a balanced lager base . The IPL was first brewed in 2015 and discontinued along with Summer Wheat in 2017 . Old German It was a slightly sweet lager sold in short brown bottles that resembled barrels . Its inexpensive retail price ( $1.15 for a six - pack in 1986 , equal to $2.57 today ) made it a favorite of college students . Old German is still made by Iron City Brewing Company . Half & Half Originated from Reading 's Northeast Taproom where they mixed a 50 / 50 blend of Dark - Brewed Porter and Lord Chesterfield Ale . The local bar then requested that Yuengling sell the draft pre-mixed and the official `` Half & Half '' was born . It was replaced by Original Black & Tan in 1986 and was discontinued . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Reeves , Jeff ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Small - town Pa. brewer Yuengling makes big time '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Brewers Association Releases Top 50 Breweries of 2016 '' . Brewers Association ( Press release ) . 15 March 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Beer Company ties Yuengling for Largest '' Accessed April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us . '' D.G. Yuengling & Son . Retrieved on December 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bryson , Lew . Pennsylvania Breweries . 3rd Edition . Stackpoles Books . Mechanicsburg , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 3222 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Russell , Don . The Philadelphia News ( September 12 , 2002 ) : `` Joe Sixpack '' ( column ) , `` '' In Philly , Lager means Yuengling '' ( reprint appearing on Yuengling site ) Accessed December 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Galster , John ( June 2009 ) . `` Ales of the Revolution '' . BeerScene.com . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Historic Birthday : David G. Yuengling - Brookston Beer Bulletin '' . 2 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : BeerHistory.com . `` Yuengling of Pottsville : America 's Oldest Brewery '' . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Yuengling.com . `` History '' . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Yuengling : America 's Oldest Brewery '' . www.beerhistory.com . ^ Jump up to : Yuengling.com . `` History '' . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ National Register of Historic Places : Pennsylvania -- Schuylkill County Jump up ^ Trademark Applications and Registrations Retrieval. `` 74453768 '' . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Smith , Andrew ( 2013 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America , Volume 1 . Oxford University Press . p. 646 . ISBN 9780199734962 . ^ Jump up to : Dan Shope ( August 18 , 1991 ) . `` Oldest U.S. Beermaker Yuengling Goes After Microbrewery Market '' . The Morning Call . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Michael Rubinkam . `` Pittsburgh Post-Gazette ''. `` Teamsters foaming over ejection at Yuengling '' Jump up ^ Kimm R. Montone . The REPUBLICAN & Herald . Yuengling declares it will honor petition by workers to can union `` . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 . Archived May 21 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Philadelphia Public Record . `` Teamsters Boycott Yuengling '' . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Yuengling officially drops in Massachusetts today Boston.com. 3 March 2014 . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ The Columbus Dispatch ( 2011 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Yuengling beers to arrive in area on Oct. 3 '' . Dispatch.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Twitter ( 2014 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Now available in Rhode Island '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ The Best of New Orleans ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Yuengling Beer Hits Louisiana '' . bestofneworleans.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ The Indianapolis Star ( 2017 - 04 - 03 ) . `` You can now buy Yuengling in Indiana stores '' . IndyStar.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ https://www.brewbound.com/news/yuengling-expands-distribution-arkansas Jump up ^ https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2017/12/07/yuengling-michigan/931052001/ Jump up ^ https://www.courier-journal.com/story/life/food/spirits/beer/2018/01/19/yuengling-kentucky-march/1049390001/ Jump up ^ http://www.wkyt.com/content/news/Kentucky-bars-to-begin-serving-Yuengling-beer-Tuesday-475873493.html Jump up ^ Fire reported at Tampa 's Yuengling Brewery TBO.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 Jump up ^ Yuengling ice cream returns CNN . 12 February 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Peterson - Withorn , Chase ( 27 October 2016 ) . `` Beer Drinkers Are Boycotting Yuengling After Its Billionaire Owner Endorses Trump '' . Forbes . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Peterson - Withhorn , Chase ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Bottle Royale '' ( The Forbes 400 Special Issue ) . Forbes . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Lager -- Better by the Pound -- Yuengling '' . www.yuengling.com . Jump up ^ `` Light Lager ( D.G. Yuengling & Son Inc . ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Premium -- Yuengling '' . www.yuengling.com . Jump up ^ `` Light Beer ( D.G. Yuengling & Son Inc . ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Black & Tan ( D.G. Yuengling & Son Inc . ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Fine Beers -- Yuengling -- America 's Oldest Brewery '' . Yuengling . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Porter -- Yuengling '' . www.yuengling.com . Jump up ^ Jankowski , Ben . Brewing in Styles ( no date ) : `` American Porters : Marching to Revolutionary Drummers Jump up ^ `` Lord Chesterfield Ale ( D.G. Yuengling & Son Inc . ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Golden Pilsner ( D.G. Yuengling & Son Inc . ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Yuengling Golden Pilsner '' . RP Newswire . March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oktoberfest -- Yuengling '' . www.yuengling.com . Jump up ^ Douglas B. Brill ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Yuengling plans Oktoberfest at Bethlehem SteelStacks '' . Lehigh Valley Express - Times . Jump up ^ `` Our Beers : Seasonal ( D.G. Yuengling & Son Inc . ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Bock Beer ( D.G. Yuengling & Son Inc . ) '' . Jump up ^ Yuengling Bock Beer to Return in 2010 ( D.G. Yuengling & Son Inc . ) Jump up ^ `` mybeerbuzz.com : Yuengling to Prooduce Bock Beer '' . Mybeerbuzz.blogspot.com. 2009 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Brewery , Yuengling ( 5 January 2010 ) . `` Official Yuengling Brewery Blog - America 's Oldest Brewery : YUENGLING BOCK BEER '' . Jump up ^ Brad Rhen ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` First Draft : Yuengling may be an old dog , but it 's full of new tricks '' . Reading Eagle Company . Jump up ^ `` Summer Wheat Traditional Weizen Beer ( D.G. Yuengling & Son Inc . ) '' . Jump up ^ Thomas Leskin ( March 29 , 2014 ) . `` Yuengling ready for summer with seasonal wheat brew '' . Pottsville Republican Herald . Jump up ^ Rhen , Brad ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Yuengling introduces new beer '' . Reading Eagle . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yuengling introduces new beer ( D.G. Yuengling & Son Inc . ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Yuengling India Pale Lager '' . D.G. Yuengling & Son , Inc . December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coal Region Breweries '' . Jump up ^ `` Tavern Trove : '' . www.taverntrove.com . Jump up ^ Old German Beer Pittsburgh Brewing . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Butcher Family Tour . Nov. 25 , 2009 . Yuengling Brewery Tour comment from Dec. 30 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Philadelphia portal Drink portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yuengling . Official website Historical video profile about the brewery , family history and brewing traditions . Pennsylvania portal Companies portal Beer portal hide US National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Adams Allegheny Armstrong Beaver Bedford Berks Blair Bradford Bucks Butler Cambria Cameron Carbon Centre Chester East North South Clarion Clearfield Clinton Columbia Crawford Cumberland Dauphin Delaware Elk Erie Fayette Forest Franklin Fulton Greene Huntingdon Indiana Jefferson Juniata Lackawanna Lancaster Lawrence Lebanon Lehigh Luzerne Lycoming McKean Mercer Mifflin Monroe Montgomery Montour Northampton Northumberland Perry Philadelphia Pike Potter Schuylkill Snyder Somerset Sullivan Susquehanna Tioga Union Venango Warren Washington Wayne Westmoreland Wyoming York Lists by city Pittsburgh Lancaster Philadelphia Center City North Northeast Northwest South Southwest West Other lists European archaeological sites Native American archaeological sites Bridges ( covered ) National Historic Landmarks ( Philadelphia ) NRHP portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuengling&oldid=846595905 '' Categories : American beer brands Beer brewing companies based in Pennsylvania Brewery buildings in the United States American companies established in 1829 Cuisine of Philadelphia Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania Industrial buildings completed in 1873 Industrial buildings completed in 1913 Pottsville , Pennsylvania Schuylkill County , Pennsylvania 1829 establishments in Pennsylvania National Register of Historic Places in Schuylkill County , Pennsylvania Food and drink companies established in 1829 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch 한국어 日本 語 Norsk Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 18 : 59 ( UTC ) . 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led zeppelin and lord of the rings lyrics

Ramble on

ramble on

`` Ramble On '' is a song by English rock band Led Zeppelin from their 1969 album Led Zeppelin II . It was co-written by Jimmy Page and Robert Plant , and was recorded in 1969 at Juggy Sound Studio , New York , during the band 's second concert tour of North America . In 2010 , the song was ranked # 440 on list of Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Influences 2 Composition 3 Live performances 4 Reception 5 Chart positions 5.1 Single ( digital download ) 6 Personnel 7 Cover versions 8 Sources 9 References 10 External Links Influences ( edit ) The song 's lyrics were influenced by The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien . The opening line ( `` Leaves are falling all around '' ) could be a paraphrase of the opening line of Tolkien 's poem `` Namárië '' . Tolkien references appear later in the song 's lyrics , including Mordor and Gollum . Mine 's a tale that ca n't be told My freedom I hold dear How years ago in days of old When magic filled the air ' Twas in the darkest depths of Mordor I met a girl so fair But Gollum , and the evil one crept up And slipped away with her Composition ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The guitar 's jangly introduction employs a classic Jimmy Page technique : using regular open chords superimposed higher on the fretboard . There has been much doubt around Bonham 's percussions in the background throughout the song , having regard to the particular resonance that it captures . There are no versions consistent in this respect : often mistaken for bongos , some said of a small plastic bin for waste played with the hands from the side of the bottom , others about the sticks on his drum kit vinyl seat pad , or even the soles of the shoes he wore during the recording session and so rhythmically beaten with his drum sticks ; the book John Bonham : A Thunder of Drums reports instead of a hard case for guitar on which Bonham improvised percussion background with bare hands . The song also serves as an illustration of the tight interplay between bassist John Paul Jones and drummer John Bonham . Jones ' light , melodic bass phrases give way to an ascending motif which follows Bonham 's soft percussions . When asked in an interview how he achieved that smooth , sustaining violin - like tone on the solo , Page said : `` I used the neck pickup on my Les Paul and backed off on the treble knob on the guitar , and ran it through the sustainer Roger Mayer made for me years before . When I was recording it , I was thinking in terms of making a sound sort of like a string arrangement . Live performances ( edit ) Until 2007 , `` Ramble On '' was never performed live in its entirety at Led Zeppelin concerts . However , part of the song was performed by the band in the middle of `` Babe I 'm Gonna Leave You '' at a concert at Toronto on 2 November 1969 , as can be heard on the Led Zeppelin bootleg Listen to My Bluebird . In addition , part of the song was sung by Robert Plant during `` Communication Breakdown '' at the show on 21 March 1970 , at the Pacific Coliseum in Vancouver , B.C. , Canada . It was played in its entirety for the first time at the Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert on 10 December 2007 , at the O2 Arena in London ; Page ended the song with a brief section of `` What Is and What Should Never Be '' 's bridge . In June 2008 , Jimmy Page and John Paul Jones joined the Foo Fighters on stage at Wembley Stadium and performed `` Ramble On '' ; Dave Grohl and Taylor Hawkins supplied the vocals and drums , respectively . Page and Jones also performed `` Rock and Roll '' with the band , this time with Grohl playing drums and Hawkins singing . Reception ( edit ) In a retrospective review of Led Zeppelin II ( Deluxe Edition ) , Michael Madden of Consequence of Sound praised the remastering of `` Ramble On '' , believing the track now sounds `` mellow and well - balanced '' . Madden further stated the track `` gets a boost from John Paul Jones ' garter snake bass playing . '' When reviewing the added bonus tracks of the Deluxe Edition , Madden called the rough mix of `` Ramble On '' as the best of all the bonus tracks , calling Page 's acoustic strums `` particularly driving '' . Chart positions ( edit ) Single ( digital download ) ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position Canadian Billboard Hot Digital Singles Chart 66 Personnel ( edit ) Robert Plant -- vocals Jimmy Page -- guitars John Paul Jones -- bass guitar John Bonham -- drums Cover versions ( edit ) Main article : List of cover versions of Led Zeppelin songs Sources ( edit ) Lewis , Dave ( 2004 ) The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin , ISBN 0 - 7119 - 3528 - 9 Welch , Chris ( 1998 ) Led Zeppelin : Dazed and Confused : The Stories Behind Every Song , ISBN 1 - 56025 - 818 - 7 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kevin Courtright ( 1 September 2009 ) . Back to Schoolin ' . Xulon Press . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61579 - 045 - 6 . Jump up ^ Martin Popoff ( 15 August 2014 ) . The Big Book of Hair Metal : The Illustrated Oral History of Heavy Metal 's Debauched Decade . Voyageur Press . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 4546 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin Biography '' . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Led Zeppelin II found them further tightening up and modernizing their blues - rock approach on such tracks as `` Whole Lotta Love , '' `` Heartbreaker '' and `` Ramble On . '' Jump up ^ `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time - May 2010 '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Dave ( 1995 ) . The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin , Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 3528 - 9 Jump up ^ Ramble On sound question - Forum on Drummer World.com Jump up ^ Guitar World Led Vault Jump up ^ Shane Handler ( 11 December 2007 ) . `` Good Times , Bad Times - Led Zeppelin Reunion Show '' . Glide Magazine . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Madden , Michael ( 4 June 2014 ) . `` Led Zeppelin -- Led Zeppelin II ( Reissue ) '' . CoS . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Digital Singles - 1 December 2007 '' . billboard.com . Archived from the original on 11 February 2009 . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Led Zeppelin II track listing Songs Side one `` Whole Lotta Love '' `` What Is and What Should Never Be '' `` The Lemon Song '' `` Thank You '' Side two `` Heartbreaker '' `` Living Loving Maid ( She 's Just a Woman ) '' `` Ramble On '' `` Moby Dick '' `` Bring It On Home '' Deluxe edition `` La La '' Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin II Led Zeppelin III Led Zeppelin IV Houses of the Holy Physical Graffiti Presence In Through the Out Door Coda Led Zeppelin John Bonham John Paul Jones Jimmy Page Robert Plant Studio albums Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin II Led Zeppelin III Led Zeppelin IV Houses of the Holy Physical Graffiti Presence In Through the Out Door Coda Live albums The Song Remains the Same BBC Sessions How the West Was Won Celebration Day Compilations Profiled The Best of Led Zeppelin BBC Sessions Mothership Led Zeppelin Deluxe Edition Boxed sets Led Zeppelin Remasters Boxed Set 2 The Complete Studio Recordings Definitive Collection Singles `` Good Times Bad Times '' / `` Communication Breakdown '' `` Whole Lotta Love '' / `` Living Loving Maid ( She 's Just a Woman ) '' `` Immigrant Song '' / `` Hey , Hey , What Can I Do '' `` Black Dog '' / `` Misty Mountain Hop '' `` Rock and Roll '' / `` Four Sticks '' `` Over the Hills and Far Away '' / `` Dancing Days '' `` D'yer Mak'er '' / `` The Crunge '' `` Trampled Under Foot '' / `` Black Country Woman '' `` Candy Store Rock '' / `` Royal Orleans '' `` Fool in the Rain '' / `` Hot Dog '' `` Travelling Riverside Blues '' `` Baby Come On Home '' `` The Girl I Love She Got Long Black Wavy Hair '' Films The Song Remains the Same Led Zeppelin DVD Celebration Day Tours Scandinavia 1968 U.K. 1968 North America 1968 -- 1969 U.K. & Scandinavia 1969 North America Spring 1969 U.K. Summer 1969 North America Summer 1969 Europe Autumn 1969 North America Autumn 1969 U.K. 1970 Europe 1970 North America Spring 1970 Iceland , Bath & Germany 1970 North America Summer 1970 U.K. Spring 1971 Europe 1971 North America 1971 Japan 1971 U.K. Winter 1971 Australasia 1972 North America 1972 Japan 1972 U.K. 1972 -- 1973 Europe 1973 North America 1973 North America 1975 Earls Court 1975 North America 1977 Knebworth 1979 Over Europe 1980 Reunions Live Aid ( 1985 ) Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary ( 1988 ) Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert ( 2007 ) Lists Discography Songs Awards and nominations Bootlegs Cover versions by others Led Zeppelin songs written or inspired by others Related Articles Swan Song Records Three Week Hero `` Beck 's Bolero '' Bron - Yr - Aur The Starship Caesar 's Chariot Shark episode Planned tour -- The 1980s , Part One Covers and tributes That ' 70s Show ( season 5 ) Bands The Yardbirds Band of Joy XYZ The Honeydrippers The Firm Coverdale Page Page and Plant Jimmy Page and the Black Crowes Them Crooked Vultures Strange Sensation Books Hammer of the Gods : The Led Zeppelin Saga Stairway to Heaven : Led Zeppelin Uncensored When Giants Walked the Earth People Jason Bonham Peter Grant Richard Cole Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramble_On&oldid=803378683 '' Categories : 1969 songs Led Zeppelin songs Middle - earth music Songs written by Jimmy Page Songs written by Robert Plant Song recordings produced by Jimmy Page Train ( band ) songs Atlantic Records singles Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2016 EngvarB from June 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Italiano Norsk nynorsk Português Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 04 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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when was the offside rule introduced in brazil

The compromise rule that was written into the Laws of the Game in 1866 , and eventually adopted universally , was to adopt a form of the Cambridge rule , but with `` at least three '' rather than `` more than three '' opponents .

Offside ( Association Football )

offside ( association football )

Offside is one of the laws of association football , codified in Law 11 of the Laws of the Game . The law states that a player is in an offside position if any of their body part except the hands and arms is in the opponents ' half of the pitch and closer to the opponents ' goal line than both the ball and the second - last opponent ( not necessarily the goalkeeper ) . Being in an offside position is not an offence in itself ; a player who was in an offside position at the moment the ball last touched , or was played by a team mate , must then become involved in active play in the opinion of the referee , in order for an offence to occur . When the offside offence occurs , the referee stops play and awards an indirect free kick to the defending team from the place where the offending player became involved in active play .

The offside offence is neither a foul nor misconduct , players are never booked or sent off for offside . Like fouls , however , any play ( such as the scoring of a goal ) that occurs after an offence has taken place but before the referee is able to stop the play is nullified . One of the main duties of the linesmans is to assist the referee in adjudicating offside -- their position on the sidelines giving a more useful view sideways across the pitch . Assistant referees communicate that an offside offence has occurred by raising a signal flag . However , as with all officiating decisions in the game , adjudicating offside is ultimately up to the referee , who can overrule the advice of their assistants if they see fit . Contents ( hide ) 1 Application 1.1 Offside position 1.2 Offside offence 1.3 Offside sanction 1.4 Officiating 2 History 2.1 Unadopted experiments 3 Offside trap 4 References 5 External links Application ( edit ) The application of the offside rule may be considered in three steps : offside position , offside offence and offside sanction . Offside position ( edit ) The blue forward on the left of the diagram is in an offside position as they are in front of both the second - last opponent ( marked by the dotted line ) and the ball . This does not necessarily mean they are committing an offside offence . It only becomes an offence if the ball is played or touched by a team mate while they are in an offside position and subsequently becomes involved in active play according to the definitions given in the Laws of the Game no matter if any of these events occur after they move to an onside position . The blue forward in the penalty area of the diagram is not in an offside position , as they are behind the ball , despite the fact that they are closer to the opponents ' goal line than the second - last opponent . A player is in an offside position if they are in the opposing team 's half of the field and is also `` nearer to the opponents ' goal line than both the ball and the second - last opponent . '' The 2005 edition of the Laws of the Game included a new IFAB decision that stated , `` In the definition of offside position , ' nearer to his opponents ' goal line ' means that any part of their head , body or feet is nearer to their opponents ' goal line than both the ball and the second last opponent . The arms are not included in this definition '' . By 2017 , the wording had changed to say that , in judging offside position , `` The hands and arms of all players , including the goalkeepers , are not considered . '' In other words , a player is in an offside position if two conditions are met : Any part of the player 's head , body or feet is in the opponents ' half of the field ( excluding the half - way line ) . Any part of the player 's head , body or feet is closer to the opponents ' goal line than both the ball and the second - last opponent . ( The goalkeeper counts as an opponent in the second condition , but it is not necessary that the last opponent be the goalkeeper . ) Offside offence ( edit ) A player in an offside position at the moment the ball is touched or played by a team mate is only penalised for committing an offside offence if , in the opinion of the referee , they become involved in active play by : Interfering with play `` playing or touching the ball passed or touched by a team - mate '' Interfering with an opponent `` preventing an opponent from playing or being able to play the ball by clearly obstructing the opponent 's line of vision or challenging an opponent for the ball or clearly attempting to play a ball which is close to them when this action impacts on an opponent or making an obvious action which clearly impacts on the ability of an opponent to play the ball '' Gaining an advantage by playing the ball or interfering with an opponent when it has `` - rebounded or been deflected off the goalpost , crossbar , match official or an opponent - been deliberately saved by any opponent '' In addition to the above criteria , in the 2017 - 18 edition of the Laws of the Game , the IFAB made a further clarification that , `` In situations where a player moving from , or standing in , an offside position is in the way of an opponent and interferes with the movement of the opponent towards the ball this is an offside offence if it impacts on the ability of the opponent to play or challenge for the ball . '' There is no offside offence if a player receives the ball directly from a goal kick , a corner kick , or a throw - in . It is also not an offence if the ball was last deliberately played by an opponent ( except for a deliberate save ) . In this context , according to the IFAB , `` A ' save ' is when a player stops , or attempts to stop , a ball which is going into or very close to the goal with any part of the body except the hands / arms ( unless the goalkeeper within the penalty area ) . '' However , an offside offence may occur if a player receives the ball directly from either a direct free kick or an indirect free kick . Since offside is judged at the time the ball is touched or played by a teammate , not when the player receives the ball , it is possible for a player to receive the ball significantly past the second - to - last opponent , or even the last opponent , without committing an offence . This used to be expressed in the Law by International Board Decision 1 to Law 11 using the following phrase , `` A player who is not in an off - side position when one of his colleagues passes the ball to him or takes a free - kick , does not therefore become off - side if he goes forward during the flight of the ball . '' Determining whether a player is `` involved in active play '' can be complex . The quote , `` If he 's not interfering with play , what 's he doing on the pitch ? '' has been attributed to Bill Nicholson and Danny Blanchflower . In an effort to avoid such criticisms , which were based on the fact that phrases such as `` interfering with play '' , `` interfering with an opponent '' and `` gaining an advantage '' were not clearly defined , FIFA issued new guidelines for interpreting the offside law in 2003 and these were incorporated into Law 11 in July 2005 . The new wording sought to define the three cases more precisely , but a number of football associations and confederations continued to request more information about what movements a player in an offside position could make without interfering with an opponent . In response to these requests IFAB circular 3 was issued in 2015 to provide additional guidance on the criteria for interfering with an opponent . This additional guidance is now included in the main body of the law and forms the last 3 conditions under the heading `` Interfering with an opponent '' as shown above . The circular also contained additional guidance on the meaning of a save , in the context of a ball that has `` been deliberately saved by any opponent . '' Offside sanction ( edit ) The sanction for an offside offence is an indirect free kick for the opponent at the place where the player becomes involved in active play , even if it is in the player 's own half of the field of play . Officiating ( edit ) An assistant referee signals that the offside offence was in the middle of the pitch ; on the far side the flag would be pointed up at 45 degrees , for near the assistant it would be pointed down . In enforcing this rule , the referee depends greatly on an assistant referee , who generally keeps in line with the second - to - last opponent , the ball , or the halfway line , whichever is closer to the goal line of their relevant end . An assistant referee signals that an offside offence has occurred by first raising their flag upright without movement and then , when acknowledged by the referee , by partly lowering their flag to an angle that signifies the location of the offence : Flag pointed at a 45 - degree angle downwards : offence has occurred in the third of the pitch nearest to the assistant referee ; Flag parallel to the ground : offence has occurred in the middle third of the pitch ; Flag pointed at a 45 - degree angle upwards : offence has occurred in the third of the pitch furthest from the assistant referee . The assistant referees ' task with regard to offside can be difficult , as they need to keep up with attacks and counter-attacks , consider which players are in an offside position when the ball is played , and then determine whether and when the offside - positioned players become involved in active play . The risk of false judgement is further increased by the foreshortening effect , which occurs when the distance between the attacking player and the assistant referee is significantly different from the distance to the defending player , and the assistant referee is not directly in line with the defender . The difficulty of offside officiating is often underestimated by spectators . Trying to judge if a player is level with an opponent at the moment the ball is kicked is not easy : if an attacker and a defender are running in opposite directions , they can be two metres apart in less than a second . Some researchers believe that offside officiating errors are `` optically inevitable '' . It has been argued that human beings and technological media are incapable of accurately detecting an offside position quickly enough to make a timely decision . Sometimes it simply is not possible to keep all the relevant players in the visual field at once . There have been some proposals for automated enforcement of the offside rule . History ( edit ) Offside rules date back to codes of football developed at English public schools in the early nineteenth century . These offside rules , which varied widely between schools , were often much stricter than the modern game . In some of them , a player was `` off his side '' if they were standing in front of the ball . This was similar to the current offside law in rugby , under which any player between the ball and the opponent 's goal who takes part in play , is liable to be penalised . By contrast , the original Sheffield Rules had no offside rule , and players known as `` kick - throughs '' were positioned permanently near the opponents ' goal . Offside was probably part of the `` Cambridge Rules '' from their inception in 1848 . A ruleset dating from 1856 found in the library of Shrewsbury School is probably closely modelled on the Cambridge Rules and is thought to be the oldest set still in existence . Rule No. 9 required more than three defensive players to be ahead of an attacker who plays the ball . The rule states : If the ball has passed a player and has come from the direction of his own goal , he may not touch it till the other side have kicked it , unless there are more than three of the other side before him . No player is allowed to loiter between the ball and the adversaries ' goal . When the original Laws of the Game were first drafted in 1863 no forward passes of any sort were permitted , except for kicks from behind the goal line . The rule states : 6 . When a player has kicked the ball any one of the same side who is nearer to the opponent 's goal line is out of play and may not touch the ball himself , nor in any way whatever prevent any other player from doing so until the ball has been played , but no player is out of play when the ball is kicked from behind the goal line As football developed in the 1860s and 1870s , the offside law proved the biggest argument between the clubs . Sheffield got rid of the `` kick - throughs '' by amending their laws so that one member of the defending side was required between a forward player and the opponents ' goal . The compromise rule that was written into the Laws of the Game in 1866 , and eventually adopted universally , was to adopt a form of the Cambridge rule , but with `` at least three '' rather than `` more than three '' opponents . The rule changed to `` two opponents '' in 1925 and led to an immediate increase in goal - scoring . 4,700 goals were scored in 1,848 Football League games in 1924 -- 25 . This number rose to 6,373 goals ( from the same number of games ) in 1925 -- 26 . In 1990 the law was amended to adjudge an attacker as onside if level with the second - to - last opponent . This change was part of a general movement by the game 's authorities to make the rules more conducive to attacking football and help the game to flow more freely . Unadopted experiments ( edit ) During the 1973 -- 74 and 1974 -- 75 seasons , an experimental version of the offside rule was operated in the Scottish League Cup and Drybrough Cup competitions . The concept was that offside should only apply in the last 18 yards of play ( i.e. inside or beside the penalty area ) . To signify this , the horizontal line of the penalty area was extended to the touchlines . FIFA President Sir Stanley Rous attended the 1973 Scottish League Cup Final , which was played using these rules . The manager of one of the teams involved , Celtic manager Jock Stein , complained that it was unfair to expect teams to play under one set of rules in one game and then a different set a few days before or later . The experiment was quietly dropped after the 1974 -- 75 season , as no proposal for a further experiment or rule change was submitted for the Scottish Football Association board to consider . In the 1987 -- 88 season , the Football Association was authorised by the International Football Association Board to test an experimental rule change , whereby no attacker could be offside directly from a free - kick . The competition chosen for this experiment was the Football Conference . The change was not deemed a success , as the attacking team could pack the penalty area for any free - kick ( or even have several players stand in front of the opposition goalkeeper ) and the rule change was not introduced at a higher level . Offside trap ( edit ) Pioneered in the early 20th century by Arsenal and later adopted by influential Argentine coach Osvaldo Zubeldía , the offside trap is a defensive tactic designed to force the attacking team into an offside position . Just before an attacking player is played a through ball , the last defender ( s ) move up field , isolating the attacker into an offside position . The execution requires careful timing by the defence and is considered a risk , since running up field against the direction of attack may leave the goal exposed . Now that changes to the interpretations of `` interfering with play , interfering with an opponent and gaining an advantage '' mean a player is not guilty of an offside offence unless they become directly and clearly involved in active play , players not involved in active play can not be `` caught offside '' , making the tactic more risky . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Law 11 - Offside '' . Laws of the Game 2017 - 18 . Zurich : International Football Association Board . 2017 - 05 - 22 . pp. 91 -- 95 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Law 10 - Determining the Outcome of a Match '' . Laws of the Game 2017 - 18 . Zurich : International Football Association Board . 2017 - 05 - 22 . pp. 87 -- 90 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Law 6 - The Other Match Officials '' . Laws of the Game 2017 - 18 . Zurich : International Football Association Board . 2017 - 05 - 22 . pp. 69 -- 74 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Practical Guidelines for Match Officials '' . Laws of the Game 2017 - 18 . Zurich : International Football Association Board . 2017 - 05 - 22 . pp. 173 -- 202 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Law 5 - The Referee '' . Laws of the Game 2017 - 18 . Zurich : International Football Association Board . 2017 - 05 - 22 . pp. 61 -- 67 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amendments to the Laws of the Game 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 May 2005 . p. 3 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of the 1997 Meeting of the International Football Association Board '' ( PDF ) . International Football Association Board . 1 March 1997 . p. 29 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guardian Football : The Knowledge '' . The Guardian . 2006 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Barry Davies ( 1994 - 05 - 09 ) . Commentary : Brazil vs Netherlands , World Cup 1994 ( YouTube ) . United States : FIFA / BBC . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` IFAB Circular 3 '' . Zurich : The International Football Association Board . 15 July 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Oudejans , Raôul R.D. ; Verheijen , Raymond ; Bakker , Frank C. ; Gerrits , Jeroen C. ; Steinbrückner , Marten ; Beek , Peter J. ( 2000 ) , `` Errors in judging ' offside ' in football '' , Nature , 404 ( 6773 ) : 33 -- 33 , doi : 10.1038 / 35003639 Jump up ^ FB Maruenda ( 2009 ) , An offside position in football can not be detected in zero milliseconds , doi : 10.1038 / npre. 2009.3835. 1 , hdl : 10101 / npre. 2009.3835. 1 Jump up ^ B Maruenda ( 2004 ) , `` Can the human eye detect an offside position during a football match ? '' , BMJ , British Medical Journal , 329 ( 7480 ) : 1470 -- 2 , doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 329.7480. 1470 , PMC 535985 , PMID 15604187 Correction : `` Can the human eye detect an offside position during a football match ? '' , BMJ , 330 ( 7484 ) : 188 , 2005 , doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 330.7484. 188 Jump up ^ S Iwase , H Saito ( 2002 ) , Tracking soccer player using multiple views , Proceedings of the IAPR Workshop on Machine Vision , CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.143. 9703 ^ Jump up to : Carosi , Julian ( 2006 ) . `` The History of Offside '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Law 11 - Offside and Onside in General Play '' . World Rugby . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Law 14 - Offside '' . Rugby Football League . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 150 years of Association Football ~ How the Rules have changed '' . Archived from the original on 12 June 2013 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Russell , Grant ( 1 April 2011 ) . `` How the Scottish FA tried to revolutionise the offside law '' . www.sport.stv.tv . STV . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IFAB 1987 Approved Meeting Minutes '' ( PDF ) . International Football Association Board . 7 June 1989 . p. 32 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jonathan ( 13 April 2010 ) , The Question : Why is the modern offside law a work of genius ? Jump up ^ Intercontinental Cup 1968 , archived from the original on 6 Nov 2012 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Offside ( association football ) . Laws of the Game 2017 - 18 -- Law 11 - Offside is on pages 93 - 95 . Pages 195 - 201 give visual diagrams of situations in which offside offences occur or do not occur under Law 11 . FIFA Offside Presentation , June 2005 Offside explained at AskTheRef.com FIFA interactive guide Professional Referee Organization offside discussion , from 2015 pre-season ( includes video examples ) ( hide ) Laws of the Game ( rules of association football ) Terms Law 1 : The Field of Play Law 2 : The Ball Law 3 : The Number of Players Law 4 : The Players ' Equipment Law 5 : The Referee Law 6 : The Other Match Officials Law 7 : The Duration of the Match Law 8 : The Start and Restart of Play Law 9 : The Ball In and Out of Play Law 10 : The Method of Scoring Law 11 : Offside Law 12 : Fouls and Misconduct Law 13 : Free kicks ( direct and indirect ) Law 14 : The Penalty Kick Law 15 : The Throw - In Law 16 : The Goal Kick Law 17 : The Corner Kick Comparisons Rugby union Futsal International Football Association Board ( IFAB ) The Football Association Scottish Football Association Football Association of Wales Irish Football Association FIFA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Offside_(association_football)&oldid=828228841 '' Categories : Laws of association football Association football terminology Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 09 : 13 . 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who does the voice of bumblebee in transformers the last knight

Erik Aadahl voices Bumblebee , an Autobot scout and Optimus Prime 's second - in - command , who transforms into a custom - built yellow and black 2016 Chevrolet Camaro .

Erik Aadahl

Transformers : the Last Knight

transformers : the last knight

Transformers : The Last Knight is a 2017 American science fiction action film based on the Transformers toy line created by Hasbro . It is the fifth installment of the live - action Transformers film series and a sequel to 2014 's Age of Extinction . Like its predecessors , the film is directed by Michael Bay , and features Mark Wahlberg returning from Age of Extinction , with Josh Duhamel , John Turturro , and Glenn Morshower reprising their roles from the first three films , as well as Laura Haddock and Anthony Hopkins both joining the cast . It is the final film in the franchise to be directed by Michael Bay .

The film premiered at Odeon Leicester Square in London on June 18 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on June 21 , 2017 , by Paramount Pictures in 2D , 3D and IMAX 3D . The film was panned by critics , despite some praise for its action sequences and visual effects , and with an approval rating of 16 % on Rotten Tomatoes , it is the worst - reviewed film of the Transformers series ; at the 38th Golden Raspberry Awards , it was nominated for ten awards , including Worst Picture , Worst Director and Worst Actor for Wahlberg , but did not win any . It grossed $605 million worldwide over a budget of $217 million , making it the lowest grossing film of the franchise . A spin - off / prequel , directed by Travis Knight and entitled Bumblebee : The Movie , is scheduled for release on December 21 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Humans 2.2 Voices 2.2. 1 Non-Speaking Characters 2.3 Cameos 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Effects 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 United States and Canada 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Controversy 8 Future 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In 484 AD , King Arthur and his knights battle against the Saxons . Elsewhere , Merlin approaches the Knights of Iacon , a group of Transformers hiding on Earth , to help win the war . They hand him an alien staff , before transforming together into Dragonstorm , warning Merlin that a great evil will come for the staff . In the present , a year after the Hong Kong Uprising , Optimus Prime crash - lands on Cybertron , and meets his alleged creator Quintessa . She blames Optimus for Cybertron 's destruction and brainwashes him into helping to gain Merlin 's staff , which can absorb Earth 's energy to restore their homeworld . Earth is revealed to be the slumbering Unicron , whose horns are emerging across the planet . On Earth , Transformers remain unwelcome amongst humanity , apart from in Cuba , and are hunted by the Transformers Reaction Force ( TRF ) , a paramilitary force formed from the fallen Cemetery Wind . Cade Yeager , an ally to the Autobots , helps hide refugees from the TRF in his remote junkyard . In the war - torn Chicago , Cade , Bumblebee , street-wise scavenger Izabella and her Transformer companions Sqweeks and Canopy help a group of children evade the TRF drones , but Canopy is killed . Cade receives a mechanical talisman from a dying Autobot knight and has a brief standoff with the TRF before heading back to his junkyard with Izabella and Sqweeks . Both Megatron and the American military become aware of the talisman 's value and power , reluctantly joining forces to obtain it . A group of Decepticon prisoners are released to aid in the mission . The Decepticons and the TRF locate Cade 's hideout thanks to a tracker that the TRF had planted on Bumblebee during the standoff . Cade , his assistant Jimmy , Izabella , and Sqweeks flee from the Decepticons and the TRF to an abandoned town where the Autobots ambush their enemies and defeat them while Cade , Jimmy , and Izabella battle a unit of TRF drones . Cogman , a steampunk Transformer , approaches Cade and invites him to travel to the United Kingdom and meet his employer , Sir Edmund Burton , who has connections to the Transformers . Burton also has his associate , Hot Rod , bring Viviane Wembley , a University of Oxford English Literature professor , to his estate . Bringing Cade , Viviane , and Bumblebee together , Burton explains that Transformers have been aiding mankind in war for centuries , their existence hidden by a secret society of historical figures known as the Order of Witwiccans . The talisman can lead to Merlin 's staff , buried with him in a Cybertronian spacecraft hidden at the bottom of the sea . However , only a direct descendant of Merlin can wield it , revealing Viviane is the last in his bloodline . The TRF and the local authorities discover them , forcing them to flee . Following a series of clues while evading their pursuers , Cade , Viviane , Bumblebee , and Cogman commandeer the submarine HMS Alliance , which is revealed to be a Transformer , to find the spacecraft , followed by the TRF in their own submarines . Burton later contacts Seymour Simmons , both learning that Earth is Unicron , and the staff will be used to drain the planet 's life , via an access point hidden under Stonehenge . Locating the ship , Cade and Viviane discover Merlin 's tomb and obtain the staff . Viviane activates it , causing the spacecraft to become airborne , awakening the Knights of Iacon . As the TRF try to take the staff from them , Optimus arrives , forcing them to surrender the staff . Bumblebee and Cade confront Optimus , the former speaking in his own voice , stirring Optimus ' memories and freeing him from Quintessa 's control . The Knights try to execute Optimus for his presumed betrayal , but Cade stops them when his talisman transforms into Excalibur and the Knights yield to him . The Autobots and human military forces then converge on Stonehenge . They then engage the decepticons who flee to where Quintessa is on Cybertron . In a mid-credits scene , Quintessa , disguised as a human , approaches a group of scientists inspecting one of Unicron 's horns , offering a way to destroy him . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Transformers film series characters Humans ( edit ) Mark Wahlberg as Cade Yeager , a single father and inventor , who helped the Autobots during the events of Age of Extinction . Josh Duhamel as Col. William Lennox , a former NEST commander and U.S. Army Ranger captain , who partnered with the Autobots prior to the events of Age of Extinction , and now a U.S. Army Colonel and reluctant member of the Transformers Reaction Force ( TRF ) . Stanley Tucci as Merlin , King Arthur 's wizard and Viviane 's ancestor . Tucci was originally reported to be reprising his role as Joshua Joyce from Age of Extinction . Anthony Hopkins as Sir Edmund Burton , 12th Earl of Folgan , an astronomer and historian who knows about the history of the Transformers on Earth . Laura Haddock as Viviane Wembly , a Professor of English Literature at the University of Oxford and a polo player , who turns out to be a descendant of Merlin . Minti Gorne portrays a younger Viviane . Isabela Moner as Izabella , a street-wise tomboy who was orphaned with Sqweeks and Canopy , her only friends , until meeting Cade . Jerrod Carmichael as Jimmy , a young man from South Dakota whom Cade hired through a want ad . Santiago Cabrera as Santos , a former Delta Force operative and commander of the TRF , who seeks to eradicate every Transformer and their human allies regardless of faction . John Turturro as Seymour Simmons , a former government agent with Sector Seven and NEST turned successful writer who hides out in Cuba , and was allied with the Autobots prior to the events of Age of Extinction . Glenn Morshower as General Morshower , the director of NEST in Revenge of the Fallen and Dark of the Moon who now supervises TRF operations . Liam Garrigan as King Arthur , the legendary knight who first fought with the Knights of Iacon . Liam Garrigan previously portrayed a version of King Arthur in Once Upon a Time . Additionally , Mitch Pileggi , Tony Hale , and Gil Birmingham appear as a TRF group leader , a JPL engineer , and Chief Sherman , respectively . Nicola Peltz has a vocal cameo as Tessa Yeager , Cade 's daughter , who helped the Autobots during the events of Age of Extinction , while Shia LaBeouf is seen as Sam Witwicky , who allied with the Autobots in events prior to Age of Extinction , in a photograph spotted in Burton 's mansion . Tyrese Gibson was cast to return as Robert Epps , but was unable to appear in the film due to scheduling conflicts with The Fate of the Furious . Voices ( edit ) Peter Cullen voices Optimus Prime , the leader of the Autobots , who transforms into a blue and red 2014 Western Star 5700 Custom semi-trailer truck while searching for the truth about his Creators . Gemma Chan as Quintessa , a Cybertronian Sorceress , the `` Prime of Life , '' the `` true '' leader of the Decepticons and the creator of Cybertronians who wants to destroy Unicron ( and Earth ) and rebuild Cybertron through whatever way possible . She appears on - screen briefly in the mid-credits scene as the disguised human form of Quintessa . Frank Welker as : Megatron , the leader of the Decepticons , who possessed a KSI Drone in Age of Extinction and transforms into a Cybertronian jet . Canopy ( Uncredited ) , an Autobot refugee and a friend of Izabella who camouflages into a shielding pile of rubble . Erik Aadahl voices Bumblebee , an Autobot scout and Optimus Prime 's second - in - command , who transforms into a custom - built yellow and black 2016 Chevrolet Camaro . Jim Carter voices Cogman , a polite sociopathic , human - sized robot . He serves as the faithful butler to Sir Edmund Burton , and while despite not having a larger robot mode , he transforms into an Aston Martin DB11 in the toyline . Omar Sy voices Hot Rod , an Autobot who transforms into a Citroën DS , before upgrading into a 2017 Lamborghini Centenario LP770 - 4 . He is brother - in - arms with Bumblebee and speaks in a thick French accent . Ken Watanabe voices Drift , a Samurai - motif Autobot tactician and former Decepticon who transforms into a black and red 2017 Mercedes - AMG GT R . John Goodman voices Hound , a trigger - happy Autobot commando and field medic who transforms into an olive green Mercedes - Benz Unimog military tactical ambulance . John DiMaggio as : Crosshairs , a cocky Autobot paratrooper and sniper who transforms into a green and black 2016 Chevrolet Corvette C7 Stingray , equipped with a custom split - spoiler . His ego lends him a misplaced belief in his future command of the Autobots . Nitro Zeus , a showboating Decepticon hunter who transforms into an JAS 39 Gripen Fighter Jet . Onslaught ( Uncredited ) , a Decepticon tactician who transforms into a green Western Star 4900SF tow truck , Reno Wilson as : Sqweeks , a small Autobot and Izabella 's closest friend who ca n't transform and only says `` Chihuahua '' due to prior damage . Mohawk , a Decepticon foot soldier who transforms into a Confederate P51 Combat Fighter Motorcycle . Jess Harnell voices Barricade , a Decepticon scout who survived the Chicago War in Dark of the Moon . He transforms into a 2016 Ford Mustang police car , featuring a new robot mode . Tom Kenny voices Wheelie , a former Decepticon turned Autobot who survived the Chicago battle in Dark of the Moon . Steve Buscemi voices Daytrader , an Autobot scavenger who transforms into a cloaked rusty Mercedes - Benz LK Model 1920 dump truck . Steven Barr as : Topspin , an Autobot Wrecker who resides in Cuba with Simmons that once transformed into a # 48 Hendrick Motorsports Lowe 's / Kobalt car . In the film he is credited as `` Volleybot '' and grew a metallic beard that resembles his fallen comrade , Leadfoot . Berserker ( Uncredited ) , a monstrous Decepticon commando who transforms into a Chevy Tahoe emergency vehicle , Mark Ryan as : `` Bulldog '' , an Autobot veteran of World War I and World War II , and a sentry for Burton 's castle , who transforms into an army Mark IV tank and suffers from ' robot dementia ' , The Lieutenant , an elderly Autobot that transforms into a Hawker Hurricane fighter plane that cameos at Burton 's castle . Various uncredited actors voice the Knights of Iacon , a group of twelve Cybertronian Knights who protects the Staff and merge to form the three - headed dragon , Dragonstorm . They include Dragonicus , Stormreign , Steelbane , and Skullitron . Non-speaking characters ( edit ) Grimlock , the leader of the Dinobots , who transforms into a mechanical horned , fire - breathing Tyrannosaurus . Slug , the savage Dinobot destroyer who transforms into a mechanical spiked and bestial Triceratops . Mini-Dinobots , the Mini versions of Grimlock , Slug , and Strafe . A Transformer who turns into the HMS Alliance appears , though not seen in robot mode . Trench , an Autobot who resembles Constructicon Scrapper and transforms into an Cat 320 excavator . Dreadbot , a Decepticon thug who transforms into a rusty Volkswagen Type 2 . Infernocons , Quintessa 's demon - like guardians who combine to form Infernocus . Unicron , a giant planet - destroying Transformer appearing in Planet Earth and six of his mechanical horns are seen . Cameos ( edit ) Jolt 's head can be seen in the Junkyard . Starscream 's severed head is shown being boasted by Daytrader , and later held by Megatron . In Sir Edmund Burton 's castle , a picture of Shockwave is seen ; both Shockwave and Soundwave are briefly mentioned by Viviane . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Michael Bay announced that the film will be his last of the Transformers series before he will join Illumination Entertainment to plan a feature film based on Japanese manga and anime . In March 2015 , Deadline.com reported that Paramount Pictures was in talks with Oscar winner Akiva Goldsman ( A Beautiful Mind ) to pitch new ideas for the Transformers franchise 's future installments . The studio intends to do what James Cameron and 20th Century Fox have been doing in planning three Avatar sequels , and what Disney has done to revive Star Wars , with sequels and spin - offs . Paramount wants to have their own cinematic universe for Transformers , similar to Marvel 's / Disney 's Marvel Cinematic Universe ( which had been one of Paramount 's previous film series ) , and DC Comics / Warner Bros . ' DC Extended Universe . Goldsman is the head of the future projects , and worked with franchise director Michael Bay , executive producer Steven Spielberg , and producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura to organize a `` writers ' room '' that incubates ideas for potential Transformers sequels , prequels and spin - offs . The writers ' room members include : Christina Hodson , Lindsey Beer , Andrew Barrer , and Gabriel Ferrari ( Ant - Man ) , Robert Kirkman ( The Walking Dead ) , Art Marcum & Matt Holloway , Zak Penn ( The Avengers ) , Jeff Pinkner ( The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ) , Ken Nolan , and Geneva Robertson - Dworet . Kirkman left the room after just one day to undergo throat surgery . In July 2015 , Akiva Goldsman and Jeff Pinkner were announced as the fifth Transformers film 's screenwriters . However , on November 20 , due to Goldsman 's commitments creating a writers ' room for G.I. Joe and Micronauts properties , Paramount began to negotiate with Art Marcum and Matt Holloway ( Iron Man ) , as well as Ken Nolan ( Black Hawk Down ) , to write the film . Lindsey Beer and Geneva Robertson - Dworet were also brought aboard for writing duties . `` I think I brought the concern to the movie studio and certainly to the writers . Perhaps ... Transformers 5 and 6 movies will go back more to its roots . There was an occasion where one line ( in Transformers : Age of Extinction ) which Optimus Prime had , I did not want to say . It was my gut instinct and certainly my commitment to the character ... not to say the line . But I was told to say . You ca n't fight the big boys . I think you all know what that line was . '' -- Peter Cullen on a question from a fan on the future of the franchise from Sac - Anime 2015 After Transformers : Age of Extinction , Bay had decided not to direct any future Transformers films . But in early January 2016 , in an interview with Rolling Stone , he stated that he would return to direct the fifth film , and that it will be his last Transformers film . Paramount Pictures spent $80 million on production in Michigan , in return for $21 million in state incentives , under agreements entered into before the state legislature eliminated the film office incentive program in July 2015 . In April 2016 , Paramount hired cinematographer Jonathan Sela . On May 17 , Bay revealed the official title of the film to be The Last Knight on his Instagram account , where he also posted a production video showing a close - up of Optimus Prime 's face with purple eyes instead of blue , and his face mostly discolored . The official Twitter account showed a 19 - second short video in morse code that translates to `` I 'm coming for you May 31 '' . On May 31 , it was revealed that Megatron would return in the sequel . Casting ( edit ) In December 2014 , Mark Wahlberg confirmed that he would return in the sequel . In February 2016 , there were casting calls for new lead and supporting roles in Los Angeles and London , and Peter Cullen was announced as returning to voice Optimus Prime . Approximately 850 cast and crew were hired , 450 of whom were Michigan residents , equating to 228 full - time positions . Additionally , 700 extras were hired from among Detroit residents , as part of Paramount 's incentive deal with the state . On April 13 , TheWrap reported that Isabela Moner was in talks to star as Izabella . The site also reported that Bay was eyeing Jean Dujardin , Stephen Merchant , and Jerrod Carmichael for supporting roles . On May 17 , 2016 , it was confirmed that Josh Duhamel would reprise his role in the film , and Jerrod Carmichael was cast . In June 2016 , Anthony Hopkins , Mitch Pileggi , Santiago Cabrera , and Laura Haddock joined the cast , and Tyrese Gibson stated that he will return as Robert Epps . In August 2016 , Liam Garrigan was confirmed to play King Arthur , a different version from his role as the same character on the television series Once Upon a Time . On September 4 , 2016 , Stanley Tucci confirmed his return . On October 14 , 2016 , Bay announced that John Turturro would reprise his role as Seymour Simmons from the first three films , and that John Goodman would return to voice Hound . A month before the film 's release , Bay revealed that the character Cogman would be voiced by Downton Abbey actor Jim Carter , at the request of co-writer Matt Holloway , who is a fan of the series . On June 9 , 2017 , Reno Wilson confirmed via Twitter that he would have a voice role in the film . On June 16 , 2017 , Gibson revealed that despite closing a deal for the film , he was unable to appear as Epps due to scheduling conflicts with The Fate of the Furious . Filming ( edit ) Alnwick Castle in Alnwick , Northumberland , one of the many locations used in the film Principal photography began on May 25 , 2016 , in Havana , Cuba , with a few scenes shot by a `` small team '' . Filming continued on June 6 , 2016 , in Phoenix , Arizona , and on June 19 , 2016 , in Detroit , Michigan , under the working title E75 , with additional filming taking place in Chicago , Illinois . In Detroit , filming took place in the Michigan Motion Pictures Studio , Packard Plant , Michigan Central Station , Cafe D'Mongo's Speakeasy , and MGM Grand Detroit . Production moved to Europe on August 21 , and filming commenced on August 22 in Scotland and Wales . In England , filming took place in North Yorkshire , Newcastle upon Tyne , Northumberland , London , Gosport and Stonehenge . Between August and October , filming occurred in Ireland , and Preikestolen , Trolltunga and Atlanterhavsveien in Norway . In early September 2016 , filming took place in Alnwick Castle in Alnwick Northumberland in England , including car chase scenes . Production continued at St Aidan 's Church , Seahouses , where Walhberg spent an hour inside the church and reportedly donated £ 200 . Rev Father Des McGiven said : `` I did n't even know he was in church until he left . One of my parishioners , Danielle Love , recognised him and explained who he was . It 's great that we had him in for the service , and we appreciate his generosity towards our church . '' Car chases were also filmed at the Monument area of Newcastle upon Tyne , where Josh Duhamel was filming , while Wahlberg and Sir Anthony Hopkins continued at Alnwick , Seahouses and the Bamburgh Region of Northumberland . In late September 2016 , filming was spotted in Gosport , Hampshire at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum . On October 5 , 2016 filming was spotted at St Bartholomew - the - Great , London . London filming wrapped on October 27 , 2016 . Principal photography wrapped on December 4 , 2016 . Effects ( edit ) As with previous Transformers installments , Industrial Light & Magic served as the main visual effects company for Transformers : The Last Knight . In early 2016 , the company showed Bay an underwater rendering of a crash - landed alien spaceship and a new dump - truck Transformer with a cloak . Music ( edit ) Main article : Transformers : The Last Knight -- Music from the Motion Picture On September 27 , it was confirmed that Steve Jablonsky would return to write the score , having composed the music for the first four films . The score was released digitally on the film 's original release date , Friday June 23 , 2017 , and a limited - edition two - disc CD set of 3,000 units will be released by La - La Land Records on July 11 , 2017 . Unlike the previous films ' scores , which contained anywhere from fourteen to twenty - three tracks , the film 's soundtrack contains thirty - four tracks , amounting to over two hours of music . On the score , Jablonsky said , `` I met with Michael before he started shooting ' Transformers : The Last Knight . ' He showed me some amazing concept art and explained how the story connects the history of Transformers all the way back to the times of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table . I loved the idea because it gave me the opportunity to explore new musical ideas . The storyline allowed me to write melodies that are a bit more ' classical ' than I 've written for the other Transformers films , which was a lot of fun for me . Another important aspect of the story revolves around massive skyscraper - sized ' horns from hell ' that start emerging from the Earth . They look like gigantic animal horns , but no one knows what they are or why they have appeared . I wanted to create an unsettling sense of mystery and tension with the music . '' The film also featured the song Torches by X Ambassadors . Release ( edit ) Transformers : The Last Knight was released on June 21 , 2017 , after being moved up from its original June 23 release date . The teaser trailer of the film was released on December 5 , 2016 , and was later attached to Rogue One . Marketing ( edit ) The first teaser trailer aired on Monday , December 5 , during ESPN 's Monday Night Football , and was released online shortly thereafter . With 24 hours of its release , the trailer garnered a record - breaking 93.6 million views from social media platforms , such as Facebook , YouTube , Twitter and Instagram , making it the third - highest - viewed trailer of 2016 , falling behind Disney 's Beauty and the Beast remake ( 127.6 million views ) and Universal 's Fifty Shades Darker ( 114 million views in 24 hours ) , but surpassing Marvel Studios ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 trailer , which scored 81 million views in its first 24 hours online . Following the trailer 's release , the film trended on all major social media sites , including YouTube , Facebook , Twitter , and Reddit . It was Weibo 's No. 1 trending topic in China , where the preview was viewed 16 million times its first day of release . Television spots for the film started airing ahead of the Super Bowl spot on February 3 , 2017 . An extended TV spot for the Super Bowl aired during Super Bowl LI , on February 5 , 2017 . On March 11 , 2017 , a new TV spot and clip were shown at Nickelodeon 's 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards . A new trailer aired with the release of Beauty and the Beast on March 17 , 2017 , while the third trailer was released on April 13 , 2017 . The international trailer was released on May 17 , 2017 , and a smaller trailer was released shortly after , on June 4 , 2017 . After that , various TV spots were released . Home media ( edit ) Transformers : The Last Knight was released on Digital HD on September 12 , 2017 , and on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 4K , Blu - ray 3D and DVD on September 26 , 2017 in the United States . It was also released in a collection with the four previous films . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Transformers : The Last Knight grossed $130.2 million in the United States and Canada and $475.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $605.4 million , against a production budget of $217 million . It is the lowest - grossing film of the Transformers film series . United States and Canada ( edit ) In North America , The Last Knight was originally projected to gross $70 -- 75 million from 4,069 theaters over its first five days , which would have been the lowest debut of the franchise . However , after the film grossed a franchise - low $15.7 million on its first day ( including $5.5 million from Tuesday night previews ) , opening estimates were lowered to $60 -- 65 million . On Thursday , it grossed $8.1 million , potentially dropping the five - day debut to under $60 million . It ended up having an opening weekend of $44.6 million , the lowest debut of the franchise by $25 million ( and lowest since the first film 's $70.5 million ) . The film 's five - day gross of $68.4 million was also lower than every three - day opening of the previous four films . The film grossed $16.9 million in its second weekend , dropping 62.2 % and finishing third at the box office , and $6.4 million in its third , dropping an identical 62.2 % and finishing 5th . Outside North America ( edit ) Internationally , The Last Knight opened in its first 42 foreign territories alongside its United States debut , including major markets China , the UK , Russia , Australia , Germany , Italy , South Korea and Hong Kong , and was projected to have an opening of $167 -- 200 million . Due to its predecessor 's success in China , expectations were high for the film in the country . Box office observers and trackers believed the film would open to $80 -- 100 million , and end its run there with anywhere between $290 to $400 million . The film ended up having a global debut of $265.3 million ( $196.2 million from overseas ) , including $123.4 million from China , representing 63 % of the film 's foreign opening . In the film 's second week in China , it fell 76 % and had a running cume of $147.6 million . The film 's largest markets outside North America were : China ( $228.8 million ) , South Korea ( $19.2 million ) , Russia ( $15.9 million ) , Germany ( $15.4 million ) , Mexico ( $15.3 million ) , U.K. ( $12.2 million ) , Brazil ( $13.7 million ) , Indonesia ( $11.7 million ) , Japan ( $15.7 million ) and France ( $11 million ) . In India , the film was given an adult certificate and , hence , it was not successful at the box office ( $4.9 million ) as compared to Age of Extinction ( $10.2 million ) and other Transformers films ( 3.01 million TF1 , 2.80 million ROTF , 6.88 million DOTM ) . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 16 % based on 209 reviews , and an average rating of 3.3 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Cacophonous , thinly plotted , and boasting state - of - the - art special effects , The Last Knight is pretty much what you 'd expect from the fifth installment of the Transformers franchise . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 28 out of 100 , based on 46 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale , the same grade used in Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen , while comScore reported filmgoers gave a 75 % overall positive score and a 55 % definite recommend ; all were the lowest of the series . Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a negative review , criticizing its running time and incoherent plot , writing : `` I have no proof Transformers : The Last Knight will kill your brain cells , but I would n't be surprised to learn that it does and I 'd proceed with caution just in case . But I can say with absolute certainty that after watching , your head will hurt . '' Alonso Duralde of TheWrap was also critical of the film 's sloppiness , saying , `` ... fear not , fans of the franchise : if you 're here for the director 's trademark chaos editing ( where fights go from points A to D to Q ) , toxic masculinity ( and female objectification ) , comedy scenes rendered tragic ( and vice versa ) , and general full - volume confusion , you 'll get all those things in abundance . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film a zero - star review ( as he did to the previous films ) , saying `` Every time Michael Bay directs another Transformers abomination ( this is the fifth ) , the movies die a little . This one makes the summer 's other blockbuster misfires look like masterpieces . '' Variety gave the film a lukewarm review stating , `` The fifth time may not quite be the charm , but the latest entry in Michael Bay 's crunched - metal robot - war mega-series is badder , and therefore better . '' The New Yorker acknowledged the film 's flaws but noted there was almost something impressive about them , saying : `` The absolute tastelessness of Bay 's images , their stultifying service to platitudes and to merchandise , does n't at all diminish their wildly imaginative power . '' Times Of India gave the film 2.5 stars out of 5 stars . Accolades ( edit ) Award Category Subject Result Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Picture Nominated Worst Director Michael Bay Nominated Worst Screenplay Nominated Worst Actor Mark Wahlberg Nominated Worst Supporting Actor Josh Duhamel Nominated Anthony Hopkins Nominated Worst Supporting Actress Laura Haddock Nominated Worst Screen Combo Any combination of two humans , two robots or two explosions Nominated Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - off or Sequel Nominated The Razzie Nominee So Rotten You Loved It Nominated Controversy ( edit ) Blenheim Palace , where Britain 's former wartime Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill was born , was draped in huge Nazi flags . On September 21 , 2016 , shooting for a particular scene took place in Blenheim Palace , Woodstock , Oxfordshire in England , the home of Sir Winston Churchill , the British Prime Minister during World War II . The mansion was dressed as a Nazi swastika - draped headquarters for Adolf Hitler for filming . This evoked both anger and criticism for being `` symbolically disrespectful to Churchill '' , according to Colonel Richard Kemp , who said Churchill `` will be turning in his grave '' , while Tony Hayes of the UK Veterans Association stated that surviving World War II ex-servicemen and women would be `` appalled '' . Churchill 's grandson and British Parliament member Sir Nicholas Soames dismissed the controversy entirely , stating , `` They 've no idea what my grandfather would have thought ! '' Churchill was buried less than a mile away , at St Martin 's Church , Bladon . Future ( edit ) A spin - off / prequel , entitled Bumblebee : The Movie which stars Hailee Steinfeld and John Cena is set for release on December 21 , 2018 and will be set 31 years earlier . The movie 's working title is ' Brighton Falls ' and has wrapped up shooting in November 10 , 2017 , while a direct sequel to The Last Knight , the yet - to - be-titled Transformers 6 was originally scheduled to be released on June 28 , 2019 . On February 16 , 2018 , it was reported that Hasbro 's previous plans for Transformers 6 have been postponed and `` reset '' , as confirmed by John Warden , the Senior designer for the brand . It was later reported that a film centered around the origins of the Autobots and Decepticons , tentatively titled Transformers One , is in development with Ant - Man and the Wasp screenwriters Andrew Barrer and Gabriel Ferrari . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As depicted in 2014 film Transformers : Age of Extinction . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Optimus , Silver ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Cinematographer Jonathan Sela Joins Transformers 5 '' . TFW2005 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers The Last Knight Worldwide Premiere is 18 June in Leicester Square , London , UK '' . TFW 2005 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TRANSFORMERS : THE LAST KNIGHT ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box - Office Preview : ' Transformers 5 ' Looks for Biggest Bang Overseas '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transformers : The Last Knight ' Stateside Rust To Be Buffed By China & Overseas Results -- Global B.O. Preview '' . Deadline.com . June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Darling , Cary ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Last Knight ' is worst ' Transformers ' movie yet '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : The Last Knight '' . The Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transformers : The Last Knight ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Letter from Michael Bay -- Transformers News -- TFW2005 '' . February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RAZZIE AWARD NOMINATIONS ANNOUNCED '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 21 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Transformers ' Spinoff ' Bumblebee ' Flies To December 2018 '' . Deadline.com . August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Transformers : The Last Knight review -- as tinnitus - inducingly pointless as ever '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keslassy , Elsa ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Stanley Tucci to Reprise ' Transformers ' Role in ' The Last Knight ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mia Galuppo ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Anthony Hopkins Joins ' Transformers 5 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DiLeo , Adam ( 6 December 2016 ) . `` The Future of the Transformers Cinematic Universe '' . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : The Last Knight Super Bowl Spot Online Tomorrow , Extended Spot on Sunday -- Transformers News -- TFW2005 '' . Transformer World 2005 - TFW2005.COM. 2017 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Laura J. Haddock on Twitter : `` VERY EXCITED to tell you guys ... # transformers '' `` . Twitter . June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Transformers : The Last Knight ' : 45 Things to Know about the Sequel '' . 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : The Last Knight Viviane Wembly Profile -- Transformers News -- TFW2005 '' . Transformer World 2005 - TFW2005.COM. 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jeff Sneider ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Transformers 5 ' Eyes Nickelodeon Star Isabela Moner for Lead Role ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Closer Look At Transformers : The Last Knight Squeeks -- Transformer World 2005 '' . TFW2005.com . June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Watts ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` JOSH DUHAMEL BACK FOR TRANSFORMERS : THE LAST KNIGHT '' . IGN . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Santiago Cabrera Joins Transformers : The Last Knight -- Transformer World 2005 '' . TFW2005 . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Santiago Cabrera keeping up with Navy Seals Transformers 5 '' . Santiagocabrera.net . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : The Last Knight -- Agent Santos Profile Online -- Transformers News -- TFW2005 '' . Transformer World 2005 - TFW2005.COM. 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Optimus , Silver ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Bay Confirms John Turturro For TF5 . Teaser Trailer In November / December ? '' . TFW2005 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jeff Sneider ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Transformers : The Last Knight ' finds its King Arthur ( Exclusive ) '' . Mashable . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mitch Pileggi on Twitter : `` Had the extreme pleasure of working on the new Transformers movie with @ michaelbay . It 's fascinating watching this cat work . '' '' ( Twitter post ) . June 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers 5 `` Tessa '' Trailer ( 2017 ) The Last Knight Movie HD `` . Jump up ^ `` More New Transformers : The Last Knight TV Spots Reveal a Returning Character - Transformers News - TFW2005 '' . Transformer World 2005 - TFW2005.COM. 9 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dosani , Rishma ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Tyrese Gibson exclusively admits he was ' p * * * * d ' to miss out on filming Transformers : The Last Knight alongside original co-star Josh Duhamel '' . OK ! . Northern & Shell . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Western Star 5700EX stars in next Transformers film '' . TruckersNews . August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` In - Package Image Of Transformers : The Last Knight Mission To Cybertron Infernocus - Transformers News - TFW2005 '' . Transformer World 2005 - TFW2005.COM. 8 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Look At Transformers 5 Megatron '' . TFW2005 . May 31 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Fair 2017 Transformers The Last Knight Premier Series Official Images '' . Transformer World 2005 - TFW2005.COM. 2017 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : The Last Knight KCA 2017 Trailer Now Online -- Transformers News -- TFW2005 '' . 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by Transformers Jun 4 , 2016 at 8 : 02pm UTC '' . Jump up ^ `` Mark Ryan Return To Voice In Transformers The Last Knight '' . TFW2005 . August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Still From Transformers : The Last Knight And A Writers Room Interview -- Transformers News -- TFW2005 '' . Transformer World 2005 - TFW2005.COM. 15 May 2017 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Optimus , Silver ( September 10 , 2016 ) . `` Even More Images From The London Set Of Transformers : The Last Knight '' . TFW2005 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Even More New TLK Toy Reveals -- Hot Rod , Cogman and More ! - Transformers News -- TFW2005 '' . Transformer World 2005 - TFW2005.COM. 1 June 2017 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Bacala , Tony ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Hot Rod Coming to Transformers The Last Knight '' . TFW2005 . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : The Last Knight Plot Roundup '' . 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Prowl4 , Kurona ( June 17 , 2017 ) . `` Omar Sy to voice Hot Rod in Transformers : The Last Knight '' . Seibertron . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Va'al , Dr ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Transformers : The Last Knight Drift Mercedes AMG GT R Mode Revealed '' . Seibertron . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers 5 : The Last Knight -- Hound Revealed '' . TFW2005 . August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Optimus , Silver ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Transformers : The Last Knight Plot Leak -- Squeaks And Crosshairs Confirmed -- Transformer World 2005 '' . TFW2005 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` TRF Dossiers Collected ! Profiles On Nitro Zeus , Megatron , Barricade , Berserker , Onslaught , Mohawk , & Dreadbot '' . June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : The Last Knight -- Decepticon Onslaught Revealed '' . TFW2005 . July 27 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Optimus , Silver ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Hasbro Files For Transformers : The Last Knight Autobot Sqweeks Toy Trademark -- Transformer World 2005 '' . TFW2005 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Optimus , Silver ( 2016 - 06 - 06 ) . `` New Vehicles Spotted On The Set Of Transformers : The Last Knight -- Transformers News -- TFW2005 '' . News.tfw2005.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers 5 : Barricade Vehicle Mode Revealed '' . TFW2005 . June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ lászlo vén ( 8 June 2017 ) . `` Transformers 5 - `` Wreck - Gar '' TV Spot '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Ancient Robot ( 8 May 2017 ) . `` Transformers 5 : The Last Knight Hot Rod and Bulldog Revealed '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Transformers Movie Toys Revealed -- Cybertron ( Planet ) , Leader Dragonstorm , Voyager Nitro and More ! - Transformers News -- TFW2005 '' . Transformer World 2005 - TFW2005.COM. 1 June 2017 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : The Last Knight - Updated KCA Trailer Featuring Drift , Stafe And Slug - Transformers News - TFW2005 '' . Transformer World 2005 - TFW2005.COM. 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Optimus , Silver ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Mark Wahlberg Confirms Mini-Dinobots For Transformers : The Last Knight -- Transformers News -- TFW2005 '' . News.tfw2005.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Optimus , Silver ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` More New Images Of Transformers 5 Principal Photography In Arizona '' . TFW2005 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers Reaction Force ( TRF ) Case File -- Dreadbot '' . TFW2005 . June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Paramount Enlisting Akiva Goldsman To Ramp Up ' Transformers ' Output '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Allison Keene ( March 13 , 2016 ) . `` Robert Kirkman Reveals He Was Only in the ' Transformers ' Writers Room for One Day '' . Collider . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eric Goldman ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Daredevil 's Steven DeKnight on the Transformers Writers Room and Planning Ahead '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` Akiva Goldsman ' Transformers ' Writers Room Leads Paramount & Hasbro To Set One For ' G.I. Joe , ' ' Micronauts ' '' . Deadline . November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Optimus , Silver ( January 10 , 2015 ) . `` Peter Cullen Says Transformers 5 & 6 Might Be Less Dark '' . TFW2005 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Josh Eells ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` 13 Hours ' : Can Michael Bay Pull Off a Gritty Movie About Benghazi ? '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tribune news services ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Transformers 5 ' receives $21 million incentive to shoot in Detroit '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Caranicas ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Agencies Book Artisans on ' Fast 8 , ' ' Transformers 5 , ' ' To the Bone , ' ' MacGyver ' and ' Altered Carbon ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Transformers 5 ' : Director Michael Bay Reveals Sequel 's Official Title '' . Yahoo ! Movies . May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # TRANSFORMERS on Twitter : `` Something wicked this way comes . # transformers '' `` . Twitter . May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alex Zalben ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Mark Wahlberg Just Found A ' Transformers ' Sequel '' . MTV . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transformers 5 Casting Call Details Revealed '' . tfw2005.com . February 19 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dave McNarry ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Transformers 5 ' Receives $21 Million Incentive to Shoot in Detroit '' . Variety . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Transformers 5 ' To Bring Hundreds Of Jobs , $80 M To Metro Detroit '' . February 26 , 2016 . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Transformers 5 ' Eyes Nickelodeon Star Isabela Moner for Lead Role ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Jump up ^ Jeff Sneider ( 21 April 2016 ) . `` Jerrod Carmichael in Talks to Join Mark Wahlberg in ' Transformers 5 ' '' . TheWrap . Jump up ^ Mia Galuppo ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Josh Duhamel to Return to the ' Transformers ' Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Willis , Jackie ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Tyrese Gibson Confirms He 's Shooting ' Transformers 5 , ' Says He Feels Paul Walker 's ' Energy ' on ' Fast 8 ' Set '' . Entertainment Tonight . Jump up ^ `` Reno Wilson Joins Transformers The Last Knight - Transformers News - TFW2005 '' . Transformer World 2005 - TFW2005.COM. 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Filming in Cuba Starts for Transformers : The Last Knight '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on 6 July 2016 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Transformers : The Last Knight Begins Filming in Cuba This Week '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ France - Presse , Agence ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Transformers 5 ' to film in Cuba '' . Rappler . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alice Walker ( February 21 , 2016 ) . `` Transformers 5 To Film in London & Detroit ; Casting Begins '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers 5 casting calls for new lead roles '' . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christine ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Check out where ' Transformers 5 ' will be filming in Detroit this summer '' . On Location Vacations . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers The Last Knight filming moves to Europe in Scotland '' . tfw2005.com . August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TransformersLondonStoneHengeFilming '' . Daily Mail . October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TransformersNorway '' . nrk.no . October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danny Walker , Tom White ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Mark Wahlberg and Transformers 5 : The Last Knight stars descend on British castle as production heats up for blockbuster '' . The Mirror . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danny Walker , Tom White ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` Transformers 5 : The Last Knight filming continues with dramatic explosions , car chases and a first look at Bumblebee '' . The Mirror . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ UKParamountPictures ( 24 October 2016 ) . `` Transformers -- The Last Night -- Paramount Pictures UK '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ Bacle , Ariana ( December 4 , 2016 ) . `` Transformers : The Last Knight teases new trailer in behind - the - scenes clip '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Hear an Exclusive Track from the ' Transformers : The Last Knight ' score '' . 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Paramount Dates A Trio Of ' Transformers ' Sequels ; Collides With ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Godzilla 2 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Transformers 6 ' Will Be a Lower - Cost ' Bumblebee ' Spinoff '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Transformers : The Last Knight ' To Gallop Out Two Days Earlier In June '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( 19 November 2016 ) . `` Transformers : The Last Knight attached in theaters to Rogue One : A Star Wars Story '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Transformers : The Last Knight ' Trailer Seizes 100M Views Online '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Transformers : The Last Knight trailer tallies 100 million views online '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thorne , Will ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) . `` ' Transformers : The Last Knight ' Gets Extended Super Bowl Trailer ( Watch ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Michael ( 2017 - 04 - 12 ) . `` ' Transformers : The Last Knight ' Official Trailer Looks Fantastic ( Watch ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Week of September 26 Blu - ray , Digital and DVD Releases Comingsoon.net Retrieved December 29 , 2017 Jump up ^ New DVD Releases : When To Buy The Latest Movies In September 2017 Cinemablend.com Retrieved December 29 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Hoping To Catch Opening In The $100 M Vicinity '' . Deadline.com . June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transformers : The Last Knight ' Running Out Of Gas With $15 M Opening Day ; 5 - Day Outlook Now At $63 M - $65 M '' . Deadline . June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why ' Transformers ' Is Screaming For Reboot After $69 M Start ; ' Wonder Woman ' & ' Cars 3 ' Fight Over 2nd Place '' . Deadline.com . June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Despicable Me 3 Wins the Weekend '' . Rotten Tomatoes . July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Still Swinging In As Sony 's Second Best Domestic Opening Ever With $116 M - $118 M '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` China 's Weying Boards Paramount 's ' Transformers : The Last Knight ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Transformers ' Gears Up For Another $1 Billion Box Office Bounty '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : The Last Knight -- Foreign '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : The Last Knight ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : The Last Knight reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Transformers : The Last Knight ' Might Make Humanity Just A Little Dumber '' . Uproxx . June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Transformers : The Last Knight ' Review : Michael Bay 's Latest Hot Mess Is Only Slightly Less Messy '' . TheWrap . June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Transformers : The Last Knight ' Review : Meet 2017 's Most Toxic Movie '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Transformers : The Last Knight ' '' . Jump up ^ `` With ' Transformers : The Last Knight , ' Michael Bay Has Become an Experimental Filmmaker of Pure Sensation '' . The New Yorker . June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/movie-reviews/transformers-the-last-knight/movie-review/59366697.cms Jump up ^ Neil Syson , Ross Kempsall and David Willetts ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` War veterans fury as filmmakers stage Nazi invasion at Sir Winston Churchill 's home '' . The Sun . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Catherine Shoard ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Anger as Churchill 's home turned into Hitler HQ for Transformers 5 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Churchill 's grandson : Transformers 5 fallout is ' dismal , idiotic , preposterous ' Film The Guardian '' . 2017 - 06 - 26 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 01 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Aaron Couch ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Transformers : The Last Knight ' Under Fire for Flying Nazi Flags at Winston Churchill 's Birthplace '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Transformers : The Last Knight . 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sly and the family stone thank you for letting me be myself again

Thank You ( Falettinme be Mice Elf Agin )

thank you ( falettinme be mice elf agin )

`` Thank You ( Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin ) '' is a 1969 song recorded by Sly and the Family Stone . The song , released as a double A-side single with `` Everybody Is a Star '' , reached number one on the soul single charts for five weeks , and reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in February 1970 . Billboard ranked the record as the No. 19 song of 1970 .

`` Thank You '' was intended to be included on an in - progress album with `` Star '' and `` Hot Fun in the Summertime '' ; the LP was never completed , and the three tracks were instead included on the band 's 1970 Greatest Hits LP . `` Thank You '' and `` Star '' , the final Family Stone recordings issued in the 1960s , marked the beginning of a 20 - month gap of releases from the band , which would finally end with the release of `` Family Affair '' in 1971 . The song 's length on the original hit single and the Greatest Hits LP is 4 : 48 and was re-channeled to simulate stereo on the popular Greatest Hits LP . The previously unreleased full - length version ( 6 : 18 ) was mixed by Bob Irwin in true stereo and its only issue was on a 1990 Columbia promotional CD Legacy : Music for the Next Generation . On the subsequent ( and currently available as of 2015 ) The Essential Sly & The Family Stone 2 - CD set , the track is in stereo but is the standard 4 : 48 length hit version . The song was ranked number 402 on Rolling Stone magazine 's `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song information 1.1 Overview 1.2 Cover versions 1.3 In other media 2 Personnel 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Song information ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) The title is an intentional mondegreen or sensational spelling for `` thank you for letting me be myself again . '' The third verse contains specific references to the group 's previous successful songs , `` Dance to the Music '' , `` Everyday People '' , `` Sing a Simple Song '' , and `` You Can Make It If You Try '' . The song features co-lead vocals from Sly Stone , Rose Stone , Freddie Stone , and Larry Graham . Cover versions ( edit ) A slower arrangement of the song ( retitled `` Thank You for Talkin ' to Me Africa '' ) is the closing track of the band 's next album , There 's a Riot Goin ' On ( 1971 ) . In 1970 , pianist Junior Mance included an instrumental cover of the song on his album , With a Lotta Help from My Friends . Maceo & All the King 's Men covered the song on their 1970 album Doing Their Own Thing . Gladys Knight and the Pips did a cover version of the song in 1971 . Magazine covered the song in 1980 on the album The Correct Use of Soap . The same recording was issued as the A-side of a single , and a live version was included on the 1981 album Play . Soundgarden performed it on their 1989 tour and during their John Peel session that year . Dave Matthews Band has performed this song for many years , typically in the second set Antonio Banderas and Eddie Murphy covered the song for the credits of the 2007 animated film Shrek the Third , and its soundtrack . Widespread Panic includes portions of this song during live performances as John Bell `` raps '' , most commonly during `` Barstools and Dreamers '' and `` Red Hot Mama Girl '' . Lonnie Smith ( jazz musician ) performed the song on May 21 , 1970 at Club Mozambique in Detroit . A recording of this concert was released in 1995 . In other media ( edit ) Janet Jackson 's 1989 song `` Rhythm Nation '' samples the groove from the song in between verses . Personnel ( edit ) Sly Stone -- co-lead vocals , guitar , writer , producer Rose Stone -- co-lead vocals Jerry Martini -- tenor saxophone Cynthia Robinson -- trumpet Freddie Stone -- guitar , co-lead vocals Larry Graham -- bass , co-lead vocals Greg Errico -- drums See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1970 List of number - one R&B singles of 1970 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 534 . Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1970 Jump up ^ Atlantic Records Catalog : 1500 Series accessed April 19 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Maceo Parker / Maceo & All the King 's Men Doin ' Their Own Thing '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soundgarden Live Guide '' . Archived from the original on 2004 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` DMBAlmanac.com '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs '' . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Venus '' by Shocking Blue Billboard Hot 100 number - one single February 14 , 1970 ( for 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' by Simon and Garfunkel Preceded by `` I Want You Back '' by The Jackson 5 Billboard Best Selling Soul number - one single February 7 , 1970 ( for 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Rainy Night in Georgia '' by Brook Benton ( hide ) Sly and the Family Stone Sly Stone Freddie Stone Rose Stone Cynthia Robinson Greg Errico Jerry Martini Larry Graham Studio albums A Whole New Thing ( 1967 ) Dance to the Music ( 1968 ) Life ( 1968 ) Stand ! ( 1969 ) There 's a Riot Goin ' On ( 1971 ) Fresh ( 1973 ) Small Talk ( 1974 ) High on You ( Sly Stone , 1975 ) Heard Ya Missed Me , Well I 'm Back ( 1976 ) Back on the Right Track ( 1979 ) Ai n't But the One Way ( 1982 ) I 'm Back ! Family & Friends ( Sly Stone , 2011 ) Live albums The Woodstock Experience ( 2009 ) Compilations Greatest Hits Ten Years Too Soon Sly & the Family Stone Anthology Who in the Funk Do You Think You Are : The Warner Bros. Recordings Rock and Roll The Essential Sly & the Family Stone Different Strokes by Different Folks Higher ! The Collection Singles `` Underdog '' `` Dance to the Music '' `` Dance à la Musique '' `` Life '' `` Everyday People '' `` Stand ! '' `` Hot Fun in the Summertime '' `` Thank You ( Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin ) '' `` I Want to Take You Higher '' `` Family Affair '' `` Runnin ' Away '' `` ( You Caught Me ) Smilin ' '' `` I Ai n't Got Nobody '' `` If You Want Me to Stay '' `` Frisky '' `` Time for Livin ' '' `` Loose Booty '' `` I Get High on You '' `` Le Lo Li '' `` Crossword Puzzle '' `` Blessing in Disguise '' `` Family Again '' Additional personnel Vet Stone Mary McCreary Elva Mouton Gerry Gibson Rustee Allen Pat Rizzo Andy Newmark Bill Lordan Vicki Blackwell Jim Strassburg Related articles Awards Discography Sly Stone solo discography Members Little Sister Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thank_You_(Falettinme_Be_Mice_Elf_Agin)&oldid=803032783 '' Categories : Sly and the Family Stone songs 1969 singles 1970 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Song recordings produced by Sly Stone Songs written by Sly Stone 1969 songs Epic Records singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 01 : 10 . 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cant help falling in love with you song

Ca n't Help Falling in Love

can't help falling in love

`` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' is a pop ballad originally recorded by American singer Elvis Presley and published by Gladys Music , Presley 's publishing company . It was written by Hugo Peretti , Luigi Creatore and George David Weiss . The melody is based on `` Plaisir d'amour '' , a popular romance by Jean - Paul - Égide Martini ( 1784 ) . It was featured in Presley 's 1961 film , Blue Hawaii . During the following four decades , it was recorded by numerous other artists , including Tom Smothers , Swedish pop group A-Teens , and the British reggae group UB40 , whose 1993 version topped the U.S. and UK charts .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Elvis Presley version 1.1 Inclusion in films and television shows 1.2 Personnel 1.3 Track listings 2 UB40 version 2.1 Track listings 2.2 Charts and sales 2.2. 1 Weekly charts 2.2. 2 Year - end charts 2.2. 3 Decade - end charts 2.2. 4 Certifications 2.2. 5 Chart successions 3 A-Teens version 3.1 Music video 3.2 Releases 4 Other versions 4.1 Other artists who recorded the song 4.2 Additional versions 5 References 6 External links Elvis Presley version ( edit ) Elvis Presley 's version of the song topped the British charts in 1962 . The single is certified Platinum by the RIAA , for US sales in excess of one million copies . In the United States , the song peaked at # 2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and went to # 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart for six weeks . During Presley 's late 1960s and 1970s live performances , the song was performed as the show 's finale . Most notably , it was also sung in the live segment of his 1968 NBC television special , and as the closer for his 1973 Global telecast , Aloha from Hawaii . A version with a faster arrangement was used as the closing for Presley 's final TV special , Elvis in Concert . Inclusion in films and television shows ( edit ) In addition to `` Blue Hawaii '' , the song has appeared in several films and TV shows , including : Blade Runner 2049 Coyote Ugly Fools Rush In Happily Ever After Honeymoon in Vegas Lilo & Stitch Love Stinks Overboard Sons of Anarchy ( pilot episode ) The Conjuring 2 The Thing Called Love Was It Something I Said ? Personnel ( edit ) Elvis Presley -- lead vocals The Jordanaires -- backing vocals Scotty Moore -- electric guitar Floyd Cramer -- piano Bob Moore -- double bass Hal Blaine -- drums Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' Preceded by `` When I Fall in Love '' by the Lettermen Billboard Easy Listening number - one single by Elvis Presley January 13 , 1962 ( six weeks ) Succeeded by `` A Little Bitty Tear '' by Burl Ives Preceded by `` The Young Ones '' by Cliff Richard and the Shadows UK number - one single `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' b / w `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love February 22 , 1962 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Wonderful Land '' by the Shadows UB40 version ( edit ) `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love with You '' Single by UB40 from the album Sliver : Music from the Motion Picture and Promises and Lies Released May 10 , 1993 Format 7 '' 10 '' CD MCD Recorded March 3 , 1993 Genre Reggae fusion synthpop Length 3 : 24 Label Virgin Songwriter ( s ) Hugo Peretti Luigi Creatore George David Weiss Producer ( s ) UB40 UB40 singles chronology `` One in Ten '' ( 1992 ) `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love with You '' ( 1993 ) `` Higher Ground '' ( 1993 ) `` One in Ten '' ( 1992 ) `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love with You '' ( 1993 ) `` Higher Ground '' ( 1993 ) In 1993 , British reggae band UB40 recorded the song as the first single from their 1993 album Promises and Lies . The song was released in May 1993 , in the majority of countries worldwide . It eventually climbed to # 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 after debuting at # 100 , and remained there for seven weeks . It was also # 1 in the United Kingdom , Austria , Netherlands , Sweden , Australia , and New Zealand . The song appears on the soundtrack of the movie Sliver , the trailer for Fools Rush In and an episode of Hindsight . In the US , and on the Sliver soundtrack , the song title was listed as `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love , '' rather than what appeared on the record sleeve . The single version of the song also has a slightly different backing rhythm and melody . Track listings ( edit ) CD single `` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' -- 3 : 24 `` Jungle Love '' -- 5 : 09 CD maxi `` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' -- 3 : 24 `` Jungle Love '' -- 5 : 09 `` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' ( Extended Mix ) -- 6 : 03 10 '' single `` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' ( Extended Mix ) -- 6 : 03 `` Jungle Love '' -- 5 : 09 `` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' -- 3 : 24 7 '' single `` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' -- 3 : 24 `` Jungle Love '' -- 5 : 09 Charts and sales ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canada ( RPM ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 5 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 13 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( Los 40 Principales ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) United Kingdom ( The Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 11 US Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks 11 US Billboard Hot Top 40 Mainstream Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 5 Austrian Singles Chart 5 Dutch Top 40 5 Swiss Singles Chart 6 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 22 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 125,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,300,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Chart successions ( edit ) ( show ) Order of precedence Preceded by `` All That She Wants '' by Ace of Base UK Singles Chart number - one single June 6 , 1993 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Dreams '' by Gabrielle Preceded by `` What Is Love '' by Haddaway Dutch Top 40 number - one single June 26 , 1993 -- July 17 , 1993 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Mr. Vain '' by Culture Beat Preceded by `` Somebody Dance with Me '' by DJ Bobo Swedish number - one single June 30 , 1993 -- July 28 , 1993 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` What 's Up ? '' by 4 Non Blondes Preceded by `` Informer '' by Snow Australian ( ARIA ) number - one single July 11 , 1993 -- August 22 , 1993 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` The River of Dreams '' by Billy Joel Preceded by `` Mr. Vain '' by Culture Beat Austrian number - one single July 18 , 1993 -- August 8 , 1993 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` What 's Up ? '' by 4 Non Blondes Preceded by `` Weak '' by SWV Billboard Hot 100 number - one single July 24 , 1993 , -- September 4 , 1993 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Dreamlover '' by Mariah Carey Preceded by `` What Is Love '' '' by Haddaway Eurochart Hot 100 number - one single July 31 , 1993 -- September 21 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` What 's Up ? '' by 4 Non Blondes A-Teens version ( edit ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' Single by A-Teens from the album Lilo & Stitch and Pop ' til You Drop ! Released October 29 , 2002 Format CD single Recorded 2002 Genre Dance - pop Length 3 : 06 Label Walt Disney Universal Songwriter ( s ) Hugo Peretti Luigi Creatore George David Weiss Producer ( s ) Mark Hammond A-Teens singles chronology `` Heartbreak Lullaby '' ( 2001 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 2002 ) `` Floorfiller '' ( 2002 ) `` Heartbreak Lullaby '' ( 2001 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 2001 ) `` Floorfiller '' ( 2002 ) The song was the A-Teens 's first single from their first extended play Pop ' til You Drop ! , as well as for the Lilo & Stitch movie soundtrack , which was originally scheduled to include several Presley tracks , the A-Teens picking it for inclusion in the soundtrack . It was later also featured as a bonus track on their third studio album , New Arrival for the European market . The video had thus tremendous exposure on several television channels , with the A-Teens eventually including the song in their third album . As a result , the song had two music videos , one to promote the Disney movie , the other for the album . It is also shown in the teen pop compilation album , Disney Girlz Rock . The song did not chart in the United States but reached No. 12 in Sweden , No. 16 in Argentina , and No. 41 in Australia . Despite the success of the song overseas , it failed to attract the rest of the Latin American public , due to the fact that there was a Spanish version of the song , performed by the Argentine group , Bandana . In addition , the A-Teens ' version of the song was overshadowed by the promotion of Bandana 's version . Music video ( edit ) The video was directed by Gregory Dark and filmed in Los Angeles , California . It had two different versions . The `` Disney Version '' , as the fans named it , features scenes of the movie , and also new scenes of the A-Teens with beach costumes . The `` A-Teens Version '' of the video , features the A-Teens on the white background with different close - ups and choreography , and scenes with puppies and different costumes . Releases ( edit ) Tracks marked + are not A-Teens tracks . European 2 - track CD single `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` Hawaiian Roller Coaster Ride '' -- 3 : 27 + European / Australian CD maxi `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` Hawaiian Roller Coaster Ride '' -- 3 : 27 + `` He Mele , No Lilo '' -- 2 : 28 + Other versions ( edit ) Other artists who recorded the song ( edit ) Erasure released a cover of this song on their 2003 album Other People 's Songs . Keely Smith , whose cover was on the charts at the same time as Presley 's . The uptempo version by Andy Williams peaked at No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart in March 1970 . The Al Martino recording was released by Capitol Records as catalog number 2746 and charted in 1970 , peaking at No. 51 on the Billboard charts and No. 57 on the Cashbox chart . Filipina singer - actress Nora Aunor , released this single 1971 and is part of her Blue Hawaii album . Taiwanese boyband F4 covered the song in Mandarin version for their album Fantasy 4ever which was released in December 2002 . William Control released this single in 2010 inside his second album Noir . Bob Dylan recorded a version of this song for his 1973 cover album , Dylan . The Stylistics ' disco version was a hit in the UK , climbing to No. 4 in June 1976 . Shirley Bassey recorded a version of this song for a 1976 single . Neil Diamond covered the song with orchestration by Elmer Bernstein for the 1998 album The Movie Album : As Time Goes By . Abbey Road Records issued a version by Herb Reed & The Original Platters in 1977 . Lick the Tins included the song on their 1986 album Blind Man on a Flying Horse . It was a minor hit on the British charts , and it was featured in the ending credits of the films Some Kind of Wonderful and The Snapper . In 1987 , Corey Hart 's recording reached No. 1 in his native Canada and No. 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The cover and song were used with the image of forlorn animals in desperate need of rescue for a fundraising television commercial for the Ontario Humane Society . U2 used the song frequently on the Zoo TV Tour to close the concert . Ingrid Michaelson released an updated version on her album Be OK in 2008 , which was nominated for the American Music Award for Favorite Pop / Rock Single , and Independent Music Award for Best Song -- Cover . Haley Reinhart 's remake of the song was used in a 2015 advert for Extra gum and peaked at No. 17 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart and No. 31 on the Billboard Adult Pop Songs chart . It was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on February 17 , 2017 . Twenty One Pilots ' arrangement of the song was released in 2012 as a video cover on their YouTube channel , was recorded for their Holding On To You EP ( UK release ) in 2013 , and is played live on tour . Liela Avila ' version of the song was used in closing credits of the 2008 film The Other End of The Line . Keaton Henson recorded the song in his session called Forts Pt. 2 in the spring of 2012 . Chris Isaak on Beyond the Sun ( 2011 ) . Eels frontman Mark Oliver Everret ( stage name E ) , included a cover of the song on the 2008 album Useless Trinkets : B - Sides , Soundtracks , Rarities and Unreleased 1996 -- 2006 . Doris Day `` Love Him '' album December 1963 Engelbert Humperdinck recorded an uptempo version for his 1979 album `` This Moment In Time '' . Vov Dylan and The Palace Orchestra recorded an instrumental version of this song for the album `` So In Love '' ( 2015 ) Klaus Nomi 's cover of the song was featured on the album Encore , released in 1983 shortly after his death from AIDS Daniel Padilla 's version of the song was used as the theme song of the 2017 Philippine romantic drama film of the same name , also titled Ca n't Help Falling in Love which is starred by him and Kathryn Bernardo . Pentatonix covered the song for their 2017 extended play PTX , Vol. IV - Classics . Beck recorded a version for the Amazon original The Man in the High Castle . Perry Como recorded a version of this song in June 1962 Additional versions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song is most closely associated as the main supporters ' song of English football club Sunderland whose fans were the first to sing it . Since then other English clubs have adopted it including Swindon Town , Hull City , Huddersfield Town , Preston North End , A.F.C. Wimbledon , Sheffield United , Woking FC and MK Dons and Welsh football club Swansea City A.F.C. . It is also used by Scottish clubs Dundee United , Airdrie United and Raith Rovers , Portland Timbers and Columbus Crew of Major League Soccer , as well as Central Coast Mariners of Hyundai A-League . The English punk band Leatherface ( who are from Sunderland ) released a punk arrangement of the song on a limited edition 7 '' in 1993 . This version would later be used in the final episode of Sons of Anarchy . The Argentine pop group Bandana also featured a Spanish version of the song for the Spanish - speaking countries soundtrack of the same movie . Céline Dion performs a live rendition of the song on her 1995 DVD / VHS release The Colour of My Love Concert . This particular performance has been hailed as one of Dion 's greatest vocal performances ever , live or recorded . She also performed this song at the 2002 Diva 's Live in Las Vegas show . In August 2007 , she performed the song once more during her A New Day ... show . The Who integrated parts of the song into their 2004 single `` Real Good Looking Boy '' . In fact , the song is credited to Pete Townshend , George Weiss , Hugo Peretti and Luigi Creatore . The 2004 Broadway musical All Shook Up , based on William Shakespeare 's play Twelfth Night with songs by Elvis , has a version of the song . Keele University hockey club in Staffordshire , UK , have adopted this song as their own , changing the `` you '' to `` keele '' . Il Divo cover their song in their compilation album The Greatest Hits . Canadian reggae fusion group Magic ! ( known for their debut single `` Rude '' ) recorded a version of this song . Christina Grimmie performed the song during the sixth season of The Voice in 2014 . Actor Patrick Wilson impersonates Elvis by performing the song in the film The Conjuring 2 . During the first track of the album Ladies and Gentlemen We Are Floating in Space by the English band Spiritualized , the first verse of `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' is repeated throughout the whole song . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love / Rock - A-Hula Baby by Elvis Presley ( Single , Blue Eyed Soul ) : Reviews , Ratings , Credits , Song list '' . Rate Your Music . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Jo ( 1982 ) . The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits ( 1st ed . ) . Enfield , Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 64 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 250 - 7 . Jump up ^ Elvis Presley - A Life in Music by Ernst Jorgensen p. 151 - 152 Jump up ^ `` Ca n't Help Falling In Love by Elvis Presley Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 - Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' , Billboard Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Chart - Billboard '' , Billboard Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 2001 . Record Research . p. 196 . Jump up ^ King , Alex P. ( 2004 ) . Hit - parade -- 20 ans de tubes ( in French ) . Paris : Pascal . p. 342 . ISBN 2 - 35019 - 009 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love with You '' , in various Singles Chart Lescharts.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived February 22 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Nyman , Jake ( 2005 ) . Suomi soi 4 : Suuri suomalainen listakirja ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 951 - 31 - 2503 - 3 . Jump up ^ German Singles Chart Charts-surfer.de Archived 20090617222452 at WebCite . Retrieved April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived 20090603000000 at WebCite . Retrieved April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Italian Single Chart Hit parade Italia ( Retrieved May 31 , 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Single top 100 over 1993 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love with You '' ub40.co.uk Archived January 31 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved February 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard allmusic.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Australian Singles Chart '' . aria . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Austrian Singles Chart '' ( in German ) . Austriancharts . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Swiss Singles Chart '' ( in German ) . Swisscharts . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 -- 1993 '' . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2006 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Geoff Mayfield ( December 25 , 1999 ) . 1999 The Year in Music Totally ' 90s : Diary of a Decade -- The listing of Top Pop Albums of the ' 90s & Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- UB40 -- Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter UB40 in the field Interpret . Enter Ca n't Help Falling in Love in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- UB40 -- Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Select UB40 and click OK Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( UB40 ; ' Ca n't Help Falling in Love ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- UB40 -- Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Ca n't Help Falling in Love in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- UB - 40 -- Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1993 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications . 106 ( 3 ) : 73 . January 15 , 1994 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A * Teens Draft Baha Men , LMNT For Tour '' . Billboard . July 17 , 2002 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` So In Love ( feat . The Palace Orchestra ) by Vov Dylan on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Espina , Cheska . `` Daniel serenades Kathryn in ' Ca n't Help Falling In Love ' music video '' . Star Cinema . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Voice ' Recap : The Finals Begin With Performances from Top Three '' . ABC News . 2014 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Links to related articles Elvis Presley singles discography 1950s 1954 `` That 's All Right '' / `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' `` Good Rockin ' Tonight '' / `` I Do n't Care if the Sun Do n't Shine '' `` You 're a Heartbreaker '' 1955 `` Baby Let 's Play House '' `` I Forgot to Remember to Forget '' / `` Mystery Train '' 1956 `` Heartbreak Hotel '' / `` I Was the One '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' / `` My Baby Left Me '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' `` Blue Suede Shoes '' / `` Tutti Frutti '' `` Money Honey '' `` I Got a Woman '' `` Tryin ' to Get to You '' `` Blue Moon '' `` I 'll Never Let You Go ( Lil ' Darlin ' ) '' / `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Cry ( Over You ) '' `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' / `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` Love Me Tender '' 1957 `` Too Much '' / `` Playing for Keeps '' `` All Shook Up '' `` Peace in the Valley `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Paralyzed '' ( UK ) `` Jailhouse Rock '' `` Party '' / `` Got a Lot o ' Livin ' to Do ! '' ( UK ) 1958 `` Do n't '' `` Wear My Ring Around Your Neck '' `` Hard Headed Woman '' / `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` King Creole '' ( UK ) `` One Night '' 1959 `` I Need Your Love Tonight '' / `` A Fool Such as I '' `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' 1960s 1960 `` Stuck on You '' / `` Fame and Fortune '' `` It 's Now or Never '' `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' 1961 `` Surrender '' / `` Lonely Man '' `` I Feel So Bad '' / `` Wild in the Country '' `` ( Marie 's the Name ) His Latest Flame '' / `` Little Sister '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' / `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' 1962 `` Good Luck Charm '' / `` Anything That 's Part of You '' `` She 's Not You '' `` Return to Sender '' / `` Where Do You Come From '' 1963 `` One Broken Heart for Sale '' `` ( You 're the ) Devil in Disguise '' `` Bossa Nova Baby '' / `` Witchcraft '' 1964 `` Kissin ' Cousins '' / `` It Hurts Me '' `` What 'd I Say '' / `` Viva Las Vegas '' `` Such a Night '' / `` Never Ending '' `` Ask Me '' / `` Ai n't That Loving You Baby '' `` Blue Christmas '' 1965 `` Do the Clam '' / `` You 'll Be Gone '' `` Crying in the Chapel `` ( Such an ) Easy Question '' `` I 'm Yours '' `` Puppet on a String '' / `` Wooden Heart '' 1966 `` Tell Me Why '' / `` Blue River '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' / `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Love Letters '' `` Spinout '' / `` All That I Am '' `` If Every Day Was Like Christmas '' 1967 `` Indescribably Blue '' `` Long Legged Girl ( With the Short Dress On ) '' / `` That 's Someone You Never Forget '' `` There 's Always Me '' / `` Judy '' `` Big Boss Man '' / `` You Do n't Know Me '' 1968 `` Guitar Man '' `` U.S. Male '' / `` Stay Away '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Your Time Has n't Come Yet , Baby '' / `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Almost in Love '' / `` A Little Less Conversation '' `` If I Can Dream '' / `` Edge of Reality '' 1969 `` Memories '' / `` Charro '' `` How Great Thou Art '' `` In the Ghetto '' / `` Any Day Now '' `` Clean Up Your Own Backyard '' `` Suspicious Minds '' / `` You 'll Think of Me '' `` Do n't Cry Daddy '' 1970s 1970 `` Kentucky Rain '' `` The Wonder of You '' `` I 've Lost You '' `` You Do n't Have to Say You Love Me '' / `` Patch It Up '' `` I Really Do n't Want to Know '' / `` There Goes My Everything '' 1971 `` Rags to Riches '' `` Life '' / `` Only Believe '' `` I 'm Leavin ' '' `` It 's Only Love '' `` Merry Christmas Baby '' / `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' 1972 `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` He Touched Me '' `` An American Trilogy '' / `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` Burning Love '' / `` It 's a Matter of Time '' `` Separate Ways '' / `` Always on My Mind '' 1973 `` Steamroller Blues '' / `` Fool '' `` Raised on Rock '' / `` For Ol ' Times Sake '' `` I 've Got a Thing About You Baby '' `` If You Talk in Your Sleep '' / `` Help Me '' `` Promised Land '' / `` It 's Midnight '' `` My Boy '' / `` Thinking About You '' `` T-R-O-U-B-L-E '' `` Bringing It Back '' / `` Pieces of My Life '' 1976 `` Hurt '' / `` For the Heart '' `` Moody Blue '' 1977 `` Way Down '' `` My Way '' / `` America the Beautiful '' 1978 `` Unchained Melody '' / `` Softly as I Leave You '' Book Category Portal WikiProject We Five Beverly Bivens Michael Stewart Jerry Burgan Pete Fullerton Bob Jones Debbie Burgan ' Studio albums You Were on My Mind Make Someone Happy The Return of We Five Catch the Wind Take Each Day as It Comes Singles `` You Were on My Mind '' `` Let 's Get Together '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Walk On By '' `` Catch the Wind '' B - Sides `` Cast Your Fate to the Wind '' `` Somewhere Beyond the Sea '' `` Somewhere '' `` The First Time '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` Oh Lonesome Me '' Cover Songs `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` The Inch Worm '' `` Our Day Will Come '' `` Softly As I Leave You '' `` Soon It 's Gonna Rain '' `` Tonight '' Andrea Bocelli singles Il mare calmo della sera `` Il mare calmo della sera '' Bocelli `` Con te partirò '' / `` Vivere '' `` Macchine da Guerra '' `` Per amore '' `` Vivo per lei '' Romanza `` Vivo por ella '' `` Time to Say Goodbye '' `` Ich lebe für sie '' `` Je vis pour elle '' Sogno `` The Prayer '' `` Canto della Terra '' Sacred Arias `` Ave Maria '' Cieli di Toscana `` Melodramma '' `` Mille Lune Mille Onde '' `` L'abitudine '' Andrea `` Dell'amore non si sa '' `` Un nuovo giorno '' Amore `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` Because We Believe '' `` Ama Credi E Vai '' Vivere `` Dare to Live ( Vivere ) '' `` Vive Ya '' My Christmas `` White Christmas / Bianco Natale '' `` What Child Is This '' Cinema `` E Più Ti Penso '' Other singles `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' Other songs `` The Power of Love '' `` Bésame Mucho '' `` Amapola '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Panis Angelicus '' `` Adeste Fideles '' `` Blue Christmas '' Category Media The Stylistics Airrion Love Herb Murrell Harold Eban Brown Jason Sharpe Russell Thompkins , Jr . James Dunn James Smith Raymond Johnson Van Fields Studio albums The Stylistics Round 2 Rockin ' Roll Baby Let 's Put It All Together Compilation albums The Best of the Stylistics The Best of the Stylistics , Vol. 2 Singles `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Betcha by Golly , Wow '' `` I 'm Stone in Love with You '' `` Break Up to Make Up '' `` You 'll Never Get to Heaven ( If You Break My Heart ) '' `` You Make Me Feel Brand New '' `` Ca n't Give You Anything ( But My Love ) '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Only You ( And You Alone ) '' `` Satin Doll '' `` Shame and Scandal in the Family '' `` Always on My Mind '' Related articles Discography Avco Records H&L Records Book : The Stylistics UB40 Jimmy Brown Robin Campbell Earl Falconer Norman Hassan Brian Travers Duncan Campbell Ali Campbell Yomi Babayemi Jimmy Lynn Mickey Virtue Astro Studio albums Signing Off Present Arms UB44 Labour of Love Geffery Morgan Baggariddim Rat in the Kitchen UB40 Labour of Love II Promises and Lies Guns in the Ghetto Labour of Love III Cover Up Homegrown Who You Fighting For ? TwentyFourSeven Labour of Love IV Getting Over the Storm Compilation albums The Singles Album More UB40 Music The UB40 File The Best of UB40 -- Volume One Labour of Love , Volumes I and II The Best of UB40 - Volume Two UB40 Present the Dancehall Album The Very Best of UB40 1980 - 2000 UB40 Present the Fathers of Reggae Labour of Love , Volumes I , II and III - Platinum Collection The Best Of UB40 , Volumes 1 & 2 Love Songs Best of Labour of Love All the Best Live albums UB40 Live UB40 CCCP : Live in Moscow Remix albums Present Arms in Dub Dub Sessions Notable songs `` Food for Thought '' `` One in Ten '' `` Do n't Slow Down '' `` Red Red Wine '' `` Please Do n't Make Me Cry '' `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` Cherry Oh Baby '' `` If It Happens Again '' `` Sing Our Own Song '' `` Rat in Mi Kitchen '' `` I Got You Babe '' `` Breakfast in Bed '' `` Homely Girl '' `` Kingston Town '' `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' `` The Way You Do the Things You Do '' `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love With You '' `` Higher Ground '' `` Reasons '' `` Swing Low '' See also UB40 discography Dep International A-Teens Marie Serneholt Amit Paul Dhani Lennevald Sara Lumholdt Studio albums The ABBA Generation Teen Spirit Pop ' til You Drop ! New Arrival Extended plays Extr - A-Teens Compilation albums Greatest Hits Remix albums The ABBA Generation Remix Singles `` Mamma Mia '' `` Super Trouper '' `` Gimme ! Gimme ! Gimme ! ( A Man After Midnight ) '' `` Happy New Year '' `` Dancing Queen '' `` Upside Down '' `` Halfway Around the World '' `` Sugar Rush '' `` Heartbreak Lullaby '' `` Floorfiller '' `` A Perfect Match '' `` Let Your Heart Do All the Talking '' `` I Promised Myself '' Related articles Discography Songs Andy Williams Studio albums Andy Williams Sings Steve Allen Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein Two Time Winners To You Sweetheart , Aloha Lonely Street The Village of St. Bernadette Under Paris Skies Danny Boy and Other Songs I Love to Sing Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes Warm and Willing Days of Wine and Roses and Other TV Requests The Andy Williams Christmas Album The Wonderful World of Andy Williams The Academy Award - Winning `` Call Me Irresponsible '' and Other Hit Songs from the Movies The Great Songs from `` My Fair Lady '' and Other Broadway Hits Andy Williams ' Dear Heart Merry Christmas The Shadow of Your Smile In the Arms of Love Born Free Love , Andy Honey Happy Heart Get Together with Andy Williams Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head The Andy Williams Show Love Story You 've Got a Friend Love Theme from `` The Godfather '' Alone Again ( Naturally ) Solitaire The Way We Were Christmas Present You Lay So Easy on My Mind The Other Side of Me Andy Let 's Love While We Can Greatest Love Classics Close Enough for Love I Still Believe in Santa Claus Nashville We Need a Little Christmas I Do n't Remember Ever Growing Up Compilations Andy Williams Andy Williams ' Best Million Seller Songs Canadian Sunset Andy Williams ' Newest Hits May Each Day The Andy Williams Sound of Music Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits The Impossible Dream Love Story Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ( CBS ) Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Reflections The Best of Andy Williams ( 1992 ) Personal Christmas Collection 16 Most Requested Songs : Encore ! The Best of Andy Williams ( 1996 ) The Love Songs In the Lounge with ... The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2000 ) Andy The Essential Andy Williams B Sides and Rarities Music to Watch Girls By : The Very Best of Andy Williams Moon River : The Very Best of Andy Williams The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2009 ) The Classic Christmas Album Live albums Greatest Hits The New Andy Williams Christmas Album Singles `` Walk Hand in Hand '' `` Canadian Sunset '' `` Butterfly '' `` I Like Your Kind of Love '' `` Lips of Wine '' `` Are You Sincere ? '' `` Promise Me , Love '' `` The Hawaiian Wedding Song '' `` Lonely Street '' `` The Village of St. Bernadette '' `` Danny Boy '' `` Fly by Night '' `` Stranger on the Shore '' `` Do n't You Believe It '' `` Twilight Time '' `` Ca n't Get Used to Losing You '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Hopeless '' `` A Fool Never Learns '' `` Charade '' `` Wrong for Each Other '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Almost There '' `` Dear Heart '' `` ... and Roses and Roses '' `` Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars ( Corcovado ) '' `` May Each Day '' `` You 're Gonna Hear from Me '' `` Bye Bye Blues '' `` How Can I Tell Her It 's Over '' `` In the Arms of Love '' `` Music to Watch Girls By '' `` Holly '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Sweet Memories '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Happy Heart '' `` Live and Learn '' `` A Woman 's Way '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` One Day of Your Life '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Home Lovin ' Man '' `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' `` A Song for You '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Speak Softly Love ( Love Theme from The Godfather ) '' `` MacArthur Park '' `` Solitaire '' `` Love 's Theme '' `` Another Lonely Song '' `` Cry Softly '' `` Sad Eyes '' `` The Other Side of Me '' `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' B - Sides `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Summertime '' `` So Rare '' `` Emily '' `` Red Roses for a Blue Lady '' `` I 'll Remember You '' `` Something '' `` My Love '' `` They Long to Be Close to You '' `` I Love My Friend '' Related articles Discography The Williams Brothers Perry Como Albums So Smooth ( 1955 ) We Get Letters ( 1956 ) Saturday Night with Mr. C ( 1958 ) When You Come to the End of the Day ( 1958 ) Como Swings ( 1959 ) Season 's Greetings from Perry Como ( 1959 ) For the Young at Heart ( 1960 ) Sing to Me Mr. C ( 1961 ) By Request ( 1962 ) The Best of Irving Berlin 's Songs from Mr. President ( 1962 ) The Songs I Love ( 1963 ) The Scene Changes ( 1965 ) Lightly Latin ( 1966 ) Perry Como in Italy ( 1966 ) The Perry Como Christmas Album ( 1968 ) Look to Your Heart ( 1968 ) Seattle ( 1969 ) Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel , Las Vegas ( 1970 ) It 's Impossible ( 1970 ) I Think of You ( 1971 ) And I Love You So ( 1973 ) Perry ( 1974 ) Just Out of Reach ( 1975 ) 40 Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) The Best of British ( UK and Canada ) ( 1977 ) Where You 're Concerned ( US ) ( 1978 ) Perry Como ( 1980 ) Perry Como Live on Tour ( 1981 ) So It Goes / Goodbye for Now ( 1983 ) Today ( 1987 ) Perry Como 's Christmas Concert ( 1994 ) On the Radio -- The Perry Como Shows 1943 ( 2009 ) At the Supper Club ( 2010 ) At the Supper Club Part II ( 2011 ) At the Supper Club Part III ( 2011 ) Songs `` ' A ' You 're Adorable '' `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` And I Love You So '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Because '' `` Beyond Tomorrow '' `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' `` Blue Room '' `` A Bushel and a Peck '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Catch a Falling Star '' `` Chi - Baba , Chi - Baba ( My Bambino Go to Sleep ) '' `` Confessin ' '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' `` Delaware '' `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' `` Dream Along with Me ( I 'm on My Way to a Star ) '' `` A Dreamer 's Holiday '' `` El Cóndor Pasa '' `` Feelings '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` For the Good Times '' `` Forever and Ever '' `` Forget Domani '' `` Give Me Your Hand '' `` Glendora '' `` The Gypsy in My Soul '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Here , There and Everywhere '' `` Home for the Holidays '' `` Hot Diggity ( Dog Ziggity Boom ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' `` I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) '' `` I Think I Love You '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` If ( They Made Me a King ) '' `` It 's Been a Long , Long Time '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' `` Kewpie Doll '' `` The Lord 's Prayer '' `` Magic Moments '' `` Mandolins in the Moonlight '' `` Maria '' `` Moon River '' `` More '' `` No Other Love '' `` Papa Loves Mambo '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` Round and Round '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Seattle '' `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` The Songs I Love '' `` Stop ! And Think It Over '' `` Till the End of Time '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` Wanted '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` When You and I Were Young , Maggie '' `` Young at Heart '' Related Perry Como discography Perry Como television and radio shows Beat the Band The Chesterfield Supper Club List of songs recorded by Perry Como Goodman Ace Mitchell Ayres Ray Charles Frank Gallop Nick Perito Category Julio Iglesias Discography Studio albums Yo canto ( 1969 ) Un canto a Galicia ( 1972 ) Soy ( 1973 ) A flor de piel ( 1974 ) Viens m'embrasser ( 1974 ) A México ( 1975 ) El amor ( 1975 ) America ( 1976 ) A mis 33 años ( 1977 ) Emociones ( 1978 ) Sono un pirata , sono un signore ( 1978 ) À vous les femmes ( 1979 ) Hey ! ( 1980 ) De niña a mujer ( 1981 ) Zartlichkeiten ( 1981 ) Momentos ( 1982 ) Momenti ( 1982 ) Et l'amour crea la femme ( 1982 ) 1100 Bel Air Place ( 1984 ) Libra ( 1985 ) Un hombre solo ( 1987 ) Tutto l'amore che ti manca ( 1987 ) Non Stop ( 1988 ) Raíces ( 1989 ) Starry Night ( 1990 ) Calor ( 1992 ) Crazy ( 1994 ) La carretera ( 1995 ) Tango ( 1996 ) Noche de cuatro lunas ( 2000 ) Ao Meu Brasil ( 2001 ) Divorcio ( 2003 ) Romantic Classics ( 2006 ) 1 ( 2011 ) México ( 2015 ) Live albums En concierto ( 1983 ) Compilation albums Da Manuela a Pensami ( 1978 ) Minhas canções preferidas ( 1981 ) Julio ( 1983 ) My Life : The Greatest Hits ( 1998 ) Mi vida : Grandes éxitos ( 1998 ) Love Songs ( 2003 ) 1 : The Collection ( 2014 ) Singles `` Chiquilla '' ( 1970 ) `` Gwendolyne '' ( 1970 ) `` Cucurrucucú paloma '' ( 1975 ) `` Pauvres Diables '' ( 1979 ) `` Begin the Beguine '' ( 1981 ) `` Yours ( Quiéreme Mucho ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Amor '' ( 1984 ) `` All of You '' ( 1984 ) `` The Air That I Breathe '' ( 1984 ) `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' ( 1984 ) `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' ( 1985 ) `` Lo Mejor de Tu Vida '' ( 1987 ) `` Que No Se Rompa la Noche '' ( 1987 ) `` Bamboléo '' ( 1989 ) `` Vincent '' ( 1990 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1990 ) `` Crazy '' ( 1994 ) `` Oye Como Va '' ( 1994 ) `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' ( 1994 ) `` El Choclo '' ( 1996 ) `` La Gota Fría '' ( 1998 ) `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' ( 2006 ) Non-single covers `` ¡ Ay , Jalisco , no te rajes ! '' `` Feelings '' `` Grande grande grande '' `` Guantanamera '' `` Hier Encore '' `` Historia de un Amor '' `` If '' `` La Flor de la Canela '' `` La Vie en rose '' `` Mamy Blue '' `` Mi Buenos Aires querido '' `` My Sweet Lord '' `` Puedes Llegar '' `` Quando m'innamoro '' `` Something '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` You Belong to My Heart '' `` Dulce Carolina '' ( 1972 ) `` La Mer '' ( 1976 ) `` Obsesión '' ( 1976 ) `` Ron y Coca - Cola '' ( 1980 ) `` Moon Over Naples '' ( 1988 ) `` And I Love Her '' ( 1990 ) `` If You Go Away '' ( 1990 ) `` 99 Miles from L.A. '' ( 1990 ) `` Caruso '' ( 1994 ) `` Crazy in Love '' ( 1998 ) `` Mi Manera '' ( 1998 ) `` Corazón Partío '' ( 2000 ) `` Quizás , Quizás , Quizás '' ( 2004 ) `` Careless Whisper '' ( 2006 ) `` Right Here Waiting '' ( 2006 ) `` Somos Novios '' ( 2006 ) `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' ( 2006 ) Usage `` It Never Rains in Southern California '' in `` Moonlight Lady '' `` Dark Eyes '' in `` Nostalgie ( Nathalie ) '' Family Julio Iglesias Sr. ( father ) Julio Iglesias Jr. ( son ) Enrique Iglesias ( son ) Chabeli Iglesias ( daughter ) Isabel Preysler ( 1st wife ) Haley Reinhart Discography Videography Songs Studio albums Listen Up ! ( 2012 ) Better ( 2016 ) What 's That Sound ? ( 2017 ) EPs American Idol Season 10 Highlights : Haley Reinhart ( 2011 ) Songs `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' `` Free '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Better '' Concert tours American Idols LIVE ! Tour 2011 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Help_Falling_in_Love&oldid=806320328 '' Categories : 1960s ballads 1961 singles 1976 singles 1987 singles 1993 singles 2002 singles 1961 songs Songs written by Hugo Peretti Songs written by George David Weiss Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Sweden Music videos directed by Gregory Dark Songs written by Luigi Creatore Pop ballads Rock ballads Soul ballads Reggae fusion songs Dance - pop songs A-Teens songs Andy Williams songs Bob Dylan songs Corey Hart ( singer ) songs Elvis Presley songs Ingrid Michaelson songs Marty Robbins songs The Stylistics songs UB40 songs Songs written for films Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Finnish - language text CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Webarchive template webcite links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from November 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Talk More Contents Help About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 06 : 09 . 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how many american planes were shot down in vietnam

List of aircraft losses of the Vietnam War

list of aircraft losses of the vietnam war

During the Vietnam War , thousands of U.S. aircraft were lost to antiaircraft artillery ( AAA ) , surface - to - air missiles ( SAMs ) , and fighter interceptors ( MiG ) s . The great majority of U.S. combat losses in all areas of Southeast Asia were to AAA . The Royal Australian Air Force also flew combat and airlift missions in South Vietnam , as did the Republic of Vietnam . Among fixed - wing aircraft , more F - 4 Phantoms were lost than any other type in service with any nation . In total , the United States military lost in Vietnam almost 10,000 aircraft , helicopters and 578 UAVs ( 554 over Vietnam and 24 over China ) .

There were about 11,835 helicopters that served in the Vietnam War . The records showing 5,607 helicopter losses or about half ( excluding South Vietnam army lost ) South Vietnam 's army lost 2,500 aircraft and helicopters , excluding UAVs ( including 1,018 aircraft and helicopters lost from January 1964 to September 1973 ) . North Vietnam lost 150 -- 200 aircraft and helicopters . Contents ( hide ) 1 United States aircraft 1.1 United States Air Force 1.1. 1 USAF fixed - wing 1.1. 2 USAF rotary - wing 1.2 United States Navy 1.2. 1 USN fixed - wing carrier - based 1.2. 2 USN rotary - wing 1.2. 3 USN fixed - wing land - based 1.3 United States Marine Corps 1.3. 1 USMC fixed - wing 1.3. 2 USMC rotary - wing 1.4 United States Army 1.4. 1 USA fixed - wing 1.4. 2 USA rotary - wing 2 Republic of Vietnam aircraft 3 Royal Australian Air Force 3.1 Fixed wing 3.2 Rotary - wing 4 Democratic Republic of Vietnam Aircraft 4.1 Fixed - wing losses 5 People 's Republic of China aircraft 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links United States aircraft ( edit ) Captured American - made and overpainted SVNAF warplanes in Saigon 's War Remnants Museum United States Air Force ( edit ) All told , the U.S. Air Force flew 5.25 million sorties over South Vietnam , North Vietnam , northern and southern Laos , and Cambodia , losing 2,251 aircraft : 1,737 to hostile action , and 514 in accidents . 2,197 of the losses were fixed - wing , and the remainder rotary - wing . The USAF sustained approximately 0.4 losses per 1,000 sorties during the conflict , which compared favorably with a 2.0 rate in Korea and a 9.7 figure during World War II . USAF fixed - wing ( edit ) Downed USAF Douglas A-1E , pilot was later awarded the Medal of Honor A-1 Skyraider -- 191 total , 150 in combat First loss : A-1E 52 - 132465 ( 1st Air Commando Squadron ( ACS ) , 34th Tactical Group ( TG ) ) shot down during night training mission on 29 August 1964 near Bien Hoa , SVN ( Capt Richard Dean Goss KIA , 1 VNAF observer ( name unknown ) KIA ) Final loss : A-1H 52 - 139738 ( 1st Special Operations Squadron , 56th Special Operations Wing ) which was shot down 28 September 1972 ( pilot was rescued by an Air America helicopter ) A-7D Corsair II -- 6 total , 4 in combat First loss : 71 -- 0310 ( 355th Tactical Fighter Squadron , 354th TFW ) on 2 December 1972 shot down on a CSAR mission in Laos ( Capt Anthony Shine KIA ) 71 - 0312 ( 353d TFS ) mid-air collision with an FAC O - 1 Bird Dog in Laos on 24 December 1972 , ( Capt Charles Riess POW ) 71 - 0316 ( 355th TFS ) operational loss ( non-combat ) crash in Thailand on 11 January 1973 ( pilot rescued ) 70 - 0949 ( 354th TFW ) shot down Laos on 17 February 1973 ( Maj J.J. Gallagher rescued ) 71 - 0305 ( 3rd TFS , 388th TFW ) shot down in Cambodia on 4 May 1973 ( 1Lt T.L. Dickens rescued ) Final loss : 70 -- 0945 ( 354th TFW ) shot down in Cambodia on 25 May 1973 ( Capt Jeremiah Costello KIA ) A-26 Invader -- 22 total First loss : B - 26B 44 - 35530 ( Detachment 2A , 1st ACG ) shot down in IV CTZ on the night of 4 -- 5 November 1962 , killing the 3 crew Final loss : A-26A 64 - 17646 ( 609th SOS , 56th SOW ) lost over Laos on the night of 7 -- 8 July 1969 , killing both crewmen A-37 Dragonfly -- 22 total First loss : 1967 , final loss : 1972 Wing of downed USAF warplane at the Vietnam Military History Museum AC - 47 Spooky -- 19 total , 12 in combat First loss : 1965 , final loss : 1969 AC - 119 Shadow / Stinger -- 6 total , 2 in combat First loss : AC - 119G 52 - 5907 ( Det. 1 , 17th SOS , 14th SOW ) which crashed on take - off from Tan Son Nhut , SVN on 11 October 1969 , killing 6 of the 10 crewmen Final loss : 1971 AC - 130 Spectre -- 6 total , all in combat First loss : AC - 130A 54 - 1629 ( 16th SOS , 8th TFW ) hit by 37mm Anti-aircraft gun over Laos and crash - landed at Ubon RTAFB , 2 crewmen died ( one died of injuries before reaching Ubon ) but 11 others survived . Final loss : 1972 Soviet specialists inspect the wreckage of the B - 52 Stratofortress which was shot down near Hanoi on December 23 , 1972 . B - 52 Stratofortress -- 31 total ( 17 in combat , and two more being scrapped after sustaining battle damage ) First losses were operational ( non-combat ) mid-air collision 2 B - 52F 57 - 0047 and 57 - 0179 ( 441st Bomb Squadron , 320th Bomb Wing ) , 18 June 1965 , South China Sea during air refueling orbit , 8 of 12 crewmen killed Final loss : B - 52D 55 - 0056 ( 307th Bomb Wing Provisional ) to SAM 4 January 1973 , crew rescued from Gulf of Tonkin B - 57 Canberra -- 56 total , 38 in combat First loss : 1964 , final loss : 1970 C - 5A Galaxy -- 1 total , 0 in combat Crashed while attempting emergency landing at Tan Son Nhut AB 4 April 1975 , as part of Operation Babylift . Of the 8 US military women killed during the Vietnam War , 5 were aboard this airplane . C - 7 Caribou -- 19 total , 9 in combat First loss : C - 7B 62 - 4161 ( 459th Tactical Airlift Squadron , 483d Tactical Airlift Wing ) which was hit by a US 155mm shell on 3 August 1967 in SVN killing the 3 crewmen . Note : there were two fatal crashes during Operation Red Leaf transition training of USAF crews in Army CV - 2 's , on 4 and 28 October 1966 . Final loss : C - 7B 62 - 12584 ( 483d TAW ) which crashed in SVN on 13 January 1971 , all 4 crewmen survived . C - 47 Skytrain -- 21 total A C - 47 was the very first USAF aircraft lost in the SEA conflict , C - 47B 44 - 76330 ( 315th Air Division ) on TDY at Vientiane , Laos which was shot down by the Pathet Lao on 23 March 1961 killing 7 of the 8 crewmen . The sole survivor , US Army Maj. Lawrence Bailey was captured and held until August 1962 . Final loss : EC - 47Q 43 - 48636 ( 361st Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron , 56th SOW ) shot down in Laos on the night of 04 / 5 4 -- 5 February 1973 , killing all 8 crewmen . C - 123 Provider -- 53 total , 21 in combat First loss : C - 123B 56 - 4370 attached to the 464th TAW which came down on an Operation Ranch Hand ( defoliation ) training flight between Bien Hoa and Vung Tau , SVN on 2 February 1962 Final loss : 1971 Wreckage of downed C - 130 Hercules C - 130 Hercules -- 55 total , 34 in combat First loss : C - 130A 57 - 0475 ( 817th Troop Carrier Squadron , 6315th Operations Group ) on 24 April 1965 , a Blind Bat flareship that crashed into high ground near Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base , Thailand , attempting to land in bad weather with a heavy load , two engine failures , and low fuel , killing all six crewmen . This was the 14th recorded loss of a C - 130 to all causes . Final loss : C - 130E 72 - 1297 ( 314th TAW ) destroyed by rocket fire at Tan Son Nhut AB on 28 April 1975 . C - 141 Starlifter -- 2 total , 0 in combat First loss : C - 141A 65 - 9407 ( 62d Military Airlift Wing ) destroyed in a night runway collision with a USMC A-6 at Danang , SVN on 23 March 1967 killing 5 of the 6 crewmen . Final loss : C - 141A 66 - 0127 ( 4th Military Airlift Squadron , 62d MAW ) crashed soon after take - off from Cam Ranh Bay , SVN on 13 April 1967 killing 6 of the 8 man crew . E / RB - 66 Destroyer -- 14 total First loss : RB - 66B 53 - 0452 ( Det 1 , 41st Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron , 6250th Combat Support Group ) which crashed 22 -- 23 October 1965 west of Pleiku , SVN killing the crew . Final loss : EB - 66B 42nd TEWS , 388th TFS lost to engine failure on 23 December 1972 during Operation Linebacker II . 3 crewmen were KIA . EC - 121 BatCat -- 2 total , 0 combat First loss : EC - 121R 67 - 24193 ( 554th Reconnaissance Squadron , 553d RW ) crashed 25 April 1969 on take - off in a thunderstorm from Korat RTAFB , killing all 18 crewmen . Final loss : EC - 121R 67 - 21495 ( 554th RS ) crashed on approach to Korat RTAFB on 6 September 1969 , 4 of the 16 men were killed . F - 4 Phantom II -- 445 total , 382 in combat First loss : operational ( non-combat ) , F - 4C 64 - 0674 ( 45TH TFS , 15th TFW ) which ran out of fuel after strike in SVN on 9 June 1965 ; first combat loss F - 4C 64 - 0685 ( 45th TFS , 15th TFW ) shot down Ta Chan , NW NVN on 20 June 1965 . 9 of the losses were parked aircraft struck by rockets . Final loss : F - 4D 66 - 8747 ( 432d TRW ) on 29 June 1973 . F - 5 Freedom Fighter -- 9 total First loss : 1965 , final loss : 1967 F - 100 Super Sabre -- 243 total , 198 in combat First loss : 1964 , final loss : 1971 F - 102 Delta Dagger -- 14 total , 7 in combat First loss : 1964 , final loss : 1967 . 4 of the combat losses were parked aircraft . F - 104 Starfighter -- 14 total , 9 in combat First loss : 56 -- 0937 ( 476th TFS , 497th TFW ) shot down by enemy ground fire during CAS mission near Tri Dao , Vietnam , on 29 June 1965 , pilot Capt . R. Cole rescued Final loss : 57 - 0922 ( 435th TFS , 8th TFW ) operational loss due to engine failure on 14 May 1967 in Thailand , pilot name unknown , survived A U.S. Air Force F - 105D Thunderchief shot down F - 105D Thunderchief -- 335 total , 283 in combat First loss : 62 -- 4371 ( 36th TFS , 6441st TFW ) written off from battle damage over Laos 14 August 1964 , at Korat , Thailand Final loss : 61 -- 0153 ( 44th TFS , 355th TFW ) shot down Laos 23 September 1970 , pilot Capt . J.W. Newhouse rescued F - 105F / G Thunderchief -- 47 total , 37 combat First loss : EF - 105F 63 - 8286 ( 13th TFS , 388th TFW ) shot down by AAA RP - 6 July 1966 , Maj . Roosevelt Hestle and Capt . Charles Morgan KIA Final loss : F - 105G 63 - 8359 ( Det. 1 561st TFS , 388th TFW ) shot down by SAM 16 November 1972 , RP - 3 , crew rescued F - 111A Aardvark -- 11 total , 6 in combat First loss : mission - related TFR failure , 66 - 0022 ( 428th TFS 474th TFW , Project Combat Lancer ) , 28 March 1968 , Maj . H.E. Mccann and Capt . D.L. Graham MIA Final loss : 67 -- 0111 ( 474th TFW ) mid-air collision over Cambodia , 16 June 1973 , both crewmen rescued HU - 16 Albatross -- 4 total , 2 in combat First loss : 51 - 5287 to unknown cause 19 June 1965 51 - 0058 to unknown cause , 3 July 1965 51 - 0071 ( 33d ARRS ) shot down by AAA 14 March 1966 , two crewmen killed Final loss : 51 - 7145 ( 37th ARRS ) disappeared 18 October 1966 , 7 crewmen KIA - BNR KB - 50 Superfortress tanker -- 1 total , 0 combat Only loss : KB - 50J 48 - 0065 ( 421st Air Refueling Squadron Detachment ) at Takhli RTAFB which crashed in Thailand on 14 October 1964 , all 6 crewmen survived KC - 135 Stratotanker -- 3 total , 0 combat Two crashes in 1968 , one 1969 , all operational ( non-combat ) O - 1 Bird Dog -- 172 total , 122 in combat First loss : 1963 Final loss : 1972 O - 2 Skymaster -- 104 total , 82 in combat First loss : 1967 Final loss : 1972 OV - 10 Bronco -- 63 total , 47 in combat First loss : 1968 Final loss : 1973 QU - 22 Pave Eagle -- 8 lost , 7 in combat First loss : YQU - 22A 68 - 10531 ( 554th RS , 553d RW ) crashed due to engine failure on 11 June 1969 Final loss : QU - 22B 70 - 1546 ( 554th RS ) on 25 August 1972 , pilot killed RF - 4C Phantom II -- 83 total , 76 in combat First loss : 1966 Final loss : 1972 A U.S. aircraft shot down over North Vietnam , 1968 RF - 101 Voodoo -- 39 total , 33 in combat First loss : 1964 Final loss : 1968 SR - 71A Blackbird -- 2 total , 0 combat First loss : 64 - 17969 ( Det OL - 8 , 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing ) suffered engine failure over Thailand on 10 May 1970 , both crewmen ejected safely Final loss : 64 - 17978 ( Det OL - KA , 9th SRW ) crashed on landing at Kadena , Okinawa on 20 July 1972 , both crewmen survived T - 28 Trojan -- 23 total First loss : 1962 Final loss : 1968 U-2C `` Dragon Lady '' -- 1 total , 0 combat Only loss : 56 -- 6690 ( 349th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron 100th SRW ) which crashed on 8 October 1966 near Bien Hoa , SVN , Maj . Leo J Stewart ejected and was rescued U-3B Blue Canoe -- 1 total , 1 in combat Only loss : 60 -- 6058 , destroyed on the ground during a VC attack on Tan Son Nhut , SVN on 14 June 1968 . U-6A Beaver -- 1 total , 0 in combat Only loss : 51 - 15565 ( 432d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing ) which crashed in Thailand 28 December 1966 , both crewmen survived U-10D Courier -- 1 total , 1 in combat Only loss : 63 - 13102 ( 5th SOS , 14th SOW ) shot down 14 August 1969 near Bien Hoa , killing 1 / Lt Roger Brown USAF rotary - wing ( edit ) CH / HH - 3 Jolly Green Giant -- 34 total , 25 in combat First loss : CH - 3E 63 - 9685 ( 38th ARRS ) to AAA North Vietnam on 6 November 1965 , three crewmen POW , one rescued Final loss : HH - 3E 65 - 12785 ( 37th ARRS ) 21 November 1970 , combat - assaulted inside Son Tay POW camp ( Operation Ivory Coast ) and deliberately destroyed by U.S. Special Forces HH - 43B Pedro -- 13 lost , 8 in combat First loss : 63 -- 9713 ( 38th ARRS ) damaged by fire 2 June 1965 , crew rescued and aircraft destroyed to prevent its capture Final loss : 60 -- 0282 ( 38th ARRS ) crashed Cam Ranh Bay 7 August 1969 , crew rescued CH / HH - 53 Super Jolly -- 27 total , 17 in combat First loss : HH - 53C 66 - 14430 ( 40th ARRS ) in Laos , damaged by gunfire 18 January 1969 crew rescued and aircraft destroyed by bombing to prevent capture Last losses : four CH - 53s ( 68 - 10925 , − 10926 , − 10927 , 70 -- 1627 , all from 21st SOS , 56th SOW ) to AAA on 15 May 1975 , Koh Tang , Kampuchea , ( Mayaguez incident final aircraft losses of Vietnam War ) UH - 1 Iroquois -- 36 total United States navy ( edit ) Twenty - one aircraft carriers conducted 86 war cruises and operated 9,178 total days on the line in the Gulf of Tonkin . 532 aircraft were lost in combat and 329 more to operational causes , resulting in the deaths of 401 naval aviators , with 64 airmen reported missing and 179 taken prisoner of war . USN fixed - wing Carrier - based ( edit ) A-1 Skyraider -- 65 total , 48 in combat First loss : A-1H 139760 ( VA - 145 , USS Constellation ) , to AAA 5 August 1964 , Lt. j.g. R.C. Sather KIA ( body recovered in 1985 ) Final loss : A-1H 134499 ( VA - 25 , USS Coral Sea ) , to MIG 14 February 1968 , Lt. j.g. J.P. Dunn MIA A-3 Skywarrior -- 7 total , 2 in combat First loss : A-3B 142250 ( VAH - 4 , USS Hancock ) , operational loss ( non-combat ) 22 December 1964 , 3 rescued , 1 killed Final loss : A-3B 144627 ( VAH - 4 , USS Kitty Hawk ) , AAA 8 March 1967 , 3 crewmen KIA 1967 USS Forrestal fire A-4 Skyhawk -- 282 total , 195 in combat First loss : A-4C 149578 ( VA - 144 , USS Constellation ) , AAA 5 August 1964 , Lt. j.g. Everett Alvarez POW ( second longest held prisoner ) Final loss : A-4F 155021 ( VA - 212 , USS Hancock ) , AAA 6 September 1972 , pilot rescued A-6 Intruder -- 62 total , 51 in combat First loss : A-6A 151584 ( VA - 75 , USS Independence ) , own bomb detonation Laos 14 July 1965 , crew rescued Final loss : A-6A 157007 ( VA - 35 , USS America ) , AAA South Vietnam 24 January 1973 , crew rescued A-7 Corsair -- 100 total , 55 in combat First loss : A-7A 153239 ( VA - 147 , USS Ranger ) , SAM North Vietnam 22 December 1967 , LCdr J.M. Hickerson POW Final loss : A-7E 156837 ( VA - 147 , USS Constellation ) , operational loss ( non-combat ) 29 January 1973 , pilot missing Operation Frequent Wind loss -- `` The Enterprise flew 95 sorties in support of the operation , but on no occasion was any ordnance used in anger , although an A-7E was lost to undetermined causes '' . The pilot was rescued at sea . C - 1 Trader -- 4 total , 0 in combat First loss : C - 1A 146047 ( VR - 21 , USS Independence ) , non-combat 30 August 1965 , 7 passengers and crew rescued C - 1A 136784 ( VR - 21 , USS Independence ) , operational loss ( non-combat ) 12 September 1965 , 9 passengers and crew rescued , 1 killed C - 1A 146016 ( Composite Squadron Five VC - 5 ) , operational loss ( non-combat ) 8 August 1967 , 3 passengers and 2 crew rescued Final loss : C - 1A 146054 ( Carrier Air Wing 11 , USS Kitty Hawk ) , operational loss ( non-combat ) 16 January 1968 , 7 passengers and crew rescued , 3 killed C - 2 Greyhound -- 2 total , 0 in combat First loss : C - 2A 152796 ( VRC - 50 , USS Constellation ) , Gulf of Tonkin crash 2 October 1969 , 26 passengers and crew killed Final loss : C - 2A 152793 ( VRC - 50 , USS Ranger ) , Gulf of Tonkin crash 15 December 1970 , 3 crew killed E-1 Tracer -- 3 total , 0 in combat First loss : E-1B 148918 ( VAW - 12 , USS Independence ) , operational loss ( non-combat ) 22 September 1965 , crew rescued Final loss : E-1B 148132 ( VAW - 111 , USS Oriskany ) , operational loss ( non-combat ) 8 October 1967 , 5 crewmen killed E-2 Hawkeye -- 2 total , 0 in combat First loss : E-2A 151711 ( VAW - 116 , USS Coral Sea ) , 8 April 1970 , 5 crewmen killed Final loss : E-2B 151719 ( VAW - 115 , USS Midway ) , 11 June 1971 , 5 crewmen missing EKA - 3 Skywarrior -- 2 lost , 0 in combat First loss : EKA - 3B 142400 ( VAQ - 132 , USS America ) , operational loss ( non-combat ) 4 July 1970 , 3 rescued Final loss : EKA - 3B 142634 ( VAQ - 130 , USS Ranger ) , operational loss ( non-combat ) 21 January 1973 , 3 crewmen killed EA - 1 Skyraider -- 4 total , 1 in combat First loss : EA - 1E 139603 ( VAW - 111 , USS Yorktown ) , operational loss ( non-combat ) 15 April 1965 , crew rescued Final loss : EA - 1F 132543 ( VAW - 13 , USS Franklin D. Roosevelt ) , operational loss ( non-combat ) 10 September 1966 , crew rescued USAF F - 4 Phantom II destroyed during the Tet Offensive F - 4 Phantom -- 138 total , 75 in combat First loss : F - 4B 151412 ( VA - 142 , USS Constellation ) , operational loss ( non-combat ) 13 November 1964 , crew rescued Final combat loss ( also last USN combat loss of war ) : F - 4J 155768 ( VF - 143 , USS Enterprise ) , AAA South Vietnam 27 January 1973 , Cdr H.H. Hall and Lcdr P.A. Keintzer POW Final loss : F - 4J 158361 ( VF - 21 , USS Ranger ) , operational loss ( non-combat ) 29 January 1973 , crew killed F - 8 Crusader -- 118 total , 57 in combat First loss : F - 8D ( VF - 111 , USS Kitty Hawk ) , to AAA over Laos 7 June 1964 , LCdr C.D. Lynn rescued Final loss : ( operational ) F - 8J 150887 ( VF - 191 , USS Oriskany ) 26 November 1972 , pilot rescued KA - 3 Skywarrior -- 2 lost , 0 in combat First loss : KA - 3B 142658 ( VAH - 4 , USS Oriskany ) , operational loss ( non-combat ) 28 July 1967 , 1 crewmen rescued , 2 killed Final loss : KA - 3B 138943 ( VAH - 10 , USS Coral Sea ) , operational loss ( non-combat ) 17 February 1969 , 3 crewmen killed A-5 Vigilante destroyed in the USS Forrestal fire RA - 5 Vigilante -- 27 total , 18 in combat First loss : RA - 5C 149306 ( RVAH - 5 , USS Ranger ) , operational loss ( non-combat ) 9 December 1965 , 2 crewmen killed Final loss : RA - 5C 156633 ( RVAH - 13 , USS Enterprise ) , to MiG - 21 North Vietnam 28 December 1972 , Lcdr A.H. Agnew POW , Lt. M.F. Haifley KIA RF - 8 Crusader -- 29 total , 19 in combat First loss : RF - 8A ( Det. C VFP - 63 , USS Kitty Hawk ) , 6 June 1964 , to AAA in Laos , Lt. C.F. Klusmann POW Final loss : RF - 8G 144608 ( VFP - 63 , USS Oriskany ) , operational loss ( non-combat ) 13 December 1972 , pilot rescued S - 2 Tracker -- 5 total , 3 in combat First loss : S - 2D 149252 ( VS - 35 , USS Hornet ) , unknown combat loss 21 January 1966 , 4 crewmen MIA S - 2E 152351 ( VS - 21 , USS Kearsarge ) , combat loss 11 October 1966 , 4 crewmen KIA US - 2C 133365 ( VC - 5 , NAS Atsugi , Japan ) , combat loss 13 May 1967 , 2 crewmen KIA US - 2C 133371 ( VC - 5 , USS Hornet ) , operational loss ( non-combat ) 27 September 1967 , crew rescued Final loss : S - 2E ( VS - 23 , USS Yorktown ) , unknown combat loss 17 March 1968 , 4 crewmen KIA USN rotary - wing ( edit ) SH - 2 / UH - 2 Sea Sprite -- 12 lost , 0 in combat First loss : UH - 2A 149751 ( HC - 1 , USS Hancock ) , operational loss ( non-combat ) 10 January 1966 , 4 crewmen rescued Final loss : UH - 2C 149767 ( HC - 1 , USS Bon Homme Richard ) , operational loss ( non-combat ) 10 August 1969 , 4 crewmen rescued SH - 3 Sea King -- 20 lost , 8 in combat First loss : SH - 3A 148993 ( HS - 2 , USS Hornet ) , AAA North Vietnam 13 November 1965 , 4 crewmen rescued Final loss : SH - 3D 156494 ( HS - 7 , USS Saratoga ) , operational loss ( non-combat ) 31 December 1972 , crew rescued USN fixed - wing land - based ( edit ) P - 3B Orion - 2 lost First loss : P3 - B 153440 ( VP - 26 , U-Tapao ) , AAA South Vietnam , 6 February 1968 , 12 crewmen KIA Final loss : P3 - B 153445 ( VP - 26 , U-Tapao ) , possible AAA South Vietnam , 1 April 1968 , 12 crewmen KIA United States Marine Corps ( edit ) U.S. Marine Corps aircraft lost in combat included 193 fixed - wing and 270 rotary - wing aircraft . USMC fixed - wing ( edit ) Burning VNAF C - 130 Hercules A-4 Skyhawk -- 81 lost A-6 Intruder -- 25 lost C - 117 Skytrain -- 2 lost EA - 6A Intruder -- 2 lost EF - 10 Skynight -- 5 lost F - 4 Phantom -- 95 lost , 72 combat F - 8 Crusader -- 21 lost KC - 130 Hercules -- 4 lost O - 1 Bird Dog -- 7 lost OV - 10 Bronco -- 10 lost RF - 4 explodes after being hit by SA - 2 missile . RF - 4 Phantom -- 4 lost RF - 8 Crusader -- 1 lost TA - 4 Skyhawk -- 10 lost TF - 9 Cougar -- 1 lost Source for F - 4 losses is Phantom with U.S. Marine Corps ( Joe Baugher ) , others are unsourced USMC rotary - wing ( edit ) Wreckage of downed UH - 1 Iroquois AH - 1 Cobra -- 7 lost HUS - 1 -- 75 lost UH - 1E Huey -- 69 lost CH - 37 Mojave -- 1 lost CH - 46D Sea Knight -- 109 lost CH - 53 Sea Stallion -- 9 lost United States Army ( edit ) USA fixed - wing ( edit ) OV - 1A / B / C / D Mohawk -- 65 lost O - 1 Bird Dog -- 297 lost USA rotary - wing ( edit ) 5,195 + ( which include not in addition to the above statistics ) Wreckage of downed USAF HH - 3 Jolly Green Giant helicopter Bell 205 -- 1 lost ( Air America ) AH - 1G -- 270 lost BELL -- 1 lost Two downed CH - 21s CH - 21 C -- 14 lost CH - 34 -- 2 lost CH - 37 B -- 1 lost CH - 37C -- 1 lost Downed CH - 47 Chinook CH - 47 A -- 83 lost CH - 47B -- 20 lost CH - 47C -- 29 lost CH - 54 A -- 9 lost H - 13D -- 3 lost H - 37A -- 2 lost OH - 13S -- 147 lost OH - 23 G -- 93 lost OH - 58 A -- 45 lost OH - 6A -- 842 lost UH - 1 -- 60 lost UH - 1A -- 1 lost UH - 1B -- 357 lost UH - 1C -- 365 lost UH - 1D -- 886 lost UH - 1E -- 90 lost UH - 1F -- 18 lost UH - 1H -- 1,313 lost UH - 34 D -- 176 lost Republic of Vietnam aircraft ( edit ) VNAF pilot jumps into the sea from his UH - 1 during Operation Frequent Wind . A-1 Skyraider A-37A / B Dragonfly AC - 47 AC - 119G / K Stinger -- served March 1972 B - 57 Canberra C - 7A Caribou -- served late 1971 to mid-1974 ( grounded due to budget cuts ) C - 47 Skytrain C - 119 Flying Boxcar -- served March 1968 C - 123K Provider -- served May 1973 to 1973 only ( replaced by C - 130A ) , 10 lost , 4 to ground fire C - 130A Hercules -- 2 combat losses F - 5A / B / C Freedom Fighter F - 5E Tiger II U / H - 1D / H Iroquois ( helicopter ) C / UH - 34C / D / G Choctaw ( helicopter ) CH - 47A Chinook ( helicopter ) O - 1 Bird Dog O - 2A Skymaster -- served 1970 to mid-1974 ( grounded due to budget cuts ) T - 28 Trojan T - 37 Tweety Bird ( trainer ) T - 41D Mescalero ( trainer ) U-6A Beaver U-17A / B Skywagon VNAF a / c details sourced from `` Flying Dragon -- The Republic of Vietnam Air Force '' Robert C. Milikesh , Schiffer Military History , 2005 North Vietnam army captured 877 South Vietnam aircraft at war 's end . The total number of downed and captured aircraft is unknown . Royal Australian Air Force ( edit ) Fixed wing ( edit ) 7 total C - 7 Caribou -- 3 total , 1 in combat ; all from No. 35 Squadron RAAF Caribou A4 - 193 was destroyed by mortar fire while taxiing at That Son ( near the Cambodian border ) on 29 March 1970 . English Electric Canberra -- 2 total , 2 in combat ; both from No. 2 Squadron RAAF First loss : Canberra A84 - 231 disappeared on 3 November 1970 on a night bombing mission in the northern 1st Corps Tactical Zone region of South Vietnam after dropping its bombs near Da Nang . Pilot Officer Robert Charles Carver ( 24 ) and Flying Officer Michael Patrick John Herbert ( 24 ) , were both MIA until 30 July 2009 when their remains were positively identified . Final loss : A84 - 228 shot down by two SA - 2 SAM missiles on 14 March 1971 ; Wing Commander F.J.L. Downing and Flight Lieutenant A.J. Pinches were both rescued . CAC Sabre -- 2 total , 2 in combat ; both from No. 79 Squadron RAAF First Loss : CA - 27 Sabre Mk 32 A94 - 984 ; 24 September 1964 , crashed 28 nautical miles west of RTAF Ubon , Thailand following engine failure ; the pilot , Flight Lieutenant Ian McFarlane ejected Final loss : CA - 27 Sabre Mk 32 A94 - 986 ; 3 January 1968 ; crashed due to engine failure three miles south west of RTAF Ubon ; Pilot Officer Michael McGrath was killed , one Thai national injured on ground . The first and only fatal crash by an RAAF aircraft in Thailand . Rotary - wing ( edit ) UH - 1 -- 6 total , all from No. 9 Squadron RAAF Democratic Republic of Vietnam Aircraft ( edit ) MiG - 21 No 4326 , which shot down 13 aircraft during the war Fixed - wing losses ( edit ) Claimed by VPAF : 154 MiG aircraft lost through all causes , including 131 in air combat ( includes 63 MiG - 17s , 8 MiG - 19s and 60 MiG - 21s ) People 's Republic of China aircraft ( edit ) MiG - 17 Fresco -- 1 thought to be shot down See also ( edit ) List of United States aerial victories of the Vietnam War References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dark Eagles : A History of the Top Secret U.S. Aircraft ( 1999 ) . Peebles Curtis . Presidio Press . P. 39 ^ Jump up to : Roush , Gary . `` Helicopter Losses in the Vietnam War '' ( PDF ) . Vietnam Helicopter Pilots ' Association . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 October 2008 . Retrieved 9 October 2008 . Jump up ^ https://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/AFA/6379b747-7730-4f82-9b45-a1c80d6c8fdb/UploadedImages/Mitchell%20Publications/The%20Air%20Force%20and%20the%20Vietnam%20War.pdf Jump up ^ Schlight , John . `` A War too Long : The USAF in Southeast Asia 1961 -- 1975 '' ( PDF ) . Air Force History and Museums Programs . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 July 2007 . Retrieved 20 February 2007 . Page 103 ^ Jump up to : Hobson 2001 . Jump up ^ Jon Lake ( 2004 ) . B - 52 Stratofortress Units in Combat 1955 -- 73 . Bloomsbury USA . p. 81 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 607 - 2 . Jump up ^ Photo of Caribou crash Jump up ^ Hestle remains accounted for June 2017 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/virtual_disk_library/index.cgi/1025775/FID1977/NAVY/Chap_3.pdf page 173 Jump up ^ USMC HELO LOSSES ( 1962 -- 1973 ) by aircraft type Archived 3 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The OV - 1 Mohawk Remembered Firsthand : Piloting the Mohawk in Vietnam '' . Defense Media Network . 24 September 2013 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Toperczer , Istvan . MiG - 21 Units of the Vietnam War . Osprey 2001 , No. 29 . pp. 80 - 81 ^ Jump up to : http://www.airforce.gov.au/history/vietnam.aspx Jump up ^ http://www.defence.gov.au/media/download/2009/Apr/20090421/index.htm Jump up ^ Migs over North Vietnam : The Vietnam People 's Air Force in Combat , 1965 - 75 , Stackpole Military History Jump up ^ http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/c016682.pdf Jump up ^ U.S. Air - to - Air Victories during the Cold War , Wars in Yugoslavia , and Anti-Terror War Sources ( edit ) Sources for USAF figures : USAF Operations Report , 30 November 1973 Campbell , John M. and Hill , Michael . Roll Call : Thud . Atglen , PA : Schiffer Publishing Ltd. , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 7643 - 0062 - 8 . Hobson , Chris . Vietnam Air Losses , USAF , USN , USMC , Fixed - Wing Aircraft Losses in Southeast Asia 1961 -- 1973 . North Branch , Minnesota : Specialty Press , 2001 . ISBN 1 - 85780 - 115 - 6 . Sources for USN carrier - based figures : Francillon , René . Tonkin Gulf Yacht Club : US Carrier Operations off Vietnam , Naval Institute Press ( 1988 ) ISBN 0 - 87021 - 696 - 1 ( 2 ) US Air - to - Air Losses in the Vietnam War ( 3 ) US Air - to - Air Victories in the Vietnam War External links ( edit ) Widow travels to Vietnam after 40 years and finds her MIA husband 's Marine Corps F - 4 jet crash site in Que Son Mtns Lists of aviation accidents and incidents Italics indicates that the list is a category page . By type All Hijacking Mid-air collision Pilot suicide Shootdown Structural failure Wheel - well stowaway Commercial by airline A -- C D -- O P -- Z by location worldwide United Kingdom United States by year cargo Bombing Controlled flight into terrain Military by year pre-1925 1925 -- 34 1935 -- 39 1940 -- 44 1945 -- 49 1950 -- 54 1955 - 59 1960 -- 74 1975 -- 79 1980 -- 89 1990 -- 99 2000 -- 09 2010 -- present By conflict Vietnam War USAF Soviet Afghan War U.S war in Afghanistan Iraq War Syrian Civil War War in Donbass Saudi led Intervention in Yemen Other by aircraft Air rage Airships Ballooning Air shows 20th century 21st century Commercial aviation General aviation Helicopters News aircraft Spaceflight Sole survivors Unrecovered flight recorders Deaths by aircraft misadventure by death toll of notable people at least 50 fatalities by number of ground fatalities Related topics Accident analysis Air crash investigators Aviation archaeology Aviation safety show Vietnam War timeline ↓ Battle of Saigon ↓ ARVN Formed ↓ Hòa Hảo defeated ↓ HCM trail established ↓ Laos Invasion ↓ NLF Formed ↓ 1960 Coup Attempt ↓ US Role Expanded ↓ Palace Bombing ↓ Buddhist Crisis ↓ 1963 Coup ↓ Gulf of Tonkin Incident ↓ Laos Bombing Begin ↓ US Forces Deployed ↓ Buddhist Uprising ↓ Sihanouk Trail Created ↓ Tet Offensive ↓ US Begins Withdrawal ↓ PRG Formed ↓ Cambodian Campaign ↓ Lam Son 719 ↓ Easter Offensive ↓ Paris Accords ↓ Spring Offensive ↓ Fall of Saigon ↓ Cambodian War Widens ↓ Christmas Bombings U.S President : Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon G. Ford RVN Presidents : Ngô Đình Diệm Instability Nguyễn Văn Thiệu Trần Văn Hương DRV General Secretary : Lê Duẩn / President : Ho Chi Minh General Secretary : Lê Duẩn / President : Tôn Đức Thắng NLF Chairman : Nguyễn Hữu Thọ PRG President : Nguyễn Hữu Thọ │ 1955 │ 1956 │ 1957 │ 1958 │ 1959 │ 1960 │ 1961 │ 1962 │ 1963 │ 1964 │ 1965 │ 1966 │ 1967 │ 1968 │ 1969 │ 1970 │ 1971 │ 1972 │ 1973 │ │ hide 20th century in Vietnam World War I Interwar World War II First Indochina War Vietnam War Subsidy phase Đổi Mới Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War Almanac '' ( PDF ) . AIR FORCE Magazine ( September 2004 ) . Retrieved 7 February 2007 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_aircraft_losses_of_the_Vietnam_War&oldid=834314161 '' Categories : Military equipment of the Vietnam War Vietnam War - related lists Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War Military history of the United States during the Vietnam War Military aircraft 1960 -- 1969 Military aircraft 1970 -- 1979 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from August 2012 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 01 : 35 . About Wikipedia

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under 19 cricket world cup 2016 india matches

2016 Under - 19 Cricket World Cup

2016 under - 19 cricket world cup

The 2016 ICC Under - 19 Cricket World Cup was an international limited - overs cricket tournament held in Bangladesh from 22 January to 14 February 2016 . It was the eleventh edition of the Under - 19 Cricket World Cup , and the second to be held in Bangladesh , after the 2004 event .

The World Cup was contested by the national under - 19 teams of sixteen International Cricket Council ( ICC ) members , and all matches played held under - 19 One Day International ( ODI ) status . Ten teams qualified automatically for the tournament through their status as ICC full members , while five others qualified by winning regional qualifying events . The final place at the tournament was taken by the winner of the 2015 Under - 19 World Cup Qualifier , which was contested by the runners - up at the five regional qualifiers . However , on 5 January 2016 , Cricket Australia announced that the Australian squad had pulled out of the tournament , citing security concerns . Ireland were invited as a replacement for Australia . Defending champions South Africa were knocked out of the tournament in the group stage , with back - to - back defeats to Bangladesh and Namibia . The West Indies eventually defeated India by five wickets , claiming their first title . Bangladesh 's captain Mehedi Hasan was named player of the tournament , while England 's Jack Burnham and Namibia 's Fritz Coetzee led the tournament in runs and wickets , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualification 2 Venues 3 Squads 4 Warm - up games 5 Group stage 5.1 Group A 5.2 Group B 5.3 Group C 5.4 Group D 6 Plate League 6.1 Plate quarter - finals 6.2 Plate semi-finals 6.3 Plate final 7 Super League 7.1 Quarter - finals 7.2 Semi-finals 7.3 Final 8 Placement matches 8.1 3rd - place playoff 8.2 5th - place playoff semi-finals 8.3 5th - place playoff 8.4 7th - place playoff 8.5 11th - place playoff 8.6 13th - place playoff semi-finals 8.7 13th - place playoff 8.8 15th - place playoff 9 Final standings 10 References 11 External links Qualification ( edit ) Team Mode of qualification Australia ICC Full Member ( Later withdrew ) Bangladesh ICC Full Member England ICC Full Member India ICC Full Member New Zealand ICC Full Member Pakistan ICC Full Member South Africa ICC Full Member Sri Lanka ICC Full Member West Indies ICC Full Member Zimbabwe ICC Full Member Afghanistan Champion of 2014 ACC Under - 19 Premier League Namibia Champion of 2015 ICC Africa Under - 19 Championship Division One Canada Champion of 2015 ICC Americas Under - 19 Championship Fiji Champion of 2015 EAP Under - 19 Cricket Trophy Scotland Champion of 2015 ICC Europe Under - 19 Championship Nepal Champion of 2015 ICC Under - 19 Cricket World Cup Qualifier Ireland Runner - up of 2015 ICC Under - 19 Cricket World Cup Qualifier ( invited after Australia withdrew ) Venues ( edit ) Chittagong Cox 's Bazar Dhaka Fatullah Sylhet Seven venues in five cities will host matches at the 2016 World Cup : M.A. Aziz Stadium , Chittagong -- 3 matches Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong -- 4 matches Sheikh Kamal International Stadium , Cox 's Bazar -- 17 matches ( 8 on Academy Ground ) Sher - e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium , Dhaka -- 9 matches Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium , Fatullah -- 10 matches Sylhet District Stadium , Sylhet -- 2 matches Sylhet International Cricket Stadium , Sylhet -- 3 matches Squads ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Under - 19 Cricket World Cup squads Each team selected a 15 - man squad for the tournament . Warm - up games ( edit ) Warm - up matches 22 January 09 : 00 Scorecard West Indies 342 / 4 ( 50 overs ) Scotland 194 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Shimron Hetmyer 135 ( 116 ) Mitchell Rao 1 / 37 ( 6 overs ) Ben Wilkinson 63 ( 97 ) Shamar Springer 3 / 19 ( 5 overs ) West Indies won by 148 runs Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium , Fatullah Umpires : Ruchira Palliyaguruge ( SL ) and Langton Rusere ( Zim ) West Indies won the toss and elected to bat . 22 January 09 : 00 Scorecard South Africa 332 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Fiji 49 ( 30.4 overs ) Tony de Zorzi 105 * ( 91 ) Tadulala Veitacini 4 / 59 ( 9 overs ) Malakai Cokovaki 9 ( 32 ) Sean Whitehead 5 / 7 ( 7 overs ) South Africa won by 283 runs Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium ( Outer ) , Fatullah Umpires : Jeremiah Matibiri ( Zim ) and Ian Ramage ( Sco ) South Africa won the toss and elected to bat . 23 January 09 : 00 Scorecard Pakistan 291 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Nepal 181 / 9 ( 50 overs ) Zeeshan Malik 83 ( 85 ) Sushil Kandel 2 / 47 ( 10 overs ) Dipendra Singh Airee 42 ( 40 ) Saif Ali 2 / 9 ( 4 overs ) Pakistan won by 110 runs Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protisthan Ground ( Ground 1 ) , Savar Umpires : Raveendra Wimalasiri ( SL ) and Nigel Duguid ( WI ) Nepal won the toss and elected to field . 23 January 09 : 00 Scorecard New Zealand 204 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Sri Lanka 205 / 6 ( 36.1 overs ) Josh Finnie 54 ( 91 ) Lahiru Samarakoon 2 / 31 ( 6 overs ) Shammu Ashan 66 * ( 69 ) Nathan Smith 2 / 39 ( 7 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 4 wickets Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protisthan Ground ( Ground 2 ) , Savar Umpires : Gregory Brathwaite ( WI ) and Langton Rusere ( Zim ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field . 23 January 09 : 00 Scorecard Afghanistan 277 ( 50 overs ) Ireland 151 ( 44.3 overs ) Ihsanullah 133 ( 125 ) Rory Anders 5 / 40 ( 10 overs ) Lorcan Tucker 59 * ( 77 ) Zia - ur - Rehman 2 / 7 ( 6 overs ) Afghanistan won by 126 runs Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protisthan Ground ( Ground 3 ) , Savar Umpires : Rob Bailey ( Eng ) and Ahmed Shahab ( Pak ) Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat . 23 January 09 : 00 Scorecard India 485 / 6 ( 50 overs ) Canada 113 ( 31.1 overs ) Ishan Kishan 138 ( 86 ) Abdul Haseeb 1 / 56 ( 8 overs ) Harsh Thaker 25 ( 30 ) Mahipal Lomror 3 / 19 ( 7 overs ) India won by 372 runs Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protisthan Ground ( Ground 4 ) , Savar Umpires : Adrian Holdstock ( SA ) and Jeremiah Matibiri ( Zim ) India won the toss and elected to bat . 23 January 09 : 00 Scorecard England 307 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Namibia 152 ( 34 overs ) Daniel Lawrence 85 ( 94 ) Fritz Coetzee 2 / 63 ( 10 overs ) Charl Brits 57 ( 44 ) Sam Curran 5 / 10 ( 8 overs ) England won by 155 runs MA Aziz Stadium , Chittagong Umpires : Phil Jones ( NZ ) and Chettithody Shamshuddin ( Ind ) Namibia won the toss and elected to field . 23 January 09 : 00 Scorecard Bangladesh 284 / 9 ( 50 overs ) Zimbabwe 221 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Nazmul Hossain Shanto 102 ( 103 ) William Mashinge 5 / 67 ( 10 overs ) Ryan Murray 123 * ( 123 ) Abdul Halim 2 / 46 ( 8 overs ) Bangladesh won by 63 runs Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong Umpires : Tim Robinson ( Eng ) and Mick Martell ( Aus ) Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat . 24 January 09 : 00 Scorecard West Indies 153 / 9 ( 35 overs ) South Africa 153 / 4 ( 35 overs ) Keacy Carty 45 ( 52 ) Conor McKerr 3 / 30 ( 7 overs ) Wiaan Mulder 58 * ( 67 ) Jyd Goolie 1 / 23 ( 7 overs ) Match tied Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium , Fatullah Umpires : Ahmed Shahab ( Pak ) and Sharfuddoula ( Ban ) South Africa won the toss and elected to field . Match reduced to 35 overs per side due to fog . 24 January 09 : 00 Scorecard Scotland 192 / 8 ( 36 overs ) Fiji 171 ( 31.3 overs ) Rory Johnston 53 ( 67 ) Josaia Baleicikoibia 3 / 26 ( 7 overs ) Delaimatuku Maraiwai 57 ( 50 ) Haris Aslam 4 / 39 ( 8 overs ) Scotland won by 21 runs Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium ( Outer ) , Fatullah Umpires : Anisur Rahman ( Ban ) and Enamul Haque ( Ban ) Scotland the toss and elected to bat . Match reduced to 36 overs per side due to fog . 25 January 09 : 00 Scorecard New Zealand 212 ( 48.5 overs ) Afghanistan 199 ( 47.3 overs ) Glenn Phillips 68 ( 64 ) Zahir Khan 5 / 30 ( 10 overs ) Karim Janat 42 ( 68 ) Rachin Ravindra 3 / 32 ( 10 overs ) New Zealand won by 13 runs Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protisthan Ground ( Ground 1 ) , Savar Umpires : Rob Bailey ( Eng ) and Ian Ramage ( Sco ) New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat . Match reduced to 49 overs per side due to fog . 25 January 09 : 00 Scorecard Sri Lanka 230 / 9 ( 45 overs ) Nepal 165 ( 42.1 overs ) Shammu Ashan 81 * ( 74 ) Sunil Dhamala 2 / 27 ( 9 overs ) Dipendra Singh Airee 33 * ( 44 ) Charith Asalanka 2 / 11 ( 5 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 65 runs Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protisthan Ground ( Ground 2 ) , Savar Umpires : Nigel Duguid ( WI ) and Enamul Haque ( Ban ) Nepal won the toss and elected to field . Match reduced to 45 overs per side due to fog . 25 January 09 : 00 Scorecard Ireland 197 ( 45.1 overs ) Canada 198 ( 45.4 overs ) Jack Tector 83 ( 106 ) Kurt Ramdath 5 / 24 ( 10 overs ) Abraash Khan 93 * ( 98 ) Tom Stanton 2 / 46 ( 10 overs ) Canada won by 4 wickets Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protisthan Ground ( Ground 3 ) , Savar Umpires : Adrian Holdstock ( SA ) and Raveendra Wimalasiri ( SL ) Ireland won the toss and elected to bat . Match reduced to 47 overs per side due to fog . 25 January 09 : 00 Scorecard Pakistan 197 ( 44.1 overs ) India 198 / 5 ( 33.4 overs ) Mohammad Umar 36 ( 55 ) Khaleel Ahmed 5 / 30 ( 8 overs ) Sarfaraz Khan 81 ( 68 ) Hasan Mohsin 2 / 23 ( 4 overs ) India won by 5 wickets Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protisthan Ground ( Ground 4 ) , Savar Umpires : Gregory Brathwaite ( WI ) and Ruchira Palliyaguruge ( SL ) Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat . Match reduced to 45 overs per side due to fog . 25 January 09 : 00 Scorecard Namibia 120 ( 39.5 overs ) Zimbabwe 121 / 2 ( 22.2 overs ) SJ Loftie - Eaton 38 ( 68 ) Blessing Mavuta 6 / 18 ( 10 overs ) Shaun Snyder 60 * ( 62 ) Motjaritje Honga 2 / 4 ( 1 over ) Zimbabwe won by 8 wickets MA Aziz Stadium , Chittagong Umpires : Tim Robinson ( Eng ) and Ahsan Raza ( Pak ) Namibia won the toss and elected to bat . 25 January 09 : 00 Scorecard Bangladesh 246 / 8 ( 50 overs ) England 149 ( 48.1 overs ) Shafiul Hayet 68 ( 89 ) Brad Taylor 2 / 25 ( 10 overs ) Brad Taylor 41 ( 52 ) Mehedi Hasan 3 / 12 ( 8 overs ) Bangladesh won by 97 runs Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong Umpires : Phil Jones ( NZ ) and Chettithody Shamshuddin ( Ind ) Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat . Group stage ( edit ) Group a ( edit ) Team Pld NR Pts NRR Bangladesh 0 0 0 6 + 2.151 Namibia 0 0 + 0.035 South Africa 0 0 − 0.027 Scotland 0 0 0 0 − 2.356 27 January 09 : 00 Scorecard Bangladesh 240 / 7 ( 50 overs ) South Africa 197 ( 48.4 overs ) Nazmul Hossain Shanto 73 ( 82 ) Wiaan Mulder 3 / 42 ( 9 overs ) Liam Smith 100 ( 146 ) Mehedi Hasan 3 / 37 ( 9.4 overs ) Bangladesh won by 43 runs Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong Umpires : Chettithody Shamshuddin ( Ind ) and Tim Robinson ( Eng ) Player of the match : Nazmul Hossain Shanto ( Ban ) Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat . 29 January 09 : 00 Scorecard Scotland 159 ( 36.3 overs ) Namibia 162 / 1 ( 26 overs ) Owais Shah 39 ( 49 ) Michael van Lingen 3 / 19 ( 8 overs ) SJ Loftie - Eaton 67 * ( 78 ) Haris Aslam 1 / 23 ( 5 overs ) Namibia won by 9 wickets Sheikh Kamal International Stadium , Cox 's Bazar Umpires : Nigel Duguid ( WI ) and Ahmed Shahab ( Pak ) Player of the match : SJ Loftie - Eaton ( Nam ) Scotland won the toss and elected to bat 31 January 09 : 00 Scorecard Bangladesh 256 / 6 ( 50 overs ) Scotland 142 ( 47.2 overs ) Nazmul Hossain Shanto 113 * ( 117 ) Mohammad Ghaffar 4 / 60 ( 10 overs ) Azeem Dar 50 ( 89 ) Saleh Ahmed Shawon 3 / 27 ( 10 overs ) Bangladesh won by 114 runs Sheikh Kamal International Stadium , Cox 's Bazar Umpires : Langton Rusere ( Zim ) and Ahmed Shahab ( Pak ) Player of the match : Nazmul Hossain Shanto ( Ban ) Scotland won the toss and elected to field . 31 January 09 : 00 Scorecard South Africa 136 / 9 ( 50 overs ) Namibia 137 / 8 ( 39.4 overs ) Willem Ludick 42 ( 98 ) Michael van Lingen 4 / 24 ( 10 overs ) Lohan Louwrens 58 * ( 97 ) Ziyaad Abrahams 2 / 18 ( 8.4 overs ) Namibia won by 2 wickets Sheikh Kamal International Stadium ( Academy Ground ) , Cox 's Bazar Umpires : Nigel Duguid ( WI ) and Enamul Haque ( Ban ) Player of the match : Michael van Lingen ( Nam ) South Africa won the toss and elected to bat . 2 February 09 : 00 Scorecard Namibia 65 ( 32.5 overs ) Bangladesh 66 / 2 ( 16 overs ) Niko Davin 19 ( 32 ) Ariful Islam 2 / 9 ( 5 overs ) Joyraz Sheik 34 * ( 55 ) Fritz Coetzee 2 / 20 ( 6 overs ) Bangladesh won by 8 wickets Sheikh Kamal International Stadium , Cox 's Bazar Umpires : Nigel Duguid ( WI ) and Langton Rusere ( Zim ) Player of the match : Saleh Ahmed ( Ban ) Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field . 2 February 09 : 00 Scorecard Scotland 127 ( 45.4 overs ) South Africa 129 / 0 ( 29 overs ) Harris Carnegie 29 * ( 48 ) Wiaan Mulder 2 / 16 ( 6 overs ) Liam Smith 64 * ( 87 ) Kyle Verreynne 64 * ( 87 ) South Africa won by 10 wickets Sheikh Kamal International Stadium ( Academy Ground ) , Cox 's Bazar Umpires : Ahmed Shahab ( Pak ) and Enamul Haque ( Ban ) Player of the match : Kyle Verreynne ( SA ) South Africa won the toss and elected to field . Group b ( edit ) Team Pld NR Pts NRR Pakistan 0 0 0 6 + 0.972 Sri Lanka 0 0 + 1.373 Afghanistan 0 0 − 0.067 Canada 0 0 0 0 − 2.640 28 January 09 : 30 Scorecard Afghanistan 126 ( 41.2 overs ) Pakistan 129 / 4 ( 31.3 overs ) Tariq Stanikzai 53 ( 79 ) Shadab Khan 4 / 9 ( 5 overs ) Zeeshan Malik 29 ( 37 ) Zia - ur - Rehman 2 / 31 ( 10 overs ) Pakistan won by 6 wickets Sylhet International Cricket Stadium , Sylhet Umpires : Raveendra Wimalasiri ( SL ) and Ian Ramage ( Sco ) Player of the match : Hasan Mohsin ( Pak ) Pakistan won the toss and elected to field . 28 January 09 : 00 Scorecard Sri Lanka 315 / 6 ( 50 overs ) Canada 119 ( 39.2 overs ) Charith Asalanka 76 ( 69 ) Abdul Haseeb 2 / 65 ( 9 overs ) Arslan Khan 42 ( 71 ) Damitha Silva 2 / 16 ( 6 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 196 runs Sylhet District Stadium , Sylhet Umpires : Jeremiah Matibiri ( Zim ) and Anisur Rahman ( Ban ) Player of the match : Charith Asalanka ( SL ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat . 30 January 09 : 00 Scorecard Sri Lanka 184 ( 48.1 overs ) Afghanistan 151 ( 44.5 overs ) Charith Asalanka 71 ( 91 ) Shamsurrahman 3 / 19 ( 10 overs ) Waheedullah Shafaq 47 ( 47 ) Kamindu Mendis 3 / 36 ( 8 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 33 runs Sylhet International Cricket Stadium , Sylhet Umpires : Jeremiah Matibiri ( Zim ) and Ian Ramage ( Sco ) Player of the match : Charith Asalanka ( SL ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat . 30 January 09 : 00 Scorecard Canada 178 ( 48.3 overs ) Pakistan 180 / 3 ( 40.5 overs ) Bhavindu Adhihetty 51 ( 68 ) Hasan Khan 3 / 36 ( 10 overs ) Zeeshan Malik 89 * ( 122 ) Suliman Khan 1 / 23 ( 6 overs ) Pakistan won by 7 wickets Sylhet District Stadium , Sylhet Umpires : Raveendra Wimalasiri ( SL ) and Anisur Rahman ( Ban ) Player of the match : Zeeshan Malik ( Pak ) Canada won the toss and elected to bat . 1 February 09 : 00 Scorecard Canada 147 ( 50 overs ) Afghanistan 149 / 6 ( 24.1 overs ) Arslan Khan 38 ( 52 ) Shamsurrahman 3 / 21 ( 8 overs ) Tariq Stanikzai 56 ( 48 ) Miraj Patel 3 / 17 ( 3.1 overs ) Afghanistan won by 4 wickets Sylhet International Cricket Stadium , Sylhet Umpires : Ian Ramage ( Sco ) and Anisur Rahman ( Ban ) Player of the match : Tariq Stanikzai ( Afg ) Canada won the toss and elected to bat . 3 February 09 : 00 Scorecard Pakistan 212 ( 48.4 overs ) Sri Lanka 189 ( 46.4 overs ) Hasan Mohsin 86 ( 86 ) Wanidu Hasaranga 2 / 30 ( 10 overs ) Kamindu Mendis 68 ( 104 ) Shadab Khan 3 / 31 ( 8.4 overs ) Pakistan won by 23 runs Sher - e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium , Dhaka Umpires : Gregory Brathwaite ( WI ) and Sharfuddoula ( Ban ) Player of the match : Hasan Mohsin ( Pak ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field . Group c ( edit ) Team Pld NR Pts NRR England 0 0 0 6 + 3.260 West Indies 0 0 + 1.353 Zimbabwe 0 0 − 0.037 Fiji 0 0 0 0 − 5.150 27 January 09 : 00 Scorecard England 371 / 3 ( 50 overs ) Fiji 72 ( 27.3 overs ) Daniel Lawrence 174 ( 150 ) Cakacaka Tikoisuva 1 / 59 ( 8 overs ) Peni Vuniwaqa 36 ( 74 ) Saqib Mahmood 3 / 2 ( 5 overs ) England won by 299 runs M.A. Aziz Stadium , Chittagong Umpires : Mick Martell ( Aus ) and Ahsan Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Daniel Lawrence ( Eng ) England won the toss and elected to bat . 29 January 09 : 00 Scorecard England 282 / 7 ( 50 overs ) West Indies 221 ( 43.4 overs ) Callum Taylor 59 ( 67 ) Gidron Pope 2 / 45 ( 9 overs ) Keemo Paul 65 ( 58 ) Saqib Mahmood 4 / 42 ( 8.4 overs ) England won by 61 runs Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong Umpires : Phil Jones ( NZ ) and Ahsan Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Daniel Lawrence ( Eng ) England won the toss and elected to bat 29 January 09 : 00 Scorecard Fiji 81 ( 27.4 overs ) Zimbabwe 84 / 3 ( 18.5 overs ) Cakacaka Tikoisuva 19 ( 39 ) Wesley Madhevere 5 / 24 ( 9.4 overs ) Brendan Sly 29 * ( 44 ) Josaia Baleicikoibia 2 / 19 ( 4.5 overs ) Zimbabwe won by 7 wickets M.A. Aziz Stadium , Chittagong Umpires : Tim Robinson ( Eng ) and Mick Martell ( Aus ) Player of the match : Wesley Madhevere ( Zim ) Fiji won the toss and elected to bat . 31 January 09 : 00 Scorecard England 288 / 4 ( 50 overs ) Zimbabwe 159 ( 43.4 overs ) Jack Burnham 106 * ( 104 ) Rugare Magarira 2 / 36 ( 10 overs ) Jeremy Ives 91 ( 132 ) Saqib Mahmood 4 / 39 ( 9.4 overs ) England won by 129 runs Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong Umpires : Mick Martell ( Aus ) and Chettithody Shamshuddin ( Ind ) Player of the match : Jack Burnham ( Eng ) England won the toss and elected to bat . 31 January 09 : 00 Scorecard West Indies 340 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Fiji 78 ( 27.3 overs ) Shamar Springer 106 ( 78 ) Cakacaka Tikoisuva 6 / 59 ( 10 overs ) Peni Vuniwaqa 29 ( 49 ) Gidron Pope 4 / 24 ( 7 overs ) West Indies won by 262 runs M.A. Aziz Stadium , Chittagong Umpires : Phil Jones ( NZ ) and Tim Robinson ( Eng ) Player of the match : Gidron Pope ( Win ) Fiji won the toss and elected to field . 2 February 09 : 00 Scorecard West Indies 226 / 9 ( 50 overs ) Zimbabwe 224 ( 49 overs ) Shamar Springer 61 ( 71 ) Rugare Magarira 3 / 28 ( 10 overs ) Shaun Snyder 52 ( 71 ) Alzarri Joseph 4 / 30 ( 10 overs ) West Indies won by 2 runs Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong Umpires : Phil Jones ( NZ ) and Ahsan Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Alzarri Joseph ( WI ) Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to field . Group d ( edit ) Team Pld NR Pts NRR India 0 0 0 6 + 2.581 Nepal 0 0 + 0.032 New Zealand 0 0 − 0.810 Ireland 0 0 0 0 − 1.705 28 January 09 : 00 Scorecard India 268 / 9 ( 50 overs ) Ireland 189 ( 49.1 overs ) Sarfaraz Khan 73 ( 70 ) Rory Anders 3 / 35 ( 10 overs ) William McClintock 58 ( 86 ) Rahul Batham 3 / 15 ( 8 overs ) India won by 79 runs Sher - e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium , Dhaka Umpires : Adrian Holdstock ( SA ) and Ruchira Palliyaguruge ( SL ) Player of the match : Sarfaraz Khan ( Ind ) Ireland won the toss and elected to field . 28 January 09 : 00 Scorecard Nepal 238 / 7 ( 50 overs ) New Zealand 206 ( 47.1 overs ) Raju Rijal 48 ( 65 ) Nathan Smith 3 / 58 ( 10 overs ) Glenn Phillips 52 ( 68 ) Dipendra Airee 3 / 24 ( 5 overs ) Nepal won by 32 runs Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium , Fatullah Umpires : Rob Bailey ( Eng ) and Sharfuddoula ( Ban ) Player of the match : Raju Rijal ( Nep ) New Zealand won the toss and elected to field . 30 January 09 : 00 Scorecard Ireland 131 / 9 ( 50 overs ) Nepal 132 / 2 ( 25.3 overs ) Harry Tector 30 * ( 54 ) Sandeep Lamichhane 5 / 27 ( 10 overs ) Yogendra Singh Karki 61 * ( 81 ) Joshua Little 1 / 17 ( 5 overs ) Nepal won by 8 wickets Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium , Fatullah Umpires : Adrian Holdstock ( SA ) and Sharfuddoula ( Ban ) Player of the match : Sandeep Lamichhane ( Nep ) Ireland won the toss and elected to bat . Sandeep Lamichhane ( Nep ) took a hat - trick in this match . 30 January 09 : 00 Scorecard India 258 / 8 ( 50 overs ) New Zealand 138 ( 31.3 overs ) Sarfaraz Khan 74 ( 80 ) Zak Gibson 3 / 50 ( 10 overs ) Christian Leopard 40 ( 40 ) Mahipal Lomror 5 / 47 ( 7.3 overs ) India won by 120 runs Sher - e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium , Dhaka Umpires : Rob Bailey ( Eng ) and Gregory Brathwaite ( WI ) Player of the match : Avesh Khan ( Ind ) New Zealand won the toss and elected to field . 1 February 09 : 00 Scorecard Ireland 212 ( 47.5 overs ) New Zealand 213 / 6 ( 40.1 overs ) Jack Tector 56 ( 83 ) Josh Finnie 3 / 30 ( 7 overs ) Finn Allen 97 ( 76 ) Rory Anders 4 / 32 ( 10 overs ) New Zealand won by 4 wickets Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium , Fatullah Umpires : Adrian Holdstock ( SA ) and Gregory Brathwaite ( WI ) Player of the match : Finn Allen ( NZ ) New Zealand won the toss and elected to field . The match was reduced to 48 overs per side due to fog . 1 February 09 : 00 Scorecard Nepal 169 / 8 ( 48 overs ) India 175 / 3 ( 18.1 overs ) Sandeep Sunar 37 ( 73 ) Avesh Khan 3 / 34 ( 8 overs ) Rishabh Pant 78 ( 24 ) Prem Tamang 2 / 41 ( 6 overs ) India won by 7 wickets Sher - e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium , Dhaka Umpires : Rob Bailey ( Ind ) and Ruchira Palliyaguruge ( SL ) Player of the match : Rishabh Pant ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to field . The match was reduced to 48 overs per side due to fog . Rishabh Pant ( Ind ) scored the fastest 50 in U19 cricket . Plate league ( edit ) 9th place play - off quarter - finals 9th place play - off semi-finals 9th place play - off 4 Feb Ireland 185 / 7 8 Feb South Africa 187 / 2 South Africa 91 5 Feb Zimbabwe 94 / 2 Canada 186 / 8 12 Feb Zimbabwe 190 / 4 Zimbabwe 216 / 9 4 Feb Afghanistan 218 / 5 Scotland 181 / 9 9 Feb New Zealand 185 / 3 New Zealand 135 11th place play - off 5 Feb Afghanistan 137 / 2 12 Feb Afghanistan 340 / 9 South Africa 288 / 6 Fiji 114 New Zealand 150 13th place play - off semi-finals 13th place play - off 7 Feb Canada 139 Ireland 142 / 4 10 Feb Ireland 235 / 7 Scotland 140 8 Feb Scotland 225 15th place play - off Fiji 149 11 Feb Fiji 83 Canada 84 / 2 Plate quarter - finals ( edit ) 4 February 09 : 00 Scorecard Ireland 185 / 7 ( 50 overs ) South Africa 187 / 2 ( 46 overs ) Lorcan Tucker 77 * ( 98 ) Dayyaan Galiem 2 / 22 ( 10 overs ) Kyle Verreynne 77 ( 109 ) Adam Dennison 1 / 27 ( 8 overs ) South Africa won by 8 wickets Sheikh Kamal International Stadium , Cox 's Bazar Umpires : Phil Jones ( NZ ) and Ian Ramage ( Sco ) Player of the match : Kyle Verreynne ( SA ) Ireland won the toss and elected to bat . 4 February 09 : 00 Scorecard Scotland 181 / 9 ( 50 overs ) New Zealand 185 / 3 ( 27 overs ) Owais Shah 32 ( 66 ) Ross ter Braak 3 / 34 ( 10 overs ) Glenn Philips 89 ( 40 ) Haris Aslam 2 / 37 ( 8 overs ) New Zealand won by 7 wickets Sheikh Kamal International Stadium ( Academy Ground ) , Cox 's Bazar Umpires : Nigel Duguid ( WI ) and Ahmed Shahab ( Pak ) Player of the match : Glenn Philips ( NZ ) Scotland won the toss and elected to bat . 5 February 09 : 00 Scorecard Afghanistan 340 / 9 ( 50 overs ) Fiji 114 ( 31.2 overs ) Karim Janat 156 ( 132 ) Peni Vuniwaqa 3 / 41 ( 6 overs ) Josaia Baleicikoibia 29 ( 40 ) Nijat Masood 3 / 6 ( 6 overs ) Afghanistan won by 226 runs Sheikh Kamal International Stadium , Cox 's Bazar Umpires : Jeremiah Matibiri ( Zim ) and Enamul Haque ( Ban ) Player of the match : Karim Janat ( Afg ) Fiji won the toss and elected to field . 5 February 09 : 00 Scorecard Canada 186 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Zimbabwe 190 / 4 ( 31.4 overs ) Amish Taploo 37 ( 71 ) Jeremy Ives 3 / 30 ( 10 overs ) Shaun Snyder 56 ( 42 ) Bhavindu Adhihetty 2 / 23 ( 8 overs ) Zimbabwe won by 6 wickets Sheikh Kamal International Stadium ( Academy Ground ) , Cox 's Bazar Umpires : Raveendra Wimalasiri ( SL ) and Sharfuddoula ( Ban ) Player of the match : Jeremy Ives ( Zim ) Canada won the toss and elected to bat . Plate semi-finals ( edit ) 8 February 09 : 00 Scorecard South Africa 91 ( 39.5 overs ) Zimbabwe 94 / 2 ( 22 overs ) Rivaldo Moonsamy 32 ( 46 ) Richard Ngarava 4 / 10 ( 9 overs ) Jeremy Ives 34 * ( 54 ) Wiaan Mulder 1 / 10 ( 4 overs ) Zimbabwe won by 8 wickets Sheikh Kamal International Stadium , Cox 's Bazar Umpires : Phil Jones ( NZ ) and Sharfuddoula ( Ban ) Player of the match : Richard Ngarava ( Zim ) Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to field . 9 February 09 : 00 Scorecard New Zealand 135 ( 44.5 overs ) Afghanistan 137 / 2 ( 27.3 overs ) Aniket Parikh 48 ( 54 ) Rashid Khan 3 / 30 ( 10 overs ) Tariq Stanikzai 50 * ( 86 ) Aniket Parikh 2 / 50 ( 10 overs ) Afghanistan won by 8 wickets Sheikh Kamal International Stadium ( Academy Ground ) , Cox 's Bazar Umpires : Nigel Duguid ( WI ) and Ian Ramage ( Sco ) Player of the match : Tariq Stanikzai ( Afg ) New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat . Plate final ( edit ) 12 February 09 : 00 Scorecard Zimbabwe 216 / 9 ( 50 overs ) Afghanistan 218 / 5 ( 46.5 overs ) William Mashinge 66 ( 92 ) Zia - ur - Rehman 3 / 33 ( 10 overs ) Tariq Stanikzai 106 * ( 142 ) Jeremy Ives 2 / 36 ( 4.5 overs ) Afghanistan won by 5 wickets Sheikh Kamal International Stadium , Cox 's Bazar Umpires : Phil Jones ( NZ ) and Ian Ramage ( Sco ) Player of the match : Tariq Stanikzai ( Afg ) Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to bat . Super league ( edit ) Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 5 Feb Nepal 211 / 9 11 Feb Bangladesh 215 / 4 Bangladesh 226 8 Feb West Indies 230 / 7 Pakistan 227 / 6 14 Feb West Indies 229 / 5 West Indies 146 / 5 6 Feb India 145 India 349 / 6 9 Feb Namibia 152 India 267 / 9 3rd place play - off 7 Feb Sri Lanka 170 13 Feb England 184 Bangladesh 218 / 7 Sri Lanka 186 / 4 Sri Lanka 214 5th place play - off semi-finals 5th place play - off 10 Feb England 286 / 9 Namibia 83 12 Feb England 264 / 7 Pakistan 265 / 3 9 Feb Pakistan 258 / 8 7th place play - off Nepal 136 11 Feb Namibia 225 / 9 Nepal 210 Quarter - finals ( edit ) 5 February 09 : 00 Scorecard Nepal 211 / 9 ( 50 overs ) Bangladesh 215 / 4 ( 48.2 overs ) Raju Rijal 75 ( 80 ) Mohammad Saifuddin 2 / 38 ( 10 overs ) Zakir Hasan 75 * ( 77 ) Sunil Dhamala 2 / 33 ( 10 overs ) Bangladesh won by 6 wickets Sher - e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium , Dhaka Umpires : Rob Bailey ( Eng ) and Ruchira Palliyaguruge ( SL ) Player of the match : Mehedi Hasan ( Ban ) Nepal won the toss and elected to bat . 6 February 09 : 00 Scorecard India 349 / 6 ( 50 overs ) Namibia 152 ( 39 overs ) Rishabh Pant 111 ( 96 ) Fritz Coetzee 3 / 78 ( 10 overs ) Niko Davin 33 ( 30 ) Mayank Dagar 3 / 25 ( 10 overs ) India won by 197 runs Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium , Fatullah Umpires : Mick Martell ( Aus ) and Ahsan Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Rishabh Pant ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to bat . 7 February 09 : 00 Scorecard England 184 ( 49.2 overs ) Sri Lanka 186 / 4 ( 35.4 overs ) Callum Taylor 42 ( 57 ) Wanidu Hasaranga 3 / 34 ( 10 overs ) Avishka Fernando 95 ( 96 ) Daniel Lawrence 1 / 33 ( 10 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 6 wickets Sher - e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium , Dhaka Umpires : Adrian Holdstock ( SA ) and Gregory Brathwaite ( WI ) Player of the match : Avishka Fernando ( SL ) England won the toss and elected to bat . 8 February 09 : 00 Scorecard Pakistan 227 / 6 ( 50 overs ) West Indies 229 / 5 ( 40 overs ) Umair Masood 113 ( 113 ) Chemar Holder 2 / 26 ( 7 overs ) Tevin Imlach 54 ( 76 ) Ahmad Shafiq 1 / 35 ( 7 overs ) West Indies won by 5 wickets Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium , Fatullah Umpires : Chettithody Shamshuddin ( Ind ) and Tim Robinson ( Eng ) Player of the match : Umair Masood ( Pak ) Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat . Semi-finals ( edit ) 9 February 09 : 00 Scorecard India 267 / 9 ( 50 overs ) Sri Lanka 170 ( 42.4 overs ) Anmolpreet Singh 72 ( 92 ) Asitha Fernando 4 / 43 ( 10 overs ) Kamindu Mendis 39 ( 67 ) Mayank Dagar 3 / 21 ( 5.4 overs ) India won by 97 runs Sher - e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium , Dhaka Umpires : Gregory Brathwaite ( WI ) and Mick Martell ( Aus ) Player of the match : Anmolpreet Singh ( Ind ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field . 11 February 09 : 00 Scorecard Bangladesh 226 ( 50 overs ) West Indies 230 / 7 ( 48.4 overs ) Mehedi Hasan 60 ( 74 ) Keemo Paul 3 / 20 ( 3 overs ) Shamar Springer 62 * ( 88 ) Saleh Ahmed Shawon 3 / 37 ( 10 overs ) West Indies won by 3 wickets Sher - e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium , Dhaka Umpires : Rob Bailey ( Eng ) and Ruchira Palliyaguruge ( SL ) Player of the match : Shamar Springer ( WI ) Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat . Final ( edit ) 14 February 09 : 00 Scorecard India 145 ( 45.1 overs ) West Indies 146 / 5 ( 49.3 overs ) Sarfaraz Khan 51 ( 89 ) Ryan John 3 / 38 ( 10 overs ) Keacy Carty 52 * ( 125 ) Mayank Dagar 3 / 25 ( 10 overs ) West Indies won by 5 wickets Sher - e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium , Dhaka Umpires : Rob Bailey ( Eng ) and Ruchira Palliyaguruge ( SL ) Player of the match : Keacy Carty ( WI ) West Indies won the toss and elected to field . Sarfaraz Khan ( Ind ) became the most ( 7 ) 50 + scorer in the tournament history . The West Indies won their maiden title . Placement matches ( edit ) 3rd - place playoff ( edit ) 13 February 09 : 00 Scorecard Sri Lanka 214 ( 48.5 overs ) Bangladesh 218 / 7 ( 49.3 overs ) Charith Asalanka 76 ( 99 ) Mehedi Hasan 3 / 28 ( 10 overs ) Mehedi Hasan 53 ( 66 ) Shammu Ashan 2 / 39 ( 8 overs ) Bangladesh won by 3 wickets Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium , Fatullah Umpires : Chettithody Shamshuddin ( Ind ) and Tim Robinson ( Eng ) Player of the match : Mehedi Hasan ( Ban ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat . 5th - place playoff semi-finals ( edit ) 9 February 09 : 00 Scorecard Pakistan 258 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Nepal 136 ( 43.5 overs ) Hasan Mohsin 117 ( 106 ) Sandeep Lamichhane 3 / 53 ( 10 overs ) Prem Tamang 65 * ( 91 ) Hasan Mohsin 4 / 42 ( 10 overs ) Pakistan won by 122 runs Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium , Fatullah Umpires : Tim Robinson ( Eng ) and Rob Bailey ( Eng ) Player of the match : Hasan Mohsin ( Pak ) Nepal won the toss and elected to field . 10 February 09 : 00 Scorecard England 286 / 9 ( 48 overs ) Namibia 83 ( 25.2 overs ) Jack Burnham 109 ( 123 ) Fritz Coetzee 3 / 72 ( 10 overs ) Lohan Louwrens 24 ( 39 ) Mason Crane 3 / 3 ( 3.2 overs ) England won by 203 runs Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium , Fatullah Umpires : Ruchira Palliyaguruge ( SL ) and Chettithody Shamshuddin ( Ind ) Player of the match : Jack Burnham ( Eng ) Namibia won the toss and elected to field . The match was reduced to 48 overs per side due to fog . 5th - place playoff ( edit ) 12 February 09 : 00 Scorecard England 264 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Pakistan 265 / 3 ( 43.1 overs ) Sam Curran 83 ( 107 ) Saif Ali 2 / 37 ( 6 overs ) Zeeshan Malik 93 ( 105 ) George Garton 1 / 36 ( 6 overs ) Pakistan won by 7 wickets Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium , Fatullah Umpires : Adrian Holdstock ( SA ) and Gregory Brathwaite ( WI ) Player of the match : Zeeshan Malik ( Pak ) Pakistan won the toss and elected to field . 7th - place playoff ( edit ) 11 February 09 : 00 Scorecard Namibia 225 / 9 ( 45 overs ) Nepal 210 ( 44.2 overs ) Lohan Louwrens 59 ( 96 ) Sandeep Lamichhane 3 / 35 ( 9 overs ) Sunil Dhamala 59 ( 63 ) Michael van Lingen 4 / 24 ( 6.2 overs ) Namibia won by 15 runs Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium , Fatullah Umpires : Adrian Holdstock ( SA ) and Ahsan Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Michael van Lingen ( Nam ) Namibia won the toss and elected to bat . The match was reduced to 45 overs per side due to fog . 11th - place playoff ( edit ) 12 February 09 : 00 Scorecard South Africa 288 / 6 ( 50 overs ) New Zealand 150 ( 38.4 overs ) Dean Foxcroft 117 ( 137 ) Aniket Parikh 2 / 33 ( 10 overs ) Finn Allen 40 ( 49 ) Wiaan Mulder 4 / 14 ( 7.4 overs ) South Africa won by 138 runs Sheikh Kamal International Stadium ( Academy Ground ) , Cox 's Bazar Umpires : Nigel Duguid ( WI ) and Ahmed Shahab ( Pak ) Player of the match : Dean Foxcroft ( SA ) New Zealand won the toss and elected to field . 13th - place playoff semi-finals ( edit ) 7 February 09 : 00 Scorecard Canada 139 ( 48.2 overs ) Ireland 142 / 4 ( 34.3 overs ) Arslan Khan 47 ( 88 ) Rory Anders 4 / 21 ( 10 overs ) Stephen Doheny 33 ( 49 ) Bhavindu Adhihetty 3 / 25 ( 7.3 overs ) Ireland won by 6 wickets Sheikh Kamal International Stadium , Cox 's Bazar Umpires : Langton Rusere ( Zim ) and Anisur Rahman ( Ban ) Player of the match : Gary McClintock ( Ire ) Ireland won the toss and elected to field . 8 February 09 : 00 Scorecard Scotland 225 ( 48.1 overs ) Fiji 149 ( 42.2 overs ) Finlay McCreath 60 ( 82 ) Cakacaka Tikoisuva 4 / 46 ( 9 overs ) Peni Vuniwaqa 80 ( 123 ) Cameron Sloman 3 / 34 ( 8 overs ) Scotland won by 76 runs Sheikh Kamal International Stadium ( Academy Ground ) , Cox 's Bazar Umpires : Raveendra Wimalasiri ( SL ) and Ahmed Shahab ( Pak ) Player of the match : Finlay McCreath ( Sco ) Fiji won the toss and elected to field . 13th - place playoff ( edit ) 10 February 09 : 00 Scorecard Ireland 235 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Scotland 140 ( 44 overs ) William McClintock 69 ( 45 ) Mohammad Ghaffar 3 / 49 ( 10 overs ) Neil Flack 19 ( 26 ) Harry Tector 4 / 28 ( 10 overs ) Ireland won by 95 runs Sheikh Kamal International Stadium , Cox 's Bazar Umpires : Anisur Rahman ( Ban ) and Enamul Haque ( Ban ) Player of the match : William McClintock ( Ire ) Scotland won the toss and elected to field . 15th - place playoff ( edit ) 11 February 09 : 00 Scorecard Fiji 83 ( 28 overs ) Canada 84 / 2 ( 20 overs ) Delaimatuku Maraiwai 14 ( 24 ) Miraj Patel 4 / 16 ( 4 overs ) Akash Gill 38 * ( 65 ) Sosiceni Weleilakeba 1 / 5 ( 2 overs ) Canada won by 8 wickets Sheikh Kamal International Stadium ( Academy Ground ) , Cox 's Bazar Umpires : Jeremiah Matibiri ( Zim ) and Langton Rusere ( Zim ) Player of the match : Miraj Patel ( Can ) Canada won the toss and elected to field . Final standings ( edit ) Pos . Team Remarks West Indies Qualified for 2018 World Cup as full member of ICC India Qualified for 2018 World Cup as full member of ICC Bangladesh Qualified for 2018 World Cup as full member of ICC Sri Lanka Qualified for 2018 World Cup as full member of ICC 5 Pakistan Qualified for 2018 World Cup as full member of ICC 6 England Qualified for 2018 World Cup as full member of ICC 7 Namibia Qualified for 2018 World Cup as top associate team 8 Nepal 9 Afghanistan 10 Zimbabwe Qualified for 2018 World Cup as full member of ICC 11 South Africa Qualified for 2018 World Cup as full member of ICC 12 New Zealand Qualified for 2018 World Cup as full member of ICC 13 Ireland 14 Scotland 15 Canada 16 Fiji References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2016 ICC U19 World Cup Fixtures '' . Jump up ^ `` ICC ratify Bangladesh as U-19 World Cup host '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Five Under - 19 teams to play World Cup Qualifier '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australia pull out of U-19 World Cup due to security concerns '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australia pull out of Under - 19 Cricket World Cup '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Namibia stun SA ; Burnham ton helps England sail on '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup exit not a sign of problems in SA cricket - U-19s coach '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies win U-19 world cup '' . ESPNcricinfo. 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Under 19 World Cup Warm up matches , 2016 live scores , schedule and results - Cricbuzz '' . Cricbuzz . Jump up ^ `` Lamichhane five - for routs Ireland Under - 19s '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN Sports Media . 30 January 2016 . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rishabh Pant slams fastest fifty in huge India win '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most fifties ( and over ) '' . ESPNCricnfo . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Series home at ESPN Cricinfo Under - 19 Cricket World Cup Tournaments Australia 1988 South Africa 1998 Sri Lanka 2000 New Zealand 2002 Bangladesh 2004 Sri Lanka 2006 Malaysia 2008 New Zealand 2010 Australia 2012 UAE 2014 Bangladesh 2016 New Zealand 2018 Squads 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Qualification 2012 2014 2016 2018 Regional Africa Americas Asia East Asia - Pacific Europe International cricket in 2015 -- 16 Preceding season : International cricket in 2015 October 2015 Pakistan in Zimbabwe Bangladesh Women in Pakistan South Africa in India Australia in Bangladesh Ireland in Zimbabwe England vs. Pakistan in United Arab Emirates Under - 19 Cricket World Cup Qualifier West Indies in Sri Lanka Afghanistan in Zimbabwe Pakistan Women in West Indies November 2015 South Africa Women in Bangladesh Zimbabwe in Bangladesh Oman in United Arab Emirates Sri Lanka Women in New Zealand New Zealand in Australia Hong Kong and Oman in United Arab Emirates Afghanistan and Oman in United Arab Emirates Zimbabwe Women in Bangladesh India Under - 19 Tri-Nation tournament ‎ Afghanistan and Hong Kong in United Arab Emirates Women 's World Twenty20 Qualifier December 2015 West Indies in Australia Sri Lanka in New Zealand Sri Lanka Under - 19 Tri-Nation tournament England in South Africa Zimbabwe and Afghanistan in United Arab Emirates January 2016 India in Australia Pakistan in New Zealand Zimbabwe in Bangladesh Scotland in Hong Kong Under - 19 Cricket World Cup India Women in Australia Ireland vs. Papua New Guinea in Australia Netherlands in United Arab Emirates February 2016 Australia in New Zealand Scotland in United Arab Emirates Scotland and Netherlands in United Arab Emirates Sri Lanka in India Asia Cup Qualifier England Women in South Africa Ireland in United Arab Emirates West Indies Women in South Africa Australia Women in New Zealand Sri Lanka Women in India Asia Cup March 2016 Australia in South Africa World Twenty20 Women 's World Twenty20 April 2016 Africa Twenty20 Division Two Ongoing Intercontinental Cup World Cricket League Championship Women 's Championship Following season : International cricket in 2016 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup&oldid=826709441 '' Categories : ICC Under - 19 Cricket World Cup 2016 in Bangladeshi cricket International cricket competitions in Bangladesh International cricket competitions in 2015 -- 16 2016 ICC Under - 19 Cricket World Cup Hidden categories : Use British English from December 2015 Use dmy dates from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch हिन्दी मराठी नेपाली Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 16 : 28 . 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when was the war between israel and egypt

The Six - Day War ( Hebrew : מלחמת ששת הימים , Milhemet Sheshet Ha Yamim ; Arabic : النكسة , an - Naksah , `` The Setback '' or حرب ۱۹٦۷ , Ḥarb 1967 , `` War of 1967 '' ) , also known as the June War , 1967 Arab -- Israeli War , or Third Arab -- Israeli War , was fought between 5 and 10 June 1967 by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt ( known at the time as the United Arab Republic ) , Jordan , and Syria .

between 5 and 10 June 1967

Six - Day War

six - day war

Six - Day War Part of the Arab -- Israeli conflict Territory held by Israel before and after the Six - Day War . The Straits of Tiran are circled , between the Gulf of Aqaba to the north and the Red Sea to the south . Date 5 -- 10 June 1967 ( 6 days ) Location Middle East Result Decisive Israeli victory Territorial changes Israel captures the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt , the West Bank ( including East Jerusalem ) from Jordan , and the Golan Heights from Syria Belligerents Israel Egypt Syria Jordan Iraq Supported by : ( show ) PLO Lebanon Commanders and leaders Levi Eshkol Moshe Dayan Yitzhak Rabin Uzi Narkiss Motta Gur Israel Tal Mordechai Hod Yeshayahu Gavish Ariel Sharon Ezer Weizman Shlomo Erell David Elazar Gamal Abdel Nasser Abdel Hakim Amer Abdul Munim Riad Hussein Zaid ibn Shaker Asad Ghanma Salah Jadid Nureddin al - Atassi Abdul Rahman Arif Strength 50,000 troops 214,000 reserves 300 combat aircraft 800 tanks Total troops : 264,000 100,000 deployed Egypt : 240,000 Syria , Jordan , and Iraq : 307,000 957 combat aircraft 2,504 tanks Lebanon : 2 combat aircraft Total troops : 547,000 240,000 deployed Casualties and losses 776 -- 983 killed 4,517 wounded 15 captured 400 tanks destroyed 46 aircraft destroyed Egypt : 10,000 -- 15,000 killed or missing 4,338 captured Jordan : 696 killed or missing 533 captured Syria : 2,500 killed 591 captured Iraq : 10 killed 30 wounded Lebanon : One aircraft lost Hundreds of tanks destroyed 452 + aircraft destroyed 20 Israeli civilians killed 34 US Navy , Marine , and NSA personnel killed 17 Soviet Marines killed ( allegedly ) Six - Day War Waiting period Sinai Campaign Focus Abu - Ageila Um Katef El Arish Jordanian Campaign Ammunition Hill Old City Augusta - Victoria Bethlehem Mediterranean Campaign USS Liberty incident Syrian Campaign Focus Tel Faher The Six - Day War ( Hebrew : מלחמת ששת הימים , Milhemet Sheshet Ha Yamim ; Arabic : النكسة , an - Naksah , `` The Setback '' or حرب ۱۹٦۷ , Ḥarb 1967 , `` War of 1967 '' ) , also known as the June War , 1967 Arab -- Israeli War , or Third Arab -- Israeli War , was fought between 5 and 10 June 1967 by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt ( known at the time as the United Arab Republic ) , Jordan , and Syria . Relations between Israel and its neighbours had never fully normalised following the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War . In 1956 Israel invaded the Egyptian Sinai , with one of its objectives being the reopening of the Straits of Tiran which Egypt had blocked to Israeli shipping since 1950 . Israel was subsequently forced to withdraw , but won a guarantee that the Straits of Tiran would remain open . While the United Nations Emergency Force was deployed along the border , there was no demilitarisation agreement . In the period leading up to June 1967 , tensions became dangerously heightened . Israel reiterated its post-1956 position that the closure of the straits of Tiran to its shipping would be a casus belli . In May Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser announced that the straits would be closed to Israeli vessels and then mobilised its Egyptian forces along its border with Israel . On 5 June , Israel launched what it claimed were a series of preemptive airstrikes against Egyptian airfields . Claims and counterclaims relating to this series of events are one of a number of controversies relating to the conflict . The Egyptians were caught by surprise , and nearly the entire Egyptian air force was destroyed with few Israeli losses , giving the Israelis air supremacy . Simultaneously , the Israelis launched a ground offensive into the Gaza Strip and the Sinai , which again caught the Egyptians by surprise . After some initial resistance , Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser ordered the evacuation of the Sinai . Israeli forces rushed westward in pursuit of the Egyptians , inflicted heavy losses , and conquered the Sinai . Nasser induced Syria and Jordan to begin attacks on Israel by using the initially confused situation to claim that Egypt had repelled the Israeli air strike . Israeli counterattacks resulted in the seizure of East Jerusalem as well as the West Bank from the Jordanians , while Israel 's retaliation against Syria resulted in its occupation of the Golan Heights . A ceasefire was signed on 11 June . In the aftermath of the war , Israel had crippled the Egyptian , Syrian and Jordanian militaries , having killed over 20,000 troops while only losing fewer than 1,000 of its own . The Israeli success was the result of a well - prepared and - enacted strategy , the poor leadership of the Arab states and their poor military leadership and strategy . Israel seized the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt , the West Bank from Jordan and the Golan Heights from Syria . Israel 's international standing greatly improved in the following years . Its victory humiliated Egypt , Jordan and Syria , leading Nasser to resign in shame ; he was later reinstated after protests in Egypt against his resignation occurred . The speed and ease of Israel 's victory would later lead to a dangerous overconfidence within the ranks of the Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) , contributing to initial Arab successes in the subsequent 1973 Yom Kippur War , although ultimately Israeli forces were successful and defeated the Arab militaries . The displacement of civilian populations resulting from the war would have long - term consequences , as 300,000 Palestinians fled the West Bank and about 100,000 Syrians left the Golan Heights to become refugees . Across the Arab world , Jewish minority communities fled or were expelled , with refugees going mainly to Israel or Europe . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Military preparation 2 Armies and weapons 2.1 Armies 2.2 Weapons 3 Fighting fronts 3.1 Preemptive air attack 3.2 Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula 3.2. 1 Northern ( El Arish ) Israeli division 3.2. 2 Advance on Arish 3.2. 3 Mid-front ( Abu - Ageila ) Israeli division 3.2. 4 Other Israeli forces 3.2. 5 The Egyptian Army 3.2. 6 Next fighting days 3.3 West Bank 3.3. 1 Israeli cabinet meets 3.3. 2 Initial response 3.3. 3 Jordanian battalion at Government House 3.3. 4 Israeli invasion 3.3. 5 The West Bank ( 7 June ) 3.4 Golan Heights 3.4. 1 Syria 's attack 3.4. 2 Israeli Air Force attacks the Syrian airfields 3.4. 3 Israelis debate whether the Golan Heights should be attacked 3.4. 4 Israeli attack : first day 3.4. 5 Israeli attack : the next day 4 Conclusion 4.1 Casualties 5 Controversies 5.1 Preemptive strike v. unjustified attack 5.2 Allegations of atrocities committed against Egyptian soldiers 5.3 Allegations of military support from the US , UK and Soviet Union 5.4 USS Liberty incident 6 Aftermath 6.1 Israel and Zionism 6.2 Jews in Arab countries 6.3 Antisemitism against Jews in Communist countries 6.4 Peace and diplomacy 6.5 Captured territories and Arab displaced populations 6.6 Long term 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Background Main article : Origins of the Six - Day War On 22 May 1967 , President Nasser addressed his pilots at Bir Gifgafa Airfield in Sinai : `` The Jews are threatening war -- we say to them ahlan wa - sahlan ( welcome ) ! '' After the 1956 Suez Crisis , Egypt agreed to the stationing of a United Nations Emergency Force ( UNEF ) in the Sinai to ensure all parties would comply with the 1949 Armistice Agreements . In the following years there were numerous minor border clashes between Israel and its Arab neighbors , particularly Syria . In early November 1966 , Syria signed a mutual defense agreement with Egypt . Soon after this , in response to Palestine Liberation Organisation ( PLO ) guerilla activity , including a mine attack that left three dead , the Israeli Defence Force ( IDF ) attacked the village of as - Samu in the Jordanian - occupied West Bank . Jordanian units that engaged the Israelis were quickly beaten back . King Hussein of Jordan criticized Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser for failing to come to Jordan 's aid , and `` hiding behind UNEF skirts '' . In May 1967 , Nasser received false reports from the Soviet Union that Israel was massing on the Syrian border . Nasser began massing his troops in two defensive lines in the Sinai Peninsula on Israel 's border ( 16 May ) , expelled the UNEF force from Gaza and Sinai ( 19 May ) and took over UNEF positions at Sharm el - Sheikh , overlooking the Straits of Tiran . Israel repeated declarations it had made in 1957 that any closure of the Straits would be considered an act of war , or justification for war , but Nasser closed the Straits to Israeli shipping on 22 -- 23 May . After the war , U.S. President Lyndon Johnson commented : If a single act of folly was more responsible for this explosion than any other , it was the arbitrary and dangerous announced decision that the Straits of Tiran would be closed . The right of innocent , maritime passage must be preserved for all nations . On 30 May , Jordan and Egypt signed a defense pact . The following day , at Jordan 's invitation , the Iraqi army began deploying troops and armoured units in Jordan . They were later reinforced by an Egyptian contingent . On 1 June , Israel formed a National Unity Government by widening its cabinet , and on 4 June the decision was made to go to war . The next morning , Israel launched Operation Focus , a large - scale surprise air strike that was the opening of the Six - Day War . Military preparation Before the war , Israeli pilots and ground crews had trained extensively in rapid refitting of aircraft returning from sorties , enabling a single aircraft to sortie up to four times a day ( as opposed to the norm in Arab air forces of one or two sorties per day ) . This enabled the Israeli Air Force ( IAF ) to send several attack waves against Egyptian airfields on the first day of the war , overwhelming the Egyptian Air Force , and allowed it to knock out other Arab air forces on the same day . This has contributed to the Arab belief that the IAF was helped by foreign air forces ( see Controversies relating to the Six - Day War ) . Pilots were extensively schooled about their targets , and were forced to memorize every single detail , and rehearsed the operation multiple times on dummy runways in total secrecy . The Egyptians had constructed fortified defenses in the Sinai . These designs were based on the assumption that an attack would come along the few roads leading through the desert , rather than through the difficult desert terrain . The Israelis chose not to risk attacking the Egyptian defenses head - on , and instead surprised them from an unexpected direction . James Reston , writing in The New York Times on 23 May 1967 , noted , `` In discipline , training , morale , equipment and general competence his ( Nasser 's ) army and the other Arab forces , without the direct assistance of the Soviet Union , are no match for the Israelis ... Even with 50,000 troops and the best of his generals and air force in Yemen , he has not been able to work his way in that small and primitive country , and even his effort to help the Congo rebels was a flop . '' On the eve of the war , Israel believed it could win a war in 3 -- 4 days . The United States estimated Israel would need 7 -- 10 days to win , with British estimates supporting the U.S. view . Armies and weapons Armies The Israeli army had a total strength , including reservists , of 264,000 , though this number could not be sustained , as the reservists were vital to civilian life . Against Jordan 's forces on the West Bank , Israel deployed about 40,000 troops and 200 tanks ( eight brigades ) . Israeli Central Command forces consisted of five brigades . The first two were permanently stationed near Jerusalem and were the Jerusalem Brigade and the mechanized Harel Brigade . Mordechai Gur 's 55th Paratroopers Brigade was summoned from the Sinai front . The 10th Armored Brigade was stationed north of the West Bank . The Israeli Northern Command comprised a division of three brigades led by Major General Elad Peled which was stationed in the Jezreel Valley to the north of the West Bank . On the eve of the war , Egypt massed approximately 100,000 of its 160,000 troops in the Sinai , including all seven of its divisions ( four infantry , two armoured and one mechanized ) , four independent infantry brigades and four independent armoured brigades . Over a third of these soldiers were veterans of Egypt 's continuing intervention into the North Yemen Civil War and another third were reservists . These forces had 950 tanks , 1,100 APCs , and more than 1,000 artillery pieces . Syria 's army had a total strength of 75,000 and was deployed along the border with Israel . The Jordanian Armed Forces included 11 brigades , totalling 55,000 troops . Nine brigades ( 45,000 troops , 270 tanks , 200 artillery pieces ) were deployed in the West Bank , including the elite armoured 40th , and two in the Jordan Valley . They possessed sizable numbers of M113 APCs and were equipped with some 300 modern Western tanks , 250 of which were U.S. M48 Pattons . They also had 12 battalions of artillery , six batteries of 81 mm and 120 mm mortars , a paratrooper battalion trained in the new U.S. - built school and a new battalion of mechanized infantry . The Jordanian Army , then known as the Arab Legion , was a long - term - service , professional army , relatively well - equipped and well - trained . Israeli post-war briefings said that the Jordanian staff acted professionally , but was always left `` half a step '' behind by the Israeli moves . The small Royal Jordanian Air Force consisted of only 24 British - made Hawker Hunter fighters , six transports , and two helicopters . According to the Israelis , the Hawker Hunter was essentially on par with the French - built Dassault Mirage III -- the IAF 's best plane . 100 Iraqi tanks and an infantry division were readied near the Jordanian border . Two squadrons of Iraqi fighter - aircraft , Hawker Hunters and MiG 21s , were rebased adjacent to the Jordanian border . The Arab air forces were reinforced by some aircraft from Libya , Algeria , Morocco , Kuwait , and Saudi Arabia to make up for the massive losses suffered on the first day of the war . They were also aided by volunteer pilots from the Pakistan Air Force acting in an independent capacity . PAF pilots shot down several Israeli planes . Weapons With the exception of Jordan , the Arabs relied principally on Soviet weaponry . Jordan 's army was equipped with American weaponry , and its air force was composed of British aircraft . Egypt had by far the largest and the most modern of all the Arab air forces , consisting of about 420 combat aircraft , all of them Soviet - built and with a heavy quota of top - of - the - line MiG - 21s . Of particular concern to the Israelis were the 30 Tu - 16 `` Badger '' medium bombers , capable of inflicting heavy damage on Israeli military and civilian centers . Israeli weapons were mainly of Western origin . Its air force was composed principally of French aircraft , while its armoured units were mostly of British and American design and manufacture . Some infantry weapons , including the ubiquitous Uzi , were of Israeli origin . Type Arab armies IDF AFVs Egypt , Syria and Iraq used T - 34 / 85 , T - 54 , T - 55 , PT - 76 , and SU - 100 / 152 World War II - vintage self - propelled guns . Jordan used M - 47 , M - 48 , and M - 48A1 Patton tanks . Panzer IV ( used by Syria ) M50 and M51 Shermans , M48A3 Patton , Centurion , AMX - 13 . The Centurion was upgraded with the British 105 mm L7 gun prior to the war . The Sherman also underwent extensive modifications including a larger 105 mm medium velocity , French gun , redesigned turret , wider tracks , more armour , and upgraded engine and suspension . APCs / IFVs BTR - 40 , BTR - 152 , BTR - 50 , BTR - 60 APCs M2 , / M3 Half - track , Panhard AML Artillery M1937 Howitzer , BM - 21 , D - 30 ( 2A18 ) Howitzer , M1954 field gun , M - 52 105 mm self - propelled howitzer ( used by Jordan ) M50 self - propelled howitzer and Makmat 160 mm self - propelled mortar , Obusier de 155 mm Modèle 50 , AMX 105 mm Self - Propelled Howitzer Aircraft MiG - 21 , MiG - 19 , MiG - 17 , Su - 7 B , Tu - 16 , Il - 28 , Il - 18 , Il - 14 , An - 12 , Hawker Hunter used by Jordan and Iraq Dassault Mirage III , Dassault Super Mystère , Sud Aviation Vautour , Mystere IV , Dassault Ouragan , Fouga Magister trainer outfitted for attack missions , Nord 2501IS military cargo plane Helicopters Mi - 6 , Mi - 4 Super Frelon , Sikorsky S - 58 AAW SA - 2 Guideline , ZSU - 57 - 2 mobile anti-aircraft cannon MIM - 23 Hawk , Bofors 40 mm Infantry weapons Port Said submachine gun , AK - 47 , RPK , RPD , DShK HMG , B - 10 and B - 11 recoilless rifles Uzi , FN FAL , FN MAG , AK - 47 , M2 Browning , Cobra , Nord SS. 10 , RL - 83 Blindicide anti-tank infantry weapon , Jeep - mounted 106 mm recoilless rifle Fighting fronts Preemptive air attack Main article : Operation Focus See also : Order of battle for the Six - Day War Israeli troops examine destroyed Egyptian aircraft . Dassault Mirage at the Israeli Air Force Museum . Operation Focus was mainly conducted using French built aircraft . Israel 's first and most critical move was a surprise attack on the Egyptian Air Force . Initially , both Egypt and Israel announced that they had been attacked by the other country . On 5 June at 7 : 45 Israeli time , as civil defense sirens sounded all over Israel , the IAF launched Operation Focus ( Moked ) . All but 12 of its nearly 200 operational jets launched a mass attack against Egypt 's airfields . The Egyptian defensive infrastructure was extremely poor , and no airfields were yet equipped with hardened aircraft shelters capable of protecting Egypt 's warplanes . Most of the Israeli warplanes headed out over the Mediterranean Sea , flying low to avoid radar detection , before turning toward Egypt . Others flew over the Red Sea . Meanwhile , the Egyptians hindered their own defense by effectively shutting down their entire air defense system : they were worried that rebel Egyptian forces would shoot down the plane carrying Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer and Lt - Gen. Sidqi Mahmoud , who were en route from al Maza to Bir Tamada in the Sinai to meet the commanders of the troops stationed there . In any event , it did not make a great deal of difference as the Israeli pilots came in below Egyptian radar cover and well below the lowest point at which its SA - 2 surface - to - air missile batteries could bring down an aircraft . Although the powerful Jordanian radar facility at Ajloun detected waves of aircraft approaching Egypt and reported the code word for `` war '' up the Egyptian command chain , Egyptian command and communications problems prevented the warning from reaching the targeted airfields . The Israelis employed a mixed - attack strategy : bombing and strafing runs against planes parked on the ground , and bombing to disable runways with special tarmac - shredding penetration bombs developed jointly with France , leaving surviving aircraft unable to take off . The runway at the Arish airfield was spared , as the Israelis expected to turn it into a military airport for their transports after the war . Surviving aircraft were taken out by later attack waves . The operation was more successful than expected , catching the Egyptians by surprise and destroying virtually all of the Egyptian Air Force on the ground , with few Israeli losses . Only four unarmed Egyptian training flights were in the air when the strike began . A total of 338 Egyptian aircraft were destroyed and 100 pilots were killed , although the number of aircraft lost by the Egyptians is disputed . Among the Egyptian planes lost were all 30 Tu - 16 bombers , 27 out of 40 Il - 28 bombers , 12 Su - 7 fighter - bombers , over 90 MiG - 21s , 20 MiG - 19s , 25 MiG - 17 fighters , and around 32 assorted transport planes and helicopters . In addition , Egyptian radars and SAM missiles were also attacked and destroyed . The Israelis lost 19 planes , including two destroyed in air - to - air combat and 13 downed by anti-aircraft artillery . One Israeli plane , which was damaged and unable to break radio silence , was shot down by Israeli Hawk missiles after it strayed over the Negev Nuclear Research Center . Another was destroyed by an exploding Egyptian bomber . The attack guaranteed Israeli air supremacy for the rest of the war . Attacks on other Arab air forces by Israel took place later in the day as hostilities broke out on other fronts . The large numbers of Arab aircraft claimed destroyed by Israel on that day were at first regarded as `` greatly exaggerated '' by the Western press . However , the fact that the Egyptian Air Force , along with other Arab air forces attacked by Israel , made practically no appearance for the remaining days of the conflict proved that the numbers were most likely authentic . Throughout the war , Israeli aircraft continued strafing Arab airfield runways to prevent their return to usability . Meanwhile , Egyptian state - run radio had reported an Egyptian victory , falsely claiming that 70 Israeli planes had been downed on the first day of fighting . Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula Conquest of Sinai. 5 -- 6 June 1967 People in a bomb shelter at Kfar Maimon The Egyptian forces consisted of seven divisions : four armoured , two infantry , and one mechanized infantry . Overall , Egypt had around 100,000 troops and 900 -- 950 tanks in the Sinai , backed by 1,100 APCs and 1,000 artillery pieces . This arrangement was thought to be based on the Soviet doctrine , where mobile armour units at strategic depth provide a dynamic defense while infantry units engage in defensive battles . Israeli forces concentrated on the border with Egypt included six armoured brigades , one infantry brigade , one mechanized infantry brigade , three paratrooper brigades , giving a total of around 70,000 men and 700 tanks , who were organized in three armoured divisions . They had massed on the border the night before the war , camouflaging themselves and observing radio silence before being ordered to advance . The Israeli plan was to surprise the Egyptian forces in both timing ( the attack exactly coinciding with the IAF strike on Egyptian airfields ) , location ( attacking via northern and central Sinai routes , as opposed to the Egyptian expectations of a repeat of the 1956 war , when the IDF attacked via the central and southern routes ) and method ( using a combined - force flanking approach , rather than direct tank assaults ) . Northern ( el Arish ) Israeli division On 5 June , at 7 : 50 a.m. , the northernmost Israeli division , consisting of three brigades and commanded by Major General Israel Tal , one of Israel 's most prominent armour commanders , crossed the border at two points , opposite Nahal Oz and south of Khan Yunis . They advanced swiftly , holding fire to prolong the element of surprise . Tal 's forces assaulted the `` Rafah Gap '' , a seven - mile stretch containing the shortest of three main routes through the Sinai towards El - Qantarah el - Sharqiyya and the Suez Canal . The Egyptians had four divisions in the area , backed by minefields , pillboxes , underground bunkers , hidden gun emplacements and trenches . The terrain on either side of the route was impassable . The Israeli plan was to hit the Egyptians at selected key points with concentrated armour . Tal 's advance was led by the 7th Armored Brigade under Colonel Shmuel Gonen . The Israeli plan called for the 7th Brigade to outflank Khan Yunis from the north and the 60th Armored Brigade under Colonel Menachem Aviram would advance from the south . The two brigades would link up and surround Khan Yunis , while the paratroopers would take Rafah . Gonen entrusted the breakthrough to a single battalion of his brigade . Initially , the advance was met with light resistance , as Egyptian intelligence had concluded that it was a diversion for the main attack . However , as Gonen 's lead battalion advanced , it suddenly came under intense fire and took heavy losses . A second battalion was brought up , but was also pinned down . Meanwhile , the 60th Brigade became bogged down in the sand , while the paratroopers had trouble navigating through the dunes . The Israelis continued to press their attack , and despite heavy losses , cleared the Egyptian positions and reached the Khan Yunis railway junction in little over four hours . Gonen 's brigade then advanced nine miles to Rafah in twin columns . Rafah itself was circumvented , and the Israelis attacked Sheikh Zuweid , eight miles to the southwest , which was defended by two brigades . Though inferior in numbers and equipment , the Egyptians were deeply entrenched and camouflaged . The Israelis were pinned down by fierce Egyptian resistance , and called in air and artillery support to enable their lead elements to advance . Many Egyptians abandoned their positions after their commander and several of his staff were killed . The Israelis broke through with tank - led assaults . However , Aviram 's forces misjudged the Egyptians ' flank , and were pinned between strongholds before they were extracted after several hours . By nightfall , the Israelis had finished mopping up resistance . Israeli forces had taken significant losses , with Colonel Gonen later telling reporters that `` we left many of our dead soldiers in Rafah , and many burnt - out tanks . '' The Egyptians suffered some 2,000 casualties and lost 40 tanks . Advance on Arish Israeli reconnaissance forces from the `` Shaked '' unit in Sinai during the war . On 5 June , with the road open , Israeli forces continued advancing towards Arish . Already by late afternoon , elements of the 79th Armored Battalion had charged through the seven - mile long Jiradi defile , a narrow pass defended by well - emplaced troops of the Egyptian 112th Infantry Brigade . In fierce fighting , which saw the pass change hands several times , the Israelis charged through the position . The Egyptians suffered heavy casualties and tank losses , while Israeli losses stood at 66 dead , 93 wounded and 28 tanks . Emerging at the western end , Israeli forces advanced to the outskirts of Arish . As it reached the outskirts of Arish , Tal 's division also consolidated its hold on Rafah and Khan Yunis . The following day , 6 June , the Israeli forces on the outskirts of Arish were reinforced by the 7th Brigade , which fought its way through the Jiradi pass . After receiving supplies via an airdrop , the Israelis entered the city and captured the airport at 7 : 50 am . The Israelis entered the city at 8 : 00 am . Company commander Yossi Peled recounted that `` Al - Arish was totally quiet , desolate . Suddenly , the city turned into a madhouse . Shots came at us from every alley , every corner , every window and house . '' An IDF record stated that `` clearing the city was hard fighting . The Egyptians fired from the rooftops , from balconies and windows . They dropped grenades into our half - tracks and blocked the streets with trucks . Our men threw the grenades back and crushed the trucks with their tanks . '' Gonen sent additional units to Arish , and the city was eventually taken . Brigadier - General Avraham Yoffe 's assignment was to penetrate Sinai south of Tal 's forces and north or Sharon 's . Yoffe 's attack allowed Tal to complete the capture of the Jiradi defile , Khan Yunis . All of them were taken after fierce fighting . Gonen subsequently dispatched a force of tanks , infantry and engineers under Colonel Yisrael Granit to continue down the Mediterranean coast towards the Suez Canal , while a second force led by Gonen himself turned south and captured Bir Lahfan and Jabal Libni . Mid-front ( Abu - Ageila ) Israeli division Major - General Ariel Sharon during the Battle of Abu - Ageila Further south , on 6 June , the Israeli 38th Armored Division under Major - General Ariel Sharon assaulted Um - Katef , a heavily fortified area defended by the Egyptian 2nd Infantry Division under Major - General Sa'adi Nagib , and consisting of some 16,000 troops . The Egyptians also had a battalion of tank destroyers and a tank regiment , formed of Soviet World War II armour , which included 90 T - 34 - 85 tanks , 22 SU - 100 tank destroyers , and about 16,000 men . The Israelis had about 14,000 men and 150 post-World War II tanks including the AMX - 13 , Centurions , and M50 Super Shermans ( modified M - 4 Sherman tanks ) . Two armoured brigades in the meantime , under Avraham Yoffe , slipped across the border through sandy wastes that Egypt had left undefended because they were considered impassable . Simultaneously , Sharon 's tanks from the west were to engage Egyptian forces on Um - Katef ridge and block any reinforcements . Israeli infantry would clear the three trenches , while heliborne paratroopers would land behind Egyptian lines and silence their artillery . An armoured thrust would be made at al - Qusmaya to unnerve and isolate its garrison . Israeli Armor of the Six Day War : pictured here the AMX 13 As Sharon 's division advanced into the Sinai , Egyptian forces staged successful delaying actions at Tarat Umm , Umm Tarfa , and Hill 181 . An Israeli jet was downed by anti-aircraft fire , and Sharon 's forces came under heavy shelling as they advanced from the north and west . The Israeli advance , which had to cope with extensive minefields , took a large number of casualties . A column of Israeli tanks managed to penetrate the northern flank of Abu Ageila , and by dusk , all units were in position . The Israelis then brought up ninety 105 mm and 155 mm artillery guns for a preparatory barrage , while civilian buses brought reserve infantrymen under Colonel Yekutiel Adam and helicopters arrived to ferry the paratroopers . These movements were unobserved by the Egyptians , who were preoccupied with Israeli probes against their perimeter . As night fell , the Israeli assault troops lit flashlights , each battalion a different color , to prevent friendly fire incidents . At 10 : 00 pm , Israeli artillery began a barrage on Um - Katef , firing some 6,000 shells in less than twenty minutes , the most concentrated artillery barrage in Israel 's history . Israeli tanks assaulted the northernmost Egyptian defenses and were largely successful , though an entire armoured brigade was stalled by mines , and had only one mine - clearance tank . Israeli infantrymen assaulted the triple line of trenches in the east . To the west , paratroopers commanded by Colonel Danny Matt landed behind Egyptian lines , though half the helicopters got lost and never found the battlefield , while others were unable to land due to mortar fire . Those that successfully landed on target destroyed Egyptian artillery and ammunition dumps and separated gun crews from their batteries , sowing enough confusion to significantly reduce Egyptian artillery fire . Egyptian reinforcements from Jabal Libni advanced towards Um - Katef to counterattack , but failed to reach their objective , being subjected to heavy air attacks and encountering Israeli lodgements on the roads . Egyptian commanders then called in artillery attacks on their own positions . The Israelis accomplished and sometimes exceeded their overall plan , and had largely succeeded by the following day . The Egyptians took heavy casualties , while the Israelis lost 40 dead and 140 wounded . Yoffe 's attack allowed Sharon to complete the capture of the Um - Katef , after fierce fighting . The main thrust at Um - Katef was stalled due to mines and craters . After IDF engineers had cleared a path by 4 : 00 pm , Israeli and Egyptian tanks engaged in fierce combat , often at ranges as close as ten yards . The battle ended in an Israeli victory , with 40 Egyptian and 19 Israeli tanks destroyed . Meanwhile , Israeli infantry finished clearing out the Egyptian trenches , with Israeli casualties standing at 14 dead and 41 wounded and Egyptian casualties at 300 dead and 100 taken prisoner . Other Israeli forces Further south , on 5 June , the 8th Armored Brigade under Colonel Albert Mandler , initially positioned as a ruse to draw off Egyptian forces from the real invasion routes , attacked the fortified bunkers at Kuntilla , a strategically valuable position whose capture would enable Mandler to block reinforcements from reaching Um - Katef and to join Sharon 's upcoming attack on Nakhl . The defending Egyptian battalion , outnumbered and outgunned , fiercely resisted the attack , hitting a number of Israeli tanks . However , most of the defenders were killed , and only three Egyptian tanks , one of them damaged , survived . By nightfall , Mendler 's forces had taken Kuntilla . With the exceptions of Rafah and Khan Yunis , Israeli forces had initially avoided entering the Gaza Strip . Israeli Defense Minister Moshe Dayan had expressly forbidden entry into the area . After Palestinian positions in Gaza opened fire on the Negev settlements of Nirim and Kissufim , IDF Chief of Staff Yitzhak Rabin overrode Dayan 's instructions and ordered the 11th Mechanized Brigade under Colonel Yehuda Reshef to enter the Strip . The force was immediately met with heavy artillery fire and fierce resistance from Palestinian forces and remnants of the Egyptian forces from Rafah . By sunset , the Israelis had taken the strategically vital Ali Muntar ridge , overlooking Gaza City , but were beaten back from the city itself . Some 70 Israelis were killed , along with Israeli journalist Ben Oyserman and American journalist Paul Schutzer . Twelve members of UNEF were also killed . On the war 's second day , 6 June , the Israelis were bolstered by the 35th Paratroopers Brigade under Colonel Rafael Eitan , and took Gaza City along with the entire Strip . The fighting was fierce , and accounted for nearly half of all Israeli casualties on the southern front . However , Gaza rapidly fell to the Israelis . Meanwhile , on 6 June , two Israeli reserve brigades under Yoffe , each equipped with 100 tanks , penetrated the Sinai south of Tal 's division and north of Sharon 's , capturing the road junctions of Abu Ageila , Bir Lahfan , and Arish , taking all of them before midnight . Two Egyptian armoured brigades counterattacked , and a fierce battle took place until the following morning . The Egyptians were beaten back by fierce resistance coupled with airstrikes , sustaining heavy tank losses . They fled west towards Jabal Libni . The Egyptian army During the ground fighting , remnants of the Egyptian Air Force attacked Israeli ground forces , but took losses from the Israeli Air Force and from Israeli anti-aircraft units . Throughout the last four days , Egyptian aircraft flew 150 sorties against Israeli units in the Sinai . Many of the Egyptian units remained intact and could have tried to prevent the Israelis from reaching the Suez Canal , or engaged in combat in the attempt to reach the canal . However , when the Egyptian Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer heard about the fall of Abu - Ageila , he panicked and ordered all units in the Sinai to retreat . This order effectively meant the defeat of Egypt . Meanwhile , President Nasser , having learned of the results of the Israeli air strikes , decided together with Field Marshal Amer to order a general retreat from the Sinai within 24 hours . No detailed instructions were given concerning the manner and sequence of withdrawal . Next fighting days This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Conquest of Sinai. 7 -- 8 June 1967 Play media Newsreel from 6 June about the first Israeli - Egyptian fighting . An Israeli gunboat passes through the Straits of Tiran near Sharm El Sheikh . As Egyptian columns retreated , Israeli aircraft and artillery attacked them . Israeli jets used napalm bombs during their sorties . The attacks destroyed hundreds of vehicles and caused heavy casualties . At Jabal Libni , retreating Egyptian soldiers were fired upon by their own artillery . At Bir Gafgafa , the Egyptians fiercely resisted advancing Israeli forces , knocking out three tanks and eight half - tracks , and killing 20 soldiers . Due to the Egyptians ' retreat , the Israeli High Command decided not to pursue the Egyptian units but rather to bypass and destroy them in the mountainous passes of West Sinai . Therefore , in the following two days ( 6 and 7 June ) , all three Israeli divisions ( Sharon and Tal were reinforced by an armoured brigade each ) rushed westwards and reached the passes . Sharon 's division first went southward then westward , via An - Nakhl , to Mitla Pass with air support . It was joined there by parts of Yoffe 's division , while its other units blocked the Gidi Pass . These passes became killing grounds for the Egyptians , who ran right into waiting Israeli positions and suffered heavy losses . According to Egyptian diplomat Mahmoud Riad , 10,000 men were killed in one day alone , and many others died from hunger and thirst . Tal 's units stopped at various points to the length of the Suez Canal . Israel 's blocking action was partially successful . Only the Gidi pass was captured before the Egyptians approached it , but at other places , Egyptian units managed to pass through and cross the canal to safety . Due to the haste of the Egyptian retreat , soldiers often abandoned weapons , military equipment , and hundreds of vehicles . Many Egyptian soldiers were cut off from their units had to walk about 200 kilometers on foot before reaching the Suez Canal with limited supplies of food and water and were exposed to intense heat . Thousands of soldiers died as a result . Many Egyptian soldiers chose instead to surrender to the Israelis . However , the Israelis eventually exceeded their capabilities to provide for prisoners . As a result , they began directing soldiers towards the Suez Canal and only taking prisoner high - ranking officers , who were expected to be exchanged for captured Israeli pilots . According to some accounts , during the Egyptian retreat from the Sinai , a unit of Soviet Marines based on a Soviet warship in Port Said at the time came ashore and attempted to cross the Suez Canal eastward . The Soviet force was reportedly decimated by an Israeli air attack and lost 17 dead and 34 wounded . Among the wounded was the commander , Lt. Col. Victor Shevchenko . During the offensive , the Israeli Navy landed six combat divers from the Shayetet 13 naval commando unit to infiltrate Alexandria harbour . The divers sank an Egyptian minesweeper before being taken prisoner . Shayetet 13 commandos also infiltrated into Port Said harbour , but found no ships there . A planned commando raid against the Syrian Navy never materialized . Both Egyptian and Israeli warships made movements at sea to intimidate the other side throughout the war , but did not engage each other . However , Israeli warships and aircraft did hunt for Egyptian submarines throughout the war . On 7 June , Israel began the conquest of Sharm el - Sheikh . The Israeli Navy started the operation with a probe of Egyptian naval defenses . An aerial reconnaissance flight found that the area was less defended than originally thought . At about 4 : 30 am , three Israeli missile boats opened fire on Egyptian shore batteries , while paratroopers and commandos boarded helicopters and Nord Noratlas transport planes for an assault on Al - Tur , as Chief of Staff Rabin was convinced it was too risky to land them directly in Sharm el - Sheikh . However , the city had been largely abandoned the day before , and reports from air and naval forces finally convinced Rabin to divert the aircraft to Sharm el - Sheikh . There , the Israelis engaged in a pitched battle with the Egyptians and took the city , killing 20 Egyptian soldiers and taking 8 prisoner . At 12 : 15 pm , Defense Minister Dayan announced that the Straits of Tiran constituted an international waterway open to all ships without restriction . On 8 June , Israel completed the capture of the Sinai by sending infantry units to Ras Sudar on the western coast of the peninsula . Several tactical elements made the swift Israeli advance possible : first , the surprise attack that quickly gave the Israeli Air Force complete air superiority over the Egyptian Air Force ; second , the determined implementation of an innovative battle plan ; third , the lack of coordination among Egyptian troops . These factors would prove to be decisive elements on Israel 's other fronts as well . West Bank See also : Jordanian campaign ( 1967 ) The Jordan salient , 5 -- 7 June . Jordan was reluctant to enter the war . Nasser used the confusion of the first hours of the conflict to convince King Hussein that he was victorious ; he claimed as evidence a radar sighting of a squadron of Israeli aircraft returning from bombing raids in Egypt , which he said was an Egyptian aircraft en route to attack Israel . One of the Jordanian brigades stationed in the West Bank was sent to the Hebron area in order to link with the Egyptians . Hussein decided to attack . The IDF 's strategic plan was to remain on the defensive along the Jordanian front , to enable focus in the expected campaign against Egypt . Intermittent machine - gun exchanges began taking place in Jerusalem at 9 : 30 am , and the fighting gradually escalated as the Jordanians introduced mortar and recoilless rifle fire . Under the orders from General Narkis , the Israelis responded only with small - arms fire , firing in a flat trajectory to avoid hitting civilians , holy sites or the Old City . At 10 : 00 am on 5 June , the Jordanian Army began shelling Israel . Two batteries of 155 mm Long Tom cannons opened fire on the suburbs of Tel Aviv and Ramat David Airbase . The commanders of these batteries were instructed to lay a two - hour barrage against military and civilian settlements in central Israel . Some shells hit the outskirts of Tel Aviv . By 10 : 30 am , Eshkol had sent a message via Odd Bull to King Hussein promising not to initiate any action against Jordan if it stayed out of the war . King Hussein replied that it was too late , `` the die was cast '' . At 11 : 15 am , Jordanian howitzers began a 6,000 - shell barrage at Israeli Jerusalem . The Jordanians initially targeted kibbutz Ramat Rachel in the south and Mount Scopus in the north , then ranged into the city center and outlying neighborhoods . Military installations , the Prime Minister 's Residence , and the Knesset compound were also targeted . Israeli civilian casualties totalled 20 dead and about 1,000 wounded . Some 900 buildings were damaged , including Hadassah Ein Kerem Hospital . At 11 : 50 am , sixteen Jordanian Hawker Hunters attacked Netanya , Kfar Sirkin and Kfar Saba , killing one civilian , wounding seven and destroying a transport plane . Three Iraqi Hawker Hunters strafed civilian settlements in the Jezreel Valley , and an Iraqi Tupolev Tu - 16 attacked Afula , and was shot down near the Megiddo airfield . The attack caused minimal material damage , hitting only a senior citizens ' home and several chicken coops , but sixteen Israeli soldiers were killed , most of them when the Tupolev crashed . Israeli cabinet meets When the Israeli cabinet convened to decide what to do , Yigal Allon and Menahem Begin argued that this was an opportunity to take the Old City of Jerusalem , but Eshkol decided to defer any decision until Moshe Dayan and Yitzhak Rabin could be consulted . Uzi Narkiss made a number of proposals for military action , including the capture of Latrun , but the cabinet turned him down . Dayan rejected multiple requests from Narkiss for permission to mount an infantry assault towards Mount Scopus . However , Dayan sanctioned a number of more limited retaliatory actions . Initial response Shortly before 12 : 30 pm , the Israeli Air Force attacked Jordan 's two airbases . The Hawker Hunters were refueling at the time of the attack . The Israeli aircraft attacked in two waves , the first of which cratered the runways and knocked out the control towers , and the second wave destroyed all 21 of Jordan 's Hawker Hunter fighters , along with six transport aircraft and two helicopters . One Israeli jet was shot down by ground fire . Israeli aircraft also attacked H - 3 , an Iraqi Air Force base in western Iraq . During the attack , 12 MiG - 21s , 2 MiG - 17s , 5 Hunter F6s , and 3 Il - 28 bombers were destroyed or shot down . A Pakistani pilot stationed at the base shot down an Israeli fighter and a bomber during the raid . The Jordanian radar facility at Ajloun was destroyed in an Israeli airstrike . Israeli Fouga Magister jets attacked the Jordanian 40th Brigade with rockets as it moved south from the Damiya Bridge . Dozens of tanks were knocked out , and a convoy of 26 trucks carrying ammunition was destroyed . In Jerusalem , Israel responded to Jordanian shelling with a missile strike that devastated Jordanian positions . The Israelis used the L missile , a surface - to - surface missile developed jointly with France in secret . Jordanian battalion at government House Further information : Battle of Ammunition Hill A Jordanian battalion advanced up Government House ridge and dug in at the perimeter of Government House , the headquarters of the United Nations observers , and opened fire on Ramat Rachel , the Allenby Barracks and the Jewish section of Abu Tor with mortars and recoilless rifles . UN observers fiercely protested the incursion into the neutral zone , and several manhandled a Jordanian machine gun out of Government House after the crew had set it up in a second - floor window . After the Jordanians occupied Jabel Mukaber , an advance patrol was sent out and approached Ramat Rachel , where they came under fire from four civilians , including the wife of the director , who were armed with old Czech - made weapons . Israeli paratroopers flush out Jordanian soldiers from trenches during the Battle of Ammunition Hill . Silhouette of Israeli paratroops advancing on Ammunition Hill . The immediate Israeli response was an offensive to retake Government House and its ridge . The Jerusalem Brigade 's Reserve Battalion 161 , under Lieutenant - Colonel Asher Dreizin , was given the task . Dreizin had two infantry companies and eight tanks under his command , several of which broke down or became stuck in the mud at Ramat Rachel , leaving three for the assault . The Jordanians mounted fierce resistance , knocking out two tanks . The Israelis broke through the compound 's western gate and began clearing the building with grenades , before General Odd Bull , commander of the UN observers , compelled the Israelis to hold their fire , telling them that the Jordanians had already fled . The Israelis proceeded to take the Antenna Hill , directly behind Government House , and clear out a series of bunkers to the west and south . The fighting , often conducted hand - to - hand , continued for nearly four hours before the surviving Jordanians fell back to trenches held by the Hittin Brigade , which were steadily overwhelmed . By 6 : 30 pm , the Jordanians had retreated to Bethlehem , having suffered about 100 casualties . All but ten of Dreizin 's soldiers were casualties , and Dreizin himself was wounded three times . Israeli invasion During the late afternoon of 5 June , the Israelis launched an offensive to encircle Jerusalem , which lasted into the following day . During the night , they were supported by intense tank , artillery and mortar fire to soften up Jordanian positions . Searchlights placed atop the Labor Federation building , then the tallest in Israeli Jerusalem , exposed and blinded the Jordanians . The Jerusalem Brigade moved south of Jerusalem , while the mechanized Harel Brigade and 55th Paratroopers Brigade under Mordechai Gur encircled it from the north . A combined force of tanks and paratroopers crossed no - man 's land near the Mandelbaum Gate . One of Gur 's paratroop battalions approached the fortified Police Academy . The Israelis used bangalore torpedoes to blast their way through barbed wire leading up to the position while exposed and under heavy fire . With the aid of two tanks borrowed from the Jerusalem Brigade , they captured the Police Academy . After receiving reinforcements , they moved up to attack Ammunition Hill . The Jordanian defenders , who were heavily dug - in , fiercely resisted the attack . All of the Israeli officers except for two company commanders were killed , and the fighting was mostly led by individual soldiers . The fighting was conducted at close quarters in trenches and bunkers , and was often hand - to - hand . The Israelis captured the position after four hours of heavy fighting . During the battle , 36 Israeli and 71 Jordanian soldiers were killed . The battalion subsequently drove east , and linked up with the Israeli enclave on Mount Scopus and its Hebrew University campus . Gur 's other battalions captured the other Jordanian positions around the American Colony , despite being short on men and equipment and having come under a Jordanian mortar bombardment while waiting for the signal to advance . At the same time , the mechanized Harel Brigade attacked the fortress at Latrun , which the Jordanians had abandoned due to heavy Israeli tank fire . The brigade attacked Har Adar , but seven tanks were knocked out by mines , forcing the infantry to mount an assault without armoured cover . The Israeli soldiers advanced under heavy fire , jumping between stones to avoid mines . The fighting was conducted at close - quarters , often with knives and bayonets . The Jordanians fell back after a battle that left two Israeli and eight Jordanian soldiers dead , and Israeli forces advanced through Beit Horon towards Ramallah , taking four fortified villages along the way . By the evening , the brigade arrived in Ramallah . Meanwhile , the 163rd Infantry Battalion secured Abu Tor following a fierce battle , severing the Old City from Bethlehem and Hebron . Meanwhile , 600 Egyptian commandos stationed in the West Bank moved to attack Israeli airfields . Led by Jordanian intelligence scouts , they crossed the border and began infiltrating through Israeli settlements towards Ramla and Hatzor . They were soon detected and sought shelter in nearby fields , which the Israelis set on fire . Some 450 commandos were killed , and the remainder escaped to Jordan . From the American Colony , the paratroopers moved towards the Old City . Their plan was to approach it via the lightly defended Salah al - Din Street . However , they made a wrong turn onto the heavily defended Nablus Road . The Israelis ran into fierce resistance . Their tanks fired at point - blank range down the street , while the paratroopers mounted repeated charges . Despite repelling repeated Israeli charges , the Jordanians gradually gave way to Israeli firepower and momentum . The Israelis suffered some 30 casualties -- half the original force -- while the Jordanians lost 45 dead and 142 wounded . Meanwhile , the Israeli 71st Battalion breached barbed wire and minefields and emerged near Wadi Joz , near the base of Mount Scopus , from where the Old City could be cut off from Jericho and East Jerusalem from Ramallah . Israeli artillery targeted the one remaining route from Jerusalem to the West Bank , and shellfire deterred the Jordanians from counterattacking from their positions at Augusta - Victoria . An Israeli detachment then captured the Rockefeller Museum after a brief skirmish . Afterwards , the Israelis broke through to the Jerusalem - Ramallah road . At Tel al - Ful , the Israelis fought a running battle with up to thirty Jordanian tanks . The Jordanians stalled the advance and destroyed a number of half - tracks , but the Israelis launched air attacks and exploited the vulnerability of the external fuel tanks mounted on the Jordanian tanks . The Jordanians lost half their tanks , and retreated towards Jericho . Joining up with the 4th Brigade , the Israelis then descended through Shuafat and the site of what is now French Hill , through Jordanian defenses at Mivtar , emerging at Ammunition Hill . An Israeli airstrike near the Augusta - Victoria Hospital With Jordanian defenses in Jerusalem crumbling , elements of the Jordanian 60th Brigade and an infantry battalion were sent from Jericho to reinforce Jerusalem . Its original orders were to repel the Israelis from the Latrun corridor , but due to the worsening situation in Jerusalem , the brigade was ordered to proceed to Jerusalem 's Arab suburbs and attack Mount Scopus . Parallel to the brigade were infantrymen from the Imam Ali Brigade , who were approaching Issawiya . The brigades were spotted by Israeli aircraft and decimated by rocket and cannon fire . Other Jordanian attempts to reinforce Jerusalem were beaten back , either by armoured ambushes or airstrikes . Fearing damage to holy sites and the prospect of having to fight in built - up areas , Dayan ordered his troops not to enter the Old City . He also feared that Israel would be subjected to a fierce international backlash and the outrage of Christians worldwide if it forced its way into the Old City . Privately , he told David Ben - Gurion that he was also concerned over the prospect of Israel capturing Jerusalem 's holy sites , only to be forced to give them up under the threat of international sanctions . The West Bank ( 7 June ) On 7 June , heavy fighting ensued . Dayan had ordered his troops not to enter the Old City ; however , upon hearing that the UN was about to declare a ceasefire , he changed his mind , and without cabinet clearance , decided to capture it . Two paratroop battalions attacked Augusta - Victoria Hill , high ground overlooking the Old City from the east . One battalion attacked from Mount Scopus , and another attacked from the valley between it and the Old City . Another paratroop battalion , personally led by Gur , broke into the Old City , and was joined by the other two battalions after their missions were complete . The paratroopers met little resistance . The fighting was conducted solely by the paratroopers ; the Israelis did not use armour during the battle out of fear of severe damage to the Old City . In the north , one battalion from Peled 's division was sent to check Jordanian defenses in the Jordan Valley . A brigade belonging to Peled 's division captured the western part of the West Bank . One brigade attacked Jordanian artillery positions around Jenin , which were shelling Ramat David Airbase . The Jordanian 12th Armored Battalion , which outnumbered the Israelis , held off repeated attempts to capture Jenin . However , Israeli air attacks took their toll , and the Jordanian M48 Pattons , with their external fuel tanks , proved vulnerable at short distances , even to the Israeli - modified Shermans . Twelve Jordanian tanks were destroyed , and only six remained operational . David Rubinger 's famed photograph of IDF paratroopers at Jerusalem 's Western Wall shortly after its capture . From left to right : Zion Karasenti , Yitzhak Yifat , and Haim Oshri . Just after dusk , Israeli reinforcements arrived . The Jordanians continued to fiercely resist , and the Israelis were unable to advance without artillery and air support . One Israeli jet attacked the Jordanian commander 's tank , wounding him and killing his radio operator and intelligence officer . The surviving Jordanian forces then withdrew to Jenin , where they were reinforced by the 25th Infantry Brigade . The Jordanians were effectively surrounded in Jenin . Jordanian infantry and their three remaining tanks managed to hold off the Israelis until 4 : 00 am , when three battalions arrived to reinforce them in the afternoon . The Jordanian tanks charged , and knocked out multiple Israeli vehicles , and the tide began to shift . After sunrise , Israeli jets and artillery conducted a two - hour bombardment against the Jordanians . The Jordanians lost 10 dead and 250 wounded , and had only seven tanks left , including two without gas , and sixteen APCs . The Israelis then fought their way into Jenin , and captured the city after fierce fighting . After the Old City fell , the Jerusalem Brigade reinforced the paratroopers , and continued to the south , capturing Judea and Gush Etzion . Hebron was taken without any resistance . Fearful that Israeli soldiers would exact retribution for the 1929 massacre of the city 's Jewish community , Hebron 's residents flew white sheets from their windows and rooftops , and voluntarily gave up their weapons . The Harel Brigade proceeded eastward , descending to the Jordan River . On 7 June , Israeli forces seized Bethlehem , taking the city after a brief battle that left some 40 Jordanian soldiers dead , with the remainder fleeing . On the same day , one of Peled 's brigades seized Nablus ; then it joined one of Central Command 's armoured brigades to fight the Jordanian forces ; as the Jordanians held the advantage of superior equipment and were equal in numbers to the Israelis . Again , the air superiority of the IAF proved paramount as it immobilized the Jordanians , leading to their defeat . One of Peled 's brigades joined with its Central Command counterparts coming from Ramallah , and the remaining two blocked the Jordan river crossings together with the Central Command 's 10th . Engineering Corps sappers blew up the Abdullah and Hussein bridges with captured Jordanian mortar shells , while elements of the Harel Brigade crossed the river and occupied positions along the east bank to cover them , but quickly pulled back due to American pressure . The Jordanians , anticipating an Israeli offensive deep into Jordan , assembled the remnants of their army and Iraqi units in Jordan to protect the western approaches to Amman and the southern slopes of the Golan Heights . No specific decision had been made to capture any other territories controlled by Jordan . After the Old City was captured , Dayan told his troops to dig in to hold it . When an armoured brigade commander entered the West Bank on his own initiative , and stated that he could see Jericho , Dayan ordered him back . It was only after intelligence reports indicated that Hussein had withdrawn his forces across the Jordan River that Dayan ordered his troops to capture the West Bank . According to Narkis : First , the Israeli government had no intention of capturing the West Bank . On the contrary , it was opposed to it . Second , there was not any provocation on the part of the IDF . Third , the rein was only loosened when a real threat to Jerusalem 's security emerged . This is truly how things happened on June 5 , although it is difficult to believe . The end result was something that no one had planned . Golan Heights The Battle of Golan Heights , 9 -- 10 June . In May -- June 1967 , the Israeli government did everything in its power to confine the confrontation to the Egyptian front . Eshkol and his colleagues took into account the possibility of some fighting on the Syrian front . Syria 's attack False Egyptian reports of a crushing victory against the Israeli army and forecasts that Egyptian forces would soon be attacking Tel Aviv influenced Syria 's decision to enter the war . Syrian artillery began shelling northern Israel , and twelve Syrian jets attacked Israeli settlements in the Galilee . Israeli fighter jets intercepted the Syrian aircraft , shooting down three and driving off the rest . In addition , two Lebanese Hawker Hunter jets , two of the twelve Lebanon had , crossed into Israeli airspace and began strafing Israeli positions in the Galilee . They were intercepted by Israeli fighter jets , and one was shot down . People in a bomb shelter at Kibbutz Dan A minor Syrian force tried to capture the water plants at Tel Dan ( the subject of a fierce escalation two years earlier ) , Dan , and She'ar Yashuv . These attacks were repulsed with the loss of twenty soldiers and seven tanks . An Israeli officer was also killed . But a broader Syrian offensive quickly failed . Syrian reserve units were broken up by Israeli air attacks , and several tanks were reported to have sunk in the Jordan River . Other problems included tanks being too wide for bridges , lack of radio communications between tanks and infantry , and units ignoring orders to advance . A post-war Syrian army report concluded : Our forces did not go on the offensive either because they did not arrive or were not wholly prepared or because they could not find shelter from the enemy 's planes . The reserves could not withstand the air attacks ; they dispersed after their morale plummeted . The Syrians abandoned hopes of a ground attack and began a massive bombardment of Israeli communities in the Hula Valley instead . Israeli air Force attacks the Syrian airfields On the evening of 5 June , the Israeli Air Force attacked Syrian airfields . The Syrian Air Force lost some 32 MiG 21s , 23 MiG - 15 and MiG - 17 fighters , and two Ilyushin Il - 28 bombers , two - thirds of its fighting strength . The Syrian aircraft that survived the attack retreated to distant bases and played no further role in the war . Following the attack , Syria realised that the news it had received from Egypt of the near - total destruction of the Israeli military could not have been true . Israelis debate whether the Golan Heights should be attacked On 7 and 8 June , the Israeli leadership debated about whether to attack the Golan Heights as well . Syria had supported pre-war raids that had helped raise tensions and had routinely shelled Israel from the Heights , so some Israeli leaders wanted to see Syria punished . Military opinion was that the attack would be extremely costly , since it would entail an uphill battle against a strongly fortified enemy . The western side of the Golan Heights consists of a rock escarpment that rises 500 meters ( 1,700 ft ) from the Sea of Galilee and the Jordan River , and then flattens to a gently sloping plateau . Dayan opposed the operation bitterly at first , believing such an undertaking would result in losses of 30,000 and might trigger Soviet intervention . Prime Minister Eshkol , on the other hand , was more open to the possibility , as was the head of the Northern Command , David Elazar , whose unbridled enthusiasm for and confidence in the operation may have eroded Dayan 's reluctance . Eventually , the situation on the Southern and Central fronts cleared up , intelligence estimated that the likelihood of Soviet intervention had been reduced , reconnaissance showed some Syrian defenses in the Golan region collapsing , and an intercepted cable revealed that Nasser was urging the President of Syria to immediately accept a cease - fire . At 3 am on 9 June , Syria announced its acceptance of the cease - fire . Despite this announcement , Dayan became more enthusiastic about the idea and four hours later at 7 am , `` gave the order to go into action against Syria '' without consultation or government authorisation . The Syrian army consisted of about 75,000 men grouped in nine brigades , supported by an adequate amount of artillery and armour . Israeli forces used in combat consisted of two brigades ( the 8th Armored Brigade and the Golani Brigade ) in the northern part of the front at Givat HaEm , and another two ( infantry and one of Peled 's brigades summoned from Jenin ) in the center . The Golan Heights ' unique terrain ( mountainous slopes crossed by parallel streams every several kilometers running east to west ) , and the general lack of roads in the area channeled both forces along east - west axes of movement and restricted the ability of units to support those on either flank . Thus the Syrians could move north - south on the plateau itself , and the Israelis could move north - south at the base of the Golan escarpment . An advantage Israel possessed was the excellent intelligence collected by Mossad operative Eli Cohen ( who was captured and executed in Syria in 1965 ) regarding the Syrian battle positions . Syria had built extensive defensive fortifications in depths up to 15 kilometers , comparable to the Maginot Line . As opposed to all the other campaigns , IAF was only partially effective in the Golan because the fixed fortifications were so effective . However , the Syrian forces proved unable to put up effective defense largely because the officers were poor leaders and treated their soldiers badly ; often officers would retreat from danger , leaving their men confused and ineffective . The Israelis also had the upper hand during close combat that took place in the numerous Syrian bunkers along the Golan Heights , as they were armed with the Uzi , a submachine gun designed for close combat , while Syrian soldiers were armed with the heavier AK - 47 assault rifle , designed for combat in more open areas . Israeli attack : first Day Israeli tanks advancing on the Golan Heights . June 1967 On the morning of 9 June , Israeli jets began carrying out dozens of sorties against Syrian positions from Mount Hermon to Tawfiq , using rockets salvaged from captured Egyptian stocks . The airstrikes knocked out artillery batteries and storehouses and forced transport columns off the roads . The Syrians suffered heavy casualties and a drop in morale , with a number of senior officers and troops deserting . The attacks also provided time as Israeli forces cleared paths through Syrian minefields . However , the airstrikes did not seriously damage the Syrians ' bunkers and trench systems , and the bulk of Syrian forces on the Golan remained in their positions . About two hours after the airstrikes began , the 8th Armored Brigade , led by Colonel Albert Mandler , advanced into the Golan Heights from Givat HaEm . Its advance was spearheaded by Engineering Corps sappers and eight bulldozers , which cleared away barbed wire and mines . As they advanced , the force came under fire , and five bulldozers were immediately hit . The Israeli tanks , with their maneuverability sharply reduced by the terrain , advanced slowly under fire toward the fortified village of Sir al - Dib , with their ultimate objective being the fortress at Qala . Israeli casualties steadily mounted . Part of the attacking force lost its way and emerged opposite Za'ura , a redoubt manned by Syrian reservists . With the situation critical , Colonel Mandler ordered simultaneous assaults on Za'ura and Qala . Heavy and confused fighting followed , with Israeli and Syrian tanks struggling around obstacles and firing at extremely short ranges . Mandler recalled that `` the Syrians fought well and bloodied us . We beat them only by crushing them under our treads and by blasting them with our cannons at very short range , from 100 to 500 meters . '' The first three Israeli tanks to enter Qala were stopped by a Syrian bazooka team , and a relief column of seven Syrian tanks arrived to repel the attackers . The Israelis took heavy fire from the houses , but could not turn back , as other forces were advancing behind them , and they were on a narrow path with mines on either side . The Israelis continued pressing forward , and called for air support . A pair of Israeli jets destroyed two of the Syrian tanks , and the remainder withdrew . The surviving defenders of Qala retreated after their commander was killed . Meanwhile , Za'ura fell in an Israeli assault , and the Israelis also captured the ' Ein Fit fortress . In the central sector , the Israeli 181st Battalion captured the strongholds of Dardara and Tel Hillal after fierce fighting . Desperate fighting also broke out along the operation 's northern axis , where Golani Brigade attacked thirteen Syrian positions , including the formidable Tel Fakhr position . Navigational errors placed the Israelis directly under the Syrians ' guns . In the fighting that followed , both sides took heavy casualties , with the Israelis losing all nineteen of their tanks and half - tracks . The Israeli battalion commander then ordered his twenty - five remaining men to dismount , divide into two groups , and charge the northern and southern flanks of Tel Fakhr . The first Israelis to reach the perimeter of the southern approach laid bodily down on the barbed wire , allowing their comrades to vault over them . From there , they assaulted the fortified Syrian positions . The fighting was waged at extremely close quarters , often hand - to - hand . On the northern flank , the Israelis broke through within minutes and cleared out the trenches and bunkers . During the seven - hour battle , the Israelis lost 31 dead and 82 wounded , while the Syrians lost 62 dead and 20 captured . Among the dead was the Israeli battalion commander . The Golani Brigade 's 51st Battalion took Tel ' Azzaziat , and Darbashiya also fell to Israeli forces . Play media Universal Newsreel from 9 June about the war and UN reactions . By the evening of 9 June , the four Israeli brigades had all broken through to the plateau , where they could be reinforced and replaced . Thousands of reinforcements began reaching the front , those tanks and half - tracks that had survived the previous day 's fighting were refueled and replenished with ammunition , and the wounded were evacuated . By dawn , the Israelis had eight brigades in the sector . Syria 's first line of defense had been shattered , but the defenses beyond that remained largely intact . Mount Hermon and the Banias in the north , and the entire sector between Tawfiq and Customs House Road in the south remained in Syrian hands . In a meeting early on the night of 9 June , Syrian leaders decided to reinforce those positions as quickly as possible , and to maintain a steady barrage on Israeli civilian settlements . Israeli attack : the next Day Throughout the night , the Israelis continued their advance . Though it was slowed by fierce resistance , an anticipated Syrian counterattack never materialized . At the fortified village of Jalabina , a garrison of Syrian reservists , leveling their anti-aircraft guns , held off the Israeli 65th Paratroop Battalion for four hours before a small detachment managed to penetrate the village and knock out the heavy guns . Meanwhile , the 8th Brigade 's tanks moved south from Qala , advancing six miles to Wasit under heavy artillery and tank bombardment . At the Banias in the north , Syrian mortar batteries opened fire on advancing Israeli forces only after Golani Brigade sappers cleared a path through a minefield , killing sixteen Israeli soldiers and wounding four . On the next day , 10 June , the central and northern groups joined in a pincer movement on the plateau , but that fell mainly on empty territory as the Syrian forces retreated . At 8 : 30 am , the Syrians began blowing up their own bunkers , burning documents and retreating . Several units joined by Elad Peled 's troops climbed to the Golan from the south , only to find the positions mostly empty . When the 8th Brigade reached Mansura , five miles from Wasit , the Israelis met no opposition and found abandoned equipment , including tanks , in perfect working condition . In the fortified Banias village , Golani Brigade troops found only several Syrian soldiers chained to their positions . During the day , the Israeli units stopped after obtaining manoeuvre room between their positions and a line of volcanic hills to the west . In some locations , Israeli troops advanced after an agreed - upon cease - fire to occupy strategically strong positions . To the east , the ground terrain is an open gently sloping plain . This position later became the cease - fire line known as the `` Purple Line '' . Time magazine reported : `` In an effort to pressure the United Nations into enforcing a ceasefire , Damascus Radio undercut its own army by broadcasting the fall of the city of Quneitra three hours before it actually capitulated . That premature report of the surrender of their headquarters destroyed the morale of the Syrian troops left in the Golan area . '' Conclusion Main article : Israeli Military Governorate A week ago , the fateful campaign began . The existence of the State of Israel hung in the balance , the hopes of generations , and the vision that was realised in our own time ... During the fighting , our forces destroyed about 450 enemy planes and hundreds of tanks . The enemy forces were decisively defeated in battles . Many fled for their lives or were captured . For the first time since the establishment of the state , the threat to our security has been removed at once from the Sinai Peninsula , the Gaza Strip , Jerusalem , the West Bank and the northern border . -- Levi Eshkol , 12 June 1967 ( Address to Israeli Parliament ) Play media Universal Newsreel from 13 June about the war By 10 June , Israel had completed its final offensive in the Golan Heights , and a ceasefire was signed the day after . Israel had seized the Gaza Strip , the Sinai Peninsula , the West Bank of the Jordan River ( including East Jerusalem ) , and the Golan Heights . About one million Arabs were placed under Israel 's direct control in the newly captured territories . Israel 's strategic depth grew to at least 300 kilometers in the south , 60 kilometers in the east , and 20 kilometers of extremely rugged terrain in the north , a security asset that would prove useful in the Yom Kippur War six years later . Speaking three weeks after the war ended , as he accepted an honorary degree from Hebrew University , Yitzhak Rabin gave his reasoning behind the success of Israel : Our airmen , who struck the enemies ' planes so accurately that no one in the world understands how it was done and people seek technological explanations or secret weapons ; our armoured troops who beat the enemy even when their equipment was inferior to his ; our soldiers in all other branches ... who overcame our enemies everywhere , despite the latter 's superior numbers and fortifications -- all these revealed not only coolness and courage in the battle but ... an understanding that only their personal stand against the greatest dangers would achieve victory for their country and for their families , and that if victory was not theirs the alternative was annihilation . In recognition of contributions , Rabin was given the honour of naming the war for the Israelis . From the suggestions proposed , including the `` War of Daring '' , `` War of Salvation '' , and `` War of the Sons of Light '' , he `` chose the least ostentatious , the Six - Day War , evoking the days of creation '' . Dayan 's final report on the war to the Israeli general staff listed several shortcomings in Israel 's actions , including misinterpretation of Nasser 's intentions , overdependence on the United States , and reluctance to act when Egypt closed the Straits . He also credited several factors for Israel 's success : Egypt did not appreciate the advantage of striking first and their adversaries did not accurately gauge Israel 's strength and its willingness to use it . In Egypt , according to Heikal , Nasser had admitted his responsibility for the military defeat in June 1967 . According to historian Abd al - Azim Ramadan , Nasser 's mistaken decisions to expel the international peacekeeping force from the Sinai Peninsula and close the Straits of Tiran in 1967 led to a state of war with Israel , despite Egypt 's lack of military preparedness . After the 1973 Yom Kippur War , Egypt reviewed the causes of its loss of the 1967 war . Issues that were identified included `` the individualistic bureaucratic leadership '' ; `` promotions on the basis of loyalty , not expertise , and the army 's fear of telling Nasser the truth '' ; lack of intelligence ; and better Israeli weapons , command , organization , and will to fight . Casualties See also : Israeli casualties of war Between 776 and 983 Israelis were killed and 4,517 were wounded . Fifteen Israeli soldiers were captured . Arab casualties were far greater . Between 9,800 and 15,000 Egyptian soldiers were listed as killed or missing in action . An additional 4,338 Egyptian soldiers were captured . Jordanian losses are estimated to be 700 killed in action with another 2,500 wounded . The Syrians were estimated to have sustained between 1,000 and 2,500 killed in action . Between 367 and 591 Syrians were captured . Controversies Main article : Controversies relating to the Six - Day War Preemptive strike v. unjustified attack Further information : Preemptive war At the commencement of hostilities , both Egypt and Israel announced that they had been attacked by the other country . The Israeli government later abandoned its initial position , acknowledging Israel had struck first , claiming that it was a preemptive strike in the face of a planned invasion by Egypt . On the other hand , the Arab view was that it was unjustified to attack Egypt . Many commentators consider the war as the classic case of anticipatory attack in self - defense . Allegations of atrocities committed against Egyptian soldiers It has been alleged that Nasser did not want Egypt to learn of the true extent of his defeat and so ordered the killing of Egyptian army stragglers making their way back to the Suez canal zone . There have also been allegations from both Israeli and Egyptian sources that Israeli troops killed unarmed Egyptian prisoners . Allegations of military support from the U.S. , UK and Soviet Union There have been a number of allegations of direct military support of Israel during the war by the US and the UK , including the supply of equipment ( despite an embargo ) and the participation of US forces in the conflict . Many of these allegations and conspiracy theories have been disputed and it has been claimed that some were given currency in the Arab world to explain the Arab defeat . It has also been claimed that the Soviet Union , in support of its Arab allies , used its naval strength in the Mediterranean to act as a major restraint on the US Navy . America features prominently in Arab conspiracy theories purporting to explain the June 1967 defeat . Mohamed Hassanein Heikal , a confidant of Nasser , claims that President Lyndon B. Johnson was obsessed with Nasser and that Johnson conspired with Israel to bring him down . The reported Israeli troop movements seemed all the more threatening because they were perceived in the context of a US conspiracy against Egypt . Salah Bassiouny of the Foreign ministry , claims that Foreign Ministry saw the reported Israeli troop movements as credible because Israel had reached the level at which it could find strategic alliance with the United States . During the war , Cairo announced that American and British planes were participating in the Israeli attack . Nasser broke off diplomatic relations following this allegation . Nasser 's image of the United States was such that he might well have believed the worst . However Anwar Sadat implied that Nasser used this deliberate conspiracy in order to accuse the United States as a political cover - up for domestic consumption . Lutfi Abd al - Qadir , the director of Radio Cairo during the late 1960s , who accompanied Nasser to his visits in Moscow , had his conspiracy theory that both the Soviets and the Western powers wanted to topple Nasser or to reduce his influence . USS Liberty incident Main article : USS Liberty incident On 8 June 1967 , USS Liberty , a United States Navy electronic intelligence vessel sailing 13 nautical miles ( 24 km ) off Arish ( just outside Egypt 's territorial waters ) , was attacked by Israeli jets and torpedo boats , nearly sinking the ship , killing 34 sailors and wounding 171 . Israel said the attack was a case of mistaken identity , and that the ship had been misidentified as the Egyptian vessel El Quseir . Israel apologized for the mistake , and paid compensation to the victims or their families , and to the United States for damage to the ship . After an investigation , the U.S. accepted the explanation that the incident was friendly fire and the issue was closed by the exchange of diplomatic notes in 1987 . Others however , including the then United States Secretary of State Dean Rusk , Chief of Naval Operations at the time , Admiral Thomas Moorer , some survivors of the attack and intelligence officials familiar with transcripts of intercepted signals on the day , have rejected these conclusions as unsatisfactory and maintain that the attack was made in the knowledge that the ship was American . Aftermath The political importance of the 1967 War was immense ; Israel demonstrated that it was able and willing to initiate strategic strikes that could change the regional balance . Egypt and Syria learned tactical lessons and would launch an attack in 1973 in an attempt to reclaim their lost territory . After following other Arab nations in declaring war , Mauritania remained in a declared state of war with Israel until about 1999 . The United States imposed an embargo on new arms agreements to all Middle East countries , including Israel . The embargo remained in force until the end of the year , despite urgent Israeli requests to lift it . Israel and Zionism Following the war , Israel experienced a wave of national euphoria , and the press praised the military 's performance for weeks afterward . New `` victory coins '' were minted to celebrate . In addition , the world 's interest in Israel grew , and the country 's economy , which had been in crisis before the war , flourished due to an influx of tourists and donations , as well as the extraction of oil from the Sinai 's wells . The aftermath of the war also saw a baby boom , which lasted for four years . The aftermath of the war is also of religious significance . Under Jordanian rule , Jews were expelled from Jerusalem and were effectively barred from visiting the Western Wall , despite Article VIII of the 1949 Armistice Agreement demanded Israeli Jewish access to the Western Wall . Jewish holy sites were not maintained , and Jewish cemeteries had been desecrated . After the annexation to Israel , each religious group was granted administration over its holy sites . For the first time since 1948 , Jews could visit the Old City of Jerusalem and pray at the Western Wall , the holiest site where Jews are permitted to pray , an event celebrated every year during Yom Yerushalayim . Despite the Temple Mount being the most important holy site in Jewish tradition , the al - Aqsa Mosque has been under sole administration of the Jordanian Muslim Waqf , and Jews are barred from praying on the Temple Mount , although they are allowed to visit it . In Hebron , Jews gained access to the Cave of the Patriarchs -- the second most holy site in Judaism , after the Temple Mount -- for the first time since the 14th century ( previously Jews were allowed to pray only at the entrance ) . Other Jewish holy sites , such as Rachel 's Tomb in Bethlehem and Joseph 's Tomb in Nablus , also became accessible . The war inspired the Jewish diaspora , which was swept up in overwhelming support for Israel . According to Michael Oren , the war enabled American Jews to `` walk with their backs straight and flex their political muscle as never before . American Jewish organizations which had previously kept Israel at arms length suddenly proclaimed their Zionism . '' Thousands of Jewish immigrants arrived from Western countries such as the United States , United Kingdom , Canada , France , and South Africa after the war . Many of them returned to their countries of origin after a few years ; one survey found that 58 % of American Jews who immigrated to Israel between 1961 and 1972 returned to the US . Nevertheless , this immigration to Israel of Jews from Western countries , which was previously only a trickle , was a significant force for the first time . Most notably , the war stirred Zionist passions among Jews in the Soviet Union , who had by that time been forcibly assimilated . Many Soviet Jews subsequently applied for exit visas and began protesting for their right to immigrate to Israel . Following diplomatic pressure from the West , the Soviet government began granting exit visas to Jews in growing numbers . From 1970 to 1988 , some 291,000 Soviet Jews were granted exit visas , of whom 165,000 immigrated to Israel and 126,000 immigrated to the United States . The great rise in Jewish pride in the wake of Israel 's victory also fueled the beginnings of the baal teshuva movement . The war gave impetus to a Chabad campaign in which the Lubavitcher Rebbe directed his followers to put tefillin on Jewish men around world . Jews in Arab countries Main article : Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries In the Arab nations , populations of minority Jews faced persecution and expulsion following the Israeli victory . According to historian and ambassador Michael B. Oren : Mobs attacked Jewish neighborhoods in Egypt , Yemen , Lebanon , Tunisia , and Morocco , burning synagogues and assaulting residents . A pogrom in Tripoli , Libya , left 18 Jews dead and 25 injured ; the survivors were herded into detention centers . Of Egypt 's 4,000 Jews , 800 were arrested , including the chief rabbis of both Cairo and Alexandria , and their property sequestered by the government . The ancient communities of Damascus and Baghdad were placed under house arrest , their leaders imprisoned and fined . A total of 7,000 Jews were expelled , many with merely a satchel . Antisemitism against Jews in communist countries Following the war , a series of antisemitic purges began in Communist countries . Some 11,200 Jews from Poland immigrated to Israel during the 1968 Polish political crisis and the following year . Peace and Diplomacy Following the war , Israel made an offer for peace that included the return of most of the recently captured territories . According to Chaim Herzog : On June 19 , 1967 , the National Unity Government ( of Israel ) voted unanimously to return the Sinai to Egypt and the Golan Heights to Syria in return for peace agreements . The Golans would have to be demilitarized and special arrangement would be negotiated for the Straits of Tiran . The government also resolved to open negotiations with King Hussein of Jordan regarding the Eastern border . The 19 June Israeli cabinet decision did not include the Gaza Strip , and left open the possibility of Israel permanently acquiring parts of the West Bank . On 25 -- 27 June , Israel incorporated East Jerusalem together with areas of the West Bank to the north and south into Jerusalem 's new municipal boundaries . The Israeli decision was to be conveyed to the Arab nations by the United States . The U.S. was informed of the decision , but not that it was to transmit it . There is no evidence of receipt from Egypt or Syria , and some historians claim that they may never have received the offer . In September , the Khartoum Arab Summit resolved that there would be `` no peace , no recognition and no negotiation with Israel '' . However , as Avraham Sela notes , the Khartoum conference effectively marked a shift in the perception of the conflict by the Arab states away from one centered on the question of Israel 's legitimacy , toward one focusing on territories and boundaries . This was shown on 22 November when Egypt and Jordan accepted United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 . Nasser forestalled any movement toward direct negotiations with Israel . In dozens of speeches and statements , Nasser posited the equation that any direct peace talks with Israel were tantamount to surrender . After the war , the entire Soviet bloc of Eastern Europe ( with the exception of Romania ) broke off diplomatic relations with Israel . The 1967 War laid the foundation for future discord in the region , as the Arab states resented Israel 's victory and did not want to give up territory . On 22 November 1967 , the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 242 , the `` land for peace '' formula , which called for Israeli withdrawal `` from territories occupied '' in 1967 and `` the termination of all claims or states of belligerency '' . Resolution 242 recognized the right of `` every state in the area to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force . '' Israel returned the Sinai to Egypt in 1978 , after the Camp David Accords , and disengaged from the Gaza Strip in the summer of 2005 . Its army frequently re-enters Gaza for military operations and still retains control of the seaports , airports and most of the border crossings . Captured territories and Arab displaced populations Main article : 1967 Palestinian exodus There was extensive displacement of populations in the captured territories : of about one million Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza , 300,000 ( according to the United States Department of State ) either fled , or were displaced from their homes , to Jordan , where they contributed to the growing unrest . The other 700,000 remained . In the Golan Heights , an estimated 80,000 Syrians fled . Israel allowed only the inhabitants of East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights to receive full Israeli citizenship , applying its law , administration and jurisdiction to these territories in 1967 and 1981 , respectively . The vast majority of the populations in both territories declined to take citizenship . See also Israeli -- Palestinian conflict and Golan Heights . In his book Righteous Victims ( 1999 ) , Israeli `` New Historian '' Benny Morris writes : In three villages southwest of Jerusalem and at Qalqilya , houses were destroyed `` not in battle , but as punishment ... and in order to chase away the inhabitants ... contrary to government ... policy , '' Dayan wrote in his memoirs . In Qalqilya , about a third of the homes were razed and about 12,000 inhabitants were evicted , though many then camped out in the environs . The evictees in both areas were allowed to stay and later were given cement and tools by the Israeli authorities to rebuild at least some of their dwellings . But many thousands of other Palestinians now took to the roads . Perhaps as many as seventy thousand , mostly from the Jericho area , fled during the fighting ; tens of thousands more left over the following months . Altogether , about one - quarter of the population of the West Bank , about 200 -- 250,000 people , went into exile ... They simply walked to the Jordan River crossings and made their way on foot to the East Bank . It is unclear how many were intimidated or forced out by the Israeli troops and how many left voluntarily , in panic and fear . There is some evidence of IDF soldiers going around with loudspeakers ordering West Bankers to leave their homes and cross the Jordan . Some left because they had relatives or sources of livelihood on the East Bank and feared being permanently cut off . Thousands of Arabs were taken by bus from East Jerusalem to the Allenby Bridge , though there is no evidence of coercion . The free Israeli - organized transportation , which began on June 11 , 1967 , went on for about a month . At the bridge they had to sign a document stating that they were leaving of their own free will . Perhaps as many as 70,000 people emigrated from the Gaza Strip to Egypt and elsewhere in the Arab world . On July 2 , the Israeli government announced that it would allow the return of those 1967 refugees who desired to do so , but no later than August 10 , later extended to September 13 . The Jordanian authorities probably pressured many of the refugees , who constituted an enormous burden , to sign up to return . In practice only 14,000 of the 120,000 who applied were allowed by Israel back into the West Bank by the beginning of September . After that , only a trickle of `` special cases '' were allowed back , perhaps 3,000 in all . ( 328 -- 29 ) In addition , between 80,000 and 110,000 Syrians fled the Golan Heights , of which about 20,000 were from the city of Quneitra . According to more recent research by the Israeli daily Haaretz , a total of 130,000 Syrian inhabitants fled or were expelled from the territory , most of them pushed out by the Israeli army . Long term Israel made peace with Egypt following the Camp David Accords of 1978 and completed a staged withdrawal from the Sinai in 1982 . However , the position of the other occupied territories has been a long - standing and bitter cause of conflict for decades between Israel and the Palestinians , and the Arab world in general . Jordan and Egypt eventually withdrew their claims to sovereignty over the West Bank and Gaza , respectively . Israel and Jordan signed a peace treaty in 1994 . After the Israeli conquest of these newly acquired territories , the Gush Emunim movement launched a large settlement effort in these areas to secure a permanent foothold . There are now hundreds of thousands of Israeli settlers in the West Bank . They are a matter of controversy within Israel , both among the general population and within different political administrations , supporting them to varying degrees . Palestinians consider them a provocation . The Israeli settlements in Gaza were evacuated in August 2005 as a part of Israel 's disengagement from Gaza . See also Abba Eban , Israeli Foreign Minister Hafez al - Assad , Syrian Defense Minister Catch 67 , a 2017 Israeli philosophy book on the West Bank occupation that launched a public dialogue on the war 's 50th anniversary Israeli MIAs Leonid Brezhnev , Soviet leader List of modern conflicts in the Middle East Robert McNamara , U.S. Defense Secretary Syrian towns and villages depopulated in the Arab -- Israeli conflict U Thant , Secretary General of the United Nations Notes 1 . Photograph : It was twenty minutes after the capture of the Western Wall that David Rubinger shot his `` signature '' photograph of three Israeli paratroopers gazing in wonder up at the wall ( Kaniuk , Yoram . `` June 10 , 1967 -- Israeli paratroopers reach the Western Wall '' . The Digital Journalist . Retrieved 2 December 2008 . ) . As part of the terms for his access to the front lines , Rubinger handed the negatives to the Israeli government , who then distributed this image widely . Although he was displeased with the violation of his copyright , the widespread use of his photo made it famous ( Silver , Eric ( 16 February 2006 ) . `` David Rubinger in the picture '' . The Jewish Chronicle . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . ) , and it is now considered a defining image of the conflict and one of the best - known in the history of Israel ( Urquhart , Conal ( 6 May 2007 ) . `` Six days in June '' . The Observer . Retrieved 2 December 2008. ) 3 . Both Egypt and Israel announced that they had been attacked by the other country . Gideon Rafael ( Israeli Ambassador to the UN ) received a message from the Israeli foreign office : `` Inform immediately the President of the Sec. Co. that Israel is now engaged in repelling Egyptian land and air forces . '' At 3 : 10 am , Rafael woke ambassador Hans Tabor , the Danish President of the Security Council for June , with the news that Egyptian forces had `` moved against Israel '' . Bailey 1990 , p. 225 . ( At Security Council meeting of 5 June ) , both Israel and Egypt claimed to be repelling an invasion by the other . Bailey 1990 , p. 225 . `` Egyptian sources claimed that Israel had initiated hostilities ( ... ) but Israeli officials -- Eban and Evron -- swore that Egypt had fired first '' Oren 2002 , p. 196 . `` Gideon Rafael phoned Danish ambassador Hans Tabor , Security Council president for the month of June , and informed him that Israel was responding to a ' cowardly and treacherous ' attack from Egypt ... '' Oren , p. 198 . 4 . Lenczowski 1990 , pp. 105 -- 15 , Citing Moshe Dayan , Story of My Life , and Nadav Safran , From War to War : The Arab -- Israeli Confrontation , 1948 -- 1967 , p. 375 Israel clearly did not want the US government to know too much about its dispositions for attacking Syria , initially planned for June 8 , but postponed for 24 hours . It should be pointed out that the attack on the Liberty occurred on June 8 , whereas on June 9 at 3 am , Syria announced its acceptance of the cease - fire . Despite this , at 7 am , that is , four hours later , Israel 's minister of defense , Moshe Dayan , `` gave the order to go into action against Syria . Footnotes Jump up ^ Krauthammer 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 237 ^ Jump up to : Tucker 2004 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Griffin 2006 , p. 336 . ^ Jump up to : Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gawrych 2000 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Zaloga , Steven ( 1981 ) . Armour of the Middle East Wars 1948 -- 78 ( Vanguard ) . Osprey Publishing . ^ Jump up to : El Gamasy 1993 p. 79 . ^ Jump up to : Herzog 1982 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , 2004 ^ Jump up to : The Six Day War 1967 : Jordan and Syria . Simon Dunstan . Bloomsbury Publishing . 20 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Warfare since the Second World War , By Klaus Jürgen Gantzel , Torsten Schwinghammer , p. 253 Jump up ^ Wars in the Third World since 1945 , ( NY 1991 ) Guy Arnold ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Spencer C. ( 2010 ) . The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars . The United States in the Persian Gulf , Afghanistan , and Iraq Conflicts . ABC - CLIO . p. 1198 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 947 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Woolf , Alex ( 2012 ) . Arab -- Israeli War Since 1948 . Heinemann - Raintree . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4329 - 6004 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Sachar , Howard M. ( 2013 ) . A History of Israel : From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8041 - 5049 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Oren , pp. 185 -- 87 Jump up ^ Gerhard , William D. ; Millington , Henry W. ( 1981 ) . `` Attack on a SIGINT Collector , the USS Liberty '' ( PDF ) . NSA History Report , U.S. Cryptologic History series . National Security Agency . partially declassified 1999 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Both USA and Israel officially attributed the USS Liberty incident as being due to mistaken identification . ^ Jump up to : Ginor , Isabella and Remez , Gideon : The Soviet - Israeli War , 1967 - 1973 : The USSR 's Military Intervention in the Egyptian - Israeli Conflict , p. 23 Jump up ^ Major General Indar Jit Rikhye ( 28 October 2013 ) . The Sinai Blunder : Withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force Leading ... Taylor & Francis . pp. 8 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 27985 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ami Gluska ( 12 February 2007 ) . The Israeli Military and the Origins of the 1967 War : Government , Armed Forces and Defence Policy 1963 -- 67 . Routledge . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 16377 - 9 . On the evening of 22 May , President Gamal Abdul Nasser , accompanied by ... Egyptian air force base at Bir Gafgafa in Sinai and addressed the pilots and officers ... ' The Jews are threatening war -- we say to them ahlan wa - sahlan ( welcome ) ! Jump up ^ `` First United Nations Emergency Force ( UNEF I ) -- Background ( Full text ) '' . Rauschning , Wiesbrock & Lailach 1997 , p. 30 ; Sachar 2007 , pp. 504 , 507 -- 08 . Jump up ^ Some sources date the agreement to 4 November , others to 7 November . Most sources simply say `` November '' . Gawrych ( 2000 ) p. 5 Jump up ^ Schiff , Zeev , History of the Israeli Army , Straight Arrow Books ( 1974 ) p. 145 Jump up ^ Churchill & Churchill , The Six Day War , Houghton Mifflin Company ( 1967 ) p. 21 Jump up ^ Pollack , Kenneth , Arabs at War : Military Effectiveness 1948 -- 1991 , University of Nebraska Press ( 2002 ) , p. 290 Jump up ^ Segev , 2007 , pp. 149 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Hart , 1989 p. 226 Jump up ^ Oren 2002 / 2003 , p. 312 ; Burrowes & Douglas 1972 , pp. 224 -- 25 Jump up ^ Shemesh , Moshe ( 2007 ) . Arab Politics , Palestinian Nationalism and the Six Day War : The Crystallization of Arab Strategy and Nasir 's Descent to War , 1957 -- 1967 . Sussex Academic Press . p. 118 . ISBN 1 - 84519 - 188 - 9 . The Jordanian leadership 's appraisal of the repercussions of the Samu ' raid was a major factor in King Husayn 's decision to join Nasir 's war chariot by signing a joint defense pact with Egypt on May 30 , 1967 . This was the determining factor for Jordan 's participation in the war that would soon break out ... Convinced after the Samu ' raid that Israel 's strategic goal was the West Bank , Husayn allied himself to Nasir out of a genuine fear that , in a comprehensive war , Israel would invade the West Bank whether or not Jordan was an active participant . Jump up ^ Tessler , Mark ( 1994 ) . A History of the Israeli - Palestinian Conflict . John Wiley & Sons . p. 378 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 20873 - 4 . Towards the War of June 1967 : Growing tensions in the region were clearly visible long before Israel 's November attack on Samu and two other West Bank towns . An escalating spiral of raid and retaliation had already been set in motion ... Jump up ^ Herzog 1982 , p. 148 Jump up ^ John Quigley , The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defense : Questioning the Legal Basis for Preventive War , Cambridge University Press , 2013 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Shlaim ( 2007 ) p. 238 Jump up ^ Samir A. Mutawi ( 18 July 2002 ) . Jordan in the 1967 War . Cambridge University Press . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52858 - 0 . Although Eshkol denounced the Egyptians , his response to this development was a model of moderation . His speech on 21 May demanded that Nasser withdraw his forces from Sinai but made no mention of the removal of UNEF from the Straits nor of what Israel would do if they were closed to Israeli shipping . The next day Nasser announced to an astonished world that henceforth the Straits were , indeed , closed to all Israeli ships Jump up ^ Cohen , Raymond . ( 1988 ) , p. 12 Jump up ^ `` Interference , by armed force , with ships of Israeli flag exercising free and innocent passage in the Gulf of Aqaba and through the Straits of Tiran will be regarded by Israel as an attack entitling it to exercise its inherent right of self - defence under Article 51 of the Charter and to take all such measures as are necessary to ensure the free and innocent passage of its ships in the Gulf and in the Straits . '' `` Statement to the General Assembly by Foreign Minister Meir , 1 March 1957 '' . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs -- The State of Israel . Jump up ^ Morris , Benny ( 1999 ) . Righteous Victims : A History of the Zionist -- Arab Conflict , 1881 -- 1998 . Random House . p. 306 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 42120 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gat , Moshe ( 2003 ) . Britain and the Conflict in the Middle East , 1964 -- 1967 : The Coming of the Six - Day War . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 202 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97514 - 2 . Jump up ^ Colonomos , Ariel ( 2013 ) . The Gamble of War : Is it Possible to Justify Preventive War ? . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 01894 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` LBJ Pledges U.S. to Peace Effort '' , Eugene Register - Guard ( 19 June 1967 ) . See also Johnson , Lyndon . `` Address at the State Department 's Foreign Policy Conference for Educators '' ( 19 June 1967 ) . Jump up ^ Churchill po. 52 and 77 Jump up ^ Reston , James ( 24 May 1967 ) . `` Washington : Nasser 's Reckless Maneuvers ; Cairo and Moscow The U.S. Commitment The Staggering Economy Moscow 's Role '' . The New York Times . p. 46 . Jump up ^ Quigley , The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defence , p. 60 . ( Cambridge University Press ) Jump up ^ Stone 2004 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Pollack 2004 , p. 294 Jump up ^ Pollack 2004 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Ehteshami and Hinnebusch 1997 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Mutawi 2002 , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Segev 1967 , pp. 82 , 175 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Pollack 2004 , pp. 293 -- 94 Jump up ^ `` Air Warriors '' . Pakistan Air Force . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eagle Biography -- Saiful Azam '' . Air University . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Oren , 176 ; Benny Morris , Righteous Victims , 318 . Jump up ^ Pollack 2004 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ de Mazarrasa , Javier ( 1994 ) ( in Spanish ) . Blindados en España 2a Parte : La Dificil Postguerra 1939 -- 1960 . Valladolid , Spain : Quiron Ediciones . p. 50 . ISBN 84 - 87314 - 10 - 4 Jump up ^ Perrett , Bryan ( 1999 ) . Panzerkampfwagen IV medium tank : 1936 -- 1945 . Oxford , United Kingdom : Osprey . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 843 - 3 Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Bowen 2003 , p. 99 ( author interview with Moredechai Hod , 7 May 2002 ) . ^ Jump up to : Oren 2002 , electronic edition , Section `` The War : Day One , June 5 '' . Jump up ^ Bowen 2003 , pp. 114 -- 15 ( author interview with General Salahadeen Hadidi who presided over the first court martial of the heads of the air force and the air defense system after the war ) . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 p. 171 Jump up ^ Pollack 2005 , p. 474 . Jump up ^ Oren , 176 , says 282 out of 420 . Morris , 318 , says 304 out of 419 . Mark Tessler , A History of the Israeli -- Palestinian Conflict ( Indiana , 1994 ) , p. 396 , says over 350 planes were destroyed . Jump up ^ Long 1984 , p. 19 , Table 1 . ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 178 Jump up ^ Oren , p. 175 ^ Jump up to : `` Part 4 : The 1967 Six Day War '' . Retrieved 20 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Pollack 2004 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 180 Jump up ^ Oren , p. 181 ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 202 Jump up ^ `` Six Day War '' . Israeli - weapons . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Oren , p. 182 Jump up ^ Simon Dunstan , The Six Day War 1967 : Sinai , Osprey Publishing , 2012 , p. 125 Jump up ^ Leslie Stein , The Making of Modern Israel : 1948 -- 1967 , Polity Press , 2013 p. 181 . ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 201 ^ Jump up to : Hammel 1992 , p. 239 Jump up ^ Oren , p. 212 Jump up ^ Oren , p. 211 Jump up ^ Mubasher , Abdou ( 7 -- 13 June 2007 ) . `` The road to Naksa '' . Al - Ahram . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 248 Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , pp. 184 -- 185 . Jump up ^ `` On June 5 , Israel sent a message to Hussein urging him not to open fire . Despite shelling into West Jerusalem , Netanya , and the outskirts of Tel Aviv , Israel did nothing . '' The Six Day War and Its Enduring Legacy . Summary of remarks by Michael Oren at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy , 29 May 2002 . Jump up ^ Donald Neff ( 1984 ) . Warriors for Jerusalem : the six days that changed the Middle East . Linden Press / Simon & Schuster . p. 205 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 45485 - 2 . Odd Bull : `` ( the message ) was a threat , pure and simple and it is not the normal practice of the U.N. to pass on threats from one government to another . '' However , as `` ... this message seemed so important ... we quickly sent it ... and King Hussein received the message before 10 : 30 the same morning . '' ^ Jump up to : Shlaim ( 2000 ) . The Iron Wall : Israel and the Arab World . pp. 243 -- 244 . In May -- June 1967 Eshkol 's government did everything in its power to confine the confrontation to the Egyptian front . Eshkol and his colleagues took into account the possibility of some fighting on the Syrian front . But they wanted to avoid having a clash with Jordan and the inevitable complications of having to deal with the predominantly Palestinian population of the West Bank . The fighting on the eastern front was initiated by Jordan , not by Israel . King Hussein got carried along by a powerful current of Arab nationalism . On 30 May he flew to Cairo and signed a defense pact with Nasser . On 5 June , Jordan started shelling the Israeli side in Jerusalem . This could have been interpreted either as a salvo to uphold Jordanian honour or as a declaration of war . Eshkol decided to give King Hussein the benefit of the doubt . Through General Odd Bull , the Norwegian commander of UNTSO , he sent the following message the morning of 5 June : `` We shall not initiate any action whatsoever against Jordan . However , should Jordan open hostilities , we shall react with all our might , and the king will have to bear the full responsibility of the consequences . '' King Hussein told General Bull that it was too late ; the die was cast . ^ Jump up to : Shlaim , 2001 , p. 244 . ^ Jump up to : Oren , pp. 187 -- 88 Jump up ^ `` United Nations June 5 , 1967 '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 26 December 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Oren , p. 187 ^ Jump up to : Shlaim 2001 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Oren , p. 188 -- 89 Jump up ^ `` Pacifica Military History -- Free Samples '' . Pacificamilitary.com. 5 June 1967 . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Oren , pp. 191 -- 92 ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 222 ^ Jump up to : http://www.sixdaywar.org/contest/easternfront.asp ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 203 ^ Jump up to : Oren , pp. 222 -- 23 Jump up ^ Oren , p. 224 Jump up ^ Oren , p. 219 Jump up ^ Shlaim 2001 , p. 246 . ^ Jump up to : Sachar 1976 . p. 642 . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , electronic edition , Section `` Damascus and Jerusalem '' . ^ Jump up to : Oren 2002 , electronic edition , Section `` The War : Day Five , June 9 '' . Jump up ^ Morris , 2001 , p. 325 Jump up ^ Hammel 1992 , p. 387 Jump up ^ Oren , p. 280 Jump up ^ Oren , pp. 281 -- 82 ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 283 Jump up ^ Oren , p. 295 Jump up ^ Video : Cease - Fire . Uneasy Truce In Mid-East , 1967 / 06 / 13 ( 1967 ) . Universal Newsreel. 1960 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , electronic edition , Section `` Playing for the Brink '' . Jump up ^ `` A Campaign for the Books '' . Time . 1 September 1967 . Jump up ^ Eshkol 1967 , pp. 39 , 49 Jump up ^ `` Six - Day War -- Middle East ( 1967 ) '' . Jump up ^ Sachar 1976 . p. 660 . ^ Jump up to : Oren 2002 , electronic edition , Section `` Aftershocks '' . Jump up ^ Elie Podeh ; Onn Winckler ( 1 December 2004 ) . Rethinking Nasserism : Revolution and Historical Memory in Modern Egypt . University Press of Florida . pp. 110 , 111 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 3137 - 8 . The most outstanding exponent of the Nasserist narrative was Muhammad Hasanayn Haykal , who also embodied the revolutionary heritage personally as Nasser 's closest aid and the editor in chief of the state - sponsored dailies Al - Akhbar and Al - Ahram ... Haykal acknowledged that Nasser had erred in various fields , noting that he had admitted , for example , his responsibility for the military defeat in the June 1967 War Jump up ^ Elie Podeh ; Onn Winckler ( 1 December 2004 ) . Rethinking Nasserism : Revolution and Historical Memory in Modern Egypt . University Press of Florida . pp. 105 , 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 3137 - 8 . the prominent historian and commentator Abd al - Azim Ramadan , In a series of articles published in AlWafd , subsequently compiled in a hook published in 2000 , Ramadan criticized the Nasser cult , ... The events leading up to the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company , as other events during Nasser 's rule , Ramadan wrote , showed Nasser to be far from a rational , responsible leader ... His decision to nationalize the Suez Canal was his alone , made without political or military consultation ... The source of all this evil . Ramadan noted , was Nasser 's inclination to solitary decision making ... the revolutionary regime led by the same individual -- Nasser -- repeated its mistakes when it decided to expel the international peacekeeping force from the Sinai Peninsula and close the Straits of Tiran in 1967 . Both decisions led to a state of war with Israel , despite the lack of military preparedness Jump up ^ Churchill & Churchill 1967 , p. 189 ^ Jump up to : Quigley , John ( 2005 ) . The Case for Palestine : An International Law Perspective . London : Duke University Press . p. 163 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3539 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Panorama '' . BBC News . 6 February 2009 . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt State Information Service '' . Sis.gov.eg . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ UN Security Council meeting 1347 Archived 19 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ( 5 June 1967 ) Jump up ^ Kinga Tibori Szabó ( 22 August 2011 ) . Anticipatory Action in Self - Defence : Essence and Limits under International Law . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 147 , 148 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 6704 - 796 - 8 . ( p. 147 ) The sequence of events that led to the Israeli pre-emptive strike did indeed create a situation where an armed attack seemed unavoidable . ( p. 148 ) Many commentators treat it ( the six day war ) as the locus classicus of anticipatory action in self defence Jump up ^ John Quigley ( 17 December 2012 ) . The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defense : Questioning the Legal Basis for Preventive War . Cambridge University Press . pp. 135 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 62049 - 9 . Terence Taylor ... wrote in 2004 ... that `` many scholars '' considered Israel to have `` conducted the ( 1967 ) action in anticipatory of self - defense Jump up ^ Churchill & Churchill 1967 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Bron , Gabby ' Egyptian POWs Ordered to Dig Graves , Then Shot By Israeli Army ' Archived 19 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Yedioth Ahronoth , 17 August 1995 . Jump up ^ Bar - Zohar , Michael ' The Reactions of Journalists to the Army 's Murders of POWs ' , Maariv , 17 August 1995 . Jump up ^ Prior 1999 , pp. 209 -- 10 ; Bar - On , Morris and Golani 2002 ; Fisher , Ronal ' Mass Murder in the 1956 War ' , Ma'ariv , 8 August 1995 . Jump up ^ Laub , Karin `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 December 2003 . Retrieved 11 December 2003 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) , Associated Press , 16 August 1995 . Retrieved from the Wayback Machine . 14 October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Reportedly Killed POWs '' , 17 August 1995 Jump up ^ Segev , T. , 2007 , p. 374 Jump up ^ Ibrahim , Youssef ( 21 September 1995 ) . `` Egypt Says Israelis Killed P.O.W. 's in ' 67 War '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Mansour 1994 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Green 1984 Jump up ^ Smith , 15 September 1967 Jump up ^ Bowen 2003 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Phythian 2001 , pp. 193 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Shlaim ; Louis ( 2012 ) pp. 8 , 53 , 60 , 75 , 193 , 199 , 297 Jump up ^ Podeh , Middle East Quarterly , Winter 2004 , pp. 51 - 62 Jump up ^ Hattendorf 2000 Jump up ^ `` McNamara : US Near War in ' 67 '' . The Boston Globe . 16 September 1983 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Shlaim ; Louis ( 2012 ) p. 8 Jump up ^ Shlaim ; Louis ( 2012 ) p. 60 Jump up ^ Shlaim ; Louis ( 2012 ) p. 75 Jump up ^ Shlaim ; Louis ( 2012 ) p. 199 Jump up ^ John Crewdson ( 2 October 2007 ) . `` New revelations in attack on American spy ship '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Tim Fischer , ' Six days of war , 40 years of secrecy , ' The Age 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ John Quigley , The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defense : Questioning the Legal Basis for Preventive War , Cambridge University Press 2013 p. 93 . Cf Dean Rusk , As I Saw it : A Secretary of State 's Memoirs , W.W. Norton , 1990 pp. 386 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Brams & Togman 1998 , p. 243 ; Youngs 2001 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Amos Oz interview with Phillip Adams , 10 September 1991 , re-broadcast on ABC Radio National 23 December 2011 Jump up ^ William B. Quandt ( 2001 ) . Peace Process : American Diplomacy and the Arab -- Israeli Conflict Since 1967 . University of California Press . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22374 - 5 . once hostilities were under way , the United states imposed an embargo on new arms agreements to all countries of the Middle East , including Israel . The embargo remained in force through the end of the year , despite urgent Israeli requests to lift it . Jump up ^ Oren , p. 309 Jump up ^ Reuters ( 6 March 2007 ) . `` HMO Data Show Lebanon War Triggered Baby Boom in Israel '' -- via Haaretz . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet No. 52 , Remembering the Six Day War '' . 7 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 28 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Tessler , Mark A. ( 1994 ) . A History of the Israeli - Palestinian Conflict . Indiana University Press . p. 326 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 35848 - 5 . Jump up ^ Aikman , David ( 1998 ) . Great Souls : Six Who Changed a Century . Lexington Books . p. 349 . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0438 - 1 . Jump up ^ The `` Status Quo '' on the Temple Mount November -- December 2014 Jump up ^ Jerusalem in the unholy grip of religious fervor , Times of Israel . 6 November 2014 Jump up ^ Cave of the Patriarchs Archived 18 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Chabad.org Jump up ^ Tom Selwyn . Contested Mediterranean Spaces : The Case of Rachel 's Tomb , Bethlehem , Palestine . Berghahn Books . pp. 276 -- 278 . Jump up ^ `` Archaeology in Israel : Joseph 's Tomb '' . Jump up ^ Oren , p. 332 Jump up ^ The Rise -- and Rise -- of French Jewry 's Immigration to Israel Judy Maltz , 13 January 2015 . haaretz.com Jump up ^ `` The 40th anniversary of the Six - Day War / Rate of return '' . Haaretz. 1 June 2007 . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Tolts , Mark . Post-Soviet Aliyah and Jewish Demographic Transformation Jump up ^ `` The Miracle of ' 67 : Forty Years Since the Six - Day War ( Rabbi Moshe Goldstein ) 2007 '' . www.wherewhatwhen.com . Archived from the original on 12 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` American Jews rediscover orthodoxy '' . The New York Times . 30 September 1984 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Aiken , Lisa ( 2009 ) . The Baal Teshuva Survival Guide . Rossi Publications . ISBN 0 - 9779629 - 3 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hundert , Gershon David ( 1991 ) . Essential Papers on Hasidism . New York University Press . p. 526 . ISBN 9780814734704 . Jump up ^ Heilman , Samuel ; Friedman , Menachem ( 2012 ) . The Rebbe : The Life and Afterlife of Menachem Mendel Schneerson . Princeton University Press . p. 184 . ISBN 9780691138886 . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , pp. 306 -- 07 Jump up ^ Ringer , Ronald ( 2006 ) . Excel HSC Modern History . Pascal Press . p. 390 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Włodzimierz Rozenbaum , CIAO : Intermarium , National Convention of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies , Atlanta , Ga. , 8 -- 11 October 1975 . Jump up ^ Communiqué : Investigation regarding communist state officers who publicly incited hatred towards people of different nationality . Institute of National Remembrance , Warsaw . Publication on Polish site of IPN : 25 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Herzog 1989 , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Shlaim 2001 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Sela 1997 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Itamar Rabinovich ; Haim Shaked . From June to October : The Middle East Between 1967 And 1973 . Transaction Publishers . p. 192 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4128 - 2418 - 7 . In dozens of speeches and statements , Nasser posited the equation that any direct peace talks with Israel were tantamount to surrender . His efforts to forestall any movement toward direct negotiations ... Jump up ^ Webman , Esther ( 2011 ) . The Global Impact of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion : A Century - Old Myth . Routledge . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 59892 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` US State Department '' . Jump up ^ `` Right of return : Palestinian dream '' . UK : BBC News . 15 April 2004 ... Jump up ^ `` Distribution of the Palestinian Population And Jewish Settlers In the West Bank and Gaza Since 1967 '' . Archived from the original on 14 May 2010 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Golan Heights '' . Retrieved 8 October 2005 . Jump up ^ Morris ( 2001 ) p. 327 Jump up ^ `` Al - Qunayṭirah '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Shay Fogelman , `` The disinherited '' , Haaretz , 30 July 2010 References al - Qusi , Abdallah Ahmad Hamid. ( 1999 ) . Al - Wisam fi at - Ta'rikh . Cairo : Al - Mu'asasa al - ' Arabiya al - Haditha . No ISBN available . Aloni , Shlomo ( 2001 ) . Arab -- Israeli Air Wars 1947 -- 1982 . Osprey Aviation . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 294 - 6 Alteras , Isaac . ( 1993 ) . Eisenhower and Israel : U.S. -- Israeli Relations , 1953 -- 1960 , University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1205 - 8 . Bailey , Sydney ( 1990 ) . Four Arab -- Israeli Wars and the Peace Process . London : The MacMillan Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 04649 - 9 . Bar - On , Mordechai ; Morris , Benny & Golani , Motti ( 2002 ) . Reassessing Israel 's Road to Sinai / Suez , 1956 : A `` Trialogue '' . In Gary A. Olson ( Ed . ) . Traditions and Transitions in Israel Studies : Books on Israel , Volume VI ( pp. 3 -- 42 ) . SUNY Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 5585 - 8 Bar - On , Mordechai ( 2006 ) . 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ISBN 0 - 275 - 96136 - 2 . Bowen , Jeremy ( 2003 ) . Six Days : How the 1967 War Shaped the Middle East . London : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 3095 - 7 Brams , Steven J. & Jeffrey M. Togman. ( 1998 ) . Camp David : Was the agreement fair ? In Paul F. Diehl ( Ed . ) , A Road Map to War : Territorial Dimensions of International Conflict . Nashville : Vanderbilt University Press . ISBN 0 - 8265 - 1329 - 8 . Brecher , Michael . ( 1996 ) . Eban and Israeli foreign policy : Diplomacy , war and disengagement . In A Restless Mind : Essays in Honor of Amos Perlmutter , Benjamin Frankel ( ed . ) , pp. 104 -- 117 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 4607 - 5 Bregman , Ahron. ( 2000 ) . Israel 's Wars , 1947 -- 1993 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 21468 - 8 . Bregman , Ahron ( 2002 ) . Israel 's Wars : A History Since 1947 . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 28716 - 2 Burrowes , Robert & Muzzio , Douglas . ( 1972 ) . 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Syria & Iran : Middle Powers in a Penetrated Regional System . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 15675 - 0 Eshkol , Levi ( 1967 ) . Prime - Minister Levi Eshkol - His words and his writings . ISA - PMO - PrimeMinisterBureau - 000d0t9 . Israel Government Archives . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Feron , James ( 13 May 1967 ) . `` Israelis Ponder Blow at Syrians ; Some Leaders Decide That Force is the Only Way to Curtail Terrorism Some Israeli Leaders See Need for Force to Curb Syrians '' . The New York Times . El - Gamasy , Mohamed Abdel Ghani. ( 1993 ) . The October War . The American University in Cairo Press . ISBN 977 - 424 - 316 - 1 . Gawrych , George W. ( 2000 ) . The Albatross of Decisive Victory : War and Policy Between Egypt and Israel in the 1967 and 1973 Arab - Israeli Wars . Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31302 - 4 . Available in multiple PDF files from the Combat Studies Institute and the Combined Arms Research Library , CSI Publications in parts . Gelpi , Christopher ( 2002 ) . Power of Legitimacy : Assessing the Role of Norms in Crisis Bargaining . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 09248 - 6 Gerner , Deborah J. ( 1994 ) . One Land , Two Peoples . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 2180 - 8 , p. 112 Gerteiny , Alfred G. & Ziegler , Jean ( 2007 ) . The Terrorist Conjunction : The United States , the Israeli - Palestinian Conflict , and Al - Qā'ida . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 99643 - 3 , p. 142 Gilbert , Martin . ( 2008 ) . Israel -- A History . McNally & Loftin Publishers . ISBN 0 - 688 - 12363 - 5 . Chapter available online : Chapter 21 : Nasser 's Challenge . Goldstein , Erik ( 1992 ) . Wars and Peace Treaties , 1816 -- 1991 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 07822 - 9 Green , Stephen J. ( 1984 ) . Taking Sides : America 's Secret Relations With Militant Israel . William Morrow & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 688 - 02643 - 1 . Griffin , David J. ( 2006 ) . Hawker Hunter 1951 to 2007 Lulu.com , 4 edition . ISBN 1 - 4303 - 0593 - 2 . Haddad , Yvonne. ( 1992 ) . Islamists and the `` Problem of Israel '' : The 1967 Awakening . Middle East Journal , Vol. 46 , No. 2 , pp. 266 -- 85 . Hajjar , Sami G . The Israel - Syria Track , Middle East Policy , Volume VI , February 1999 , Number 3 . Retrieved 30 September 2006 . Hammel , Eric ( 1992 ) . Six Days in June : How Israel Won the 1967 Arab -- Israeli War . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 7535 - 6 Hattendorf , John B. ( 2000 ) . Naval Strategy and Power in the Mediterranean : Past , Present and Future . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8054 - 0 . Handel , Michael I. ( 1973 ) . Israel 's political - military doctrine . Center for International Affairs , Harvard University . ISBN 0 - 87674 - 025 - 5 Hart , Alan ( 1989 ) Arafat , A political biography . Indiana University Press ISBN 0 - 253 - 32711 - 3 . Herzog , Chaim ( 1982 ) . The Arab - Israeli Wars . Arms & Armour Press . ISBN 0 - 85368 - 367 - 0 Herbert , Nicholas ( 17 May 1967 ) . Egyptian Forces On Full Alert : Ready to fight for Syria . The Times , p. 1 ; Issue 56943 ; col E . Herzog , Chaim ( 1989 ) . Heroes of Israel : Profiles of Jewish Courage . Little Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 35901 - 7 . Higham , Robin . ( 2003 ) . 100 Years of Air Power and Aviation . TAMU Press . ISBN 1 - 58544 - 241 - 0 . Hinnebusch , Raymond A. ( 2003 ) . The international politics of the Middle East . Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 5346 - 7 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( 2004 ) . Background on Israeli POWs and MIAs . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( 2008 ) . The Six - Day War ( June 1967 ) . `` Israel Reportedly Killed POWs in ' 67 War ; Historians Say Deaths of Hundreds of Egyptians Was Covered Up Israel Reportedly Killed POWs in ' 67 War ; Historians Say Deaths of Hundreds of Egyptians Was Covered Up '' , The Washington Post , 17 August 1995 , p . A. 30 ( Fee required ) . James , Laura ( 2005 ) . The Nassar And His Enemies : Foreign Policy Decision Making In Egypt On The Eve Of The Six Day War . The Middle East Review of International Affairs . Volume 9 , No. 2 , Article 2 . `` Israelis Say Tape Shows Nasser Fabricated ' Plot ' ; Recording Said to Be of Phone Call to Hussein Gives Plan to Accuse U.S. and Britain '' . The New York Times . 9 June 1967 . p. 17 . Retrieved 28 June 2007 . Jia , Bing Bing . ( 1998 ) . The Regime of Straits in International Law ( Oxford Monographs in International Law ) . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 0 - 19 - 826556 - 5 . Koboril , Iwao and Glantz , Michael H. ( 1998 ) . Central Eurasian Water Crisis . United Nations University Press . ISBN 92 - 808 - 0925 - 3 Krauthammer , Charles ( 18 May 2007 ) . `` Prelude to the Six Days '' . The Washington Post . pp. A23 . ISSN 0740 - 5421 . Retrieved 20 June 2008 . Lavoy , Peter R. ; Sagan , Scott Douglas & Wirtz , James J. ( Eds . ) ( 2000 ) . Planning the Unthinkable : How New Powers Will Use Nuclear , Biological , and Chemical Weapons . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8704 - 8 . Leibler , Isi ( 1972 ) . The Case For Israel . Australia : The Executive Council of Australian Jewry . ISBN 0 - 9598984 - 0 - 9 . Lenczowski , George . ( 1990 ) . American Presidents and the Middle East . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 0972 - 6 . Lyndon Baines Johnson Library . ( 1994 ) . permanent dead link ) Transcript , Robert S. McNamara Oral History , Special Interview I , 26 March 1993 , by Robert Dallek , Internet Copy , LBJ Library . Retrieved 20 July 2010 . `` McNamara : US Near War in ' 67 '' . The Boston Globe . 16 September 1983 . p. 1 . Mansour , Camille. ( 1994 ) . Beyond Alliance : Israel and US Foreign Policy . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 08492 - 7 . Maoz , Zeev ( 2006 ) . Defending the Holy Land : A Critical Analysis of Israel 's Security & Foreign Policy . The University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 03341 - 6 Morris , Benny ( 2001 ) Righteous Victims New York , Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 74475 - 7 Miller , Benjamin . ( 2007 ) . States , Nations , and the Great Powers : The Sources of Regional War and Peace . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 69161 - 3 Murakami , Masahiro. ( 1995 ) . Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East : Alternative Strategies . United Nations University Press . ISBN 92 - 808 - 0858 - 3 . Mutawi , Samir A. ( 18 July 2002 ) . Jordan in the 1967 War . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52858 - 0 . Nordeen , Lon & Nicole , David . ( 1996 ) . Phoenix over the Nile : A history of Egyptian Air Power 1932 -- 1994 . Washington DC : Smithsonian Institution . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 626 - 3 . `` Mediterranean Eskadra '' . ( 2000 ) . Federation of American Scientists . Oren , Michael ( 2002 ) . Six Days of War . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515174 - 7 Oren , Michael . ( 2005 ) . The Revelations of 1967 : New Research on the Six Day War and Its Lessons for the Contemporary Middle East , Israel Studies , volume 10 , number 2 . ( Subscription required ) . Oren , Michael . ( 2006 ) . `` The Six - Day War '' , in Bar - On , Mordechai ( ed . ) , Never - Ending Conflict : Israeli Military History . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98158 - 4 . Parker , Richard B. ( 1996 ) . The Six - day War : A Retrospective . University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1383 - 6 . Parker , Richard B. ( August 1997 ) . `` USAF in the Sinai in the 1967 War : Fact or Fiction '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Palestine Studies . XXVII ( 1 ) : 67 -- 75 . doi : 10.1525 / jps. 1997.27. 1.00 p0164l . Phythian , Mark ( 2001 ) . The Politics of British Arms Sales Since 1964 . Manchester : Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 5907 - 0 Podeh , Elie ( Winter 2004 ) . `` The Lie That Wo n't Die : Collusion , 1967 '' . Middle East Quarterly . 11 ( 1 ) . Pimlott , John . ( 1983 ) . Middle East Conflicts : From 1945 to the Present . Orbis . ISBN 0 - 85613 - 547 - X . Pollack , Kenneth ( 2004 ) . Arabs at War : Military Effectiveness , 1948 -- 1991 . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8783 - 6 Pollack , Kenneth ( 2005 ) . Air Power in the Six - Day War . The Journal of Strategic Studies . 28 ( 3 ) , 471 -- 503 . Prior , Michael ( 1999 ) . Zionism and the State of Israel : A Moral Inquiry . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 20462 - 3 Quandt , William B. ( 2005 ) . Peace Process : American Diplomacy and the Arab -- Israeli Conflict Since 1967 . Brookings Institution Press and the University of California Press ; 3 edition . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24631 - 4 Quigley , John B. ( 2005 ) . Case for Palestine : An International Law Perspective . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3539 - 5 Quigley , John B. ( 1990 ) . Palestine and Israel : A Challenge to Justice . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1023 - 6 Rabil , Robert G. ( 2003 ) . Embattled Neighbors : Syria , Israel , and Lebanon . Lynne Rienner Publishers . ISBN 1 - 58826 - 149 - 2 Rabin , Yitzhak ( 1996 ) . The Rabin Memoirs . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20766 - 1 . Rauschning , Dietrich ; Wiesbrock , Katja & Lailach , Martin ( eds . ) ( 1997 ) . Key Resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly 1946 -- 1996 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 59704 - 8 . Rikhye , Indar Jit ( 1980 ) . The Sinai Blunder . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 3136 - 1 Robarge , David S. ( 2007 ) . Getting It Right : CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab - Israeli War , Center for the Study of Intelligence , Vol. 49 No. 1 Rubenberg , Cheryl A. ( 1989 ) . Israel and the American National Interest . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06074 - 1 Sachar , Howard M. ( 1976 , 2007 ) A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our Time . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 394 - 48564 - 5 ; ISBN 0 - 375 - 71132 - 5 . Sadeh , Eligar ( 1997 ) . Militarization and State Power in the Arab -- Israeli Conflict : Case Study of Israel , 1948 -- 1982 . Universal Publishers . ISBN 0 - 9658564 - 6 - 1 Sandler , Deborah ; Aldy , Emad & Al - Khoshman Mahmoud A. ( 1993 ) . Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba . -- A regional environmental challenge . Environmental Law Institute . 0911937463 . Seale , Patrick ( 1988 ) . Asad : The Struggle for Peace in the Middle East . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 06976 - 5 Segev , Samuel ( 1967 ) . A Red Sheet : the Six Day War . Segev , Tom ( 2005 ) . Israel in 1967 . Keter . ISBN 965 - 07 - 1370 - 0 . Segev , Tom ( 2007 ) . 1967 : Israel , the War , and the Year that Transformed the Middle East Metropolitan Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7057 - 6 Sela , Avraham ( 1997 ) . The Decline of the Arab - Israeli Conflict : Middle East Politics and the Quest for Regional Order . SUNY Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 3537 - 7 Shafqat , Saeed ( 2004 ) . Islamic world and South Asia : Rise of Islamism and Terror , Causes and Consequences ? . In Kaniz F. Yusuf ( Ed . ) Unipolar World & The Muslim States . Islamabad : Pakistan Forum , pp 217 -- 246 . Shemesh , Moshe ( 2008 ) . Arab Politics , Palestinian Nationalism and the Six Day War . Sussex Academic Press . ISBN 1 - 84519 - 188 - 9 . Shlaim , Avi ( 2000 ) . The Iron Wall : Israel and the Arab World . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32112 - 6 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04816 - 0 Shlaim , Avi ( 2007 ) Lion of Jordan : The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace Vintage Books ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7828 - 8 Shlaim , Avi ; Louis , William Roger ( 13 February 2012 ) , The 1967 Arab -- Israeli War : Origins and Consequences , Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00236 - 4 Smith , Hedrick ( 15 June 1967 ) . `` As the Shock Wears Off ; Arab World , Appraising Its Defeat , Is Split as It Gropes for Strategy '' . The New York Times . p. 16 . Retrieved 28 June 2006 . Smith , Hedrick ( 15 September 1967 ) . `` Envoys Say Nasser Now Concedes U.S. Did n't Help Israel '' . The New York Times . pp. Page 1 , Col. 5 , Page 3 , Col. 1 . Stein , Janice Gross . ( 1991 ) . The Arab - Israeli War of 1967 : Inadvertent War Through Miscalculated Escalation , in Avoiding War : Problems of Crisis Management , Alexander L. George , ed . Boulder : Westview Press . Stephens , Robert H. ( 1971 ) . Nasser : A Political Biography . London : Allen Lane / The Penguin Press . ISBN 0 - 7139 - 0181 - 0 Stone , David ( 2004 ) . Wars of the Cold War . Brassey 's . ISBN 1 - 85753 - 342 - 9 Tolan , Sandy ( 4 June 2007 ) . `` Rethinking Israel 's David - and - Goliath past '' . Salon.com . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Tucker , Spencer ( 2004 ) . Tanks : An Illustrated History of Their Impact . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 995 - 3 United Nations ( 967 , 5 June ) . 1347 Security Council MEETING : June 5 , 1967 . Provisional agenda ( S / PV. 1347 / Rev. 1 ) . On a subpage of the website of The United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine ( UNISPAL ) . van Creveld , Martin ( 2004 ) . Defending Israel : A Controversial Plan Toward Peace . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 0 - 312 - 32866 - 4 Youngs , Tim . ( 2001 ) . Developments in the Middle East Peace Process 1991 -- 2000 London : International Affairs and Defence Section , House of Commons Library . ISSN 1368 - 8456 . Finkelstein , Norman ( 2003 ) . Image and Reality of the Israel -- Palestine Conflict . Verso . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 442 - 1 . Further reading Barzilai , Gad ( 1996 ) . Wars , Internal Conflicts , and Political Order : A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East . New York University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 2944 - 0 Cristol , A Jay ( 2002 ) . Liberty Incident : The 1967 Israeli Attack on the U.S. Navy Spy Ship . Brassey 's . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 536 - 7 Finkelstein , Norman ( June 2017 ) . Analysis of the war and its aftermath , on the 50th anniversary of the June 1967 war ( 3 parts , each about 30 min ) Gat , Moshe ( 2003 ) . Britain and the Conflict in the Middle East , 1964 -- 1967 : The Coming of the Six - Day War . Praeger / Greenwood . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97514 - 2 Hammel , Eric ( October 2002 ) . `` Sinai air strike : June 5 , 1967 '' . Military Heritage . 4 ( 2 ) : 68 -- 73 . Hopwood , Derek ( 1991 ) . Egypt : Politics and Society . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 09432 - 1 Hussein of Jordan ( 1969 ) . My `` War '' with Israel . London : Peter Owen . ISBN 0 - 7206 - 0310 - 2 Katz , Samuel M. ( 1991 ) Israel 's Air Force ; The Power Series . Motorbooks International Publishers & Wholesalers , Osceola , WI . Makiya , Kanan ( 1998 ) . Republic of Fear : The Politics of Modern Iraq . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21439 - 0 Morris , Benny ( 1997 ) . Israel 's Border Wars , 1949 -- 1956 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829262 - 7 Pressfield , Steven ( 2014 ) . The Lion 's Gate : On the Front Lines of the Six Day War . Sentinel HC , 2014 . ISBN 1 - 59523 - 091 - 2 Rezun , Miron ( 1990 ) . `` Iran and Afghanistan . '' In A. Kapur ( Ed . ) . Diplomatic Ideas and Practices of Asian States ( pp. 9 -- 25 ) . Brill Academic Publishers . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09289 - 7 Smith , Grant ( 2006 ) . Deadly Dogma . Institute for Research : Middle Eastern Policy . ISBN 0 - 9764437 - 4 - 0 Oren , Michael ( April 2002 ) . Six Days of War : June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515174 - 9 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1967 Arab - Israeli War . The Photograph : A Search for June 1967 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . The three soldiers -- background to that photograph Six Day War Personal recollections & Timeline Video Clip : Sandhurst military historian analysing how King Hussein became involved in the Six Day War . on YouTube Video Clip : Analysis of Israel 's Sinai Campaign in 1967 by Sandhurst military historian . on YouTube Video Clip : Military analysis of the attack on Jerusalem and the Jordanian defence . on YouTube Six - Day War Encyclopaedia of the Orient All State Department documents related to the crisis Letters from David Ben - Gurion on the Six - Day War Shapell Manuscript Foundation UN Resolution 242 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . The status of Jerusalem , United Nations , New York , 1997 ( Prepared for , and under the guidance of , the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People ) Status of Jerusalem : Legal Aspects . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Legal Aspects The Six Day War -- June 1967 and Its Aftermath -- Professor Gerald Adler General Uzi Narkiss -- A historic radio interview with General Uzi Narkiss taken on 7 June -- one day after the Six - Day War , describing the battle for Jerusalem Liberation of the Temple Mount and Western Wall by Israel Defense Forces -- Historic Live Broadcast on Voice of Israel Radio , 7 June 1967 How The USSR Planned To Destroy Israel in 1967 by Isabella Ginor . Published by Middle East Review of International Affairs ( MERIA ) Journal Volume 7 , Number 3 ( September 2003 ) Position of Arab forces May 1967 . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Israeli wars and conflicts Arab -- Israeli War ( 1948 -- 49 ) Reprisal operations ( 1951 -- 56 ) Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Six - Day War ( 1967 ) War of Attrition ( 1967 -- 70 ) Yom Kippur War ( 1973 ) Operation Litani ( 1978 ) First Lebanon War ( 1982 -- 85 ) South Lebanon conflict ( 1985 -- 2000 ) First Intifada ( 1987 -- 93 ) Second Intifada ( 2000 -- 05 ) Second Lebanon War ( 2006 ) Gaza War ( 2008 -- 09 ) Operation Pillar of Defense ( 2012 ) Israel -- Gaza conflict ( 2014 ) Arab -- Israeli conflict Countries Authorities Organizations Primary countries and authorities All - Palestine Egyptian Kingdom and Republic Hamas Gaza Iraqi Kingdom and Baathist Iraq Kuwait Israel Jordan Palestinian National Authority Saudi Arabia Syrian Republic and Ba'athist Syria Organizations Active Abu Nidal Organization Amal al - Aqsa Martyrs ' Brigades Syrian Social Nationalist Party Arab League Arab Liberation Front Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine Fatah Guardians of the Cedars Hamas Jaish al - Islam Kataeb Lebanese Forces al - Mourabitoun Muslim Brotherhood Palestinian Islamic Jihad Palestine Liberation Front Palestine Liberation Organization Palestinian Popular Struggle Front Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine -- General Command Popular Resistance Committees as - Sa'iqa Inactive or former Arab Higher Committee Arab Liberation Army Black Hand Black September Haganah Holy War Army Irgun ( Etzel ) Japanese Red Army Lehi Palmach Revolutionary Cells South Lebanon Army Other countries France Kuwait Libya Morocco North Korea United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Yemen Transnational European Union United Nations Former states Soviet Union United Arab Republic Armed engagements Background 1920 Battle of Tel Hai 1936 -- 1939 Arab revolt 1944 Operation ATLAS 1947 -- 1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine 1948 -- 1950s 1948 -- 1949 Arab -- Israeli War 1950s Palestinian Fedayeen attacks ( reprisal operations ) 1956 Suez Crisis 1960s 1966 Operation Shredder 1967 Six - Day War 1967 -- 1970 War of Attrition 1968 Battle of Karameh Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 1968 Operation Gift 1970s -- 1980 1973 Yom Kippur War Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 1972 Operation Isotope / Lod Airport massacre / Munich Olympics massacre 1972 -- 1979 Operation Wrath of God ( Airstrike , Spring of Youth ) 1973 Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 1974 Ma'alot massacre 1975 Savoy Operation 1976 Operation Entebbe 1978 Coastal Road massacre / Operation Litani 1980 Misgav Am hostage crisis 1980s 1981 Operation Opera 1982 Lebanon War 1982 -- 2000 South Lebanon conflict 1984 Bus 300 affair 1985 Operation Wooden Leg 1987 -- 1993 First Intifada 1988 Mothers ' Bus rescue / Tunis raid 1990s 1992 Operation Bramble Bush 1993 -- 2008 Palestinian suicide attacks 1993 Operation Accountability 1996 Operation Grapes of Wrath 2000s 2000 -- 2005 Al - Aqsa Intifada ( Second Intifada ) 2000 -- 2006 Shebaa Farms conflict 2001 -- present Rocket and mortar attacks on southern Israel 2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike 2006 Operation Bringing Home the Goods / Operation Summer Rains / Operation Autumn Clouds / Lebanon War 2006 -- present Gaza -- Israel conflict 2007 -- 2008 Operation Hot Winter 2008 -- 2009 Gaza War 2007 -- present Lebanese rocket attacks 2010s 2010 Adaisseh skirmish / Palestinian militancy campaign Gaza -- Israel conflict 2011 Southern Israel cross-border attacks 2012 Operation Returning Echo / Operation Pillar of Defense 2014 Israel -- Gaza conflict 2015 Israeli -- Palestinian conflict ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 2018 Gaza border protests 2017 Israel -- Syria incident 2018 Israel -- Syria clashes 2018 Israel -- Iran incidents Diplomacy and peace proposals To 1948 1914 Damascus Protocol 1915 McMahon -- Hussein Correspondence 1916 Sykes -- Picot Agreement 1917 Balfour Declaration 1918 Declaration to the Seven / Anglo - French Declaration 1919 Faisal -- Weizmann Agreement 1920 San Remo conference 1922 Churchill White Paper 1937 Peel Commission 1939 White Paper 1939 London Conference 1946 Morrison - Grady Plan 1947 Bevin Plan 1946 -- 47 London Conference 1947 UN Partition Plan 1948 American trusteeship proposal 1948 -- 91 1948 UN General Assembly ( UNGA ) Resolution 194 1949 Armistice agreements / Lausanne Conference 1950 Tripartite Declaration 1964 Palestinian National Covenant 1967 Khartoum Resolution / UN Security Council ( UNSC ) Resolution 242 1973 UNSC Resolution 338 / UNSC Resolution 339 1974 Israel -- Syria disengagement agreement / UNSC Resolution 350 1978 UNSC Resolution 425 / Camp David Accords 1979 UNSC Resolution 446 / Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty / UNSC Resolution 452 1980 UNSC Resolution 478 1981 UNSC Resolution 497 1983 Israel -- Lebanon agreement 1991 -- present 1991 Madrid Conference 1993 Oslo Accords 1994 Gaza -- Jericho Agreement / Israel -- Jordan peace treaty 1995 Beilin -- Abu Mazen agreement 1998 Wye River Memorandum 1999 Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters 2001 Taba Summit 2002 Beirut Summit and peace initiative / Road map 2003 Geneva Initiative 2004 UNSC Resolution 1559 / UNSC Resolution 1566 2005 UNSC Resolution 1583 / Sharm El Sheikh Summit / Israeli disengagement from Gaza / Agreement on Movement and Access 2006 UNSC Resolution 1701 2007 Annapolis Conference 2010 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks 2013 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Jamaican conflict Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Algerian War 1952 Egyptian coup d'état 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Ifni War Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis Simba rebellion 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis El Porteñazo Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order ( Indonesia ) Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Nigerian Civil War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Goulash Communism Sino - 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when did season 11 of grey anatomy start

The eleventh season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy premiered on September 25 , 2014 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) and consists of 25 episodes . The season was produced by ABC Studios , in association with ShondaLand Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes . The season commenced airing with the episode `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' and concluded with the season finale `` You 're My Home '' airing on May 14 , 2015 . The season was officially released on DVD as a six - disc boxset under the title of Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Eleventh Season -- Life Changes on August 18 , 2015 by Buena Vista Home Entertainment .

September 25 , 2014

Grey 's Anatomy ( season 11 )

grey's anatomy ( season 11 )

The eleventh season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy premiered on September 25 , 2014 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) and consists of 25 episodes . The season was produced by ABC Studios , in association with ShondaLand Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes . The season commenced airing with the episode `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' and concluded with the season finale `` You 're My Home '' airing on May 14 , 2015 . The season was officially released on DVD as a six - disc boxset under the title of Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Eleventh Season -- Life Changes on August 18 , 2015 by Buena Vista Home Entertainment .

The season is the first in which Dr. Cristina Yang , portrayed by Sandra Oh , is not included in the main cast of characters following her departure in previous season 's finale . The season 's main storylines include Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) dealing with `` her person 's '' departure , her problematic love - life with male - lead of the show Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , and new replacement for Yang , Dr. Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) learning that Meredith is her half - sister . The biggest storyline of Season 11 was the death of Derek who is involved in a car accident in How to Save a Life . Other story - arcs include Amelia Shepherd ( Caterina Scorsone ) moving to Seattle , learning the ropes at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) and Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) try to save their marriage by going to marriage counseling , April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) and Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) end up having a boy , named Samuel , who dies moments after birth having being diagnosed to have Osteogenesis imperfecta , a lethal birth defect . The season also focuses on the deepening friendship between Meredith and Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) causing problems for him and girlfriend Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) . The season ended with 11.08 million viewers ranking 36th overall in total viewers . This is much lower than the tenth season , which was ranked 15th . In the 18 -- 49 key demographic , Grey 's Anatomy ranked 13th down 8 places from the previous season , it is the lowest ranking in the series ' history . For the 2014 - 2015 Primetime TV schedule , it was the no . 5 drama in the 18 -- 49 key demographic . The season was well received among television critics with several praising the writing and performances of the cast , especially lead Ellen Pompeo . In terms of awards and accolades the season garnered six nominations at the 41st People 's Choice Awards winning four including Favorite Network TV Drama , Dempsey and Pompeo won Favorite Dramatic TV Actor and Actress respectively and Oh winning for Favorite TV Character We Miss Most . On May 7 , 2015 , ABC announced the renewal of Grey 's Anatomy for a twelfth season as part of their 2015 - 16 TV lineup . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest stars 2.4 Casting 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Writing 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Broadcasting 5.2 Critical reception 6 Ratings 6.1 Live + SD ratings 6.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 7 DVD release 8 References Plot ( edit ) The season follows the story of surgical residents , fellows , and attendings as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen . It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington . The doctors at Grey Sloan Memorial must get used to the fact that Dr. Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) is now in Switzerland , but they find it difficult to like her new replacement , Dr. Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) . She tries making friends with the doctors , but the one she 's really interested in learning more about is her half - sister , Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) . Upon hearing Maggie 's news , Meredith does n't believe her . Trying to prove her wrong , Meredith pores over her mother 's journals to see if there might have been any evidence of truth . What she finds is that the pieces fit , and that she and Maggie are in fact half - sisters . Not too keen on the fact that she has a sister whom she did n't know about until now , Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) uses his love for his big family to draw Meredith and Maggie together . Dr. Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) and Dr. Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) talk about having another baby , but Arizona develops an interest in a fetal surgery fellowship . The fellowship is with Dr. Nicole Herman ( Geena Davis ) , one of the only female fetal surgeons in the world . It 's soon revealed that the reason Dr. Herman wanted Arizona to learn from her is that she has an inoperable tumor . The tumor is growing , and the prognosis is not good . In due time , the tumor would kill her . Trying to learn as much as she can in such little time , Callie and Arizona grow apart . They try to save their marriage by going to marriage counseling , but it does n't work and they end up calling it quits . Dr. Amelia Shepherd ( Caterina Scorsone ) has moved in with Derek and Meredith , and is quickly learning the ropes at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . She finds out about Dr. Herman 's supposedly inoperable tumor , and she thinks that she can save her . She spends hours trying to learn every single detail of the tumor . Once she thinks she has it figured out and every step of the surgery planned , she gives a lecture . During the lecture , her colleagues question her motives and wonder why her brother , the famous Dr. Derek Shepherd , is n't coming back from Washington , D.C. to help her . She assures them she knows what she 's doing and that she does n't need her brother 's help . Dr. Herman 's tumor quickly advances as she neglects to continue chemotherapy , so Amelia is forced to perform the surgery sooner than she 'd like . Now that Dr. Herman 's vision has become impaired , she must act quickly . Amelia is able to save her life , but not her vision . Dr. Herman is rendered blind and must go away to a blind school . Dr. April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) and Dr. Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) enjoy the exciting ride of preparing for their baby 's arrival , but differences in opinions on how to raise their child create tension that proves to be more than they can handle . April wishes to raise their baby in a Christian home , but Jackson is n't a believer and thinks it 's silly . During one of the ultrasounds , osteogenesis imperfecta , a lethal birth defect , is detected . Of course , the news breaks their hearts , but April wishes to carry the baby to full - term believing that abortion is a sin . Jackson wishes to abort knowing that if they carry to full - term , it will only be that much more devastating when their baby dies . They end up having a boy , named Samuel , who dies moments after birth . Meredith must deal with the absence of her husband after he begins to work in Washington , D.C. She does n't understand why he wants to leave , but she knows that she does n't want to be the reason keeping him from doing what his heart desires . Months go by without him there , which allows her to focus more on her work . She 's able to accrue a successful surgery streak , but when she calls to share her success with Derek , a strange woman answers his phone . Not knowing who it is , she begins to worry that he might be cheating on her . Derek shows up at her house , unannounced , to explain . He tells Meredith that he loves her and that he ca n't live without her . He says that he 's only going back to Washington , D.C. once more to tell them he 's quitting and moving back to Seattle . However , on his way to the airport , he 's severely injured in a car crash . He 's rushed to a hospital , but they are n't trauma certified . Derek is eventually declared brain - dead after the neurosurgeon arrives too late . Not able to feel at home without her husband , Meredith takes off leaving only a note that she and her kids are safe . A year passes , and no one has heard from her . It turns out that she was pregnant with her third child , and she did n't know how to cope with losing her husband and being pregnant . Had it not been for her emergency trip to the hospital to give birth , Dr. Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) would have never known where to find her . He ends up bringing them all back to Seattle , but Meredith is still not able to move on . She asks Alex if she and the kids can move back into her old house , which is where Alex and his girlfriend , Dr. Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) are currently residing . Jo does n't like the idea of them all sharing a place , so she buys a fixer - upper for only the two of them . Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) and Dr. Catherine Avery ( Debbie Allen ) continue their on - again , off - again relationship . With differing opinions on how to be in a relationship , how to run the hospital , and who should be in charge , the two call off their wedding . However , Meredith intervenes and tells them that they are both lucky to still be alive and to cherish the fact that they can still talk to each other . Dr. Webber and Avery work out their differences and decide to get married after all . With her son as her maid of honor , the two tie the knot in the hospital 's chapel . Their reception is held at Derek and Meredith house , where Meredith says she 's glad this will be her last memory of the place before she moves back into her old house ; Derek always wanted his home to be filled with loud , happy people . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Main cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Sara Ramirez as Dr. Callie Torres Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Wilson Jerrika Hinton as Dr. Stephanie Edwards Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce Patrick Dempsey as Dr. Derek Shepherd Recurring cast ( edit ) Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren Geena Davis as Dr. Nicole Herman Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Avery Kate Burton as Dr. Ellis Grey Nicholas D'Agosto as Dr. Graham Maddox Sally Pressman as Young Ellis Grey Aria Leabu as Young Meredith Grey Connie Ray as Karen Kepner Kevin Alejandro as Dan Pruitt Nicole Cummins as Paramedic Nicole Heather Matarazzo as Joan Paulson Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca Joe Adler as Dr. Isaac Cross Irene Keng as Dr. Audrey Shaw Joe Dinicol as Dr. Mitchell Spencer Samantha Sloyan as Dr. Penelope Blake Guest stars ( edit ) J. August Richards as Young Richard Webber Patrick Fabian as Dr. Oliver Lebackes Rebecca Field as Sabine McNeil Billy Malone as Jon McNeil Annet Mahendru as Ana Nicole Sullivan as JJ Elizabeth Ann Bennett as Ann Casting ( edit ) On August 13 , 2013 , Sandra Oh revealed that she would be leaving after Season 10 of Grey 's Anatomy , making the eleventh season the first season in which Dr. Cristina Yang did not appear . It was announced on March 25 , 2014 that Gaius Charles and Tessa Ferrer did not receive a contract renewal for the eleventh season , and left at the end of the tenth season . Jerrika Hinton and Camilla Luddington however , returned as residents for the eleventh season . On January 23 , 2014 it was reported that Ellen Pompeo and Patrick Dempsey had renewed their contracts for another two seasons , as Drs . Meredith Grey and Derek Shepherd , respectively , meaning their characters would be staying on the medical drama for seasons 11 and 12 . On May 2 , 2014 , the rest of the six original cast mates , Justin Chambers , Chandra Wilson and James Pickens Jr. , excluding Sandra Oh , renewed their contracts for another two seasons ( 11 and 12 ) as Drs . Alex Karev , Miranda Bailey , and Richard Webber , respectively . Sara Ramirez also renewed her contract for another two seasons as Dr. Callie Torres . Caterina Scorsone was upgraded to a series regular and quickly became a fan and critics favorite . E ! News reported on June 23 , 2014 , that Caterina Scorsone was upgraded to a series regular to continue her role as Dr. Amelia Shepherd , one of Dr. Derek Shepherd 's four sisters . Scorsone had played the character since the seventh season as a recurring role , and played the character as a series regular on the show 's spin - off series , Private Practice . After speculations about who would portray the character Ellis Grey , either Kate Burton or Sarah Paulson , it was announced that Sally Pressman would replace Paulson as Ellis in flashbacks with J. August Richards reprising his role as a young Richard Webber in the same episode . On August 6 , 2014 , it was confirmed that Burton would return to portray Ellis in flashbacks . Geena Davis was announced to appear in the season and would have a major guest arc as Dr. Nicole Herman , a fetal surgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . On September 2 , 2014 , Annet Mahendru of The Americans was announced to guest star for one episode , and she played Ana , an undocumented immigrant whose daughter had an 8 - pound tumor . It was announced on September 23 , 2014 that Connie Ray , known from Space Jam and Stuart Little , would guest star as Dr. April Kepner 's mother , Karen , and would appear in the sixth episode . On October 23 , 2014 , Kelly McCreary was promoted to a series regular after being credited as guest - starring until the eleventh episode . On April 15 , 2015 , Giacomo Gianniotti , known from Reign , was announced to be cast on the show as a possible recurring role for Season 12 . On April 28 , 2015 it was announced that Joe Adler was cast for the show , and would appear in the final two episodes of the season . Despite signing on for two more years after the tenth season , Patrick Dempsey decided that the eleventh season would be his last . The announcement was made on April 23 , 2015 , just a few hours before his final episode , `` How to Save a Life , '' premiered . Showrunner Shonda Rhimes spoke out about the departure as she said `` Derek Shepherd is and will always be an incredibly important character -- for Meredith , for me and for the fans . I absolutely never imagined saying goodbye to our ' McDreamy . ' '' Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for an eleventh season by ABC on May 8 , 2014 . On May 13 , 2014 , ABC announced their new schedule , as well as a new timeslot for Grey 's Anatomy . The show remained on Thursday night , but it was moved to 8 : 00 PM E.T. to make room for ShondaLand Production Company 's new TV series , How to Get Away with Murder . Even though Paul Lee , the president of ABC , moved Grey 's Anatomy to a new timeslot , he announced at ABC 's 2014 - 15 upfront that the eleventh season would air in the same order as the previous season with two batches consisting of 12 interrupted episodes . For the 2014 - 15 TV season , ABC programmed its entire Thursday primetime lineup with Shondaland dramas Grey 's Anatomy , Scandal and How To Get Away With Murder , then branded the night as `` Thank God It 's Thursday '' ( or `` TGIT '' ) . This echoes ABC 's former TGIF branding of its Friday night family sitcoms and even NBC 's Must See TV promotion of formidable Thursday night television hits in the 1990s . The remaining fall schedule for ABC was announced on October 30 , 2014 , where it was announced that Grey 's Anatomy would be split into two batches . However , instead of the 12 and 12 , there will be eight episodes in the fall which will end with a winter finale on November 20 , 2014 like the rest of ABC 's primetime lineup `` TGIT '' Scandal and How To Get Away with Murder . The remaining 16 episodes will air after the winter break , beginning on January 29 , 2015 . Filming ( edit ) Not even a week after the Season 10 finale episode aired , the Grey 's Anatomy team of writers began collaborating on ideas for Season 11 storylines . Shonda Rhimes tweeted that they were hard at work in the writing room , but would have the month of June off before coming back in full swing to write actual episodes . After the 4th of July weekend , Rhimes tweeted that the writers ' room was once again buzzing , as the team had returned from vacation to start writing new episodes for Season 11 . Camilla Luddington confirmed that the filming for the eleventh season would begin on July 25 , 2014 . Writing ( edit ) During an interview , Shonda Rhimes stated that `` Season 11 is really a Meredith - centric season . She lost her ' person ' , her half - sister has shown up , her husband is chafing to go someplace else ... '' She went on to reveal that she 's been wanting to do the `` familial grenade '' storyline for a long time , and at the end of Season 10 , she knew it was the time to do it . Rhimes also claimed that Season 11 will pick up right where Season 10 left us , so there wo n't be much that the audience wo n't see . In another interview , Rhimes revealed that she and the writers were thinking about doing flashback periods to the younger days of Dr. Ellis Grey and Dr. Richard Webber . Sarah Drew 's character Dr. April Kepner became pregnant at the end of the tenth season , which coincided with Drew 's real - life pregnancy . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The number in the `` No. overall '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 221 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' Kevin McKidd Stacy McKee September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) 9.81 Maggie Pierce must step up to the plate as the new cardiothoracic surgeon after the departure of Cristina , and clashes with Meredith in the OR . Callie and Arizona debate over the use of a surrogate , with Callie being skeptical about it but later changes her mind . Arizona is given an opportunity from Dr. Herman to become a fetal surgery fellow , which she accepts . Alex and Bailey fight for Cristina 's position on the board . Meanwhile , Richard , Jackson , and Derek try to distract Owen from Cristina 's departure by inviting him to hang out . Jo becomes jealous after Meredith and Alex 's relationship becomes closer after the departure of Cristina . After fighting over Meredith 's decision , Derek tells Meredith that he chooses her and the kids over his brain mapping initiative in Washington , D.C. 222 `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' Rob Corn William Harper October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) 9.15 Maggie tries to get used to Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , and learns the difficulty of connecting with others . Jo , trying to win over Maggie , tells her about Alex 's dilemma involving Dr. Oliver Lebackes ' private practice and his seat on the board , which Maggie talks about during surgery with the two , which results in Alex being fired from the private practice . Maggie finds herself beginning a friendship in Amelia and finds out that Meredith is not so bad to know . She expresses interest in Bailey 's genome mapping project , and she uses it and Cristina 's research with the McNeil family to solve their family 's case . After an extended argument , Callie decides that Arizona should do the fetal surgery fellowship and that they would work it out with having a second child . After her conversation with Amelia , Maggie tells Meredith that Ellis Grey is her mother , too . Meredith does not believe her and becomes furious with Maggie . 223 `` Got to Be Real '' Rob Corn Zoanne Clack October 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) 8.48 Owen takes Callie to a veteran 's hospital with hopes of her using her lab to provide wounded veterans robotic legs . However , damaged nerves in the veteran 's legs becomes a problem , but Jackson manages to fix it . As Alex tries to prepare for his presentation to fill Cristina 's position on the board , Meredith distracts him with the news of her new half - sister , Maggie . They discover that Maggie is indeed Meredith 's half - sister . Derek and Amelia fight over being the Chief of Neurosurgery , which makes Derek second guess his decision to stay in Seattle . With the new fellowship and the wounded veterans project , Arizona and Callie doubt their future together . Richard attempts to tell Maggie that he is her father , but she reveals to have already known about it and is furious that he did n't tell her sooner . Alex and Bailey go head to head in front of the board for the open spot , with Bailey being given the seat . 224 `` Only Mama Knows '' Nicole Rubio Mark Driscoll October 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) 8.43 In a series of flashbacks , Meredith and Richard manage to come to terms with their past relationships with Ellis . Meredith goes searching through her mother 's diaries and video footage in order to learn more about her half - sister . Alex learns that the board 's vote was unanimously in favor of Bailey . When he confronts Arizona about it , she instead hires him as the new pediatrics attending so she can focus on the fetal surgery fellowship . Meredith and Derek 's fight over D.C. subsides once Maggie tells Derek she is Meredith 's half - sister . Bailey finds out from Richard who Maggie really is after learning why Maggie wants to leave the hospital . Meredith learns that the day at the carousel was the day Richard left Ellis for good , after being jealous of Ellis for the Harper Avery award . Meredith manages to remember Ellis ' pregnancy and has a change of heart about Maggie . 225 5 `` Bend & Break '' Jesse Bochco Meg Marinis October 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 23 ) 8.62 Callie and Arizona find themselves in marriage counseling where the counselor suggests a 30 - day separation with the rules of no talking or sexual activity . During their separation , Arizona is granted more time to focus on her fellowship and sharpen her fetal surgery skills ; however , she messes up one too many times which upsets Dr. Herman . Alex also becomes angry at Arizona after going against his decision on a case . Meanwhile , Callie becomes closer to Meredith as they both are having marital problems . After a successful 30 day separation , Arizona expresses her love to Callie and says she needs her . Callie does not reciprocate and says that she felt free during the separation and needs more time to love herself . 226 6 `` Do n't Let 's Start '' Rob Greenlea Austin Guzman November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) 8.08 Jo becomes emotional after performing surgery on a homeless veteran that was living in her car , which makes her realize her progression with Alex. Bailey learns a lesson about her health after one of her patients dies from cancer to the esophagus after not taking good care of himself . April 's mother , Karen , arrives in Seattle to help April and Jackson prepare the nursery for their baby , which creates tension with April but she later forgives her mother for the unwelcoming surprise . Derek invites Maggie and Richard to dinner , despite Meredith 's pleas to cancel . When they forget the time , Maggie and Richard have a conversation outside the house where Richard apologizes for his behavior . Arizona learns that Dr. Herman has an inoperable brain tumor , with only six months to live , and Dr. Herman wants to teach her a year of medicine in six months . 227 7 `` Could We Start Again , Please ? '' Bobby Roth Andy Reaser November 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 13 ) 8.36 Amelia 's secret about being a drug addict is revealed at the hospital when a patient 's daughter , who knows about Amelia 's past , demands another doctor once she finds out that Amelia is her surgeon . Amelia seeks comfort and advice from Richard . Owen asks Derek for help when Amelia refuses to discuss her past with him . Derek accidentally leads Owen to believe that Amelia is not sober , but Derek later tells the truth . He confesses to Amelia to have hit rock bottom after trying to do right by his wife , kids , and her . Arizona takes on a case without Dr. Herman , and is able to save the baby , but the mother dies on the table . Dr. Herman later shows up , admitting to have gotten a dose of radiation treatment . After assisting Arizona in surgery , April becomes more concerned about her own pregnancy . Bailey teaches Jo a lesson after Jo is unable to remember every step of her first solo surgery . 228 8 `` Risk '' Rob Corn William Harper November 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 20 ) 8.33 Arizona becomes more concerned about Dr. Herman after she begins to show symptoms during surgery . Arizona gets a hold of Dr. Herman 's scans , which she shows to Amelia , who tells Arizona that she can save Dr. Herman 's life . Callie and Owen 's work with robotic limbs is paused after one of the patients hits his head during training and find himself in a coma . Stephanie detects a possible life - threatening birth defect for April and Jackson 's baby on a ultrasound , which Dr. Herman later confirms . Derek is again offered the job in D.C. by the POTUS , and the situation intensifies his fight with Meredith . Meredith , tired of Derek 's excuses for turning down the job , tells him to take the job which Derek does . 229 9 `` Where Do We Go From Here '' Debbie Allen Meg Marinis January 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 29 ) 8.71 Multiple car accidents caused by a woman with insulinoma brings patients to the ER. April and Jackson deal with the news that their unborn baby boy has osteogenesis imperfecta , a life threatening disease with little hope . Meredith must cope with the absence of Derek who took off to Washington , D.C. , but Meredith and Derek decide that Derek should go through with his trip , and that they will make it work . Arizona and Amelia study Dr. Herman 's tumor , and they come up with a game plan . At first , Dr. Herman is pessimistic and thinks there is no hope . However , she finally succumbs to Arizona 's optimistic point - of - view and agrees to go forth with the surgery only once it becomes almost inoperable . 230 10 `` The Bed 's Too Big Without You '' Chandra Wilson Tia Napolitano February 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 05 ) 7.98 Meredith feels more alone than ever after both Derek and Cristina have left her . Amelia begins to question her plan for removing Dr. Herman 's tumor and begins to think that she will fail , but her hope restores after a talk with Richard . April and Jackson continue to struggle with their situation , with discussing what to do if their baby has Type II of osteogenesis imperfecta . Jackson wants an abortion if it is Type II , but it goes against April 's Christian beliefs . Callie and Owen meet with a sales representative to discuss parts for their robotic limbs lab . Later at Joe 's , Callie declines a one - night stand with the sale representative . Meredith , Maggie , and Bailey team up to perform surgery on a woman who has difficult a tumor in her abdomen , and they successfully remove the tumor after 3 - D printing the scans of the tumor . 231 11 `` All I Could Do Was Cry '' Ron Underwood Elizabeth J.B. Klaviter February 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 12 ) 7.81 After receiving news about their baby having Type II osteogenesis imperfecta , April begins to doubt her beliefs in a just and loving God . Catherine Avery arrives at Grey Sloan Memorial to comfort her son and daughter - in - law and suggests that they set a date to induce labor , baptize him , and love him until God takes him . At first , April and Jackson go along with the idea , but later begin to have their doubts . Callie and Bailey help save the life of a woman who was accidentally shot by her husband and gives birth to a child she was unaware of . Maggie offers herself to babysit Meredith 's kids so Meredith can visit Derek . Amelia continues to work with Stephanie on Dr. Herman 's tumor case and test their plan on a patient with similar tumor . April has a conversation with a woman who lost her fiancé in a car wreck , and after the conversation , April finds the strength to induce and have her son , whom she names Samuel Norbert Avery . 232 12 `` The Great Pretender '' Jeannot Szwarc Mark Driscoll February 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 19 ) 8.13 Meredith is evasive when asked about her weekend in Washington DC with Derek . Bailey goes with Ben and his brother to the woods to scatter their father 's ashes , but the brother faints and fall . At the hospital Bailey and Meredith find out that Ben 's brother is transitioning to be a woman , which upsets Ben . A patient pretends to faint in order to deflect a proposal by her boyfriend , but Callie tells the boyfriend the truth after the woman pretends to faint again at the hospital . Richard feels used by Catherine , Callie reenters the dating scene and Owen and Amelia kiss for the first time . Maggie becomes suspicious of Meredith about her whereabouts over the weekend after she was called by Derek multiple times . Meredith tells Alex the truth that she stayed at a hotel alone for the entire weekend , just enjoying being alone . 233 13 `` Staring at the End '' Mark Jackson Stacy McKee February 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 26 ) 7.56 In the weeks leading up to Dr. Herman 's surgery , Dr. Herman and Arizona attack the board of surgeries they have planned before she dies . Bailey has a special request , as one of her ex-patient's wife is now pregnant with the baby having a tumor ; however Dr. Herman declines . Amelia begins to lecture about her plan for removing Dr. Herman 's tumor , with more and more doctors attending the conference . However , at the same time , Amelia begins to doubt herself , believing to not be better than Derek . After weeks of radiation therapy , Dr. Herman 's tumor finally invades the optic chiasm , rendering her visually impaired , leading Amelia to schedule to surgery that day . Glenda Castillo , Bailey 's patient is sent to emergency surgery with Arizona prepping to operate her first solo fetal surgery . 234 14 `` The Distance '' Eric Laneuville Austin Guzman March 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 05 ) 8.09 Dr. Herman 's surgery begins , at the same time as Arizona and Bailey try to save the life of Glenda Castillo . They have different opinions on how to proceed with the surgery , with Bailey wanting to deliver the baby while Arizona wants to keep the baby inside . At Dr. Herman 's surgery , Amelia begs Richard to call Derek as she claims to not being able to continue . However , Richard comes with encouraging advice , leading Amelia to proceed . Arizona , after some obstacles from Bailey , is able to save the patient and her baby . Amelia manages to remove the tumor , but after several days , Dr. Herman still does not wake up . Stephanie figures out that Dr. Herman had a small stroke , but luckily Dr. Herman eventually wakes up , but is completely blind . Amelia instructs Stephanie to live on the high and not beat herself up . 235 15 `` I Feel the Earth Move '' Thomas J. Wright Jen Klein March 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 12 ) 7.40 An earthquake strikes Seattle , sending a flood of patients to the ER . Owen must help an eleven - year - old girl after she calls the hospital for help for her mother who is barely breathing . Owen , Amelia , and Richard walk the girl through a procedure to help the mother . The young girl and her mother eventually make their way to the hospital with Amelia being able to save her . Meanwhile , Callie and Maggie treat an elderly , sexually - hyper woman . Maggie confides in Callie about her love life , and Callie suggests she should go out with the radiologist . Jackson and Ben work on a plastic surgery case , which allows Ben to talk about his sister 's gender reassignment . Meredith learns from Jo that she is on a successful surgery streak ever since November , which is when Derek left . Meredith calls Derek to share her success , but begins to question Derek when another woman answers the phone . 236 16 `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' Susan Vaill Andy Reaser March 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) 7.73 A patient with Alzheimer 's is admitted to the hospital after having crashed into a house of a young pregnant couple , with the patient bringing memories to Richard regarding his late wife Adele . It is discovered that the man does not have Alzheimer 's , but NPH , which caused his memory loss . Amelia offers to insert a shunt to prevent fluid from building up , but the patient denies , hoping to forget what he has done . The young mother suffers a massive intracranial hemorrhage , and dies on the OR table with the doctors being able to save the baby . Callie 's new date leads Arizona to become jealous , but Arizona later reveals to Callie that the woman is a crazy ex-girlfriend . Richard tells Maggie about Ellis ' fight with Alzheimer 's ; however she reveals to already have been tested for the gene . April and Jackson struggle to move on with their life after the death of their baby . After not answering his phone all day , Derek shows up on Meredith 's doorstep . 237 17 `` With or Without You '' Chandra Wilson Elisabeth R. Finch March 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 26 ) 8.18 With Derek back in town , Meredith tries to distract herself from the idea of her husband cheating on her . Alex asks for her opinion on one of his cases with Meredith suggesting a risky surgery . Owen 's mother is admitted in the ER , and Owen learns about his mother 's much younger boyfriend . This angers Owen , who then lashes out on Amelia . Later , however , Owen comes around and accepts his mother and her boyfriend 's relationship. He then apologizes to Amelia , leading them to having sex . Jo 's patient , admitted with nosebleeds , turns out to have a leech in her sinus cavities . Meredith 's streak comes to an end when her and Alex 's patient dies , and Alex comforts her . It is revealed that Derek did kiss his research fellow in Washington , D.C. , but Derek proclaims his love for Meredith . Meredith confesses to having learned to live without Derek , but she confesses of not wanting to . 238 18 `` When I Grow Up '' Zetna Fuentes Tia Napolitano April 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 02 ) 6.64 A squad of police officers make their way to the hospital to support two of their own : brothers who were shot during the robbery . The suspect was a 15 - year - old boy who is also undergoing surgery in need of a liver . It turns out that there 's a match with one of the brothers he shot in the robbery . Meredith must discuss the process of organ donation with the mother of the two police officers who were killed , but before she can get the mother 's permission , Bailey jumps in asking about the liver for the boy . The mother denies permission for organ donation when she learns who the boy is . Callie is working on the leg of the commanding officer who expresses concern for the young boy . Mistaken as wanting to get even , the officer tells Callie that the boy was a child they were able to get into foster care . With this new information , Meredith is able to convince the mother to save the suspect 's life by allowing the liver transplant . Derek comes back to work under Amelia , who thinks he wo n't be able to work at the hospital without trying to steal surgeries from her . Eventually , Amelia realizes that her brother is being sincere and is happy to be back home with his family and his job as her fellow . With prodding from Jo , Stephanie falls for one of the chaperones on the field trip , but to her surprise , the guy is a high school student . Callie gets asked out by the commanding officer , but indirectly declines without explanation . Amelia confides in Derek that she is falling in love with Owen . 239 19 `` Crazy Love '' Paul McCrane Elizabeth J.B. Klaviter April 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 09 ) 7.42 A local chef has his penis cut off by his wife when she finds out that he was having an affair . April calls Catherine Avery for a consult about the chef , and Catherine becomes impressed with Stephanie for her quick thinking about the preservation of the penis , suggesting urology as a specialty . Amelia and Callie disagree on the approach for a surgery for a misaligned spine , leading Owen to weigh in on Amelia 's approach . However , in surgery , Amelia 's approach goes wrong leading Amelia to blame Owen for interfering . The woman the local chef had an affair with , cuts off the chef 's penis again , but Stephanie manages to get the penis back and decides to not specialize in urology . Richard and Catherine proclaim their love for each other after having an argument over their careers . Derek leaves for D.C. to wrap things up , but Meredith gets a call from the White House saying Derek never showed up for the meeting . 240 20 `` One Flight Down '' David Greenspan Austin Guzman April 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 16 ) 7.60 A plane crash in Seattle brings old memories back to Meredith , Arizona , and Owen . After learning that Derek never showed up in D.C. , Meredith begins to worry ; however Bailey gives her a 5 : 00 p.m. time frame for freaking out . With the plane crash situation , Alex tries to make sure Arizona is okay , but he only begins to annoy her instead . Alex admits to Arizona that it was him instead of Callie who cut off her leg , with Callie admitting to Arizona that she wanted her to have Alex and just be mad at her . Amelia learns about Owen 's involvement in the plane crash . Maggie learns from April and Alex about the plane crash that killed Lexie , while Stephanie tries her hardest to make her patient remember the pilot with whom she fell in love . Just when Meredith is about to call Derek at 5.00 p.m. , a police car pulls up in her driveway . 241 21 `` How to Save a Life '' Rob Hardy Shonda Rhimes April 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 23 ) 9.55 On his way to the airport , Derek witnesses a car crash , leading him to try and help . He manages to help a girl with an exposed abdomen and a boy who has suffered a massive head trauma . Derek manages to alert help from the smoke of the car explosion . Just as Derek is about to drive away , he is hit by a semi-truck , and is rushed to the ER at the closest hospital . He is unable to speak as the doctors examine him , with him subconsciously telling the doctors to order a head CT . However , Derek is rushed into surgery , but by the time the doctors discover his blown pupil , the neurosurgeon arrives too late and Derek is declared brain - dead . After several hours , Meredith signs the papers to turn off life - support . She confronts one of the doctors , Penny , and advises her to learn from her mistake . Right before the nurse turns off the machines , Meredith remembers her life with Derek and tells him she will be fine , and Derek takes his final breath . 242 243 22 23 `` She 's Leaving Home '' Chris Hayden Stacy McKee April 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 30 ) 8.74 Meredith reveals the news of Derek 's death at the hospital , with everyone taking it hard except Amelia , who hides behind morbid jokes about her brother being dead . After the funeral , Meredith goes AWOL after leaving a note . Bailey and Ben discuss their different opinions about extraordinary measures if anything happens to them . Catherine rejects Richard 's proposal before he can even ask her . Dan , Callie 's chief of police one - time date , is admitted to the hospital after an accident . Owen and April go overseas for a planned three - month military surgical training program , but April keeps extending her leave despite Jackson 's pleas for her to come home . Jackson and Jo work on a pair of burn victims who bond over their circumstances . After almost a year , Alex receives a call from Meredith saying that she and the kids are fine . It is revealed that Meredith is very pregnant with Derek 's baby . Callie continues to work with Dan after she had to amputate his leg , and remembers when she and Derek created the robotic limbs . After not letting Derek 's death affect her , Amelia has an emotional breakdown at the hospital , leading her to buy drugs . At Meredith and Derek 's house , Owen manages to convince Amelia to not take the drugs , which leads Amelia to confront her feelings about Derek 's death . On Valentine 's Day , Ben reveals to Bailey about wanting to be unplugged like Bailey , but Bailey , now accepting Ben 's wish to live at all costs , is disappointed with his decision . April returns from her military leave which happily surprises Jackson , and Catherine comes around and proposes to Richard , who happily accepts . Meredith begins to bleed from her uterus and Zola calls 9 - 1 - 1 saving Meredith 's life , paralleling when Meredith saved Ellis ' life . Meredith gives birth to a baby girl named Ellis , and Alex shows up to support her as he was her emergency contact person . Meredith finally returns to Seattle and decides to start over . 244 24 `` Time Stops '' Kevin McKidd Meg Marinis May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 7.74 A collapse of a tunnel sends multiple victims to the hospital , and April , Maggie , Amelia , and Meredith are sent to the site to help rescue others . Richard , serving as interim Chief of Surgery since Owen resigned , gives his first - day speech to the new interns on the same day as his and Catherine 's wedding day . However , Richard calls off the wedding after several fights between them . Amelia confronts Meredith about her decision to unplug Derek before consulting with her . Callie and Arizona work on Joan , a patient who goes into labor after the tunnel collapse , but one of the new interns loosens her collar , leading the neck to dislocate . Meredith asks Alex if she and the kids can move back in with him and Jo , which leads Alex and Jo to hit a rough spot . Jackson struggles with the new changed April , and Maggie receives bad news from her mom . April brings one of the trapped patients , still in his car , to the hospital . 245 25 `` You 're My Home '' Rob Corn William Harper May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) 8.33 With only five minutes to get April 's patient out of the car to the operating table , Stephanie 's interns must help make a clear path . Alex asks Jo about Meredith and kids moving in , which Jo misunderstands , leading her to buy a fixer - upper apartment for her and Alex . Meredith tries to mend her relationship with Amelia by giving her Derek 's last voicemail . Richard promises Bailey that she will be the next Chief of Surgery , but Catherine disagrees , leading them to argue about their careers . After Meredith tells them to work out their problems , they agree to each have one candidate for Chief of Surgery which the board will ultimately choose . Richard and Catherine get married and have their reception at Meredith and Derek 's house . April tells Jackson about wanting to go to Jordan again , but he gives her an ultimatum about their marriage . Maggie consults Meredith about her parents divorce , and Meredith suggest that they `` dance - it - out '' . Reception ( edit ) Broadcasting ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy 's eleventh season opened up to 10.14 million viewers with a 3.1 / 11 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . The premiere episode `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' , was the season 's most viewed episode . `` When I Grow Up '' was the season and series ' least viewed episode , with 6.64 million viewers and a 1.9 / 7 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . The season finale was the series lowest watched season finale with 8.33 million viewers and 2.2 / 8 in the 18 -- 49 rating demo . Grey 's Anatomy , in its eleventh season , ranked 36th overall in total viewers ( 11.08 million ) . This is much lower than Season 10 , which was ranked 15th . In the 18 -- 49 key demographic , Grey 's Anatomy ranked 13th ( the lowest ranking in the series ' history ) . The highest ranking for the 18 -- 49 key demographic was 3rd for Seasons 3 , 4 , and 5 . Last season , Grey 's Anatomy was ranked 5th . For the 2014 - 2015 primetime TV schedule , Grey 's Anatomy was the # 5 drama in the 18 -- 49 key demographic . Critical reception ( edit ) The first half of the season opened to critical acclaim with many calling it the best season in the past few years , the second half however , garnered mixed reviews . With Season 11 being the first in Grey 's Anatomy history to be without Cristina Yang , TV.com wrote , `` So , the question I had heading into Grey 's Anatomy 's Season 11 premiere was just how much Cristina 's absence would be felt . And at the end , I have to say - while the lack of Yang was definitely noticeable , I think the show will be just fine with out her . '' Perhaps the biggest storyline of Season 11 was the death of Derek Shepherd . After his last episode , How to Save a Life premiered , many fans were outraged with Shonda Rhimes for how the episode was written and vowed to never watch the show again . Samantha Highfill of Entertainment Weekly wrote : `` Of all the ways he could 've gone -- dying while saving that family in a shocking but heroic moment , or dying at Grey Sloan and getting a chance to say goodbye to everyone -- this felt cheap . And quite frankly , it felt a little rude to the man himself . He was called McDreamy for a reason , and he deserved better than this . '' Citing the storylines of Derek 's death , Callie and Arizona splitting up , and April and Jackson losing their baby , The Hollywood Reporter wrote that Season 11 is one of the most depressing seasons of Grey 's Anatomy . Ellen Pompeo garnered critical acclaim more so towards the latter half of the season for her portrayal of Meredith Grey . Despite all that , the season garnered positive reviews . Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` It 's nice to see Grey 's pull back on the throttle on its soap opera tendencies ( and I hate using that word as pejorative ) and aim for drama that feels a bit more grounded . '' TV Fanatic gave a hugely positive review stating , `` The acting remains stellar , the drama is mixed with just the right amount of humor and darn it if I 'm not now wrapped up in the future of MerDer . '' TV Equals stated that , `` This season certainly had its strong points , the sad loss of Jackson and April 's son was a tearjerker in all the right ways . It was great to see Amelia move past an uncomfortable incident with someone from her past and go on to save Dr. Herman 's life . Maggie Pierce was a great addition to the show and the writers managed to revisit this premise in a way that felt fresh . The storyline was also well - paced and it 's been great to watch Maggie become a larger part of Meredith 's life and to watch her get fully integrated into Grey Sloan . '' BuddyTV gave the finale a positive review , `` You 're My Home , proved to be so bright and shiny . This is an episode that nearly could have served as a series finale , though we know that is not the case . Indeed , a few characters notwithstanding , most of our beloved surgeons are in a shockingly good place as season eleven draws to a close . '' adding , `` I was very impressed tonight as Meredith , who can be very selfish but - in fairness - has suffered great personal loss in the death of Derek , stepped up to the plate on behalf of others . When one considers how this character has grown over eleven seasons , it really is amazing . Kudos to Ellen Pompeo for her fine work . She 's actually done the impossible , because I actually care what happens to Meredith Grey in season twelve . '' The episode Only Mama Knows received critical acclaim with numerous critics calling it `` one of the best of Grey 's '' . Spoilertv lauded the episode and wrote , `` Outstanding . It 's been a very long time since an episode came along which truly lived and breathed the very core of Grey 's Anatomy . It was faithfully and beautifully written , directed , edited and acted . '' Entertainment Weekly called the show a `` great drama series '' stating , `` It was also throwing us back to the type of episode we expected from this show in the early seasons , the type of episode that gave you chills and reminded you why this show is so good at drama . '' Ellen Pompeo garnered huge praise towards the later half of the season for her portrayal of Meredith Grey . Rick Porter of Zap2it lauded Pompeo 's performance in How to Save a Life , may not be the ideal Emmy - submission episode for Ellen Pompeo , considering Meredith is off screen for more than half of it . But it 's among the best work she 's ever done on the show . '' USA Today also lauded Pompeo 's performance saying , `` In some ways , the episode was even more of a showcase for Pompeo . She did n't play a prominent part until late in the hour , but she had some of the more memorable and well - played scenes , from her angry response to the doctor who tries to tell her what her choices are , to her resignation when she realizes she has to comfort and motivate the young doctor whose mistakes cost Derek his life . '' Reviewing the episode She 's Leaving Home CarterMatt called her the `` anchor '' for Grey 's saying , `` Throughout , this was an episode completely anchored by Ellen Pompeo , who has done some of her best work ever on the show the past couple of weeks . Tonight , she cried , she fought , and she learned that she was carrying his child . '' and added that Pompeo is often `` overlooked '' saying , `` Her subtlety is probably why she is often overlooked . '' Ratings ( edit ) ^ Note 1 : All episodes aired on Thursdays at the 8.00 p.m. slot in the U.S. , except two episodes which aired at 9.00 p.m. Live + SD ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rank Viewership rank Drama rank 221 `` I Must Have Lost It on the Wind '' September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 3.1 / 11 9.81 18 22 7 222 `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) 2.6 / 9 9.15 16 N / A 8 223 `` Got to Be Real '' October 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) 2.4 / 8 8.48 20 N / A 9 224 `` Only Mama Knows '' October 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) 2.4 / 8 8.43 22 N / A 8 225 5 `` Bend & Break '' October 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 23 ) 2.5 / 8 8.62 16 N / A 226 6 `` Do n't Let 's Start '' November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) 2.4 / 7 8.08 13 N / A 5 227 7 `` Could We Start Again , Please ? '' November 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 13 ) 2.4 / 7 8.36 18 N / A 5 228 8 `` Risk '' November 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 20 ) 2.4 / 7 8.33 15 N / A 5 229 9 `` Where Do We Go From Here '' January 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 29 ) 2.8 / 9 8.71 10 20 5 230 10 `` The Bed 's Too Big Without You '' February 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 05 ) 2.3 / 7 7.98 16 N / A 6 231 11 `` All I Could Do Was Cry '' February 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 12 ) 2.3 / 8 7.81 14 N / A 7 232 12 `` The Great Pretender '' February 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 19 ) 2.5 / 8 8.13 15 N / A 5 233 13 `` Staring at the End '' February 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 26 ) 2.2 / 7 7.56 17 N / A 5 234 14 `` The Distance '' March 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 05 ) 2.4 / 8 8.09 11 N / A 235 15 `` I Feel the Earth Move '' March 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 12 ) 2.1 / 7 7.40 18 N / A 6 236 16 `` Dont Dream It 's Over '' March 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) 2.1 / 7 7.73 8 19 237 17 `` With or Without You '' March 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 26 ) 2.2 / 9 8.18 10 16 238 18 `` When I Grow Up '' April 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 02 ) 1.9 / 7 6.64 15 32 5 239 19 `` Crazy Love '' April 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 09 ) 9 : 00 p.m. 2.1 / 7 7.42 11 24 240 20 `` One Flight Down '' April 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 16 ) 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 / 8 7.60 12 20 241 21 `` How to Save a Life '' April 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 23 ) 2.8 / 10 9.55 14 242 22 `` She 's Leaving Home ( Part 1 ) '' April 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 30 ) 2.6 / 9 8.74 14 243 23 `` She 's Leaving Home ( Part 2 ) '' April 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 30 ) 9 : 00 p.m. 2.6 / 9 8.74 14 244 24 `` Time Stops '' May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 / 8 7.74 7 20 245 25 `` You 're My Home '' May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) 2.2 / 8 8.33 7 13 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 rating increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 221 `` I Must Have Lost on the Wind '' September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.5 3.61 4.6 13.42 222 `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) 1.4 3.32 4.0 12.47 223 `` Got to Be Real '' October 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) 1.6 3.45 4.0 11.93 224 `` Only Mama Knows '' October 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) 1.6 3.48 4.0 11.91 225 5 `` Bend & Break '' October 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 23 ) 1.4 3.23 3.9 11.85 226 6 `` Do n't Let 's Start '' November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) 1.7 3.73 4.1 11.81 227 7 `` Could We Start Again , Please ? '' November 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 13 ) 1.5 3.50 3.9 11.86 228 8 `` Risk '' November 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 20 ) 1.3 3.14 3.7 11.47 229 9 `` Where Do We Go From Here '' January 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 29 ) 1.5 3.68 4.3 12.39 230 10 `` The Bed 's Too Big Without You '' February 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 05 ) 1.5 3.28 3.8 11.26 231 11 `` All I Could Do Was Cry '' February 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 12 ) 1.5 3.47 3.8 11.28 232 12 `` The Great Pretender '' February 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 19 ) 1.6 3.60 4.1 11.73 233 13 `` Staring at the End '' February 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 26 ) 1.4 3.21 3.6 10.77 234 14 `` The Distance '' March 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 05 ) 1.3 3.02 3.7 11.11 235 15 `` I Feel the Earth Move '' March 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 12 ) 1.5 3.25 3.6 10.65 236 16 `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' March 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) 1.4 3.30 3.5 11.03 237 17 `` With or Without You '' March 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 26 ) 1.6 3.27 3.8 11.45 238 18 `` When I Grow Up '' April 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 02 ) 1.5 3.41 3.4 10.05 239 19 `` Crazy Love '' April 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 09 ) 9 : 00 p.m. N / A N / A N / A N / A 240 20 `` One Flight Down '' April 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 16 ) 8 : 00 p.m. 1.4 3.09 3.5 10.69 241 21 `` How to Save a Life '' April 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 23 ) 1.6 3.65 4.4 13.20 242 22 `` She 's Leaving Home ( Part 1 ) '' April 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 30 ) 1.4 3.14 4.0 11.88 243 23 `` She 's Leaving Home ( Part 2 ) '' April 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 30 ) 1.4 3.14 4.0 11.88 244 24 `` Time Stops '' May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 1.5 3.37 3.6 11.11 245 25 `` You 're My Home '' May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) 1.4 3.09 3.6 11.43 DVD release ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Eleventh Season - Life Changes Set Details Special Features 24 Episodes ( 1 extended ) 6 - Disc Set English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround ) Audio Commentaries Extended Episode - `` You 're My Home '' Spotlight Cast Piece : Caterina Scorsone How To Say Goodbye : Dr. Derek Shepherd Deleted Scenes In Stitches : Season Eleven Outtakes Release Dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 August 18 , 2015 October 5 , 2015 October 7 , 2015 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lambert , David ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy - ABC / Disney 's Official Press Release for ' The Complete 11th Season ' '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Sandra Oh Will Leave ' Grey 's Anatomy ' at the End of the Tenth Season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://blog.peopleschoice.com/2014/11/04/peoples-choice-awards-2015-nominees-full-list/ Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Galavant ' , ' Secrets & Lies , ' American Crime ' , ' Nashville ' , ' Agent Carter ' , ' Fresh Off The Boat ' & More Renewed by ABC '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Drops Two Docs for Season 11 '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Contract Scoop : Ellen Pompeo and Patrick Dempsey Sign New 2 - Year Deals '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 2 , 2014 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Closes New Long - Term Deals With Justin Chambers , Sara Ramirez and 2 Others '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( June 23 , 2014 ) . `` Caterina Scorsone Joins Grey 's Anatomy as a Series Regular '' . E ! Online . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Claredon , Dan ( July 19 , 2014 ) . `` Spoiler ! Grey 's Anatomy Season 11 to Show Ellis Flashbacks -- But With Sarah Paulson or Kate Burton ? '' . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Major Grey 's Anatomy Role Recast ! Find Out Who 's In and Who 's Out This Season '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Bringing Kate Burton Back '' . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Friedlander , Whitney ( August 8 , 2014 ) . `` Geena Davis to Guest Star on ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Richenthal , Matt ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` Annet Mahendru to Guest Star on Grey 's Anatomy Season 11 '' . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Claredon , Dan ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Connie Ray to Play April 's Mother in Season 11 -- Meet Mama Kepner ! '' . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Liz ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Kelly McCreary Upped to Series Regular '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Recruits Reign Hottie Giacomo Gianniotti for Top - Secret Role '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Enlists ' Mentalist ' Alum ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes gives statement on killing off Grey 's Anatomy star '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` ABC Renews Once Upon a Time , Grey 's Anatomy , Orders Shonda Rhimes Drama and More '' . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` ABC 2014 - 15 Primetime Schedule : ' Agents of SHIELD ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , & ' Scandal ' Get New Timeslots + ' Black - ish ' Gets Post ' Modern Family ' Spot & ' Agent Carter ' Held For Midseason '' . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clarendon , Dan ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` ABC to Split Grey 's Anatomy Season 11 Like Season 10 '' . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` ABC to Stick with Split Seasons for Most of Its Dramas '' . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( 21 August 2014 ) . `` See how ABC is promoting Shonda Rhimes ' Thursday takeover '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Melanie ( September 20 , 2006 ) . `` On TV : Thursday night throwdown '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` ABC Announces November Sweeps Programming Including ' Castle ' Wedding & # TGIT Fall Finales '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` ABC Announces Premiere Dates for ' Galavant ' and ' Marvel 's Agent Carter ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clarendon , Dan ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Writers Already Working on Season 11 '' . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hey ... Ummmm ... 19 days till season 11 filming starts ... # greysanatomy '' . Twitter . July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Webb Mitovich , Matt ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Scoop : Shonda Rhimes Teases Season 11 Time Jump , Theme -- ' It 's a ( Spoiler ) - Centric Season ' '' . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pomarico , Nicole ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Sarah Drew 's Co-Stars Congratulate Her on Her Baby News '' . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Gotham ' & ' Red Band Society ' Top Percentage Gains & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending September 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Parenthood ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : No Adjustement for ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Gracepoint ' or ' Reign ' + Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' The McCarthys ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Bad Judge ' , ' A to Z ' , ' Elementary ' , ' Parenthood ' & ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The McCarthys ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Gracepoint ' , ' Reign ' , ' Parenthood ' , ' Bad Judge ' , ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' ' The Biggest Loser ' & ' A to Z ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Backstrom ' Adjusted Down , No Adjustment to ' The Blacklist ' , ' Scandal ' or ' The Vampire Diaries ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' & ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Scandal ' , ' American Idol ' , & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Odd Couple ' , ' Mom ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Reign ' Adjusted Down & Final Basketball Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Crime ' Adjusted Up + Final Basketball Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dateline ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Backstrom ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Odd Couple ' & ' Reign ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' American Crime ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment to ' Scandal ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Scandal ' & `` How to Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2014 . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2014 - 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline . May 21 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 11 Premiere Review : Sister Act '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy poll : Did Derek get a proper send - off ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . April 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : 11 Ways Season 11 Has Been Its Most Depressing Yet '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.ew.com/recap/greys-anatomy-season-11-episode-8 Jump up ^ http://www.tvfanatic.com/2014/09/greys-anatomy-season-11-episode-1-review-all-in-the-family/ Jump up ^ http://www.tvequals.com/2015/05/18/greys-anatomy-youre-home-review-season-11-episode-24/ Jump up ^ http://www.buddytv.com/articles/greys-anatomy/greys-anatomy-season-finale-re-56553.aspx Jump up ^ http://www.spoilertv.com/2014/10/greys-anatomy-only-mama-knows-review.html Jump up ^ http://www.ew.com/recap/greys-anatomy-season-11-episode-4/2 Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Ellen Pompeo totally saved ' How to Save a Life ' '' . Zap2it.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2015/04/23/greys-anatomy-kills-off-major-character/26243761/ Jump up ^ http://cartermatt.com/133792/greys-anatomy-season-11-episode-1-review-ellen-pompeo-star-premiere/ ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Scandal ' & ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2014 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Scandal ' & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up & Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Scandal ' & ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up & Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 3 With Adults 18 - 49 & With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 4 With Adults 18 - 49 & With Total Viewers '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 5 With Adults 18 - 49 , ' Thursday Night Football ' Tops With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 7 With Adults 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 8 With Adults 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 9 With Adults 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Super Bowl Tops Adults 18 - 49 & Total Viewers for the Week Ending February 1 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Grammy Awards Tops Adults 18 - 49 & Total Viewers for the Week Ending February 8 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 & Total Viewers for the Week Ending February 8 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Academy Awards Telecast Tops Adults 18 - 49 & Total Viewers for the Week Ending February 22 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Empire ' Tops With Adults 18 - 49 , ' NCIS ' Wins With Total Viewers for the Week Ending March 1 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Empire ' Tops With Adults 18 - 49 , ' The Big Bang Theory ' Wins With Total Viewers for the Week Ending March 8 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Empire ' Tops With Adults 18 - 49 , ' The Big Bang Theory ' Wins With Total Viewers for the Week Ending March 15 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Empire ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 & Total Viewers for the Week Ending March 22 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' The Voice ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 . ' NCIS ' Wins With Total Viewers for the Week Ending March 29 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 & ' NCIS ' Wins With Total Viewers for the Week Ending April 5 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Nielsens : ' Mad Men , ' ' A.D. , ' Bieber roast '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NCAA Basketball Championship Tops Adults 18 - 49 & Total Viewers for the Week Ending April 12 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 ; ' ACM Awards ' Leads Total Viewers for the Week Ending April 19 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Bruce Jenner : The Interview ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 & Total Viewers for the Week Ending April 26 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 While ' NCIS ' Leads Total Viewers for the Week Ending May 3 , 2015 '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Billboard Music Awards ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 & ' NCIS ' Tops Total Viewers for the Week Ending May 17 , 2015 '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Red Band Society ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Have Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' New Girl ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' America 's Next Top Model ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 5 Ending October 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 7 Ending November 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Bibel ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Increase , ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gainers in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending February 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Glee ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 20 Ending February 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Increases & Viewer Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 21 Ending February 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 22 Ending February 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Gains + ' Glee ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 23 Ending March 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains + ' Glee ' & ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 24 Ending March 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 25 Ending March 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 26 Ending March 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Gains , ' Forever ' Tops Percentage Increases & ' The Blacklist ' Wins Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 27 Ending March 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage & Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 28 Ending April 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Reign ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 30 Ending April 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains , ' The Blacklist ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 31 Ending April 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Modern Family ' Tie for Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Growth , ' The Messengers ' Leads Percentage Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Increase in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 32 Ending May 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Growth , ' Wayward Pines ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 33 Ending May 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy - Season 11 ( DVD ) '' . amazon.co.uk . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 11 ( DVD ) '' . ezydvd . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_11)&oldid=804191549 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2014 American television seasons 2015 American television seasons Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 11 : 01 . 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who was the first woman to sit in the british house of commons

Nancy Astor , Viscountess Astor

nancy astor, viscountess astor

Nancy Witcher Langhorne Astor , Viscountess Astor , CH ( 19 May 1879 -- 2 May 1964 ) was the first female Member of Parliament to take her seat .

She was an American citizen who moved to England at age 26 . She made a second marriage to Waldorf Astor as a young woman in England . After he succeeded to the peerage and entered the House of Lords , she entered politics , in 1919 winning his former seat in Plymouth and becoming the first woman to sit as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) in the House of Commons . Her first husband was an American citizen , Robert Gould Shaw II , and they divorced . She served in Parliament as a member of the Conservative Party for Plymouth Sutton until 1945 , when she was persuaded to step down . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 England 3 Religious views 4 First campaign for Parliament 5 Early years in Parliament 6 1930s 7 Astor and Nazism 8 World War II 9 Final years 10 Quotations 11 Children 12 Notes 12.1 Footnotes 12.2 Citations 13 Sources 14 Further reading 15 External links Early life ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nancy Witcher Langhorne was born at the Langhorne House in Danville , Virginia . She was the eighth of eleven children born to railroad businessman Chiswell Dabney Langhorne and his wife Nancy Witcher Keene . Following the abolition of slavery , Chiswell struggled to make his operations profitable , and with the destruction of the war , the family lived in near - poverty for several years before Nancy was born . After her birth , her father gained a job as a tobacco auctioneer in Danville , the center of bright leaf tobacco and a major marketing and processing center . In 1874 , he won a construction contract with the Chespeake and Ohio Railroad , using former contacts from his service in the Civil War . By 1892 , when Nancy was thirteen years old , her father had re-established his wealth and built a sizeable home . Chiswell Langhorne later moved his family to an estate , known as Mirador , in Albemarle County , Virginia . Nancy Langhorne had four sisters and three brothers who survived childhood . All of the sisters were known for their beauty ; Nancy and her sister Irene both attended a finishing school in New York City . There Nancy met her first husband , socialite Robert Gould Shaw II , a first cousin of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw , who commanded the 54th Massachusetts Regiment , the first unit in the Union Army to be composed of African Americans . They married in New York City on 27 October 1897 , when she was 18 . Nancy 's childhood home , the Langhorne House in Danville , Virginia . The marriage was unhappy . Shaw 's friends said Nancy became puritanical and rigid after marriage ; her friends said that Shaw was an abusive alcoholic . During their four - year marriage , they had one son , Robert Gould Shaw III ( called Bobby ) . Nancy left Shaw numerous times during their marriage , the first during their honeymoon . In 1903 , Nancy 's mother died ; at that time , Nancy Shaw gained a divorce and moved back to Mirador to try to run her father 's household , but was unsuccessful . Nancy Shaw took a tour of England and fell in love with the country . Since she had been so happy there , her father suggested that she move to England . Seeing she was reluctant , her father said this was also her mother 's wish ; he suggested she take her younger sister Phyllis . Nancy and Phyllis moved together to England in 1905 . Their older sister Irene had married the artist Charles Dana Gibson and became a model for his Gibson Girls . England ( edit ) A contemporary view of Cliveden , Nancy Astor 's country house that served as a hospital in the World Wars Nancy Shaw had already become known in English society as an interesting and witty American , at a time when numerous wealthy young American women had married into the aristocracy . Her tendency to be saucy in conversation , yet religiously devout and almost prudish in behavior , confused many of the English men but pleased some of the older socialites . Nancy also began to show her skill at winning over critics . She was once asked by an English woman , `` Have you come to get our husbands ? '' Her unexpected response , `` If you knew the trouble I had getting rid of mine ... '' charmed her listeners and displayed the wit for which she became known . Nancy Astor , Viscountess Astor She did marry an Englishman , albeit one born in the United States , Waldorf Astor ; when he was twelve , his father , William Waldorf Astor had moved the family to England , raising his children in the English aristocratic style . The couple were well matched , as they were both American expatriates with similar temperaments . They were of the same age , born the same day , 19 May 1879 . Astor shared some of Nancy 's moral attitudes , and had a heart condition that may have contributed to his restraint . After the marriage , the Astor couple moved into Cliveden , a lavish estate in Buckinghamshire on the River Thames that was a wedding gift from Astor 's father . Nancy Astor developed as a prominent hostess for the social elite . The Astors also owned a grand London house , No. 4 St. James 's Square , which is now the premises of the Naval & Military Club . A blue plaque unveiled in 1987 commemorates Astor at St. James 's Square . Through her many social connections , Lady Astor became involved in a political circle called Milner 's Kindergarten . Considered liberal in their age , the group advocated unity and equality among English - speaking people and a continuance or expansion of British imperialism . Religious views ( edit ) With Milner 's Kindergarten , Astor began her friendship with Philip Kerr . The friendship became important in her religious life . The two met shortly after Kerr had suffered a spiritual crisis regarding his once devout Catholicism . The two were each searching for spiritual stability and they were attracted to Christian Science , to which they both eventually converted . After converting , she began to proselytize for that faith and played a role in Kerr 's conversion to it . She also tried to convert Hilaire Belloc 's daughters to Christian Science , which led to a rift between them . Despite having Catholic friends such as Belloc for a time , Astor 's religious views included a strong vein of Anti-Catholicism . Christopher Sykes argues that Kerr , an ex-Catholic , influenced this , but others argue that Astor 's Protestant Virginia origins are a sufficient explanation for her Anti-Catholic views . ( Anti-Catholicism was also tied into historic national rivalries . ) In 1927 she reportedly told James Louis Garvin that if he hired a Catholic , `` bishops would be there within a week . '' She disliked Jews and discouraged the hiring of Jews or Catholics to positions at The Observer . This regime persisted at The Observer into the 1960s and 70s . When Kenneth Tynan resigned from the Observer in 1963 to take the post of Literary Manager of the National Theatre , he proposed the Irish playwright Dominic Behan as his preferred replacement . Behan , a well - known atheist , was interviewed for the post . When he told the interview board that he was a Catholic , the offer was withdrawn . Behan later said to Tynan , `` I would hope if a Nazi ever asked me my religion I would have the courage to defend my right to be a Jew , Bush Baptist or even a damn Catholic ! '' First campaign for Parliament ( edit ) Several elements of Viscountess Astor 's life influenced her first campaign , but she became a candidate after her husband succeeded to the peerage and House of Lords . He had enjoyed a promising political career for several years before World War I in the House of Commons ; after his father 's death , he succeeded to his father 's peerage as the 2nd Viscount Astor . He automatically became a member of the House of Lords and consequently had to forfeit his seat of Plymouth Sutton in the House of Commons . With this change , Lady Astor decided to contest the vacant Parliamentary seat . Astor had not been connected with the women 's suffrage movement in the British Isles . The first woman elected to the British Parliament , Constance Markievicz , said Lady Astor was `` of the upper classes , out of touch '' . Countess Markiewicz had been in Holloway prison for Sinn Féin activities during her election , and other suffragettes had been imprisoned for arson . Astor was hampered in the popular campaign for her published and at times vocal teetotalism and her ignorance of current political issues . Her tendency to say odd or outlandish things sometimes made her appear unstable . On one occasion , while canvassing in Plymouth , she was greeted at a door by a girl whose mother was away . As Astor was unfamiliar with the area , she had been given a naval officer as an escort . The girl said : `` ... but she ( my mother ) said if a lady comes with a sailor they 're to use the upstairs room and leave ten bob '' . This is equivalent to £ 22 in 2015 . Astor appealed to voters on the basis of her earlier work with the Canadian soldiers , allies of the British , other charitable work during the war , her financial resources for the campaign and her ability to improvise . Her audiences appreciated her wit and ability to turn the tables on hecklers . Once a man asked her what the Astors had done for him and she responded with , `` Why , Charlie , you know , '' and later had a picture taken with him . This informal style baffled yet amused the British public . She rallied the supporters of the current government , moderated her Prohibition views , and used women 's meetings to gain the support of female voters . A by - election was held on 28 November 1919 , and she took up her seat in the House on 1 December as a Unionist ( also known as `` Tory '' ) Member of Parliament . Viscountess Astor was not the first woman elected to the Westminster Parliament . That was achieved by Constance Markievicz , who was the first woman MP elected to Westminster in 1918 , but as she was an Irish Republican , she did not take her seat . As a result , Lady Astor is sometimes erroneously referred to as the first woman elected to Parliament rather than the first woman to take her seat in Parliament . However , Millicent Garrett - Fawcett ( sister of Elizabeth Garrett Anderson ) could lay reasonable claim to being the first de facto woman MP with her blind husband / partner Henry ( Garrett ) Fawcett , MP for Brighton 1864 - 1874 , acting as his PA and performing all the tasks of MP that he could not perform due to his blindness . At a time when braille was in its infancy , the first job of the day was for Millicent to read the newspapers out loud to Henry , for them both to discuss and arrive at opinions prior to other engagements such as Henry attending the House of Commons . Early years in Parliament ( edit ) Astor 's Parliamentary career was the most public phase of her life . She gained attention as a woman and as someone who did not follow the rules , often attributed to her American upbringing . On her first day in the House of Commons , she was called to order for chatting with a fellow House member , not realising that she was the person who was causing the commotion . She learned to dress more sedately and avoided the bars and smoking rooms frequented by the men . Early in her first term , MP Horatio Bottomley , who wanted to dominate the `` soldier 's friend '' issue and thought she was an obstacle , sought to ruin her political career . He capitalised on her opposition to divorce reform and her efforts to maintain wartime alcohol restrictions . He portrayed her as a hypocrite , as she was divorced ; he noted that the reform bill she opposed would allow women to have the kind of divorce she had had in America . Bottomley later went to prison for fraud , which Astor used to her advantage in other campaigns . Astor made friends among other women MPs , including members of the other parties . Margaret Wintringham was elected after Astor had been in office for two years . Astor also befriended `` Red Ellen '' Wilkinson , a former Communist then a member in the Labour Party . Astor later proposed creating a `` Women 's Party '' , but the female Labour MPs opposed this , as their party was in power and had promised them positions . Over time , political differences separated the women MPs ; by 1931 Astor became hostile to female Labour members such as Susan Lawrence . Nancy Astor 's accomplishments in the House of Commons were relatively minor . She never held a position with much influence , and never any post of ministerial rank , although her time in Commons saw four Conservative Prime Ministers in office . The Duchess of Atholl ( elected to Parliament in 1923 , four years after Lady Astor ) rose to higher levels in the Tory Party before Astor did . Astor felt if she had more position in the party , she would be less free to criticise her party 's government . She did gain passage of a bill to increase the legal drinking age to eighteen unless the minor has parental approval . During this period Nancy Astor continued to be active outside government , supporting the development and expansion of nursery schools for children 's education . She was introduced to the issue by socialist Margaret McMillan , who believed that her late sister helped guide her in life . Lady Astor was initially sceptical of this aspect , but later the two women became close ; Astor used her wealth to aid their social efforts . Although active in charitable efforts , Astor also became noted for a streak of cruelty . On hearing of the death of a political enemy , she expressed her pleasure . When people complained , she did not apologize but said , `` I 'm a Virginian ; we shoot to kill . '' Angus McDonnell , a Virginia friend , angered her by marrying without consulting her on his choice . She later told him , regarding his maiden speech , that he `` really must do better than that . '' During the course of her adult life , Astor alienated many others with her sharp words as well . During the 1920s , Astor made several effective speeches in Parliament , and gained support for her Intoxicating Liquor ( Sale to Persons under 18 ) Bill ( nicknamed `` Lady Astor 's Bill '' ) , raising the legal age for consuming alcohol in a public house from 14 to 18 . Her wealth and persona also brought attention to women who were serving in government . She worked to recruit women into the civil service , the police force , education reform , and the House of Lords . She remained popular in her constituency and well liked in the United States during the 1920s , but her success is generally believed to have declined in the following decades . She was also concerned about the treatment of juvenile victims of crime : `` The work of new MPs , such as Nancy Astor , led to a Departmental Committee on Sexual Offences Against Young People , which reported in 1925 . '' 1930s ( edit ) The 1930s were a decade of personal and professional difficulty for Lady Astor . In 1928 she won a narrow victory over the Labour candidate . In 1931 Bobby Shaw , her son from her first marriage , was arrested for homosexual offences . As her son had previously shown tendencies toward alcoholism and instability , Astor 's friend Philip Kerr , 11th Marquess of Lothian , suggested the arrest might act as a catalyst for him to change his behavior , but he was incorrect . Astor made a disastrous speech stating that alcohol use was the reason England 's national cricket team was defeated by the Australian national cricket team . Both the English and Australian teams objected to this statement . Astor remained oblivious to her growing unpopularity almost to the end of her career . Astor 's friendship with George Bernard Shaw helped her through some of her problems , although his own nonconformity caused friction between them . They held opposing political views and had very different temperaments . However , his own tendency to make controversial statements or put her into awkward situations proved to be a drawback for her political career . After Bobby Shaw was arrested , Gertrude Ely , a Pennsylvania Railroad heiress from Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania offered to provide a guided tour to Moscow for Lady Astor and Bobby . Because of public comments by her and her son during this period , her political career suffered . Her son made many flattering statements about Stalinist Russia , while Astor often disparaged the nation because she did not approve of Communism . In a meeting , she asked Joseph Stalin directly why he had slaughtered so many Russians , but many of her criticisms were translated as less challenging statements . Some of her conservative supporters feared she had `` gone soft '' on Communism . ( Her question to Stalin may have been translated correctly only because he insisted that he be told what she had said . ) Tories felt that her son 's praise of the USSR served as a coup for Soviet propaganda ; they were unhappy with her tour . Astor and Nazism ( edit ) Astor was challenged by the rise of Nazism . She criticised them for devaluing the position of women , but was strongly opposed to the idea of another World War . Several of her friends and associates , especially Lord Lothian , became heavily involved in the German appeasement policy ; this group became known as the `` Cliveden set '' . The term was first used in The Week , a newspaper run by the British Communist Claud Cockburn , but over time the allegations became more elaborate . The Cliveden set were a coterie of aristocrats described by one journalist as having subscribed to their own brand of fascism . Its members were depicted by war agitators as the prime movers for peace . Astor believed that Nazism would solve the problems associated with Communism and the Jews . Some claimed that she had hypnotic powers . Despite her anti-Catholicism , Nancy Astor was friends with US Ambassador to Britain Joseph P. Kennedy , Sr ... Their correspondence is reportedly filled with anti-Semitic language . Edward J. Renehan , Jr. notes : As fiercely anti-Communist as they were anti-Semitic , Kennedy and Astor looked upon Adolf Hitler as a welcome solution to both of these `` world problems '' ( Nancy 's phrase ) ... Kennedy replied that he expected the `` Jew media '' in the United States to become a problem , that `` Jewish pundits in New York and Los Angeles '' were already making noises contrived to `` set a match to the fuse of the world . '' Although she held anti-Semitic views , Astor has not been documented as influential in anti-Semitic or pro-Nazi policies . Astor did occasionally meet with Nazi officials in keeping with Neville Chamberlain 's policies , and she was known to distrust and dislike British Foreign Secretary ( later Prime Minister ) Anthony Eden . She told one Nazi official , who later turned out to be working against Nazis from within , that she supported their re-armament , but she supported this policy because , she said that Germany was `` surrounded by Catholics . '' She also told Joachim von Ribbentrop , the German Ambassador who later became the Foreign Minister of Germany , that Hitler looked too much like Charlie Chaplin to be taken seriously . These statements are the only documented incidents of her expressing sympathy to Nazis . Astor became increasingly harsh in her anti-Catholic and anti-Communist sentiments . After passage of the Munich Agreement , she said that if the Czech refugees fleeing Nazi oppression were Communists , they should seek asylum with the Soviets instead of the British . Even supporters of appeasement felt that this was out of line , but Lord Lothian encouraged her comments . He criticised the Pope for opposing Hitler 's annexation of Austria . Lord Lothian influenced Lady Astor in many ways . World war II ( edit ) When war did come , Astor admitted that she had made mistakes , and voted against Chamberlain , but hostility to her politics remained . In a 1939 speech , another MP , Stafford Cripps , called her `` The Member for Berlin '' . Her abilities as an MP were seen to decline with age . Her fear of Catholics increased and she made a speech saying that a Catholic conspiracy was subverting the foreign office . Based on her opposition to Communists , she insulted Stalin 's role ( from 1941 ) as an ally of the Western nations during the war . Her speeches became rambling and incomprehensible ; an opponent said that debating her had become `` like playing squash with a dish of scrambled eggs '' . On one occasion she accosted a young American soldier outside the Houses of Parliament . `` Would you like to go in ? '' she asked . The GI replied : `` You are the sort of woman my mother told me to avoid '' . The period from 1937 to the end of the war was personally difficult for her : from 1937 -- 38 Astor lost both her sister Phyllis and her only surviving brother . In 1940 Lord Lothian died . He had been her closest Christian Scientist friend even after her husband converted . George Bernard Shaw 's wife died three years later . During the war , Astor 's husband had a heart attack . After this , their marriage grew cold , likely due to her subsequent discomfort with his health problems . She ran a hospital for Canadian soldiers as she had during the First World War , but openly expressed a preference for the earlier soldiers . It was generally believed that it was Lady Astor who , during a World War II speech , first referred to the men of the 8th Army who were fighting in the Italian campaign as the `` D - Day Dodgers '' . Observers thought she was suggesting they were avoiding the `` real war '' in France and the future invasion . The Allied soldiers in Italy were so incensed that Major Hamish Henderson of the 51st Highland Division composed a bitingly sarcastic song to the tune of the popular German song `` Lili Marleen '' ( popularised in English by Marlene Dietrich ) , called `` The Ballad of the D - Day Dodgers '' . This song has also been attributed to Lance - Sergeant Harry Pynn of the Tank Rescue Section , 19 Army Fire Brigade . When told she was one of the people listed to be arrested , imprisoned and face possible execution in `` The Black Book '' under a German invasion of Britain , Lady Astor commented : `` It is the complete answer to the terrible lie that the so - called ' Cliveden Set ' was pro-Fascist . Final years ( edit ) A statue at Cliveden , overlooking 42 inscribed stones dedicated to the dead of World War I. Sir Bertram MacKennal 's figure represents Canada with the head reputedly modelled by Lady Astor Lady Astor did not acknowledge her loss of popularity . She believed her party and her husband caused her retirement in 1945 . As the Tories believed she had become a political liability in the final years of World War II , her husband said that if she ran for office again the family would not support her . She conceded but , according to contemporary reports , was both irritated and angry about this . Lady Astor struggled in retirement , which put more strain on her marriage . In a speech commemorating her 25 years in parliament , she stated that her retirement was forced on her and that it should please the men of Britain . The couple began travelling separately and soon were living apart . Lord Astor also began moving toward left - wing politics in his last years , and that exacerbated their differences . However , the couple reconciled before his death on 30 September 1952 . Lady Astor 's public image suffered , as her ethnic and religious views were increasingly out of touch with cultural changes in Britain . She expressed a growing paranoia regarding ethnic minorities . In one instance she stated that the President of the United States had become too dependent on New York City . To her this city represented `` Jewish and foreign '' influences that she feared . During a US tour , she told a group of African - American students that they should aspire to be like the black servants she remembered from her youth . On a later trip she told African - American church members that they should be grateful for slavery because it had allowed them to be introduced to Christianity . In Rhodesia she proudly told the white minority government leaders that she was the daughter of a slave owner . After 1956 Nancy Astor became increasingly isolated . In 1959 she was honored by receiving the Freedom of City of Plymouth . By this time , she had lost all her sisters and brothers , her colleague `` Red Ellen '' Wilkinson died in 1947 , George Bernard Shaw died in 1950 , and she did not take well to widowhood . Her son Bobby Shaw became increasingly combative and after her death he committed suicide . Her son Jakie married a prominent Catholic woman , which hurt his relationship with his mother . She and her other children became estranged . Gradually she began to accept Catholics as friends . But , she said that her final years were lonely . Lady Astor died in 1964 at her daughter Nancy Astor 's home at Grimsthorpe Castle in Lincolnshire . She was cremated and her ashes interred at the Octagon Temple at Cliveden . Quotations ( edit ) She was noted for exchanges with Winston Churchill , though these are not well documented . Churchill is supposed to have told Lady Astor that having a woman in Parliament was like having one intrude on him in the bathroom , to which she retorted , `` You 're not handsome enough to have such fears . '' Lady Astor is also said to have responded to a question from Churchill about what disguise he should wear to a masquerade ball by saying , `` Why do n't you come sober , Prime Minister ? '' In another recounted exchange , Lady Astor said to Churchill , `` If you were my husband , I 'd poison your tea , '' to which he responded , `` Madam , if you were my wife , I 'd drink it . '' The retort has been documented as being by Churchill 's friend F.E. Smith , Lord Birkenhead . Children ( edit ) Robert Gould Shaw III ( 1898 -- 1970 ) William Waldorf Astor II ( 1907 -- 1966 ) Nancy Phyllis Louise Astor ( 1909 -- 1975 ) Francis David Langhorne Astor ( 1912 -- 2001 ) Michael Langhorne Astor ( 1916 -- 1980 ) John Jacob Astor VII `` Jakie '' ( 1918 -- 2000 ) Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Constance Markievicz was the first woman elected to the House of Commons in December 1918 but , in line with Sinn Féin 's abstentionist policy , did not take her seat . Markievicz was detained in Holloway Prison at the time . Jump up ^ A mildly sexual innuendo Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' Our Nancy : The Story of Nancy Astor and Her Gift to the University of Virginia '' by Courtney Wilson `` . Jump up ^ Langhorne House , birthplace of Lady Astor , 117 Broad Street , Danville , Virginia , virginia.org Jump up ^ `` Mirador Marker '' . Jump up ^ Sykes ( 1984 ) , p. 75 ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Bee ( 20 December 2012 ) . `` Musical Chairs with Ribbentrop '' . London Review of Books . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ASTOR , LADY NANCY ( 1879 -- 1964 ) '' . English Heritage . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Daniel Gorman ( 20 August 2012 ) . The Emergence of International Society in the 1920s . Cambridge University Press . p. 269 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 53668 - 4 . Jump up ^ Mary Kinnear ( 2004 ) . Woman of the World : Mary McGeachy and International Cooperation . University of Toronto Press . pp. 106 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8988 - 5 . Jump up ^ Nancy Astor : Portrait of a Pioneer by John Grigg , pg 114 Jump up ^ Tom Gallagher ( 1987 ) . Glasgow , the Uneasy Peace : Religious Tension in Modern Scotland , 1819 -- 1914 . Manchester University Press . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 2396 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` First Woman in Parliament '' , The Tablet Jump up ^ Reagan , Geoffrey . Military Anecdotes ( 1992 ) p. 127 , Guinness Publishing ISBN 0 - 85112 - 519 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Women 's Political Records in the United Kingdom '' . Centre for Advancement of Women in Politics . Queen 's University Belfast . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldman L , ( Cambridge University Press 1989 ) Henry Fawcett - the Blind Victorian & British Liberalism Jump up ^ Sykes ( 1984 ) , p. 238 Jump up ^ Masters ( 1981 ) , p. 100 Jump up ^ Sykes ( 1984 ) , pp. 242 -- 60 Jump up ^ Sykes ( 1984 ) , pp. 266 -- 7 , 354 , 377 Jump up ^ Masters ( 1981 ) , p. 137 Jump up ^ Sykes ( 1984 ) , pp. 299 -- 309 , 327 Jump up ^ Sykes ( 1984 ) , pp. 329 -- 30 Jump up ^ Masters ( 1981 ) , p. 140 Jump up ^ Sykes ( 1984 ) , pp. 285 , 326 Jump up ^ Masters ( 1981 ) , p. 58 Jump up ^ Sykes ( 1984 ) , pp. 317 -- 8 327 -- 8 Jump up ^ Masters ( 1981 ) , pp. 115 -- 8 Jump up ^ Adrian Bingham et al. : `` A Hidden History '' . History Today , October 2015 , Vol. 65 , No. 10 , p. 46 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 Jump up ^ Sykes ( 1984 ) , pp. 351 -- 2 , 371 -- 80 Jump up ^ Masters ( 1981 ) , pp. 161 -- 8 ^ Jump up to : Sykes ( 1984 ) , pp. 382 -- 95 Jump up ^ Masters ( 1981 ) , pp. 145 -- 9 , 170 -- 5 Jump up ^ Masters ( 1981 ) , pp. 170 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : http://www.dailybeast.com , Garman , Emma , `` The Life of Lady Astor , '' review of biography , Nancy , The Story of Lady Astor , by Adrian Fort , St. Martins , 2013 , Daily Beast , retrieved 5 February 2013 Jump up ^ Sykes ( 1984 ) , pp. 425 -- 37 ^ Jump up to : Masters ( 1981 ) , pp. 185 -- 92 Jump up ^ Edward J. Renehan , Jr. ( 29 April 2002 ) . `` Joseph Kennedy and the Jews '' . History News Network . George Mason University . Retrieved 29 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Bernard Shaw ; Viscountess Nancy Witcher Langhorne Astor Astor ( 1 January 2005 ) . Bernard Shaw and Nancy Astor . University of Toronto Press . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 3752 - 7 . : Relates how she told Alan Crosland Graham `` Only a Jew like you would dare to be rude to me '' Jump up ^ Sykes ( 1984 ) , pp. 440 -- 50 Jump up ^ Sykes ( 1984 ) , pp. 446 -- 53 , 468 Jump up ^ `` Military Training Bill '' . Hansard . Parliament of the United Kingdom . 8 May 1939 . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Harold Nicolson in a letter to his sons , 18 March 1943 Jump up ^ Reagan , Geoffrey . Military Anecdotes ( 1992 ) p. 53 Guinness Publishing ISBN 0 - 85112 - 519 - 0 Jump up ^ Sykes ( 1984 ) , pp. 520 -- 2 , 534 Jump up ^ Masters ( 1984 ) , pp. 200 -- 5 Jump up ^ Thornton ( 1997 ) , p. 434 Jump up ^ `` Nazi 's black list discovered in Berlin '' . Jump up ^ Sykes ( 1984 ) , pp. 554 -- 6 Jump up ^ Thornton ( 1997 ) ^ Jump up to : Sykes ( 1984 ) , pp. 556 -- 7 , 573 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : Thornton ( 1997 ) , p. 444 Jump up ^ Sykes ( 1984 ) , pp. 580 , 586 -- 94 , 601 -- 6 Jump up ^ `` F.E. by Himself : Birkenhead 's Best Ripostes '' . Sources ( edit ) Astor , Michael , Tribal Feelings ( Readers Union , 1964 ) Cowling , Maurice , The Impact of Hitler : British Policies and Policy 1933 -- 1940 , Cambridge University Press , 1975 , p. 402 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 20582 - 4 Masters , Anthony ( 1981 ) . Nancy Astor : A Biography . New York City : McGraw - Hill Education . ISBN 0 - 07 - 040784 - 3 . Musolf , Karen J. , From Plymouth to Parliament ( St. Martin 's Press , 1999 ) Sykes , Christopher ( 1984 ) . Nancy : The Life of Lady Astor . Chicago : Academy Chicago Publishers . ISBN 0 - 89733 - 098 - 6 . Astor , Lady Nancy ( 1997 ) . Martin Thornton , ed . Nancy Astor 's Canadian Correspondence , 1912 -- 1962 . Lewiston , New York : Edwin Mellen Press . ISBN 0 - 7734 - 8452 - 3 . Wearing , J.P. ( editor ) , Bernard Shaw and Nancy Astor ( University of Toronto Press , 2005 ) Further reading ( edit ) Harrison , Rosina , Rose : My Life in Service to Lady Astor , ( Penguin Books , 2011 ) . External links ( edit ) Media related to Nancy Astor , Viscountess Astor at Wikimedia Commons Hansard 1803 -- 2005 : contributions in Parliament by Nancy Astor Portraits of Nancy Astor at the National Portrait Gallery , London Nancy Astor on IMDb Portrait of Nancy Langhorne Shaw Astor by Edith Leeson Everett , Virginia Historical Society , Richmond , Virginia `` Archival material relating to Nancy Astor , Viscountess Astor '' . UK National Archives . Mirador Historical Marker , Albemarle County , Virginia `` Astor , Lady Nancy '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk Works by or about Nancy Astor , Viscountess Astor at Internet Archive Works by Nancy Astor , Viscountess Astor at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded by Waldorf Astor Member of Parliament for Plymouth Sutton 1919 -- 1945 Succeeded by Lucy Middleton VIAF : 74024386 LCCN : n50030709 ISNI : 0000 0000 7367 0065 GND : 118835009 SUDOC : 077907434 BNF : cb13602311k ( data ) IATH : w6wq0d4w Virginia Women in History 2000 -- 2009 2000 Agnew , Ella Graham Ella Graham Agnew Baldwin , Mary Julia Mary Julia Baldwin Brent , Margaret Margaret Brent Cather , Willa Willa Cather Dean , Jennie Jennie Dean Fain , Sarah Lee Sarah Lee Fain Glasgow , Ellen Ellen Glasgow Madison , Dolley Dolley Madison , Pocahontas Pocahontas Rind , Clementina Clementina Rind Valentine , Lila Meade Lila Meade Valentine Walker , Maggie L. Maggie L. Walker Bowser , Rosa Dixon Rosa Dixon Bowser Campbell , Elizabeth Elizabeth Campbell Jordan , Thomasina Thomasina Jordan Keckley , Elizabeth Elizabeth Keckley Pollak , Theresa Theresa Pollak Tompkins , Sally Louisa Sally Louisa Tompkins Van Lew , Elizabeth Elizabeth Van Lew Wilson , Edith Edith Wilson 2002 Adamson , Rebecca Rebecca Adamson Barrett , Janie Porter Janie Porter Barrett Cline , Patsy Patsy Cline Corbin , Hannah Lee Hannah Lee Corbin Darden , Christine Christine Darden McDaniel , Lillian Ward Lillian Ward McDaniel Munford , Mary - Cooke Branch Mary - Cooke Branch Munford Rattley , Jessie M. Jessie M. Rattley 2003 Astor , Nancy Nancy Astor Bailey , Pearl Pearl Bailey Bodeker , Anna Whitehead Anna Whitehead Bodeker Mary Ann Elliott Mary Ann Elliott Jenkins , Annabelle Ravenscroft Gibson Annabelle Ravenscroft Gibson Jenkins Johnston , Frances Benjamin Frances Benjamin Johnston Peebles , Anne Dobie Anne Dobie Peebles Spencer , Annie Bannister Annie Bannister Spencer Arents , Grace Grace Arents , Cockacoeske Cockacoeske Couric , Katie Katie Couric Holden , Anne Makemie Anne Makemie Holden Ingles , Mary Draper Mary Draper Ingles Jones , Sarah Garland Boyd Sarah Garland Boyd Jones Snyder , Annie Annie Snyder Washington , Martha Martha Washington 2005 Adams - Ender , Clara Leach Clara Leach Adams - Ender Day , Caitlyn Caitlyn Day Griffin , Bessie Blount Bessie Blount Griffin Johnston , Mary Mary Johnston Powell , Barbara Johns Barbara Johns Powell Smith , Lee Lee Smith Wade , Mary Belvin Mary Belvin Wade 2006 Barrett , Kate Waller Kate Waller Barrett Berg , Marie Majella Marie Majella Berg Bowman , John - Geline MacDonald John - Geline MacDonald Bowman Fitzgerald - Brown , Benita Benita Fitzgerald - Brown Hopper , Grace Grace Hopper McClenahan , Mary Tyler Freeman Cheek Mary Tyler Freeman Cheek McClenahan Richardson , G. Anne G. Anne Richardson Terhune , Mary Virginia Mary Virginia Terhune 2007 Byrd , Mary Willing Mary Willing Byrd Carter , Maybelle Maybelle Carter Copenhaver , Laura Lu Scherer Laura Lu Scherer Copenhaver Futrell , Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood Futrell Galt , Mary Jeffery Mary Jeffery Galt Johnson , Sheila Crump Sheila Crump Johnson , Opossunoquonuske Opossunoquonuske Williams , Camilla Camilla Williams 2008 Berkeley , Frances Culpeper Frances Culpeper Berkeley Brooks , Lucy Goode Lucy Goode Brooks Gonzalez , Providencia Velazquez Providencia Velazquez Gonzalez Lacy , Elizabeth B. Elizabeth B. Lacy McCrumb , Sharyn Sharyn McCrumb Moss , P. Buckley P. Buckley Moss Rogers , Isabel Wood Isabel Wood Rogers Turner , Edith Edith Turner 2009 Adams , Pauline Pauline Adams Cook , Caroline Bradby Caroline Bradby Cook Emerson , Claudia Claudia Emerson Faust , Drew Gilpin Drew Gilpin Faust Grayson , Joann Hess Joann Hess Grayson Randolph , Mary Mary Randolph Randolph , Virginia Virginia Randolph Terry , Mary Sue Mary Sue Terry 2010 -- 2019 Adams , Mollie Holmes Mollie Holmes Adams Furman , Ethel Ethel Furman Harrison , Edythe C. Edythe C. Harrison Martin , Janis Janis Martin Rowland , Kate Mason Kate Mason Rowland Skipwith , Jean Miller Jean Miller Skipwith Stovall , Queena Queena Stovall Van Landingham , Marian Marian Van Landingham 2011 Addison , Lucy Lucy Addison Bontecou , Eleanor Eleanor Bontecou Fleming , Emily White Emily White Fleming Fu , Pearl Pearl Fu Lincoln , Lillian Lillian Lincoln Marshall , Bessie Niemeyer Bessie Niemeyer Marshall Rogan , Felicia Warburg Felicia Warburg Rogan Russell , Elizabeth Henry Campbell Elizabeth Henry Campbell Russell 2012 Ames , Susie May Susie May Ames Beltran , Monica Monica Beltran Campbell , Christiana Burdett Christiana Burdett Campbell Christian , Betty Sams Betty Sams Christian McIntosh , Elizabeth Peet Elizabeth Peet McIntosh Puckett , Orelena Hawks Orelena Hawks Puckett Shatin , Judith Judith Shatin Stuart , Alice Jackson Alice Jackson Stuart 2013 Alexander , Mary C. Mary C. Alexander Archer , Louise Louise Archer Carrington , Elizabeth Ambler Brent Elizabeth Ambler Brent Carrington Compton , Ann Ann Compton Falletta , JoAnn JoAnn Falletta Powell , Cleo Cleo Powell Pruitt , Inez Inez Pruitt Scott , Eva Mae Fleming Eva Mae Fleming Scott 2014 Blackford , Mary Berkeley Minor Mary Berkeley Minor Blackford Cohn , Naomi Silverman Naomi Silverman Cohn Duke , Elizabeth Ashburn Elizabeth Ashburn Duke Findlay , Rachel Rachel Findlay Kendall , Christine Herter Christine Herter Kendall Loving , Mildred Mildred Loving Ryan , Debbie Debbie Ryan Winslett , Stoner Stoner Winslett 2015 Caldwell , Nancy Melvina Nancy Melvina Caldwell Giovanni , Nikki Nikki Giovanni Harris , Ruth Coles Ruth Coles Harris McDiarmid , Dorothy Shoemaker Dorothy Shoemaker McDiarmid Peterkin , Rebekah Dulaney Rebekah Dulaney Peterkin Pinn , Vivian Vivian Pinn Stith , Elizabeth Bray Allen Smith Elizabeth Bray Allen Smith Stith Wood , Karenne Karenne Wood 2016 Crittenden , Flora D. Flora D. Crittenden Day , Elizabeth Nottingham Elizabeth Nottingham Day Gray , Sarah A. Sarah A. Gray Isaac , Edwilda Allen Edwilda Allen Isaac Johnson , Katherine Katherine Johnson King , Ada Ines Ada Ines King Masters , Betty Betty Masters Oberndorf , Meyera Meyera Oberndorf 2017 Crouse - Mays , Doris Doris Crouse - Mays Foley , Corazon Sandoval Corazon Sandoval Foley Houston , Nora Nora Houston Hudson , Cynthia Eppes Cynthia Eppes Hudson Jones , Mary Virginia Mary Virginia Jones McCraw , Louise Harrison Louise Harrison McCraw Moore , Undine Smith Undine Smith Moore Rollins , Martha Martha Rollins Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nancy_Astor,_Viscountess_Astor&oldid=803183815 '' Categories : 1879 births 1964 deaths Agassiz family American emigrants to England American socialites Astor family Conservative Party ( UK ) MPs for English constituencies English Christian Scientists English socialites English suffragists English viscountesses Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies Livingston family Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom People connected with Plymouth Politicians from Danville , Virginia UK MPs 1918 -- 22 UK MPs 1922 -- 23 UK MPs 1923 -- 24 UK MPs 1924 -- 29 UK MPs 1929 -- 31 UK MPs 1931 -- 35 UK MPs 1935 -- 45 United Kingdom -- United States relations Women of the Victorian era English anti-communists Converts to Christian Science from Anglicanism Critics of the Catholic Church Critics of Judaism Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2011 EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier 's Encyclopedia Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 00 : 42 . 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frederic _ only wore a beard on his right side

Health of Frédéric Chopin

health of frederic chopin

Frédéric Chopin 's disease and the reason for his premature death at age 39 remain unclear . Although he was diagnosed with and treated for tuberculosis throughout his lifetime , a number of alternative diagnoses have been suggested since his death in 1849 . A comprehensive review of the possible causes of Chopin 's illness was published in 2011 .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Case history 2 Physicians 3 Family history 4 Hypotheses 4.1 Tuberculosis 4.2 Cystic fibrosis 4.2. 1 Infertility 4.3 Alpha 1 - antitrypsin deficiency 4.4 Mitral stenosis 4.5 Other diseases 4.6 Mental health 5 DNA testing 6 Autopsy of heart 7 References Case history ( edit ) Chopin 's death mask , created by Auguste Clésinger on 17 October 1849 ( photographs from the collection of Jack Gibbons ) From childhood , Frédéric Chopin was sickly and under medical care . He showed intolerance to fatty foods , especially pork -- these caused stomach aches , diarrhea and weight loss . Later he endeavored to avoid such symptoms with diet ; he obtained substantial improvement with ingredients such as honey and oat bran . Chopin attained a height of 170 centimetres ( 5 ft 7 in ) -- the 25th percentile ; and as an adult weighed under 45 kilograms ( 99 lb ) -- below the 3rd percentile . Chopin is known to have had no facial hair at the age of 22 ; as he wrote in the winter of 1832 , he grew sideburns on only one side of his face . In 1826 he was sick for six months , suffering from enlarged cervical lymph nodes and severe headaches . In 1830 , a chronic cold caused nasal swelling which prompted him to cancel planned concerts in Vienna . In 1831 , while in Paris , 21 - year - old Chopin had his first episode of hemoptysis ( coughing up of blood ) . In 1835 , he suffered a severe two - month bout of laryngitis and bronchitis , and the resulting interruption in his correspondence with Warsaw gave rise to gossip that he had died . In early youth , he treated himself with belladonna . In the final decade of his life , he treated the coughing fits from which he had suffered his entire life with a blend of sugar and opium . Chopin coughed up an abundant amount of mucus , particularly around 10 a.m. He occasionally drank alcohol , sometimes smoked and -- as some authors noted -- suffered the consequences of inhaling others ' smoke while enjoying the company of his Parisian friends . In the last year of his life , he endured diarrheas , caused either by cor pulmonale or by exocrine pancreatic insufficiency ( see below ) . On 17 October 1849 , at 2 a.m. , after a sudden coughing fit , Chopin died at the age of 39 . His physician , Jean Cruveilhier , confirmed his death by holding a mirror to Chopin 's mouth and by illuminating his pupils with light from a candle . Pursuant to Chopin 's will , Dr. Cruveilhier , a renowned professor of pathology , carried out an autopsy . The postmortem report was destroyed either in the Paris fire of 1871 or during World War II . The death certificate stated the cause of Chopin 's death as tuberculosis of the lungs and larynx . However , Wojciech Grzymała , in a letter to Auguste Leo dated October 1849 , wrote that the autopsy had not confirmed tubercular pulmonary changes and that his actual disease was unknown to contemporary medicine . The postmortem findings were also communicated to Chopin 's sister Ludwika , Adolphe Gutmann and Jane Stirling , and their later letters were consistent as to the findings . Physicians ( edit ) It is uncertain how many physicians Chopin had ; various authors have given the number as 14 , 31 or `` nearly 50 '' . In addition , the composer had friendly relations with other physicians , who may also have occasionally provided him with assistance . In Warsaw , Chopin 's physicians were Jan Fryderyk Wilhelm Malcz , Franciszek Girardot and Fryderyk Adolf Roemer . In Vienna , Chopin was provided medical care by Johann Malfatti . Chopin 's physicians in Paris included Aleksander Hofman , Jean - Jacques Molin , André François Cauviere , Jan Matuszyński , Adam Raciborski , Pierre Gaubert , Gustave Papet and Coste . During his 1848 stay in London -- Mallan and James Clark . In Paris , in 1848 -- 49 , he was treated by Léon Simon , Fraenkel , David Koreff , Louis and Roth . Chopin 's last physician was Jean Cruveilhier . Family history ( edit ) Little is known about the health of Frédéric 's father , Nicolas Chopin , who lived to the age of 74 and suffered several times from respiratory infections . The composer 's mother had no chronic illness and reached the age of 87 . Of Frédéric 's three sisters , Izabela died at age 70 and had no illnesses ; Ludwika suffered from recurrent respiratory infections and died at 47 ; the youngest , Emilia , was of frail health from earliest childhood . Emilia suffered from recurrent coughs and dyspnea ; at 11 she began having hemorrhages from the upper gastrointestinal tract , and she died of a massive hemorrhage at 14 . Hypotheses ( edit ) Tuberculosis ( edit ) Chopin was diagnosed with tuberculosis and treated for it in accordance with contemporary practice , including bloodletting and purging . Tuberculosis figured in his death certificate , despite the alleged absence of typical organ changes . Critics of alternative hypotheses about Chopin 's disease point out the abundant evidence for tuberculosis . Chronic coughs and hemoptysis are common symptoms of tuberculosis ; complications may include both pericarditis , causing right - heart insufficiency , and bronchiectasis , manifesting in productive cough and respiratory failure . A 20 - year history of hemoptysis is rare in tuberculosis but not impossible . Similarly , cavernous tuberculosis is rare in childhood , but it can not be excluded in the case of Emilia Chopin . Frédéric could have contracted tuberculosis from his younger sister . Against the diagnosis of tuberculosis stands the fact that some physicians who cared for Chopin did not diagnose him with that common , well - known disease . Another argument against tuberculosis is the absence , in Cruveilhier 's report , of organ changes typical of tuberculosis , and gastrointestinal symptoms that can not be explained by tuberculosis . A monograph on historic methods of treating tuberculosis has discussed individual treatments on the example of Chopin , since his history well illustrates views on treating tuberculosis in the mid-19th century . Cystic fibrosis ( edit ) Cast of Chopin 's left hand The hypothesis that Chopin suffered from cystic fibrosis was first presented by O'Shea in 1987 . It has been supported and popularized by physicians from the Medical University of Poznań . Arguments for cystic fibrosis as the chief cause of Chopin 's complaints are : the onset of the condition in early childhood , possible familial occurrence ( Emilia ) , gastrointestinal symptoms , intolerance of fat - rich meals , recurrent infections of the lower respiratory tract , also suppurative , with exacerbations in winter , recurrent infections of the upper respiratory tract ( laryngitis , sinusitis ) , barrel chest ( visible in some photographs and caricatures ) , low tolerance of physical exercise , an episode of heatstroke ( more frequent in cystic fibrosis ) , caries ( more pronounced in this disease ) , putative infertility . There is no evidence for clubbed fingers -- a symptom of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy , frequent in cystic fibrosis -- but hand and ankle arthralgia in his last year of life may relate to this condition . It has been suggested that Chopin suffered from a mild form of cystic fibrosis , its course worsened by coexisting tuberculosis or another mycobacteriosis . Confirmation for the cystic fibrosis hypothesis might be obtained by genetic testing of preserved body tissues , but so far scientists have not been granted permission to take samples from Chopin 's heart , which is immured in a pillar inside Warsaw 's Holy Cross Church . Infertility ( edit ) Chopin possibly was sexually active from early adulthood , but left no descendants . Some authors consider this evidence for infertility , which would tend to strengthen the cystic fibrosis hypothesis . Alpha 1 - antitrypsin deficiency ( edit ) A hypothesis of alpha 1 - antitrypsin deficiency was proposed by Kuzemko in 1994 . According to this hypothesis , Emilia 's fatal hemorrhage was caused by ruptured esophageal varices , secondary to liver cirrhosis in the course of alpha 1 - antitrypsin deficiency . Frédéric 's symptoms of liver insufficiency would be hypoproteinemia , feminization features ( no facial hair ) and gastrointestinal bleeding . His death would be explained by liver failure and respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . Supporters of the cystic fibrosis hypothesis argue , against Kuzemko , that cystic fibrosis would explain Chopin 's symptoms equally well . Kuzemko himself has conceded that typical symptoms of liver cirrhosis in the course of alpha 1 - antitrypsin deficiency would be jaundice and ascites . Kuzemko 's hypothesis has been cited by Reuben and Eriksson in 2003 . Mitral stenosis ( edit ) Mitral stenosis is a possible , if unlikely , cause for the artist 's complaints and was discussed by Kubba and Young in 1998 . The most important argument against this hypothesis is the absence of evidence that Chopin suffered from rheumatic fever in childhood , which is the most common cause of mitral valve stenosis . Other diseases ( edit ) Kubba and Young have pointed out a number of other conceivable , if unlikely , diagnoses , besides cystic fibrosis and alpha 1 - antitripsin deficiency : eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis , allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis , hypogammaglobulinemia , idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis , lung abscesses , and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations . Mental health ( edit ) Chopin 's biographers have often touched on the subject of depression , but the topic has rarely been broached by psychiatrists . One of the few studies of Chopin 's mental condition is a 1920 work by Bronislaw Onuf - Onufrowicz . The author cited biographers concerning Chopin 's character and psyche and pointed out some symptoms that might indicate a manic - depressive disorder or dementia praecox ( now termed schizophrenia ) , but he emphasized the absence of evidence for severe psychosis and the fact that single symptoms may only suggest a predisposition to such mental illnesses . Dna testing ( edit ) Attempts have been made to gain permission to extract a small amount of tissue from the heart in order to test it for a range of specific conditions . Dr. Michael Witt of Warsaw 's Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology made such a request in 2008 , but permission was denied by the Polish government . Autopsy of heart ( edit ) In 2017 , an autopsy was performed on Chopin 's alcohol - preserved heart , under the direction of Professor Michael Witt of the Polish Academy of Sciences . It revealed that a rare case of pericarditis , caused by complications from chronic tuberculosis , was the likely cause of Chopin 's death . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lagerberg , Steven . `` Chopin 's Heart - The Quest to Identify the Mysterious Illness of the World 's Most Beloved Composer . '' Lagerberg , 2011 , ISBN 1 - 4564 - 0296 - X . Jump up ^ O'Shea JG ( 1987 ) . `` Was Frédéric Chopin 's illness actually cystic fibrosis ? '' . The Medical Journal of Australia . 147 ( 11 - 12 ) : 586 -- 9 . PMID 3320707 . ^ Jump up to : Kuzemko , JA ( 1994 ) . `` Chopin 's illnesses '' . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine . 87 ( 12 ) : 769 -- 72 . PMC 1294992 . PMID 7853308 . Jump up ^ John O'Shea : Music & Medicine : Medical Profiles of Great Composers . London : Dent , 1990 , p. 144 . ISBN 0 - 460 - 86106 - 9 Jump up ^ John O'Shea : Music & Medicine : Medical Profiles of Great Composers . London : Dent , 1990 , p. 143 . ISBN 0 - 460 - 86106 - 9 Jump up ^ John O'Shea : Music & Medicine : Medical Profiles of Great Composers . London : Dent , 1990 , p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 460 - 86106 - 9 Jump up ^ K. Barry , `` Chopin and His Fourteen Doctors '' , Sydney Austral . Med . Publish. Co. , 1934 , cited from Sielużycki , 1976 . ^ Jump up to : Sielużycki C ( 1976 ) . `` Lekarze Chopina '' . Archiwum Historii Medycyny. 39 ( 3 ) : 305 -- 32 . Jump up ^ E. Stocki ( 1956 ) , `` Zapomniani lekarze - przyjaciele Fryderyka Chopina '' , Polski Tygodnik Lekarski , 24 , pp. 1102 - 4 ( 1956 ) . Cited from Sielużycki , 1976 . ^ Jump up to : Cheng TO ( 1998 ) . `` Chopin 's illness '' . Chest. 114 ( 2 ) : 654 -- 5 . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 114.2. 654 - a . PMID 9726766 . Jump up ^ Margolis , ML ( 1998 ) . `` The long suffering of Frederic Chopin , revisited '' . Chest. 114 ( 2 ) : 655 . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 114.2. 655 . PMID 9726767 . Jump up ^ Carter ER ( 1998 ) . `` Chopin 's malady '' . Chest. 114 ( 2 ) : 655 -- 6 . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 114.2. 655 - a . PMID 9726768 . Jump up ^ O'Shea , John M. ( 1990 ) . Music & medicine : medical profiles of great composers . London : Dent . pp. 142 -- 3 . ISBN 0 - 460 - 86106 - 9 . Jump up ^ Long , Esmond R. ( 1956 ) . A History of the Therapy of Tuberculosis and the Case of Frederic Chopin . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . OCLC 14617261 . Jump up ^ O'Shea , JG ( 1987 ) . `` Was Frédéric Chopin 's illness actually cystic fibrosis ? '' . The Medical journal of Australia . 147 ( 11 - 12 ) : 586 -- 9 . PMID 3320707 . ^ Jump up to : Majka , L ; Goździk , J ; Witt , M ( 2003 ) . `` Cystic fibrosis -- a probable cause of Frédéric Chopin 's suffering and death '' . Journal of applied genetics. 44 ( 1 ) : 77 -- 84 . PMID 12590184 . Jump up ^ John O'Shea : Music & Medicine : Medical Profiles of Great Composers . London : Dent , 1990 , p. 152 . ISBN 0 - 460 - 86106 - 9 Jump up ^ John O'Shea : Music & Medicine : Medical Profiles of Great Composers . London : Dent , 1990 , p. 141 . ISBN 0 - 460 - 86106 - 9 Jump up ^ Persson , H ; Wikman , B ; Strandvik , B ( 2005 ) . `` Frederic Chopin -- the man , his music and his illness '' . Przeglad lekarski. 62 ( 6 ) : 321 -- 5 . PMID 16225061 . Jump up ^ http://przekroj.pl/cywilizacja_nauka_artykul,6198,0.html Jump up ^ Phelan , PD ( 1995 ) . `` Chopin 's illnesses '' . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine . 88 ( 8 ) : 483 -- 4 . PMC 1295316 . PMID 7562840 . Jump up ^ Reuben , A ( 2003 ) . `` Chopin 's serpin '' . Hepatology. 37 ( 2 ) : 485 -- 8 . doi : 10.1002 / hep. 510370244 . PMID 12540812 . Jump up ^ Eriksson , S ( 2003 ) . `` Did Chopin suffer of antitrypsin deficiency ? Lost autopsy protocol has caused frustration among physicians of our time in their attempts to confirm the diagnosis '' . Lakartidningen. 100 ( 30 - 31 ) : 2449 -- 54 . PMID 12914142 . ^ Jump up to : Kubba , AK ; Young , M ( 1998 ) . `` The long suffering of Frederic Chopin '' . Chest. 113 ( 1 ) : 210 -- 6 . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 113.1. 210 . PMID 9440592 . Jump up ^ Onuf - Onufrowicz , Bronislaw ( 1920 ) . `` Frederick Chopin 's Mental Makeup '' . Dementia Praecox Studies . 3 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 199 -- 204 . Jump up ^ Robin McKie , `` Row over plan to DNA test Chopin 's heart '' . The Guardian , 27 July 2008 . Retrieved 3 November 2014 Jump up ^ McKie , Robin ( 4 November 2017 ) . `` Examination of Chopin 's pickled heart solves riddle of his early death '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Health_of_Frédéric_Chopin&oldid = 808802843 '' Categories : Frédéric Chopin Health by individual Retrospective diagnosis Deaths by person Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2016 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Articles needing more detailed references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Magyar Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 07 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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how many scenes are in act 3 of hamlet

Hamlet

hamlet

The Tragedy of Hamlet , Prince of Denmark , often shortened to Hamlet ( / ˈhæmlɪt / ) , is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare at an uncertain date between 1599 and 1602 . Set in Denmark , the play shows the revenge Prince Hamlet used to wreak upon his uncle , Claudius , by the ghost of Hamlet 's father , King Hamlet . Claudius had murdered his own brother and seized the throne , also marrying his deceased brother 's widow .

Hamlet is Shakespeare 's longest play , and is considered among the most powerful and influential works of world literature , with a story capable of `` seemingly endless retelling and adaptation by others '' . It was probably one of Shakespeare 's most popular works during his lifetime , and still ranks among his most performed , topping the performance list of the Royal Shakespeare Company and its predecessors in Stratford - upon - Avon since 1879 . It has inspired many other writers -- from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Charles Dickens to James Joyce and Iris Murdoch -- and has been described as `` the world 's most filmed story after Cinderella '' . The story of Shakespeare 's Hamlet was derived from the legend of Amleth , preserved by 13th - century chronicler Saxo Grammaticus in his Gesta Danorum , as subsequently retold by the 16th - century scholar François de Belleforest . Shakespeare may also have drawn on an earlier Elizabethan play known today as the Ur - Hamlet , though some scholars believe he himself wrote the Ur - Hamlet , later revising it to create the version of Hamlet we now have . He almost certainly wrote his version of the title role for his fellow actor , Richard Burbage , the leading tragedian of Shakespeare 's time . In the 400 years since its inception , the role has been performed by numerous highly acclaimed actors in each successive century . Three different early versions of the play are extant : the First Quarto ( Q1 , 1603 ) ; the Second Quarto ( Q2 , 1604 ) ; and the First Folio ( F1 , 1623 ) . Each version includes lines and entire scenes missing from the others . The play 's structure and depth of characterisation have inspired much critical scrutiny . One such example is the centuries - old debate about Hamlet 's hesitation to kill his uncle , which some see as merely a plot device to prolong the action , but which others argue is a dramatisation of the complex philosophical and ethical issues that surround cold - blooded murder , calculated revenge , and thwarted desire . More recently , psychoanalytic critics have examined Hamlet 's unconscious desires , while feminist critics have re-evaluated and attempted to rehabilitate the often maligned characters of Ophelia and Gertrude . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Plot 2.1 Act I 2.2 Act II 2.3 Act III 2.4 Act IV 2.5 Act V 3 Sources 4 Date 5 Texts 6 Analysis and criticism 6.1 Critical history 6.2 Dramatic structure 6.3 Length 6.4 Language 7 Context and interpretation 7.1 Religious 7.2 Philosophical 7.3 Psychoanalytic 7.4 Feminist 8 Influence 9 Performance history 9.1 Shakespeare 's day to the Interregnum 9.2 Restoration and 18th century 9.3 19th century 9.4 20th century 9.5 21st century 9.6 Film and TV performances 9.7 Stage pastiches 10 Notes and references 10.1 Notes 10.2 References 11 Sources 11.1 Editions of Hamlet 11.2 Secondary sources 12 External links 12.1 Texts 12.2 Analysis 12.3 Related works Characters ( edit ) Main article : Characters in Hamlet Hamlet -- Son of the late King and nephew of the present King , Claudius . Claudius -- King of Denmark , Hamlet 's uncle and brother to the former King Gertrude -- Queen of Denmark and Hamlet 's mother Polonius -- Chief counsellor to the king Ophelia -- Polonius 's daughter Horatio -- Friend to Hamlet Laertes -- Polonius 's son Voltimand and Cornelius -- Courtiers Rosencrantz and Guildenstern -- Courtiers , friends of Hamlet Osric -- a Courtier Marcellus -- an Officer Barnardo -- an Officer Francisco -- a Soldier Reynaldo -- Polonius 's servant Ghost of Hamlet 's Father Fortinbras -- Prince of Norway Gravediggers -- a Sexton Player King , Player Queen , Lucianus etc. -- Players Plot ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) The protagonist of Hamlet is Prince Hamlet of Denmark , son of the recently deceased King Hamlet , and nephew of King Claudius , his father 's brother and successor . Claudius hastily married King Hamlet 's widow , Gertrude , Hamlet 's mother , and took the throne for himself . Denmark has a long - standing feud with neighbouring Norway , in which King Hamlet slew King Fortinbras of Norway in a battle some years ago . Although Denmark defeated Norway , and the Norwegian throne fell to King Fortinbras 's infirm brother , Denmark fears that an invasion led by the dead Norwegian king 's son , Prince Fortinbras , is imminent . On a cold night on the ramparts of Elsinore , the Danish royal castle , the sentries Bernardo and Marcellus discuss a ghost resembling the late King Hamlet which they have recently seen , and bring Prince Hamlet 's friend Horatio as a witness . After the ghost appears again , the three vow to tell Prince Hamlet what they have witnessed . As the court gathers the next day , while King Claudius and Queen Gertrude discuss affairs of state with their elderly adviser Polonius , Hamlet looks on glumly . During the court , Claudius grants permission for Polonius 's son Laertes to return to school in France , and sends envoys to inform the King of Norway about Fortinbras . Claudius also scolds Hamlet for continuing to grieve over his father , and forbids him from returning to his schooling in Wittenberg . After the court exits , Hamlet despairs of his father 's death and his mother 's hasty remarriage . Learning of the ghost from Horatio , Hamlet resolves to see it himself . Horatio , Hamlet , and the ghost ( Artist : Henry Fuseli , 1789 ) As Polonius 's son Laertes prepares to depart for a visit to France , Polonius gives him contradictory advice that culminates in the ironic maxim `` to thine own self be true . '' Polonius 's daughter , Ophelia , admits her interest in Hamlet , but Laertes warns her against seeking the prince 's attention , and Polonius orders her to reject his advances . That night on the rampart , the ghost appears to Hamlet , telling the prince that he was murdered by Claudius and demanding that Hamlet avenge him . Hamlet agrees and the ghost vanishes . The prince confides to Horatio and the sentries that from now on he plans to `` put an antic disposition on '' , or act as though he has gone mad , and forces them to swear to keep his plans for revenge secret . Privately , however , he remains uncertain of the ghost 's reliability . Act II ( edit ) Soon thereafter , Ophelia rushes to her father , telling him that Hamlet arrived at her door the prior night half - undressed and behaving erratically . Polonius blames love for Hamlet 's madness and resolves to inform Claudius and Gertrude . As he enters to do so , the king and queen finish welcoming Rosencrantz and Guildenstern , two student acquaintances of Hamlet , to Elsinore . The royal couple has requested that the students investigate the cause of Hamlet 's mood and behaviour . Additional news requires that Polonius wait to be heard : messengers from Norway inform Claudius that the King of Norway has rebuked Prince Fortinbras for attempting to re-fight his father 's battles . The forces that Fortinbras had conscripted to march against Denmark will instead be sent against Poland , though they will pass through Danish territory to get there . Polonius tells Claudius and Gertrude his theory regarding Hamlet 's behaviour , and speaks to Hamlet in a hall of the castle to try to uncover more information . Hamlet feigns madness but subtly insults Polonius all the while . When Rosencrantz and Guildenstern arrive , Hamlet greets his `` friends '' warmly , but quickly discerns that they are spies . Hamlet becomes bitter , admitting that he is upset at his situation but refusing to give the true reason why , instead commenting on `` what a piece of work '' humanity is . Rosencrantz and Guildenstern tell Hamlet that they have brought along a troupe of actors that they met while traveling to Elsinore . Hamlet , after welcoming the actors and dismissing his friends - turned - spies , asks them to deliver a soliloquy about the death of King Priam and Queen Hecuba at the climax of the Trojan War . Impressed by their delivery of the speech , he plots to stage The Murder of Gonzago , a play featuring a death in the style of his father 's murder , and to determine the truth of the ghost 's story , as well as Claudius 's guilt or innocence , by studying Claudius 's reaction . Act III ( edit ) Polonius forces Ophelia to return Hamlet 's love letters and tokens of affection to the prince while he and Claudius watch from afar to evaluate Hamlet 's reaction . Hamlet is walking alone in the hall as the King and Polonius await Ophelia 's entrance , musing whether `` to be or not to be '' . When Ophelia enters and tries to return Hamlet 's things , Hamlet accuses her of immodesty and cries `` get thee to a nunnery '' , though it is unclear whether this , too , is a show of madness or genuine distress . His reaction convinces Claudius that Hamlet is not mad for love . Shortly thereafter , the court assembles to watch the play Hamlet has commissioned . After seeing the Player King murdered by his rival pouring poison in his ear , Claudius abruptly rises and runs from the room : for Hamlet , proof positive of his uncle 's guilt . Hamlet mistakenly stabs Polonius ( Artist : Coke Smyth , 19th century ) . Gertrude summons Hamlet to her room to demand an explanation . Meanwhile , Claudius talks to himself about the impossibility of repenting , since he still has possession of his ill - gotten goods : his brother 's crown and wife . He sinks to his knees . Hamlet , on his way to visit his mother , sneaks up behind him , but does not kill him , reasoning that killing Claudius while he is praying will send him straight to heaven while his father 's ghost is stuck in purgatory . In the queen 's bedchamber , Hamlet and Gertrude fight bitterly . Polonius , spying on the conversation from behind a tapestry , makes a noise . Hamlet , believing it is Claudius , stabs wildly , killing Polonius , but pulls aside the curtain and sees his mistake . In a rage , Hamlet brutally insults his mother for her apparent ignorance of Claudius 's villainy , but the ghost enters and reprimands Hamlet for his inaction and harsh words . Unable to see or hear the ghost herself , Gertrude takes Hamlet 's conversation with it as further evidence of madness . After begging the queen to stop sleeping with Claudius , Hamlet leaves , dragging Polonius 's corpse away . Act IV ( edit ) Hamlet jokes with Claudius about where he has hidden Polonius 's body , and the king , fearing for his life , sends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to accompany Hamlet to England with a sealed letter to the English king requesting that Hamlet be executed immediately . Demented by grief at Polonius 's death , Ophelia wanders Elsinore . Laertes arrives back from France , enraged by his father 's death and his sister 's madness . Claudius convinces Laertes that Hamlet is solely responsible , but a letter soon arrives indicating that Hamlet has returned to Denmark , foiling Claudius ' plan . Claudius switches tactics , proposing a fencing match between Laertes and Hamlet to settle their differences . Laertes will be given a poison - tipped foil , and Claudius will offer Hamlet poisoned wine as a congratulation if that fails . Gertrude interrupts to report that Ophelia has drowned , though it is unclear whether it was suicide or an accident exacerbated by her madness . The gravedigger scene ( Artist : Eugène Delacroix , 1839 ) Act v ( edit ) Horatio has received a letter from Hamlet , explaining that the prince escaped by negotiating with pirates who attempted to attack his England - bound ship , and the friends reunite offstage . Two gravediggers discuss Ophelia 's apparent suicide while digging her grave . Hamlet arrives with Horatio and banters with one of the gravediggers , who unearths the skull of a jester from Hamlet 's childhood , Yorick . Hamlet picks up the skull , saying `` alas , poor Yorick '' as he contemplates mortality . Ophelia 's funeral procession approaches , led by Laertes . Hamlet and Horatio initially hide , but when Hamlet realizes that Ophelia is the one being buried , he reveals himself , proclaiming his love for her . Laertes and Hamlet fight by Ophelia 's graveside , but the brawl is broken up . Back at Elsinore , Hamlet explains to Horatio that he had discovered Claudius 's letter with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern 's belongings and replaced it with a forged copy indicating that his former friends should be killed instead . A foppish courtier , Osric , interrupts the conversation to deliver the fencing challenge to Hamlet . Hamlet , despite Horatio 's pleas , accepts it . Hamlet does well at first , leading the match by two hits to none , and Gertrude raises a toast to him using the poisoned glass of wine Claudius had set aside for Hamlet . Claudius tries to stop her , but is too late : she drinks , and Laertes realizes the plot will be revealed . Laertes slashes Hamlet with his poisoned blade . In the ensuing scuffle , they switch weapons and Hamlet wounds Laertes with his own poisoned sword . Gertrude collapses and , claiming she has been poisoned , dies . In his dying moments , Laertes reconciles with Hamlet and reveals Claudius 's plan . Hamlet rushes at Claudius and kills him . As the poison takes effect , Hamlet , hearing that Fortinbras is marching through the area , names the Norwegian prince as his successor . Horatio , distraught at the thought of being the last survivor and living whilst Hamlet does not , says he will commit suicide by drinking the dregs of Gertrude 's poisoned wine , but Hamlet begs him to live on and tell his story . Hamlet dies in Horatio 's arms , proclaiming `` the rest is silence '' . Fortinbras , who was ostensibly marching towards Poland with his army , arrives at the palace , along with an English ambassador bringing news of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern 's deaths . Horatio promises to recount the full story of what happened , and Fortinbras , seeing the entire Danish royal family dead , takes the crown for himself , and orders a military funeral to honour Hamlet . Sources ( edit ) Main article : Sources of Hamlet A facsimile of Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus , which contains the legend of Amleth Hamlet - like legends are so widely found ( for example in Italy , Spain , Scandinavia , Byzantium , and Arabia ) that the core `` hero - as - fool '' theme is possibly Indo - European in origin . Several ancient written precursors to Hamlet can be identified . The first is the anonymous Scandinavian Saga of Hrolf Kraki . In this , the murdered king has two sons -- Hroar and Helgi -- who spend most of the story in disguise , under false names , rather than feigning madness , in a sequence of events that differs from Shakespeare 's . The second is the Roman legend of Brutus , recorded in two separate Latin works . Its hero , Lucius ( `` shining , light '' ) , changes his name and persona to Brutus ( `` dull , stupid '' ) , playing the role of a fool to avoid the fate of his father and brothers , and eventually slaying his family 's killer , King Tarquinius . A 17th - century Nordic scholar , Torfaeus , compared the Icelandic hero Amlodi and the Spanish hero Prince Ambales ( from the Ambales Saga ) to Shakespeare 's Hamlet . Similarities include the prince 's feigned madness , his accidental killing of the king 's counsellor in his mother 's bedroom , and the eventual slaying of his uncle . Many of the earlier legendary elements are interwoven in the 13th - century `` Life of Amleth '' ( Latin : Vita Amlethi ) by Saxo Grammaticus , part of Gesta Danorum . Written in Latin , it reflects classical Roman concepts of virtue and heroism , and was widely available in Shakespeare 's day . Significant parallels include the prince feigning madness , his mother 's hasty marriage to the usurper , the prince killing a hidden spy , and the prince substituting the execution of two retainers for his own . A reasonably faithful version of Saxo 's story was translated into French in 1570 by François de Belleforest , in his Histoires tragiques . Belleforest embellished Saxo 's text substantially , almost doubling its length , and introduced the hero 's melancholy . Title page of The Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd According to one theory , Shakespeare 's main source is an earlier play -- now lost -- known today as the Ur - Hamlet . Possibly written by Thomas Kyd or even William Shakespeare , the Ur - Hamlet would have existed by 1589 , and would have incorporated a ghost . Shakespeare 's company , the Chamberlain 's Men , may have purchased that play and performed a version for some time , which Shakespeare reworked . However , since no copy of the Ur - Hamlet has survived , it is impossible to compare its language and style with the known works of any of its putative authors . Consequently , there is no direct evidence that Kyd wrote it , nor any evidence that the play was not an early version of Hamlet by Shakespeare himself . This latter idea -- placing Hamlet far earlier than the generally accepted date , with a much longer period of development -- has attracted some support . The upshot is that scholars can not assert with any confidence how much material Shakespeare took from the Ur - Hamlet ( if it even existed ) , how much from Belleforest or Saxo , and how much from other contemporary sources ( such as Kyd 's The Spanish Tragedy ) . No clear evidence exists that Shakespeare made any direct references to Saxo 's version . However , elements of Belleforest 's version which are not in Saxo 's story do appear in Shakespeare 's play . Whether Shakespeare took these from Belleforest directly or from the hypothetical Ur - Hamlet remains unclear . Most scholars reject the idea that Hamlet is in any way connected with Shakespeare 's only son , Hamnet Shakespeare , who died in 1596 at age eleven . Conventional wisdom holds that Hamlet is too obviously connected to legend , and the name Hamnet was quite popular at the time . However , Stephen Greenblatt has argued that the coincidence of the names and Shakespeare 's grief for the loss of his son may lie at the heart of the tragedy . He notes that the name of Hamnet Sadler , the Stratford neighbour after whom Hamnet was named , was often written as Hamlet Sadler and that , in the loose orthography of the time , the names were virtually interchangeable . Scholars have often speculated that Hamlet 's Polonius might have been inspired by William Cecil ( Lord Burghley ) -- Lord High Treasurer and chief counsellor to Queen Elizabeth I. E.K. Chambers suggested Polonius 's advice to Laertes may have echoed Burghley 's to his son Robert Cecil . John Dover Wilson thought it almost certain that the figure of Polonius caricatured Burghley . A.L. Rowse speculated that Polonius 's tedious verbosity might have resembled Burghley 's . Lilian Winstanley thought the name Corambis ( in the First Quarto ) did suggest Cecil and Burghley . Harold Jenkins considers the idea that Polonius might be a caricature of Burghley is a conjecture , and may be based on the similar role they each played at court , and also on the fact that Burghley addressed his Ten Precepts to his son , as in the play Polonius offers `` precepts '' to Laertes , his son . Jenkins suggests that any personal satire may be found in the name `` Polonius '' , which might point to a Polish or Polonian connection . G.R. Hibbard hypothesised that differences in names ( Corambis / Polonius : Montano / Raynoldo ) between the First Quarto and other editions might reflect a desire not to offend scholars at Oxford University . Date ( edit ) John Barrymore as Hamlet ( 1922 ) `` Any dating of Hamlet must be tentative '' , cautions the New Cambridge editor , Phillip Edwards . The earliest date estimate relies on Hamlet 's frequent allusions to Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar , itself dated to mid-1599 . The latest date estimate is based on an entry , of 26 July 1602 , in the Register of the Stationers ' Company , indicating that Hamlet was `` latelie Acted by the Lo : Chamberleyne his servantes '' . In 1598 , Francis Meres published his Palladis Tamia , a survey of English literature from Chaucer to its present day , within which twelve of Shakespeare 's plays are named . Hamlet is not among them , suggesting that it had not yet been written . As Hamlet was very popular , Bernard Lott , the series editor of New Swan , believes it `` unlikely that he ( Meres ) would have overlooked ... so significant a piece '' . The phrase `` little eyases '' in the First Folio ( F1 ) may allude to the Children of the Chapel , whose popularity in London forced the Globe company into provincial touring . This became known as the War of the Theatres , and supports a 1601 dating . Katherine Duncan - Jones accepts a 1600 -- 1 attribution for the date Hamlet was written , but notes that the Lord Chamberlain 's Men , playing Hamlet in the 3000 - capacity Globe , were unlikely to be put to any disadvantage by an audience of `` barely one hundred '' for the Children of the Chapel 's equivalent play , Antonio 's Revenge ; she believes that Shakespeare , confident in the superiority of his own work , was making a playful and charitable allusion to his friend John Marston 's very similar piece . A contemporary of Shakespeare 's , Gabriel Harvey , wrote a marginal note in his copy of the 1598 edition of Chaucer 's works , which some scholars use as dating evidence . Harvey 's note says that `` the wiser sort '' enjoy Hamlet , and implies that the Earl of Essex -- executed in February 1601 for rebellion -- was still alive . Other scholars consider this inconclusive . Edwards , for example , concludes that the `` sense of time is so confused in Harvey 's note that it is really of little use in trying to date Hamlet '' . This is because the same note also refers to Spenser and Watson as if they were still alive ( `` our flourishing metricians '' ) , but also mentions `` Owen 's new epigrams '' , published in 1607 . Texts ( edit ) Title page of the 1605 printing ( Q2 ) of Hamlet Three early editions of the text have survived , making attempts to establish a single `` authentic '' text problematic and inconclusive . Each surviving edition differs from the others : First Quarto ( Q1 ) : In 1603 the booksellers Nicholas Ling and John Trundell published , and Valentine Simmes printed , the so - called `` bad '' first quarto . Q1 contains just over half of the text of the later second quarto . Second Quarto ( Q2 ) : In 1604 Nicholas Ling published , and James Roberts printed , the second quarto . Some copies are dated 1605 , which may indicate a second impression ; consequently , Q2 is often dated `` 1604 / 5 '' . Q2 is the longest early edition , although it omits about 77 lines found in F1 ( most likely to avoid offending James I 's queen , Anne of Denmark ) . First Folio ( F1 ) : In 1623 Edward Blount and William and Isaac Jaggard published the First Folio , the first edition of Shakespeare 's Complete Works . Other folios and quartos were subsequently published -- including John Smethwick 's Q3 , Q4 , and Q5 ( 1611 -- 37 ) -- but these are regarded as derivatives of the first three editions . The first page of the First Folio printing of Hamlet , 1623 Early editors of Shakespeare 's works , beginning with Nicholas Rowe ( 1709 ) and Lewis Theobald ( 1733 ) , combined material from the two earliest sources of Hamlet available at the time , Q2 and F1 . Each text contains material that the other lacks , with many minor differences in wording : scarcely 200 lines are identical in the two . Editors have combined them in an effort to create one `` inclusive '' text that reflects an imagined `` ideal '' of Shakespeare 's original . Theobald 's version became standard for a long time , and his `` full text '' approach continues to influence editorial practice to the present day . Some contemporary scholarship , however , discounts this approach , instead considering `` an authentic Hamlet an unrealisable ideal ... there are texts of this play but no text '' . The 2006 publication by Arden Shakespeare of different Hamlet texts in different volumes is perhaps evidence of this shifting focus and emphasis . Other editors have continued to argue the need for well - edited editions taking material from all versions of the play . Colin Burrow has argued that `` most of us should read a text that is made up by conflating all three versions ... it 's about as likely that Shakespeare wrote : `` To be or not to be , ay , there 's the point '' ( in Q1 ) , as that he wrote the works of Francis Bacon . I suspect most people just wo n't want to read a three - text play ... ( multi-text editions are ) a version of the play that is out of touch with the needs of a wider public . '' Traditionally , editors of Shakespeare 's plays have divided them into five acts . None of the early texts of Hamlet , however , were arranged this way , and the play 's division into acts and scenes derives from a 1676 quarto . Modern editors generally follow this traditional division , but consider it unsatisfactory ; for example , after Hamlet drags Polonius 's body out of Gertrude 's bedchamber , there is an act - break after which the action appears to continue uninterrupted . Comparison of the ' To be , or not to be ' soliloquy in the first three editions of Hamlet , showing the varying quality of the text in the Bad Quarto , the Good Quarto and the First Folio The discovery in 1823 of Q1 -- whose existence had been quite unsuspected -- caused considerable interest and excitement , raising many questions of editorial practice and interpretation . Scholars immediately identified apparent deficiencies in Q1 , which was instrumental in the development of the concept of a Shakespearean `` bad quarto '' . Yet Q1 has value : it contains stage directions ( such as Ophelia entering with a lute and her hair down ) that reveal actual stage practices in a way that Q2 and F1 do not ; it contains an entire scene ( usually labelled 4.6 ) that does not appear in either Q2 or F1 ; and it is useful for comparison with the later editions . The major deficiency of Q1 is in the language : particularly noticeable in the opening lines of the famous `` To be , or not to be '' soliloquy : `` To be , or not to be , aye there 's the point . / To die , to sleep , is that all ? Aye all : / No , to sleep , to dream , aye marry there it goes . '' However , the scene order is more coherent , without the problems of Q2 and F1 of Hamlet seeming to resolve something in one scene and enter the next drowning in indecision . New Cambridge editor Kathleen Irace has noted that `` Q1 's more linear plot design is certainly easier ( ... ) to follow ( ... ) but the simplicity of the Q1 plot arrangement eliminates the alternating plot elements that correspond to Hamlet 's shifts in mood . '' Q1 is considerably shorter than Q2 or F1 and may be a memorial reconstruction of the play as Shakespeare 's company performed it , by an actor who played a minor role ( most likely Marcellus ) . Scholars disagree whether the reconstruction was pirated or authorised . It is suggested by Irace that Q1 is an abridged version intended especially for travelling productions , thus the question of length may be considered as separate from issues of poor textual quality . Editing Q1 thus poses problems in whether or not to `` correct '' differences from Q2 and F. Irace , in her introduction to Q1 , wrote that `` I have avoided as many other alterations as possible , because the differences ... are especially intriguing ... I have recorded a selection of Q2 / F readings in the collation . '' The idea that Q1 is not riddled with error but is instead eminently fit for the stage has led to at least 28 different Q1 productions since 1881 . Other productions have used the probably superior Q2 and Folio texts , but used Q1 's running order , in particular moving the to be or not to be soliloquy earlier . Developing this , some editors such as Jonathan Bate have argued that Q2 may represent `` a ' reading ' text as opposed to a ' performance ' one '' of Hamlet , analogous to how modern films released on disc may include deleted scenes : an edition containing all of Shakespeare 's material for the play for the pleasure of readers , so not representing the play as it would have been staged . Analysis and criticism ( edit ) Main article : Critical approaches to Hamlet Critical History ( edit ) From the early 17th century , the play was famous for its ghost and vivid dramatisation of melancholy and insanity , leading to a procession of mad courtiers and ladies in Jacobean and Caroline drama . Though it remained popular with mass audiences , late 17th - century Restoration critics saw Hamlet as primitive and disapproved of its lack of unity and decorum . This view changed drastically in the 18th century , when critics regarded Hamlet as a hero -- a pure , brilliant young man thrust into unfortunate circumstances . By the mid-18th century , however , the advent of Gothic literature brought psychological and mystical readings , returning madness and the ghost to the forefront . Not until the late 18th century did critics and performers begin to view Hamlet as confusing and inconsistent . Before then , he was either mad , or not ; either a hero , or not ; with no in - betweens . These developments represented a fundamental change in literary criticism , which came to focus more on character and less on plot . By the 19th century , Romantic critics valued Hamlet for its internal , individual conflict reflecting the strong contemporary emphasis on internal struggles and inner character in general . Then too , critics started to focus on Hamlet 's delay as a character trait , rather than a plot device . This focus on character and internal struggle continued into the 20th century , when criticism branched in several directions , discussed in context and interpretation below . Dramatic structure ( edit ) Hamlet departed from contemporary dramatic convention in several ways . For example , in Shakespeare 's day , plays were usually expected to follow the advice of Aristotle in his Poetics : that a drama should focus on action , not character . In Hamlet , Shakespeare reverses this so that it is through the soliloquies , not the action , that the audience learns Hamlet 's motives and thoughts . The play is full of seeming discontinuities and irregularities of action , except in the `` bad '' quarto . At one point , as in the Gravedigger scene , Hamlet seems resolved to kill Claudius : in the next scene , however , when Claudius appears , he is suddenly tame . Scholars still debate whether these twists are mistakes or intentional additions to add to the play 's themes of confusion and duality . Hamlet also contains a recurrent Shakespearean device , a play within the play , a literary device or conceit in which one story is told during the action of another story . Length ( edit ) Hamlet is Shakespeare 's longest play . The Riverside edition constitutes 4,042 lines totaling 29,551 words , typically requiring over four hours to stage . It is rare that the play is performed without some abridgments , and only one film adaptation has used a full - text conflation : Kenneth Branagh 's 1996 version , which runs slightly more than four hours . Language ( edit ) Hamlet 's statement that his dark clothes are the outer sign of his inner grief demonstrates strong rhetorical skill ( artist : Eugène Delacroix 1834 ) . Much of Hamlet 's language is courtly : elaborate , witty discourse , as recommended by Baldassare Castiglione 's 1528 etiquette guide , The Courtier . This work specifically advises royal retainers to amuse their masters with inventive language . Osric and Polonius , especially , seem to respect this injunction . Claudius 's speech is rich with rhetorical figures -- as is Hamlet 's and , at times , Ophelia 's -- while the language of Horatio , the guards , and the gravediggers is simpler . Claudius 's high status is reinforced by using the royal first person plural ( `` we '' or `` us '' ) , and anaphora mixed with metaphor to resonate with Greek political speeches . Of all the characters , Hamlet has the greatest rhetorical skill . He uses highly developed metaphors , stichomythia , and in nine memorable words deploys both anaphora and asyndeton : `` to die : to sleep -- / To sleep , perchance to dream '' . In contrast , when occasion demands , he is precise and straightforward , as when he explains his inward emotion to his mother : `` But I have that within which passes show , / These but the trappings and the suits of woe '' . At times , he relies heavily on puns to express his true thoughts while simultaneously concealing them . His `` nunnery '' remarks to Ophelia are an example of a cruel double meaning as nunnery was Elizabethan slang for brothel . His very first words in the play are a pun ; when Claudius addresses him as `` my cousin Hamlet , and my son '' , Hamlet says as an aside : `` A little more than kin , and less than kind . '' An unusual rhetorical device , hendiadys , appears in several places in the play . Examples are found in Ophelia 's speech at the end of the nunnery scene : `` Th'expectancy and rose of the fair state '' and `` And I , of ladies most deject and wretched '' . Many scholars have found it odd that Shakespeare would , seemingly arbitrarily , use this rhetorical form throughout the play . One explanation may be that Hamlet was written later in Shakespeare 's life , when he was adept at matching rhetorical devices to characters and the plot . Linguist George T. Wright suggests that hendiadys had been used deliberately to heighten the play 's sense of duality and dislocation . Pauline Kiernan argues that Shakespeare changed English drama forever in Hamlet because he `` showed how a character 's language can often be saying several things at once , and contradictory meanings at that , to reflect fragmented thoughts and disturbed feelings '' . She gives the example of Hamlet 's advice to Ophelia , `` get thee to a nunnery '' , which is simultaneously a reference to a place of chastity and a slang term for a brothel , reflecting Hamlet 's confused feelings about female sexuality . Hamlet 's soliloquies have also captured the attention of scholars . Hamlet interrupts himself , vocalising either disgust or agreement with himself , and embellishing his own words . He has difficulty expressing himself directly and instead blunts the thrust of his thought with wordplay . It is not until late in the play , after his experience with the pirates , that Hamlet is able to articulate his feelings freely . Context and interpretation ( edit ) Religious ( edit ) John Everett Millais ' Ophelia ( 1852 ) depicts Lady Ophelia 's mysterious death by drowning . In the play , the gravediggers discuss whether Ophelia 's death was a suicide and whether she merits a Christian burial . Written at a time of religious upheaval , and in the wake of the English Reformation , the play is alternately Catholic ( or piously medieval ) and Protestant ( or consciously modern ) . The ghost describes himself as being in purgatory , and as dying without last rites . This and Ophelia 's burial ceremony , which is characteristically Catholic , make up most of the play 's Catholic connections . Some scholars have observed that revenge tragedies come from Catholic countries like Italy and Spain , where the revenge tragedies present contradictions of motives , since according to Catholic doctrine the duty to God and family precedes civil justice . Hamlet 's conundrum , then , is whether to avenge his father and kill Claudius , or to leave the vengeance to God , as his religion requires . Much of the play 's Protestant tones derive from its setting in Denmark -- both then and now a predominantly Protestant country , though it is unclear whether the fictional Denmark of the play is intended to portray this implicit fact . Dialog refers explicitly to Wittenberg , where Hamlet , Horatio , and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern attend university , implying where Martin Luther in 1517 first proposed his 95 theses and thereby initiated the Protestant Reformation . Philosophical ( edit ) Philosophical ideas in Hamlet are similar to those of the French writer Michel de Montaigne , a contemporary of Shakespeare 's ( artist : Thomas de Leu , fl. 1560 -- 1612 ) . Hamlet is often perceived as a philosophical character , expounding ideas that are now described as relativist , existentialist , and sceptical . For example , he expresses a subjectivistic idea when he says to Rosencrantz : `` there is nothing either good or bad , but thinking makes it so '' . The idea that nothing is real except in the mind of the individual finds its roots in the Greek Sophists , who argued that since nothing can be perceived except through the senses -- and since all individuals sense , and therefore perceive things differently -- there is no absolute truth , but rather only relative truth . The clearest alleged instance of existentialism is in the `` to be , or not to be '' speech , where Hamlet is thought by some to use `` being '' to allude to life and action , and `` not being '' to death and inaction . Hamlet reflects the contemporary scepticism promoted by the French Renaissance humanist Michel de Montaigne . Prior to Montaigne 's time , humanists such as Pico della Mirandola had argued that man was God 's greatest creation , made in God 's image and able to choose his own nature , but this view was subsequently challenged in Montaigne 's Essais of 1580 . Hamlet 's `` What a piece of work is a man '' seems to echo many of Montaigne 's ideas , and many scholars have discussed whether Shakespeare drew directly from Montaigne or whether both men were simply reacting similarly to the spirit of the times . Psychoanalytic ( edit ) Freud suggested that an unconscious Oedipal conflict caused Hamlet 's hesitations ( artist : Eugène Delacroix 1844 ) . In the first half of the 20th century , when psychoanalysis was at the height of its influence , its concepts were applied to Hamlet , notably by Sigmund Freud , Ernest Jones , and Jacques Lacan , and these studies influenced theatrical productions . In his The Interpretation of Dreams ( 1900 ) , Freud 's analysis starts from the premise that `` the play is built up on Hamlet 's hesitations over fulfilling the task of revenge that is assigned to him ; but its text offers no reasons or motives for these hesitations '' . After reviewing various literary theories , Freud concludes that Hamlet has an `` Oedipal desire for his mother and the subsequent guilt ( is ) preventing him from murdering the man ( Claudius ) who has done what he unconsciously wanted to do '' . Confronted with his repressed desires , Hamlet realises that `` he himself is literally no better than the sinner whom he is to punish '' . Freud suggests that Hamlet 's apparent `` distaste for sexuality '' -- articulated in his `` nunnery '' conversation with Ophelia -- accords with this interpretation . John Barrymore 's long - running 1922 performance in New York , directed by Thomas Hopkins , `` broke new ground in its Freudian approach to character '' , in keeping with the post-World War I rebellion against everything Victorian . He had a `` blunter intention '' than presenting the genteel , sweet prince of 19th - century tradition , imbuing his character with virility and lust . Beginning in 1910 , with the publication of `` The Œdipus - Complex as an Explanation of Hamlet 's Mystery : A Study in Motive '' Ernest Jones -- a psychoanalyst and Freud 's biographer -- developed Freud 's ideas into a series of essays that culminated in his book Hamlet and Oedipus ( 1949 ) . Influenced by Jones 's psychoanalytic approach , several productions have portrayed the `` closet scene '' , where Hamlet confronts his mother in her private quarters , in a sexual light . In this reading , Hamlet is disgusted by his mother 's `` incestuous '' relationship with Claudius while simultaneously fearful of killing him , as this would clear Hamlet 's path to his mother 's bed . Ophelia 's madness after her father 's death may also be read through the Freudian lens : as a reaction to the death of her hoped - for lover , her father . Ophelia is overwhelmed by having her unfulfilled love for him so abruptly terminated and drifts into the oblivion of insanity . In 1937 , Tyrone Guthrie directed Laurence Olivier in a Jones - inspired Hamlet at The Old Vic . Olivier later used some of these same ideas in his 1948 film version of the play . In the 1950s , Lacan 's structuralist theories about Hamlet were first presented in a series of seminars given in Paris and later published in `` Desire and the Interpretation of Desire in Hamlet '' . Lacan postulated that the human psyche is determined by structures of language and that the linguistic structures of Hamlet shed light on human desire . His point of departure is Freud 's Oedipal theories , and the central theme of mourning that runs through Hamlet . In Lacan 's analysis , Hamlet unconsciously assumes the role of phallus -- the cause of his inaction -- and is increasingly distanced from reality `` by mourning , fantasy , narcissism and psychosis '' , which create holes ( or lack ) in the real , imaginary , and symbolic aspects of his psyche . Lacan 's theories influenced literary criticism of Hamlet because of his alternative vision of the play and his use of semantics to explore the play 's psychological landscape . In the Bloom 's Shakespeare Through the Ages volume on Hamlet , editors Bloom and Foster express a conviction that the intentions of Shakespeare in portraying the character of Hamlet in the play exceeded the capacity of the Freudian Oedipus complex to completely encompass the extent of characteristics depicted in Hamlet throughout the tragedy : `` For once , Freud regressed in attempting to fasten the Oedipus Complex upon Hamlet : it will not stick , and merely showed that Freud did better than T.S. Eliot , who preferred Coriolanus to Hamlet , or so he said . Who can believe Eliot , when he exposes his own Hamlet Complex by declaring the play to be an aesthetic failure ? '' The book also notes James Joyce 's interpretation , stating that he `` did far better in the Library Scene of Ulysses , where Stephen marvelously credits Shakespeare , in this play , with universal fatherhood while accurately implying that Hamlet is fatherless , thus opening a pragmatic gap between Shakespeare and Hamlet . '' Joshua Rothman has written in The New Yorker that `` we tell the story wrong when we say that Freud used the idea of the Oedipus complex to understand Hamlet '' . Rothman suggests that `` it was the other way around : Hamlet helped Freud understand , and perhaps even invent , psychoanalysis '' . He concludes , `` The Oedipus complex is a misnomer . It should be called the ' Hamlet complex ' . '' In the essay `` Hamlet Made Simple '' , David P. Gontar turns the tables on the psychoanalysts by suggesting that Claudius is not a symbolic father figure but actually Prince Hamlet 's biological father . The hesitation in killing Claudius results from an unwillingness on Hamlet 's part to slay his real father . If Hamlet is the biological son of Claudius , that explains many things . Hamlet does not become King of Denmark on the occasion of the King 's death inasmuch as it is an open secret in court that he is Claudius 's biological son , and as such he is merely a court bastard not in the line of succession . He is angry with his mother because of her long standing affair with a man Hamlet hates , and Hamlet must face the fact that he has been sired by the man he loathes . That point overturns T.S. Eliot 's complaint that the play is a failure for not furnishing an `` objective correlative '' to account for Hamlet 's rage at his mother . Gontar suggests that if the reader assumes that Hamlet is not who he seems to be , the objective correlative becomes apparent . Hamlet is suicidal in the first soliloquy not because his mother quickly remarries but because of her adulterous affair with the despised Claudius which makes Hamlet his son . Finally , the ghost 's confirmation of an alternative fatherhood for Hamlet is a fabrication that gives the prince a motive for revenge . Feminist ( edit ) Ophelia is distracted by grief . Feminist critics have explored her descent into madness ( artist : Henrietta Rae 1890 ) . In the 20th century , feminist critics opened up new approaches to Gertrude and Ophelia . New Historicist and cultural materialist critics examined the play in its historical context , attempting to piece together its original cultural environment . They focused on the gender system of early modern England , pointing to the common trinity of maid , wife , or widow , with whores outside of that stereotype . In this analysis , the essence of Hamlet is the central character 's changed perception of his mother as a whore because of her failure to remain faithful to Old Hamlet . In consequence , Hamlet loses his faith in all women , treating Ophelia as if she too were a whore and dishonest with Hamlet . Ophelia , by some critics , can be seen as honest and fair ; however , it is virtually impossible to link these two traits , since ' fairness ' is an outward trait , while ' honesty ' is an inward trait . Hamlet tries to show his mother Gertrude his father 's ghost ( artist : Nicolai A. Abildgaard , ca . 1778 ) . Carolyn Heilbrun 's 1957 essay `` The Character of Hamlet 's Mother '' defends Gertrude , arguing that the text never hints that Gertrude knew of Claudius poisoning King Hamlet . This analysis has been praised by many feminist critics , combating what is , by Heilbrun 's argument , centuries ' worth of misinterpretation . By this account , Gertrude 's worst crime is of pragmatically marrying her brother - in - law in order to avoid a power vacuum . This is borne out by the fact that King Hamlet 's ghost tells Hamlet to leave Gertrude out of Hamlet 's revenge , to leave her to heaven , an arbitrary mercy to grant to a conspirator to murder . This view has not been without objection from some critics . Ophelia has also been defended by feminist critics , most notably Elaine Showalter . Ophelia is surrounded by powerful men : her father , brother , and Hamlet . All three disappear : Laertes leaves , Hamlet abandons her , and Polonius dies . Conventional theories had argued that without these three powerful men making decisions for her , Ophelia is driven into madness . Feminist theorists argue that she goes mad with guilt because , when Hamlet kills her father , he has fulfilled her sexual desire to have Hamlet kill her father so they can be together . Showalter points out that Ophelia has become the symbol of the distraught and hysterical woman in modern culture . Influence ( edit ) See also : Literary influence of Hamlet Hamlet is one of the most quoted works in the English language , and is often included on lists of the world 's greatest literature . As such , it reverberates through the writing of later centuries . Academic Laurie Osborne identifies the direct influence of Hamlet in numerous modern narratives , and divides them into four main categories : fictional accounts of the play 's composition , simplifications of the story for young readers , stories expanding the role of one or more characters , and narratives featuring performances of the play . Actors before Hamlet by Władysław Czachórski ( 1875 ) , National Museum in Warsaw . English poet John Milton was an early admirer of Shakespeare , and took evident inspiration from his work . As John Kerrigan discusses , Milton originally considered writing his epic poem Paradise Lost ( 1667 ) as a tragedy . While Milton did not ultimately go that route , the poem still shows distinct echoes of Shakespearean revenge tragedy , and of Hamlet in particular . As scholar Christopher N. Warren argues , Paradise Lost 's Satan `` undergoes a transformation in the poem from a Hamlet - like avenger into a Claudius - like usurper , '' a plot device that supports Milton 's larger Republican internationalist project . The poem also reworks theatrical language from Hamlet , especially around the idea of `` putting on '' certain dispositions , as when Hamlet puts on `` an antic disposition , '' similarly to the Son in Paradise Lost who `` can put on / ( God 's ) terrors . '' Henry Fielding 's Tom Jones , published about 1749 , describes a visit to Hamlet by Tom Jones and Mr Partridge , with similarities to the `` play within a play '' . In contrast , Goethe 's Bildungsroman Wilhelm Meister 's Apprenticeship , written between 1776 and 1796 , not only has a production of Hamlet at its core but also creates parallels between the ghost and Wilhelm Meister 's dead father . In the early 1850s , in Pierre , Herman Melville focuses on a Hamlet - like character 's long development as a writer . Ten years later , Dickens 's Great Expectations contains many Hamlet - like plot elements : it is driven by revenge - motivated actions , contains ghost - like characters ( Abel Magwitch and Miss Havisham ) , and focuses on the hero 's guilt . Academic Alexander Welsh notes that Great Expectations is an `` autobiographical novel '' and `` anticipates psychoanalytic readings of Hamlet itself '' . About the same time , George Eliot 's The Mill on the Floss was published , introducing Maggie Tulliver `` who is explicitly compared with Hamlet '' though `` with a reputation for sanity '' . L. Frank Baum 's first published short story was `` They Played a New Hamlet '' ( 1895 ) . When Baum had been touring New York State in the title role , the actor playing the ghost fell through the floorboards , and the rural audience thought it was part of the show and demanded that the actor repeat the fall , because they thought it was funny . Baum would later recount the actual story in an article , but the short story is told from the point of view of the actor playing the ghost . In the 1920s , James Joyce managed `` a more upbeat version '' of Hamlet -- stripped of obsession and revenge -- in Ulysses , though its main parallels are with Homer 's Odyssey . In the 1990s , two novelists were explicitly influenced by Hamlet . In Angela Carter 's Wise Children , To be or not to be is reworked as a song and dance routine , and Iris Murdoch 's The Black Prince has Oedipal themes and murder intertwined with a love affair between a Hamlet - obsessed writer , Bradley Pearson , and the daughter of his rival . There is the story of the woman who read Hamlet for the first time and said , `` I do n't see why people admire that play so . It is nothing but a bunch of quotations strung together . '' -- Isaac Asimov , Asimov 's Guide to Shakespeare , pg vii , Avenal Books , 1970 Performance History ( edit ) Main articles : Hamlet in performance and Shakespeare in performance The day we see Hamlet die in the theatre , something of him dies for us . He is dethroned by the spectre of an actor , and we shall never be able to keep the usurper out of our dreams . Maurice Maeterlinck in La Jeune Belgique ( 1890 ) . Shakespeare 's day to the Interregnum ( edit ) Shakespeare almost certainly wrote the role of Hamlet for Richard Burbage . He was the chief tragedian of the Lord Chamberlain 's Men , with a capacious memory for lines and a wide emotional range . Judging by the number of reprints , Hamlet appears to have been Shakespeare 's fourth most popular play during his lifetime -- only Henry IV Part 1 , Richard III and Pericles eclipsed it . Shakespeare provides no clear indication of when his play is set ; however , as Elizabethan actors performed at the Globe in contemporary dress on minimal sets , this would not have affected the staging . Firm evidence for specific early performances of the play is scant . What is known is that the crew of the ship Red Dragon , anchored off Sierra Leone , performed Hamlet in September 1607 ; that the play toured in Germany within five years of Shakespeare 's death ; and that it was performed before James I in 1619 and Charles I in 1637 . Oxford editor George Hibbard argues that , since the contemporary literature contains many allusions and references to Hamlet ( only Falstaff is mentioned more , from Shakespeare ) , the play was surely performed with a frequency that the historical record misses . All theatres were closed down by the Puritan government during the Interregnum . Even during this time , however , playlets known as drolls were often performed illegally , including one called The Grave - Makers based on Act 5 , Scene 1 of Hamlet . Restoration and 18th century ( edit ) Title page and frontispiece for Hamlet , Prince of Denmark : A Tragedy . As it is now acted at the Theatres - Royal in Drury - Lane and Covent - Garden . London , 1776 The play was revived early in the Restoration . When the existing stock of pre-civil war plays was divided between the two newly created patent theatre companies , Hamlet was the only Shakespearean favourite that Sir William Davenant 's Duke 's Company secured . It became the first of Shakespeare 's plays to be presented with movable flats painted with generic scenery behind the proscenium arch of Lincoln 's Inn Fields Theatre . This new stage convention highlighted the frequency with which Shakespeare shifts dramatic location , encouraging the recurrent criticism of his failure to maintain unity of place . In the title role , Davenant cast Thomas Betterton , who continued to play the Dane until he was 74 . David Garrick at Drury Lane produced a version that adapted Shakespeare heavily ; he declared : `` I had sworn I would not leave the stage till I had rescued that noble play from all the rubbish of the fifth act . I have brought it forth without the grave - digger 's trick , Osrick , & the fencing match '' . The first actor known to have played Hamlet in North America is Lewis Hallam . Jr. , in the American Company 's production in Philadelphia in 1759 . David Garrick 's iconic hand gesture expresses Hamlet 's shock at the first sight of the ghost ( artist : unknown ) . John Philip Kemble made his Drury Lane debut as Hamlet in 1783 . His performance was said to be 20 minutes longer than anyone else 's , and his lengthy pauses provoked the suggestion by Richard Brinsley Sheridan that `` music should be played between the words '' . Sarah Siddons was the first actress known to play Hamlet ; many women have since played him as a breeches role , to great acclaim . In 1748 , Alexander Sumarokov wrote a Russian adaptation that focused on Prince Hamlet as the embodiment of an opposition to Claudius 's tyranny -- a treatment that would recur in Eastern European versions into the 20th century . In the years following America 's independence , Thomas Apthorpe Cooper , the young nation 's leading tragedian , performed Hamlet among other plays at the Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia , and at the Park Theatre in New York . Although chided for `` acknowledging acquaintances in the audience '' and `` inadequate memorisation of his lines '' , he became a national celebrity . 19th century ( edit ) A poster , ca . 1884 , for an American production of Hamlet ( starring Thomas W. Keene ) , showing several of the key scenes From around 1810 to 1840 , the best - known Shakespearean performances in the United States were tours by leading London actors -- including George Frederick Cooke , Junius Brutus Booth , Edmund Kean , William Charles Macready , and Charles Kemble . Of these , Booth remained to make his career in the States , fathering the nation 's most notorious actor , John Wilkes Booth ( who later assassinated Abraham Lincoln ) , and its most famous Hamlet , Edwin Booth . Edwin Booth 's Hamlet at the Fifth Avenue Theatre in 1875 was described as `` ... the dark , sad , dreamy , mysterious hero of a poem. ... ( acted ) in an ideal manner , as far removed as possible from the plane of actual life '' . Booth played Hamlet for 100 nights in the 1864 / 5 season at The Winter Garden Theatre , inaugurating the era of long - run Shakespeare in America . In the United Kingdom , the actor - managers of the Victorian era ( including Kean , Samuel Phelps , Macready , and Henry Irving ) staged Shakespeare in a grand manner , with elaborate scenery and costumes . The tendency of actor - managers to emphasise the importance of their own central character did not always meet with the critics ' approval . George Bernard Shaw 's praise for Johnston Forbes - Robertson 's performance contains a sideswipe at Irving : `` The story of the play was perfectly intelligible , and quite took the attention of the audience off the principal actor at moments . What is the Lyceum coming to ? '' In London , Edmund Kean was the first Hamlet to abandon the regal finery usually associated with the role in favour of a plain costume , and he is said to have surprised his audience by playing Hamlet as serious and introspective . In stark contrast to earlier opulence , William Poel 's 1881 production of the Q1 text was an early attempt at reconstructing the Elizabethan theatre 's austerity ; his only backdrop was a set of red curtains . Sarah Bernhardt played the prince in her popular 1899 London production . In contrast to the `` effeminate '' view of the central character that usually accompanied a female casting , she described her character as `` manly and resolute , but nonetheless thoughtful ... ( he ) thinks before he acts , a trait indicative of great strength and great spiritual power '' . In France , Charles Kemble initiated an enthusiasm for Shakespeare ; and leading members of the Romantic movement such as Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas saw his 1827 Paris performance of Hamlet , particularly admiring the madness of Harriet Smithson 's Ophelia . In Germany , Hamlet had become so assimilated by the mid-19th century that Ferdinand Freiligrath declared that `` Germany is Hamlet '' . From the 1850s , the Parsi theatre tradition in India transformed Hamlet into folk performances , with dozens of songs added . 20th century ( edit ) Apart from some western troupes ' 19th - century visits , the first professional performance of Hamlet in Japan was Otojirō Kawakami 's 1903 Shimpa ( `` new school theatre '' ) adaptation . Tsubouchi Shōyō translated Hamlet and produced a performance in 1911 that blended Shingeki ( `` new drama '' ) and Kabuki styles . This hybrid - genre reached its peak in Tsuneari Fukuda 's 1955 Hamlet . In 1998 , Yukio Ninagawa produced an acclaimed version of Hamlet in the style of Nō theatre , which he took to London . Konstantin Stanislavski and Edward Gordon Craig -- two of the 20th century 's most influential theatre practitioners -- collaborated on the Moscow Art Theatre 's seminal production of 1911 -- 12 . While Craig favoured stylised abstraction , Stanislavski , armed with his ' system , ' explored psychological motivation . Craig conceived of the play as a symbolist monodrama , offering a dream - like vision as seen through Hamlet 's eyes alone . This was most evident in the staging of the first court scene . The most famous aspect of the production is Craig 's use of large , abstract screens that altered the size and shape of the acting area for each scene , representing the character 's state of mind spatially or visualising a dramaturgical progression . The production attracted enthusiastic and unprecedented worldwide attention for the theatre and placed it `` on the cultural map for Western Europe '' . Hamlet is often played with contemporary political overtones . Leopold Jessner 's 1926 production at the Berlin Staatstheater portrayed Claudius 's court as a parody of the corrupt and fawning court of Kaiser Wilhelm . In Poland , the number of productions of Hamlet has tended to increase at times of political unrest , since its political themes ( suspected crimes , coups , surveillance ) can be used to comment on a contemporary situation . Similarly , Czech directors have used the play at times of occupation : a 1941 Vinohrady Theatre production `` emphasised , with due caution , the helpless situation of an intellectual attempting to endure in a ruthless environment '' . In China , performances of Hamlet often have political significance : Gu Wuwei 's 1916 The Usurper of State Power , an amalgam of Hamlet and Macbeth , was an attack on Yuan Shikai 's attempt to overthrow the republic . In 1942 , Jiao Juyin directed the play in a Confucian temple in Sichuan Province , to which the government had retreated from the advancing Japanese . In the immediate aftermath of the collapse of the protests at Tiananmen Square , Lin Zhaohua staged a 1990 Hamlet in which the prince was an ordinary individual tortured by a loss of meaning . In this production , the actors playing Hamlet , Claudius and Polonius exchanged roles at crucial moments in the performance , including the moment of Claudius 's death , at which point the actor mainly associated with Hamlet fell to the ground . Mignon Nevada as Ophelia , 1910 Notable stagings in London and New York include Barrymore 's 1925 production at the Haymarket ; it influenced subsequent performances by John Gielgud and Laurence Olivier . Gielgud played the central role many times : his 1936 New York production ran for 132 performances , leading to the accolade that he was `` the finest interpreter of the role since Barrymore '' . Although `` posterity has treated Maurice Evans less kindly '' , throughout the 1930s and 1940s he was regarded by many as the leading interpreter of Shakespeare in the United States and in the 1938 / 9 season he presented Broadway 's first uncut Hamlet , running four and a half hours . Evans later performed a highly truncated version of the play that he played for South Pacific war zones during World War II which made the prince a more decisive character . The staging , known as the `` G.I. Hamlet '' , was produced on Broadway for 131 performances in 1945 / 46 . Olivier 's 1937 performance at The Old Vic was popular with audiences but not with critics , with James Agate writing in a famous review in The Sunday Times , `` Mr. Olivier does not speak poetry badly . He does not speak it at all . '' In 1937 Tyrone Guthrie directed the play at Elsinore , Denmark with Laurence Olivier as Hamlet and Vivien Leigh as Ophelia . In 1963 , Olivier directed Peter O'Toole as Hamlet in the inaugural performance of the newly formed National Theatre ; critics found resonance between O'Toole's Hamlet and John Osborne 's hero , Jimmy Porter , from Look Back in Anger . Richard Burton received his third Tony Award nomination when he played his second Hamlet , his first under John Gielgud 's direction , in 1964 in a production that holds the record for the longest run of the play in Broadway history ( 137 performances ) . The performance was set on a bare stage , conceived to appear like a dress rehearsal , with Burton in a black v - neck sweater , and Gielgud himself tape - recorded the voice for the ghost ( which appeared as a looming shadow ) . It was immortalised both on record and on a film that played in US theatres for a week in 1964 as well as being the subject of books written by cast members William Redfield and Richard L. Sterne . Other New York portrayals of Hamlet of note include that of Ralph Fiennes 's in 1995 ( for which he won the Tony Award for Best Actor ) -- which ran , from first preview to closing night , a total of one hundred performances . About the Fiennes Hamlet Vincent Canby wrote in The New York Times that it was `` ... not one for literary sleuths and Shakespeare scholars . It respects the play , but it does n't provide any new material for arcane debates on what it all means . Instead it 's an intelligent , beautifully read ... '' Stacy Keach played the role with an all - star cast at Joseph Papp 's Delacorte Theatre in the early 70s , with Colleen Dewhurst 's Gertrude , James Earl Jones 's King , Barnard Hughes 's Polonius , Sam Waterston 's Laertes and Raúl Juliá 's Osric . Sam Waterston later played the role himself at the Delacorte for the New York Shakespeare Festival , and the show transferred to the Vivian Beaumont Theatre in 1975 ( Stephen Lang played Bernardo and other roles ) . Stephen Lang 's Hamlet for the Roundabout Theatre Company in 1992 received mixed reviews and ran for sixty - one performances . David Warner played the role with the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in 1965 . William Hurt ( at Circle Rep Off - Broadway , memorably performing `` To Be Or Not to Be '' while lying on the floor ) , Jon Voight at Rutgers , and Christopher Walken ( fiercely ) at Stratford CT have all played the role , as has Diane Venora at the Public Theatre . Off Broadway , the Riverside Shakespeare Company mounted an uncut first folio Hamlet in 1978 at Columbia University , with a playing time of under three hours . In fact , Hamlet is the most produced Shakespeare play in New York theatre history , with sixty - four recorded productions on Broadway , and an untold number Off Broadway . Ian Charleson performed Hamlet from 9 October to 13 November 1989 , in Richard Eyre 's production at the Olivier Theatre , replacing Daniel Day - Lewis , who had abandoned the production . Seriously ill from AIDS at the time , Charleson died eight weeks after his last performance . Fellow actor and friend , Sir Ian McKellen , said that Charleson played Hamlet so well it was as if he had rehearsed the role all his life ; McKellen called it `` the perfect Hamlet '' . The performance garnered other major accolades as well , some critics echoing McKellen in calling it the definitive Hamlet performance . In Australia , a production of Hamlet was staged at the Belvoir Street Theatre in Sydney in 1994 starring notable names including Richard Roxburgh as Hamlet , Geoffrey Rush as Horatio , Jacqueline McKenzie as Ophelia and David Wenham as Laertes . The critically acclaimed production was directed by Niel Armfield . 21st century ( edit ) Benedict Cumberbatch began playing Hamlet at the Barbican Theatre in August 2015 . Hamlet continues to be staged regularly , with actors such as Simon Russell Beale , Ben Whishaw , David Tennant , Angela Winkler , Samuel West , Christopher Eccleston , Maxine Peake , Rory Kinnear , Oscar Isaac , Christian Camargo , Andrew Scott , Paapa Essiedu and Michael Urie performing the lead role . In May 2009 , Hamlet opened with Jude Law in the title role at the Donmar Warehouse West End season at Wyndham 's Theatre . The production officially opened on 3 June and ran through 22 August 2009 . A further production of the play ran at Elsinore Castle in Denmark from 25 -- 30 August 2009 . The Jude Law Hamlet then moved to Broadway , and ran for 12 weeks at the Broadhurst Theatre in New York . In 2013 , American actor Paul Giamatti won critical acclaim for his performance on stage in the title role of Hamlet , performed in modern dress , at the Yale Repertory Theater , at Yale University in New Haven , Connecticut . The Globe Theatre of London initiated a project in 2014 to perform Hamlet in every country in the world in the space of two years . Titled Globe to Globe Hamlet , it began its tour on 23 April 2014 , the 450th anniversary of Shakespeare 's birth . As of 23 February 2016 , the project had performed in 170 countries . Benedict Cumberbatch played the role for a 12 - week run in a production at the Barbican Theatre , opening on 25 August 2015 . The play was produced by Sonia Friedman , and directed by Lyndsey Turner , with set design by Es Devlin . It was called the `` most in - demand theatre production of all time '' and sold out in seven hours after tickets went on sale 11 August 2014 , more than a year before the play opened . Tom Hiddleston played the role for a three - week run at Vanbrugh Theatre that opened on September 1 , 2017 and was directed by Kenneth Branagh . Film and TV performances ( edit ) Main article : Hamlet on screen See also : Hamlet in popular culture The earliest screen success for Hamlet was Sarah Bernhardt 's five - minute film of the fencing scene , which was produced in 1900 . The film was an early attempt at combining sound and film , music and words were recorded on phonograph records , to be played along with the film . Silent versions were released in 1907 , 1908 , 1910 , 1913 , 1917 , and 1920 . In the 1921 film Hamlet , Danish actress Asta Nielsen played the role of Hamlet as a woman who spends her life disguised as a man . In 1942 Ernst Lubitsch directed a motion picture titled To Be or Not To Be . The story is a comedy about a troupe of Polish actors in the Nazi era . A key plot point revolves around the famous soliloquy . The story was remade in 1983 in a film starring ( and produced by ) Mel Brooks . Laurence Olivier 's 1948 moody black - and - white Hamlet won Best Picture and Best Actor Oscars , and is still , as of 2017 , the only Shakespeare film to have done so . His interpretation stressed the Oedipal overtones of the play , and cast 28 - year - old Eileen Herlie as Hamlet 's mother , opposite himself , at 41 , as Hamlet . In 1953 , actor Jack Manning performed the play in 15 - minute segments over two weeks in the short - lived late night DuMont series Monodrama Theater . New York Times TV critic Jack Gould praised Manning 's performance as Hamlet . Renowned Shakespearean actor - directors Sir John Gielgud , Sir Laurence Olivier and Sir Kenneth Branagh consider the definitive rendition of the play to be the 1964 Soviet film Gamlet ( Russian : Гамлет ) based on a translation by Boris Pasternak and directed by Grigori Kozintsev , with a score by Dmitri Shostakovich . Innokenty Smoktunovsky was cast in the role of Hamlet . John Gielgud directed Richard Burton in a Broadway production at the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre in 1964 -- 5 , the longest - running Hamlet in the U.S. to date . A live film of the production was produced using `` Electronovision '' , a method of recording a live performance with multiple video cameras and converting the image to film . Eileen Herlie repeated her role from Olivier 's film version as the Queen , and the voice of Gielgud was heard as the ghost . The Gielgud / Burton production was also recorded complete and released on LP by Columbia Masterworks . Sarah Bernhardt as Hamlet , with Yorick 's skull ( photographer : James Lafayette , c. 1885 -- 1900 ) . The first Hamlet in color was a 1969 film directed by Tony Richardson with Nicol Williamson as Hamlet and Marianne Faithfull as Ophelia . In 1990 Franco Zeffirelli , whose Shakespeare films have been described as `` sensual rather than cerebral '' , cast Mel Gibson -- then famous for the Mad Max and Lethal Weapon movies -- in the title role of his 1990 version ; Glenn Close -- then famous as the psychotic `` other woman '' in Fatal Attraction -- played Gertrude , and Paul Scofield played Hamlet 's father . In contrast to Zeffirelli , whose Hamlet was heavily cut , Kenneth Branagh adapted , directed , and starred in a 1996 version containing every word of Shakespeare 's play , combining the material from the F1 and Q2 texts . Branagh 's Hamlet runs for just over four hours . Branagh set the film with late 19th - century costuming and furnishings , a production in many ways reminiscent of a Russian novel of the time ; and Blenheim Palace , built in the early 18th century , became Elsinore Castle in the external scenes . The film is structured as an epic and makes frequent use of flashbacks to highlight elements not made explicit in the play : Hamlet 's sexual relationship with Kate Winslet 's Ophelia , for example , or his childhood affection for Yorick ( played by Ken Dodd ) . In 2000 , Michael Almereyda 's Hamlet set the story in contemporary Manhattan , with Ethan Hawke playing Hamlet as a film student . Claudius ( played by Kyle MacLachlan ) became the CEO of `` Denmark Corporation '' , having taken over the company by killing his brother . The 2002 The Simpsons episode `` Tales from the Public Domain '' features a retelling of the play . There have also been several films that transposed the general storyline of Hamlet or elements thereof to other settings . For example , the 2014 Bollywood film Haider is an adaptation set in Kashmir . There have also been many films which included performances of scenes from Hamlet as a play - within - a-film . Stage pastiches ( edit ) There have been various `` derivative works '' of Hamlet which recast the story from the point of view of other characters , or transpose the story into a new setting or act as sequels or prequels to Hamlet . This section is limited to those written for the stage . The best - known is Tom Stoppard 's 1966 play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead , which retells many of the events of the story from the point of view of the characters Rosencrantz and Guildenstern and gives them a backstory of their own . Several times since 1995 , the American Shakespeare Center has mounted repertories that included both Hamlet and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern , with the same actors performing the same roles in each ; in their 2001 and 2009 seasons the two plays were `` directed , designed , and rehearsed together to make the most out of the shared scenes and situations '' . W.S. Gilbert wrote a short comic play titled Rosencrantz and Guildenstern , in Hamlet 's play is presented as a tragedy written by Claudius in his youth of which he is greatly embarrassed . Through the chaos triggered by Hamlet 's staging of it , Guildenstern helps Rosencrantz vie with Hamlet to make Ophelia his bride . Lee Blessing 's Fortinbras is a comical sequel to Hamlet in which all the deceased characters come back as ghosts . The New York Times reviewed the play , saying it is `` scarcely more than an extended comedy sketch , lacking the portent and linguistic complexity of Tom Stoppard 's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead . Fortinbras operates on a far less ambitious plane , but it is a ripping yarn and offers Keith Reddin a role in which he can commit comic mayhem '' . Caridad Svich 's 12 Ophelias ( a play with broken songs ) includes elements of the story of Hamlet but focuses on Ophelia . In Svich 's play , Ophelia is resurrected and rises from a pool of water , after her death in Hamlet . The play is a series of scenes and songs , and was first staged at public swimming pool in Brooklyn . David Davalos ' Wittenberg is a `` tragical - comical - historical '' prequel to Hamlet that depicts the Danish prince as a student at Wittenberg University ( now known as the University of Halle - Wittenberg ) , where he is torn between the conflicting teachings of his mentors John Faustus and Martin Luther . The New York Times reviewed the play , saying , `` Mr. Davalos has molded a daft campus comedy out of this unlikely convergence , '' and Nytheatre.com 's review said the playwright `` has imagined a fascinating alternate reality , and quite possibly , given the fictional Hamlet a back story that will inform the role for the future . '' Mad Boy Chronicle by Canadian playwright Michael O'Brien is a dark comedy loosely based on Hamlet , set in Viking Denmark in 999 A.D. Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The gravedigger scene is in Hamlet 5.1. 1 -- 205 . Jump up ^ In his 1936 book The Problem of Hamlet : A Solution Andrew Cairncross asserted that the Hamlet referred to in 1589 was written by Shakespeare ; Peter Alexander , Eric Sams and , more recently , Harold Bloom have agreed . However Harold Jenkins , the editor of the second series Arden edition of the play , considers that there are not grounds for thinking that the Ur - Hamlet is an early work by Shakespeare , which he then rewrote . Jump up ^ Polonius was close to the Latin name for Robert Pullen , founder of Oxford University , and Reynaldo too close for safety to John Rainolds , the President of Corpus Christi College . Jump up ^ MacCary suggests 1599 or 1600 ; James Shapiro offers late 1600 or early 1601 ; Wells and Taylor suggest that the play was written in 1600 and revised later ; the New Cambridge editor settles on mid-1601 ; the New Swan Shakespeare Advanced Series editor agrees with 1601 ; Thompson and Taylor , tentatively ( `` according to whether one is the more persuaded by Jenkins or by Honigmann '' ) suggest a terminus ad quem of either Spring 1601 or sometime in 1600 . Jump up ^ The whole conversation between Rozencrantz , Guildenstern and Hamlet concerning the touring players ' departure from the city is at Hamlet F1 2.2. 324 -- 360 . Jump up ^ The Arden Shakespeare third series published Q2 , with appendices , in their first volume , and the F1 and Q1 texts in their second volume . The RSC Shakespeare is the F1 text with additional Q2 passages in an appendix . The New Cambridge Shakespeare series has begun to publish separate volumes for the separate quarto versions that exist of Shakespeare 's plays . Jump up ^ Also used in Love 's Labour 's Lost and A Midsummer Night 's Dream . Jump up ^ This compares with about two to three hours for a typical Elizajacobean play . ^ Jump up to : The `` Nunnery Scene '' is Hamlet 3.1. 87 -- 160 . Jump up ^ This interpretation is widely held , but has been challenged by , among others , Harold Jenkins . He finds the evidence for a precedent for that interpretation to be insufficient and inconclusive , and considers the literal interpretation to be better suited to the dramatic context . Jump up ^ In the New Testament , see Romans 12 : 19 : `` ' vengeance is mine , I will repay ' sayeth the Lord '' . Jump up ^ See the articles on the Reformation in Denmark -- Norway and Holstein and Church of Denmark for details . Jump up ^ The `` Closet Scene '' is Hamlet 3.4 . Jump up ^ `` There is a recent ' Be kind to Gertrude ' fashion among some feminist critics ... '' Jump up ^ Hamlet has 208 quotations in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations ; it takes up 10 of 85 pages dedicated to Shakespeare in the 1986 Bartlett 's Familiar Quotations ( 14th ed. 1968 ) . For examples of lists of the greatest books , see Harvard Classics , Great Books , Great Books of the Western World , Harold Bloom 's The Western Canon , St. John 's College reading list , and Columbia College Core Curriculum . Jump up ^ Hattaway asserts that `` Richard Burbage ... played Hieronimo and also Richard III but then was the first Hamlet , Lear , and Othello '' and Thomson argues that the identity of Hamlet as Burbage is built into the dramaturgy of several moments of the play : `` we will profoundly misjudge the position if we do not recognise that , whilst this is Hamlet talking about the groundlings , it is also Burbage talking to the groundlings '' . See also Thomson on the first player 's beard . Jump up ^ Samuel Pepys records his delight at the novelty of Hamlet `` done with scenes '' . Jump up ^ Letter to Sir William Young , 10 January 1773 , quoted by Uglow . Jump up ^ George Bernard Shaw in The Saturday Review on 2 October 1897 . Jump up ^ Sarah Bernhardt , in a letter to the London Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ For more on this production , see the MAT production of Hamlet article . Craig and Stanislavski began planning the production in 1908 but , due to a serious illness of Stanislavski 's , it was delayed until December , 1911 . Jump up ^ On Craig 's relationship to Symbolism , Russian symbolism , and its principles of monodrama in particular , see Taxidou ; on Craig 's staging proposals , see Innes ; on the centrality of the protagonist and his mirroring of the ' authorial self ' , see Taxidou and Innes . Jump up ^ The first court scene is Hamlet 1.2. 1 -- 128 . Jump up ^ A brightly lit , golden pyramid descended from Claudius 's throne , representing the feudal hierarchy , giving the illusion of a single , unified mass of bodies . In the dark , shadowy foreground , separated by a gauze , Hamlet lay , as if dreaming . On Claudius 's exit - line the figures remained but the gauze was loosened , so that they appeared to melt away as if Hamlet 's thoughts had turned elsewhere . For this effect , the scene received an ovation , which was unheard of at the MAT . Jump up ^ According to the Internet Broadway Database Romeo and Juliet is the second most - produced Shakespeare play on Broadway , with thirty - four different productions , followed by Twelfth Night , with thirty . Jump up ^ The `` Fencing Scene '' is Hamlet 5.2. 203 -- 387 . References ( edit ) All references to Hamlet , unless otherwise specified , are taken from the Arden Shakespeare Q2 . Under their referencing system , 3.1. 55 means act 3 , scene 1 , line 55 . References to the First Quarto and First Folio are marked Hamlet Q1 and Hamlet F1 , respectively , and are taken from the Arden Shakespeare Hamlet : the texts of 1603 and 1623 . Their referencing system for Q1 has no act breaks , so 7.115 means scene 7 , line 115 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 74 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor 2002 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Crystal & Crystal 2005 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 1.4 . Jump up ^ Trilling 2009 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 5.1. 1 -- 205 Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 36 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 16 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 5 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 1 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 25 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1985 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 66 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Jenkins 1982 , pp. 82 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Cairncross 1975 . Jump up ^ Alexander 1964 . Jump up ^ Jackson 1991 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Bloom 2001 , pp. xiii , 383 . Jump up ^ Bloom 2003 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Jenkins 1982 , p. 84 n4 . Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 66 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Greenblatt 2004a , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Greenblatt 2004b . Jump up ^ Chambers 1930 , p. 418 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1932 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Rowse 1963 , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Winstanley 1977 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Cecil 2012 . Jump up ^ Jenkins 1982 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Hibbard 1987 , pp. 74 -- 5 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Shapiro 2005 , p. 341 . Jump up ^ Wells & Taylor 1988 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1985 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Lott 1970 , p. xlvi . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 58 -- 9 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1985 , pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Hamlet F1 2.2. 337 . Jump up ^ Hamlet F1 2.2. 324 -- 360 Jump up ^ Duncan - Jones 2001 , pp. 143 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1985 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Hattaway 1987 , pp. 13 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Chambers 1923b , pp. 486 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Halliday 1964 , pp. 204 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 465 . ^ Jump up to : Halliday 1964 , p. 204 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Hibbard 1987 , pp. 22 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Hattaway 1987 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Taylor 2006a . ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Taylor 2006b . Jump up ^ Bate & Rasmussen 2007 , p. 1923 . ^ Jump up to : Irace 1998 . Jump up ^ Burrow 2002 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.4 and 4.1 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 543 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Jenkins 1982 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Hamlet Q1 14 . Jump up ^ Irace 1998 , pp. 1 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Jackson 1986 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 85 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006b , pp. 36 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Bate & Rasmussen 2008 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Crowl 2014 , pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Wofford 1994 . Jump up ^ Kirsch 1969 . Jump up ^ Vickers 1974a , p. 447 . Jump up ^ Vickers 1974b , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Wofford 1994 , p. 184 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Vickers 1974c , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Wofford 1994 , p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : Wofford 1994 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg 1992 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 67 -- 72 , 84 . Jump up ^ Kermode 2000 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Evans 1974 . Jump up ^ Hirrel 2010 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 84 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 1.2. 85 -- 86 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 87 -- 160 Jump up ^ OED 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Kiernan 2007 , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Jenkins 1982 , pp. 493 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 2.1. 63 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 151 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 154 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 87 -- 8 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 91 -- 3 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 37 -- 8 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Hamlet F1 2.2. 247 -- 248 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 47 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 55 -- 87 . ^ Jump up to : MacCary 1998 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Knowles 1999 , pp. 1049 , 1052 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 73 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Freud 1900 , pp. 367 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Britton 1995 , pp. 207 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Morrison 1997 , pp. 4 , 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Cotsell 2005 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Jones 1910 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.4 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 104 -- 7 , 113 -- 16 . Jump up ^ de Grazia 2007 , pp. 168 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Smallwood 2002 , p. 102 . ^ Jump up to : Bloom & Foster 2008 , p. xii . Jump up ^ Rothman 2013 . Jump up ^ Gontar 2013 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 4.5 . Jump up ^ Wofford 1994 , pp. 199 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Howard 2003 , pp. 411 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Heilbrun 1957 . Jump up ^ Bloom 2003 , pp. 58 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Thompson 2001 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Bloom 2003 . Jump up ^ Showalter 1985 . Jump up ^ Bloom 2003 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 111 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Osborne 2007 , pp. 114 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Kerrigan 1996 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Warren 2016 , p. 367 . Jump up ^ Warren 2016 , p. 379 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 123 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Welsh 2001 , p. 131 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 126 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Novy 1994 , pp. 62 , 77 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 55 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Braun 1982 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2002 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Banham 1998 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Hattaway 1982 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Thomson 1983 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Thomson 1983 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2002 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 53 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Chambers 1930 , p. 334 . ^ Jump up to : Dawson 2002 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Pitcher & Woudhuysen 1969 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Hibbard 1987 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Marsden 2002 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Holland 2007 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Marsden 2002 , pp. 21 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 1996 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Taylor 1989 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 98 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Uglow 1977 , p. 473 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Moody 2002 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Moody 2002 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Gay 2002 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Dawson 2002 , pp. 185 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , pp. 232 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , pp. 235 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Winter 1875 . ^ Jump up to : Morrison 2002 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Schoch 2002 , pp. 58 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Shaw 1961 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Moody 2002 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ O'Connor 2002 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Gay 2002 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Holland 2002 , pp. 203 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Dawson 2002 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Dawson 2002 , p. 188 . ^ Jump up to : Gillies et al. 2002 , pp. 259 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Dawson 2002 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Benedetti 1999 , pp. 188 -- 211 . Jump up ^ Benedetti 1999 , pp. 189 , 195 . Jump up ^ Taxidou 1998 , pp. 38 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Innes 1983 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Taxidou 1998 , p. 181 , 188 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 1.2. 1 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Innes 1983 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Innes 1983 , pp. 165 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Innes 1983 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Innes 1983 , pp. 140 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Hortmann 2002 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Hortmann 2002 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Burian 2004 . Jump up ^ Hortmann 2002 , pp. 224 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : Gillies et al. 2002 , pp. 267 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , pp. 247 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , pp. 249 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Blum 1981 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Tanitch 1985 . Jump up ^ Smallwood 2002 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ National Theatre n.d. Jump up ^ Canby 1995 . ^ Jump up to : Gussow 1992 . Jump up ^ Guernsey & Sweet 2000 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Panagako 1978 . Jump up ^ McKellen et al. 1990 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2005 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Davison 1999 , pp. 170 -- 82 . Jump up ^ `` AusStage '' . www.ausstage.edu.au . Archived from the original on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Billington 2001 . Jump up ^ Gardner 2002 . Jump up ^ Billington 2008 . Jump up ^ Brown 2016 . Jump up ^ Shenton 2007 . Jump up ^ Broadwayworld 2009 . Jump up ^ Daily Mirror 2009 . Jump up ^ Law 2009 , 53 : 55 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff 2009 . Jump up ^ Fine 2013 . Jump up ^ Globe to Globe Hamlet n.d. Jump up ^ Stewart 2014 . Jump up ^ Calia 2014 . Jump up ^ Sulcas 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hiddleston in Hamlet review : a supremely self - assured Prince - Rada 's Jerwood Vanbrugh Theatre '' . The Telegraph . 2017 - 09 - 02 . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 5.2. 203 -- 387 . ^ Jump up to : Brode 2001 , pp. 117 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Davies 2000 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Fox 2009 . Jump up ^ Brennan n.d. Jump up ^ Guntner 2000 , pp. 120 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , pp. 125 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Cartmell 2000 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Guntner 2000 , pp. 121 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Crowl 2000 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Starks 1999 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Keyishian 2000 , pp. 78 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Burnett 2003 . Jump up ^ Gupta 2014 . Jump up ^ Warren n.d. Jump up ^ Gilbert 1892 , pp. 349 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Schultz 2008 . Jump up ^ Grode 2011 . Jump up ^ Todoroff 2011 . Jump up ^ Brandes 2001 . Sources ( edit ) Editions of Hamlet ( edit ) Bate , Jonathan ; Rasmussen , Eric , eds. ( 2007 ) . Complete Works . The RSC Shakespeare . New York : Royal Shakespeare Company . ISBN 0 - 679 - 64295 - 1 . Bate , Jonathan ; Rasmussen , Eric , eds. ( 2008 ) . Hamlet . The RSC Shakespeare . The Royal Shakespeare Company . ISBN 978 - 0230217867 . Edwards , Phillip , ed. ( 1985 ) . Hamlet , Prince of Denmark . New Cambridge Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521293662 . Evans , G. Blakemore , ed. ( 1974 ) . The Riverside Shakespeare . The Riverside Shakespeare . Houghton Mifflin for Riverside Shakespeare Company . ISBN 9780395044025 . Hibbard , G.R. , ed. ( 1987 ) . Hamlet . Oxford World 's Classics . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 283416 - 9 . Irace , Kathleen O. , ed. ( 1998 ) . The First Quarto of Hamlet . New Cambridge Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65390 - 8 . Jenkins , Harold , ed. ( 1982 ) . Hamlet . The Arden Shakespeare , second series . London : Methuen . ISBN 1 - 903436 - 67 - 2 . Lott , Bernard , ed. ( 1970 ) . Hamlet . New Swan Shakespeare , Advanced series ( New ed . ) . London : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 52742 - 2 . Thompson , Ann ; Taylor , Neil , eds. ( 2006 ) . Hamlet . The Arden Shakespeare , third series . 1 . London : Cengage Learning . ISBN 1 - 904271 - 33 - 2 . Thompson , Ann ; Taylor , Neil , eds. ( 2006 ) . Hamlet : The Texts of 1603 and 1623 . The Arden Shakespeare , third series . 2 . London : Cengage Learning . ISBN 1 - 904271 - 80 - 4 . Wells , Stanley ; Taylor , Gary , eds. ( 1988 ) . The Complete Works . The Oxford Shakespeare ( Compact ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 871190 - 5 . Secondary sources ( edit ) Alexander , Peter ( 1964 ) . Alexander 's Introductions to Shakespeare . London : Collins . OCLC 257743100 . Banham , Martin , ed. ( 1998 ) . The Cambridge Guide to Theatre . Cambridge Guides . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43437 - 8 . Barratt , Mark ( 2005 ) . Ian Mckellen : An Unofficial Biography . Virgin Books . ISBN 978 - 1852272517 . Benedetti , Jean ( 1999 ) ( 1988 ) . Stanislavski : His Life and Art ( Revised ed . ) . London : Methuen . ISBN 0 - 413 - 52520 - 1 . 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The Director and the Stage : From Naturalism to Grotowski . London : Methuen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 413 - 46300 - 5 . Brennan , Sandra ( n.d. ) . `` Innokenti Smoktunovsky '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 18 February 2015 . Retrieved 29 May 2010 . Britton , Celia ( 1995 ) . `` Structuralist and poststructuralist psychoanalytic and Marxist theories '' . In Seldon , Raman . From Formalism to Poststructuralism . Cambridge History of Literary Criticism. 8 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 30013 - 1 . Brode , Douglas ( 2001 ) . Shakespeare in the Movies : From the Silent Era to Today . New York : Berkley Boulevard Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 18176 - 6 . `` Cook , Eyre , Lee And More Join Jude Law In Grandage 's HAMLET '' . Broadwayworld. 4 February 2009 . Retrieved 18 February 2009 . Brown , Mark ( 1 April 2016 ) . `` Sherlock star Andrew Scott to play Hamlet in new UK production '' . Theatre . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Burian , Jarka ( 2004 ) ( 1993 ) . `` Hamlet in Postwar Czech Theatre '' . In Kennedy , Dennis . Foreign Shakespeare : Contemporary Performance ( New ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 61708 - 1 . Burnett , Mark Thornton ( 2003 ) . `` '' To Hear and See the Matter `` : Communicating Technology in Michael Almereyda 's Hamlet ( 2000 ) '' . Cinema Journal . 42 ( 3 ) : 48 -- 69 . doi : 10.1353 / cj. 2003.0007 . ISSN 1527 - 2087 . JSTOR 1225904 -- via JSTOR . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Burrow , Colin ( 19 May 2002 ) . `` Will the real Hamlet please stand up ? '' . Shakespeare in Europe Project . University of Basel . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Calia , Michael ( 11 August 2014 ) . `` Benedict Cumberbatch as ' Hamlet ' Opens Next Year , And Is Now Sold Out '' . Speakeasy . The Wall Street Journal . Canby , Vincent ( 3 May 1995 ) . `` Ralph Fiennes as Mod Hamlet '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Cairncross , Andrew S. ( 1975 ) ( 1936 ) . The Problem of Hamlet : A Solution ( Reprint ed . ) . Norwood , PA : Norwood Editions . ISBN 0 - 88305 - 130 - 3 . Cartmell , Deborah ( 2000 ) . `` Franco Zeffirelli and Shakespeare '' . In Jackson , Russell . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film . Cambridge Companions to Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 212 -- 21 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63975 - 1 . Cecil , William ( 2012 ) ( First published in 1916 ) . `` Ten Precepts '' . In Craik , Henry . English Prose , Selections with Critical Introductions by Various Writers and General Introductions to Each Period ; edited by Henry Craik ( Online edition by Bartleby.com ed . ) . New York : The Macmillan Company . Chambers , E.K. ( 2009 ) ( First published 1923 ) . The Elizabethan Stage. 1 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199567485 . Chambers , E.K. ( 2009 ) ( First published 1923 ) . The Elizabethan Stage. 3 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199567508 . Chambers , E.K. ( 1930 ) . William Shakespeare : A Study of Facts and Problems . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 811774 - 4 . Cotsell , Michael ( 2005 ) . The Theater of Trauma : American modernist drama and the psychological struggle for the American Mind . New York : Peter Lang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8204 - 7466 - 3 . Crowl , Samuel ( 2000 ) . `` Flamboyant Realist : Kenneth Branagh '' . In Jackson , Russell . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film . Cambridge Companions to Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 222 -- 40 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63975 - 1 . Crowl , Samuel ( 2014 ) . Shakespeare 's Hamlet : The Relationship Between Text and Film . Screen Adaptations . Arden Shakespeare . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4725 - 3893 - 2 . Crystal , David ; Crystal , Ben ( 2005 ) . The Shakespeare Miscellany . New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 051555 - 0 . `` Jude Law to play Hamlet at ' home ' Kronborg Castle '' . The Daily Mirror. 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Davies , Anthony ( 2000 ) . `` The Shakespeare films of Laurence Olivier '' . In Jackson , Russell . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film . Cambridge Companions to Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 163 -- 82 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63975 - 1 . Davison , Richard Allan ( 1999 ) . `` The Readiness Was All : Ian Charleson and Richard Eyre 's Hamlet '' . In Potter , Lois ; Kinney , Arthur F. Shakespeare , Text and Theater : Essays in Honor of Jay L. Halio . Newark : University of Delaware Press . ISBN 9780874136999 . Dawson , Anthony B. ( 2002 ) . `` International Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge Companions to Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 174 -- 93 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 79711 - X . Duncan - Jones , Catherine ( 2001 ) . Ungentle Shakespeare : scenes from his life . London : Arden Shakespeare . ISBN 1 - 903436 - 26 - 5 . 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London : George Routledge & Sons . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Gillies , John ; Minami , Ryuta ; Li , Ruru ; Trivedi , Poonam ( 2002 ) . `` Shakespeare on the Stages of Asia '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge Companions to Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 259 -- 83 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 79711 - X . `` About the Project '' . Globe to Globe Hamlet . Shakespeare 's Globe . n.d . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Gontar , David P. ( 2013 ) . `` Hamlet Made Simple '' . Hamlet Made Simple and Other Essays . New English Review Press . ISBN 978 - 0985439491 . de Grazia , Margreta ( 2007 ) . Hamlet without Hamlet . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521690362 . Greenblatt , Stephen ( 2004 ) . Will in the World : How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare . New York : W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05057 - 2 . Greenblatt , Stephen ( 21 October 2004 ) . `` The Death of Hamnet and the Making of Hamlet '' . 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ISBN 0 - 521 - 79711 - X . Howard , Jean E. ( 2003 ) . `` Feminist Criticism '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Orlin , Lena . Shakespeare : An Oxford Guide . Oxford Guides . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924522 - 3 . Innes , Christopher ( 1983 ) . Edward Gordon Craig . Directors in Perspective . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 27383 - 8 . Itzkoff , Dave ( 30 June 2009 ) . `` Donmar Warehouse 's ' Hamlet ' Coming to Broadway With Jude Law '' . ArtsBeat . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 September 2009 . Jackson , MacDonald ( 1986 ) . `` The Transmission of Shakespeare 's Text '' . In Wells , Stanley . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare Studies . Cambridge Companions to Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 163 -- 85 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 31841 - 6 . Jackson , MacDonald ( 1991 ) . `` The Year 's Contributions to Shakespeare Studies : 3 - Editions and Textual Studies '' . In Wells , Stanley . The Tempest and After . Shakespeare Survey . 43 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 255 -- 70 . ISBN 9781139053204 . Jones , Ernest ( 1910 ) . `` The Œdipus - Complex as an Explanation of Hamlet 's Mystery : A Study in Motive '' . The American Journal of Psychology . University of Illinois Press . 21 ( 1 ) : 72 -- 113 . doi : 10.2307 / 1412950 . eISSN 1939 - 8298 . ISSN 0002 - 9556 . JSTOR 1412950 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Kermode , Frank ( 2000 ) . Shakespeare 's Language . London : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 028592 - X . Kerrigan , John ( 1996 ) . Revenge Tragedy : Aeschylus to Armageddon . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 9780191591723 . Keyishian , Harry ( 2000 ) . `` Shakespeare and Movie Genre : The Case of Hamlet '' . In Jackson , Russell . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film . Cambridge Companions to Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 72 -- 84 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63975 - 1 . Kiernan , Pauline ( 2007 ) . Filthy Shakespeare : Shakespeare 's Most Outrageous Sexual Puns ( revised ed . ) . Quercus . ISBN 9781847240736 . Kirsch , Arthur C. ( 1969 ) . `` A Caroline Commentary on the Drama '' . Modern Philology . The University of Chicago Press . 66 ( 3 ) : 256 -- 61 . doi : 10.1086 / 390087 . eISSN 1545 - 6951 . JSTOR 436454 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Knowles , Ronald ( 1999 ) . `` Hamlet and Counter-Humanism '' . Renaissance Quarterly . Renaissance Society of America . 52 ( 4 ) : 1046 -- 69 . doi : 10.2307 / 2901835 . eISSN 1935 - 0236 . JSTOR 2901835 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Law , Jude ( 2 October 2009 ) . `` Shakespeare 's Hamlet with Jude Law '' . Charlie Rose ( Interview ) . Interview with Charlie Rose . PBS . Retrieved 6 October 2009 . MacCary , W. Thomas ( 1998 ) . `` Hamlet '' : A Guide to the Play . Greenwood Guides to Shakespeare . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30082 - 8 . Marsden , Jean I. ( 2002 ) . `` Improving Shakespeare : from the Restoration to Garrick '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge Companions to Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 21 -- 36 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 79711 - X . McKellen , Ian ; Puttnam , David ; Wax , Ruby ; Redgrave , Vanessa ; Bates , Alan ( 1990 ) . For Ian Charleson : A Tribute . London : Constable and Company . ISBN 978 - 0094702509 . Moody , Jane ( 2002 ) . `` Romantic Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge Companions to Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 37 -- 57 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 79711 - X . Morrison , Michael A. ( 2002 ) . `` Shakespeare in North America '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge Companions to Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 230 -- 58 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 79711 - X . Morrison , Michael A. ( 1997 ) . John Barrymore , Shakespearean Actor . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62028 - 7 . `` Hamlet 1963 '' . Royal National Theatre . n.d. Archived from the original on 11 August 2010 . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Novy , Marianne L. ( 1994 ) . Engaging with Shakespeare : Responses of George Eliot and Other Women Novelists . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 9780820315966 . O'Connor , Marion ( 2002 ) . `` Reconstructive Shakespeare : Reproducing Elizabethan and Jacobean Stages '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge Companions to Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 76 -- 97 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 79711 - X . Osborne , Laurie ( 2007 ) . `` Narration and Staging in Hamlet and its afternovels '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . 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Saxo Grammaticus and the Life of Hamlet : A Translation , History , and Commentary . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 2318 - 8 . Schoch , Richard W. ( 2002 ) . `` Pictorial Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge Companions to Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 58 -- 75 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 79711 - X . Schultz , David G. ( 16 July 2008 ) . `` A Play at Poolside : Caridad Svich 's 12 Ophelias '' . The Brooklyn Rail . Retrieved 26 June 2011 . Shapiro , James ( 2005 ) . 1599 : A Year in the Life of William Shakespeare . London : Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 21481 - 9 . Shaw , George Bernard ( 1961 ) . Wilson , Edwin , ed . Shaw on Shakespeare . New York : Applause . ISBN 1 - 55783 - 561 - 6 . Shenton , Mark ( 10 September 2007 ) . `` Jude Law to star in Donmar 's Hamlet '' . The Stage . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Showalter , Elaine ( 1985 ) . `` Representing Ophelia : Women , Madness , and the Responsibilities of Feminist Criticism '' . In Parker , Patricia ; Hartman , Geoffrey . Shakespeare and the Question of Theory . New York and London : Methuen . pp. 77 -- 94 . ISBN 0 - 416 - 36930 - 8 . Smallwood , Robert ( 2002 ) . `` Twentieth - century Performance : The Stratford and London Companies '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge Companions to Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 98 -- 117 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 79711 - X . Starks , Lisa S. ( 1999 ) . `` The Displaced Body of Desire : Sexuality in Kenneth Branagh 's Hamlet '' . In Desmet , Christy ; Sawyer , Robert . Shakespeare and Appropriation . Accents on Shakespeare . London : Routledge . pp. 160 -- 78 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 20725 - 8 . Stewart , Rachel ( 11 August 2014 ) . `` Cumberbatch 's Hamlet most in - demand show of all time '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Sulcas , Roslyn ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` Kenneth Branagh to Direct Tom Hiddleston in ' Hamlet ' '' . Theater . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Tanitch , Robert ( 1985 ) . Olivier : The complete career . Abbeville Press . ISBN 978 - 0896595903 . Taxidou , Olga ( 1998 ) . The Mask : A Periodical Performance by Edward Gordon Craig . Contemporary Theatre Studies . 30 . Amsterdam : Harwood Academic Publishers . ISBN 90 - 5755 - 046 - 6 . Taylor , Gary ( 1989 ) . Reinventing Shakespeare : A Cultural History from the Restoration to the Present . London : Hogarth Press . ISBN 0 - 7012 - 0888 - 0 . Taylor , Gary ( 2002 ) . `` Shakespeare Plays on Renaissance Stages '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge Companions to Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 79711 - X . Thompson , Ann ( 2001 ) . `` Shakespeare and sexuality '' . In Alexander , Catherine M.S. ; Wells , Stanley . Shakespeare and Sexuality . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 13 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 80475 - 2 . Thompson , Ann ; Taylor , Neil ( 1996 ) . William Shakespeare , `` Hamlet '' . Plymouth , UK : Northcote House . ISBN 0 - 7463 - 0765 - 9 . Thomson , Peter ( 1983 ) . Shakespeare 's Theatre . Theatre Production . London and Boston : Routledge and Kegan Paul . ISBN 0 - 7100 - 9480 - 9 . Todoroff , Aimee ( 19 March 2011 ) . `` Wittenberg '' . Nytheatre.com . Archived from the original on 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Trilling , Lionel ( 2009 ) . Sincerity and Authenticity . The Charles Eliot Norton Lectures . Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674504196 . Uglow , Jenny ( 2002 ) ( 1977 ) . Hogarth : A Life and a World ( New ed . ) . London : Faber and Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19376 - 5 . Vickers , Brian , ed. ( 1995 ) ( 1974 ) . Shakespeare : The Critical Heritage ( 1623 -- 1692 ) . 1 ( New ed . ) . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 13404 - 8 . Vickers , Brian , ed. ( 1995 ) ( 1974 ) . Shakespeare : The Critical Heritage ( 1753 -- 1765 ) . 4 ( New ed . ) . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 13407 - 2 . Vickers , Brian , ed. ( 1995 ) ( 1974 ) . Shakespeare : The Critical Heritage ( 1765 -- 1774 ) . 5 ( New ed . ) . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 13408 - 0 . Warren , Christopher N. ( 2016 ) . `` Big Leagues : Specters of Milton and Republican International Justice between Shakespeare and Marx '' . Humanity . University of Pennsylvania Press . 7 ( 3 ) : 365 -- 89 . doi : 10.1353 / hum. 2016.0020 . ISSN 2151 - 4372 -- via Project MUSE . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Warren , Jim ( n.d. ) . `` Every Exit is an Entrance Someplace Else '' . Director 's Notes . American Shakespeare Center . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 20 June 2009 . Wilson , J. Dover ( 1932 ) . The Essential Shakespeare : A Biographical Adventure . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Welsh , Alexander ( 2001 ) . Hamlet in his Modern Guises . Princeton University Press . ISBN 9780691050935 . Winstanley , Lilian ( 1977 ) ( 1921 ) . Hamlet and the Scottish succession , Being an Examination of the Relations of the Play of Hamlet to the Scottish Succession and the Essex Conspiracy . Philadelphia : R. West . ISBN 0 - 8492 - 2912 - X . Winter , William ( 26 October 1875 ) . `` Fifth Avenue Theater -- Edwin Booth as Hamlet '' . The Drama . New - York Tribune . p. 5 . ISSN 1941 - 0646 . LCCN sn83030214 . OCLC 9405688 . Wofford , Susanne L. ( 1994 ) . `` A Critical History of Hamlet '' . Hamlet : Complete , Authoritative Text with Biographical and Historical Contexts , Critical History , and Essays from Five Contemporary Critical Perspectives . Boston : Bedford Books . pp. 181 -- 207 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 08986 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Hamlet Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Hamlet '' dated 2011 - 10 - 14 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Hamlet at the British Library Hamlet at the Internet Broadway Database Hamlet at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Hamlet public domain audiobook at LibriVox Texts ( edit ) Hamlet Complete text on one page with definitions of difficult words and explanations of difficult passages . Hamlet -- Digital text by the Folger Shakespeare Library Hamlet at the Internet Shakespeare Editions -- Transcripts and facsimiles of Q1 , Q2 and F1 . Shakespeare Quartos Archive -- Transcriptions and facsimiles of thirty - two copies of the five pre-1642 quarto editions . Hamlet at Open Source Shakespeare -- A complete text of Hamlet based on Q2 . Hamlet -- Annotated text aligned to Common Core standards . Hamlet -- Etext in Spanish available in many formats at Gutenberg.org . Analysis ( edit ) Hamlet on the Ramparts -- The MIT 's Shakespeare Electronic Archive . Hamletworks.org -- Scholarly resource with multiple versions of Hamlet , commentaries , concordances , and more . Depictions and commentary of Hamlet paintings Clear Shakespeare Hamlet -- A word - by - word audio guide through the play . Related works ( edit ) The Danish History ( Books I - IX ) by Saxo Grammaticus at The Online Medieval & Classical Library ( public domain translation into English of the Gesta Danorum ) . William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All 's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love 's Labour 's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night 's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles , Prince of Tyre * The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen * The Winter 's Tale Histories King John Edward III * Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI 1 * Richard III Henry VIII * See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A -- K L -- Z Ghost character Chronology Performances Settings Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare 's sonnets comparison to Petrarch A Lover 's Complaint The Phoenix and the Turtle The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Apocrypha Plays Arden of Faversham The Birth of Merlin Cardenio * Double Falsehood Edmund Ironside Fair Em Locrine The London Prodigal Love 's Labour 's Won The Merry Devil of Edmonton Mucedorus The Puritan The Second Maiden 's Tragedy Sejanus His Fall Sir John Oldcastle Sir Thomas More * The Spanish Tragedy Thomas Lord Cromwell Thomas of Woodstock Vortigern and Rowena A Yorkshire Tragedy Poems The Passionate Pilgrim To the Queen Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain 's Men / King 's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford - upon - Avon Style Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare 's Globe ( replica ) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare Family Anne Hathaway ( wife ) Susanna Hall ( daughter ) Hamnet Shakespeare ( son ) Judith Quiney ( daughter ) Elizabeth Barnard ( granddaughter ) John Shakespeare ( father ) Mary Arden ( mother ) Gilbert Shakespeare ( brother ) Joan Shakespeare ( sister ) Edmund Shakespeare ( brother ) Richard Shakespeare ( grandfather ) John Hall ( son - in - law ) Thomas Quiney ( son - in - law ) Thomas Nash ( grandson - in - law ) * Shakespeare and other authors Lost William Shakespeare 's Hamlet Characters Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Ghost Polonius Laertes Ophelia Horatio Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Fortinbras The Gravediggers Yorick Soliloquies `` To be , or not to be '' `` Mortal coil '' `` What a piece of work is a man '' `` Speak the speech '' Words and phrases `` The lady doth protest too much , methinks '' `` Thy name is '' `` Primrose path '' Terminology Dumbshow Induction Quiddity Substitution Sources Criticism Legend of Hamlet The Spanish Tragedy Ur - Hamlet Critical approaches Bibliographies Horwendill Saxo Grammaticus House of Gonzaga Damon and Pythias Influence Common phrases from Hamlet Hamlet in popular culture References to Ophelia Language of flowers Human skull symbolism Performances Moscow Art Theatre ( 1911 -- 1912 ) Richard Burton ( 1964 ) On screen 1900 1907 1908 1912 1913 1917 1921 1935 1948 1954 1961 1964 1969 2000 2011 Adaptations Films The Rest Is Silence ( 1959 ) The Bad Sleep Well ( 1960 ) Ophelia ( 1963 ) Johnny Hamlet ( 1968 ) One Hamlet Less ( 1973 ) The Angel of Vengeance -- The Female Hamlet ( 1977 ) Strange Brew ( 1983 ) Hamlet Goes Business ( 1987 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Let the Devil Wear Black ( 1999 ) The Banquet ( 2006 ) Tardid ( 2009 ) Karmayogi ( 2012 ) Haider ( 2014 ) Hamlet A.D.D. ( 2014 ) Ophelia ( 2018 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Novels Gertrude and Claudius ( 2000 ) Dating Hamlet ( 2002 ) Ophelia 's Revenge ( 2003 ) The Dead Fathers Club ( 2006 ) Something Rotten ( 2007 ) Hamlet 's Father ( 2008 ) The Story of Edgar Sawtelle ( 2008 ) Hamlet Had an Uncle Plays Hamletmachine ( 1977 ) Dogg 's Hamlet ( 1979 ) Fortinbras ( 1991 ) Musicals Rockabye Hamlet ( 1973 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) Television Hamlet ( Australian TV , 1959 ) Hamlet at Elsinore ( BBC , 1964 ) Hamlet , Prince of Denmark ( BBC , 1980 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , animated , 1992 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , 2009 ) Parodies 15 - Minute Hamlet The Complete Works of William Shakespeare ( Abridged ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Io , Amleto The Klingon Hamlet `` Lyle the Kindly Viking '' To Be or Not to Be : That is the Adventure `` Tales from the Public Domain '' Songs `` My Robin is to the Greenwood Gone '' ( 16th century ) `` Pull Me Under '' ( 1992 ) `` Song for Athene '' ( 1997 ) Opera / classical Hamlet ( Thomas ) Amleto ( Faccio ) Hamlet ( Tchaikovsky ) Tristia ( Berlioz ) Die Hamletmaschine ( Rihm ) Hamlet ( Dean ) Story within a story Films To Be or Not to Be ( 1942 ) Acting Hamlet in the Village of Mrdusa Donja ( 1973 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 1983 ) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1990 ) Highlander II : The Quickening ( 1991 ) Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) Renaissance Man ( 1994 ) In the Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 ) War ( 2002 ) Hamlet 2 ( 2008 ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead ( 2009 ) Three Days ( 2012 ) Plays Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1966 ) Stage Blood ( 1974 ) I Hate Hamlet ( 1991 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 2008 ) Novels Hamlet , Revenge ! 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writ jurisdiction of the supreme court and high court

Writ

writ

In common law , a writ ( Anglo - Saxon gewrit , Latin breve ) is a formal written order issued by a body with administrative or judicial jurisdiction ; in modern usage , this body is generally a court . Warrants , prerogative writs , and subpoenas are common types of writ , but many forms exist and have existed .

In its earliest form a writ was simply a written order made by the English monarch to a specified person to undertake a specified action ; for example , in the feudal era a military summons by the king to one of his tenants - in - chief to appear dressed for battle with retinue at a certain place and time . An early usage survives in the United Kingdom and Canada in a writ of election , which is a written order issued on behalf of the monarch ( in Canada , the Governor General ) to local officials ( High Sheriffs of every county in the historical UK ) to hold a general election . Writs were used by the medieval English kings to summon persons to Parliament , ( then consisting primarily of the House of Lords ) whose advice was considered valuable or who were particularly influential , and who were thereby deemed to have been created `` barons by writ '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Development 1.3 Rationalisation of writs 2 Writ of election 3 United States law 3.1 Prerogative writs 3.2 Other writs 4 Indian law 5 Notes 6 Bibliography History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) The writ was a unique development of the Anglo - Saxon monarchy , and consisted of a brief administrative order , authenticated ( innovatively ) by a seal . Written in the vernacular , they generally made a land grant , or conveyed instructions to a local court . William the Conqueror took over the system unchanged , but was to extend it in two ways : first , writs became mainly framed in Latin , not Anglo - Saxon ; second , they covered an increasing range of royal commands and decisions . Writs of instruction continued to develop under his immediate successors , but it was not until Henry the Second that writs became available for purchase by private individuals seeking justice , thus initiating a vast expansion in their role within the common law . Writs could take two main forms , open ( patent ) for all to read , and ' letters close ' for one or more specified individuals alone . Development ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The development of writs as a means of commencing a court action was a form of `` off - the - shelf '' justice designed to enable the English law courts to rapidly process lawsuits by allocating each form of complaint into a standard category which could be dealt with by standard procedures . The complainant simply applied to the court for the writ most relevant to his complaint to be sent to the wrongdoer , which ordered him under royal authority to attend a royal court to answer for his actions . The development was part of the establishment of a Court of Common Pleas , for dealing with commonly made complaints by subjects of the crown , for example : `` someone has damaged my property '' . The previous system of justice at the royal court of Chancery was tailor - made to suit each case and was thus highly time - consuming . Thus eventually the obtaining of a writ became necessary , in most cases , to have a case heard in one of the Royal Courts , such as the King 's Bench or Common Pleas . Some franchise courts , especially in the Counties Palatine , had their own system of writs which often reflected or anticipated the common law writs . The writ was `` served '' on ( delivered in person to ) the wrongdoer and acted as a command that he should appear at a specified time and date before the court specified in the writ , or it might command some other act on the part of the recipient . Where a plaintiff wished to have a case heard by a local court , or by an Eyre if one happened to be visiting the County , there would be no need to obtain a writ . Actions in local courts could usually be started by an informal complaint . However , if a plaintiff wished to avail himself of Royal -- and by implication superior -- justice in one of the King 's courts , then he would need a writ , a command of the King , to enable him to do this . Initially for common law , recourse to the King 's courts was unusual , and something for which a plaintiff would have to pay . For most Royal Courts , the writ would usually have been purchased from the Chancery , although the court of the Exchequer , being in essence another government department , was able to issue its own writs . While originally writs were exceptional , or at least non-routine devices , Maitland suggests that by the time of King Henry II ( 1154 - 1189 ) , the use of writs had become a regular part of the system of royal justice in England . At first , new writs were drafted to fit each new situation , although in practice the clerks of the Chancery would use wording from previously issued writs , with suitable adjustments , often taken from reference books containing collections of forms of writ , much as in modern times lawyers frequently use fixed precedents or boilerplate , rather than re-inventing the wording of a new legal document . The problem with this approach was that a plaintiff 's rights and available forms of action at his disposal , would be defined , and in most cases limited , by the limited variety of writs available to him . Thus the power to create new writs was akin to the power to create new rights , a form of extra-parliamentary legislation . Moreover , a writ , if one could be found fitting the plaintiff 's case , provided the legal means to remove the dispute from the jurisdiction of the local court , often controlled by a lesser noble , and instead have it heard by the King 's judges . The nobility thus saw the creation of new writs as an erosion of their influence . Over time , opposition to the creation of new writs by the Chancery increased . For example , in 1256 a court was asked to quash a writ as `` novel , unheard of , and against reason '' ( Abbot of Lilleshall v Harcourt ( 1256 ) 96 SS xxix 44 ) . Ultimately in 1258 the King was forced to accept the Provisions of Oxford , which among other things , prohibited the creation of new forms of writ without the sanction of the King 's council . New writs were created after that time only by the express sanction of Parliament and the forms of writ remained essentially static , each writ defining a particular form of action . It was the role and expertise of a solicitor to select on his client 's behalf the appropriate writ for the proposed legal action . These were purchased from the court by payment of a fee . A barrister would then be hired by the solicitor to speak for his client in court . Rationalisation of writs ( edit ) With the abolition of the Forms of Action in 1832 and 1833 , a profusion of writs was no longer needed , and one uniform writ came into use . After 1852 the need to state the name of the form of action was also abolished . In 1875 the form of writ was altered so that it conformed more to the subpoena used in the Chancery . A writ was a summons from the Crown , to the parties to the action , with on its back the substance of the action set out , together with a ' prayer ' requesting a remedy from the court ( for example damages ) . In 1980 the need for writs to be written in the name of the Crown was ended . From that time , a writ simply required the parties to appear . Writs applied to claims that were to be heard in one of the courts which eventually formed part of the High Court of Justice . The procedure in a County Court , which was established by statute , was to issue a ' summons ' . In 1999 the Woolf Reforms unified most of the procedure of the Supreme Court and the County Court in civil matters . These reforms brought in the Civil Procedure Rules . Under these almost all civil actions , other than those connected with insolvency , are now commenced by the completion of a ' Claim Form ' as opposed to the obtaining of a ' Writ ' , ' Originating Application ' , or ' Summons ' ( see Rules 7 and 8 of the Civil Procedure Rules ) . Writ of election ( edit ) In some Westminster systems , for example Canada and some other parliamentary systems , the phrase ' dropping the writ ' refers colloquially to a Dissolution of Parliament and the beginning of an election campaign to form a new one . This phrase derives from the fact that to hold an election in such a system a writ of election must be issued on behalf of the monarch ordering the High Sheriffs of each county to set in motion the procedure for elections . United States law ( edit ) Early law of the United States inherited the traditional English writ system , in the sense of a rigid set of forms of relief that the law courts were authorized to grant . The All Writs Act authorizes United States federal courts to `` issue all writs necessary or appropriate in aid of their respective jurisdictions and agreeable to the usages and principles of law . '' However , the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure , adopted in 1938 to govern civil procedure in the United States district courts , provide that there is only one form of action in civil cases , and explicitly abolish certain writs by name . Relief formerly available by a writ is now normally available by a lawsuit ( civil action ) or a motion in a pending civil action . Nonetheless , a few writs have escaped abolition and remain in current use in the U.S. federal courts : The writ of habeas corpus , usually used to test the legality of a prisoner 's detention , has expressly been preserved . It is explicitly mentioned in the United States Constitution ( Art . 1 , § 9 , cl. 2 ) . In the United States federal courts , the writ is most often used to review the constitutionality of criminal convictions rendered by state courts . The writ 's application does not stop there : the Supreme Court has held the writ of habeas corpus open to all individuals held by the federal government , including Guantanamo Bay detainees . See Boumediene v. Bush . By statute , the Supreme Court of the United States uses the writ of certiorari to review cases from the United States courts of appeals or from the state courts . In extraordinary circumstances , the United States court of appeals can use the common law writ of prohibition under the All Writs Act to control proceedings in the district courts . Some courts have held that in rare circumstances in a federal criminal case , a United States district court may use the common law writ of error coram nobis under the All Writs Act to set aside a conviction when no other remedy is available . The United States district courts normally follow state - in the United States federal courts but are almost never used in practice . In modern times , the All Writs Act is most commonly used as authority for federal courts to issue injunctions to protect their jurisdiction or effectuate their judgments . The situation in the courts of the various U.S. states varies from state to state but is often similar to that in the federal courts . Some states continue to use writ procedures , such as quo warranto , that have been abolished as a procedural matter in federal courts . In an attempt to purge Latin from the language of the law , California law has for many years used the term writ of mandate in place of writ of mandamus , and writ of review in place of writ of certiorari . Prerogative writs ( edit ) Main article : Prerogative writ The `` prerogative '' writs are a subset of the class of writs , those that are to be heard ahead of any other cases on a court 's docket except other such writs . The most common of the other such prerogative writs are habeas corpus , quo warranto , prohibito , mandamus , procedendo , and certiorari . The due process for petitions for such writs is not simply civil or criminal , because they incorporate the presumption of nonauthority , so that the official who is the respondent has the burden to prove his authority to do or not do something , failing which the court has no discretion but to decide for the petitioner , who may be any person , not just an interested party . In this they differ from a motion in a civil process in which the burden of proof is on the movant , and in which there can be a question of standing . Other writs ( edit ) A writ of attachment permits the arrest of a person or the seizure of private property . A writ of audita querela inhibits the unconscionable use of a lawful judgment because of matters arising subsequent to the judgment . A writ of capias directs an officer to take into custody the person named in the writ or order . A writ of coram nobis corrects a previous error `` of the most fundamental character '' to `` achieve justice '' where `` no other remedy '' is available , e.g. , when a judgment was rendered without full knowledge of the facts . A writ of elegit orders the seizure of a portion of a debtor 's lands and all his goods ( except work animals ) towards satisfying a creditor , until the debt is paid off . A writ of error is issued by an appellate court , and directs a lower court of record to submit its record of the case laid for appeal . A writ of exigent ( or exigend ) commands a sheriff to summon a defendant indicted for a felony , who had failed to appear in court , to deliver himself up upon pain of outlawry or forfeiture of his goods . A writ of fieri facias ( colloquially `` fi fa '' ) commands a sheriff to take and auction off enough property from a losing party to pay the debt ( plus interest and costs ) owed by a judgment debtor . A writ of mittimus orders either ( 1 ) a court to send its record to another or ( 2 ) a jailor to receive the accused in his or her custody at any point during the investigative or trial process . A writ of ne exeat restrains a defendant from fleeing the country or jurisdiction . A writ of praemunire instructs a sheriff to order someone to appear in court to answer for any of a number of different crimes . A writ of scire facias revives a dormant judgment . A writ of supersedeas contains a command to stay the proceedings at law . A writ of venire facias summons jurors to appear in court . Indian law ( edit ) Under the Indian legal system , jurisdiction to issue ' prerogative writs ' is given to the Supreme Court , and to the High Courts of Judicature of all Indian states . Parts of the law relating to writs are set forth in the Constitution of India . The Supreme Court , the highest in the country , may issue writs under Article 32 of the Constitution for enforcement of Fundamental Rights and under Articles 139 for enforcement of rights other than Fundamental Rights , while High Courts , the superior courts of the States , may issue writs under Articles 226 . The Constitution broadly provides for five kinds of `` prerogative '' writs : habeas corpus , certiorari , mandamus , quo warranto and prohibition . The writ of prohibition is issued by a higher court to a lower court prohibiting it from taking up a case because it falls outside the jurisdiction of the lower court . Thus , the higher court transfers the case to itself . The writ of habeas corpus is issued to a detaining authority , ordering the detainer to produce the detained person in the issuing court , along with the cause of his or her detention . If the detention is found to be illegal , the court issues an order to set the person free . The writ of certiorari is issued to a lower court directing that the record of a case be sent up for review , together with all supporting files , evidence and documents , usually with the intention of overruling the judgement of the lower court . It is one of the mechanisms by which the fundamental rights of the citizens are upheld . The writ of mandamus is issued to a subordinate court , an officer of government , or a corporation or other institution commanding the performance of certain acts or duties . The writ of quo warranto is issued against a person who claims or usurps a public office . Through this writ the court inquires ' by what authority ' the person supports his or her claim . Notes ( edit ) Look up writ in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Writ of habeas corpus is not only to ask a detainer to produce the detainee in the court . It can be used also if a person is missing and the police are not taking any action , such as when a person is suspected to be detained by an influential person . The law says producing the body of the person , meaning he should be produced whether dead or alive . In fact , a writ of habeas corpus has scope for wide application . Jump up ^ S.H. Steinberg ed. , A New Dictionary of British History ( London 1963 ) p. 402 Jump up ^ Francis Palgrave ( 1788 - 1861 ) , Parliamentary Writs and Writs of Military Summons ( 2 volumes , 1827 and 1834 ) Jump up ^ R. Wickson , the Community of the Realm in 13th C England ( London 1970 ) p. 66 Jump up ^ G.O. Sayles , The Medieval Foundations of England ( London 1966 ) p. 174 Jump up ^ G.O. Sayles , The Medieval Foundations of England ( London 1966 ) p. 174 Jump up ^ D. Douglas , William the Conqueror ( London 1966 ) p. 293 Jump up ^ G.O. Sayles , The Medieval Foundations of England ( London 1966 ) p. 305 and p. 332 - 3 Jump up ^ R. Wickson , the Community of the Realm in 13th C England ( London 1970 ) p. 24 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1651 Jump up ^ Article One of the United States Constitution Jump up ^ `` Glossary of Terms '' , Shelby County Criminal Court Clerk , s.v. `` capias '' , retrieved on 30 Jun 2009 : ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Writ and Petition History System in Texas '' page 90 In Quarles , Brandon D. and Cordon , Matthew C. ( 2003 ) Legal Research for the Texas Practitioner W.S. Hein , Buffalo , New York , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8377 - 3626 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Legal Terms '' , Armstrong Lawyers , retrieved on 11 June 2009 Jump up ^ `` Glossary of Terms '' , Colorado State Courts , retrieved on 19 June 2009 : ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` Gloss ... Terms '' , Shelby ( op . cit . ) , s.v. `` Venire facias '' . Bibliography ( edit ) Maitland F.W. The Forms of Action at Common Law . Cambridge University Press 1962 . Baker , J.H. An Introduction to English Legal History . Butterworths 1990 . ISBN 0 - 406 - 53101 - 3 Milsom , S.F.C. Historical Foundations of the Common Law ( second edition ) . Butterworths 1981 . ISBN 0 - 406 - 62503 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Writ&oldid=803788551 '' Categories : Common law Legal history Legal documents Legal procedure Writs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français हिन्दी Italiano മലയാളം Nederlands नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Simple English Українська اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 17 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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how can contaminants be detected on a streaked plate after incubation

Streaking ( microbiology )

streaking ( microbiology )

In microbiology , streaking is a technique used to isolate a pure strain from a single species of microorganism , often bacteria . Samples can then be taken from the resulting colonies and a microbiological culture can be grown on a new plate so that the organism can be identified , studied , or tested .

The modern streak plate method has progressed from the efforts of Robert Koch and other microbiologists to obtain microbiological cultures of bacteria in order to study them . The dilution or isolation by streaking method was first developed by Loeffler and Gaffky in Koch 's laboratory , which involves the dilution of bacteria by systematically streaking them over the exterior of the agar in a petri dish to obtain isolated colonies which will then grow into quantity of cells , or isolated colonies . If the agar surface grows microorganisms which are all genetically same , the culture is then considered as a microbiological culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Technique 2 Growth medium 3 Incubation 4 Importance 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Technique ( edit ) Streaking is rapid and ideally a simple process of isolation dilution . The technique is done by diluting a comparatively large concentration of bacteria to a smaller concentration . The decrease of bacteria should show that colonies are sufficiently spread apart to effect the separation of the different types of microbes . Streaking is done using a sterile tool , such as a cotton swab or commonly an inoculation loop . Aseptic techniques are used to maintain microbiological cultures and to prevent contamination of the growth medium . There are many different types of methods used to streak a plate . Picking a technique is a matter of individual preference and can also depend on how large the number of microbes the sample contains . Illustration of streak plate procedure to achieve isolated colonies using aseptic technique . The three - phase streaking pattern , known as the T - Streak , is recommended for beginners . The streaking is done using a sterile tool , such as a cotton swab or commonly an inoculation loop . The inoculation loop is first sterilized by passing it through a flame . When the loop is cool , it is dipped into an inoculum such as a broth or patient specimen containing many species of bacteria . The inoculation loop is then dragged across the surface of the agar back and forth in a zigzag motion until approximately 30 % of the plate has been covered . The loop then is re-sterilized and the plate is turned 90 degrees . Starting in the previously streaked section , the loop is dragged through it two to three times continuing the zigzag pattern . The procedure is then repeated once more being cautious to not touch the previously streaked sectors . Each time the loop gathers fewer and fewer bacteria until it gathers just single bacterial cells that can grow into a colony . The plate should show the heaviest growth in the first section . The second section will have less growth and a few isolated colonies , while the final section will have the least amount of growth and many isolated colonies . Growth medium ( edit ) The sample is spread across one quadrant of a petri dish containing a growth medium . Bacteria need different nutrients to grow . This includes water , a source of energy , sources of carbon , sulfur , nitrogen , phosphorus , certain minerals , and other vitamins and growth factors . A very common type of media used in microbiology labs is known as agar , a gelatinous substance derived from seaweed . The nutrient agar has a lot of ingredients with unknown amounts of nutrients in them . On one hand , this can be a very selective media to use because as mentioned bacteria are particular . If there is a certain nutrient in the media the bacteria could most certainly not grow and could die . On the other hand , this media is very complex . Complex media is important because it allows for a wide range of microbial growth . The bacteria growth can be supported by this media greatly due in part to the high amounts of nutrients . Choice of which growth medium is used depends on which microorganism is being cultured , or selected for . Different labs have different standards as to the direction and style of the streaking . Incubation ( edit ) Dependent on the strain , the plate may then be incubated , usually for 24 to 36 hours , to allow the bacteria to reproduce . At the end of incubation there should be enough bacteria to form visible colonies in the areas touched by the inoculation loop . From these mixed colonies , single bacterial or fungal species can be identified based on their morphological ( size / shape / colour ) differences , and then sub-cultured to a new media plate to yield a pure culture for further analysis . Automated equipment is used at industrial level for streak plating the solid media in order to achieve better sterilization and consistency of streaking and for reliably faster work . While streaking manually it is important to avoid scratching the solid medium as subsequent streak lines will be damaged and non-uniform deposition of inoculum at damaged sites on the medium yield clustered growth of microbes which may extend into nearby streak lines . Importance ( edit ) Bacteria exist in water , soil and food , on skin , and intestinal tract normal flora . The assortment of microbes that exist in the environment and on human bodies is enormous . The human body has billions of bacteria which creates the normal flora fighting against the invading pathogens . Bacteria frequently occur in mixed populations . It is very rare to find a single occurring species of bacteria . To be able to study the cultural , morphological , and physiological characteristics of an individual species , it is vital that the bacteria be divided from the other species that generally originate in the environment . This is important in determining a bacterium in a clinical sample . When the bacteria is streaked and isolated , the causative agent of a bacterial disease can be identified . See also ( edit ) Bacterial lawn References ( edit ) Black , Jacquelyn G. Microbiology : Principles and Explorations Marymount University , 1999 Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering : Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Virtual Lab . http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/k/h/khb4/enve301/301labs/lab4pureculture.html Bauman , R. ( 2004 ) Microbiology . Pearson Benjamin Cummings . External links ( edit ) Streaking agar plate method for getting isolated colonies ( video ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Streaking_(microbiology)&oldid=827782118 '' Categories : Microbiology techniques Bacteriology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch فارسی Français Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 18 : 23 . About Wikipedia

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what type of receptors are in the ear

Hair cells are the sensory receptors of both the auditory system and the vestibular system in the ears of all vertebrates . Through mechanotransduction , hair cells detect movement in their environment . In mammals , the auditory hair cells are located within the spiral organ of Corti on the thin basilar membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear . They derive their name from the tufts of stereocilia called hair bundles that protrude from the apical surface of the cell into the fluid - filled cochlear duct . Mammalian cochlear hair cells are of two anatomically and functionally distinct types , known as outer , and inner hair cells . Damage to these hair cells results in decreased hearing sensitivity , and because the inner ear hair cells can not regenerate , this damage is permanent . However , other organisms , such as the frequently studied zebrafish , and birds have hair cells that can regenerate . The human cochlea contains on the order of 3,500 inner hair cells and 12,000 outer hair cells at birth .

the auditory system|the vestibular system

Hair cell

hair cell

Hair cells are the sensory receptors of both the auditory system and the vestibular system in the ears of all vertebrates . Through mechanotransduction , hair cells detect movement in their environment . In mammals , the auditory hair cells are located within the spiral organ of Corti on the thin basilar membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear . They derive their name from the tufts of stereocilia called hair bundles that protrude from the apical surface of the cell into the fluid - filled cochlear duct . Mammalian cochlear hair cells are of two anatomically and functionally distinct types , known as outer , and inner hair cells . Damage to these hair cells results in decreased hearing sensitivity , and because the inner ear hair cells can not regenerate , this damage is permanent . However , other organisms , such as the frequently studied zebrafish , and birds have hair cells that can regenerate . The human cochlea contains on the order of 3,500 inner hair cells and 12,000 outer hair cells at birth .

The outer hair cells mechanically amplify low - level sound that enters the cochlea . The amplification may be powered by the movement of their hair bundles , or by an electrically driven motility of their cell bodies . This so - called somatic electromotility amplifies sound in all land vertebrates . It is affected by the closing mechanism of the mechanical sensory ion channels at the tips of the hair bundles . The inner hair cells transform the sound vibrations in the fluids of the cochlea into electrical signals that are then relayed via the auditory nerve to the auditory brainstem and to the auditory cortex . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inner hair cells -- from sound to nerve signal 2 Outer hair cells -- acoustical pre-amplifiers 3 Hair Cell Signal Adaption 4 Neural connection 5 Regrowth 6 Additional images 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Inner hair cells -- from sound to nerve signal ( edit ) Section through the organ of Corti , showing inner and outer hair cells The deflection of the hair - cell stereocilia opens mechanically gated ion channels that allow any small , positively charged ions ( primarily potassium and calcium ) to enter the cell . Unlike many other electrically active cells , the hair cell itself does not fire an action potential . Instead , the influx of positive ions from the endolymph in the scala media depolarizes the cell , resulting in a receptor potential . This receptor potential opens voltage gated calcium channels ; calcium ions then enter the cell and trigger the release of neurotransmitters at the basal end of the cell . The neurotransmitters diffuse across the narrow space between the hair cell and a nerve terminal , where they then bind to receptors and thus trigger action potentials in the nerve . In this way , the mechanical sound signal is converted into an electrical nerve signal . Repolarization of hair cells is done in a special manner . The perilymph in the scala tympani has a very low concentration of positive ions . The electrochemical gradient makes the positive ions flow through channels to the perilymph . Hair cells chronically leak Ca . This leakage causes a tonic release of neurotransmitter to the synapses . It is thought that this tonic release is what allows the hair cells to respond so quickly in response to mechanical stimuli . The quickness of the hair cell response may also be due to the fact that it can increase the amount of neurotransmitter release in response to a change as little as 100 μV in membrane potential . Outer hair cells -- acoustical pre-amplifiers ( edit ) In mammalian outer hair cells , the receptor potential triggers active vibrations of the cell body . This mechanical response to electrical signals is termed somatic electromotility and drives oscillations in the cell 's length , which occur at the frequency of the incoming sound and provide mechanical feedback amplification . Outer hair cells are found only in mammals . While hearing sensitivity of mammals is similar to that of other classes of vertebrates , without functioning outer hair cells , the sensitivity decreases by approximately 50 dB . Outer hair cells extend the hearing range to about 200 kHz in some marine mammals . They have also improved frequency selectivity ( frequency discrimination ) , which is of particular benefit for humans , because it enabled sophisticated speech and music . The effect of this system is to non-linearly amplify quiet sounds more than large ones so that a wide range of sound pressures can be reduced to a much smaller range of hair displacements . This property of amplification is called the cochlear amplifier . The molecular biology of hair cells has seen considerable progress in recent years , with the identification of the motor protein ( prestin ) that underlies somatic electromotility in the outer hair cells . Prestin 's function has been shown to be dependent on chloride channel signaling and that it is compromised by the common marine pesticide tributyltin . Because this class of pollutant bioconcentrates up the food chain , the effect is pronounced in top marine predators such as orcas and toothed whales . Hair cell signal Adaption ( edit ) Calcium ion influx plays an important role for the hair cells to adapt to the amplification of the signal . This allows humans to ignore constant sounds that are no longer new and allow us to be acute to other changes in our surrounding . The key adaptation mechanism comes from a motor protein myosin - 1c that allows slow adaptation , provides tension to sensitize transduction channels , and also participate in signal transduction apparatus . More recent research now shows that the calcium - sensitive binding of calmodulin to myosin - 1c could actually modulate the interaction of the adaptation motor with other components of the transduction apparatus as well . Fast Adaptation : During fast adaptation , Ca ions that enter a stereocilium through an open MET channel bind rapidly to a site on or near the channel and induce channel closure . When channels close , tension increases in the tip link , pulling the bundle in the opposite direction . Fast adaptation is more prominent in sound and auditory detecting hair cells , rather in vestibular cells . Slow Adaption : The dominating model suggests that slow adaptation occurs when myosin - 1c slides down the stereocilium in response to elevated tension during bundle displacement . The resultant decreased tension in the tip link permits the bundle to move farther in the opposite direction . As tension decreases , channels close , producing the decline in transduction current . Slow adaptation is most prominent in vestibular hair cells that sense spatial movement and less in cochlear hair cells that detect auditory signals . Neural connection ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Neurons of the auditory or vestibulocochlear nerve ( the eighth cranial nerve ) innervate cochlear and vestibular hair cells . The neurotransmitter released by hair cells that stimulates the terminal neurites of peripheral axons of the afferent ( towards the brain ) neurons is thought to be glutamate . At the presynaptic juncture , there is a distinct presynaptic dense body or ribbon . This dense body is surrounded by synaptic vesicles and is thought to aid in the fast release of neurotransmitter . Nerve fiber innervation is much denser for inner hair cells than for outer hair cells . A single inner hair cell is innervated by numerous nerve fibers , whereas a single nerve fiber innervates many outer hair cells . Inner hair cell nerve fibers are also very heavily myelinated , which is in contrast to the unmyelinated outer hair cell nerve fibers . The region of the basilar membrane supplying the inputs to a particular afferent nerve fibre can be considered to be its receptive field . Efferent projections from the brain to the cochlea also play a role in the perception of sound . Efferent synapses occur on outer hair cells and on afferent axons under inner hair cells . The presynaptic terminal bouton is filled with vesicles containing acetylcholine and a neuropeptide called calcitonin gene - related peptide . The effects of these compounds vary , in some hair cells the acetylcholine hyperpolarized the cell , which reduces the sensitivity of the cochlea locally . Regrowth ( edit ) Research on the regrowth of cochlear cells may lead to medical treatments that restore hearing . Unlike birds and fish , humans and other mammals are generally incapable of regrowing the cells of the inner ear that convert sound into neural signals when those cells are damaged by age or disease . Researchers are making progress in gene therapy and stem - cell therapy that may allow the damaged cells to be regenerated . Because hair cells of auditory and vestibular systems in birds and fish have been found to regenerate , their ability has been studied at length . In addition , lateral line hair cells , which have a mechanotransduction function , have been shown to regrow in organisms , such as the zebrafish . Researchers have identified a mammalian gene that normally acts as a molecular switch to block the regrowth of cochlear hair cells in adults . The Rb1 gene encodes the retinoblastoma protein , which is a tumor suppressor . Rb stops cells from dividing by encouraging their exit from the cell cycle . Not only do hair cells in a culture dish regenerate when the Rb1 gene is deleted , but mice bred to be missing the gene grow more hair cells than control mice that have the gene . Additionally , the sonic hedgehog protein has been shown to block activity of the retinoblastoma protein , thereby inducing cell cycle re-entry and the regrowth of new cells . The cell cycle inhibitor p27kip1 ( CDKN1B ) has also been found to encourage regrowth of cochlear hair cells in mice following genetic deletion or knock down with siRNA targeting p27 . Research on hair cell regeneration may bring us closer to clinical treatment for human hearing loss caused by hair cell damage or death . Additional images ( edit ) The lamina reticularis and subjacent structures . Inner ear illustration showing semicircular canal , hair cells , ampulla , cupula , vestibular nerve , & fluid Stereocilia of frog inner ear Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lumpkin , Ellen A. ; Marshall , Kara L. ; Nelson , Aislyn M. ( 2010 ) . `` The cell biology of touch '' . The Journal of Cell Biology . 191 ( 2 ) : 237 -- 248 . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 201006074 . Jump up ^ Nadol , Joseph B. ( 1993 ) . `` Hearing loss '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 329 ( 15 ) : 1092 -- 1102 . doi : 10.1056 / nejm199310073291507 . Jump up ^ Lush , Mark E. ; Piotrowski , Tatjana ( 2013 ) . `` Sensory hair cell regeneration in the zebrafish lateral line '' . Developmental Dynamics . 243 ( 10 ) : 1187 -- 1202 . PMID 25045019 . doi : 10.1002 / dvdy. 24167 . ^ Jump up to : Cotanche , Douglas A. ( 1994 ) . `` Hair cell regeneration in the bird cochlea following noise damage or ototoxic drug damage '' . Anatomy and Embryology. 189 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 18 . PMID 8192233 . doi : 10.1007 / bf00193125 . Jump up ^ Rémy Pujol , Régis Nouvian , Marc Lenoir , `` Hair cells ( cochlea.eu ) Jump up ^ Müller , U ( October 2008 ) . `` Cadherins and mechanotransduction by hair cells '' . Current Opinion in Cell Biology . 20 ( 5 ) : 557 -- 566 . PMC 2692626 . PMID 18619539 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ceb. 2008.06. 004 . Jump up ^ Chan DK , Hudspeth AJ ( February 2005 ) . `` Ca2+ current - driven nonlinear amplification by the mammalian cochlea in vitro '' . Nature Neuroscience. 8 ( 2 ) : 149 -- 155 . PMC 2151387 . PMID 15643426 . doi : 10.1038 / nn1385 . Jump up ^ Brownell WE , Bader CR , Bertrand D , de Ribaupierre Y ( 1985 - 01 - 11 ) . `` Evoked mechanical responses of isolated cochlear outer hair cells '' . Science . 227 ( 4683 ) : 194 -- 196 . Bibcode : 1985Sci ... 227 ... 194B . PMID 3966153 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 3966153 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ A movie clip showing an isolated outer hair cell moving in response to electrical stimulation can be seen here ( physiol.ox.ac.uk ) . Jump up ^ Wartzog D , Ketten DR ( 1999 ) . `` Marine Mammal Sensory Systems '' . In J. Reynolds , S. Rommel . Biology of Marine Mammals ( PDF ) . Smithsonian Institution Press . p. 132 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Hudspeth AJ ( 2008 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Making an effort to listen : mechanical amplification in the ear '' . Neuron. 59 ( 4 ) : 530 -- 45 . PMC 2724262 . PMID 18760690 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuron. 2008.07. 012 . Jump up ^ Santos - Sacchi Joseph ; Song Lei ; Zheng Jiefu ; Nuttall Alfred L ( 2006 - 04 - 12 ) . `` Control of mammalian cochlear amplification by chloride anions '' . Journal of Neuroscience. 26 ( 15 ) : 3992 -- 8 . PMID 16611815 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 4548 - 05.2006 . ^ Jump up to : Gillespie , P.G. ; Cyr , J.L. ( 2004 ) . `` Myosin - 1c , the hair cell 's adaptation motor '' . Annual Review of Physiology. 66 : 521 -- 45 . PMID 14977412 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. physiol. 66.032102. 112842 . ^ Jump up to : Stauffer , E.A. ; Holt , J.R. ( 2007 ) . `` Sensory transduction and adaptation in inner and outer hair cells of the mouse auditory system '' . Journal of Neurophysiology. 98 ( 6 ) : 3360 -- 9 . PMC 2647849 . PMID 17942617 . doi : 10.1152 / jn. 00914.2007 . Jump up ^ Cyr , J.L. ; Dumont , R.A. ; Gillespie , P.G. ( 2002 ) . `` Myosin - 1c interacts with hair - cell receptors through its calmodulin - binding IQ domains '' . The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 22 ( 7 ) : 2487 -- 95 . PMID 11923413 . Jump up ^ `` Cranial Nerve VIII . Vestibulocochlear Nerve '' . Meddean . Loyola University Chicago . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Edge AS , Chen ZY ( 2008 ) . `` Hair cell regeneration '' . Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 18 ( 4 ) : 377 -- 82 . PMID 18929656 . doi : 10.1016 / j. conb. 2008.10. 001 . Jump up ^ Lombarte , Antoni ( 1993 ) . `` Damage and regeneration of hair cell ciliary bundles in a fish ear following treatment with gentamicin '' . Hearing Research . 64 ( 2 ) : 166 -- 174 . doi : 10.1016 / 0378 - 5955 ( 93 ) 90002 - i . Jump up ^ Whitfield , T.T ( 2002 ) . `` Zebrafish as a model for hearing and deafness '' . Journal of Neurobiology. 53 ( 2 ) : 157 -- 171 . doi : 10.1002 / neu. 10123 . Jump up ^ Henderson M ( 2005 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Gene that may no longer turn a deaf ear to old age '' . Times Online . Jump up ^ Sage , Cyrille ; Huang , Mingqian ; Vollrath , Melissa A. ; Brown , M. Christian ; Hinds , Philip W. ; Corey , David P. ; Vetter , Douglas E. ; Zheng - Yi , Chen ( 2005 ) . `` Essential role of retinoblastoma protein in mammalian hair cell development and hearing '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 103 ( 19 ) : 7345 -- 7350 . PMC 1450112 . PMID 16648263 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0510631103 . Jump up ^ Raphael Y , Martin DM ( 2005 ) . `` Deafness : Lack of regulation encourages hair cell growth '' . Gene Therapy . 12 ( 13 ) : 1021 -- 22 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. gt. 3302523 . Jump up ^ Lu , Na ; Chen , Yan ; Wang , Zhengmin ; Chen , Guoling ; Lin , Qin ; Chen , Zheng - Yi ; Li , Huawei ( 2013 ) . `` Sonic hedgehog initiates cochlear hair cell regeneration through downregulation of retinoblastoma protein '' . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications . Elsevier . 430 ( 2 ) : 700 -- 705 . PMC 3579567 . PMID 23211596 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbrc. 2012.11. 088 . Jump up ^ Löwenheim H , Furness DN , Kil J , Zinn C , Gültig K , Fero ML , Frost D , Gummer AW , Roberts JM , Rubel EW , Hackney CM , Zenner HP ( 1999 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Gene disruption of p27 ( Kip1 ) allows cell proliferation in the postnatal and adult organ of corti '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 96 ( 7 ) : 4084 -- 8 . PMC 22424 . PMID 10097167 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 96.7. 4084 . ( primary source ) Jump up ^ Ono K , Nakagawa T , Kojima K , Matsumoto M , Kawauchi T , Hoshino M , Ito J ( Dec 2009 ) . `` Silencing p27 reverses post-mitotic state of supporting cells in neonatal mouse cochleae '' . Mol Cell Neurosci. 42 ( 4 ) : 391 -- 8 . PMID 19733668 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mcn. 2009.08. 011 . ( primary source ) References ( edit ) Coffin A , Kelley M , Manley GA , Popper AN ( 2004 ) . `` Evolution of sensory hair cells '' . In Manley , et al. pp. 55 -- 94 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Fettiplace R , Hackney CM ( 2006 ) . `` The sensory and motor roles of auditory hair cells '' . Nature Reviews . Neuroscience. 7 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 29 . PMID 16371947 . doi : 10.1038 / nrn1828 . Kandel ER , Schwartz JH , Jessell TM ( 2000 ) . Principles of Neural Science ( 4th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 590 -- 594 . ISBN 0 - 8385 - 7701 - 6 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Manley GA , Popper AN , Fay RR ( 2004 ) . Evolution of the Vertebrate Auditory System . New York : Springer - Verlag . ISBN 0 - 387 - 21093 - 8 . Manley GA ( 2004 ) . `` Advances and perspectives in the study of the evolution of the vertebrate auditory system '' . In Manley ; et al. pp. 360 -- 368 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Rabbitt RD , Boyle R , Highstein SM ( 1 -- 5 February 2010 ) . `` Mechanical amplification by hair cells in the semicircular canals '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 107 ( 8 ) : 3864 -- 9 . PMC 2840494 . PMID 20133682 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0906765107 . Lay summary . Breneman KD , Brownell WE , Rabbitt RD ( 22 April 2009 ) . Brezina , Vladimir , ed . `` Hair cell bundles : flexoelectric motors of the inner ear '' . PLoS ONE . 4 ( 4 ) : e5201 . Bibcode : 2009PLoSO ... 4.5201 B. PMC 2668172 . PMID 19384413 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0005201 . Lay summary . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Molecular Basis of Hearing Outer hair cell dancing `` rock around the clock '' Dancing OHC video Yale Ear Lab NIF Search -- Hair Cell via the Neuroscience Information Framework Hair - Tuning - Sound - Sensor A concise report on the recent development of sound sensors based on hair tuning by students of SMMEE , IIT Ropar Physiology of balance and hearing Hearing General Auditory system Bone conduction Otoacoustic emission Tullio phenomenon Pathway inner ear : Hair cells → Spiral ganglion → Cochlear nerve → pons : Cochlear nucleus ( Anterior , Dorsal ) → Trapezoid body → Superior olivary nuclei → midbrain : Lateral lemniscus → Inferior colliculi → thalamus : Medial geniculate nuclei → cerebrum : Acoustic radiation → Primary auditory cortex Balance General Vestibular system Pathway inner ear : Vestibular nerve → pons : Vestibular nuclei ( Medial vestibular nucleus , Lateral vestibular nucleus ) cerebellum : Flocculonodular lobe spinal cord : Vestibulospinal tract ( Medial vestibulospinal tract , Lateral vestibulospinal tract ) thalamus : Ventral posterolateral nucleus cerebrum : Vestibular cortex Vestibulo - oculomotor fibers Nervous tissue CNS Tissue Types Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Funiculus Fasciculus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges Cell Types Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia PNS General Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers ) Connective tissues Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Nerve fascicle Neuroglia Myelination : Schwann cell Neurolemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell Neurons / nerve fibers Parts Soma Axon hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite Types Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw Afferent nerve fiber / Sensory neuron GSA GVA SSA SVA fibers Ia Ib or Golgi II or Aβ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain Efferent nerve fiber / Motor neuron GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron Termination Synapse Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction Sensory receptors Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hair_cell&oldid=799715140 '' Categories : Auditory system Receptor cells Human cells Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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does full house beat a straight in poker

Rank Name Example 0 Five of a kind * Straight flush * * Four of a kind Full house Flush * * 5 Straight * * 6 Three of a kind 7 Two pair 8 One pair 9 High card

List of Poker hands

list of poker hands

In poker , players construct sets of five playing cards , called hands , according to the rules of the game being played . Each hand has a rank , which is compared against the ranks of other hands participating in the showdown to determine who wins the pot . In high games , like Texas hold ' em and seven - card stud , the highest - ranking hands win . In low games , like razz , the lowest - ranking hands win . In high - low split games , both the highest - ranking and lowest - ranking hands win , though different rules are used to rank the high and low hands .

Each hand falls into a hand - ranking category determined by the patterns formed by its cards . Hands in a higher - ranking category always rank higher than hands in a lower - ranking category . Hands in the same category are ranked relative to each other by comparing the ranks of their respective cards . Suits are not ranked in poker , so hands in the same category that differ by suit alone are of equal rank . Cards in poker are ranked , from highest to lowest : A , K , Q , J , 10 , 9 , 8 , 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 and 2 . However , aces have the lowest rank under high rules when forming part of a five - high straight or straight flush , or when playing ace - to - five low or ace - to - six low rules . There are nine hand - ranking categories when using a standard 52 - card deck , except under ace - to - five low rules where straights , flushes and straight flushes are not recognized . An additional category , five of a kind , is introduced when using one or more wild cards . The fewer hands a category contains , the higher its rank . There are 311,875,200 ways to deal five cards from the deck but only 2,598,960 distinct hands , because the order in which cards are dealt or arranged in a hand does not matter . Moreover , since hands differing only by suit are of equal rank , there are only 7,462 distinct hand ranks when using nine hand categories . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hand - ranking categories 1.1 Five of a kind 1.2 Straight flush 1.3 Four of a kind 1.4 Full house 1.5 Flush 1.6 Straight 1.7 Three of a kind 1.8 Two pair 1.9 One pair 1.10 High card 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Hand - ranking categories ( edit ) * Only possible when using one or more wild cards * * Category does not exist under ace - to - five low rules Rank Name Example 0 Five of a kind * Straight flush * * Four of a kind Full house Flush * * 5 Straight * * 6 Three of a kind 7 Two pair 8 One pair 9 High card Five of a kind ( edit ) Five of a kind , aces Five of a kind is a poker hand containing five cards of the same rank , such as 3 ♥ 3 3 ♣ 3 ♠ 3 ( `` five of a kind , threes '' ) . It ranks above a straight flush but is only possible when using one or more wild cards , as there are only four cards of each rank in a standard 52 - card deck . A five of a kind becomes possible when a joker is added to the deck as a bug , a form of wild card that may either act as a fifth ace or be used to complete any straight , flush or straight flush . Under these rules , the only possible five of a kind is five aces , A ♥ A A ♣ A ♠ Jkr . Other wild card rules allow jokers or other designated wild cards to represent any card in the deck , enabling the formation of five of a kind of any rank . Each five of a kind is ranked by the rank of its quintuplet . For example , Q ♠ Q ♥ Q ♣ Q Q ranks higher than 6 ♣ 6 ♠ 6 6 ♥ 6 . Straight flush ( edit ) `` Straight flush '' redirects here . For other uses , see Straight flush ( disambiguation ) . A jack - high straight flush A straight flush is a poker hand containing five cards of sequential rank , all of the same suit , such as Q ♥ J ♥ 10 ♥ 9 ♥ 8 ♥ ( a `` queen - high straight flush '' ) . It ranks below five of a kind and above four of a kind . As part of a straight flush , an ace can rank either above a king or below a two , depending on the rules of the game . Under high rules , an ace can rank either high ( e.g. A ♥ K ♥ Q ♥ J ♥ 10 ♥ is an ace - high straight flush ) or low ( e.g. 5 4 3 2 A is a five - high straight flush ) , but can not rank both high and low in the same hand ( e.g. Q ♣ K ♣ A ♣ 2 ♣ 3 ♣ is an ace - high flush , not a straight flush ) . Under deuce - to - seven low rules , aces can only rank high , so a hand such as 5 ♠ 4 ♠ 3 ♠ 2 ♠ A ♠ is actually an ace - high flush . Under ace - to - six low rules , aces can only rank low , so a hand such as A ♥ K ♥ Q ♥ J ♥ 10 ♥ is actually a king - high flush . Under ace - to - five low rules , straight flushes are not recognized , and a hand that would be categorized as a straight flush is instead a high card hand . There are 40 possible straight flush hands and 10 distinct ranks of straight flush under high rules when using a standard 52 - card deck . Each straight flush is ranked by the rank of its highest - ranking card . For example , 10 ♣ 9 ♣ 8 ♣ 7 ♣ 6 ♣ ranks higher than 8 ♥ 7 ♥ 6 ♥ 5 ♥ 4 ♥ , which ranks higher than 6 ♠ 5 ♠ 4 ♠ 3 ♠ 2 ♠ . Straight flush hands that differ by suit alone , such as 7 6 5 4 3 and 7 ♠ 6 ♠ 5 ♠ 4 ♠ 3 ♠ , are of equal rank . An ace - high straight flush , such as A K Q J 10 , is commonly known as a royal flush or royal straight flush and is the best possible hand in high games when not using wild cards . A five - high straight flush , such as 5 ♥ 4 ♥ 3 ♥ 2 ♥ A ♥ , is called a steel wheel and is significant in ace - to - five high - low split games for being both the best low hand and usually the best high hand of the showdown . Four of a kind ( edit ) Four of a kind , fives Four of a kind , also known as quads , is a poker hand containing four cards of the same rank and one card of another rank ( the kicker ) , such as 9 ♣ 9 ♠ 9 9 ♥ J ♥ ( `` four of a kind , nines '' ) . It ranks below a straight flush and above a full house . There are 624 possible four of a kind hands and 156 distinct ranks of four of a kind when using a standard 52 - card deck . Each four of a kind is ranked first by the rank of its quadruplet , and then by the rank of its kicker . For example , K ♠ K ♥ K ♣ K 3 ♥ ranks higher than 7 ♥ 7 7 ♠ 7 ♣ Q ♥ , which ranks higher than 7 ♥ 7 7 ♠ 7 ♣ 10 ♠ . Four of a kind hands that differ by suit alone , such as 4 ♣ 4 ♠ 4 4 ♥ 9 ♣ and 4 ♣ 4 ♠ 4 4 ♥ 9 , are of equal rank . Full house ( edit ) A full house , sixes over kings A full house , also known as a full boat or tight ( and originally called a full hand ) , is a poker hand containing three cards of one rank and two cards of another rank , such as 3 ♣ 3 ♠ 3 6 ♣ 6 ♥ ( a `` full house , threes over sixes '' or `` threes full of sixes '' or `` threes full '' ) . It ranks below four of a kind and above a flush . There are 3,744 possible full house hands and 156 distinct ranks of full house when using a standard 52 - card deck . Each full house is ranked first by the rank of its triplet , and then by the rank of its pair . For example , 8 ♠ 8 8 ♥ 7 7 ♣ ranks higher than 4 4 ♠ 4 ♣ 9 9 ♣ , which ranks higher than 4 4 ♠ 4 ♣ 5 ♣ 5 . Full house hands that differ by suit alone , such as K ♣ K ♠ K J ♣ J ♠ and K ♣ K ♥ K J ♣ J ♥ , are of equal rank . Flush ( edit ) A jack - high flush A flush is a poker hand containing five cards all of the same suit , not all of sequential rank , such as K ♣ 10 ♣ 7 ♣ 6 ♣ 4 ♣ ( a `` king - high flush '' or `` king - ten - high flush '' ) . It ranks below a full house and above a straight . Under ace - to - five low rules , flushes are not recognized , and a hand that would be categorized as a flush is instead a high card hand . There are 5,108 possible flush hands and 1,277 distinct ranks of flush under high rules when using a standard 52 - card deck . Each flush is ranked first by the rank of its highest - ranking card , then by the rank of its second highest - ranking card , then by the rank of its third highest - ranking card , then by the rank of its fourth highest - ranking card , and finally by the rank of its lowest - ranking card . For example , K J 9 6 4 ranks higher than Q ♣ J ♣ 7 ♣ 6 ♣ 5 ♣ , which ranks higher than J ♥ 10 ♥ 9 ♥ 4 ♥ 2 ♥ , which ranks higher than J ♠ 10 ♠ 8 ♠ 6 ♠ 3 ♠ , which ranks higher than J ♥ 10 ♥ 8 ♥ 4 ♥ 3 ♥ , which ranks higher than J ♣ 10 ♣ 8 ♣ 4 ♣ 2 ♣ . Flush hands that differ by suit alone , such as 10 8 7 6 5 and 10 ♠ 8 ♠ 7 ♠ 6 ♠ 5 ♠ , are of equal rank . Straight ( edit ) A ten - high straight A straight is a poker hand containing five cards of sequential rank , not all of the same suit , such as 7 ♣ 6 ♠ 5 ♠ 4 ♥ 3 ♥ ( a `` seven - high straight '' ) . It ranks below a flush and above three of a kind . As part of a straight , an ace can rank either above a king or below a two , depending on the rules of the game . Under high rules , an ace can rank either high ( e.g. A K ♣ Q ♣ J 10 ♠ is an ace - high straight ) or low ( e.g. 5 ♣ 4 3 ♥ 2 ♥ A ♠ is a five - high straight ) , but the ace can not rank both high and low in the same hand ( e.g. Q ♠ K ♠ A ♣ 2 ♥ 3 is an ace - high high - card hand , not a straight ) . Under deuce - to - seven low rules , aces can only rank high , so a hand such as 5 ♥ 4 ♠ 3 ♥ 2 ♣ A is actually an ace - high high - card hand . Under ace - to - six low rules , aces can only rank low , so a hand such as A ♣ K ♠ Q ♠ J 10 ♠ is actually a king - high high - card hand . Under ace - to - five low rules , straights are not recognized , and a hand that would be categorized as a straight is instead a high - card hand . There are 10,200 possible straight hands and 10 distinct ranks of straight under high rules when using a standard 52 - card deck . Each straight is ranked by the rank of its highest - ranking card . For example , J ♥ 10 ♥ 9 ♣ 8 ♠ 7 ♥ ranks higher than 10 ♠ 9 ♠ 8 ♣ 7 ♥ 6 ♠ , which ranks higher than 6 ♣ 5 ♠ 4 ♥ 3 ♠ 2 . Straight hands that differ by suit alone , such as 9 ♣ 8 ♣ 7 ♣ 6 5 and 9 ♠ 8 ♠ 7 ♠ 6 ♥ 5 ♥ , are of equal rank . An ace - high straight , such as A ♣ K ♣ Q J ♠ 10 ♠ , is otherwise known as a broadway straight , while a five - high straight , such as 5 ♠ 4 3 2 ♠ A ♥ , is otherwise known as a baby straight , bicycle or wheel and is the best possible hand in ace - to - five low games , where it is instead categorized as a high card hand . Three of a kind ( edit ) Three of a kind , queens Three of a kind , also known as trips or a set , is a poker hand containing three cards of the same rank and two cards of two other ranks ( the kickers ) , such as 2 2 ♠ 2 ♣ K ♠ 6 ♥ ( `` three of a kind , twos '' or `` trip twos '' or a `` set of twos '' ) . It ranks below a straight and above two pair . There are 54,912 possible three of a kind hands and 858 distinct ranks of three of a kind when using a standard 52 - card deck . Each three of a kind is ranked first by the rank of its triplet , then by the rank of its highest - ranking kicker , and finally by the rank of its lowest - ranking kicker . For example , 6 ♥ 6 6 ♠ Q ♣ 4 ♠ ranks higher than 3 3 ♠ 3 ♣ K ♠ 2 ♠ , which ranks higher than 3 3 ♠ 3 ♣ J ♣ 7 ♥ , which ranks higher than 3 3 ♠ 3 ♣ J ♠ 5 . Three of a kind hands that differ by suit alone , such as 9 ♠ 9 ♥ 9 10 8 ♥ and 9 ♣ 9 ♠ 9 ♥ 10 8 , are of equal rank . In community card games , such as Texas hold ' em , three of a kind is called a set only when it comprises a pocket pair and a third card on the board . Two pair ( edit ) Two pair , jacks and threes Two pair is a poker hand containing two cards of the same rank , two cards of another rank and one card of a third rank ( the kicker ) , such as J ♥ J ♣ 4 ♣ 4 ♠ 9 ♥ ( `` two pair , jacks and fours '' or `` two pair , jacks over fours '' or `` jacks up '' ) . It ranks below three of a kind and above one pair . There are 123,552 possible two pair hands and 858 distinct ranks of two pair when using a standard 52 - card deck . Each two pair is ranked first by the rank of its highest - ranking pair , then by the rank of its lowest - ranking pair , and finally by the rank of its kicker . For example , 10 10 ♠ 2 ♠ 2 ♣ K ♣ ranks higher than 5 ♣ 5 ♠ 4 4 ♥ 10 ♥ , which ranks higher than 5 ♣ 5 ♠ 3 ♣ 3 Q ♠ , which ranks higher than 5 ♣ 5 ♠ 3 ♣ 3 J ♠ . Two pair hands that differ by suit alone , such as K K ♠ 7 7 ♥ 8 ♥ and K ♣ K ♠ 7 ♣ 7 ♥ 8 ♣ , are of equal rank . One pair ( edit ) One pair , tens One pair , or simply a pair , is a poker hand containing two cards of the same rank and three cards of three other ranks ( the kickers ) , such as 4 ♥ 4 ♠ K ♠ 10 5 ♠ ( `` one pair , fours '' or a `` pair of fours '' ) . It ranks below two pair and above high card . There are 1,098,240 possible one pair hands and 2,860 distinct ranks of one pair when using a standard 52 - card deck . Each one pair is ranked first by the rank of its pair , then by the rank of its highest - ranking kicker , then by the rank of its second highest - ranking kicker , and finally by the rank of its lowest - ranking kicker . For example , 9 ♣ 9 Q ♠ J ♥ 5 ♥ ranks higher than 6 6 ♥ K ♠ 7 ♥ 4 ♣ , which ranks higher than 6 6 ♥ Q ♥ J ♠ 2 ♣ , which ranks higher than 6 6 ♥ Q ♠ 8 ♣ 7 , which ranks higher than 6 6 ♥ Q 8 ♥ 3 ♠ . One pair hands that differ by suit alone , such as 8 ♠ 8 10 ♥ 6 ♣ 5 ♠ and 8 ♥ 8 ♣ 10 ♣ 6 ♠ 5 ♣ , are of equal rank . High card ( edit ) High card , king High card , also known as no pair or simply nothing , is a poker hand containing five cards not all of sequential rank or of the same suit , and none of which are of the same rank , such as K ♥ J ♥ 8 ♣ 7 4 ♠ ( `` high card , king '' or `` king - jack - high '' or `` king - high '' ) . Under ace - to - five low rules , where straights , flushes and straight flushes are not recognized , hands that would fall into these categories are also high card hands . It ranks below one pair . There are 1,302,540 possible high cards hands and 1,277 distinct ranks of high card hand under high rules when using a standard 52 - card deck . Each high card hand is ranked first by the rank of its highest - ranking card , then by the rank of its second highest - ranking card , then by the rank of its third highest - ranking card , then by the rank of its fourth highest - ranking card , and finally by the rank of its lowest - ranking card . For example , K ♠ 6 ♣ 5 ♥ 3 2 ♣ ranks higher than Q ♠ J 6 ♣ 5 ♥ 3 ♣ , which ranks higher than Q ♠ 10 8 ♣ 7 4 ♠ , which ranks higher than Q ♥ 10 ♥ 7 ♣ 6 ♥ 4 ♠ , which ranks higher than Q ♣ 10 ♣ 7 5 ♣ 4 , which ranks higher than Q ♥ 10 7 ♠ 5 ♠ 2 ♥ . High card hands that differ by suit alone , such as 10 ♣ 8 ♠ 7 ♠ 6 ♥ 4 and 10 8 7 ♠ 6 ♣ 4 ♣ , are of equal rank . Under deuce - to - seven low rules , a seven - five - high hand , such as 7 ♠ 5 ♣ 4 3 2 ♣ , is the best possible hand . Under ace - to - six low rules , where aces have the lowest rank , a six - four - high hand , such as 6 ♣ 4 ♠ 3 ♥ 2 ♥ A , is the best possible hand . Under ace - to - five low rules , where aces have the lowest rank and straights , flushes and straights are not recognized , a five - high hand , such as 5 ♣ 4 ♠ 3 ♥ 2 ♥ A or 5 ♠ 4 ♠ 3 ♠ 2 ♠ A ♠ , commonly known as a bicycle or wheel , is the best possible hand . See also ( edit ) Games portal Glossary of poker terms List of playing - card nicknames Non-standard poker hand Poker probability -- in - depth analysis of poker hand probabilities References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Krieger , Lou ( 2006 ) . `` What is Poker ? '' . The Poker Player 's Bible . South Africa : Struik Publishers . pp. 12 -- 14 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 77007 - 469 - 9 . Jump up ^ Harrock , Richard ( 2011 ) . `` The Basics of Play '' . Poker for Dummies , Mini Edition . United States of America : Wiley Publishing , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 05565 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sklansky , David ( 2005 ) . The Theory of Poker . United States of America : Two Plus Two Publishing LLC . p. 2 . ISBN 1 - 880685 - 00 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Braids , Sam ( 2003 ) . The Intelligent Guide to Texas Hold'em . Towson , Maryland : Intelligent Games Publishing . p. 166 . ISBN 0 - 9677551 - 2 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Poker Hands Order -- Poker Hand Rankings at PokerStars '' . www.pokerstars.com . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Poker Hand Ranking Official World Series of Poker Online '' . www.wsop.com . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Krieger , Lou ( 2006 ) . The Poker Player 's Bible . South Africa : Struik Publishers . pp. 30 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 77007 - 469 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Greiner , Ron ( 2005 ) . The Everyday Guide to Recreational Poker . Everyday Endeavors , LLC . pp. 46 -- 60 . ISBN 0 - 9769703 - 0 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , Alex ( 2010 ) . `` How to Play Lowball Draw '' . What I Know about Poker : Lessons in Texas Hold'em , Omaha and Other Poker Games . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9567151 - 3 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Probability : 5 - Card Poker Hands '' . www.math.hawaii.edu . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Bourne , Murray . `` Probability and Poker '' . www.intmath.com . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Berg , Henry ( 13 May 2013 ) . `` FiveCardSingleDeckHands. txt '' . Code Throwdown . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How many poker hands are there ? '' . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kreiger , Lou ; Bykofsky , Sheree ( 2006 ) . The Rules of Poker . Lyle Stuart . pp. 99 -- 102 . ISBN 0 - 8184 - 0660 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lowball Hand Rankings '' . playlowballpoker.com . Retrieved 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Ed ; Sklansky , David ; Malmuth , Mason ( 2005 ) . Small Stakes Hold ' em . United States of America : Two Plus Two Publishing LLC . pp. 343 -- 358 . ISBN 1 - 880685 - 32 - 9 . Jump up ^ Taylor , David G. ( 2015 ) . The Mathematics of Games : An Introduction to Probability . CRC Press . pp. 49 -- 51 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4822 - 3543 - 2 . Jump up ^ Sfetcu , Nicolaie . About Online Poker . Nicolae Sfetcu , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wenzel , John ( 2004 ) . The Everything Poker Strategy Book . United States of America : F + W Publications , Inc . pp. 6 -- 10 . ISBN 1 - 59337 - 140 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . www.etymonline.com . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Sklansky , David ( 2007 ) . The Theory of Poker . Two Plus Two Publishing LLC . p. 124 . ISBN 1 - 880685 - 00 - 0 . Jump up ^ Erickson , David ( 2015 ) . `` 3.2. 5.3 Broadway straight '' . Superior Texas Hold'em : Evolved Poker Strategy . United States of America : Evergent Teknologies . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9938197 - 0 - 4 . Jump up ^ Zee , Ray ( 2007 ) . High - Low - Split Poker , Seven - Card Stud and Omaha Eight - or - better for Advanced Players . United States of America : Two Plus Two Publishing LLC . p. 323 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 880685 - 10 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Sklansky , David ( 2005 ) . `` Glossary of Poker Terms '' . The Theory of Poker . United States of America : Two Plus Two Publishing LLC . pp. 277 -- 293 . ISBN 1 - 880685 - 00 - 0 . Jump up ^ Malmuth , Mason ( 1998 ) . `` Ace - to - Five Lowball '' . Winning Concepts in Draw and Lowball ( 2nd ed . ) . United States of America : Two Plus Two Publishing . p. 45 . ISBN 1 - 880685 - 07 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sklansky , David ( 2004 ) . Small Stakes Hold ' Em ( 1 ed . ) . Two Plus Two Publishing . p. 127 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 880685 - 32 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cardoza , Avery ( 2012 ) . Poker Talk . Cardoza Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58042 - 502 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gelling , Jonathan ( 2009 ) . Poker Tips that Pay . Play to Pay Publishing . p. 333 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9840822 - 9 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kimberg , Daniel ( 2002 ) . Serious Poker . ConJelCo LLC . pp. 229 -- 277 . ISBN 1 - 886070 - 16 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` WSOP How To Play How To Play Lowball Poker '' . www.wsop.com . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Poker hands at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Poker Index of poker articles Outline of poker Overview Betting Cheating Glossary History Poker boom Tournaments Play Elements Chip Position Pot Playing card Hands Non-standard Tell Plays Aggression Bluff Check - raise Draw Isolation Protection Steal Variations Draw poker five - card draw Stud poker five - card stud seven - card stud Community card poker Texas hold ' em Omaha hold ' em Greek hold ' em Six - plus hold ' em Three card poker three card brag Four card poker Chinese poker Open - face Chinese poker Strategy Fundamental theorem of poker Morton 's theorem Pot odds Slow play Computing Computer poker player Online poker Poker tools Commons WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_poker_hands&oldid=815751833 '' Categories : Poker hands Gaming - related lists Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Magyar 日本 語 Português Română Svenska 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 22 : 25 . 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how many goals has harry cane scored this season

Appearances and goals by club , season and competition Club Season League FA Cup League Cup Europe Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Tottenham Hotspur 2009 -- 10 Premier League 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- 0 0 2010 -- 11 Premier League 0 0 -- 0 0 0 0 -- 0 0 2011 -- 12 Premier League 0 0 -- 0 0 6 -- 6 2012 -- 13 Premier League 0 -- -- 0 0 -- 0 2013 -- 14 Premier League 10 0 0 7 0 -- 19 2014 -- 15 Premier League 34 21 0 6 9 7 -- 51 31 2015 -- 16 Premier League 38 25 0 7 -- 50 28 2016 -- 17 Premier League 30 29 0 0 5 -- 38 35 2017 -- 18 Premier League 29 24 0 0 7 7 -- 39 35 Total 142 102 12 9 9 41 19 -- 204 134 Leyton Orient ( loan ) 2010 -- 11 League One 18 5 0 0 -- -- -- 18 5 Millwall ( loan ) 2011 -- 12 Championship 22 7 5 -- -- -- 27 9 Norwich City ( loan ) 2012 -- 13 Premier League 0 0 0 -- -- 5 0 Leicester City ( loan ) 2012 -- 13 Championship 13 -- -- -- 0 15 Career total 198 116 18 11 10 41 19 0 269 150

Harry Kane

harry kane

Harry Edward Kane ( born 28 July 1993 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur and the English national team .

Kane made his first - team debut for Tottenham on 25 August 2011 in a UEFA Europa League match against Hearts . Before establishing himself in Tottenham 's first team , he spent time on loan in League One playing for Leyton Orient , in the Championship playing for Millwall and Leicester City and in the Premier League for Norwich City . He became a regular starter for Tottenham in the 2014 -- 15 season , in which he scored 31 goals across the campaign , 21 of which in the league , and was named the PFA Young Player of the Year . Kane finished top scorer of both the 2015 -- 16 and the 2016 -- 17 Premier League seasons , and aided Tottenham in qualifying for the UEFA Champions League on both occasions . He has been named Premier League Player of the Month six times , and selected for the PFA Team of the Year in each of the last three seasons . He has scored over 100 goals for Tottenham , and is currently ninth in the team 's all - time top goalscorers list . At international level , he represented England at youth levels , playing for the under - 17 , under - 19 , under - 20 and under - 21 levels . He scored on his senior international debut on 27 March 2015 and was selected for UEFA Euro 2016 . The Guardian ranked him as the fifth - best footballer on the planet in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Club career 2.1 Tottenham Hotspur 2.1. 1 Beginnings 2.1. 2 2010 -- 11 season 2.1. 3 2011 -- 12 season 2.1. 4 2012 -- 13 season 2.1. 5 2013 -- 14 season 2.1. 6 2014 -- 15 season 2.1. 7 2015 -- 16 season 2.1. 8 2016 -- 17 season 2.1. 9 2017 -- 18 season 3 International career 3.1 Youth 3.2 Senior 4 Style of play 4.1 Development 4.2 Analysis 5 Personal life 6 Career statistics 6.1 Club 6.2 International 6.3 International goals 7 Honours 8 References 9 External links Early life Harry Edward Kane was born in Walthamstow , London to Kim and Patrick Kane and has one older brother , Charlie . He has Irish ancestry through his father who is from Galway . The family moved to Chingford where he attended Larkswood Primary Academy until 2004 , followed by Chingford Foundation School ( also attended by David Beckham ) . Kane recalls of his childhood : `` I think the sporting genes come from my Mum 's side of the family although the topic is a hot debate in the Kane household . Dad probably wo n't like me saying that , but I think my granddad Eric on my Mum 's side was quite a good footballer , and played at a decent level . '' Kane also said : `` Most of my family were Spurs fans and I grew up 15 minutes from the ground , so I was always going to be a Spurs fan '' . He cited Teddy Sheringham as a childhood idol and saw him as a `` great finisher '' and a role model in his ability to score goals . Club career Tottenham Hotspur Beginnings Kane first played for a local club Ridgeway Rovers , and joined the Arsenal youth academy when he was eight years old . He was released after one season ; manager Arsène Wenger stated in November 2015 that he was disappointed that Arsenal chose to release Kane . He also had a trial at Tottenham Hotspur but was not initially successful . He returned to his old club , and in 2004 , he joined Watford academy for a four to six - week trial before he was given another chance at Tottenham aged eleven . He first played at Tottenham as a midfielder -- initially in a holding position , then as an attacking midfielder . In his early days at the club , he did not stand out as a player as he was not big nor was he particularly quick , but those who worked with him at the club noted his constant desire to improve various aspects of his game . In the 2008 -- 09 season , he played in the under - 16s side that competed in the Copa Chivas tournament in Mexico , and the Bellinzona tournament in Switzerland , scoring three goals . In July 2009 , on his 16th birthday , he signed a scholarship contract with Tottenham . In the 2009 -- 10 season , Kane played 22 times for Tottenham 's under - 18s , scoring 18 goals . Kane appeared on the first - team bench twice during the 2009 -- 10 season . Both matches were in home domestic cup victories : one the League Cup fixture against Everton on 27 October 2009 and the other in the FA Cup fourth - round replay against Bolton Wanderers on 24 February 2010 . He signed his first professional contract with the club in July 2010 . 2010 -- 11 season On 7 January 2011 , Kane moved to Leyton Orient on loan until the end of the 2010 -- 11 season . Manager Russell Slade was `` happy '' at his arrival and said , `` I 'm sure he will have an impact with us over the coming months '' . He made his first - team debut for Orient on 15 January , coming on as a substitute for Scott McGleish in the 73rd minute of a 1 -- 1 draw away to Rochdale . A week later , Kane scored his first first - team goal against Sheffield Wednesday ; making his first - ever start , `` unmarked '' Kane scored from a Dean Cox freekick in the 57th minute as Orient eventually won 4 -- 0 . Slade said that he was `` delighted '' that Kane scored a goal on his first league start . On 12 February , he scored twice in a 4 -- 1 win over Bristol Rovers , after coming on as a substitute for McGleish in the 70th minute . He ended the season scoring five goals in 18 matches . 2011 -- 12 season On 25 August 2011 , Kane made his first appearance for Tottenham , starting in the second leg of their UEFA Europa League qualification round against Hearts , with Tottenham making changes after winning the first leg 5 -- 0 . His debut was a goalless match , although he won a penalty after being fouled by goalkeeper Jamie MacDonald , who then saved the penalty which Kane took himself . He went on to make six appearances in the Europa League that season , scoring his first Tottenham goal in the 4 -- 0 win away to Shamrock Rovers on 15 December 2011 . On 29 December 2011 , Kane and Tottenham teammate Ryan Mason agreed to join Championship club Millwall on loan from 1 January 2012 until the end of the season . After making his debut against Bristol Rovers , manager Kenny Jackett said that he had `` very good debut '' but was `` unlucky not to score '' . He also said that Kane would `` be a good addition '' for the club in the second half of the season . This prediction became true as he scored seven goals in the final 14 matches of the season . Kane scored nine goals in 27 matches which resulted in him being named Millwall 's Young Player of the Year for 2011 -- 12 . His run of goals scored towards the end of the season has been credited with helping to raise Millwall in the table away from the threat of relegation that season . 2012 -- 13 season Kane spent pre-season with Tottenham , scoring a hat - trick in a 6 -- 0 away win against Southend United on 10 August 2012 . On 18 August , he made his Premier League debut , against Newcastle United . Coming as an 86th - minute substitute for Sandro , Tottenham lost the match 2 -- 1 . On 31 August 2012 , Kane joined Premier League team Norwich City on a season - long loan , making his debut as a substitute against West Ham United . Kane suffered an injury , breaking a metatarsal bone , in the League Cup tie against Doncaster Rovers in only his second appearance . The 19 - year - old underwent his rehabilitation at Tottenham but returned to action for Norwich on 29 December 2012 , coming off the bench at half time as Norwich lost 3 -- 4 to Manchester City . However , with Tottenham having been unable to add to their attacking options during the January transfer window , they opted to recall Kane on 1 February 2013 , four months before he was due to return . Twenty days after he was recalled to Tottenham , Kane joined Leicester City for the remainder of the season to aid in the club 's push for automatic promotion from the Championship . He marked his home debut with a goal against Blackburn Rovers , in a 3 -- 0 win on 26 February 2013 . He made 13 appearances for the East Midlands club , eight from the bench , and they reached the play - off semi-final before being eliminated by Watford . 2013 -- 14 season Kane scored his first Tottenham goal at White Hart Lane in a League Cup tie against Hull City , scoring the equaliser in extra time , the match finished 2 -- 2 . Tottenham won 8 -- 7 on penalties , with Kane taking and converting the fifth of the nine sets of spot - kicks . On 7 April 2014 , Kane was given his first Premier league start for Tottenham , in a 5 -- 1 win against Sunderland , and scored his first Premier League goal in the 59th minute of the match . He also scored in the following match , helping Tottenham to recover from a 3 -- 0 deficit against West Bromwich Albion before eventually drawing 3 -- 3 . He scored for the third match in a row on 19 April , this time helping Tottenham to a 3 -- 1 win at home over London rivals Fulham . 2014 -- 15 season Kane ( left ) playing for Tottenham Hotspur in 2015 Kane made his first appearance of the 2014 -- 15 season as a substitute against West Ham on the opening day of the Premier League season , providing an assist for the match - winning goal by Eric Dier . He scored in both match against Cypriot opposition AEL Limassol in Tottenham 's UEFA Europa League play - offs , scoring an 80th - minute winner in the first leg , and opening the scoring in the 3 -- 0 second leg victory after missing a penalty . He scored a late goal against Nottingham Forest in the League Cup to secure a 3 -- 1 victory for Tottenham on 24 September 2014 . On 23 October 2014 , Kane scored his first professional hat - trick for Tottenham in a 5 -- 1 win over Asteras Tripoli in the group stage of the UEFA Europa League . Kane was forced to play in goal for the final three minutes of the match , after Hugo Lloris had been sent off with no substitutions remaining , and conceded a goal when he dropped a free - kick from Jerónimo Barrales . On 2 November 2014 , Kane came on as a second - half substitute in Tottenham 's 2 -- 1 win over Aston Villa and scored his first Premier League goal of the season to win the match in the 90th minute . A week later , Kane was selected in Spurs ' starting line - up for the first time in the Premier League season , as the team lost 2 -- 1 at home to Stoke City . He retained his place in the first XI for Spurs ' 2 -- 1 win at Hull City on 23 November , scoring the team 's equalising goal . Between 14 and 26 December , Kane scored in three consecutive 2 -- 1 wins for Tottenham , against Swansea City , Burnley and Leicester City respectively . On 1 January 2015 , Kane scored twice and won a penalty as Tottenham defeated league leaders Chelsea 5 -- 3 , and he scored a further two in a 3 -- 0 away win against West Bromwich Albion on 31 January , including one from a penalty . Kane set up Christian Eriksen 's late equaliser against Sheffield United on 28 January 2015 , a goal which put Tottenham into the 2015 League Cup Final . His performances led to him being named as the Premier League Player of the Month for January 2015 . On 2 February 2015 , Kane signed a new five - and - a-half - year contract with the club . Five days later , he scored both of Tottenham 's goals as they came from behind to defeat Arsenal in the North London derby , his 21st and 22nd goals of the season across all competitions . After scoring against Arsenal , Liverpool and West Ham United , Kane was again named as the Premier League Player of the Month for February 2015 , becoming only the fourth player to win the award in consecutive months . Tottenham lost the League Cup Final 2 -- 0 to rivals Chelsea on 1 March 2015 , which Kane described as the `` worst feeling in the world '' . Twenty days later , he scored his first Premier League hat - trick in a 4 -- 3 home win over his former loan club Leicester ; this brought him to 19 league goals in the season , making him the division 's top scorer . On 5 April , Kane captained Tottenham for the first time in a 0 -- 0 draw with Burnley at Turf Moor . Two weeks later , he scored his 30th goal of the season in a 3 -- 1 win against Newcastle United at St James ' Park , making him the first Tottenham player to reach that milestone since Gary Lineker in 1991 -- 92 . Later that month , he was included as one of two forwards in the PFA Team of the Year , alongside Chelsea 's Diego Costa . He was also voted the PFA Young Player of the Year . On 24 May 2015 , he headed in an Eric Dier cross for the only goal of an away win at Everton on the final day of the season to confirm fifth place for Tottenham , thus qualifying them to the group stage of the following season 's UEFA Europa League . It was his 21st goal of the league campaign , equalling a Premier League club record alongside Teddy Sheringham , Jürgen Klinsmann and Gareth Bale . At the end of the season , Kane remarked that he had done more in the single campaign than he had expected to do in his whole career . 2015 -- 16 season Kane captaining Tottenham Hotspur in 2016 On Tottenham 's pre-season tour of Australia , Kane attracted numerous fans while visiting the Westfield Sydney shopping centre , resulting in the club sending a minibus to escort him away . On 29 July 2015 , Tottenham were the guests in the 2015 MLS All - Star Game at Dick 's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City , Colorado . They lost 2 -- 1 to the MLS All - Stars , with Kane scoring their consolation goal in the 37th minute after beating a challenge from Omar Gonzalez , and he was later substituted in the 77th minute . Kane 's squad number was changed from 18 to 10 , previously worn by Emmanuel Adebayor . In an interview to The Daily Telegraph , he said that he changed the number `` to become a club legend '' . With Adebayor and Roberto Soldado having been put up for sale , he began the season as the club 's only forward , and the third - choice captain behind Hugo Lloris and Jan Vertonghen . After a 748 - minute drought , he scored his first goal of the season on 26 September 2015 as Tottenham came from behind to defeat leaders Manchester City 4 -- 1 . Eight days later , he scored an own goal from Jonjo Shelvey 's corner kick away to Swansea City , but Tottenham fought back to a 2 -- 2 draw . On 25 October 2015 , Kane scored a hat - trick , including a penalty which he won himself , as Tottenham came from conceding a first - minute goal to triumph 5 -- 1 away to Bournemouth at Dean Court . Eight days later , he recorded his fifth goal of the season with the final goal in a 3 -- 1 win at home to Aston Villa . On 8 November 2015 , he gave Tottenham a half - time lead against Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium , albeit in a 1 -- 1 draw ; this goal past Petr Čech was from his first touch of Danny Rose 's long pass . Eighteen days after that , he recorded his ninth goal in six matches , the only one of an away match against Qarabağ FK , qualifying Tottenham to the knockout stages of the season 's UEFA Europa League . On 19 December 2015 , Kane made his 100th appearance for the club in a 2 -- 0 win away to Southampton , and scored his 10th goal in his last 10 matches . A week later , he added two more in a 3 -- 0 win over former loan employers Norwich , putting him on 27 Premier League goals for the year 2015 , breaking Sheringham 's club record . On 10 January 2016 , he scored his 50th goal for Tottenham in a 2 -- 2 draw against Leicester in the third round of the FA Cup . Kane was Premier League Player of the Month for the third time in March 2016 , after scoring five goals in four games , including one in the North London derby . After scoring his 22nd league goal of the season in a 1 -- 1 draw against Liverpool at Anfield on 2 April , Kane became the club 's highest goalscorer in a single Premier League season , with six games of the season remaining . Kane ended the season winning the Premier League Golden Boot , finishing one goal ahead of Sergio Agüero and Jamie Vardy with 25 goals . He was named in the PFA Team of the Year for the second consecutive season , as he helped Tottenham to a third - place finish , and UEFA Champions League qualification . 2016 -- 17 season Kane ( centre ) playing for Tottenham Hotspur in 2016 Kane captained Tottenham in their opening home match of the 2016 -- 17 season , assisting Victor Wanyama 's winning goal as Spurs beat Crystal Palace 1 -- 0 in a London derby at White Hart Lane . He opened his scoring account in the fourth matchday of the Premier League season , providing the final goal in a 4 -- 0 win at Stoke City . On 14 September 2016 , Kane made his UEFA Champions League debut in Spurs ' 2 -- 1 loss to Monaco at Wembley Stadium . Four days later , he scored the winning goal against Sunderland in the Premier League , but had to be helped off the field after twisting his right ankle attempting a tackle of Papy Djilobodji . Reports indicated that the ligaments in Kane 's ankle were damaged , ruling him out for six - to - eight weeks . After missing five league matches and three in the Champions League group phase , Kane made his return at rivals Arsenal on 6 November , scoring from the penalty spot to equalise in a 1 -- 1 draw . On 22 November , he scored his first Champions League goal in the return fixture against Monaco at the Stade Louis II , a game which saw Spurs eliminated from the competition with a 2 -- 1 loss . On 1 December 2016 , Kane signed a new contract with Tottenham , keeping him at the club until 2022 . On 1 January 2017 , made his 100th Premier League appearance , scoring the first Premier League goal of the new year against Watford on the 27 - minute mark , which he extended to a brace after scoring again in the 33rd minute . In his first match after the birth of his daughter , Kane scored a hat - trick in a 4 -- 0 win against West Brom on 14 January . In the fifth round of the 2016 -- 17 FA Cup on 19 February 2017 , Kane scored all three goals as Tottenham beat Fulham 3 -- 0 . This meant his fifth career hat - trick , and his second in 2017 . On 26 February 2017 , Kane once again scored a hat - trick as Tottenham beat Stoke 4 -- 0 , his third hat - trick in nine games , and his second in consecutive domestic games . The first of these goals was his 100th in club football . He was named Player of the Month for the fourth time in his career in February 2017 . In March 2017 , he injured his ankle in an FA Cup match against Millwall . On 15 April , Kane scored his 20th Premier League goal of the season against Bournemouth on his first start in a month after returning from injury . This made him the fourth player in Premier League history to achieve 20 goals in three consecutive seasons , after Alan Shearer , Thierry Henry and Ruud van Nistelrooy . On 20 April , Kane was named in the PFA Team of the Year for the third consecutive season . He was also included in the six player shortlists for the PFA Players ' Player of the Year and PFA Young Player of the Year awards . Two days later , he scored in Tottenham 's 4 -- 2 FA Cup semi-final loss to rivals Chelsea at Wembley Stadium . In the last ever match at White Hart Lane on 14 May , Harry Kane scored the 2 -- 0 goal as Tottenham beat Manchester United by 2 -- 1 With two games remaining of the season , Kane stood on 22 goals , two fewer than Romelu Lukaku . With a combined seven goals in the last two fixtures however , a 6 -- 1 win over reigning champions Leicester City and a 7 -- 1 win against Hull City , Harry Kane finished as the top scorer of the Premier League on 29 goals , and thus won his second consecutive Golden Boot , becoming only the fifth player to do so . 2017 -- 18 season After not finding the back of the net in Tottenham 's first three games , Kane scored a brace in three of his next four appearances for the club across all competitions . His opening goal against Everton on 9 September was his 100th overall for the club , coming in his 169th appearance . On 26 September , Kane scored his first UEFA Champions League hat - trick in a 3 -- 0 group stage win against Cypriot champions APOEL . He was awarded Premier League Player of the Month for the fifth time , and named September 2017 -- in which he scored 13 goals in 10 club and international games -- as the best month of his career . On 23 December , Kane equalled Alan Shearer 's record of 36 Premier League goals in a calendar year , having scored a hat - trick in a 0 -- 3 away win at Burnley . He surpassed Shearer 's record the following game with another hat - trick in the 5 -- 2 home win against Southampton , ending the year with 39 Premier League goals . The hat - trick , his sixth of the year in the Premier League ( eighth in all competitions ) , also made him the first player in Premier League history to score six hat - tricks in a year . With a total of 56 goals scored in all competitions for the year , he also became Europe 's top goal scorer of 2017 , breaking the seven - year dominance of Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo as Europe 's top goalscorer in a calendar year . In January 2018 , he scored twice in the 4 -- 0 home win against Everton , and became Tottenham 's top goalscorer in the Premier League era , breaking Teddy Sheringham 's record of 97 Premier League goals for the club . On 4 February , Kane scored an added - time penalty to equalise in a 2 -- 2 draw with Liverpool for his 100th Premier League goal ; he did so in 141 games , beaten only by Alan Shearer 's 124 . In March 2018 , in a match against Bournemouth , he suffered ligament damage to his right ankle that resulted in him being out of action for a few weeks . International career Youth Kane ( right ) warming up for England at the 2012 UEFA European Under - 19 Championship In January 2010 , Kane was called up to play for the England under - 17 team for the Algarve Tournament in Portugal . Kane missed the 2010 UEFA European Under - 17 Championship due to illness , with England going on to win the tournament in his absence . He later moved up to the under - 19s and scored twice in a 6 -- 1 victory over Albania on 8 October 2010 . Kane played a large role in the England under - 19s progression to the semi-finals of the 2012 UEFA European Under - 19 Championship in Estonia . Kane scored the winner against France in the final group stage match to ensure the team a safe passage through to the semi-finals . In total Kane appeared 14 times for England U19s and contributed 6 goals during that period . On 28 May 2013 , he was named in manager Peter Taylor 's 21 - man squad for the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup . He made his debut on 16 June , in a 3 -- 0 win in a warm - up match against Uruguay . He assisted Luke Williams ' goal in the opening group - stage match on 23 June 2013 against Iraq . He then scored in the following match against Chile , collecting a pass after work by Ross Barkley and firing in from the edge of the penalty area . On 13 August 2013 , Kane made his debut for the under - 21s against Scotland . In that match , he came on as a substitute in the 58th minute , and England won 6 -- 0 . On 10 October , he scored a hat - trick for England under - 21s against San Marino during 2015 UEFA European Under - 21 Championship qualification . He continued to score prolifically , with his brace against France marking 13 goals in 12 matches for the under - 21s . Kane was named in the England under - 21 squad for the 2015 UEFA European Under - 21 Championship in the Czech Republic , despite opposition from his club manager Mauricio Pochettino . He played every minute of England 's campaign at the tournament , which ended with them eliminated in last place in their group . Senior To go out at Wembley and score is what you dream about as a kid . I 've had so many good moments this year that it 's hard to choose a favourite , but I think that tops them all . `` '' -- Kane speaking about his England debut . Kane was also eligible for the Republic of Ireland through his father , who was born in Galway , but in August 2014 he ruled out switching allegiance , saying that he wanted to break into the England senior team . After a good run of form with Tottenham and being the third top goal scorer in the Premier League just behind Diego Costa and Sergio Agüero with 16 goals on 19 March 2015 , Kane was named by manager Roy Hodgson in the England squad to face Lithuania in a UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match and Italy in a friendly . He made his international debut at Wembley Stadium , replacing Wayne Rooney in the second half of the match against Lithuania , and scoring just 80 seconds later with a header from a Raheem Sterling cross . On 30 March 2015 , the day before the Italy match , Hodgson announced that Kane would start alongside Rooney , and he played the full 90 minutes of the 1 -- 1 draw at Juventus Stadium . Kane ( wearing white ) playing for England in 2015 In his next appearance on 5 September 2015 , substitute Kane scored the fifth of England 's six goals in a win over San Marino which qualified them for UEFA Euro 2016 . Kane scored his third England goal against Switzerland in another qualifier three days later , which they won 2 -- 0 . On 12 October 2015 , as England finished their qualification campaign with a 10th win from 10 matches , Kane 's shot hit the post for an own goal by Lithuanian goalkeeper Giedrius Arlauskis in a 3 -- 0 away victory . On 22 May 2016 , Kane opened a 2 -- 1 friendly win over Turkey at the City of Manchester Stadium , but later missed a penalty . He was the first England player to fail to score from the penalty spot during a game since Frank Lampard in 2010 , and the first to miss the target since Peter Crouch in 2006 . At the European Championship in France that June , Kane was assigned to take corner kicks , a tactic which was criticised by pundits , but defended by Hodgson , who said that Kane was the best for the role . On 10 June 2017 , Kane captained England for the first time in their 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier with Scotland at Hampden Park , scoring an added - time equaliser to rescue a 2 -- 2 draw . On 5 October , he scored an added - time winner against Slovenia which confirmed England 's qualification to the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Style of play Development Kane 's former youth coach Alex Inglethorpe has said of him : When he first came into the under - 18s as a 15 year old , he stood out in the sense he looked a bit gangly . He moved slightly awkwardly , he was a bit cumbersome . But look closer , he had a lot of ability , a great technique . I think he surprised people how good he was . Tactically he was very flexible . He often played in midfield . I remember seeing him once playing as a holding midfielder . While a teenager , Kane initially struggled in Tottenham 's academy , as partially due to his date of birth in July , he was not as physically developed as other players , nor was he as quick . However , he gained the respect of coaches with his technique and desire for self - improvement . When profiling Kane in February 2013 , Talksport said that he was best as a second striker , despite also having ability as a centre forward or in a wide position . They wrote that he preferred to place his shots , although he could also score from distance . The report also noted that he had good pace , but was weak in the air and had not scored on his loan at Norwich . Initially a back - up to £ 26 million Spanish import Roberto Soldado and frequently loaned out , Kane was eventually made Tottenham 's starting forward by manager Mauricio Pochettino . Under Pochettino , Kane said that his game has improved through the tough training techniques instituted by the manager . He also strives to achieve marginal gain in order to maximise his potential by tweaking various aspects of his training and preparations as well as nutrition . Analysis He seems to have that natural ability to get goals . He 's also young , fresh and his attitude appears to be very , very good . What I like about him , is that he is willing to run in behind defenders , as well as go short . When he gets opportunities he inveariably ( sic ) takes them . He wants to get his shot away very quickly , which is good to see . It looks as if he could have a very good future in the game . `` '' -- Alan Shearer , the Premier League 's all - time top scorer , on Kane in March 2015 Former Tottenham manager David Pleat described Kane as an `` old - fashioned traditional centre - forward '' . Clive Allen , who coached him at Tottenham , stated that `` one thing I 'd say about him , which unfortunately you do n't say about a lot of young footballers , is that he had a passion for the game . He loves football , he loves playing , he loves scoring goals '' . His former Tottenham under - 21 coach Les Ferdinand likened Kane 's movement to their former forward Teddy Sheringham , and the power and accuracy of his shots to Alan Shearer . Kane 's style of play has been compared to that of former Tottenham forward Jürgen Klinsmann , a comparison Kane called flattering in February 2015 . In March 2015 , Football Association chairman Greg Dyke named Kane as the benchmark for clubs producing young English players . Shearer said that month that the three best strikers playing in the league were Kane , Diego Costa and Sergio Agüero . After Tottenham 's victory over Chelsea in January 2015 , blogger Chris Miller wrote , `` Nobody thought he was the guy who was going to give that performance against Chelsea '' . In February 2015 , BBC Sport wrote that Kane was best as a lone striker , with his `` hold - up play and close control '' making him apt in other positions as well . Also that month , Match of the Day pundit Danny Murphy said that the England team should be built around Kane , stating , `` I 'm struggling to see a weakness in the lad 's game '' . Personal life In an interview given in February 2015 , Kane said that he was in a relationship with Katie Goodland , whom he has known since childhood . He told Esquire magazine , `` We went to school together , so she 's seen my whole career . Of course , she 's finding it a little crazy . I think she 's even been in the papers a couple of times taking the dogs out '' . They have two Labrador dogs Brady and Wilson , named after NFL quarterbacks Tom Brady and Russell Wilson . Kane and Goodland announced the birth of their first child , Ivy Jane Kane , on 8 January 2017 . On 1 July , Kane announced his engagement to Goodland on his Twitter account . Kane abstains from alcohol during the football season , and starting from 2017 he hired a full - time chef to optimise his nutrition . He does not go to nightclubs , preferring to use his free time to play golf . Ahead of UEFA Euro 2016 , Kane featured in advertisements for Mars Bars and Beats by Dr. Dre headphones , the latter alongside Antoine Griezmann , Mario Götze and Cesc Fàbregas . Kane and Camila Cabello announced the winner of the `` Best International Male Solo Artist '' award at the 2018 Brit Awards at The O2 Arena , namely Kendrick Lamar . Career statistics Club As of match played 11 March 2018 Appearances and goals by club , season and competition Club Season League FA Cup League Cup Europe Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Tottenham Hotspur 2009 -- 10 Premier League 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- 0 0 2010 -- 11 Premier League 0 0 -- 0 0 0 0 -- 0 0 2011 -- 12 Premier League 0 0 -- 0 0 6 -- 6 2012 -- 13 Premier League 0 -- -- 0 0 -- 0 2013 -- 14 Premier League 10 0 0 7 0 -- 19 2014 -- 15 Premier League 34 21 0 6 9 7 -- 51 31 2015 -- 16 Premier League 38 25 0 7 -- 50 28 2016 -- 17 Premier League 30 29 0 0 5 -- 38 35 2017 -- 18 Premier League 29 24 0 0 7 7 -- 39 35 Total 142 102 12 9 9 41 19 -- 204 134 Leyton Orient ( loan ) 2010 -- 11 League One 18 5 0 0 -- -- -- 18 5 Millwall ( loan ) 2011 -- 12 Championship 22 7 5 -- -- -- 27 9 Norwich City ( loan ) 2012 -- 13 Premier League 0 0 0 -- -- 5 0 Leicester City ( loan ) 2012 -- 13 Championship 13 -- -- -- 0 15 Career total 198 116 18 11 10 41 19 0 269 150 ^ Jump up to : Appearances in UEFA Europa League Jump up ^ Three appearances and two goals in UEFA Champions League , two appearances in UEFA Europa League Jump up ^ Appearances in UEFA Champions League Jump up ^ Appearances in Championship play - offs International As of match played 8 October 2017 Appearances and goals by national team and year National team Year Apps Goals England 2015 8 2016 9 2017 6 7 Total 23 12 International goals As of match played 8 October 2017 . England score listed first , score column indicates score after each Kane goal . International goals by date , venue , cap , opponent , score , result and competition No . Date Venue Cap Opponent Score Result Competition Ref 27 March 2015 Wembley Stadium , London , England Lithuania 4 -- 0 4 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2016 qualification 5 September 2015 San Marino Stadium , Serravalle , San Marino San Marino 5 -- 0 6 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2016 qualification 8 September 2015 Wembley Stadium , London , England Switzerland 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2016 qualification 26 March 2016 Olympiastadion , Berlin , Germany 9 Germany 1 -- 2 3 -- 2 Friendly 5 22 May 2016 City of Manchester Stadium , Manchester , England 11 Turkey 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 Friendly 6 10 June 2017 Hampden Park , Glasgow , Scotland 18 Scotland 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification 7 13 June 2017 Stade de France , Saint - Denis , France 19 France 1 -- 0 2 -- 3 Friendly 8 2 -- 2 9 1 September 2017 National Stadium , Ta ' Qali , Malta 20 Malta 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification 10 4 -- 0 11 5 October 2017 Wembley Stadium , London , England 22 Slovenia 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification 12 8 October 2017 LFF Stadium , Vilnius , Lithuania 23 Lithuania 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Honours Tottenham Hotspur Football League Cup runner - up : 2014 -- 15 Individual Millwall Young Player of the Year : 2011 -- 12 Premier League Player of the Month : January 2015 , February 2015 , March 2016 , February 2017 , September 2017 , December 2017 PFA Team of the Year : 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 PFA Young Player of the Year : 2014 -- 15 Tottenham Hotspur Player of the Year : 2014 -- 15 Premier League Golden Boot : 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 PFA Fans ' Player of the Year : 2016 -- 17 Football Supporters ' Federation Player of the Year : 2017 England Player of the Year Award : 2017 References Jump up ^ `` Harry Kane '' . 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Retrieved 2 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shearer on the Barclays Premier League 's top four strikers '' . Premier League . 9 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2015 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 10 February 2015 ) . `` Harry Kane : England 's next number nine ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Kevin ( 5 February 2015 ) . `` Harry Kane flattered by Jurgen Klinsmann comparisons '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Kane : Build England around striker -- Murphy '' . BBC Sport. 8 February 2015 . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Tottenham and England star Harry Kane : My family is a team game -- and I 'd like to be a father myself one day . London Evening Standard . Published 16 June 2016 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Joynson , Danielle ( 9 September 2015 ) . `` Tottenham Hotspur star Harry Kane ' helps pet dogs pass obedience course ' '' . Sports Mole . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Pitt - Brooke , Jack ( 8 January 2017 ) . `` Tottenham vs Aston Villa : Harry Kane left out of Spurs match - day squad to be with newly - born daughter '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` Harry Kane engaged to Kate Goodland '' . beIN Sports . 1 July 2017 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Pitt - Brooke , Jack ( 4 October 2017 ) . `` Harry Kane credits 2017 form to new nutrition regime as he is named temporary England captain '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Bristow , Thomas ( 6 June 2016 ) . `` Harry Kane stars in awesome new advert alongside Antoine Griezmann and Mario Gotze '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Kane presents Brit with Camila Cabello , trolled by Arsenal fan host '' . ESPN . 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Games played by Harry Kane in 2009 / 2010 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 31 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Games played by Harry Kane in 2010 / 2011 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 31 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Games played by Harry Kane in 2011 / 2012 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Games played by Harry Kane in 2012 / 2013 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Games played by Harry Kane in 2013 / 2014 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Games played by Harry Kane in 2014 / 2015 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Games played by Harry Kane in 2015 / 2016 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Games played by Harry Kane in 2016 / 2017 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Games played by Harry Kane in 2017 / 2018 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kane , Harry '' . National Football Teams . Benjamin Strack - Zimmerman . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 26 March 2016 ) . `` Germany 2 -- 3 England '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 13 June 2017 ) . `` France 3 -- 2 England '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Malta 0 -- 4 England '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 5 October 2017 ) . `` England 1 -- 0 Slovenia '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 8 October 2017 ) . `` Lithuania 0 -- 1 England '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham Hotspur Player of the Year 1987 to 2016 -- 17 '' . My Football Facts . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Kane wins PFA Fans ' Premier League Player of the Season award '' . Sky Sports . 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.fsf.org.uk/ . `` Harry Kane wins FSF Player of the Year Football Supporters ' Federation '' . www.fsf.org.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Kane and Jordan Pickford named England senior and U21s ' Players of the Year '' . The Football Association . 22 January 2018 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harry Kane . Harry Kane on Twitter Harry Kane profile at the Tottenham Hotspur F.C. website Harry Kane profile at the Football Association website Harry Kane at Soccerbase Awards 2014 -- 15 Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : David de Gea DF : Branislav Ivanović DF : Gary Cahill DF : John Terry DF : Ryan Bertrand MF : Nemanja Matić MF : Alexis Sánchez MF : Philippe Coutinho MF : Eden Hazard FW : Diego Costa FW : Harry Kane 2015 -- 16 Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : David de Gea DF : Héctor Bellerín DF : Wes Morgan DF : Toby Alderweireld DF : Danny Rose MF : N'Golo Kanté MF : Dele Alli MF : Dimitri Payet MF : Riyad Mahrez FW : Jamie Vardy FW : Harry Kane 2016 -- 17 Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : David de Gea DF : Kyle Walker DF : Gary Cahill DF : David Luiz DF : Danny Rose MF : Eden Hazard MF : Dele Alli MF : N'Golo Kanté MF : Sadio Mané FW : Harry Kane FW : Romelu Lukaku Premier League Golden Boot 1993 : Sheringham 1994 : Cole 1995 : Shearer 1996 : Shearer 1997 : Shearer 1998 : Dublin , Owen & Sutton 1999 : Hasselbaink , Owen & Yorke 2000 : Phillips 2001 : Hasselbaink 2002 : Henry 2003 : Van Nistelrooy 2004 : Henry 2005 : Henry 2006 : Henry 2007 : Drogba 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Anelka 2010 : Drogba 2011 : Berbatov & Tevez 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Van Persie 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Agüero 2016 : Kane 2017 : Kane PFA Young Player of the Year 1974 : Beattie 1975 : Day 1976 : Barnes 1977 : Gray 1978 : Woodcock 1979 : Regis 1980 : Hoddle 1981 : Shaw 1982 : Moran 1983 : Rush 1984 : Walsh 1985 : Hughes 1986 : Cottee 1987 : Adams 1988 : Gascoigne 1989 : Merson 1990 : Le Tissier 1991 : Sharpe 1992 : Giggs 1993 : Giggs 1994 : Cole 1995 : Fowler 1996 : Fowler 1997 : Beckham 1998 : Owen 1999 : Anelka 2000 : Kewell 2001 : Gerrard 2002 : Bellamy 2003 : Jenas 2004 : Parker 2005 : Rooney 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Fàbregas 2009 : Young 2010 : Milner 2011 : Wilshere 2012 : Walker 2013 : Bale 2014 : Hazard 2015 : Kane 2016 : Alli 2017 : Alli PFA Fans ' Player of the Year 2001 : Gerrard 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Gerrard 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Meireles 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Suárez 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Sánchez 2016 : Mahrez 2017 : Kane Tottenham Hotspur F.C. Player of the Year 1987 : Mabbutt 1988 : Waddle 1989 : Thorstvedt 1990 : Gascoigne 1991 : Allen 1992 : Lineker 1993 : Anderton 1994 : Klinsmann 1995 : Sheringham 1996 : Campbell 1997 : Campbell 1998 : Ginola 1999 : Carr 2000 : Carr 2001 : Sullivan 2002 : Davies 2003 : Keane 2004 : Defoe 2005 : Award not given 2006 : Keane 2007 : Berbatov 2008 : Keane 2009 : Lennon 2010 : Dawson 2011 : Modrić 2012 : Parker 2013 : Bale 2014 : Eriksen 2015 : Kane 2016 : Alderweireld 2017 : Eriksen England Player of the Year 2003 : Beckham 2004 : Lampard 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Hargreaves 2007 : Gerrard 2008 : Rooney 2009 : Rooney 2010 : Cole 2011 : Parker 2012 : Gerrard 2013 : Award not given 2014 : Rooney 2015 : Rooney 2016 : Lallana 2017 : Kane England squad -- UEFA Euro 2016 1 Hart 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Milner 5 Cahill 6 Smalling 7 Sterling 8 Lallana 9 Kane 10 Rooney ( c ) 11 Vardy 12 Clyne 13 Forster 14 Henderson 15 Sturridge 16 Stones 17 Dier 18 Wilshere 19 Barkley 20 Alli 21 Bertrand 22 Rashford 23 Heaton Coach : Hodgson Tottenham Hotspur F.C. -- current squad 1 Lloris 2 Trippier 3 Rose 4 Alderweireld 5 Vertonghen 6 Sánchez 7 Son 10 Kane 11 Lamela 12 Wanyama 13 Vorm 15 Dier 17 Sissoko 18 Llorente 19 Dembélé 20 Alli 21 Foyth 22 Gazzaniga 23 Eriksen 24 Aurier 27 Lucas 29 Winks 33 Davies 37 Walker - Peters 41 Whiteman 54 Sterling Manager : Pochettino Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Kane&oldid=831937800 '' Categories : 1993 births Living people Footballers from Chingford Footballers from Walthamstow English footballers England youth international footballers England under - 21 international footballers England international footballers Association football forwards Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players Leyton Orient F.C. players Millwall F.C. players Norwich City F.C. players Leicester City F.C. players English Football League players Premier League players UEFA Euro 2016 players English people of Irish descent Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 NFT template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use British English from July 2013 Use dmy dates from February 2018 Good articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 22 : 39 . 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who sang the original song somewhere over the rainbow

`` Over the Rainbow '' is a ballad , with music by Harold Arlen and lyrics by Yip Harburg . It was written for the movie The Wizard of Oz and was sung by actress Judy Garland , in her starring role as Dorothy Gale . It won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and became Garland 's signature song , as well as one of the most enduring standards of the 20th century .

Judy Garland

Over the Rainbow

over the rainbow

This article is about the 1939 song . For other uses , see Over the Rainbow ( disambiguation ) . `` Over the Rainbow '' Song by Judy Garland Published 1939 Genre Ballad Composer ( s ) Harold Arlen Lyricist ( s ) E.Y. Harburg `` Over the Rainbow '' is a ballad , with music by Harold Arlen and lyrics by Yip Harburg . It was written for the movie The Wizard of Oz and was sung by actress Judy Garland , in her starring role as Dorothy Gale . It won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and became Garland 's signature song , as well as one of the most enduring standards of the 20th century . About five minutes into the film , Dorothy sings the song after failing to get Aunt Em , Uncle Henry , and the farmhands to listen to her relate an unpleasant incident involving her dog , Toto , and the town spinster , Miss Gulch ( Margaret Hamilton ) . Aunt Em tells her to `` find yourself a place where you wo n't get into any trouble '' . This prompts her to walk off by herself , musing to Toto , `` Some place where there is n't any trouble . Do you suppose there is such a place , Toto ? There must be . It 's not a place you can get to by a boat , or a train . It 's far , far away . Behind the moon , beyond the rain ... '' , at which point she begins singing . Contents 1 Influence and legacy 2 The Wizard of Oz 3 Original Garland recordings 4 Lyrics 5 International artists 6 Israel Kamakawiwoʻole version 7 Eva Cassidy version 7.1 Track listings 7.2 Charts 8 Danielle Hope version 8.1 Track listings 8.2 Chart performance 9 Ariana Grande version 9.1 Chart performance 10 Other versions 10.1 On albums and singles 10.2 On film and television 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Influence and legacy ( edit ) The song is number one on the `` Songs of the Century '' list compiled by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts . The American Film Institute also ranked the song the greatest movie song of all time on the list of `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' . The very first artist to record the song was actually big band singer Bea Wain , who at the time was a featured vocalist with the Larry Clinton Orchestra . MGM prohibited release of this version until The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) had opened and audiences heard Judy Garland perform it . It was adopted ( along with Irving Berlin 's 1942 hit `` White Christmas '' ) by American troops in Europe in World War II , as a symbol of the United States . In April 2005 , the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp recognizing lyricist Yip Harburg 's accomplishments ; it features the opening lyric from the song . Written by israel when he woke up from a dream in 1998 The song was used as an audio wakeup call in the STS - 88 space shuttle mission in Flight Day 4 , which was dedicated to astronaut Robert D. Cabana from his daughter , Sara . The song was honored with the 2014 Towering Song Award by the Songwriters Hall of Fame and was sung at its dinner on June 12 , 2014 , by Jackie Evancho . In April 2016 , The Daily Telegraph listed the song as number 8 on its list of the 100 greatest songs of all time . In March 2017 , Garland 's original rendition of the song was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or artistically significant '' . The Wizard of Oz ( edit ) The song 's sequence and the entirety of the Kansas scenes were directed by King Vidor , though he was not credited . The song was initially deleted from the film after a preview in San Luis Obispo , because MGM chief executive Louis B. Mayer and producer Mervyn LeRoy thought it `` slowed down the picture '' and that `` the song sounds like something for Jeanette MacDonald , not for a little girl singing in a barnyard '' . However , the persistence of associate producer Arthur Freed and Garland 's vocal coach / mentor Roger Edens to keep it in the film eventually paid off -- it is for this sequence that the film is best known and remembered . At the start of the film , part of the song is played by the MGM orchestra over the opening credits . A reprise of it was deleted after being filmed . An additional chorus was to be sung by Dorothy while she was locked in the Witch 's castle , helplessly awaiting death as the hourglass ran out . However , although the visual portion of that reprise is presumably lost , the soundtrack of it survives and was included in the 2 - CD Deluxe Edition of the film 's soundtrack , released by Rhino Entertainment in 1995 . In that extremely intense and fear - filled rendition , Dorothy cries her way through it , unable to finish , concluding with a tear - filled , `` I 'm frightened , Auntie Em , I 'm frightened ! '' This phrase was retained in the film and is followed immediately by Aunt Em 's brief appearance in the crystal ball , where she is soon replaced by the visage of the witch ( Hamilton ) , mocking and taunting Dorothy before turning toward the camera to cackle . Another instrumental version is played in the underscore in the final scene , and over the closing credits . Original Garland recordings ( edit ) `` Over the Rainbow '' from The Wizard of Oz A sample of the original version of `` Over the Rainbow '' from The Wizard of Oz , sung by Judy Garland . Problems playing this file ? See media help . On October 7 , 1938 , Judy Garland first recorded the song on the MGM soundstages , using an arrangement by Murray Cutter . In September 1939 , a studio recording of the song , not from the actual film soundtrack , was recorded and released as a single by Decca Records . In March 1940 , that same recording was included on a Decca 78 - RPM four - record studio cast album entitled The Wizard of Oz . Although this is not the version of the song featured in the film , Decca would continue to re-release the so - called `` Cast Album '' well into the 1960s after it was re-issued as a single - record 33 ​ ⁄ RPM LP . It was not until 1956 , when MGM released the true soundtrack album from the film , that the film version of the song was made available to the public . The 1956 soundtrack release was timed to coincide with the television premiere of the film . The soundtrack version has been re-released several times over the years , including in a `` Deluxe Edition '' from Rhino Records in 1995 . ' Over the Rainbow ' has become part of my life . It 's so symbolic of everybody 's dreams and wishes that I 'm sure that 's why some people get tears in their eyes when they hear it . I 've sung it thousands of times and it 's still the song that 's closest to my heart . -- Judy Garland , in a letter to Harold Arlen Following the film 's release in 1939 , the song became Garland 's signature song and she would perform it for the next 30 years , until her death in 1969 . She performed it without altering it , singing exactly as she did for the film . She explained her fidelity by saying that she was staying true to the character of Dorothy and to the message of really being somewhere over the rainbow . In 2017 , Garland 's recorded rendition of the film was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or artistically significant '' . Lyrics ( edit ) An introductory verse ( `` When all the world is a hopeless jumble ... '' ) that was not used in the film is often used in theatrical productions of The Wizard of Oz and is included in the piano sheet music book of songs from the film . It was also used in renditions by Frank Sinatra , by Al Bowlly , by Doris Day on her album Hooray For Hollywood ( 1958 ) ( Vol. 1 ) , by Tony Bennett on his albums Tony Bennett Sings a String of Harold Arlen ( 1961 ) and Here 's to the Ladies ( 1995 ) , by Ella Fitzgerald , by Sarah Vaughan , and by Norma Waterson , among others . Garland herself sang the introductory verse only once , on a 1948 radio broadcast of The Louella Parsons Show . Lyrics for a second verse ( `` Once by a word only lightly spoken ... '' ) appear in the British edition of the sheet music . International artists ( edit ) The first German version in the English language was recorded by the Swing Orchestra Heinz Wehner ( 1908 -- 1945 ) in March 1940 in Berlin . Wehner , at this time an international well - known German Swing Artist , also took over the vocals . The first German version in German language was sung by Inge Brandenburg ( 1929 -- 1999 ) in 1960 . Israel Kamakawiwoʻole version ( edit ) Main article : Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' Single by Israel Kamakawiwoʻole from the album Facing Future Released 1993 Format CD single Recorded 1988 Label Mountain Apple Company Songwriter ( s ) E.Y. Harburg , Bob Thiele , George David Weiss Israel Kamakawiwoʻole 's album Facing Future , released in 1993 , included a ukulele medley of the song and Louis Armstrong 's `` What a Wonderful World '' . It reached number 12 on Billboard 's Hot Digital Tracks chart the week of January 31 , 2004 ( for the survey week ending January 18 , 2004 ) . In the UK , it was released as a single under the title `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' . It entered the UK Official Singles Chart in April 2007 at number 68 . In Germany , the single also returned to the German Singles Chart in September 2010 . After only 2 weeks on that chart , it had already received gold status for having sold 150,000 copies . In October 2010 , it reached No. 1 in the German charts and 2011 it has been certified 5x Gold for selling more than 750,000 copies . It stayed 12 non-consecutive weeks at the top spot and was the most successful single in Germany in 2010 . As of March 2012 , it 's the 2nd best - selling download ever in Germany with digital sales between 500,000 and 600,000 . In France , it debuted at number 4 in December 2010 and reached number one . In the USA , it was certified Platinum for 1,000,000 downloads sold . To date it has sold over 4.2 million digital copies as of October 2014 . In Switzerland , it received Platinum , too , for 30,000 copies sold . This version of the song has been used in several commercials , films and television programs including Finding Forrester , Meet Joe Black , 50 First Dates , Son of the Mask , Snakes on a Plane , Charmed , South Pacific , Cold Case , ER , Life on Mars , Horizon , and Scrubs . The Kamakawiwoʻole version of the song was covered by the cast of Glee on the season one finale , `` Journey , '' and included on the extended play Glee : The Music , Journey to Regionals , charting at number 30 in the UK , 31 in Canada and Ireland , 42 in Australia , and 43 in the US . Cliff Richard recorded his own version of the medley based on this one with a medley of `` Over the Rainbow / What A Wonderful World '' released as a single from the album Wanted , which charted in the UK in 2001 and Aselin Debison recorded the medley for her 2002 album Sweet is the Melody . This version of the song was recorded in 1988 , in Honolulu , in just one take . Israel called the recording studio at 3 am . He was given 15 minutes to arrive by Milan Bertosa . Bertosa is quoted as saying '' And in walks the largest human being I had seen in my life . Israel was probably like 500 pounds . And the first thing at hand is to find something for him to sit on . '' The building security found Israel a large steel chair . `` Then I put up some microphones , do a quick sound check , roll tape , and the first thing he does is ' Somewhere Over the Rainbow . ' He played and sang , one take , and it was over . '' Eva Cassidy version ( edit ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Single by Eva Cassidy from the album The Other Side / Songbird Released January 29 , 2001 ( UK ) Format CD single Label Blix Street Producer ( s ) Chris Biondo Eva Cassidy recorded a version of the song for the 1992 Chuck Brown / Eva Cassidy album The Other Side . After her death in 1996 , it was included in her posthumously - released compilation album Songbird , released in 1998 and was released as a CD single in 2001 . It was popularized by the BBC on BBC Radio 2 and on the television show Top of the Pops 2 ; the latter featured a video recording of Cassidy performing it . When released as a single , `` Over the Rainbow '' debuted at number 88 on the UK Singles Chart in February 2001 and climbed to number 42 in May , becoming Cassidy 's first single to chart in the United Kingdom . In Scotland , the cover was slightly more successful , reaching number 36 and giving Cassidy her first top 40 hit in that region . The publicity of the song helped push sales of the compilation album Songbird to number one on the UK Albums Chart in March 2001 . Cassidy 's recording was selected by the BBC for their Songs of the Century album in 1999 . Her performance of it at Blues Alley was published for the first time in January 2011 on her Simply Eva album . Track listings ( edit ) CD single `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Dark End of the Street '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Peak Position Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 36 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 42 Danielle Hope version ( edit ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Single by Danielle Hope Released May 23 , 2010 ( UK ) Format Digital download , CD single Genre Pop Length 2 : 58 Label Polydor Records Danielle Hope , the winner of the Wizard of Oz - themed BBC talent show Over the Rainbow , released a cover version of the song . It was released by digital download on May 23 , 2010 and a CD single was released May 31 , 2010 . As it was recorded before a winner was announced , runners - up Lauren Samuels and Sophie Evans also recorded versions of it . These were both later made available for download on June 6 , 2010 . All three finalists appeared on the CD single 's B - side : a Wizard of Oz medley . The single was a charity record , raising money for both the BBC Performing Arts Fund and Prostate UK . Track listings ( edit ) UK digital download `` Over the Rainbow '' -- 2 : 58 CD single `` Over the Rainbow '' `` The Wizard of Oz medley '' -- Sophie Evans , Danielle Hope and Lauren Samuels Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Peak Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 29 Ariana Grande version ( edit ) `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' Single by Ariana Grande Released June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) Format Digital download Genre Pop Length 4 : 32 Label Republic Producer ( s ) E.Y. Harburg Harold Arlen Ariana Grande singles chronology `` Heatstroke '' ( 2017 ) `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' ( 2017 ) `` No Tears Left to Cry '' ( 2018 ) American singer Ariana Grande released the song on June 6 , 2017 as a single to raise money as part of her benefit concert One Love Manchester , after 22 people were killed in the Manchester Arena bombing at Grande 's concert on May 22 , 2017 . Grande performed the single for the first time on TV at the One Love Manchester concert on June 4 , 2017 . Beginning on June 7 , the singer added the song to her Dangerous Woman Tour setlist for the remainder of that tour . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 60 Other versions ( edit ) On Albums and Singles ( edit ) Glenn Miller ( 1939 ) Boyd Raeburn ( 1946 ) Bud Powell ( 1951 ) Dave Brubeck , Jazz at Storyville ( 1952 ) Art Tatum , The Art Tatum Solo Masterpieces Volume 6 ( 1953 ) Ray Charles , Ingredients in a Recipe for Soul ( 1963 ) Stanley Jordan , Stolen Moments ( 1990 ) James Booker , Spiders On The Keys ( 1993 ) Keith Jarrett , La Scala ( 1995 ) Katharine McPhee ( 2006 ) Jewel , Lullaby ( 2009 ) Jeff Beck recorded a version on his album Emotion & Commotion ( 2010 ) . The Demensions recorded a version that reached No. 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1960 . Nicholas David , a contestant on the third season of The Voice , recorded a version that went to No. 96 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 2012 with sales of 48,000 copies . Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs 's version topped the Australian music charts in 1965 . Another version charted in 1974 after Thorpe 's blues - based revival of the song at the 1973 Sunbury Pop Festival . Cosmic Gate released a trance cover called `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' that reached No. 29 on the Gfk Entertainment Charts and No. 82 in the Swiss Singles Charts On film and television ( edit ) In the film Third Finger , Left Hand ( 1940 ) with Myrna Loy and Melvyn Douglas the tune is played throughout the film in short sequences . In the film The Philadelphia Story ( 1940 ) , James Stewart sings the song while carrying Katharine Hepburn . The tune appeared throughout the film I Wake Up Screaming ( 1941 ) starring Betty Grable and Victor Mature . The song can be heard in an ironic context in the Vincent Price horror film Dr. Phibes Rises Again ( 1972 ) . Sam Harris 's version appeared in an episode of Beavis and Butt - head . In 1995 , Jewel played Dorothy Gale in the television concert special The Wizard of Oz in Concert : Dreams Come True . Olivia Newton - John 's version was used in the 1997 movie Face / Off . Nora Ephron used two versions of the song in two movies she directed : Sleepless in Seattle ( 1993 ) and You 've Got Mail ( 1998 ) . The songs were sung by Ray Charles and Harry Nilsson , but only Nilsson 's is included on a soundtrack . Mariah Carey sang the song in a medley to her godmother , Patti Labelle , during the Essence Awards in 1998 . Jane Monheit 's version is used over the end credits of the film `` Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow '' ( 2004 ) . A version of the song was appeared in an episode of The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy . The song appeared at the end of the Scrubs episode `` My Way Home '' . The song appears in the second episode of Salad Fingers , sung by the character of the same name . Beyoncé sang this song at the Live Movies Rocks in 2007 . This song inspired the soundtrack of the short Lava ( Pixar , 2014 ) that was theatrically released alongside Pixar 's Inside Out in 2015 . Nick Jonas sang it in the TV movie Elvis , based on Elvis Presley and his illegalmate children . The film premiered on June 29 , 2018 on TNT . See also ( edit ) Musical selections in The Wizard of Oz List of 1930s jazz standards List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 134 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/bea-wain-dead-big-band-singer-was-100-1031758 Jump up ^ http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/06/07/somewhere-over-the-rainbow-a-classic-now-linked-to-a-tragedy/ Jump up ^ `` NASA Human Spaceflight Database - STS - 88 Wakeup Calls '' . Jump up ^ Shriver , Jerry ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` Songwriters gala links old and new with a ' Rainbow ' '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` 100 greatest songs of all time '' . ^ Jump up to : `` National Recording Registry Picks Are ' Over the Rainbow ' '' . Library of Congress . March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Movie - Post-Production and Premiere - OzWiki '' . Thewizardofoz.info . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz Soundtracks ( MGM label ) '' . The Judy Room . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz ( Rhino Movie Music label ) '' . The Judy Room . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ The Wonderful World of Oz Documentary , The Wizard of Oz ( 3 - Disc Collector 's Edition DVD , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Garland , Judy . `` The Wizard of Oz ( Decca label ) '' . The Judy Room . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Scott Brogan . `` Judy Garland MP3 's '' . Thejudyroom.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Over the Rainbow . London : Francis , Day , & Hunter , Ltd . Jump up ^ Dick McBougall , Down Beat 12 / 1937 Jump up ^ Over the Rainbow , Swing - Orchester Heinz Wehner , engl . Refraingesang Heinz Wehner , Telefunken A 10101 , Matrizennummer 24836 , recorded March 23 , 1940 Jump up ^ Wenn Du in meinen Träumen ( Over The Rainbow ) , Inge Brandenburg mit dem NDR - Tanzorchester , recorded November 2 , 1960 Jump up ^ Billboard , page 65 ( February 7 , 2004 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' Over the Rainbow ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Musik - Jahrescharts : `` Sanfter Riese '' und der Graf setzen sich durch - media control `` . Media-control.de . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` '' Poker Face '' knackt 500.000 er - Download - Marke - media control `` . Media-control.de . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 600.000 Verkäufe : Michel Teló legt Download - Rekord hin - media control '' . Media-control.de. 2012 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ musicline.de Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database - November 22 , 2012 '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Ask Billboard : The Weird Connections Between Mary Lambert '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Die Offizielle Schweizer Hitparade und Music Community '' . Hitparade.ch . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Flandez , Raymund ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' Season One Finale , ' Journey : ' TV Recap '' . The Wall Street Journal . Les Hinton . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Glee is number 1 Again '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . May 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive : 26th June 2010 '' . The Official Charts Company . June 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 : Week of June 26 , 2010 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . June 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Music Charts Archive : Top 50 Singles , Week Ending 17 June 2010 '' . Chart Track . GfK . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : Week Commencing July 12 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) ( 1064 ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . July 12 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of June 26 , 2010 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . June 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Kamakawiwo'ole : The Voice Of Hawaii '' . 50 Great Voices . NPR . December 6 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2011 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Then I put up some microphones , do a quick sound check , roll tape , and the first thing he does is ' Somewhere Over the Rainbow . ' He played and sang , one take , and it was over . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eva Cassidy : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Winning Dorothy to release ' Rainbow ' '' . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Danielle Hope ( ' Over the Rainbow ' ) '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Danielle Hope : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Reporters , Telegraph ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Ariana Grande releases Somewhere Over the Rainbow as charity single for Manchester benefit '' . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande resumes Dangerous Woman tour in Paris and says she 's thinking of Manchester terror victims ' every step of the way ' in poignant Instagram '' . The Sun . June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tanzer , Myles . `` Ariana Grande '' , The Fader , May 30 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` UK Charts June 22 , 2017 '' . auspOp. April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gioia , Ted ( 2012 ) . The Jazz Standards . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 330 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 993739 - 4 . Jump up ^ Phares , Heather . `` Katharine McPhee '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Gill , Andy ( 9 April 2010 ) . `` Album : Jeff Beck , Emotion & Commotion '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Milosheff , Peter ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` The Demensions , White Doo Wop From The Bronx '' . The Bronx Times . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 Week of 22 December 2012 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pop Archives . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Savorelli , Antonio ( 13 April 2010 ) . Beyond Sitcom : New Directions in American Television Comedy . McFarland . pp. 39 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5843 - 1 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) The Judy Garland Online Discography Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Judy Garland Discography Performances Songs Awards and honors Studio albums Miss Show Business Judy Alone Judy in Love The Letter That 's Entertainment ! The Garland Touch Live albums Garland at the Grove Judy at Carnegie Hall Judy Garland Live ! `` Live '' at the London Palladium Judy Garland at Home at the Palace : Opening Night Soundtracks Summer Stock A Star Is Born Gay Purr - ee I Could Go On Singing Other Biographies As gay icon Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall Rufus ! Rufus ! Rufus ! Does Judy ! Judy ! Judy ! : Live from the London Palladium Liza Minnelli The Judy Monologues ( 2010 play ) The Wizard of Oz Elements `` Surrender Dorothy '' Ruby slippers Music `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' `` If I Only Had a Brain '' `` Optimistic Voices '' `` The Merry Old Land of Oz '' `` If I Were King of the Forest '' `` The Jitterbug '' ( cut from final film ) Versions , sequels , and adaptations Stage musicals : 1942 , 1987 , 2011 The Wizard of Oz in Concert : Dreams Come True On television Was Apocalypse Oz Off to See the Wizard Journey Back to Oz The Wiz The Wizard of Oz ( TV series ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz Wicked Oz the Great and Powerful Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz Lost In Oz Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz Games Arcade game Pinball Video game Related The Making of The Wizard of Oz Friend of Dorothy Over the Rainbow Dark Side of the Rainbow Meco Plays The Wizard of Oz Lego Dimensions L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) Kylie Minogue songs Singles discography 1980s singles `` The Loco - Motion '' `` I Should Be So Lucky '' `` Got to Be Certain '' `` Je ne sais pas pourquoi '' `` Especially for You '' `` It 's No Secret '' `` Turn It into Love '' `` Hand on Your Heart '' `` Would n't Change a Thing '' `` Never Too Late '' 1990s singles `` Tears on My Pillow '' `` Better the Devil You Know '' `` Step Back in Time '' `` What Do I Have to Do '' `` Shocked '' `` Word Is Out '' `` If You Were with Me Now '' `` Give Me Just a Little More Time '' `` Finer Feelings '' `` What Kind of Fool ( Heard All That Before ) '' `` Celebration '' `` Confide in Me '' `` Put Yourself in My Place '' `` Where Is the Feeling ? '' `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' `` Some Kind of Bliss '' `` Did It Again '' `` Breathe '' `` Cowboy Style '' 2000s singles `` Spinning Around '' `` On a Night Like This '' `` Kids '' `` Please Stay '' `` Your Disco Needs You '' `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' `` In Your Eyes '' `` Love at First Sight '' `` Come into My World '' `` Slow '' `` Red Blooded Woman '' `` Chocolate '' `` I Believe in You '' `` Giving You Up '' `` 2 Hearts '' `` Wow '' `` In My Arms '' `` All I See '' `` The One '' `` Lhuna '' 2010s singles `` All the Lovers '' `` Get Outta My Way '' `` Better than Today '' `` Put Your Hands Up ( If You Feel Love ) '' `` Timebomb '' `` Flower '' `` Limpido '' `` Into the Blue '' `` I Was Gonna Cancel '' `` Crystallize '' `` Only You '' `` 100 Degrees '' `` Every Day 's Like Christmas '' `` At Christmas '' `` Wonderful Christmastime '' `` Dancing '' `` Stop Me from Falling '' `` Golden '' Featured singles `` Keep on Pumpin ' It '' `` GBI ( German Bold Italic ) '' `` Higher '' `` Right Here , Right Now '' `` The Other Boys '' Promotional singles `` I Guess I Like It Like That '' `` Too Far '' `` Butterfly '' `` Sometime Samurai '' `` Whistle '' `` Skirt '' `` Sexercize '' `` Golden Boy '' `` Beautiful '' `` This Wheel 's on Fire '' Other songs `` The Reflex '' `` The Real Thing '' `` Bury Me Deep in Love '' `` Love Is the Drug '' `` Speakerphone '' `` The Winner Takes It All '' `` Any Which Way '' `` Wonderful Life '' `` Aphrodite '' `` Black and White '' `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' `` Winter Wonderland '' `` Christmas Wrapping '' `` I 'm Gonna Be Warm This Winter '' `` 2000 Miles '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` Let It Snow '' `` Santa Baby '' `` Stay Another Day '' `` I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday '' `` Christmas Lights '' `` Everybody 's Free ( To Feel Good ) '' `` Night Fever '' `` Should I Stay or Should I Go '' `` Bette Davis Eyes '' Cliff Richard singles discography 1950s `` Move It '' ( 1958 ) `` High Class Baby '' ( 1958 ) `` Livin ' Lovin ' Doll '' ( 1959 ) `` Mean Streak '' ( 1959 ) `` Living Doll '' ( 1959 ) `` Travellin ' Light '' ( 1959 ) 1960s `` Please Do n't Tease '' ( 1960 ) `` I Love You '' ( 1960 ) `` A Girl Like You '' ( 1961 ) `` When the Girl in Your Arms ... '' ( 1961 ) `` The Young Ones '' / `` We Say Yeah '' ( 1962 ) `` I 'm Lookin ' Out the Window '' / `` Do You Want to Dance ? '' ( 1962 ) `` It 'll Be Me '' ( 1962 ) `` The Next Time '' / `` Bachelor Boy '' ( 1962 ) `` Summer Holiday '' ( 1963 ) `` Lucky Lips '' ( 1963 ) `` It 's All in the Game '' ( 1963 ) `` I Only Have Eyes for You '' ( 1964 ) `` Constantly ( L'Edera ) '' ( 1964 ) `` The Twelfth of Never '' ( 1964 ) `` The Minute You 're Gone '' ( 1965 ) `` Blue Turns to Grey '' ( 1966 ) `` Visions '' ( 1966 ) `` The Day I Met Marie '' ( 1967 ) '' `` All My Love '' ( 1967 ) `` Congratulations '' ( 1968 ) `` Girl , You 'll Be a Woman Soon '' ( 1968 ) `` Marianne '' ( 1968 ) `` Early in the Morning '' ( 1969 ) 1970s `` Sunny Honey Girl '' ( 1971 ) `` Power to All Our Friends '' ( 1973 ) `` Honky Tonk Angel '' ( 1975 ) `` Miss You Nights '' ( 1976 ) `` Devil Woman '' ( 1976 ) `` Hey Mr. Dream Maker '' ( 1976 ) `` My Kinda Life '' ( 1977 ) `` When Two Worlds Drift Apart '' ( 1977 ) `` Green Light '' ( 1979 ) `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Carrie '' ( 1980 ) `` Dreamin ' '' ( 1980 ) `` Suddenly '' ( 1980 ) `` A Little in Love '' ( 1980 ) `` Wired for Sound '' ( 1981 ) `` Daddy 's Home '' ( live ) ( 1981 ) `` The Only Way Out '' ( 1982 ) `` True Love Ways '' ( live ) ( 1983 ) `` Baby You 're Dynamite '' / `` Ocean Deep '' ( 1984 ) `` Donna '' ( 1984 US ) `` Two to the Power of Love '' ( 1984 ) `` Living Doll '' ( 1986 ) `` All I Ask of You '' ( 1986 ) `` My Pretty One '' ( 1987 ) `` Some People '' ( 1987 ) `` Remember Me '' ( 1987 ) `` Two Hearts '' ( 1988 ) `` Mistletoe and Wine '' ( 1988 ) `` The Best of Me '' ( 1989 ) `` I Just Do n't Have the Heart '' ( 1989 ) `` Lean On You '' ( 1989 ) `` Whenever God Shines His Light '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Stronger Than That '' ( 1990 ) `` Silhouettes '' ( live ) ( 1990 ) `` From a Distance '' ( live ) ( 1990 ) `` Saviour 's Day '' ( 1990 ) `` Scarlet Ribbons '' ( 1991 ) `` We Should Be Together '' ( 1991 ) `` Peace in Our Time '' ( 1993 ) `` All I Have to Do Is Dream '' ( live ) / `` Miss You Nights '' ( 1994 ) `` Ca n't Keep this Feeling In '' ( 1998 ) `` The Millennium Prayer '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' / `` What a Wonderful World '' ( medley ) ( 2001 ) `` Yesterday Once More '' ( 2006 ) `` Move It '' ( 2006 ) `` When I Need You '' ( 2007 ) `` Mistletoe and Wine '' ( re-entry ) ( 2008 ) `` Thank You for a Lifetime '' ( 2008 ) `` Singing the Blues '' ( 2009 ) 2010s `` Rip It Up '' ( 2013 ) `` Since I Lost My Baby '' ( 2014 ) `` Roll Over Beethoven '' ( 2016 ) `` Blue Suede Shoes '' ( 2017 ) Book : Cliff Richard Jerry Lee Lewis Studio albums Jerry Lee Lewis Jerry Lee 's Greatest The Return of Rock Country Songs for City Folks Soul My Way The Golden Cream of the Country Who 's Gonna Play This Old Piano ? Southern Roots : Back Home to Memphis Young Blood Last Man Standing Mean Old Man Rock & Roll Time Collaborations Class of ' 55 ( with Johnny Cash , Carl Perkins and Roy Orbison ) Million Dollar Quartet ( with Johnny Cash , Carl Perkins and Elvis Presley ) Live albums Live at the Star Club , Hamburg The Survivors Live Last Man Standing Live Soundtrack albums Jamboree ( 1957 ) American Hot Wax ( 1978 ) Great Balls of Fire ! ( 1989 ) Dick Tracy ( 1990 ) Compilation albums All Killer , No Filler : The Anthology Songs `` Baby Baby Bye Bye '' `` Baby , Hold Me Close '' `` Breathless '' `` Chantilly Lace '' `` Cold , Cold Heart '' `` Come as You Were '' `` Crown Victoria Custom ' 51 '' `` Crazy Arms '' `` Do n't Let Me Cross Over '' ( with Linda Gail Lewis ) `` Down the Line '' `` End of the Road '' `` Great Balls of Fire '' `` Hi - Heel Sneakers '' `` High School Confidential '' `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` In the Mood '' `` Invitation to Your Party '' `` It 'll Be Me '' `` Jackson '' ( with Linda Gail Lewis ) `` Lewis Boogie '' `` Me and Bobby McGee '' `` Old Black Joe '' `` One Has My Name ( The Other Has My Heart ) '' `` One Minute Past Eternity '' `` She Even Woke Me Up to Say Goodbye '' `` She Still Comes Around ( To Love What 's Left of Me ) '' `` Sixteen Candles '' `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' `` Sweet Little Sixteen '' `` There Must Be More to Love Than This '' `` To Make Love Sweeter for You '' `` Turn On Your Love Light '' `` What 's Made Milwaukee Famous ( Has Made a Loser Out of Me ) '' `` What 'd I Say '' `` When He Walks on You ( Like You Have Walked On Me ) '' `` Whole Lotta Shakin ' Goin ' On '' `` Would You Take Another Chance on Me '' `` You Win Again '' Filmography Jamboree ( 1957 ) High School Confidential ( 1958 ) Be My Guest ( 1965 ) American Hot Wax ( 1978 ) Family Mickey Gilley Linda Gail Lewis Carl McVoy Jimmy Swaggart Related articles Discography Great Balls of Fire ! Walk the Line Kenny Lovelace Mack Vickery Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' 1988 `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' 1993 `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' `` Summer of Roses '' / `` December Day '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' `` Alice in Hulaland '' 2016 `` Lay Me Down '' 2017 `` Still Not Dead '' 2018 `` Last Man Standing '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson Israel Kamakawiwoʻole Studio albums Ka ' Ano'i ( 1990 ) Facing Future ( 1993 ) E Ala E ( 1995 ) N Dis Life ( 1996 ) Compilation albums Alone in IZ World ( 2001 ) Wonderful World ( 2009 ) Songs `` Over the Rainbow '' `` What a Wonderful World '' `` Kaleohano '' `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' Related Mākaha Sons Jewel singles Discography 1990s releases Pieces of You `` Who Will Save Your Soul '' `` You Were Meant for Me '' `` Foolish Games '' `` Morning Song '' Spirit `` Hands '' `` Down So Long '' `` Jupiter ( Swallow the Moon ) '' `` What 's Simple Is True '' `` Life Uncommon '' 2000s and 2010s releases This Way `` Standing Still '' `` Break Me '' `` This Way '' `` Serve the Ego '' 0304 `` Intuition '' `` Stand '' `` 2 Become 1 '' Goodbye Alice in Wonderland `` Goodbye Alice in Wonderland '' `` Again and Again '' `` Good Day '' `` Only One Too '' `` Stephenville , TX '' Perfectly Clear `` Stronger Woman '' `` I Do '' `` Till It Feels Like Cheating '' Lullaby `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' Sweet and Wild `` Stay Here Forever '' `` Satisfied '' `` Ten '' Greatest Hits `` Two Hearts Breaking '' Soundtrack singles `` Quest for Love '' Guest singles `` That 's the Way Love Goes '' Promotional singles `` Winter Wonderland '' `` Hark ! The Herald Angels Sing '' `` Twinkle Twinkle Little Star '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` The Christmas Song '' BNF : cb13856523g ( data ) GND : 7863238 - 9 LCCN : no99041403 VIAF : 180865957 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Over_the_Rainbow&oldid=854564884 '' Categories : Kylie Minogue songs 1939 songs Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs American songs Pop ballads Songs with music by Harold Arlen Songs with lyrics by Yip Harburg Songs from The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 film ) Judy Garland songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients United States National Recording Registry recordings 1930s jazz standards Pop standards Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist ( s ) Jazz compositions in A-flat major Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from April 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Song articles with missing songwriters Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Sardu Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 07 : 59 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over%20the%20Rainbow

which president banned the christmas tree from the white house

White House Christmas tree

white house christmas tree

The White House Christmas Tree , also known as the Blue Room Christmas Tree , is the official indoor Christmas tree at the residence of the President of the United States , the White House . The first indoor Christmas tree was installed in the White House sometime in the 19th century ( there are varying claims as to the exact year ) and since 1961 the tree has had a themed motif at the discretion of the First Lady of the United States .

Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 First tree 1.2 General 1.3 Years without a tree 1.4 Controversy 2 Tree 2.1 Description 2.2 List of White House Christmas trees ( 1961 -- 2016 ) 2.3 List of other known White House Christmas trees 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy with the first themed Blue Room tree in 1961 . The 2002 Blue Room Christmas tree . First tree ( edit ) There are two claims to the `` first '' genuine White House Christmas tree . President Franklin Pierce is said to have had the first indoor Christmas tree at the White House during the 1850s , variously reported as 1853 or 1856 . Others claim the first tree was during President Benjamin Harrison 's administration ( either in 1888 , 1889 , or 1891 ) . First Lady Caroline Harrison helped decorate the tree , which was installed in the second floor oval parlor today 's Yellow Oval Room . There is an 1880 reference to President John Tyler in the 1840s , hosting a children 's party at which there was a Christmas tree with gifts . General ( edit ) Following the Harrison administration indoor trees were not always used at the White House . First Lady Lou Henry Hoover began the tradition of presidential wives decorating the White House tree with the first `` official '' White House Christmas tree in 1929 . In 1961 First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy began the tradition of selecting a theme for the White House Christmas tree by decorating with a Nutcracker motif . Years Without a tree ( edit ) As stated , there were years where no indoor White House Christmas tree was installed at all . It is verifiable that there was no Christmas tree in the White House in 1902 , 1904 , 1907 , and 1922 . The lack of a tree in 1902 was due to the fact that President Theodore Roosevelt had not ordered one by December 23 . Additionally , other presidents never displayed a tree in the White House . First U.S. President George Washington held office at a time when there was no White House , thus it is impossible for him to have displayed a tree there . There is no evidence that Abraham Lincoln ever displayed a Christmas tree in the White House . In 1922 First Lady Florence Harding 's illness led to a more subdued Christmas celebration at the White House and no Christmas tree . Controversy ( edit ) The 1995 Blue Room Christmas tree -- one of its ornaments was a source of political controversy for some . The official White House Christmas tree has several times been seen as controversial by some . In 1899 the White House of President William McKinley received letters urging the president to forgo participation in the `` Christmas tree habit '' . The letter writers , which the Chicago Daily Tribune noted had taken up the `` forestry fad '' , referred to `` arboreal infanticide '' , according to the Tribune . Those opposed to a tree in the White House that year also termed Christmas trees `` un-American '' because it was a historically German tradition . At least one tree was displayed in the White House that year , in the kitchen department , for the maids . The Nixon administration 's choice of tree topper , the atomic symbol of peace rather than a traditional star , was criticized . The 1995 Blue Room Christmas Tree sought ornaments made by architecture students from across the United States . Contest winner Rene Spineto stirred up some controversy when she designed an ornament that depicted two stockings , one marked `` Bill '' and the other marked `` Newt '' ( in reference to President Bill Clinton and Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich ) . While the stocking marked `` Bill '' was filled with candy and presents , the one marked `` Newt '' was filled with coal . The Clinton administration hung the ornament on the tree without censorship . In his 1998 book Unlimited Access , former - FBI agent Gary Aldrich describes what he claims he saw in the White House during the Clinton administration . The book , published by an established conservative publishing house , Regnery Publishing , states that the 1994 White House Christmas Tree was decorated with condoms and drug paraphernalia . George Stephanopoulos called the book a `` work of fiction '' ; it has also been called `` infamous '' . In 2008 one of the ornaments designed by a Seattle artist , Deborah Lawrence , was rejected for inclusion on the Blue Room Christmas Tree . The rejected ornament was a red and white striped 9 - inch ( 23 cm ) ball with the words `` Impeach Bush '' emblazoned on it . The ornament was the only one of about 370 submitted that was rejected . Tree ( edit ) The 2007 Blue Room Christmas tree arrives by horse - drawn carriage Description ( edit ) The White House Christmas tree is selected from various growers nationwide . Growers in the state of North Carolina have provided 11 trees , more than any other state . The states of Washington and Wisconsin , as of 2011 , share the second highest total of trees provided for the White House with seven . The White House Christmas tree has been displayed in the Blue Room many times since 1961 . It has also occasionally been displayed in the Entrance Hall . Generally , there is more than one Christmas tree in and around the White House , for instance , in 1997 there were 36 , in 2008 there were 27 . Traditionally , the tree in the Blue Room is the official White House Christmas tree . The White House Christmas tree usually stands nearly 20 feet tall and the crystal chandelier in the Blue Room must be removed for the tree to fit the room . Frequently , the tree 's height is reported as 18 or 181⁄2 feet tall . The Blue Room tree is donated each year by the National Christmas Tree Association ( NCTA ) . The NCTA has donated the tree since 1966 ; it is chosen through a contest among members of the trade group . The 2015 Christmas Tree was chosen from the Bustard 's Christmas Tree farm in Pennsylvania . List of White House Christmas trees ( 1961 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) Image Year Species and location grown Ornamentation notes First Lady Location Theme 2016 Douglas fir , Octono , Wisconsin Michelle Obama Blue Room 2015 Fraser fir , Lehighton , Pennsylvania The Blue Room tree was `` dedicated to our nation 's service members , veterans , and their families , it is ornamented with holiday messages of hope for our troops and patriotic symbols of red , white , and blue . '' Michelle Obama Blue Room A Timeless Tradition 2014 Concolor fir , Lehighton , Pennsylvania The Blue Room Tree had a theme within the overall theme - `` America the Brave '' . Ornaments were made by children on U.S. military bases worldwide . The ornaments included many thank - you cards from children to members of the U.S. military . Michelle Obama Blue Room A Children 's Winter Wonderland 2013 Douglas fir , Lehighton , Pennsylvania Ornaments paid tribute to military families . Children living on military bases contributed greeting cards in the shape of their home state . Those were hung from the tree along with round ornaments that silhouetted each state and territory . Michelle Obama Blue Room Gather Around : Stories of the Season 2012 Fraser fir , Jefferson , North Carolina Tree dedicated to U.S. military members , veterans and their families . Ornaments were decorated by children living on U.S. military bases worldwide . Michelle Obama Blue Room Joy to All 2011 Balsam fir , Neshkoro , Wisconsin Medals , badges , and patches from all of the military branches were displayed on ornaments . Michelle Obama Blue Room Shine , Give , Share Douglas fir , Lehighton , Pennsylvania The Blue Room tree had a specific theme within the overall theme -- `` Gift of the American Spirit . '' It honored state and county fairs and featured prize ribbons from each state and territory . Michelle Obama Blue Room `` Simple Gifts '' 2009 Douglas fir , Shepherdstown , West Virginia `` We took about 800 ornaments left over from previous administrations , we sent them to 60 local community groups throughout the country , and asked them to decorate them to pay tribute to a favorite local landmark and then send them back to us for display here at the White House . '' Michelle Obama Blue Room Reflect , Rejoice , Renew 2008 Fraser fir , Crumpler , North Carolina Ornaments designed by artists from around the country selected by members of Congress . The ornaments had a patriotic theme . Laura Bush Blue Room A Red , White , and Blue Christmas 2007 Fraser fir , Laurel Springs , North Carolina Each ornament represented one of the 391 National Park Service sites . Laura Bush Blue Room Holiday in the National Parks 2006 Douglas fir , Lehighton , Pennsylvania Crystals and ornaments of iridescent glass Laura Bush Blue Room Deck the Halls and Welcome All 2005 Fraser fir , Laurel Springs , North Carolina White lilies , crystal spheres and light - catching garland Laura Bush Blue Room All Things Bright and Beautiful Noble fir , Rochester , Washington Musical instruments hand - painted by members of the Society of Decorative Painters . Laura Bush Blue Room A Season of Merriment and Melody 2003 Fraser fir , Wisconsin Ornaments first used by Barbara Bush in 1989 . Laura Bush Blue Room A Season of Stories 2002 Noble fir , Elma , Washington An artist from each state designed an ornament based on a native bird . Laura Bush Blue Room All Creatures Great and Small White fir , Middleburg , Pennsylvania An artist from each state designed miniature replicas of historic houses from their region . Laura Bush Blue Room Home for the Holidays 2000 Douglas fir , Auburn , Pennsylvania Ornaments were from the First Lady 's past . Hillary Clinton Blue Room Holiday Reflections 1999 Noble fir , Elma , Washington Doll makers fashioned toys of American historical figures for this tree . Hillary Clinton Blue Room Holiday Treasures at the White House 1998 Balsam fir , Endeavor , Wisconsin Knitting Guild of America and the Society of Decorative Painters worked together with fabric artists from each state on the ornaments . Hillary Clinton Blue Room Winter Wonderland Fraser fir , Grassy Creek , North Carolina Members of the National Needlework Association and Council of Fashion Designers of America joined with glass artisans to design the trimmings . Hillary Clinton Blue Room Santa 's Workshop Colorado blue spruce , Coshocton , Ohio Woodcraft artisans and professional ballet companies helped with the ornaments . Hillary Clinton Blue Room Nutcracker Suite 1995 Fraser fir , North Carolina Ornaments contributed by American architecture students and members of the American Institute of Architects . Hillary Clinton Blue Room A Visit From St. Nicholas Blue spruce , Missouri Ornaments contributed by American art students . Hillary Clinton Blue Room The Twelve Days of Christmas Fraser fir , North Carolina More than 1,000 artists contributed angel - themed ornaments . Hillary Clinton Blue Room Angels Grand fir , Oregon White House florists made 88 gift - giving characters . Barbara Bush Blue Room Gift - givers 1991 Noble fir , Salem , Oregon Saintly Stitchers of St. Martin 's Episcopal Church in Houston created a needlepoint village and 92 pieces for a White House staff built Noah 's Ark . Barbara Bush Blue Room Needle work tree Fraser fir , North Carolina Used miniature porcelain dancers . Barbara Bush Blue Room Nutcracker Suite Fraser fir , Pennsylvania White House staff created 80 soft - sculpture literary characters . Barbara Bush Blue Room Family literacy Balsam fir , Montello , Wisconsin Reused hand - blown glass ornaments from the Eisenhower administration , and reused Nixon 's state flower balls . White House carpenters made 300 wood candles . Nancy Reagan Blue Room Old - fashioned tree Fraser fir , West Virginia Miniature instruments , notes and sheet music made by patients at Second Genesis , drug - treatment program . Nancy Reagan Blue Room Musical theme 1986 Fraser fir , Washington 15 soft - sculpture nursery rhyme scenes and 100 geese made by patients at Second Genesis , drug - treatment program . Nancy Reagan Blue Room Mother Goose theme 1985 Blue spruce , Michigan 1,500 Ornaments made by patients at Second Genesis , drug - treatment program . Nancy Reagan Blue Room Ornaments made from Christmas cards sent to the Reagans in 1984 . 1984 Fraser fir , North Carolina Ornaments made by patients at Second Genesis , drug - treatment program . Nancy Reagan Blue Room Ornaments made from plant material and other handcrafted natural ornaments . Noble fir , Orting , Washington Reused 1982 ornaments and added old - fashioned toys lent by Margaret Woodbury Strong Museum . Nancy Reagan Blue Room Old - Fashioned toys . 1982 Fraser fir , North Carolina Ornaments made by patients at Second Genesis , drug - treatment program . Nancy Reagan Blue Room Foil paper cones and metallic snowflakes 1981 Douglas fir , Pennsylvania Nancy Reagan 's first tree did not involve Second Genesis . The ornaments were loaned by the Museum of American Folk Art . Nancy Reagan Blue Room Ornaments from the Museum of American Folk Art . 1980 Douglas fir , Bristol , Indiana Dolls , hats , fans , tapestries and laces . Rosalynn Carter Blue Room Victorian theme 1979 Douglas fir , West Virginia Corcoran School of Art created ornaments from balsa wood , fabric and dried flowers . Rosalynn Carter Blue Room American folk art of the colonial period 1978 Veitch fir , New York Victorian dolls and miniature furniture lent by the Margaret Woodbury Strong Museum . Rosalynn Carter Blue Room Antique toys 1977 Noble fir , Washington National Association for Retarded Citizens made eggshell ornaments . Rosalynn Carter Blue Room Painted milkweed pods , nut pods , foil and eggshell ornaments . 1976 Balsam fir , Wisconsin Natural ornaments made by the Garden Club of America . Betty Ford Blue Room `` Love that is the spirit of Christmas '' Douglas fir , New York Used ornaments from 1974 plus experts from Colonial Williamsburg made ornaments from paper snowflakes , acorns , dried fruits , pinecones , vegetables , straw , cookies and yarn . Betty Ford Blue Room Old - fashioned children 's Christmas Concolor fir , Michigan Ornaments made by Appalachian women and senior citizens groups . Betty Ford Blue Room Handmade crafts , thrift and recycling 1973 Fraser fir , North Carolina In honor of James Madison Pat Nixon Blue Room Gold theme 1972 Noble fir , Washington Reused 1969 ornaments , added 3,000 pastel satin finish balls , and 150 gold federal stars . Pat Nixon Blue Room Still Life with Fruit and Nature 's Bounty , paintings by Severin Roesen 1971 Fraser fir , North Carolina Reused 1969 ornaments , added Monroe fans , and gold foil angels . Pat Nixon Blue Room American Flower Tree 1970 White spruce , Wisconsin Reused 1969 ornaments , added 53 Monroe fans . Pat Nixon Blue Room American Flower Tree 1969 Blue spruce , Ohio Disabled workers from Florida made velvet and satin balls featuring each state 's state flower . Pat Nixon North Entrance American Flower Tree 1968 White pine , Indianapolis 19th century American style with gingerbread cookies . Claudia ' Lady Bird ' Johnson Blue Room 19th century gingerbread tree 1967 Blue spruce , Ohio Same as 1965 -- 66 but with silver baubles , silver stars , and round mirrors added . Claudia ' Lady Bird ' Johnson Blue Room Early American 1966 Balsam fir , Wisconsin Traditional ornaments : nuts , fruit , popcorn , dried seedpods , gingerbread cookies and wood roses from Hawaii . Claudia ' Lady Bird ' Johnson Blue Room Early American 1965 Traditional ornaments : nuts , fruit , popcorn , dried seedpods , gingerbread cookies and wood roses from Hawaii . Claudia ' Lady Bird ' Johnson Blue Room Early American 1964 Balsam fir Claudia ' Lady Bird ' Johnson Blue Room 1963 The tree was very subdued as the nation mourned John F. Kennedy 's assassination . Claudia ' Lady Bird ' Johnson Blue Room 1962 Reused ornaments from 1961 plus other ornaments made by disabled and senior citizens . Jacqueline Kennedy North Entrance Childhood 1961 Balsam fir Toys , birds , and angels modeled after Tchaikovsky 's Nutcracker Suite ballet . Jacqueline Kennedy Blue Room Nutcracker Suite List of other known White House Christmas trees ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Year Species and location grown General notes First Lady Location Theme ( if any ) 1960 `` Presents were piled high under the magnificent tree and stretched for yards into the East Room . '' Mamie Eisenhower East Room 1959 Of the 26 trees there were trees in the laundry room , the maid 's sitting room and David Eisenhower had his own private tree in the children 's quarters . Mamie Eisenhower 26 trees throughout the White House 1958 `` ... decorated with electric candle lights , glass balls and large amounts of tinsel . '' Mamie Eisenhower 27 trees throughout the White House 1957 Mamie Eisenhower East Room 1955 Mamie Eisenhower East Room 1954 Silver tinsel , Eisenhower grandchildren opened presents under this tree . Mamie Eisenhower East Room 1947 Bess Truman East Room 1944 Elliot Roosevelt : `` ... the Christmas tree was in place and decorated , the piles of presents were ready for the unwrapping -- each person 's pile heaped on a separate chair . '' Eleanor Roosevelt Family quarters 1939 Eleanor Roosevelt East Room 1937 `` ... gleamed with snow and silver trimming . '' Eleanor Roosevelt East Room 1936 Eleanor Roosevelt East Room 1934 Multiple trees were installed in the White House , some for public viewing and others for private enjoyment of the Roosevelts . A large tree was installed in the White House East Room . Eleanor Roosevelt East Room 1929 First `` official '' White House tree . Lou Henry Hoover 1926 Mrs. Coolidge chose to display three Christmas trees at the White House . Grace Coolidge 1923 Norway spruce White House had two Christmas trees . Grace Coolidge Blue Room , and family quarters 1917 Edith Bolling Galt Wilson 1916 Edith Bolling Galt Wilson Library The tree was for Wilson 's great niece Josephine Cothran . 1915 Laden with gifts from members of the family and household . Edith Bolling Galt Wilson Library 1914 none White House library 1912 Helen Taft Blue Room 1908 The first time there was a tree in the Roosevelt White House that was not attributed to young Archie Roosevelt . Edith Roosevelt 1905 Tree decorated and set up by Archie Roosevelt , as the only member of the family who had `` a fondness '' for Christmas trees he distributed the presents `` through this medium '' . Edith Roosevelt 1903 Tree decorated solely by young Archie Roosevelt . Edith Roosevelt Living Room ( The President 's Den ) ( then Archie Roosevelt 's bedroom ) 1896 Decorated with red , white and blue electric lights . The decorating was supervised by Mrs. Cleveland and included tinsel ornaments and toys . Frances Cleveland Library 1895 Cedar Tree featured electric lights . Frances Cleveland Library 1894 `` Beautifully trimmed and decorated '' . Decorated with `` tiny parti - colored electric lamps instead of the old - time wax candles . '' Frances Cleveland Library 1893 Frances Cleveland Library 1891 Caroline Harrison Library 1890 At least one tree was displayed `` for the little ones '' . Caroline Harrison 1889 Foxtail hemlock Glass balls and pendants , gold tinsel . Four - sided - lanterns used candles used for lighting . Credited as the first White House Christmas tree though the claim is disputed ( see above ) . Caroline Harrison Yellow Oval Room 1888 `` ... tree laden with gifts , for most of the prominent people about Washington . '' Frances Cleveland East Room 1853 or 1856 Decorated for a group of Washington , D.C. school children . Credited as the first White House Christmas tree though the claim is disputed ( see above ) . Jane Pierce See also ( edit ) National Christmas Tree Capitol Christmas Tree The Tree at Rockefeller Center White House Hanukkah Party References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A Christmas Reversal '' , The New York Times December 25 , 1994 , accessed March 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History of Christmas trees '' , National Christmas Tree Association , archived December 23 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christmas Trees & More '' , University of Illinois Extension , Urban Programs Resource Network , accessed March 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Decatur Republican , December 27 , 1888 , page 6 , Mrs. Cleveland has returned to Washington from the Quaker City . 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Hopkins Among Those Entertained '' , The New York Times , December 28 , 1937 , accessed April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harris & Ewing . `` Christmas tree in the East Room of the White House '' , Library of Congress , ( Photograph ) , December 23 , 1936 , accessed November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` White House Plans Merry Christmas ; Four Big Trees Are Put in Place , Lights Are Strung and Wreaths Hung '' , The New York Times , December 22 , 1934 , accessed April 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The White House Prepares for Santa Claus '' , Library of Congress , via AP , ( Photograph ) , 1934 , accessed November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` White House to Have Three Christmas Trees ; Mrs. Coolidge Will Decorate Them Herself '' , The New York Times , December 23 , 1926 , accessed April 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Marling , Karal Ann . Merry Christmas ! : Celebrating America 's Greatest Holiday , ( Google Books ) , Harvard University Press , 2000 , p. 185 , ( ISBN 0674003187 ) . Jump up ^ `` Big Tree at White House ; President 's Grandniece a Holiday Guest -- Many Relatives at Dinner '' , The New York Times , December 26 , 1916 , accessed March 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` President Stays at Home ; Christmas Tree for Grandchildren at the White House '' , The New York Times , December 26 , 1917 , accessed March 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mme . Z . `` WASHINGTON SOCIETY '' ( ( ProQuest link ) pdf ) ) , Chicago Daily Tribune ( 1872 -- 1922 ) , December 24 , 1916 , p . C8 , accessed November 5 , 2011 , from ProQuest Historical Newspapers Chicago Tribune ( 1849 -- 1987 ) . ( Document ID : 382983601 ) . Jump up ^ Staff . `` WILSONS HELP POOR CHILDREN : President and Daughter Send Many Gifts to Little Ones ... '' ( ProQuest link pdf ) ) , Chicago Daily Tribune ( 1872 -- 1922 ) , p. 3 , December 25 , 1915 , accessed November 5 , 2011 , from ProQuest Historical Newspapers Chicago Tribune ( 1849 -- 1987 ) . ( Document ID : 382837941 ) . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Quiet Day at the Capital ; Christmas Tree at White House , but None at the Embassies '' , The New York Times , December 26 , 1914 , accessed March 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Xmas Tree in Blue Room ; Miss Helen Taft 's Guvenile Party an Innovation in White House '' , The New York Times , December 26 , 1912 , accessed March 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` S0CIETY AT NATION 'S CAPITAL : President and Mrs. Roosevelt Will Entertain More than Fifty at Luncheon on Christmas ... '' ( ProQuest link pdf ) ) , Chicago Daily Tribune ( 1872 -- 1922 ) , p. 9 , December 23 , 1908 , accessed November 5 , 2011 , from ProQuest Historical Newspapers Chicago Tribune ( 1849 -- 1987 ) . ( Document ID : 409435771 ) . Jump up ^ `` HAPPY HOLIDAY AT WHITE HOUSE : Younger Members of Roosevelt Family Lead in Christmas Festivities . CABINET MEMBERS HOSTS . Children 's Party at Cuban Legation Adds to the Joy and Cheer . Roosevelts Out for Luncheon . Children 's Party Largely Attended ... '' , ( ProQuest link ( pdf ) ) Chicago Daily Tribune , p. 8 , accessed November 5 , 2011 , from ProQuest Historical Newspapers Chicago Tribune ( 1849 -- 1987 ) . ( Document ID : 409985621 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` White House Christmas ; Turkeys Distributed by President Roosevelt to All Employes . Young Archie Trims Tree and Will Manage Its Gifts -- Simmons Gets a ' Possum '' , The New York Times , December 25 , 1903 , accessed March 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Living Room '' , White House Museum , accessed March 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Santa at the Capital '' ( pdf , ProQuest link ) , Chicago Daily Tribune , December 25 , 1896 , accessed November 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` All ready for St. Nick '' ( pdf , ProQuest link ) , Chicago Daily Tribune , December 23 , 1895 , accessed November 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christmas at the White House ; President Cleveland 's Children Have Their First Christmas Tree '' , The New York Times , December 26 , 1894 , accessed March 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` At the home of the President '' ( pdf , ProQuest link ) , Chicago Daily Tribune , December 26 , 1894 , accessed November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The White House Tree ; Young Benjamin 's Many Presents -- Christmas in Official Circles '' , The New York Times , December 26 , 1891 , accessed March 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Where they will dine '' ( pdf / ProQuest link ) , Chicago Daily Tribune , December 24 , 1890 , accessed November 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Santa Claus in Washington ; Stockings and a Christmas Tree in the White House '' , The New York Times , December 25 , 1889 , accessed March 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding the History of Your Christmas Tree '' , WFTV , accessed March 29 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to White House Christmas tree . Moorman , Margaret . `` Rough Rider Spares That Tree '' , The New York Times ( Books ) , December 20 , 1998 , accessed March 30 , 2009 . Morello , Carol . `` Christmas tree farm refills tall order for White House '' , Washington Post , October 21 , 2009 , accessed November 2 , 2009 . Pickens , Jennifer B. Christmas at the White House , ( Google Books link ) , Fife & Drum Press , 2009 , ( ISBN 0615287646 ) . External links ( edit ) Jackson , Lawrence . `` Behind - the - Scenes Look : Time - Lapse Of The White House Christmas Tree '' , ( video ) , The White House Blog , December 2 , 2010 , accessed December 3 , 2010 . `` White House Christmas Ornaments '' , snopes.com , October 14 , 2009 , accessed November 2 , 2009 . ( hide ) Christmas trees Cultivation Christmas tree cultivation Christmas tree cultivation history Christmas tree pests and weeds Production Canadian production Danish production Global production Mexican production U.S. production Artificial Artificial Christmas tree Aluminum Christmas tree Feather Christmas tree Pre-lit tree Decorations Candy cane Christmas ornament Christmas lights Garland Pickle Pleated Christmas hearts Shiny Brite ornaments Szaloncukor Tinsel Tree - topper Individual trees Anthem Boston California Capitol Chicago Grand Place ( Brussels ) Grove ( L.A. ) Lisbon ( Portugal ) Macy 's ( Atlanta ) Milwaukee Mount Ingino ( Italy ) U.S. Capitol U.S. National Tree Rockefeller Center Sri Lanka Toledo ( Ohio ) Zoo Trafalgar Square ( London ) Tree ( Paris ) Vatican White House Trade groups American Christmas Tree Association British Christmas Tree Growers Association Canadian Christmas Tree Growers Association Christmas Tree Promotion Board Danish Christmas Tree Growers Association National Christmas Tree Association Other topics Chichilaki Christmas tree stand Festive ecology Hanukkah bush Holiday tree Rouse Simmons Singing Christmas Tree Tree baler Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_House_Christmas_tree&oldid=817597753 '' Categories : Furnishings of the White House Individual Christmas trees Christmas in the United States Individual trees in the District of Columbia 19th - century introductions Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Հայերեն Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 11 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who sings the song the look of love

`` The Look of Love '' is a song by English band ABC , released as a single in 1982 . It was the band 's highest charting hit in the UK , peaking at No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart . It was included on their debut studio album , The Lexicon of Love .

ABC

The Look of Love ( ABC song )

the look of love ( abc song )

`` The Look of Love '' is a song by English band ABC , released as a single in 1982 . It was the band 's highest charting hit in the UK , peaking at No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart . It was included on their debut studio album , The Lexicon of Love .

Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Music video 3 Accolades 4 Chart performance and certifications 4.1 Original release 4.1. 1 Weekly charts 4.1. 2 Year - end charts 4.1. 3 Certifications and sales 4.2 1983 re-issue 5 The Look of Love ( 1990 Mix ) 5.1 Chart performance 6 Cover versions 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Released as a single and as a 12 '' remix , it went to No. 1 on the Billboard Dance / Disco chart as well as the Canadian Singles Chart . It was their biggest hit in the UK Singles Chart , peaking at No. 4 . On the American Cash Box Top 100 , it got as high as No. 9 , and on the Billboard Hot 100 it peaked at No. 18 . The single consists of four parts , referred to as `` Parts One , Two , Three and Four '' . Part One is the standard album version , Part Two is an instrumental version , Part Three is a vocal version without the orchestral overdubs and Part Four is a short acoustic instrumental part of the song , containing strings and horns , as well as occasional harp plucks and xylophone . A different US remix dub version by producer Trevor Horn appeared as A-side on the 1982 US 12 `` . The ' 82 US remix dub version was not widely available after its initial release , but the track remained much in demand by club DJs and fans alike and copies of the original 12 '' version fetched high prices . When Neutron ( the band 's UK label ) discovered this , they issued a limited edition DJ - pressing of the Horn remix in November 1982 as a DJ promo 12 '' vinyl under the title `` ABC Look of Love Special Remix 12 '' Neutron NTXDJ103 . Through the 1980s , BBC Radio 1 DJ Gary Davies used the last crescendo on Part 2 of the song as a closing theme to his daily lunchtime programme called The Bit in the Middle , only changing it in 1991 when his show was rebranded as Let 's Do Lunch and given fresh music beds and themes . The US B - side , entitled `` Theme from Mantrap '' , was an alternate version of `` Poison Arrow '' . In February 2014 , all four parts appeared together as one single track ( running 12 : 29 ) on the ZTT compilation `` The Art of the 12 '' Volume Three `` . The lyrics of the song , as well as others on The Lexicon of Love , were inspired by a break - up lead singer Martin Fry had experienced . In the second verse , during the phrase `` When your girl has left you out on the pavement '' , the `` Goodbye '' background vocal is spoken by the actual woman in the relationship who had jilted him . Music video ( edit ) The music video for the song , taped on a soundstage , was influenced by old British music hall , the chalk pavement sequence in the Mary Poppins film , carnival sideshows , and Punch and Judy puppet shows ; the four band members were featured wearing Edwardian - style light suits with vertical pastel stripes , accompanied by many colourful extras , including a Charlie Chaplin impersonator and cameos from producer Trevor Horn and music promoter and journalist Paul Morley . The video vaguely pays homage to the ballet sequence from An American in Paris . Accolades ( edit ) Year Publisher Country Accolade Rank 1982 NME United Kingdom `` Singles of the Year '' ( 50 ) 5 1982 Sounds United Kingdom `` Singles of the Year '' ( 20 ) 18 1982 The Village Voice United States `` Pazz & Jop Critics ' Poll : Top 10 Singles '' 9 2003 Paul Morley United Kingdom `` Greatest Pop Single of All Time '' * 2005 Q United Kingdom `` Ultimate Music Collection '' ( Pop Tracks ) * 2006 VH1 United States `` 100 Greatest Songs of the 80 's '' 43 2009 The Guardian United Kingdom `` 1000 Songs Everyone Must Hear '' ( Love ) * 2010 Pause & Play United States `` Vault Of Fame '' ( Songs ) * 2011 NME United Kingdom `` 75 Tunes That Defined Rock ' N ' Roll '' ( Deep Cuts ) * 2011 Robert Dimery United Kingdom `` 1001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die '' * ? ? ? The Village Voice United States `` Top Singles Of The 80 's '' ( 100 ) 59 ( * ) indicates the list is unordered . Chart performance and certifications ( edit ) Original release ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 16 Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) 19 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 1 France ( IFOP ) 60 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 36 Ireland ( IRMA ) 12 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 12 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 11 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Poland ( LP3 ) 26 Spain ( AFYVE ) 15 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 4 US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 1 US Billboard Top Tracks 32 US Cash Box 9 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 69 Canada ( RPM Top 100 Singles ) 17 US Cash Box 65 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone 1983 re-issue ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 71 The Look of Love ( 1990 Mix ) ( edit ) `` The Look of Love ( 1990 Mix ) '' Single by ABC from the album Absolutely Released 1990 Format 7 '' 12 '' CDS Length 4 : 01 Label Mercury Phonogram Songwriter ( s ) Martin Fry Mark White Stephen Singleton David Palmer Mark Lickley Producer ( s ) Trevor Horn ABC singles chronology `` The Real Thing '' ( 1989 ) `` The Look of Love ( 1990 Mix ) '' ( 1990 ) `` Love Conquers All '' ( 1991 ) `` The Real Thing '' ( 1989 ) `` The Look of Love ( 1990 Mix ) ( 1990 ) `` Love Conquers All '' ( 1991 ) In 1990 , to promote the compilation album Absolutely , a new remix of the song by Paul Staveley O'Duffy was officially released , though without participation or approval from the band 's members . The remix incorporates part of the melody from Kraftwerk 's `` Computer Love '' , which had been in the UK Top 40 at the same time as the original release of `` The Look of Love '' in 1982 . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 31 Ireland ( IRMA ) 30 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) 44 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 68 Cover versions ( edit ) In 1996 , Euro band Eclipse released a dance cover version , which reached No. 30 on the Australian charts . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( 11 February 1983 ) . `` Invasion warning ( Adam Ant 's on his way ) '' . Ottawa Citizen . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` ABC -- Artist Biography '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Jamieson , Teddy ( 21 October 2013 ) . `` Not Fade Away 1982 : the Look of Love , by ABC and Party Fears Two , by the Associates '' . The Herald . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NME Singles 1982 '' . NME . Rocklist.net . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sounds End Of Year Lists > 1982 : Singles '' . Sounds . Rocklist.net . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop Critics ' Poll : Top 10 Singles By Year , 1979 - 2013 '' . The Village Voice . Pazz & Jop. 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Morley '' . Rocklist.net . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Q Ultimate Music Collection '' . Q. Rocklist.net . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 : ' 100 Greatest Songs of the 80 's ' : 1 - 50 '' . VH1 . Rock On The Net . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Series : 1000 songs everyone must hear -- Part one : Love '' . The Guardian . 14 March 2009 . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ The Songs at the Wayback Machine ( archived 15 May 2011 ) . Pause & Play . Jump up ^ `` NME : 75 Tunes That Defined Rock ' N ' Roll '' . NME . Rocklist.net . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Dimery , Robert ( 2011 ) . 1001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die . Octopus Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 8440 - 3717 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Village Voice Top Albums & Singles Of The 80 's & 90 's '' . The Village Voice . Rocklist.net . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 10 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- ABC -- The Look Of Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Radio2 top 30 : 3 juli 1982 '' ( in Dutch ) . Top 30 . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6928 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` InfoDisc : Tous les Titres par Artiste '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Select `` ABC '' from the artist drop - down menu . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- ABC -- The Look Of Love '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- The Look of Love '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- ABC - The Look Of Love search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- ABC -- The Look Of Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- ABC -- The Look Of Love '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` THE LOOK OF LOVE -- ABC '' ( in Polish ) . LP3 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- ABC -- The Look Of Love '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 1982 - 06 - 12 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- DECEMBER 25 , 1982 at the Wayback Machine ( archived 21 September 2012 ) . Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts -- 1980s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 37 , No. 19 , December 25 , 1982 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1982 at the Wayback Machine ( archived 21 September 2012 ) . Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- ABC -- The Look of Love '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- The Look of Love '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter The Look of Love in the field Keywords . Select Title in the field Search by . Select single in the field By Format . Select Silver in the field By Award . Click Search Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 1983 - 01 - 09 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ ( in German ) Single -- ABC , The Look Of Love 1990 Mix at the Wayback Machine ( archived 14 July 2014 ) . Officialcharts.de . GfK Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- ABC -- The Look Of Love 1990 Mix '' . Charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 1990 - 04 - 08 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Eclipse -- The Look Of Love '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Down Under '' by Men at Work Canadian RPM number - one single 13 November 1982 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Gloria '' by Laura Branigan Preceded by `` 1999 '' by Prince US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number - one single 18 December 1982 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` It 's Raining Men '' by The Weather Girls ( hide ) ABC Martin Fry Mark White Stephen Singleton Mark Lickley David Robinson David Palmer Fiona Russell Powell David Yarritu Studio albums The Lexicon of Love Beauty Stab How to Be a ... Zillionaire ! Alphabet City Up Abracadabra Skyscraping Traffic The Lexicon of Love II Live albums The Lexicon of Live Compilation albums Absolutely Look of Love -- The Very Best of ABC The Ultimate Collection ABC Gold Singles `` Tears Are Not Enough '' `` Poison Arrow '' `` The Look of Love ( Part One ) '' `` All of My Heart '' `` That Was Then but This Is Now '' `` S.O.S. '' `` ( How to Be a ) Millionaire '' `` Be Near Me '' `` Vanity Kills '' `` Ocean Blue '' `` When Smokey Sings '' `` The Night You Murdered Love '' `` King Without a Crown '' `` One Better World '' `` The Real Thing '' `` The Look of Love ( 1990 Mix ) '' `` Love Conquers All '' `` Say It '' `` Rolling Sevens '' `` Skyscraping '' `` Stranger Things '' Videos Mantrap Absolutely ... ABC Related articles Discography Vice Versa Honeyroot Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Look_of_Love_(ABC_song)&oldid=787512033 '' Categories : 1982 songs 1982 singles 1990 singles ABC ( band ) songs Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Mercury Records singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by Trevor Horn Songs written by Martin Fry Songs written by Stephen Singleton Songs written by Mark White ( musician ) Vertigo Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with German - language external links Use dmy dates from February 2011 Articles needing additional references from March 2007 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UK Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for United Kingdom Talk Article Talk More Search Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 25 June 2017 , at 20 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Look%20of%20Love%20%28ABC%20song%29

who came up with the 3 branches of government

To prevent one branch from becoming supreme , protect the `` opulent minority '' from the majority , and to induce the branches to cooperate , government systems that employ a separation of powers need a way to balance each of the branches . Typically this was accomplished through a system of `` checks and balances '' , the origin of which , like separation of powers itself , is specifically credited to Montesquieu . Checks and balances allow for a system - based regulation that allows one branch to limit another , such as the power of the United States Congress to alter the composition and jurisdiction of the federal courts . Both bipartite and tripartite governmental systems apply the principles of the separation of powers to allow for the branches represented by the separate powers to hold each other reciprocally responsible to the assertion of powers as apportioned by law . The following example of the separation of powers and their mutual checks and balances for the experience of the United States Constitution is presented as illustrative of the general principles applied in similar forms of government as well .

Montesquieu

Separation of powers

separation of powers

The separation of powers , often imprecisely and metonymically used interchangeably with the trias politica principle , is a model for the governance of a state . Under this model , a state 's government is divided into branches , each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the other branches . The typical division is into three branches : a legislature , an executive , and a judiciary , which is the trias politica model . It can be contrasted with the fusion of powers in some parliamentary systems where the executive and legislature ( and sometimes parts of the judiciary ) are unified .

Separation of powers , therefore , refers to the division of responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another . The intent is to prevent the concentration of power and provide for checks and balances . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Antiquity 1.2 Early modern biparty systems 1.3 Montesquieu 's separation of powers system 1.4 Checks and balances 2 Comparison between tripartite and bipartite national systems 2.1 Typical branches 2.1. 1 Additional branches 2.2 Three branches 2.2. 1 Australia 2.2. 2 Austria 2.2. 3 Czech Republic 2.2. 4 Denmark 2.2. 5 France 2.2. 6 Hong Kong 2.2. 7 India 2.2. 8 Iran 2.2. 9 Italy 2.2. 10 Malaysia 2.2. 11 Nepal 2.2. 12 Pakistan 2.2. 13 United Kingdom 2.2. 14 United States 2.3 Other systems 2.3. 1 Republic of China 2.3. 2 Belgium 2.3. 3 Costa Rica 2.3. 4 European Union 2.3. 5 Germany 2.3. 6 Hungary 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) Part of the Politics series on Republicanism Central concepts ( show ) Anti-monarchism Popular sovereignty Republic Res publica Social contract Schools ( show ) Classical republicanism Neo-republicanism Important thinkers ( show ) Hannah Arendt Cicero James Harrington Thomas Jefferson John Locke James Madison Montesquieu Philip Pettit Polybius Jean Jacques Rousseau Michael Sandel Algernon Sidney Quentin Skinner Cass Sunstein Mary Wollstonecraft History ( show ) Roman Republic Gaṇa sangha Classical Athens Republic of Venice Republic of Genoa Republic of Florence Dutch Republic American Revolution French Revolution Spanish American wars of independence Trienio Liberal French Revolution of 1848 5 October 1910 revolution Xinhai Revolution Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Turkish War of Independence Mongolian Revolution of 1921 11 September 1922 Revolution Spanish Civil War Birth of the Italian Republic Egyptian Revolution of 1952 14 July Revolution North Yemen Civil War Zanzibar Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Cambodian coup of 1970 Third Hellenic Republic Iranian Revolution 1987 Fijian coups d'état Nepalese Civil War By country ( show ) Australia Barbados Canada Ireland Jamaica Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom United States Related topics ( show ) Communitarianism Liberalism Monarchism Politics portal Antiquity ( edit ) Aristotle first mentioned the idea of a `` mixed government '' or hybrid government in his work Politics where he drew upon many of the constitutional forms in the city - states of Ancient Greece . In the Roman Republic , the Roman Senate , Consuls and the Assemblies showed an example of a mixed government according to Polybius ( Histories , Book 6 , 11 -- 13 ) . Early modern biparty systems ( edit ) John Calvin ( 1509 -- 1564 ) favoured a system of government that divided political power between democracy and aristocracy ( mixed government ) . Calvin appreciated the advantages of democracy , stating : `` It is an invaluable gift if God allows a people to elect its own government and magistrates . '' In order to reduce the danger of misuse of political power , Calvin suggested setting up several political institutions which should complement and control each other in a system of checks and balances . In this way , Calvin and his followers resisted political absolutism and furthered the growth of democracy . Calvin aimed to protect the rights and the well - being of ordinary people . In 1620 , a group of English separatist Congregationalists and Anglicans ( later known as the Pilgrim Fathers ) founded Plymouth Colony in North America . Enjoying self - rule , they established a bipartite democratic system of government . The `` freemen '' elected the General Court , which functioned as legislature and judiciary and which in turn elected a governor , who together with his seven `` assistants '' served in the functional role of providing executive power . Massachusetts Bay Colony ( founded 1628 ) , Rhode Island ( 1636 ) , Connecticut ( 1636 ) , New Jersey , and Pennsylvania had similar constitutions -- they all separated political powers . ( Except for Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony , these English outposts added religious freedom to their democratic systems , an important step towards the development of human rights . ) Books like William Bradford 's History of Plymoth Plantation ( written between 1630 and 1651 ) were widely read in England . So the form of government in the colonies was well known in the mother country , including to the philosopher John Locke ( 1632 -- 1704 ) . He deduced from a study of the English constitutional system the advantages of dividing political power into the legislative ( which should be distributed among several bodies , for example , the House of Lords and the House of Commons ) , on the one hand , and the executive and federative power , responsible for the protection of the country and prerogative of the monarch , on the other hand . ( The Kingdom of England had no written constitution . ) Montesquieu 's separation of powers system ( edit ) Montesquieu The term tripartite system is commonly ascribed to French Enlightenment political philosopher Baron de Montesquieu , although he did not use such a term . In reality he referred to `` distribution '' of powers . In The Spirit of the Laws ( 1748 ) , Montesquieu described the various forms of distribution of political power among a legislature , an executive , and a judiciary . Montesquieu 's approach was to present and defend a form of government which was not excessively centralized in all its powers to a single monarch or similar ruler , form of government known then as `` aristocracy '' . He based this model on the Constitution of the Roman Republic and the British constitutional system . Montesquieu took the view that the Roman Republic had powers separated so that no one could usurp complete power . In the British constitutional system , Montesquieu discerned a separation of powers among the monarch , Parliament , and the courts of law . Montesquieu did actually specify that `` the independence of the judiciary has to be real , and not apparent merely '' . `` The judiciary was generally seen as the most important of powers , independent and unchecked '' , and also was considered dangerous . Checks and balances ( edit ) To prevent one branch from becoming supreme , protect the `` opulent minority '' from the majority , and to induce the branches to cooperate , government systems that employ a separation of powers need a way to balance each of the branches . Typically this was accomplished through a system of `` checks and balances '' , the origin of which , like separation of powers itself , is specifically credited to Montesquieu . Checks and balances allow for a system - based regulation that allows one branch to limit another , such as the power of the United States Congress to alter the composition and jurisdiction of the federal courts . Both bipartite and tripartite governmental systems apply the principles of the separation of powers to allow for the branches represented by the separate powers to hold each other reciprocally responsible to the assertion of powers as apportioned by law . The following example of the separation of powers and their mutual checks and balances for the experience of the United States Constitution is presented as illustrative of the general principles applied in similar forms of government as well . Legislative ( Congress ) Executive ( President ) Judicial ( Supreme Court ) Passes bills ; has broad taxing and spending power ; regulates inter-state commerce ; controls the federal budget ; has power to borrow money on the credit of the United States ( may be vetoed by President , but vetoes may be overridden with a two - thirds vote of both houses ) Has sole power to declare war , as well as to raise , support , and regulate the military . Oversees , investigates , and makes the rules for the government and its officers . Defines by law the jurisdiction of the federal judiciary in cases not specified by the Constitution Ratification of treaties signed by the President and gives advice and consent to presidential appointments to the federal judiciary , federal executive departments , and other posts ( Senate only ) Has sole power of impeachment ( House of Representatives ) and trial of impeachments ( Senate ) ; can remove federal executive and judicial officers from office for high crimes and misdemeanors Is the commander - in - chief of the armed forces Executes the instructions of Congress . May veto bills passed by Congress ( but the veto may be overridden by a two - thirds majority of both houses ) Executes the spending authorized by Congress . Declares states of emergency and publishes regulations and executive orders . Makes executive agreements ( does not require ratification ) and signs treaties ( ratification requiring approval by two - thirds of the Senate ) Makes appointments to the federal judiciary , federal executive departments , and other posts with the advice and consent of the Senate . Has power to make temporary appointment during the recess of the Senate Has the power to grant `` reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States , except in cases of impeachment . '' Determines which laws Congress intended to apply to any given case Exercises judicial review , reviewing the constitutionality of laws Determines how Congress meant the law to apply to disputes Determines how a law acts to determine the disposition of prisoners Determines how a law acts to compel testimony and the production of evidence Determines how laws should be interpreted to assure uniform policies in a top - down fashion via the appeals process , but gives discretion in individual cases to low - level judges . The amount of discretion depends upon the standard of review , determined by the type of case in question . Comparison between tripartite and bipartite National systems ( edit ) Constitutions with a high degree of separation of powers are found worldwide . The UK system is distinguished by a particular entwining of powers . A number of Latin American countries have electoral branches of government . Countries with little separation of power include New Zealand and Canada . Canada makes limited use of separation of powers in practice , although in theory it distinguishes between branches of government . New Zealand 's constitution is based on the principle of separation of powers through a series of constitutional safeguards , many of which are tacit . The Executive 's ability to carry out decisions often depends on the Legislature , which is elected under the mixed member proportional system . This means the government is rarely a single party but a coalition of parties . The Judiciary is also free of government interference . If a series of judicial decisions result in an interpretation of the law which the Executive considers does not reflect the intention of the policy , the Executive can initiate changes to the legislation in question through the Legislature . The Executive can not direct or request a judicial officer to revise or reconsider a decision ; decisions are final . Should there be a dispute between the Executive and Judiciary , the Executive has no authority to direct the Judiciary , or its individual members and vice versa . Complete separation of powers systems are almost always presidential , although theoretically this need not be the case . There are a few historical exceptions , such as the Directoire system of revolutionary France . Switzerland offers an example of non-Presidential separation of powers today : It is run by a seven - member executive branch , the Federal Council . However , some might argue that Switzerland does not have a strong separation of powers system , as the Federal Council is appointed by parliament ( but not dependent on parliament ) and although the judiciary has no power of review , the judiciary is still separate from the other branches . Typical branches ( edit ) executive legislative judicial Additional branches ( edit ) auditory electoral -- in which election commissions , tribunals or courts are maintained separately from other branches prosecutory civil service commission Three branches ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Main article : Separation of powers in Australia Australia does not maintain a strict separation between the legislative and executive branches of government -- indeed , government ministers are required to be members of parliament -- but the federal judiciary strictly guards its independence from the other two branches . However , under influence from the American constitution , the Australian constitution does define the three branches of government separately , and this has been interpreted by the judiciary to induce an implicit separation of powers . State governments have a similar level of separation of power , but this is generally on the basis of convention , rather than constitution . Austria ( edit ) Hans Kelsen was the principal author of the tripartite Constitution of Austria . The Constitution of Austria was originally written by Hans Kelsen , the prominent constitutional scholar in Europe at that time . Kelsen was to serve as a part of the judicial court of review for Austria as part of its tripartite government . Czech Republic ( edit ) Main article : Constitution of the Czech Republic The Constitution of the Czech Republic , adopted in 1992 immediately before the dissolution of Czechoslovakia , establishes the traditional tripartite division of powers and continues the tradition of its predecessor constitutions . The Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920 , which replaced the provisional constitution adopted by the newly independent state in 1918 , was modeled after the constitutions of established democracies such as those of the United Kingdom , United States and France , and maintained this division , as have subsequent changes to the constitution that followed in 1948 with the Ninth - of - May Constitution , the 1960 Constitution of Czechoslovakia as well as the Constitutional Act on the Czechoslovak Federation of 1968 . Denmark ( edit ) Main articles : Constitution of Denmark and Government of Denmark Parliament -- legislature Prime Minister , Cabinet , Government Departments and Civil Service -- executive High Courts and lower courts -- judiciary France ( edit ) Main article : Political system of France According to the Constitution of the Fifth Republic , the government of France is divided up into three branches : Executive . This includes the popularly elected president as well as the prime minister and cabinet . The French Prime minister is nominated by the president , but the government is responsible to the lower house of the legislature , the National Assembly . Legislature . A bicameral legislature that includes the Senate ( upper house ) and the National Assembly ( lower house ) . The relationship between the two houses is asymmetric , meaning that in case of dispute , the National Assembly has the final word according to Article 45 of the Constitution . Judiciary . This includes the judicial and administrative orders . It also includes a constitutional court . Hong Kong ( edit ) Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region established in 1997 pursuant to the Sino - British Joint Declaration , an international treaty made between Britain and China in 1984 , registered with the United Nations . Currently , Hong Kong has three branches of government as codified in the Basic Law , its constitution , which largely preserved political structures of the British colonial era , under the doctrine of one country , two systems : Legislative Council -- legislature Government -- executive Judiciary ( Court of Final Appeal and other courts and tribunals ) -- judiciary The Chief Executive , elected by a 1200 - member Election Committee which historically was dominated by pro-Beijing establishment members , is both head of the region and head of government , and chairs the Executive Council which is composed of `` unofficial '' members and government secretaries . The legislature consists of 70 members , 35 of whom are elected by `` functional '' constituencies represented by members within various industries rather than the public at large . Separation of power between executive and legislature is , therefore , questionable . The courts frequently exercise a power of judicial review of administrative actions and also decide matters of constitutionality of legislation , though this power is circumscribed under the power of the People 's Republic of China 's National People 's Congress to make final determinations as to interpretation . Hence , the separation of powers is again structurally weak . It is worth noting that the branches ' separation of power may not be intended within the Hong Kong Basic Law as leaders of the PRC have publicly called for the three branches to cooperate and be led by the Chief Executive . Further , Deng Xiaoping was quoted to have categorically dismissed Hong Kong having a `` Trias Politica '' system . India ( edit ) Main articles : Lawmaking procedure in India , Constitution of India , and Supreme Court of India India follows constitutional democracy which offers a clear separation of powers . The judiciary branch is fairly independent of the other two branches with the power to interpret the constitution . Parliament has the legislative powers . Executive powers are vested with the President who is advised by the Union Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister . The constitution of India vested the duty of protecting , preserving and defending the constitution with the President as common head of the executive , parliament , armed forces , etc. not only for the union government but also the various state governments in a federal structure . All three branches have `` checks and balances '' over each other to maintain the balance of power and not to exceed the constitutional limits . President can set aside a law passed by the legislative or an advise given by the Union Council of Ministers when it is inconsistent with the constitution of India . Even president accepts a law passed duly by the legislative , it can be repealed by the Supreme Court after a fair trial if it is against the Basic structure of the constitution . Any citizen of India can approach the Supreme Court directly to repeal the unconstitutional laws made by the legislative or executive . President can be impeached after conducting a fair trial by the parliament for his unconstitutional orders / decisions . President can be asked to step down by the judiciary for his unconstitutional orders / decisions on the grounds of losing eligibility criteria of the president . Parliament can impeach judges of Supreme Court and High Courts of states for their incompetence and mala fides . Higher bench of judges can set aside the incorrect judgements of smaller bench of judges to uphold the constitution . Iran ( edit ) Government -- Executive The legislature of Islamic Republic of Iran -- Legislative Judicial system -- Judicial Italy ( edit ) Main article : Constitution of Italy In Italy the powers are separated , even though the Council of Ministers needs a vote of confidence from both chambers of Parliament , that represents a large number of members ( almost 1,000 ) . Like every parliamentary form of government , there is no real separation between Legislature and Executive , rather a continuum between them due to the confidence link . By the way , the balance is protected by Constitution also between these two branches . and , obviously , between them and the judiciary branch , which is really independent . Malaysia ( edit ) Main articles : Constitution of Malaysia and Government of Malaysia Parliament -- legislature Prime Minister , Cabinet , Government Departments and Civil Service -- executive Federal Courts and lower courts -- judiciary Nepal ( edit ) Main articles : Constitution of Nepal and Government of Nepal Legislative Parliament - Legislature Prime Minister , Cabinet of Minister and Government Departments - Executive Supreme Court - Judiciary Pakistan ( edit ) Main articles : Constitution of Pakistan and Government of Pakistan Parliament -- Legislative Prime Minister and his Cabinet -- Executive Supreme Court and lower courts -- Judicial United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Separation of powers in the United Kingdom Parliament -- legislature Prime Minister , Cabinet , Government Departments and Civil Service -- executive Courts -- judiciary The development of the British constitution , which is not a codified document , is based on this fusion in the person of the Monarch , who has a formal role to play in the legislature ( Parliament , which is where legal and political sovereignty lies , is the Crown - in - Parliament , and is summoned and dissolved by the Sovereign who must give his or her Royal Assent to all Bills so that they become Acts ) , the executive ( the Sovereign appoints all ministers of His / Her Majesty 's Government , who govern in the name of the Crown ) and the judiciary ( the Sovereign , as the fount of justice , appoints all senior judges , and all public prosecutions are brought in his or her name ) . Although the doctrine of separation of power plays a role in the United Kingdom 's constitutional doctrine , the UK constitution is often described as having `` a weak separation of powers '' A.V. Dicey , despite its constitution being the one to which Montesquieu originally referred . For example , in the United Kingdom , the executive forms a subset of the legislature , as did -- to a lesser extent -- the judiciary until the establishment of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom . The Prime Minister , the Chief Executive , sits as a member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom , either as a peer in the House of Lords or as an elected member of the House of Commons ( by convention , and as a result of the supremacy of the Lower House , the Prime Minister now sits in the House of Commons ) and can effectively be removed from office by a simple majority vote . Furthermore , while the courts in the United Kingdom are amongst the most independent in the world , the Law Lords , who were the final arbiters of judicial disputes in the UK sat simultaneously in the House of Lords , the upper house of the legislature , although this arrangement ceased in 2009 when the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom came into existence . Furthermore , because of the existence of Parliamentary sovereignty , while the theory of separation of powers may be studied there , a system such as that of the UK is more accurately described as a `` fusion of powers '' . Until 2005 , the Lord Chancellor fused the Legislature , Executive and Judiciary , as he was the ex officio Speaker of the House of Lords , a Government Minister who sat in Cabinet and was head of the Lord Chancellor 's Department which administered the courts , the justice system and appointed judges , and was the head of the Judiciary in England and Wales and sat as a judge on the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords , the highest domestic court in the entire United Kingdom , and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council , the senior tribunal court for parts of the Commonwealth . The Lord Chancellor also had certain other judicial positions , including being a judge in the Court of Appeal and President of the Chancery Division . The Lord Chancellor combines other aspects of the constitution , including having certain ecclesiastical functions of the established state church , making certain church appointments , nominations and sitting as one of the thirty - three Church Commissioners . These functions remain intact and unaffected by the Constitutional Reform Act . In 2005 , the Constitutional Reform Act separated the powers with Legislative functions going to an elected Lord Speaker and the Judicial functions going to the Lord Chief Justice . The Lord Chancellor 's Department was replaced with a Ministry of Justice and the Lord Chancellor currently serves in the position of Secretary of State for Justice . The judiciary has no power to strike down primary legislation , and can only rule on secondary legislation that it is invalid with regard to the primary legislation if necessary . Under the concept of parliamentary sovereignty , Parliament can enact any primary legislation it chooses . However , the concept immediately becomes problematic when the question is asked ; `` If parliament can do anything , can it bind its successors ? '' . It is generally held that parliament can do no such thing . Equally , while statute takes precedence over precedent - derived common law and the judiciary has no power to strike down primary legislation , there are certain cases where the supreme judicature has effected an injunction against the application of an act or reliance on its authority by the civil service . The seminal example of this is the Factortame case , where the House of Lords granted such an injunction preventing the operation of the Merchant Shipping Act 1988 until litigation in the European Court of Justice had been resolved . The House of Lords ruling in Factortame ( No. 1 ) , approving the European Court of Justice formulation that `` a national court which , in a case before it concerning Community law , considers that the sole obstacle which precludes it from granting interim relief is a rule of national law , must disapply that rule '' , has created an implicit tiering of legislative reviewability ; the only way for parliament to prevent the supreme judicature from injunctively striking out a law on the basis of incompatibility with Community law is to pass an act specifically removing that power from the court , or by repealing the European Communities Act 1972 . The British legal systems are based on common law traditions , which require : Police or regulators can not initiate complaints under criminal law but can only investigate ( prosecution is mostly reserved for the Crown Prosecution Service ) , which prevents selective enforcement -- e.g. , the `` fishing expedition '' which is often specifically forbidden . Prosecutors can not withhold evidence from counsel for the defendant ; to do so results in mistrial or dismissal . Accordingly , their relation to police is no advantage . Defendants convicted can appeal , but only fresh and compelling evidence not available at trial can be introduced , restricting the power of the court of appeal to the process of law applied . United States ( edit ) Main article : Separation of powers under the United States Constitution George Washington at Constitutional Convention of 1787 , signing of U.S. Constitution In the United States Constitution , Article 1 Section I gives Congress only those `` legislative powers herein granted '' and proceeds to list those permissible actions in Article I Section 8 , while Section 9 lists actions that are prohibited for Congress . The vesting clause in Article II places no limits on the Executive branch , simply stating that , `` The Executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America . '' The Supreme Court holds `` The judicial Power '' according to Article III , and it established the implication of Judicial review in Marbury v. Madison under the Marshall court . The federal government refers to the branches as `` branches of government '' , while some systems use `` government '' to describe the executive . The Executive branch has attempted to claim power arguing for separation of powers to include being the Commander in Chief of a standing army since the American Civil War , executive orders , emergency powers and security classifications since World War II , national security , signing statements , and the scope of the unitary executive . Other systems ( edit ) Republic of China ( edit ) Main article : Government of the Republic of China According to Sun Yat - sen 's idea of `` separation of the five powers '' , the government of the Republic of China has five branches : Executive Yuan -- led by the premier but in actuality it is the president who sets policy -- executive Legislative Yuan -- unicameral -- legislature Judicial Yuan -- its Constitutional Court ( highest ) and Supreme Court have different jurisdictions -- judiciary Control Yuan -- audit branch Examination Yuan -- civil service personnel management and human resources The president and vice president as well as the defunct National Assembly are constitutionally not part of the above five branches . Before being abolished in 2005 , the National Assembly was a constitutional convention and electoral college for the president and vice president . Its constitutional amending powers were passed to the legislative yuan and its electoral powers were passed to the electorate . The relationship between the executive and legislative branches are poorly defined . An example of the problems this causes is the near complete political paralysis that results when the president , who has neither the power to veto nor the ability to dissolve the legislature and call new elections , can not negotiate with the legislature when his party is in the minority . The examination and control yuans are marginal branches ; their leaders as well as the leaders of the executive and judicial yuans are appointed by the president and confirmed by the legislative yuan . The legislature is the only branch that chooses its own leadership . The vice president has practically no responsibilities . Belgium ( edit ) Belgium is currently a federated state that has imposed the trias politica on different governmental levels . The constitution of 1831 , considered one of the most liberal of its time for limiting the powers of its monarch and imposing a rigorous system of separation of powers , is based on three principles ( represented in the Schematic overview of Belgian institutions ) : Trias Politica ( horizontal separation of powers ) : The legislative power is attributed to an elected parliamentary body elected with a representative general election system ( one person one vote ) . The executive power is attributed to the Council of Ministers . Ministers are formally appointed by the King , though in practice the prime minister decides the composition of his cabinet . The ministers are usually from the elected members of parliament ( non-elected people can also be nominated ) . However , they must first resign from their elected seat . The judicial power is in the hands of the courts . Magistrates are nominated by the minister ( on proposal from a Council of the Magistrates ) . Magistrates can be nominated to become a judge ( sitting magistrates ) or instructing judge ( investigating judge ) of Procureur ( public prosecutor ) ( the standing magistrates ) . The executive branch of the government is responsible to provide the physical means to execute its role ( infrastructure , staff , financial means ) . Judges and some other people can not run for elected office while they are nominated to certain positions ( military , police - officers , clergy , notaries , bailiffs ) . Subsidiarity ( vertical separation of powers ) : Supranational directives ( EU legislation ) and international treaties are subjected to approval of the federal level ( the federal level being Belgium the nation state ) The federal level is composed of the following : A bicameral parliament ( House of Representative and Senate ) ( in 2014 this will be a directly elected house and an indirectly appointed Senate of the regions ) A federal government ( led by the Prime Minister and the ministers and secretaries of state ) Tasked with overseeing justice , defense , foreign affairs , and social security , public health High Court , Constitutional Court , Cassation Court and Council of State The regional level is composed of the following : A monocameral parliament A regional government led by the minister - president ( ministers and secretaries of state ) is tasked with regional matters . Provinces also have similar structures : A monocameral provincial council A nominated provincial governor assisted by deputees is tasked with provincial matters . Appellate Court , Assisses Court An intermediate level of Arrondissements subdivides the provinces it has only an executive level with an arrondissemental commissars City and communal entities : A city or communal council A mayor , assisted by aldermen , is tasked with local matters . Magistrates Court , Correctional Court ( three judges ) . Justice of the peace and Police Court judges ( single judge courts ) Secularism ( separation of state and religion ) : The king , the head of state , holds no political authority and requires executive approval by a minister for every action and statement ; he nominates the ministers but he does not choose them ( his executive powers ) ; he signs and decrees the laws voted in parliament ( his legislative powers ) ; The head of state is commander in chief of the military ( in title only ) , politically the military depends of the Minister of Defense and the chiefs of staff are responsible towards parliament and take their orders from the Minister of Defense and the government ; Certain functions are deemed incompatible and people must resign from their function if they want to assume responsibilities in another function ( military commanders have never been government ministers , even during a war ) Costa Rica ( edit ) In the aftermath of the 43 - day civil war in 1948 ( after former President and incumbent candidate Rafael Álgel Calderón Guardia tried to take power through fraud , by not recognising the results of the presidential election that he had lost ) , the question of which transformational model the Costa Rican State would follow was the main issue that confronted the victors . A Constituent Assembly was elected by popular vote to draw up a new constitution , enacted in 1949 , and remains in force . This document was an edit of the constitution of 1871 , as the constituent assembly rejected more radical corporatist ideas proposed by the ruling Junta Fundadora de la Segunda República ( which , although having come to power by military force , abolished the armed forces ) . Nonetheless , the new constitution increased centralization of power at the expense of municipalities and eliminated provincial government altogether , at the time it increased the powers of congress and the judiciary . It established the three supreme powers as the legislature , executive , and judicial branches , but also created two other autonomous state organs that have equivalent power , but not equivalent rank . The first is the Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones de Costa Rica ( electoral branch ) which controls elections and makes unique , unappealable decisions on their outcomes . The second is the office of the Comptroller General ( audit branch ) , an autonomous and independent organ nominally subordinate to the unicameral legislative assembly . All budgets of ministries and municipalities must pass through this agency , including the execution of budget items such as contracting for routine operations . The Comptroller also provides financial vigilance over government offices and office holders , and routinely brings actions to remove mayors for malfeasance , firmly establishing this organization as the fifth branch of the Republic . European Union ( edit ) The European Union is a supranational polity , and is neither a country nor a federation ; but as the EU wields political power it complies with the principle of separation of powers . There are seven institutions of the European Union . In intergovernmental matters , most power is concentrated in the Council of the European Union -- giving it the characteristics of a normal international organization . Here , all power at the EU level is in one branch . In the latter there are four main actors . The European Commission acts as an independent executive which is appointed by the Council in conjunction with the European Parliament ; but the Commission also has a legislative role as the sole initiator of EU legislation . An early maxim was : `` The Commission proposes and the Council disposes '' ; and although the EU 's lawmaking procedure is now much more complicated , this simple maxim still holds some truth . As well as both executive and legislative functions , the Commission arguably exercises a third , quasi-judicial , function under Articles 101 & 102 TFEU ( competition law ) ; although the ECJ remains the final arbiter . The European Parliament is one half of the legislative branch and is directly elected . The Council itself acts both as the second half of the legislative branch and also holds some executive functions ( some of which are exercised by the related European Council in practice ) . The European Court of Justice acts as the independent judicial branch , interpreting EU law and treaties . The remaining institution , the European Court of Auditors , is an independent audit authority ( due to the sensitive nature of fraud in the EU ) . Council of the European Union -- executive and legislative European Commission -- executive , legislative and quasi-judicial European Council -- executive European Court of Auditors -- audit Court of Justice of the European Union and the General Court -- judicial European Parliament -- legislative Germany ( edit ) The three branches in German government are further divided into six main bodies enshrined in the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany : Federal President ( Bundespräsident ) -- formally executive , but mainly representative in daily politics Federal Cabinet ( Bundesregierung ) -- executive Federal Diet ( Bundestag ) & Federal Council ( Bundesrat ) -- bicameral legislative Federal Assembly ( Bundesversammlung ) -- presidential electoral college ( consisting of the members of the Bundestag and electors from the constituent states ) Federal Constitutional Court ( Bundesverfassungsgericht ) -- judiciary Besides the constitutional court the judicial branch at the federal level is made up of five supreme courts -- one for civil and criminal cases ( Bundesgerichtshof ) , and one each for administrative , tax , labour , and social security issues . There are also state ( Länder / Bundesländer ) based courts beneath them , and a rarely used senate of the supreme courts . Hungary ( edit ) This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2014 ) The four independent branches of power in Hungary ( the parliament , the government , the court system , and the office of the public accuser ) are divided into six bodies : Parliament ( Magyar Országgyűlés ) : elected every 4 years by the people in a highly complex , two - round voting system Government ( Magyar Kormány ) : installed and removed by 50 % + 1 basic majority vote of the parliament , 4 - year terms Supreme Court ( Legfelsőbb Bíróság ) : Chief justice elected by qualified ( 2 / 3 ) majority of the parliament , no government oversight Constitutional court ( Alkotmánybíróság ) : members elected by qualified majority of the parliament for 8 years , this body nullifies laws and has no government oversight . Chief public accuser ( Legfőbb ügyész ) : elected by qualified majority of the parliament , 6 - year terms , office budget fixed , no government oversight . The President of the Republic ( Köztársasági Elnök ) is elected by qualified majority of the Hungarian parliament for 5 - year terms ( can not be reelected more than once ) . He / she has ceremonial powers only , signs laws into power and commands the military in time of peace . The independent pillar status of the Hungarian public accuser 's office is a unique construction , loosely modeled on the system Portugal introduced after the 1974 victory of the Carnation Revolution . The public accuser ( attorney general ) body has become the fourth column of Hungarian democracy only in recent times : after communism fell in 1989 , the office was made independent by a new clausule XI. of the Constitution . The change was meant to prevent abuse of state power , especially with regards to the use of false accusations against opposition politicians , who may be excluded from elections if locked in protracted or excessively severe court cases . To prevent the Hungarian accuser 's office from neglecting its duties , natural human private persons can submit investigation requests , called `` pótmagánvád '' directly to the courts , if the accusers ' office refuses to do its job . Courts will decide if the allegations have merit and order police to act in lieu of the accuser 's office if warranted . In its decision No. 42 / 2005 the Hungarian constitutional court declared that the government does not enjoy such privilege and the state is powerless to further pursue cases if the public accuser refuses to do so . See also ( edit ) Arm 's length principle Absolute power Constitutional economics Constitutionalism Corruption Perceptions Index Fourth Estate Fifth power Fusion of powers Judicial activism Judicial independence Legal reform Mixed government Philosophy of law Pith and substance Power sharing Reserve power Rule of Law Rule According to Higher Law Separation of church and state Separation of duties Signing statement Unitary executive theory References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Quoted in Jan Weerda , Calvin , in Evangelisches Soziallexikon , Third Edition ( 1960 ) , Stuttgart ( Germany ) , col. 210 Jump up ^ Ward , Lee ( 2014 ) . Modern Democracy and the Theological - Political Problem in Spinoza , Rousseau , and Jefferson . Recovering Political Philosophy . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 25 -- 26 . ISBN 9781137475053 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Calvin 's republican sympathies derived from his view of human nature as deeply flawed . Compound or mixed governments reflect the reality that human frailty justifies and necessitates institutional checks and balances to the magistrate 's presumed propensity to abuse power . It was this commitment to checks and balances that became the basis of Calvin 's resistance theory , according to which inferior magistrates have a duty to resist or restrain a tyrannical sovereign . Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead ( 1960 ) , History of Religion in the United States , Prentice - Hall , Englewood Cliffs , N.J. , pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Fennell , Christopher . `` Plymouth Colony Legal Structure '' . Histarch.uiuc.edu . Jump up ^ Hanover Historical Texts Project Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead , History of Religion in the United States , pp. 69 -- 76 , 99 -- 105 , 114 -- 16 Jump up ^ Otto Heinrich von der Gablentz , Gewalt , Gewaltenteilung , In Evangelisches Soziallexikon , col. 420 Jump up ^ Price , Sara ( 22 February 2011 ) , The Roman Republic in Montesquieu and Rousseau -- Abstract , SSRN 1766947 Jump up ^ Schindler , Ronald , Montesquieu 's Political Writings , retrieved 19 November 2012 Jump up ^ Lloyd , Marshall Davies ( 22 September 1998 ) , Polybius and the Founding Fathers : the separation of powers , retrieved 17 November 2012 Jump up ^ Montesquieue , Charles - Louie . The Spirit of Laws . Jump up ^ See Government accused of ' waging war ' on Parliament by forcing through key law changes without debate , Independent , 19 Jan. 2016 . Jump up ^ See Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth ( 1951 ) HCA 5 , AustLII Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Czech Republic '' . Parliament of the Czech Republic . Jump up ^ `` The 1920 Constitution -- 90th anniversary of the adoption of the first Czechoslovak Constitution '' . The Office of the Government of the Czech Republic . Jump up ^ Duguit , Leon ( 1911 ) . Traite de droit constitutionnel , vol. 1 , La regle du droit : le probleme de l'Etat , Paris : de Boccard , p. 645 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution du 4 octobre 1958 '' . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.legco.gov.hk/general/english/intro/about_lc.htm Jump up ^ `` Chief Justice 's Speech at Ceremonial Opening of the Legal Year 2010 '' . Hong Kong Judiciary . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Mature Enough for Democracy , And Sensible Too '' ( PDF ) . Global Asia . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://zg.people.com.cn/BIG5/33839/34943/34944/34947/2617694.html Jump up ^ Jain , M.P. ( 2010 ) . Indian Constitutional Law . LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . p. 921 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 621 - 3 . Jump up ^ For the most recent developments see ( in Italian ) D. Argondizzo - G. Buonomo , Spigolature intorno all'attuale bicameralismo e proposte per quello futuro , in Mondoperaio.net , aprile 2014 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ The parliamentary dialectic is a legally significant and a protected value , as evidenced by the decision no . 32 of 2014 and the favor with which you see in it the maintenance `` within the constitutional framework '' of `` institutional relations between the Government , Parliament and President of the Republic in the performance of the legislative function '' : Buonomo , Giampiero ( 2014 ) . `` Governo e revisione costituzionale '' . Mondoperaio edizione online . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the United States '' . Archives.gov. 2000 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Madison , James . ( 8 February 1788 ) `` The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments '' The Federalist Papers No. 51 Jump up ^ See Bruce P. Frohnen , George W. Carey , Constitutional Morality and the Rise of Quasi-Law , Harvard University Press , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shelley Rigger ( 18 April 2002 ) . `` E-Notes : Why Taiwan 's Political Paralysis PersistsFPRI '' . Foreign Policy Research Institute . Archived from the original on 10 February 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Bomberg , Elizabeth , Peterson , John , and Richard Corbett , eds . The European Union : How Does it Work ? ( 3rd ed ) ( 2012 , Oxford University Press ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 957080 - 5 and ISBN 0 - 19 - 957080 - 9 . Jump up ^ Corbett , Richard ; Jacobs , Francis ; Shackleton , Michael ( 2011 ) . The European Parliament ( 8th ed . ) . London : John Harper Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9564508 - 5 - 2 . Jump up ^ Craig , Paul ; de Búrca , Gráinne ( 2007 ) . EU Law , Text , Cases and Materials ( 4th ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 927389 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Peter Barenboim , Biblical Roots of Separation of Powers , Moscow , Letny Sad , 2005 . ISBN 5 - 94381 - 123 - 0 , Permalink : http://lccn.loc.gov/2006400578 Biancamaria Fontana ( ed . ) , The Invention of the Modern Republic ( 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 03376 - 3 W.B. Gwyn , The Meaning of the Separation of Powers ( 1965 ) ( no ISBN ) Bernard Manin , Principles of Representative Government ( 1995 ; English version 1997 ) ISBN 0 - 521 - 45258 - 9 ( hbk ) , ISBN 0 - 521 - 45891 - 9 ( pbk ) José María Maravall and Adam Przeworski ( eds ) , Democracy and the Rule of Law ( 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 521 - 82559 - 8 ( hbk ) , ISBN 0 - 521 - 53266 - 3 ( pbk ) Paul A. Rahe , Montesquieu and the Logic of Liberty ( 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 14125 - 2 ( hbk ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16808 - 2 ( pbk ) Iain Stewart , `` Men of Class : Aristotle , Montesquieu and Dicey on ' Separation of Powers ' and ' the Rule of Law ' '' 4 Macquarie Law Journal 187 ( 2004 ) Iain Stewart , `` Montesquieu in England : his ' Notes on England ' , with Commentary and Translation '' ( 2002 ) Alec Stone Sweet , Governing with Judges : Constitutional Politics in Europe ( 2000 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 829730 - 7 M.J.C. Vile , Constitutionalism and the Separation of Powers ( 1967 , Indianapolis : Liberty Fund , 1998 ) Second edition . ISBN 0 - 86597 - 174 - 9 ( hbk ) , ISBN 0 - 86597 - 175 - 7 ( pbk ) Reinhold Zippelius , Allgemeine Staatslehre / Politikwissenschaft ( = Political Science ) , 16th edition , § 31 , C.H. Beck , Munich , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 406 - 60342 - 6 External links ( edit ) Polybius and the Founding Fathers : the separation of powers Arbitrary Government Described and the Government of the Massachusetts Vindicated from that Aspersion ( 1644 ) Separation of powers Typical branches Executive Legislature Judiciary Atypical branches Civil service commission Auditory Electoral Prosecutory By country Australia United Kingdom United States Singapore See also Fusion of powers Separation of duties Judicial independence Judicial review Dual mandate GND : 4071817 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&oldid=802569587 '' Categories : Constitutional law Philosophy of law Separation of powers Political science terminology Hidden categories : Articles with Italian - language external links Articles containing Italian - language text Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Articles with obsolete information from August 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Use dmy dates from January 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Acèh Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kiswahili ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 01 : 04 . 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who has won most super bowls in a row

The Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 -- 2 ) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships , while the New England Patriots ( 5 -- 5 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 5 -- 3 ) , and the San Francisco 49ers ( 5 -- 1 ) have five wins . New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with ten , while the Buffalo Bills ( 0 -- 4 ) have the most consecutive appearances with four ( all losses ) from 1990 to 1993 . The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances : 1972 -- 1974 . The Denver Broncos ( 3 -- 5 ) and Patriots have each lost a record five Super Bowls . The Minnesota Vikings ( 0 -- 4 ) and the Bills have lost four . The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises : the Green Bay Packers ( 1966 -- 1967 ) , the Miami Dolphins ( 1972 -- 1973 ) , the Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1974 -- 1975 and 1978 -- 1979 , the only team to accomplish this feat twice ) , the San Francisco 49ers ( 1988 -- 1989 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 1992 -- 1993 ) , the Denver Broncos ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , and the New England Patriots ( 2003 -- 2004 ) . Among those , Dallas ( 1992 -- 1993 ; 1995 ) and New England ( 2001 ; 2003 -- 2004 ) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls . The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII . The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens , who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position . Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl , including franchise relocations and renaming : the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans , though both the Browns ( 1964 ) and Lions ( 1957 ) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl .

the Green Bay Packers|the Miami Dolphins|the Pittsburgh Steelers|the San Francisco 49ers|the Dallas Cowboys|the Denver Broncos|the New England Patriots

List of Super Bowl champions

list of super bowl champions

The Super Bowl is the annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The game culminates a season that begins in the previous calendar year , and is the conclusion of the NFL playoffs . The contest is held in an American city , chosen three to four years beforehand , usually at warm - weather sites or domed stadiums . Since January 1971 , the winner of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) Championship Game has faced the winner of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) Championship Game in the culmination of the NFL playoffs .

The Packers defeated the Chiefs in the first AFL -- NFL Championship Game ( Super Bowl I ) . Before the 1970 merger between the American Football League ( AFL ) and the National Football League ( NFL ) , the two leagues met in four such contests . The first two were marketed as the `` AFL -- NFL World Championship Game '' , but were also casually referred to as `` the Super Bowl game '' during the television broadcast . Super Bowl III in January 1969 was the first such game that carried the `` Super Bowl '' moniker in official marketing ; the names `` Super Bowl I '' and `` Super Bowl II '' were retroactively applied to the first two games . The NFC / NFL leads in Super Bowl wins with 27 , while the AFC / AFL has won 25 . Twenty franchises , including teams that have relocated to another city , have won the Super Bowl . The Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 -- 2 ) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships , while the New England Patriots ( 5 -- 5 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 5 -- 3 ) , and the San Francisco 49ers ( 5 -- 1 ) have five wins . New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with ten , while the Buffalo Bills ( 0 -- 4 ) have the most consecutive appearances with four ( all losses ) from 1990 to 1993 . The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances : 1972 -- 1974 . The Denver Broncos ( 3 -- 5 ) and Patriots have each lost a record five Super Bowls . The Minnesota Vikings ( 0 -- 4 ) and the Bills have lost four . The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises : the Green Bay Packers ( 1966 -- 1967 ) , the Miami Dolphins ( 1972 -- 1973 ) , the Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1974 -- 1975 and 1978 -- 1979 , the only team to accomplish this feat twice ) , the San Francisco 49ers ( 1988 -- 1989 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 1992 -- 1993 ) , the Denver Broncos ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , and the New England Patriots ( 2003 -- 2004 ) . Among those , Dallas ( 1992 -- 1993 ; 1995 ) and New England ( 2001 ; 2003 -- 2004 ) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls . The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII . The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens , who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position . Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl , including franchise relocations and renaming : the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans , though both the Browns ( 1964 ) and Lions ( 1957 ) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Super Bowl Championship ( 1966 -- present ) 1.1 Consecutive winners 1.2 Consecutive losers 2 Super Bowl appearances by team 2.1 Teams with no Super Bowl appearances 2.2 Teams with long Super Bowl droughts 2.3 Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories 2.4 Super Bowl rematches 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Super Bowl championship ( 1966 -- present ) Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows : Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams ' Super Bowl record to date . Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl . City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl . National Football League ( NFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) American Football League ( AFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) NFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) AFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) National Football Conference ( NFC , 1971 -- present ) American Football Conference ( AFC , 1971 -- present ) NFC champion ( 48 , 25 -- 23 ) AFC champion ( 48 , 23 -- 25 ) Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref 01 ! I 000000001967 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1967 Green Bay Packers 01 ! Green Bay Packers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3510 ! 35 -- 10 Kansas City Chiefs 01 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , California 01 ! Los Angeles , California 061946 ! 61,946 02 ! II 000000001968 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1968 Green Bay Packers 02 ! Green Bay Packers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3314 ! 33 -- 14 Oakland Raiders 01 ! Oakland Raiders ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 01 ! Miami Orange Bowl Miami , Florida 01 ! Miami , Florida 075546 ! 75,546 03 ! III 000000001969 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1969 New York Jets 01 ! New York Jets ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1607 ! 16 -- 7 Indianapolis Colts 01 ! Baltimore Colts ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 02 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 02 ! Miami , Florida ( 2 ) 075389 ! 75,389 04 ! IV 000000001970 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1970 Kansas City Chiefs 02 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2307 ! 23 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 01 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 01 ! Tulane Stadium New Orleans , Louisiana 01 ! New Orleans , Louisiana 080562 ! 80,562 05 ! V 000000001971 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1971 Indianapolis Colts 02 ! Baltimore Colts ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1613 ! 16 -- 13 Dallas Cowboys 01 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 03 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 03 ! Miami , Florida ( 3 ) 079204 ! 79,204 06 ! VI 000000001972 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1972 Dallas Cowboys 02 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2403 ! 24 -- 3 Miami Dolphins 01 ! Miami Dolphins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 02 ! Tulane Stadium ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 02 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 2 ) 081023 ! 81,023 07 ! VII 000000001973 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1973 Miami Dolphins 02 ! Miami Dolphins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1407 ! 14 -- 7 Washington Redskins 01 ! Washington Redskins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California 02 ! Los Angeles , California ( 2 ) 090182 ! 90,182 08 ! VIII 000000001974 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1974 Miami Dolphins 03 ! Miami Dolphins ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2407 ! 24 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 02 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rice Stadium 01 ! Rice Stadium Houston , Texas 01 ! Houston , Texas 071882 ! 71,882 09 ! IX 000000001975 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1975 Pittsburgh Steelers 01 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1606 ! 16 -- 6 Minnesota Vikings 03 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Tulane Stadium 03 ! Tulane Stadium ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 03 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 3 ) 080997 ! 80,997 10 ! X 000000001976 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1976 Pittsburgh Steelers 02 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys 03 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Miami Orange Bowl 04 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 04 ! Miami , Florida ( 4 ) 080187 ! 80,187 11 ! XI 000000001977 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1977 Oakland Raiders 02 ! Oakland Raiders ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 3214 ! 32 -- 14 Minnesota Vikings 04 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Rose Bowl 01 ! Rose Bowl Los Angeles , California 03 ! Pasadena , California ( 3 ) 103438 ! 103,438 12 ! XII 000000001978 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1978 Dallas Cowboys 04 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Denver Broncos 01 ! Denver Broncos ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 01 ! Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 04 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 4 ) 076400 ! 76,400 13 ! XIII 000000001979 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers 03 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3531 ! 35 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys 05 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Miami Orange Bowl 05 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 05 ! Miami , Florida ( 5 ) 079484 ! 79,484 14 ! XIV 000000001980 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1980 Pittsburgh Steelers 04 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 3119 ! 31 -- 19 Los Angeles Rams 01 ! Los Angeles Rams ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Rose Bowl 02 ! Rose Bowl ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California 04 ! Pasadena , California ( 4 ) 103985 ! 103,985 15 ! XV 000000001981 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1981 Oakland Raiders 03 ! Oakland Raiders ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Philadelphia Eagles 01 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 02 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 05 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 5 ) 076135 ! 76,135 16 ! XVI 000000001982 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1982 San Francisco 49ers 01 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 2621 ! 26 -- 21 Cincinnati Bengals 01 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Pontiac Silverdome 01 ! Pontiac Silverdome Detroit , Michigan 01 ! Pontiac , Michigan 081270 ! 81,270 17 ! XVII 000000001983 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1983 Washington Redskins 02 ! Washington Redskins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Miami Dolphins 04 ! Miami Dolphins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 03 ! Rose Bowl ( 3 ) Los Angeles , California 05 ! Pasadena , California ( 5 ) 103667 ! 103,667 18 ! XVIII 000000001984 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1984 Oakland Raiders 04 ! Los Angeles Raiders ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 3809 ! 38 -- 9 Washington Redskins 03 ! Washington Redskins ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tampa Stadium 01 ! Tampa Stadium Tampa , Florida 01 ! Tampa , Florida 072920 ! 72,920 19 ! XIX 000000001985 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1985 San Francisco 49ers 02 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3816 ! 38 -- 16 Miami Dolphins 05 ! Miami Dolphins ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Stanford Stadium 01 ! Stanford Stadium San Francisco , California 01 ! Stanford , California 084059 ! 84,059 20 ! XX 000000001986 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1986 Chicago Bears 01 ! Chicago Bears ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4610 ! 46 -- 10 New England Patriots 01 ! New England Patriots ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 03 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 06 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 6 ) 073818 ! 73,818 21 ! XXI 000000001987 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1987 New York Giants 01 ! New York Giants ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3920 ! 39 -- 20 Denver Broncos 02 ! Denver Broncos ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 04 ! Rose Bowl ( 4 ) Los Angeles , California 06 ! Pasadena , California ( 6 ) 101063 ! 101,063 22 ! XXII 000000001988 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1988 Washington Redskins 04 ! Washington Redskins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 4210 ! 42 -- 10 Denver Broncos 03 ! Denver Broncos ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Qualcomm Stadium 01 ! San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium San Diego , California 01 ! San Diego , California 073302 ! 73,302 23 ! XXIII 000000001989 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1989 San Francisco 49ers 03 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 2016 ! 20 -- 16 Cincinnati Bengals 02 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 01 ! Joe Robbie Stadium Miami , Florida 06 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 6 ) 075129 ! 75,129 24 ! XXIV 000000001990 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1990 San Francisco 49ers 04 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 5510 ! 55 -- 10 Denver Broncos 04 ! Denver Broncos ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Louisiana Superdome 04 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 4 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 07 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 7 ) 072919 ! 72,919 25 ! XXV 000000001991 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1991 New York Giants 02 ! New York Giants ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2019 ! 20 -- 19 Buffalo Bills 01 ! Buffalo Bills ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tampa Stadium 02 ! Tampa Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 02 ! Tampa , Florida ( 2 ) 073813 ! 73,813 26 ! XXVI 000000001992 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1992 Washington Redskins 05 ! Washington Redskins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 3724 ! 37 -- 24 Buffalo Bills 02 ! Buffalo Bills ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Metrodome 01 ! Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 01 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota 063130 ! 63,130 27 ! XXVII 000000001993 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1993 Dallas Cowboys 06 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) 5217 ! 52 -- 17 Buffalo Bills 03 ! Buffalo Bills ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Rose Bowl 05 ! Rose Bowl ( 5 ) Los Angeles , California 07 ! Pasadena , California ( 7 ) 098374 ! 98,374 28 ! XXVIII 000000001994 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1994 Dallas Cowboys 07 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) 3013 ! 30 -- 13 Buffalo Bills 04 ! Buffalo Bills ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Georgia Dome 01 ! Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 01 ! Atlanta , Georgia 072817 ! 72,817 29 ! XXIX 000000001995 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1995 San Francisco 49ers 05 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) 4926 ! 49 -- 26 San Diego Chargers 01 ! San Diego Chargers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 02 ! Joe Robbie Stadium ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 07 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 7 ) 074107 ! 74,107 30 ! XXX 000000001996 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1996 Dallas Cowboys 08 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Pittsburgh Steelers 05 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Sun Devil Stadium 01 ! Sun Devil Stadium Phoenix , Arizona 01 ! Tempe , Arizona 076347 ! 76,347 31 ! XXXI 000000001997 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1997 Green Bay Packers 03 ! Green Bay Packers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3521 ! 35 -- 21 New England Patriots 02 ! New England Patriots ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 05 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 5 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 08 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 8 ) 072301 ! 72,301 32 ! XXXII 000000001998 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1998 Denver Broncos 05 ! Denver Broncos ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) 3124 ! 31 -- 24 Green Bay Packers 04 ! Green Bay Packers ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Qualcomm Stadium 02 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 2 ) San Diego , California 02 ! San Diego , California ( 2 ) 068912 ! 68,912 33 ! XXXIII 000000001999 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1999 Denver Broncos 06 ! Denver Broncos ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) 3419 ! 34 -- 19 Atlanta Falcons 01 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 03 ! Pro Player Stadium ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 08 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 8 ) 074803 ! 74,803 34 ! XXXIV 000000002000 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2000 Los Angeles Rams 02 ! St. Louis Rams ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2316 ! 23 -- 16 Tennessee Titans 01 ! Tennessee Titans ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Georgia Dome 02 ! Georgia Dome ( 2 ) Atlanta , Georgia 02 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 2 ) 072625 ! 72,625 35 ! XXXV 000000002001 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2001 Baltimore Ravens 01 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3407 ! 34 -- 7 New York Giants 03 ! New York Giants ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 01 ! Raymond James Stadium Tampa , Florida 03 ! Tampa , Florida ( 3 ) 071921 ! 71,921 36 ! XXXVI 000000002002 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2002 New England Patriots 03 ! New England Patriots ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 2017 ! 20 -- 17 Los Angeles Rams 03 ! St. Louis Rams ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 06 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 6 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 09 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 9 ) 072922 ! 72,922 37 ! XXXVII 000000002003 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2003 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01 ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4821 ! 48 -- 21 Oakland Raiders 05 ! Oakland Raiders ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Qualcomm Stadium 03 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 3 ) San Diego , California 03 ! San Diego , California ( 3 ) 067603 ! 67,603 38 ! XXXVIII 000000002004 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2004 New England Patriots 04 ! New England Patriots ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 3229 ! 32 -- 29 Carolina Panthers 01 ! Carolina Panthers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) NRG Stadium 01 ! Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 02 ! Houston , Texas ( 2 ) 071525 ! 71,525 39 ! XXXIX 000000002005 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2005 New England Patriots 05 ! New England Patriots ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 2421 ! 24 -- 21 Philadelphia Eagles 02 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) ALLTEL Stadium 01 ! Alltel Stadium Jacksonville , Florida 01 ! Jacksonville , Florida 078125 ! 78,125 40 ! XL 000000002006 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers 06 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) 2110 ! 21 -- 10 Seattle Seahawks 01 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ford Field 01 ! Ford Field Detroit , Michigan 02 ! Detroit , Michigan ( 2 ) 068206 ! 68,206 41 ! XLI 000000002007 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2007 Indianapolis Colts 03 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2917 ! 29 -- 17 Chicago Bears 02 ! Chicago Bears ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 04 ! Dolphin Stadium ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 09 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 9 ) 074512 ! 74,512 42 ! XLII 000000002008 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2008 New York Giants 04 ! New York Giants ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 1714 ! 17 -- 14 New England Patriots 06 ! New England Patriots ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 01 ! University of Phoenix Stadium Phoenix , Arizona 02 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 2 ) 071101 ! 71,101 43 ! XLIII 000000002009 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2009 Pittsburgh Steelers 07 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) 2723 ! 27 -- 23 Arizona Cardinals 01 ! Arizona Cardinals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 02 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 04 ! Tampa , Florida ( 4 ) 070774 ! 70,774 44 ! XLIV 000000002010 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2010 New Orleans Saints 01 ! New Orleans Saints ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3117 ! 31 -- 17 Indianapolis Colts 04 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 05 ! Sun Life Stadium ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 10 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 10 ) 074059 ! 74,059 45 ! XLV 000000002011 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 05 ! Green Bay Packers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 3125 ! 31 -- 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 08 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 8 , 6 -- 2 ) Cowboys Stadium 01 ! Cowboys Stadium Arlington , Texas 01 ! Arlington , Texas 103219 ! 103,219 46 ! XLVI 000000002012 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2012 New York Giants 05 ! New York Giants ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 New England Patriots 07 ! New England Patriots ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Lucas Oil Stadium 01 ! Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 01 ! Indianapolis , Indiana 068658 ! 68,658 47 ! XLVII 000000002013 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2013 Baltimore Ravens 02 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3431 ! 34 -- 31 San Francisco 49ers 06 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 07 ! Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( 7 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 10 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 10 ) 071024 ! 71,024 48 ! XLVIII 000000002014 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2014 Seattle Seahawks 02 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 4308 ! 43 -- 8 Denver Broncos 07 ! Denver Broncos ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) MetLife Stadium 01 ! MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey 01 ! East Rutherford , New Jersey 082529 ! 82,529 49 ! XLIX 000000002015 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2015 New England Patriots 08 ! New England Patriots ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) 2824 ! 28 -- 24 Seattle Seahawks 03 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 02 ! University of Phoenix Stadium ( 2 ) Phoenix , Arizona 03 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 3 ) 070288 ! 70,288 50 ! 50 000000002016 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2016 Denver Broncos 08 ! Denver Broncos ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) 2410 ! 24 -- 10 Carolina Panthers 02 ! Carolina Panthers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Levi 's Stadium 01 ! Levi 's Stadium San Francisco , California 02 ! Santa Clara , California ( 2 ) 071088 ! 71,088 51 ! LI 000000002017 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2017 New England Patriots 09 ! New England Patriots ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) 3428 ! 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Atlanta Falcons 02 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) NRG Stadium 02 ! NRG Stadium ( 2 ) Houston , Texas 03 ! Houston , Texas ( 3 ) 070807 ! 70,807 52 ! LII 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2018 Philadelphia Eagles 03 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 4133 ! 41 -- 33 New England Patriots 10 ! New England Patriots ( 10 , 5 -- 5 ) U.S. Bank Stadium 01 ! U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota 02 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota ( 2 ) 067612 ! 67,612 53 ! LIII 000000002019 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2019 X 2019 ! 2018 -- 19 AFC champion at 2018 -- 19 NFC champion 0019 ! -- X 2019 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium 01 ! Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , Georgia 03 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 3 ) TBD 54 ! LIV 000000002020 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2020 X 2020 ! 2019 -- 20 NFC champion at 2019 -- 20 AFC champion 0020 ! -- X 2020 ! To be determined Hard Rock Stadium 06 ! Hard Rock Stadium ( 6 ) Miami , Florida 11 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 11 ) TBD 55 ! LV 000000002021 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2021 X 2020 ! 2020 -- 21 AFC champion at 2020 -- 21 NFC champion 0021 ! -- X 2021 ! To be determined Raymond James Stadium 03 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 3 ) Tampa , Florida 05 ! Tampa , Florida ( 5 ) TBD 56 ! LVI 000000002022 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2022 X 2021 ! 2021 -- 22 NFC champion at 2021 -- 22 AFC champion 0022 ! -- X 2022 ! To be determined City of Champions Stadium 01 ! Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Los Angeles , California 08 ! Inglewood , California ( 8 ) TBD Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref Consecutive winners The Steelers defeated the Rams in Super Bowl XIV to win an unprecedented four championships in six years . Seven franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls , one of which ( Pittsburgh ) has accomplished it twice : Green Bay Packers ( Super Bowls I and II ) Miami Dolphins ( VII and VIII ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( twice : IX and X as well as XIII and XIV ) San Francisco 49ers ( XXIII and XXIV ) Dallas Cowboys ( XXVII and XXVIII ) Denver Broncos ( XXXII and XXXIII ) New England Patriots ( XXXVIII and XXXIX ) No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row , although several have come close : The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls , and also won the NFL championship the preceding year . The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls ( VI , VII , and VIII ) , winning the last two . The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( IX and X ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders . They also won two more consecutive Super Bowls ( XIII and XIV ) for four wins in six seasons . The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXIII and XXIV ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXVII and XXVIII ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons . The New England Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVI , which was two years before their consecutive wins in XXXVIII and XXXIX , for three wins in four seasons . They did not make the playoffs in the intervening season ( XXXVII ) . The Patriots also won Super Bowls XLIX and LI and in the intervening season ( 50 ) were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual champion Denver Broncos . Consecutive losers Three franchises have lost consecutive Super Bowls : Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) ( Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII ) -- The only team to appear in four straight Super Bowls , let alone lose in all four appearances . Minnesota Vikings ( 2 ) ( Super Bowls VIII and IX ) -- They also lost Super Bowl XI , and were knocked out of the playoffs for Super Bowl X by the eventual losers the Dallas Cowboys for three losses in four seasons . Denver Broncos ( 2 ) ( Super Bowls XXI and XXII ) -- They also lost Super Bowl XXIV , but did not even make the playoffs for Super Bowl XXIII for three losses in four seasons . Super Bowl appearances by team The Patriots played their first championship game in Super Bowl XX ( pictured ) and hold the record for most Super Bowl appearances ( 10 ) and are tied for the most losses ( 5 ) as of 2018 . NFL / NFC teams ( 27 wins ) AFL / AFC teams ( 25 wins ) NFL / AFC team ( 0 - 1 as part of the NFL , 2 - 1 as part of the AFC ) In the sortable table below , teams are ordered first by number of appearances , then by number of wins , and finally by number of years since last appearing in a Super Bowl . In the `` Seasons '' column , bold years indicate winning seasons , and italic years indicate games not yet completed . Appearances Team Wins Losses Winning percentage Seasons 10A - 05W - 01YA - 02YW ! 10 New England Patriots 05W - 10A - 02YW - 01YA ! 5 05L - 10A - 01YL - 01YA ! 5 . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 08A - 06W - 08YA - 10YW ! 8 Pittsburgh Steelers 06W - 08A - 10YW - 08YA ! 6 02L - 08A - 08YL - 08YA ! 2 . 750 1974 ! 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 08A - 05W - 23YA - 23YW ! 8 Dallas Cowboys 05W - 08A - 23YW - 23YA ! 5 03L - 08A - 40YL - 23YA ! 3 . 625 1970 ! 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 08A - 03W - 03YA - 03YW ! 8 Denver Broncos 03W - 08A - 03YW - 03YA ! 3 05L - 08A - 05YL - 03YA ! 5 . 375 1977 ! 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 06A - 05W - 06YA - 24YW ! 6 San Francisco 49ers 05W - 06A - 24YW - 06YA ! 5 01L - 06A - 06YL - 06YA ! 1 . 833 1981 ! 1981 , 1984 , 1988 , 1989 , 1994 , 2012 05A - 04W - 08YA - 08YW ! 5 Green Bay Packers 04W - 05A - 08YW - 08YA ! 4 01L - 05A - 21YL - 08YA ! 1 . 800 1966 ! 1966 , 1967 , 1996 , 1997 , 2010 05A - 04W - 07YA - 07YW ! 5 New York Giants 04W - 05A - 07YW - 07YA ! 4 01L - 05A - 18YL - 07YA ! 1 . 800 1986 ! 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 05A - 03W - 27YA - 27YW ! 5 Washington Redskins 03W - 05A - 27YW - 27YA ! 3 02L - 05A - 35YL - 27YA ! 2 . 600 1972 ! 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 05A - 03W - 16YA - 35YW ! 5 Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 03W - 05A - 35YW - 16YA ! 3 02L - 05A - 16YL - 16YA ! 2 . 600 1967 , 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002 05A - 02W - 34YA - 45YW ! 5 Miami Dolphins 02W - 05A - 45YW - 34YA ! 2 03L - 05A - 34YL - 34YA ! 3 . 400 1971 ! 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1982 , 1984 04A - 02W - 09YA - 12YW ! 4 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 02W - 04A - 12YW - 09YA ! 2 02L - 04A - 09YL - 09YA ! 2 . 500 1968 ! 1968 , 1970 , 2006 , 2009 04A - 00W - 42YA - 53YW ! 4 Minnesota Vikings 00W - 04A - 53YW - 25YA ! 0 04L - 04A - 42YL - 42YA ! 4 . 000 1969 ! 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 04A - 00W - 25YA - 53YW ! 4 Buffalo Bills 00W - 04A - 53YW - 25YA ! 0 04L - 04A - 25YL - 25YA ! 4 . 000 1990 ! 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 03A - 01W - 17YA - 19YW ! 3 St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 01W - 03A - 19YW - 17YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 17YL - 17YA ! 2 . 333 1979 ! 1979 , 1999 , 2001 03A - 01W - 03YA - 04YW ! 3 Seattle Seahawks 01W - 03A - 04YW - 03YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 03YL - 03YA ! 2 . 333 2005 ! 2005 , 2013 , 2014 03A - 01W - 01YA - 01YW ! 3 Philadelphia Eagles 01W - 03A - 01YW - 01YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 14YL - 01YA ! 2 . 333 1980 ! 1980 , 2004 , 2017 02A - 02W - 06YA - 06YW ! 2 Baltimore Ravens 02W - 02A - 06YW - 06YA ! 2 00L - 02A - 22YL - 06YA ! 0 1.000 2000 ! 2000 , 2012 02A - 01W - 49YA - 49YW ! 2 Kansas City Chiefs 01W - 02A - 49YW - 49YA ! 1 01L - 02A - 52YL - 49YA ! 1 . 500 1966 ! 1966 , 1969 02A - 01W - 12YA - 33YW ! 2 Chicago Bears 01W - 02A - 33YW - 12YA ! 1 01L - 02A - 12YL - 12YA ! 1 . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 2006 02A - 00W - 30YA - 53YW ! 2 Cincinnati Bengals 00W - 02A - 53YW - 30YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 30YL - 30YA ! 2 . 000 1981 ! 1981 , 1988 02A - 00W - 03YA - 23YW ! 2 Carolina Panthers 00W - 02A - 23YW - 03YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 03YL - 03YA ! 2 . 000 2003 ! 2003 , 2015 02A - 00W - 02YA - 53YW ! 2 Atlanta Falcons 00W - 02A - 53YW - 02YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 02YL - 02YA ! 2 . 000 1998 ! 1998 , 2016 01A - 01W - 50YA - 50YW ! 1 New York Jets 01W - 01A - 50YW - 50YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 53YL - 50YA ! 0 1.000 1968 ! 1968 01A - 01W - 18YA - 18YW ! 1 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01W - 01A - 18YW - 18YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 44YL - 18YA ! 0 1.000 2002 ! 2002 01A - 01W - 09YA - 09YW ! 1 New Orleans Saints 01W - 01A - 09YW - 09YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 52YL - 09YA ! 0 1.000 2009 ! 2009 01A - 00W - 24YA - 53YW ! 1 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 00W - 01A - 53YW - 24YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 24YL - 24YA ! 1 . 000 1994 ! 1994 01A - 00W - 19YA - 53YW ! 1 Houston / Tennessee Oilers / Tennessee Titans 00W - 01A - 53YW - 19YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 19YL - 19YA ! 1 . 000 1999 ! 1999 01A - 00W - 10YA - 53YW ! 1 St. Louis / Arizona Cardinals 00W - 01A - 53YW - 10YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 10YL - 10YA ! 1 . 000 2008 ! 2008 00A - 00W - 53YA - 53YW - 11CG ! 0 Cleveland Browns 00W - 00A - 53YW - 53YA - 11CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 53YL - 53YA - 11CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 53YA - 53YW - 05CG ! 0 Detroit Lions 00W - 00A - 53YW - 53YA - 05CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 53YL - 53YA - 05CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 23YA - 23YW - 00CG ! 0 Jacksonville Jaguars 00W - 00A - 23YW - 23YA - 00CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 23YL - 23YA - 00CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 16YA - 16YW - 00CG ! 0 Houston Texans 00W - 00A - 16YW - 16YA - 00CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 16YL - 16YA - 00CG ! 0 -- none Teams with no Super Bowl appearances Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl . Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season : Cleveland Browns , NFL champions four times in 1950 , 1954 , 1955 , and 1964 ; appeared in seven other NFL championship games in 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1965 , 1968 , and 1969 ; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 . The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All - America Football Conference , joined the NFL in 1950 , suspended operations from 1996 to 1998 , and resumed play in 1999 . The Baltimore Ravens were created as an expansion team with former Browns players in 1996 , and have since won two Super Bowls . Detroit Lions , NFL champions four times in 1935 , 1952 , 1953 , and 1957 ; appeared in one other NFL Championship Game in 1954 ; and appeared in one NFC Championship Game in 1991 Jacksonville Jaguars , 1995 expansion team ; appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1996 , 1999 , and 2017 . Houston Texans , 2002 expansion team ; Divisional Round appearances in 2011 , 2012 , and 2016 seasons . In addition , Detroit , Houston , and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls , making Cleveland the only current NFL city that has neither hosted nor had its team play in a Super Bowl . Teams with long Super Bowl droughts The Jets ' last championship appearance was their victory over the Colts in Super Bowl III . Although Jacksonville and Houston have never appeared in a Super Bowl , there are teams whose most recent Super Bowl appearance is older than when Jacksonville and Houston joined the NFL ( 1995 and 2002 , respectively ) , resulting in longer Super Bowl droughts than these teams for the following eight teams . Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since before the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 : New York Jets ( most recently appeared in Super Bowl III , 1968 season ) Kansas City Chiefs ( Super Bowl IV in 1969 season ) However , the Jets and the Chiefs are the only non-NFL teams to win the Super Bowl , both being members of the now - defunct AFL at the time . The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL -- NFL merger , but prior to the 1995 regular season : Minnesota Vikings ( Super Bowl XI , 1976 season ) Miami Dolphins ( Super Bowl XIX , 1984 season ) Cincinnati Bengals ( Super Bowl XXIII , 1988 season ) Washington Redskins ( Super Bowl XXVI , 1991 season ) Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXVIII , 1993 season ) Los Angeles Chargers ( played as San Diego Chargers in Super Bowl XXIX , 1994 season ) Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories Eight teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning . In descending order of number of appearances , they are : Minnesota Vikings ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . They won the NFL Championship Game in 1969 , the last year before the AFL -- NFL merger , but failed to win the subsequent Super Bowl . An NFL expansion team in 1961 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1965 , the season before the first Super Bowl . Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII . An AFL expansion team in 1968 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI . An expansion team in 1966 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Carolina Panthers ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 . A post-merger expansion team , their first season was in 1995 . Arizona Cardinals ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XLIII . Their last championship was in 1947 as the Chicago Cardinals . Los Angeles Chargers ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXIX as the San Diego Chargers . Their only AFL championship was in 1963 . Tennessee Titans ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV . They won the first two AFL Championships in 1960 and 1961 as the Houston Oilers . Super Bowl rematches The 49ers and the Bengals , who faced off in Super Bowl XVI ( pictured ) , would rematch each other again in Super Bowl XXIII . The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl : Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) -- Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh , and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas . See also Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry . Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl VII was won by Miami , and Super Bowl XVII was won by Washington . Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XVI and XXIII were both won by San Francisco . Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII , the only rematch in consecutive seasons , were both won by Dallas . New England Patriots and New York Giants ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XLII and XLVI were both won by New York . New England Patriots and Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl XXXIX was won by New England , Super Bowl LII was won by Philadelphia . See also National Football League portal American football portal History of the National Football League championship List of AFC champions List of NFC champions List of NFL champions List of Super Bowl records Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award List of NFL franchise post-season droughts List of NFL franchise post-season streaks Notes ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles , Pasadena , and Inglewood are all located in the Greater Los Angeles Area . Pontiac , Michigan , is a suburb of Detroit . Both Tempe and Glendale are suburbs of Phoenix , Arizona . Both Stanford and Santa Clara are part of the San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area . ^ Jump up to : The Miami Orange Bowl was in Miami proper . Hard Rock Stadium , also in Miami - Dade County , opened in an unincorporated area with a Miami address ; the area was incorporated as Miami Gardens in 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Stadium renaming : SDCCU Stadium was originally known as San Diego Stadium , San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium , and Qualcomm Stadium . Hard Rock Stadium has also been variously known over the years as Joe Robbie Stadium , Pro Player Park , Pro Player Stadium , Dolphins Stadium ( with a plural `` s '' ) , Dolphin Stadium ( with no `` s '' ) , Land Shark Stadium , and Sun Life Stadium . NRG Stadium was originally known as Reliant Stadium . Jump up ^ Unlike other Super Bowls , Super Bowl 50 's official name , as designated by the NFL , uses the Arabic numeral `` 50 '' instead of the Roman numeral `` L '' . ^ Jump up to : Dates are tentative , pending possible future changes to the NFL calendar . ^ Jump up to : The Colts , Steelers , and Browns moved from the NFL to the newly - formed AFC , joining the ten extant AFL franchises , when the two leagues merged in 1970 . The Colts are the only team to have played in the Super Bowl for both the NFL and AFC . ^ Jump up to : Although the 1995 Cleveland Browns became the 1996 Baltimore Ravens , the Browns ' name , brand and history remained in Cleveland and was continued by the 1999 Cleveland Browns ; the Ravens , for historical purposes , are considered a separate franchise . References Jump up ^ Forbes , Gordon ( 1990 - 11 - 08 ) . `` The process of choosing a host city '' . USA Today . p. 4C . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl cities are far and few between '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Top Plays in Super Bowl History `` and the old veteran scores the first touchdown of the Super Bowl game '' YouTube , NFL Highlights . Jump up ^ `` Culture in NFL History '' . Shmoop.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Pasadena , California '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pontiac , Michigan '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Glendale , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tempe , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` OMB Bulletin No. 13 - 01 -- The White House '' ( PDF ) . Federal government of the United States . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1967 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Bread - and - butter Packers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2 : Lombardi 's Starr Rises '' . Sporting News . 1968 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 3 : The Broadway Joe Show '' . Sporting News . January 12 , 1969 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl IV '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl V '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1972 - 01 - 24 ) . `` A Cowboy Stampede '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1973 - 01 - 22 ) . `` 17 -- 0 -- 0 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1974 - 01 - 21 ) . `` It Was The Day Of The Dolphins '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1975 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Pittsburgh Punches It Out '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1976 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Dallas Feels The Steeler Crunch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1977 - 01 - 17 ) . `` The Raiders Were All Suped Up '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 12 : Orange Crushed '' . Sporting News . 1978 - 01 - 15 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 13 : Dumb Like a F -- O -- X '' . Sporting News . January 21 , 1979 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers 31 , Los Angeles Rams 19 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XV '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 16 : 49ers Strike It Rich '' . Sporting News . January 24 , 1982 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1983 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Hail To The Redskins ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1984 - 01 - 30 ) . `` A Runaway For The Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1985 - 01 - 28 ) . `` The Niners Were Never Finer '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Magee , Jerry ( January 28 , 2007 ) . `` ' 85 Bears never lost in shuffle '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXI : New York Giants 39 , Denver Broncos 20 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XXII '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Almond , Elliott ( 1989 - 01 - 23 ) . `` 49ers Defeat Bengals , 20 -- 16 , in Super Bowl '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 24 : 49ers Pound Outmanned Broncos '' . Sporting News . 1990 - 01 - 28 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XL '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIV post game QT '' . NFL . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Packers down Steelers for fourth Super Bowl title '' . NFL . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indianapolis ahead of curve in preparations for Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 '' . NFL . Associated Press . 2009 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Garrison , Jason . `` Super Bowl 2012 : Official Super Bowl Attendance Is 68,658 '' . SBNation Boston . SBNation . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl will return to New Orleans in 2013 '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Owners warm up to New York / New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host '' . NFL . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Owners vote Arizona as Super Bowl host for third time '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Klemko , Robert ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Arizona , not Tampa , will host Super Bowl XLIX in 2015 '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` San Francisco awarded Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bay Area , Houston get Super Bowls '' . ESPN.com . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Minneapolis to host 2018 Super Bowl '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Atlanta , South Florida , L.A. chosen to host Super Bowls '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClure , Vaughn ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Owners award 2019 Super Bowl to Atlanta , 2020 to South Florida , 2021 to Los Angeles '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Year By Year Season results '' . Cleveland Browns . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Romano , John ( 1996 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Rams fear Phillips is a perpetual faux pas Series : NFL '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 9C . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Neumann , Thomas ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Page 2 's ultimate NFL power rankings , Nos. 21 -- 32 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 . External links National Football League Super Bowl List of winning rosters Super Bowl champions I : Green Bay Packers II : Green Bay Packers III : New York Jets IV : Kansas City Chiefs V : Baltimore Colts VI : Dallas Cowboys VII : Miami Dolphins VIII : Miami Dolphins IX : Pittsburgh Steelers X : Pittsburgh Steelers XI : Oakland Raiders XII : Dallas Cowboys XIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers XV : Oakland Raiders XVI : San Francisco 49ers XVII : Washington Redskins XVIII : Los Angeles Raiders XIX : San Francisco 49ers XX : Chicago Bears XXI : New York Giants XXII : Washington Redskins XXIII : San Francisco 49ers XXIV : San Francisco 49ers XXV : New York Giants XXVI : Washington Redskins XXVII : Dallas Cowboys XXVIII : Dallas Cowboys XXIX : San Francisco 49ers XXX : Dallas Cowboys XXXI : Green Bay Packers XXXII : Denver Broncos XXXIII : Denver Broncos XXXIV : St. Louis Rams XXXV : Baltimore Ravens XXXVI : New England Patriots XXXVII : Tampa Bay Buccaneers XXXVIII : New England Patriots XXXIX : New England Patriots XL : Pittsburgh Steelers XLI : Indianapolis Colts XLII : New York Giants XLIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XLIV : New Orleans Saints XLV : Green Bay Packers XLVI : New York Giants XLVII : Baltimore Ravens XLVIII : Seattle Seahawks XLIX : New England Patriots 50 : Denver Broncos LI : New England Patriots LII : Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . 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what does the word grace mean in greek

In the New Testament , the word translated as grace is the Greek word charis ( / ˈkeɪrɪs / ; Ancient Greek : χάρις ) , for which Strong 's Concordance gives this definition : `` Graciousness ( as gratifying ) , of manner or act ( abstract or concrete ; literal , figurative or spiritual ; especially the divine influence upon the heart , and its reflection in the life ; including gratitude ) '' . A Greek word that is related to charis is charisma ( gracious gift ) . Both these words originated from another Greek word chairo ( to rejoice , be glad , delighted ) .

Divine grace

divine grace

Divine grace is a theological term present in many religions . It has been defined as the divine influence which operates in humans to regenerate and sanctify , to inspire virtuous impulses , and to impart strength to endure trial and resist temptation ; and as an individual virtue or excellence of divine origin .

Contents 1 Christianity 1.1 Scriptural usage 2 Hinduism 3 Islam 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources Christianity ( edit ) Main articles : Grace in Christianity , Irresistible grace , Prevenient grace , and Sola gratia Grace in Christianity is the free and unmerited favour of God as manifested in the salvation of sinners and the bestowing of blessings . Common Christian teaching is that grace is unmerited mercy ( favor ) that God gave to humanity by sending his Son , Jesus Christ , to die on a cross , thus securing man 's eternal salvation from sin . Bill Gothard , an American conservative Christian , has suggested `` God 's grace gives us the desire and the power to do his will . '' Within Christianity , there are differing concepts of how grace is attained . In particular , Catholics and Reformed Protestants understand the attainment of grace in substantially different ways . It has been described as `` the watershed that divides Catholicism from Protestantism , Calvinism from Arminianism , modern liberalism from conservatism '' . Catholic doctrine teaches that God has imparted Divine Grace upon humanity and uses the vehicle of sacraments , which are carried out in faith , as a primary and effective means to facilitate the reception of his grace . For Catholics , sacraments ( carried out in faith ) are the incarnational or tangible vehicle through which God 's grace becomes personally and existentially received . Reformed Protestants , generally , do not share this sacramental view on the transmittal of grace , but instead favor a less institutionalized mechanism . For example , in the Catholic Church , the primary initiation into a state of grace is granted by God through baptism ( in faith ) instead of by a simple prayer of faith ( sinner 's prayer ) ; although , Catholics would not deny the possible efficacy of even a simple prayer for God 's grace to flow ( Baptism by desire ) . In another example , for Catholics , the sacrament of reconciliation ( in faith ) is the primary means of transmitting grace after a mortal sin has been committed . Many graces are historically associated to the prayer of the holy Rosary ; also , the tradition held by Dominicans reports of the fifteen rosary promises made by the Blessed Virgin Mary to Saint Dominic and Alan de Rupe in favour of Christians who faithfully pray the Rosary . Scriptural usage ( edit ) In the New Testament , the word translated as grace is the Greek word charis ( / ˈkeɪrɪs / ; Ancient Greek : χάρις ) , for which Strong 's Concordance gives this definition : `` Graciousness ( as gratifying ) , of manner or act ( abstract or concrete ; literal , figurative or spiritual ; especially the divine influence upon the heart , and its reflection in the life ; including gratitude ) '' . A Greek word that is related to charis is charisma ( gracious gift ) . Both these words originated from another Greek word chairo ( to rejoice , be glad , delighted ) . In the Old Testament , the Hebrew term used is chen ( חֵן ‬ ) , which is defined in Strong 's as `` favor , grace or charm ; grace is the moral quality of kindness , displaying a favorable disposition '' . In the King James translation , chen is translated as `` grace '' 38 times , `` favour '' 26 times , twice as `` gracious '' , once as `` pleasant '' , and once as `` precious '' . Hinduism ( edit ) Main article : Kripa ( philosophy ) Hindu devotional or bhakti literature available throughout India and Nepal is replete with references to grace ( kripa ) as the ultimate key required for spiritual self - realization . Some , such as the ancient sage Vasistha , in his classical work Yoga Vasistha , considered it to be the only way to transcend the bondage of lifetimes of karma . One Hindu philosopher , Madhvacharya , held that grace was not a gift from God , but rather must be earned . Islam ( edit ) Main article : Fadl ( Islam ) Umar Sulayman al - Ashqar , dean of the Faculty of Islamic Law at Zarqa Private University in Zarqa , Jordan , wrote that `` Paradise is something of immense value ; a person can not earn it by virtue of his deeds alone , but by the Grace and Mercy of Allah . '' This stance is supported by hadith : according to Abu Huraira , prophet Muhammad once said that `` None amongst you can get into Paradise by virtue of his deeds alone ... not even I , but that Allah should wrap me in his grace and mercy . '' See also ( edit ) Hana References ( edit ) Jump up ^ OED , 2nd ed. : grace ( n ) , 11b Jump up ^ OED , 2nd ed. : grace ( n ) , 11e Jump up ^ OED , 2nd ed. : grace ( n ) , 11a Jump up ^ Gothard , Bill . `` Grace and Faith '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Charles C. Ryrie , The Grace of God ( Chicago : Moody Press , 1963 ) , pp. 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church No. 1127 . Vatican City - State . Celebrated worthily in faith , the sacraments confer the grace that they signify . Jump up ^ http://www.saintaquinas.com/Justification_by_Grace . html Jump up ^ Edward Schillebeeckx , Christ , the Sacrament of Encounter with God ( Rowman & Littlefield , 1963 ) , Foreword pp. 16 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 14 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church No. 1992 . Vatican City - State . Justification is conferred in Baptism , the sacrament of faith . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church No. 1260 . Vatican City - State . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church No. 1281 . Vatican City - State ... those who ... seek God sincerely and strive to fulfill his will , are saved even if they have not been baptized . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church No. 1446 . The Vatican . Christ instituted the sacrament of Penance for all sinful members of his Church : above all for those who , since Baptism , have fallen into grave sin , and have thus lost their baptismal grace and wounded ecclesial communion . It is to them that the sacrament of Penance offers a new possibility to convert and to recover the grace of justification . The Fathers of the Church present this sacrament as `` the second plank ( of salvation ) after the shipwreck which is the loss of grace . '' Jump up ^ `` Strong 's Greek : 5485 . χάρις ( charis ) -- grace , kindness '' . strongsnumbers.com . Jump up ^ Strong ( 2001 ) Grk entry number 5485 ( p. 1653 ) Jump up ^ Strong ( 2001 ) Grk entry numbers 5486 and 5463 Jump up ^ Blue Letter Bible entry for Strongs Hebrew term 2580 , Blue Letter Bible institute , retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 Jump up ^ `` Chen - Old Testament Hebrew Lexicon - New American Standard '' . Bible Study Tools . Jump up ^ Strong ( 2001 ) Hebrew entry number 2580 ( p. 1501 ) Jump up ^ Proverbs 11 : 16 and Ecclesiastes 9 : 11 Jump up ^ Proverbs 5 : 19 Jump up ^ Proverbs 17 : 8 Jump up ^ Descent of divine grace The Hindu , June 30 , 2005 . Jump up ^ venkatesananda . `` Yoga Vasistha - Daily Readings - Swami Venkatesananda '' . www.venkatesaya.com . Jump up ^ Great Thinkers of the Eastern World , Ian McGreal . Jump up ^ Bassam Zawadi ; Mansur Ahmed , Answering Common Questions on Salvation That Christians Pose to Muslims , retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 Jump up ^ `` Chapter 15 : None Would Attain Salvation Because of his Deeds but it is Through Lord 's Mercy , Number 6764 '' , Sahih Muslim , Book 39 , University of Southern California center for Jewish - Muslim engagement , retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 Sources ( edit ) Strong , James ( 2001 ) , The Strongest Strong 's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible , Zondervan , ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 23343 - 5 Stongnumbers.com , Online Parallel Bible Project ( Biblos.com ) Biblestudytools.com , Salem Web Network Catholic Church Index Outline Lists of Catholics History Timeline Legal history Early Church Jesus Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Great Commission Apostles Succession Petrine primacy Apostolic fathers Church fathers History of the papacy Primacy Great Church Ante - Nicene Period Constantine First seven ecumenical councils Nicaea I Chalcedon State church of the Roman Empire Fall Biblical canon Monasticism Missions Middle Ages Islamic conquests Pope Gregory I Papal States East -- West Schism Crusades Investiture Controversy Western Schism Inquisition Scholasticism Age of Discovery Modern era Protestant Reformation Catholic Reformation Trent Thirty Years ' War Enlightenment French Revolution Nazism Vatican II Communism Sexual abuse scandal Islamism Theology Bible and Tradition ; 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yeh rishta kya kehlata hai lead actress name

Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ( English : What Is This Relationship Called ? ) is a Hindi language television drama that premiered on January 12 , 2009 in India and aired every Monday through Friday at 9 : 30 pm on Star Plus . The show focuses on the daily life of an Udaipur based Rajasthani family . It is produced by Rajan Shahi 's Director 's Kut Productions , and is the longest running Indian television series based on episode count , surpassing Balika Vadhu . The show 's lead characters are Naira ( Shivangi Joshi ) , Kartik ( Mohsin Khan ) , Keerti ( Mohena Singh ) and Naksh ( Rishi Dev ) . The series initially focused on Naira 's parents Akshara ( Hina Khan ) and Naitik ( Karan Mehra ) .

Shivangi Joshi

Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai

yeh rishta kya kehlata hai

Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ( English : What Is This Relationship Called ? ) is a Hindi language television drama that premiered on January 12 , 2009 in India and aired every Monday through Friday at 9 : 30 pm on Star Plus . The show focuses on the daily life of an Udaipur based Rajasthani family . It is produced by Rajan Shahi 's Director 's Kut Productions , and is the longest running Indian television series based on episode count , surpassing Balika Vadhu . The show 's lead characters are Naira ( Shivangi Joshi ) , Kartik ( Mohsin Khan ) , Keerti ( Mohena Singh ) and Naksh ( Rishi Dev ) . The series initially focused on Naira 's parents Akshara ( Hina Khan ) and Naitik ( Karan Mehra ) .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Parallel story arcs 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Recurring cast 3.3 Special appearances 4 Crossover 5 Reception and impact 6 Popularity in Pakistan 7 Awards 8 References 9 External links Plot This section may require copy editing for grammar , style , cohesion , tone , or spelling . You can assist by editing it . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai was initially the story of a young couple , Akshara and Naitik Singhania where they lived in a Marwari joint family in Udaipur . The story showcases their journey as a married couple going through adjustment issues , as parents of young children , and how they learn to love each other and their respective extended families while becoming mature members of their household but now the story focuses on Naira and Kartik Goenka facing the same journey that Naira 's parents faced but with a youthful twist . 4 years later After an accident , Naitik falls into a coma . Naksh ( Akshara and Naitik 's son ) is now 5 and does n't know about his father . One day , Naitik comes back and although at first Naksh does n't welcome his father , he later accepts him into his life . Soon the family travel and Gayatri ( Naitik 's mother ) dies . Now Rajsekhar ( Naitik 's dad ) is asked to marry someone , and he marries Devyani , who comes with her two children from a divorced marriage . Later , Bhabimaa 's husband died , and Bhabimaa ( Naitik 's aunt ) blames it on Akshara and kicks her out of the house , after Akshara 's daughter Naira is born . Akshara , Naitik , Naksh and Naira leave the house . 10 years later Naksh is now a mature adult and Naira is a diva teenager . Akshara and Naitik , along with Naksh and Naira , live in Cape Town . Naksh returns to Udaipur . He tries to clear up the misunderstanding with Bhabimaa . After many days , Akshara is forgiven and is allowed to return . The story then focuses on Naksh . He falls in love with Tara , and preparations for their wedding are made . Just minutes before the ceremony , she breaks up with him . 7 years later The show focuses on teenage Naira , who flees from her house and now lives in Rishikesh , nursing hatred for her mother . After finding Naira , the story takes a new twist : a love triangle that forms between Kartik ( Naitik 's employee ) , Naira and Gayu ( Naitik 's niece ) . Naira and Kartik have feelings for each other but do n't know that it 's love . Meanwhile , Gayu loves Kartik , unaware that Kartik does n't love her back . When Kartik proposes Naira , she initially rejects him , but by the time she realizes that Gayu also loves him , she thinks of sacrificing her happiness in favor of Gayu . When Mishti ( Naira 's cousin ) reveals that Kartik loves only Naira , Kartik and Naira confess their love for each other ; Gayatri understands . Kartik does n't want to talk about his family as he hates them . Meanwhile , on Akshara 's birthday , everyone goes for a veneration , but Akshara dies in a car accident . Singhanias blame Kartik for Akshara 's death as Kartik was found drunk and injured at the accident site . Kartik 's family shows up and supports Kartik . Later , Naira finds that Kartik is not the culprit . She proves Kartik 's innocence by finding the real culprit . Kartik does n't like his father and stepmother as he thinks they were responsible for his mother 's death . Seeing Kartik 's feelings towards a Singhanias , his family approves of their relationship in spite of not being much in favor of it . Several months later The two families ( Goenka and Singhania ) start making preparations for their wedding . Just before the wedding , Kartik discovers the real culprit who ran Akshara over and yearns to tell Naira , but his uncle convinces him that he will tell her . He reneges and tells Naira only that Kartik is missing his mother . Finally , the wedding takes place . Few days later , Naira meets the man whose brother is in jail for killing her mother and learns that Akshara 's accident was caused by Mansi ( Kartik 's cousin ) . The news reaches the Singhanias and they are heartbroken . The Goenkas come to apologize . Naira is initially very hurt and angry with Kartik , but she understands that it 's not his fault . She takes Akshara 's accident case back and forgives Mansi . On Karthik 's birthday , he comes to know that Aditya ( Kartik 's brother in law ) tortures Keerti ( Kartik 's sister ) and , along with Naira , decides to expose him . Eventually , Aditya 's truth comes out and Keerti and Aditya gets divorced . Suhasini Goenka ( Kartik 's grandmother ) wants to find a suitable match for Keerti and later forces Naira to get Naksh and Keerti married . Naksh accepts the proposal for the sake of Naira . Another parallel story about Manish And Saumya Goenka ( Kartik 's mother ) gets revealed . Saumya was a mental patient and committed suicide long back . Manish ( Kartik 's father ) kept the fact hidden keeping his promise to Saumya . Later , Kartik learns the truth and his misunderstandings regarding Manish gets cleared up . Naksh and Keerti get married . Parallel story arcs Parallel with Akshara and Naitik 's stories , the stories of their respective siblings also form significant story arcs in the series . Past plots have been built around the lives of Naitik 's sisters Nandini and Rashmi . The series has also focused on Naitik 's step - siblings . The series also paralleled the story of Akshara - Naitik with that of Varsha - Shaurya . Varsha is Akshara 's best friend , and Shaurya is Akshara 's older brother . The shows also focus on Naksh , Kartik , Naira , Gayatri `` Gayu '' Deora and Tara . Naksh is Naitik and Akshara 's son ; Gayu is Nikhil - Rashmi 's daughter ( Sameer 's stepdaughter ) . Naira , the youngest child and only daughter of Akshara and Naitik , is now the main female lead character of the show . Kartik , Naitik 's employee and Naira 's love interest , is the new male lead character of the show . Tara was Naksh 's fiancée until she leaves him . Cast This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Per WP : TVCAST , cast lists need to be reorganised chronologically , with newer members of the cast being added to the bottom of each list . Ex : Someone introduced in 2009 belongs above someone introduced in 2017 . Note also that `` Former cast '' is not a valid subsection of cast , as cast members do not cease being important just by leaving a TV series . Please help improve this section if you can . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main cast Hina Khan as Akshara Naitik Singhania / Akshara Maheshwari , Vishambhar - Rajshri 's daughter , Naitik 's wife , Naksh - Naira 's mother ( former main female lead , dead ) ( 2009 -- 16 ) Karan Mehra as Naitik Raj Shekhar Singhania , Gaytri - Raj 's son , Akshara 's husband , Naksh - Naira 's father ( Former Main Male Lead ) ( 2009 -- 16 ) ( replaced by Vishal ) Shivansh Kotia as Young Naksh Naitik Singhania , Naitik - Akshara 's son ( 2012 -- 15 ) Ashnoor Kaur as Young Naira Naitik Singhania , Naitik - Akshara 's daughter ( 2015 -- 16 ) Rohan Mehra as Naksh Naitik Singhania , Akshara - Naitik 's son , Naira 's brother , Naintara 's ex fiancé ( 2nd Main Male Lead ) ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( replaced by Rishi ) Shivangi Joshi as Naira Kartik Goenka / Naira Naitik Singhania Kartik 's wife , Naitik - Akshara 's daughter ( 2016 -- ) Mohsin Khan ( actor ) as Kartik Manish Goenka , Naira 's Husband ( 2016 -- ) Rishi Dev as Naksh Naitik Singhania , Kirti 's husband , Akshara and Naitik 's son , Naira 's brother ( 2017 -- ) Mohena Singh as Kirti Naksh Singhania / Kirti Manish Goenka , Naksh 's wife and Karthik 's sister ( 2016 -- ) Kanchi Singh as Gayatri Nikhil Deora , Naira 's cousin , Rashmi - Nikhil 's daughter , Sameer 's step - daughter ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Recurring cast Vishal Singh as Naitik Raj Shekhar Singhania , Akshara 's husband , Naksh - Naira 's father ( 2016 -- ) Parul Chauhan as Suvarna Manish Goenka , Kirti 's & Kartik step - mother ( 2016 -- ) Sachin Tyagi as Manish Goenka , Kartik 's and Kirti father ( 2016 -- ) Romit Sharma as Aditya Bansal , Karthik 's brother - in - law , Kirti 's husband ( 2017 -- ) Gaurav Wadhwa as Aryan , Suvarna 's son from her previous marriage ( 2017 -- ) Swati Chitnis as Suhasini Goenka , Kartik 's paternal grandmother ( dadi ) ( 2017 -- ) Ali Hassan as Akhilesh Goenka , Kartik 's paternal uncle ( chachu ) ( 2016 -- ) Shilpa Raizada as Surekha Goenka , Akhilesh 's wife , Kartik 's aunt ( chachi ) ( 2016 -- ) Sandeep Mehta as Raj Shekhar Singhania , Naitik 's father , Akshara 's father in law , Naira 's paternal grandfather ( dadaji ) ( 2009 -- ) Kshitee Jog as Devyani Raj Shekhar Singhania , Raj Shekhar 's 2nd wife , Naira 's paternal grandmother ( choti dadi ) ( 2013 -- ) Medha Sambutkar as Kaveri Mahendra Pratap Singhania , Naitik 's bhabhi maa , Nandini 's mother , Naira 's paternal grandaunt ( badi dadi ) ( 2009 -- ) Kirti Sually as Baisa , Naitik 's dadi Naira 's paternal grandaunt ( bua dadi ) ( 2010 -- ) Priyanka Udhwani as Karishma Naman Singhania , Naman 's wife , Naira 's aunt ( chachi ) ( 2014 -- ) Aarna Sharma as Mishti Naman Singhania , Naira 's cousin , Naman - Karishma 's daughter ( 2015 -- ) Sanjeev Seth as Vishambharnath Maheshwari , Akshara 's father , Naira 's maternal grandfather ( nanu ) ( 2009 -- ) Lata Sabharwal as Rajshri Vishambharnath Maheshwari , Akshara 's mother , Naira 's maternal grandmother ( nani ) ( 2009 -- ) Shravan Mehta as Kiran , Naira 's dance partner and friend ( 2017 ) Harbandana Kaur as Young Kuhu ( 2016 ) Sonali Verma as Gayatri Raj Shekhar Singhania , Raj 's 1st wife , Naitik - Rashmi 's mother , Akshara 's mother in law , Naksh - Naira 's grandmother ( 2009 -- 13 ) ( dead ) Sanjai Gandhi / Abhijeet Lahri as Mahendra Pratap Singhania ( Dadaji ) , Kaveri 's husband , Nandini 's father , Naitik 's uncle ( 2009 -- 15 ) ( dead ) Manu Malik as Omkarnath Maheshwari , Akshara 's uncle , Sunaina 's husband , Anshuman 's father ( 2009 -- 16 ) Neelima Taddepalli as Sunaina Omkarnath Maheshwari , Naira 's maternal grand aunt ( choti nani ) Akshara 's aunt , Omkar 's wife , Anshuman 's mother ( 2009 -- 16 ) Aman Sharma / Dheeraj Gumbar as Anshuman Omkarnath Maheshwari , Akshara 's cousin brother , Jasmeet 's husband ( 2009 -- 16 ) Shirin Sewani as Jasmeet Anshuman Maheshwari , Anshuman 's wife ( 2014 -- 16 ) Anshul Pandey as Naman Raj Singhania , Suresh - Devyani 's son , Raj 's step son , Muskaan 's brother , Karishma 's husband , Mishti 's father ( 2014 -- 16 ) Vineeta Malik as Bhairavi Maheshwari , Vishambharnath - Omkarnath 's mother , Akshara 's grandmother , Naira 's maternal great grand mother ( badi nani ) ( 2009 -- 16 ) Pooja Joshi as Varsha Shaurya Maheshwari , Akshara 's friend , Shaurya 's wife , Ananya - Kuhu 's mother , Naira 's maternal aunt ( mami ) ( 2009 -- 17 ) Ather Habib / Yash Gera as Shaurya Vishambharnath Maheshwari , Akshara 's brother , Varsha 's husband , Ananya - Kuhu 's father , Naira 's maternal uncle ( mamaji ) ( 2009 -- 17 ) Yamini Makwana as Kuhu Shaurya Maheshwari , Naira 's cousin , Shaurya - Sneha 's daughter ( 2016 -- 17 ) Akshaya Naik as Ananya Ranveer Sharma , Naira 's cousin , Varsha - Shaurya 's daughter , Ranveer 's wife ( 2015 -- 16 ) Arjun Kohli as Ranveer Sharma , Ananya 's husband ( 2016 ) Nidhi Uttam as Nandini Mohit Agarwal , Kaveri - Mahendra Pratap 's daughter , Mohit 's wife , Yash - Anmol 's mother , Naira 's paternal aunt ( bua ) ( 2009 -- 16 ) Ayush Agarwal / Shamik Abbas as Mohit Agarwal , Naitik 's best friend , Nandini 's husband , Naira 's uncle ( phupaji ) ( 2009 -- 16 ) Sanchit Sharma as Yash Mohit Agarwal , Naira 's cousin , Nandini - Mohit 's adopted son , Rose 's husband ( 2015 -- 16 ) Sippora Zoutewelle as Rose Yash Agarwal , Yash 's wife ( 2016 ) Karan Pahwa as Anmol Mohit Agarwal , Naira 's cousin , Nandini - Mohit 's son ( 2016 ) Urmila Sharma / Sunita Rao as Rukmini Agarwal , Mohit 's mother ( 2009 -- 16 ) Umang Jain as Tara Singh Shekhawat , Naksh 's ex fiancé ( 2015 -- 16 ) Alok Nath as Chandrabhan Singh Shekhawat , Tara 's grandfather ( 2015 -- 16 ) Amal Sehrawat as Sangram Singh Shekhawat , Tara 's brother ( 2015 -- 16 ) Shivam Agarwal as Aditya Singh Shekhawat , Tara 's brother ( 2015 -- 16 ) Vaishali Takkar as Sanjana , Naksh 's friend ( 2015 -- 16 ) Khushmeet Gill as Nannu Anshuman Maheshwari , Anshuman - Jasmeet 's son ( 2015 -- 16 ) Neha Saroopa as Rashmi Sameer Desai / Rashmi Nikhil Deora ( née Singhania ) , Gaytri - Raj 's daughter , Naitik 's sister , Nikhil - Sameer 's wife , Gayu 's mother ( 2009 -- 16 ) ( dead ) Mazher Sayed as Sameer Desai , Rashmi 's second husband ( 2015 ) Mishka Jain as Baby Naira Naitik Singhania , Naitik - Akshara 's daughter ( 2015 ) ( replaced ) Bani as Baby Naksh Naitik Singhania , Naitik - Akshara 's son ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( replaced ) Navika Kotia as Prerna Singhania , Grown up Chikki ( 2013 ) Reem Sheikh as young Prerna Singhania ( chikki ) , Singhania 's adopted child ( 2012 ) Zarina Roshan Khan as Muskaan Alok Awasthi , Naman 's sister ( 2014 -- 15 ) Amit Dolawat as Alok Awasthi , Muskaan 's husband ( 2009 ; 2014 -- 15 ) Ashish Kapoor as Nikhil Rajendra Deora , Rashmi 's ex-husband ( 2011 -- 12 ) Unknown as Rama Rajendra Deora , Rashmi 's mother in law , Nikhil 's mother ( 2011 -- 16 ) Rakesh Deewana as Maharaj , Singhania 's ex chef ( 2009 -- 14 ) Roshan Khan as Gopi Dadi , Bhairvi 's friend ( 2009 -- 14 ) Ali Merchant as Rituraj , Naitik 's cousin brother ( 2009 ; 2011 -- 12 ) Preeti Sharma as Bindiya , Rituraj 's wife ( 2009 ) Amardeep Jha as Shankari , Akshara 's match - maker ( 2009 -- 16 ) Charu Asopa as Sneha : Naitik 's worker , Kuhu 's mother ( 2010 ) Anurag Nigam as Ankit ( 2013 ) Alpesh Gehlot as Samar , Akshara 's admirer ( 2012 ) Anand Mani as Bhajinder Singh , Maheshwari 's servant ( 2009 -- 12 ) Sunita Rajwar as Dhaniya Bhajinder Singh , Bajinder 's wife ( 2009 -- 12 ) Akanksha Kapil as Antara , Loves Naitik ( 2012 ) Bhuvan Chopra as Ratan Neha Sehgal as Payal Divya Bhatnagar as Gulaboo , Singhania 's maid ( 2009 -- 15 ) Sonal Shrivastava as Juhi Sheetal Tiwari as Sukanya , Naira 's friend ( 2016 ) ( dead ) Veena Jagtap as Nisha Singh Sekhawat ( 2016 ) Suzanne Bernert as Martha , Rose 's mother ( 2016 ) Fahad Ali as Vivaan , Gayu 's school friend ( 2016 ) Nupur Joshi as Soumya Manish Goenka , Kartik and Kirti 's mother , Manish 's 1st wife ( 2016 ) ( dead ) Tia Gandwani as Priyanka , Kartik 's maternal aunt ( masi ) ( 2017 ) Special appearances Shweta Tiwari ( 2009 ) Sara Khan ( 2009 ) Kinshuk Mahajan ( 2009 ) Anupriya Kapoor ( 2010 ) Neha Sargam ( 2010 ) Pooja Gor ( 2010 ) Sanaya Irani ( 2011 ) Soumya Seth ( 2011 ) Anas Rashid ( 2012 ) Neelu Vaghela ( 2012 ) Aamir Khan ( 2012 ) Preeti & Pinky ( 2014 ) Hiba Nawab ( 2015 ) Kamalika Guha Thakurta ( 2016 ) Deepika Singh ( 2012 , 2016 ) Badshah ( 2017 ) Shah Rukh Khan & Anushka Sharma ( 2017 ) Akshay Kumar & Bhumi Pednekar ( 2017 ) Alka Yagnik ( 2017 ) Crossover Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai had several crossover episodes with various shows . In 2009 , the show had a connection with Sapna Babul Ka ... Bidaai . In 2012 , the show had a crossover episode with Diya Aur Baati Hum . In 2016 , Diya Aur Baati Hum 's lead actress Deepika Singh made an entry . Reception and impact The show is one of the most often awarded shows of Indian Television and is India 's longest running television series by episode count. Hina Khan participated in the ' Power of 49 ' campaign in which soap opera actors used their influence to urge women to vote . Shoma Munshi said the show has `` simplicity and highly emotional content '' and was noted for placing female characters in the historical tradition of a large joint family . Popularity in Pakistan The show is also broadcast by Urdu 1 and Star Plus sister channel STAR Utsav . The show always maintained the top spot among Indian TV serials that aired in Pakistan . The show was beaten three to four times by Kumkum Bhagya that aired on Geo Kahani but recovered its leading position . The show also recorded one of the highest TRP in Pakistan . Awards This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Please remove awards issued by the network the series airs on , i.e. Star Parivaar . This is self - aggrandizement , not independent evaluation of quality . Please help improve this section if you can . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ye Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai awards and nominations ( hide ) Awards and nominations Award Wins Nominations Star Parivaar Awards 30 43 Zee Gold Awards 15 16 Indian Telly Awards 6 Indian Television Academy Awards Big Star Entertainment Awards Lions Gold Awards 7 Garv Indian TV Awards 35 FICCI Excellence Awards and Frames Honours BIG Star Young Entertainers Awards Totals Awards won 101 Nominations 113 Star Parivaar Awards Year Category Recipient Result 2009 Favourite Maa Sonali Verma Won Favourite Devrani Favourite Naya Sadasya ( Male ) Karan Mehra Favourite Naya Sadasya ( Female ) Hina Khan Favourite Yogya Jodi Hina Khan -- Karan Mehra Favourite Buzurg Vineeta Malik Favourite Saas Favourite Bhabhi Pooja Joshi Favourite Jethani Medha Sambutkar SPL Honour Rajan Shahi Favourite Beti Hina Khan Won Favourite Patni Favourite Maa Lata Sabharwal Favourite Pita Sanjeev Seth Favourite Jethani Medha Sambutkar Favourite Family Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai SPL Honour Rajan Shahi 2011 Favourite Bhabhi Hina Khan Won Most Stylish Sadasya ( Female ) Favourite Pati Karan Mehra Favourite Sasur Sanjeev Seth Favourite Jodi Hina Khan -- Karan Mehra Favourite Serial Rajan Shahi 2012 Favourite Beti Hina Khan Won Most Stylish Actress ( Female ) Favourite Beta Karan Mehra Favourite Sasur Sanjeev Seth Favourite Bhabhi Pooja Joshi 2013 Favourite Bhabhi Hina Khan Won Favourite Patni Favourite Pita Karan Mehra Favourite Chhota Sadasya Shivansh Kotia Favourite Bhabhi Pooja Joshi SPL Mention for completing 1000 episodes Rajan Shahi 2014 Favourite Maa Hina Khan Won Favourite Family Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Favourite Pita Karan Mehra Favourite Chhota Sadasya Shivansh Kotia 2015 Favourite Maa Hina Khan Won Favourite Bhabhi Pooja Joshi Favourite Pati Karan Mehra Favourite Naya Sadasya ( Male ) Rohan Mehra Favourite Sasur Sandeep Mehta SPL Mention for Longest Running Show Rajan Shahi 2016 Favourite Chhota Sadasya Ashnoor Kaur Won 2017 Favourite Jodi of the Year Mohsin Khan - Shivangi Joshi Won Favourite Pati Mohsin Khan Favourite Patni Shivangi Joshi Favourite Sasur Vishal Singh New Talent Awards Year Category Recipient Result 2009 Best Actress Hina Khan Won Most Promising Actor Karan Mehra Most Promising New Show Rajan Shahi Indian Television Academy Awards Year Category Recipient Result 2009 Best Actress - Drama ( Popular ) Hina Khan Won Best Actor - Drama ( Popular ) Karan Mehra Best Serial - Drama ( Popular ) Rajan Shahi Best Costumes Ritu Deora Best Actress - Drama ( Popular ) Hina Khan Won Best Direction Neeraj Baliyan Best Serial - Drama ( Jury ) Rajan Shahi ITA Scroll Honour ' Yeh Rishta & Bidaai ' 2011 Best Direction ' Neeraj Baliyan Won GR8 ! Ensemblance Cast Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Team 2012 Best Actress - Drama ( Popular ) Hina Khan Won Best Direction Neeraj Baliyan Best Serial - Drama ( Popular ) Rajan Shahi 2013 Best Actress - Drama ( Popular ) Hina Khan Won Best Actress in Supporting Role ( Drama ) Sonali Verma Best Serial - Drama ( Popular ) Rajan Shahi Best Child Artist Shivansh Kotia Best Music Composer Naveen 2015 Popular Choice Actress Hina Khan Won Popular Choice Actor Karan Mehra Indian Telly Awards Year Category Recipient Result 2009 Best Fresh Face ( Popular ) Hina Khan Won Most Popular Ensemblance Cast Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Most Popular Drama Series Rajan Shahi Best Costumes Ritu Deora Most Popular Actress in a Lead Role Hina Khan Won Best Actor in a Supporting Role -- Drama ( Jury ) Sanjeev Seth Most Popular Daily Series Rajan Shahi Most Popular Ensemblance Cast Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Best Direction Jai Kalra & Ram Panday 2012 Most Popular Continuing TV Series Rajan Shahi Won Best Direction Jai Kalra 2013 Best Onscreen Couple ( Critics ) Hina Khan & Karan Mehra Won Best Actor in a Supporting Role -- Drama ( Critics ) Abhijeet Lahiri Best Television Show of the Year Rajan Shahi Most Popular Show with Social Message Most Popular Continuing TV Show Most Popular Child Artist Shivansh Kotia 2014 Most Popular Child Artist Shivansh Kotia Won Most Popular Drama Series Rajan Shahi Most Popular Continuing TV Programme 2015 Best Ensemblance Cast Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Won Most Popular Actor in Supporting Role Rohan Mehra Kalakar Awards Year Category Recipient Result Best Debutant ( Female ) Hina Khan Won Best Debutant ( Male ) Karan Mehra Best TV Serial Rajan Shahi 2013 Best TV Actor ( Female ) Hina Khan Won Best TV Serial Rajan Shahi 2014 Best Make - up Artist Pandhari Juker Won 2015 Best Actress Hina Khan Won Favourite Television Show Rajan Shahi 2016 Best Rising Star of Television Hina Khan Won Best TV Actor ( Male ) Karan Mehra Best TV Serial Rajan Shahi Lions Gold Awards Year Category Recipient Result Best TV Serial Rajan Shahi Won 2013 Best TV Serial Rajan Shahi Won 2015 Best TV Serial Rajan Shahi Won Best TV Child Artist Shivansh Kotia 2016 Best TV Actress in Supporting Role Lata Sabharwal Won Best Television Actor ( Popular ) Karan Mehra Best Television Serial ( Fiction ) Rajan Shahi Star Guild Awards Year Category Recipient Result 2009 Best TV Storyline ( Fiction ) Saba Mumtaz Won Best TV Programme of the Year Rajan Shahi Won 2013 Best Direction Jai Kalra & Ram Panday Won 2015 Best TV Storyline ( Fiction ) Saba Mumtaz Won Best Ongoing TV Programme of the Year Rajan Shahi Best TV Actress Hina Khan 2016 Best Ongoing TV Programme of the Year Rajan Shahi Won Garv Indian TV Awards Year Category Recipient Result 2014 Best Music Lalit Sen Won Best Dialogues Rekkha Modi Child Artist ( Male ) -- Jury Shivansh Kotia Supporting Star ( Male ) -- Jury Abhijeet Lahiri SPL Mention by GITA ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' Popular Choice Actress Hina Khan Favourite Ensemblance Cast ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' Favourite Show with Social Message Rajan Shahi Favourite Longest Running Serial Favourite Serial Favourite Supporting Star Sonali Verma Favourite Jodi Hina Khan & Karan Mehra Favourite Actress Hina Khan Entertaining Star Shivansh Kotia 2015 Garv Scroll Honour for Successfully TRP gainning Best Series for consecutive 6 years Rajan Shahi Won Best Audiography Niranjan Chaturvedi Best Teleplay Anil V Kumar Best Chereographer Vaibhavi Merchant Best Fictional Director Ram Panday & Jai Kalra Best Actor in Supporting Role ( Jury ) Sanjeev Seth Most Popular Actress Hina Khan Most Popular Jodi Hina Khan & Karan Mehra Most Popular Serial Rajan Shahi Most Popular Ensemblance Cast ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' Votice Choice Longest Running Serial Rajan Shahi Votice Choice Child Artist Shivansh Kotia 2016 Best Lyrics Vivek Nain Won Best Child Artist ( Female ) -- Jury Ashnoor Kaur Best Actor in Negative Role -- Jury Alok Nath Best Onscreen Ongoing Jodi of the Year Hina Khan & Karan Mehra Most Popular New Comer Rohan Mehra Most Popular Supporting Star Rohan Mehra Most Popular Serial Rajan Shahi Most Popular Ongoing Serial Most Entertaining Ensemblance ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' BIG Star Young Entertainers Awards Year Category Recipient Result 2012 Super Hit Television Actress Hina Khan Won BIG Star Entertainment Awards Year Category Recipient Result BIG Star Most Entertaining Fiction Show Rajan Shahi Won 2013 BIG Star Most Entertaining TV Actor ( Male ) Shivansh Kotia Won 2014 BIG Star Most Entertaining Fiction Show Rajan Shahi Won FICCI Excellence Awards and Frames Honours Year Category Recipient Result Best Fiction Show Rajan Shahi Won 2014 Best TV Actress Hina Khan Won Best Fiction Show Rajan Shahi ref name = `` KA '' / > - rowspan = `` 2 '' 2015 Best Actress Hina Khan rowspan = `` 2 '' style = `` background : # 99FF99 ; color : black ; vertical - align : middle ; text - align : center ; '' class = `` yes table - yes2 '' Won References Jump up ^ `` Hina Khan aka Akshara will be missed . A look at her Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai journey , see pics '' . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` There wo n't be a surprise comeback , says Karan Mehra as he finally quits ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' '' . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Entertainment Desk ( New Delhi ) ( 26 September 2016 ) . `` Rohan Mehra aka Naksh to Quit ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' for Salman Khan 's Bigg Boss 10 ? '' . IndiaTVnews.com . Independent News Service . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shivangi Joshi will play the grown - up Naira '' . Times of India . May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' leap : ' Dream Girl ' actor Mohsin Khan to romance grown - up Naira ? '' . International Business Times , India Edition . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai : Parul Chauhan & Sandeep Rajora to enter Star Plus show ! '' . India.com. 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tyagi in ' Yeh Rishta ... ' '' . The Times of India . 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai : Naira to get kidnapped by Aditya in the show - Bollywoodlife '' . 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YEH RISHTA KYA KEHLATA HAI : Meet ' NEW MAN ' in Naira 's life '' . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BALH fame Anshul Pandey bags YRKKH '' . Jump up ^ `` Anshul Pandey talks about YRKKH '' . Jump up ^ `` Yash Gera replaces Ather in Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai - Times of India '' . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai is a big leap for me , says Suzanne Bernert '' . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai 's Akshara aka Hina Khan is very professional : Suzanne Bernett '' . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Kaartik and Naaira Marriage Sangeet Badshah Performance - Jansatta '' . 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai '' . Weebly.com . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 12 Longest Running Shows Of Indian Television ! '' . Bollywood Papa . Be Code Websoft India Pvt Ltd. 15 September 2016 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ SUBHA J. RAO . `` The power of a vote '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Prime Time Soap Operas on Indian Television . google.com . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Week 46 ( 2015 ) - TRP of Indian Serials in Pakistan '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Week 35 ( 2015 ) - TRP of Indian Serials in Pakistan '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Week 1 ( 2015 ) - TRP of Indian Serials in Pakistan '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Star Parivaar Awards '' . awardsandwinners.com . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Star Parivaar Awards '' . awardsandwinners.com . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Star Parivaar Awards '' . awardsandwinners.com . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Star Parivaar Awards '' . awardsandwinners.com . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Star Parivaar Awards '' . awardsandwinners.com . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Star Parivaar Awards '' . awardsandwinners.com . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Parivaar Awards 2015 on 14th June 2015 -- Winners List and Event 's Snapshot '' . tellyreviews.com . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Parivaar Awards 2017 : Complete list of Winners '' . tv-fanclub.com . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Talent Awards - Indian Award Shows Information '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Television Academy Awards - Indian Award Shows Information '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Telly Awards - Indian Award Shows Information '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Telly Awards 2012 : Winners '' . media247.co.uk . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Telly Awards 2014 -- And the winners are ... '' . pinkvilla.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Indian Telly Awards 2014 -- Winners List '' . indiantellytalkies.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Telly Awards 2015 -- Winners List '' . indicine.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kalakar Awards - Indian Award Shows Information '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kalakar Awards : Radhika Madan , ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' actors bag prestigious awards ( PHOTO ) '' . IBTimes . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lions Gold Awards - Indian Award Shows Information '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apsara / Star Guild Awards - Indian Award Shows Information '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Garv Indian TV Awards '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BIG STar Young Entertainer Awards - Indian Award Shows Information '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` BIG Star Entertainment Awards - Indian Award Shows Information '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . External links Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Steaming on Hotstar Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai on IMDb ( hide ) Current broadcasts on Star Plus Currently broadcast Primetime soap opera Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara Ikyawann Ishqbaaaz Rishton Ka Chakravyuh Meri Durga Naamkarann Tu Sooraj , Main Saanjh Piyaji Yeh Hai Mohabbatein Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Weekend Dance Champions The Great Indian Laughter Challenge This Indian television - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeh_Rishta_Kya_Kehlata_Hai&oldid=812260073 '' Categories : Star Plus television series Indian television series 2009 Indian television series debuts Television shows set in Rajasthan Indian television stubs Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2014 Use Indian English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from October 2017 All articles needing copy edit Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles needing cleanup from September 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from September 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2017 Articles needing cleanup from November 2017 Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from November 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from November 2017 All stub articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia සිංහල Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 23 : 17 . 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what was the boston massacre used for by the sons of liberty

Sons of Liberty

sons of liberty

The Sons of Liberty was an organization that was created in the Thirteen American Colonies . The secret society was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government . They played a major role in most colonies in battling the Stamp Act in 1765 . The group officially disbanded after the Stamp Act was repealed . However , the name was applied to other local separatist groups during the years preceding the American Revolution .

In the popular imagination , the Sons of Liberty was a formal underground organization with recognized members and leaders . More likely , the name was an underground term for any men resisting new Crown taxes and laws . The well - known label allowed organizers to issue anonymous summons to a Liberty Tree , `` Liberty Pole '' , or other public meeting - place . Furthermore , a unifying name helped to promote inter-Colonial efforts against Parliament and the Crown 's actions . Their motto became `` No taxation without representation . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 New York 2 Flags 3 Notable Sons of Liberty 4 Later societies 5 Modern references 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 18th Century Sons 8.2 Later groups 9 External links History ( edit ) The Bostonian Paying the Excise - Man , 1774 British propaganda print , referring to the tarring and feathering , of Boston Commissioner of Customs John Malcolm four weeks after the Boston Tea Party . The men also poured hot tea down Malcolm 's throat ; note the noose hanging on the Liberty Tree and the Stamp Act posted upside - down In 1765 , the British government needed money to afford the 10,000 officers and soldiers living in the colonies , and intended that the colonists living there should contribute . The British passed a series of taxes aimed at the colonists , and many of the colonists refused to pay certain taxes ; they argued that they should not be held accountable for taxes which were decided upon without any form of their consent through a representative . This became commonly known as `` No Taxation without Representation . '' Parliament insisted on its right to rule the colonies despite the fact that the colonists had no representative in Parliament . The most incendiary tax was the Stamp Act of 1765 , which caused a firestorm of opposition through legislative resolutions ( starting in the colony of Virginia ) , public demonstrations , threats , and occasional hurtful losses . The organization spread hour by hour , after independent starts in several different colonies . In August 1765 , the group was founded in Boston , Massachusetts . By November 6 , a committee was set up in New York to correspond with other colonies . In December , an alliance was formed between groups in New York and Connecticut . January bore witness to a correspondence link between Boston and New York City , and by March , Providence had initiated connections with New York , New Hampshire , and Newport , Rhode Island . March also marked the emergence of Sons of Liberty organizations in New Jersey , Maryland , and Virginia . In Boston , another example of violence could be found in their treatment of local stamp distributor Andrew Oliver . They burned his effigy in the streets . When he did not resign , they escalated to burning down his office building . Even after he resigned , they almost destroyed the whole house of his close associate Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson . It is believed that the Sons of Liberty did this to excite the lower classes and get them actively involved in rebelling against the authorities . Their actions made many of the stamp distributors resign in fear . Early in the American Revolution , the former Sons of Liberty generally joined more formal groups , such as the Committee of Safety . The Sons of Liberty popularized the use of tar and feathering to punish and humiliate offending government officials starting in 1767 . This method was also used against British Loyalists during the American Revolution . This punishment had long been used by sailors to punish their mates . New York ( edit ) In December 1773 , a new group calling itself the Sons of Liberty issued and distributed a declaration in New York City called the Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York , which formally stated that they were opposed to the Tea Act and that anyone who assisted in the execution of the act was `` an enemy to the liberties of America '' and that `` whoever shall transgress any of these resolutions , we will not deal with , or employ , or have any connection with him '' . After the end of the American Revolutionary War , Isaac Sears , Marinus Willet , and John Lamb in New York City revived the Sons of Liberty . In March 1784 , they rallied an enormous crowd that called for the expulsion of any remaining Loyalists from the state starting May 1 . The Sons of Liberty were able to gain enough seats in the New York assembly elections of December 1784 to have passed a set of punitive laws against Loyalists . In violation of the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , they called for the confiscation of the property of Loyalists . Alexander Hamilton defended the Loyalists , citing the supremacy of the treaty . Flags ( edit ) In 1767 , the Sons of Liberty adopted a flag called the rebellious stripes flag with nine vertical stripes , four white and five red . A flag having 13 horizontal red and white stripes was used by Commodore Esek Hopkins ( Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Navy ) and by American merchant ships during the war . This flag was also associated with the Sons of Liberty . Red and white were common colors of the flags , although other color combinations were used , such as green and white or yellow and white . Notable Sons of Liberty ( edit ) Samuel Adams -- political writer , tax collector , cousin of John Adams , fire warden . Founded the Sons Of Liberty , Boston Joseph Allicocke -- One of the leaders of the Sons in New York , and possibly of African ancestry . Benedict Arnold -- businessman , later General in the Continental Army and then the British Army Timothy Bigelow -- blacksmith , Worcester John Brown -- business leader of Providence , Rhode Island John Crane -- carpenter , Colonel in command of the 3rd Continental Artillery Regiment , Braintree Benjamin Edes -- journalist / publisher Boston Gazette , Boston Christopher Gadsden -- merchant , Charleston , South Carolina John Hancock -- merchant , smuggler , fire warden , Boston Patrick Henry -- lawyer , Virginia John Lamb -- trader , New York City Alexander McDougall -- captain of privateers , New York City Hercules Mulligan -- tailor , spy under George Washington for the Continental Army , friend of Alexander Hamilton James Otis -- lawyer , Massachusetts Charles Willson Peale -- portrait painter and saddle maker , Annapolis , Maryland Paul Revere -- silversmith , fire warden , Boston Benjamin Rush -- physician , Philadelphia Isaac Sears -- captain of privateers , New York City Haym Salomon -- financial broker , New York and Philadelphia James Swan -- American patriot and financier , Boston Isaiah Thomas -- printer , Boston then Worcester , first to read Declaration of Independence in Massachusetts Charles Thomson -- tutor , secretary , Philadelphia Joseph Warren -- doctor , soldier , Boston Thomas Young -- doctor , Boston Marinus Willett -- cabinetmaker , soldier , New York Oliver Wolcott -- lawyer , Connecticut Later societies ( edit ) At various times , small secret organizations took the name `` sons of liberty '' . They generally left very few records . The name was also used during the American Civil War . By 1864 , the Copperhead group the Knights of the Golden Circle set up an offshoot called Order of the Sons of Liberty . They both came under federal prosecution in 1864 for treason , especially in Indiana . A radical wing of the Zionist movement launched a boycott in the U.S. against British films in 1948 , in response to British policies in Palestine . It called itself the `` Sons of Liberty . '' Modern references ( edit ) The patriotic spirit of the Sons of Liberty has been used by Walt Disney Pictures through their 1957 film adaptation of Esther Forbes ' novel Johnny Tremain . Within the movie , the Sons of Liberty sing a rousing song titled `` The Liberty Tree '' . This song raises the Liberty Tree to a national icon in a manner similar to the way in which George M. Cohan 's `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' revitalized respect for the American flag in the early twentieth century . In the 1995 alternative history novel The Two Georges , the Sons of Liberty are depicted as a nativist terrorist organisation whose aim is to make the North American Union independent of the British Empire ; their attempts include the theft of the titular portrait for a fifty million pound ransom and two assassination attempts on King - Emperor Charles III . The flag used by the Sons of Liberty and the Independence Party alike is a variation of the North American Jack and Stripes with the Union Jack in the canton being replaced by a bald eagle . The Sons of Liberty are referred to in the 2001 video game Metal Gear Solid 2 : Sons of Liberty . It refers to them in the title , and a group within the game calls itself the Sons of Liberty and models itself after them . In 2015 , a three - part mini-series aired on the History Channel with the same name . The Sons of Liberty are referred to in the 2015 Broadway show Hamilton . In the song `` Yorktown ( The World Turned Upside Down ) , '' the character Hercules Mulligan sings , `` I am runnin ' with the Sons of Liberty and I am lovin ' it . '' In an episode of the Claymation children 's TV show Gumby , entitled `` Son of Liberty '' ( first aired in 1966 ) , Gumby becomes a member of the Sons of Liberty . See also ( edit ) Daughters of Liberty Stamp Act Congress Patriot ( American Revolution ) Sons of Liberty ( miniseries ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John Phillips Resch , ed. , Americans at war : society , culture , and the homefront ( MacMillan Reference Library , 2005 ) 1 : 174 - 75 Jump up ^ Alan Axelrod ( 2000 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the American Revolution . Alpha Books . p. 89 . ISBN 9780028633794 . Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont - Barnes , Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies ( 2007 ) 1 : 688 Jump up ^ Frank Lambert ( 2005 ) . James Habersham : loyalty , politics , and commerce in colonial Georgia . U. of Georgia Press . p. 173 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 2539 - 2 . Jump up ^ John C. Miller , Origins of the American Revolution ( Boston , 1943 ) p. 74 . Jump up ^ John C. Miller , Origins of the American Revolution ( Boston , 1943 ) Jump up ^ Such as by the local judges and Frederick , Maryland . See Thomas John Chew Williams ( 1979 ) . History of Frederick County , Maryland . Genealogical Publishing Co. pp. 78 -- 79 . ISBN 9780806379739 . Jump up ^ Miller , Origins of the American Revolution pp. 121 , 129 -- 130 Jump up ^ Anger , p. 135 Jump up ^ Benjamin H. Irvin , `` Tar , feathers , and the enemies of American liberties , 1768 - 1776 . '' New England Quarterly ( 2003 ) : 197 - 238 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ T.H. Breen ( 2004 ) . The Marketplace of Revolution : How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence . Oxford UP . p. 446 . ISBN 9780199840113 . Jump up ^ Schecter , pg. 382 Jump up ^ Colonial and Revolutionary War Flags ( U.S. ) Jump up ^ Liberty Flags ( U.S. ) Jump up ^ Ansoff , Peter . ( 2004 ) . The First Navy Jack . Raven : A Journal of Vexillology , 11 Jump up ^ Donald A. Grinde Jr , `` Joseph Allicocke : African - American Leader of the Sons of Liberty . '' Afro - Americans in New York Life and History 14 #. 2 ( 1990 ) : 61 - 69 . Jump up ^ Dave R. Plamer ( 2010 ) . George Washington and Benedict Arnold : A Tale of Two Patriots . Regnery Publishing . p. 3 . ISBN 9781596981645 . Jump up ^ Ira Stoll ( 2008 ) . Samuel Adams : A Life . Free Press . pp. 76 -- 77 . ISBN 9781416594567 . Jump up ^ David H. Fischer ( 1995 ) . Paul Revere 's ride . Oxford University Press . p. 22 . ISBN 9780195098310 . Jump up ^ Paul Della Valle ( 2009 ) . Massachusetts Troublemakers : Rebels , Reformers , and Radicals from the Bay State . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 57 . ISBN 9780762757954 . Jump up ^ Chris Alexander ( 2010 ) . Two Truths Two Justices . Xulon Press . p. 146 . ISBN 9781612154527 . Jump up ^ Daniel Elbridge Wager ( 1891 ) . Col. Marinus Willett , the Hero of Mohawk Valley . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Baker , pg. 341 Jump up ^ David C. Keehn ( 2013 ) . Knights of the Golden Circle : Secret Empire , Southern Secession , Civil War . Louisiana State UP . p. 173 . ISBN 9780807150047 . Jump up ^ Kerry Segrave ( 2004 ) . Foreign Films in America : A History . McFarland . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 8162 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) 18th century Sons ( edit ) Becker , Carl ( 1901 ) , `` Growth of Revolutionary Parties and Methods in New York Province 1765 -- 1774 '' , American Historical Review , 7 ( 1 ) : 56 -- 76 , ISSN 0002 - 8762 , JSTOR 1832532 , doi : 10.2307 / 1832532 Carson , Clayborne , Jake Miller , and James Miller . `` Sons of Liberty . '' in Civil Disobedience : An Encyclopedic History of Dissidence in the United States ( 2015 ) : 276 + Champagne , Roger J. ( 1967 ) , `` Liberty Boys and Mechanics of New York City , 1764 -- 1774 '' , Labor History , 8 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 135 , ISSN 0023 - 656X Champagne , Roger J. ( 1964 ) , `` New York 's Radicals and the Coming of Independence '' , Journal of American History , 51 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 40 , ISSN 0021 - 8723 , JSTOR 1917932 , doi : 10.2307 / 1917932 Dawson , Henry Barton . The Sons of Liberty in New York ( 1859 ) 118 pages ; online edition Foner , Philip Sheldon . Labor and the American Revolution ( 1976 ) Westport , CN : Greenwood. 258 pages . Hoffer , Peter Charles ( 2006 ) , Seven Fires : The Urban Infernos The Reshaped America , New York : Public Affairs , ISBN 1 - 58648 - 355 - 2 Irvin , Benjamin H. ( 2003 ) , `` Tar , Feathers , and the Enemies of American Liberties , 1768 -- 1776 '' , New England Quarterly , 76 ( 2 ) : 197 -- 238 , ISSN 0028 - 4866 , JSTOR 1559903 , doi : 10.2307 / 1559903 Labaree , Benjamin Woods . The Boston Tea Party ( 1964 ) . Maier , Pauline ( 1972 ) , From Resistance to Revolution : Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain , 1765 -- 1776 , New York : W.W. Norton Maier , Pauline . `` Reason and Revolution : The Radicalism of Dr. Thomas Young , '' American Quarterly Vol. 28 , No. 2 , ( Summer 1976 ) , pp. 229 -- 249 in JSTOR Middlekauff , Robert ( 2005 ) , The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 , Oxford University Press , ISBN 019531588X Miller , John C. ( 1943 ) , Origins of the American Revolution , Boston : Little , Brown and Company Morais , Herbert M. ( 1939 ) , `` The Sons of Liberty in New York '' , in Morris , Richard B. , The Era of the American Revolution , pp. 269 -- 289 , a Marxist interpretation Nash , Gary B. ( 2005 ) , The Unknown Revolution : The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America , London : Viking , ISBN 0 - 670 - 03420 - 7 Schecter , Barnet ( 2002 ) , The Battle of New York , New York : Walker , ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1374 - 2 Unger , Harlow ( 2000 ) , John Hancock : Merchant King and American Patriot , Edison , NJ : Castle Books , ISBN 0 - 7858 - 2026 - 4 Walsh , Richard . Charleston 's Sons of Liberty : A Study of the Artisans , 1763 -- 1789 ( 1968 ) Warner , William B. Protocols of Liberty : Communication Innovation and the American Revolution ( University of Chicago Press , 2013 ) Later groups ( edit ) Baker , Jean ( 1983 ) , Affairs of Party : The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century , Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press , ISBN 0 - 8014 - 1513 - 6 Churchill , Robert . `` Liberty , conscription , and a party divided - The Sons of Liberty conspiracy , 1863 - 1864 . '' Prologue - Quarterly of the National Archives 30 # 4 ( 1998 ) : 294 - 303 . Rodgers , Thomas E. `` Copperheads or a Respectable Minority : Current Approaches to the Study of Civil War - Era Democrats . '' Indiana Magazine of History 109 # 2 ( 2013 ) : 114 - 146 . in JSTOR External links ( edit ) The Sons of Liberty , ushistory.org The Sons of Liberty , u-s-history.com Albany Sons of Liberty Constitution Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York , December 15 , 1773 New York in the American Revolution 1765 Sons of Liberty First Liberty Poles erected Stamp Act Congress 1770 Battle of Golden Hill 1775 Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Invasion of Canada 1776 New York and New Jersey campaign Battle of Long Island New York Prison Ships Begin Submarine attack in New York Harbor Staten Island Peace Conference Landing at Kip 's Bay Battle of Harlem Heights Great Fire of New York Execution of Nathan Hale Battle of Valcour Island Battle of Pell 's Point Battle of White Plains Battle of Fort Washington 1777 Meigs Raid Saratoga campaign Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Battle of Fort Anne Siege of Fort Stanwix Battle of Oriskany Battle of Bennington Battle of Setauket Battle of Staten Island Battle of Freeman 's Farm ( 1st Saratoga ) Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery Battle of Bemis Heights ( 2nd Saratoga ) 1778 Setauket Spy Ring Launched Battle of Cobleskill West Point established Attack on German Flatts Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga Carleton 's Raid Cherry Valley massacre 1779 Battle of Stony Point Battle of Minisink Sullivan Expedition Battle of Newtown Boyd and Parker ambush 1780 Battle of Young 's House First Purple Heart Arnold -- André conspiracy exposed Battle of Klock 's Field Battle of Fort St. George 1781 HMS Culloden Runs Aground at Montauk Washington Calls Off Invasion of New York Battle of Fort Slongo Battle of Johnstown 1782 Washington 's Headquarters at Newburgh Newburgh letter 1783 Newburgh Conspiracy British Evacuate New York Washington 's Farewell to His Officers ( hide ) American Revolutionary War Origins of the American Revolution Philosophy American Enlightenment John Locke Colonial history Liberalism Republicanism Freedom of religion Rights of Englishmen Common Sense Spirit of ' 76 `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Royalists Pitt -- Newcastle ministry Bute ministry Grenville ministry First Rockingham ministry Chatham ministry Grafton ministry North ministry Second Rockingham ministry Shelburne ministry Fox -- North coalition Loyalists Black Loyalist Related British Acts of Parliament Navigation Iron Molasses Royal Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Currency Quartering Stamp Declaratory Townshend Tea Quebec Intolerable Conciliatory Resolution Restraining Proclamation of Rebellion Prohibitory Colonials Stamp Act Congress Declaration of Rights and Grievances Virginia Association Sons of Liberty Patriots Committees of correspondence Committees of safety Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Massachusetts Circular Letter First Continental Congress Continental Association Minutemen Second Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation Events French and Indian War Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) Boston Massacre Gaspee Affair Hutchinson Letters Affair Boston Tea Party Powder Alarm Combatants Campaigns Theaters Battles Events Colonies Combatants Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Army Navy Marines Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament British Army Royal Navy German allies Colonial allies France army navy Hortalez et Cie Campaigns and theaters Boston Canada New York and New Jersey Saratoga Philadelphia Northern Southern Western Yorktown Naval battles Major battles Lexington and Concord Boston Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Bunker Hill Quebec Valcour Island Long Island Harlem Heights Fort Washington Trenton Assunpink Creek Princeton Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Bennington Saratoga Brandywine Germantown Monmouth St. Lucia Grenada Stony Point Sullivan Expedition Savannah Gibraltar Cape St. Vincent Charleston Springfield Camden Kings Mountain Cowpens Guilford Court House Lochry 's Defeat Yorktown Saintes Cuddalore Other events Staten Island Peace Conference `` First Salute '' Washington 's crossing of the Delaware River Conway Cabal Valley Forge Entry of France into war Carlisle Peace Commission Gordon Riots Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781 Sint Eustatius Newburgh Conspiracy Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 Related conflicts Cherokee -- American wars Fourth Anglo - 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when did the it mini series come out

It ( also known as Stephen King 's It ) is a 1990 American supernatural horror drama miniseries directed by Tommy Lee Wallace and adapted by Lawrence D. Cohen from the Stephen King novel of the same name . It is the first of two adaptations of the novel ; the second being the 2017 film adaptation and its upcoming 2019 sequel .

1990

It ( miniseries )

it ( miniseries )

It ( also known as Stephen King 's It ) is a 1990 American supernatural horror drama miniseries directed by Tommy Lee Wallace and adapted by Lawrence D. Cohen from the Stephen King novel of the same name . It is the first of two adaptations of the novel ; the second being the 2017 film adaptation and its upcoming 2019 sequel .

The story revolves around a predatory shapeshifter which has the ability to transform itself into its prey 's worst fears , allowing it to exploit the phobias of its victims . It mostly takes the form of a sadistic , wisecracking clown called Pennywise . The protagonists are The Lucky Seven , or The Losers Club , a group of outcast kids who discover Pennywise and vow to destroy him by any means necessary . The series takes place over two different time periods , the first when the Losers first confront Pennywise as children in 1960 , and the second when they return as adults in 1990 to defeat him a second time after he resurfaces . It features an ensemble cast , starring Richard Thomas , John Ritter , Annette O'Toole , Harry Anderson , Dennis Christopher , Tim Reid and Richard Masur as the seven members of the Losers Club , and Tim Curry as Pennywise . The child counterparts of the Losers that appear in part one are played by Jonathan Brandis , Seth Green , Emily Perkins , Brandon Crane , Adam Faraizl , Marlon Taylor and Ben Heller . Michael Cole , Jarred Blancard , Gabe Khouth , Chris Eastman , Olivia Hussey , Frank C. Turner , Tony Dakota , Ryan Michael , Tom Heaton and Chelan Simmons also play supporting roles . Originally conceived as a four - part eight - hour series , ABC enlisted writer Lawrence D. Cohen to adapt the 1,138 - page King novel . Cohen 's script condensed the source work into a two - part , three - hour mini-series that retained the core elements of the novel , but Cohen was forced to abandon numerous subplots by virtue of the novel 's length and the network 's time - slot restrictions . Production on It began in early 1990 , and the series was filmed over a period of three months in New Westminster , British Columbia in mid-1990 . It aired on ABC over two nights on November 18 and 20 , 1990 , attracting 30 million viewers in its premiere . Critics praised Tim Curry 's performance as Pennywise . For his work on the miniseries , Richard Bellis received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition for a mini-series or a Special ( Dramatic Underscore ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 The Losers Club 2.2 Forms of It 2.3 The Bowers Gang 2.4 The Losers Club relatives 2.5 Derry townspeople 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Special effects 4 Broadcast history 5 Reception 6 Home media 7 Musical score 7.1 Track listing 8 References 9 Works cited 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In Derry , Maine , in 1960 , Bill Denbrough gives his younger brother Georgie a paper sailboat to take out onto the street to sail in the gutter . Georgie is unable to stop the boat from sailing down the storm drain , but encounters a strange clown in the drain who introduces himself as Pennywise . Pennywise then entices Georgie to reach into the drain to retrieve his boat , killing the boy by ripping his arm off offscreen . Months later , during the spring semester at their school , Bill befriends the overweight new kid Ben Hanscom . He introduces Ben to asthmatic Eddie Kaspbrak who lives with his overbearing mother , Beverly Marsh who lives with her abusive father who is also the school janitor , wise - cracking Richie Tozier , and Jewish Boy Scout , Stanley Uris . Besides being tormented by a gang of local bullies led by Henry Bowers , the group each experiences disturbing encounters with Pennywise . During one afternoon when he was going to practice his band instrument for the town parade , Bill and his friends encounter Mike Hanlon being pursued by Henry 's gang . They chase the bullies off with rocks and befriend Mike , with Henry vowing to kill them all . The group , calling themselves `` The Losers Club '' , come to realize that they are each being terrorized by the same entity . While looking through Mike 's history scrapbook , they deduce Pennywise is a monster that surfaces every 30 years in Derry to feed on the town 's children before returning to hibernation again . They also deduce that the creature , which they dub `` It '' since it is not human and has no gender , assumes the appearance of what they fear . Suddenly the book starts flipping pages by itself and the pictures start to move with Pennywise doing a cartwheel . He then climbs a lamppost threatening to `` kill them all '' and reaches through the book in attempt to grab one of the Losers . They throw the book on the ground and it returns to normal . After discovering that It killed his brother , Bill leads the Losers into the sewers under Derry to kill It . They are followed by Henry and his friends , Victor Criss and Belch Huggins , who are intent on killing them . It kills Victor , who had separated to set an ambush on the Losers , and Belch , who helps Henry separate Stan from the others , sparing a horrified Henry while chasing Stan as he regroups with the Losers . Pennywise grabs Stan , only for the Losers to use It 's ability to access their imaginations against him ; Eddie imagines his inhaler is full of battery acid and uses it to melt the clown 's face while Beverly uses a slingshot and a silver projectile , which the Losers imagine will kill It , to smash a hole in the clown 's head . Pennywise evades the second projectile and escapes down a drain , seemingly dying . Bill makes the others promise to return and kill It should the creature ever come back . Henry , his hair whitened from fright and driven insane from seeing It 's `` Deadlights '' , later emerges from the sewers and is institutionalized when he takes credit for murdering his friends , as well as It 's previous victims . In 1990 , Mike , now the town librarian , is investigating a string of missing children and killings and arrives at the crime scene of a murdered girl named Laurie Anne Winterbarger . Finding Georgie 's picture and convinced that It is back , Mike proceeds to contact the others to fulfill their vow . Bill has become a bestselling horror novelist married to British actress Audra Phillips , Ben is an architect who has lost weight due to joining his high school track team , Beverly is a fashion designer abused by her husband Tom Rogan , Richie is a late night television comedian , Eddie runs a limousine service but still lives with his mother , and Stan is a married real estate broker . Prior to Mike 's phone calls , the other Losers had completely forgotten each other along with their childhood traumas and memories of It . While the other five reluctantly agree to come , a fear - stricken Stan slits his wrists in his bathtub and writes `` IT '' on the wall in his own blood . The remaining six find themselves harassed by Pennywise once reaching Derry . They eventually meet at dinner , learning of Stan 's suicide shortly after Mike calls his wife . Two other people also converge on the town : an older Henry , whom Pennywise frees to help him kill the Losers , and a worried Audra who ends up being abducted by It while exposed to the creature 's Deadlights . Mike is hospitalized by Henry , who in turn is killed by his own knife during a scuffle with the other Losers . After Mike gives Bill the two pieces of silver he retrieved from the sewers , the five remaining Losers decide to destroy It for good . They descend into the sewers once again , with Pennywise appearing to them one last time relaying the message that they will never see It , just what their `` little minds '' can comprehend . Bill learns Audra is being held while overcoming It 's attempt to induce further guilt . The Losers eventually reach It 's inner sanctum , finding both a catatonic Audra and It 's true form as a giant spider . Bill , Ben and Richie nearly get lost in It 's Deadlights and Eddie is killed attempting to save his friends . Beverly mortally wounds It with her slingshot , and as It limps away the surviving Losers pursue and knock the creature down and rip its heart out , finally killing It . They remove the comatose Audra and Eddie 's body from the sewers . The Losers go their separate ways and move on with their lives as their memories of It fade away . A recovered Mike also has his memories begin to fade as he considers starting a new life elsewhere . Richie is cast in a film with an actor resembling Eddie , while Beverly and Ben are finally married and expect their first child . Bill is the last to leave Derry , using his last hour in town to coax Audra out of her catatonia by giving her a ride down the street on his childhood bicycle , Silver , which he had once used as a child to escape from It , and Audra finally recovers . The film ends with Bill and Audra kissing as a crowd looks on over the sound of Pennywise 's maniacal laugh . Cast ( edit ) The principal cast of It : From top left to top right , Tim Curry , Richard Thomas , Harry Anderson , and Dennis Christopher . From bottom left to bottom right , Tim Reid , John Ritter , Richard Masur and Jonathan Brandis . The Losers Club ( edit ) Richard Thomas as Bill Denbrough Jonathan Brandis as Young Bill Denbrough John Ritter as Ben Hanscom Brandon Crane as Young Ben Hanscom Annette O'Toole as Beverly Marsh Emily Perkins as Young Beverly Marsh Harry Anderson as Richie Tozier Seth Green as Young Richie Tozier Dennis Christopher as Eddie Kaspbrak Adam Faraizl as Young Eddie Kaspbrak Tim Reid as Mike Hanlon Marlon Taylor as Young Mike Hanlon Richard Masur as Stanley Uris Ben Heller as Young Stanley Uris Forms of It ( edit ) Tim Curry as Pennywise the Dancing Clown Steve Makaj as Captain Hanscom Florence Paterson as Mrs. Kersh The Bowers Gang ( edit ) Michael Cole as Henry Bowers Jarred Blancard as Young Henry Bowers Gabe Khouth as Victor Criss Chris Eastman as Belch Huggins The Losers Club relatives ( edit ) Olivia Hussey as Audra Phillips / Denbrough Frank C. Turner as Alvin `` Al '' Marsh Tony Dakota as George `` Georgie '' Denbrough Steven Hilton as Zack Denbrough Sheelah Megill as Sharon Denbrough Ryan Michael as Tom Rogan Caitlin Hicks as Patti Uris Susan Astley as Aunt Jean Claire Vardiel as Arlene Hanscom Sheila Moore as Ms. Sonya Kaspbrak Derry townspeople ( edit ) Terence Kelly as Officer Nell Jay Brazeau as Derry Cab Driver Donna Peerless as Miss Douglas Merrilyn Gann as Mrs. Winterbarger Chelan Simmons as Laurie Anne Winterbarger William B. Davis as Mr. Gedreau Laura Harris as Loni Garry Chalk as Coach Kim Kondrashoff as Joey Helena Yea as Rose Venus Terzo as Cyndi Charles Siegel as Nat Noel Geer as Bradley Amos Hertzman as `` Chubby Kid '' Megan Leitch as Library aide Boyd Norman as Gas station attendant Suzie Payne as Female cabbie Scott Swanson as Rademacher Nicola Cavendish as Desk clerk Tom Heaton as Mr. Keene Paul Batten as Pharmacist Russell Roberts as Greco Bill Croft as Koontz Deva Neil DePodesta as Bum Katherine Banwell as Television announcer Douglas Newell as Doctor Gary Hetherington as Police deputy Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) George A. Romero initially planned to direct It , but left due to scheduling problems . ABC had acquired the rights to a television mini-series of It , for what would be the first made - for - television film based on a Stephen King work since Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) , directed by Tobe Hooper . Lawrence D. Cohen , who had previously written the film adaptation of Carrie in 1976 , was hired to write It . According to both Stephen King and Cohen , King had little to no involvement in the writing of the miniseries . George A. Romero had originally been signed on to direct the project , which at the time ABC had planned for an eight - to - ten - hour series that would run over four two - hour blocks . Romero left the project due to scheduling conflicts , after which ABC condensed it to a three - part series . Shortly after , Tommy Lee Wallace was brought in to direct . After Wallace signed on to the project , ABC had ultimately decided to condense the series to two parts . According to writer Cohen : `` Speaking candidly , ABC was always nervous about It , primarily the fact that it was in the horror genre , but also the eight - to - ten hour commitment . They loved the piece , but lost their nerve in terms of how many hours they were willing to commit . Eventually , they agreed to a two - night , four - hour commitment . '' Given the length of the King novel , which runs 1,138 pages , a great deal of material was left out of Cohen 's adaptation , including subplots concerning the personal lives of the adult characters , one of which had the main male characters each losing their virginity to Beverly . `` I ca n't even begin to enumerate my favorite scenes from the book that we had to cut , because there are so many of them , '' Cohen reflected . `` I look at it as a glass half full situation . There are scenes in both nights that were created by Steve ( King ) on the page , and I 'm delighted that they survived , like the fortune cookie scene and adult Beverly going to her childhood house . The way I see it , the best moments from the book made the cut and the rest are casualties of war . '' However , Wallace and Cohen retained the centrality of Pennywise in the source novel ; as noted by film scholar Tony Magistrale in Hollywood 's Stephen King , the miniseries retains the `` association between the adult world of Derry and It ( which ) is further established in the masterful choice of a carnival clown as a unifying symbol for the various creatures representing the monster . '' Casting ( edit ) Malcolm McDowell ( left ) and Roddy McDowall ( right ) were initial choices for the role of Pennywise before Tim Curry was cast . The majority of the adult actors in the film , including John Ritter , Dennis Christopher , Tim Reid and Harry Anderson , were hand - chosen by Wallace and Cohen for their roles . Annette O'Toole was cast in the film at the suggestion of Ritter , with whom she had recently shot The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) : `` I think ( John ) may have talked to somebody , because I got an offer ( to play Beverly ) , '' O'Toole recalled . `` It happened really fast ; I do n't think I even went in for a reading . I was living in Oregon at the time , and the next thing I knew , I was in Vancouver hanging out with the coolest , most fun guys of all time . '' Emily Perkins and Marlon Taylor , who played the young Beverly Marsh and Mike Hanlon , were cast out of Vancouver , while Seth Green and Jonathan Brandis were cast out of Los Angeles for the parts of young Richie and Bill . According to Cohen , he had written the script for the series without a specific actor in mind for the role of Pennywise . According to director Tommy Lee Wallace , before he was attached to the project , Malcolm McDowell and Roddy McDowall were in consideration to play Pennywise , but Wallace wanted Tim Curry for the role ; Wallace had previously worked with the latter in Fright Night Part 2 ( 1988 ) . Filming ( edit ) It was shot over a period of three months in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada on a budget of $12 million . Given that the shooting entailed an adult cast with child counterparts , Wallace sought to have the adult actors meet with the children playing the younger versions of their characters : `` We made a point of bringing the adult and children actors together for a couple of days , even though it was costly , since the adults and the kids have no scenes together . '' Filming locations in Vancouver included Stanley Park , Beaver Lake and Saint Thomas Aquinas High School Convent in North Vancouver . Wallace told The Hollywood Reporter that his job as a director `` was to give Tim the stage and not get in his way too much . He was like Robin Williams in the way he brought a spontaneous improvisation to the part . '' Curry gave Pennywise a Bronx accent in order to sound like `` an old - time Catskills comic '' . `` I just let it happen , '' Curry said . `` Clowns are your worst fear realized . I think I scared a lot of children . '' Special effects ( edit ) The appearance of Pennywise was based on Lon Chaney in Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) . Original storyboards for Pennywise featured exaggerated cheekbones , a sharp chin , and bulbous forehead . According to director Wallace , `` Tim ( Curry ) objected strongly to all the rubber . He had recently been in several movies which covered him in prosthetics and I 'm sure he felt all the glue and latex would just get in his way . He was right , of course . With those eyes , and that mouth , and his crazy , sardonic sense of humor , less turned out to be more in the makeup department . '' Special effects coordinator Bart Mixon began working on a head cast for the Pennywise character after Curry was cast in the role ; he also designed three clay molds for testing . According to Mixon , he based the shape of Pennywise 's head on Lon Chaney in The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) , `` stylized into a clown . '' Three different versions of the clown 's face were created , one of which resembled a hobo clown , another that was `` a little meaner , '' and the final one seen in the series . To achieve the white complexion , Curry wore prosthetic make - up cream to make him appear `` almost like a living cartoon . '' The majority of the special effects in the film were done practically without digital alteration , aside from the shower scene in which Pennywise comes out of the drain ; this scene was done with replacement animation , an animation technique similar to stop motion animation . The spider figure in the conclusion of the series was hand - constructed by Mixon and his art department team . Wallace recalled of the spider : We labored long and hard designing a spider that was very beefy and muscular , almost reptilian in appearance . It looked great in the drawings , and I even recall a little clay model Bart did , which sealed the deal and won my enthusiastic approval . Bart and team went back to Hollywood to work the whole thing up full - size , and shooting started . When the SVFX team returned to Vancouver and unpacked the full - size spider , what I expected to see was the big version of that original model , the beefy , reptilian thing that was scary on sight . What they assembled on set was very , very different . Not chunky at all , very lean and mean . '' Broadcast History ( edit ) It originally aired on ABC in 1990 on the nights of November 18 and November 20 . Part 1 was the fifth highest rated program of the week with an 18.5 / 29 rating / share , and being watched in 17.5 million households . Part 2 was the second highest rated program of the week with a 20.6 / 33 rating / share , and watched in 19.2 million households . According to writer Cohen , It was considered a major success for ABC , garnering nearly 30 million viewers over its two - night premiere . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2017 ) As of December 2017 , the film has a 57 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 14 reviews , with audience reception being slightly more positive with a 63 % . Matt Roush of USA Today gave the series a positive review , writing : `` If Twin Peaks is a midnight movie for prime - time live , It is the mini-series equivalent of those Saturday matinee shockers that merrily warped a generation before Freddie and Jason began stalking their more graphic turf ... Accept It on its own popcorn - munching terms , and keep the lights on high . '' Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly praised the performances in the film , but had a negative response to its special effects and pacing , noting : `` It features a high level of ensemble acting rare for any horror film ... in addition to It 's slow pace , I found the ending a big letdown -- unimaginative special effects animate the monster in its final incarnation . But the cast is terrific , Curry 's cackle is chilling , and King 's usual buried theme -- about the pain adults inflict on children without even realizing it ( It ? ) -- is always worth pondering . '' The Hollywood Reporter called It `` one big kicky ride thanks to the charismatic acting of Curry as savage , sneering malevolence . '' Sandra Harris of Movie Pilot gave the film a positive review , noting : `` There 's some gorgeous scenery too and a nice interweaving of flashbacks with the regular scenes . For Stephen King fans , this film is a must for your collection . For fans of horror in general , I 'd say you could do a lot worse . Take the phone off the hook and burrow under the duvet for three hours with the popcorn and the remote control . '' Ian Jane of DVD Talk highlighted the mini-series ' combination of childhood nostalgia with horror elements and praised Curry 's performance as Pennywise . Bloody Disgusting 's John Campopiano commended director Tommy Lee Wallace for `` relying less on jump scares and more on creating an unsettling atmosphere to contrast against the kids and their stories . '' In 2017 , Rolling Stone writer Sean T. Collins called the miniseries `` legendary '' and commented that it had become a cult classic . He said although the miniseries `` largely bungles Pennywise 's powers '' , Curry 's portrayal of Pennywise is `` the stuff sleepless nights are made of . He gloats , he giggles , he taunts , he devours the scenery like the monster himself devours middle - schoolers -- and he generally sears his way right into the brain of the viewer . '' Dan Stephens from the UK website Top 10 Films awarded the film four out of five stars . In his review Stephens praised the film 's story , character development , and suspense during the first half . But criticized the second half as disappointing and criticizing the lack of `` friendship and togetherness '' of the main characters that was present during the first half , and clichéd ending . Stephen King commented on the miniseries in a 2015 interview , and was appreciative of it : `` You have to remember , my expectations were in the basement . Here was a book that sprawled over 1,000 pages , and they were going to cram it into four hours , with commercials . But the series really surprised me by how good it was . It 's a really ambitious adaptation of a really long book . '' Home media ( edit ) It was released on VHS and Laserdisc in 1991 . The original VHS release was on two cassette tapes , one for each part . The VHS and Laserdisc releases feature It as originally aired . In 1998 , It was re-released on VHS , this time , on one cassette tape ( in EP format ) . The film was later released on DVD in 2002 and on Blu - ray on October 4 , 2016 . Both the DVD and the Blu - ray feature an edited version of the film , which presents It as one `` movie '' . The suicide scene at the end of Part 1 is shortened , the hotel scene from Part 2 is missing , and the graveyard scene toward the beginning of Part 2 is also slightly shortened to remove the on - screen credits that originally appeared . Musical score ( edit ) A 2 - CD release of the mini-series ' complete score by Richard Bellis was released on November 15 , 2011 . The music of the film ranges from orchestral music to trumpet - heavy music that accompanies the setting of Derry to unsteady electronic instrument arrangements for the film 's scarier moments . Bellis won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition for a mini-series or a Special ( Dramatic Underscore ) for his work on the film . Track listing ( edit ) ( show ) Disc 1 No . Title Length 1 . `` Main Title '' 1 : 52 2 . `` Enter the Clown '' 3 : 04 3 . `` Georgie Dies '' 4 : 17 4 . `` Ben Gets the News '' 0 : 51 5 . `` Punks '' 2 : 18 6 . `` I Hate It Here '' 1 : 53 7 . `` Bedroom Jazz Source '' 2 : 24 8 . `` The Slap '' 1 : 45 9 . `` Die if You Try '' 4 : 02 10 . `` Richie 's Talk Show Play - Off '' 0 : 34 11 . `` The Beast -- First Encounter '' 2 : 05 12 . `` Mike Remembers '' 0 : 58 13 . `` Mike Joins the Group '' 5 : 07 14 . `` Pennywise '' 0 : 39 15 . `` Circus Source '' 1 : 10 16 . `` Target Practice '' 2 : 51 17 . `` The Sewer Hole '' 3 : 13 18 . `` Stan Gets Nabbed '' 4 : 27 19 . `` The Fog '' 3 : 25 20 . `` The Pact '' 1 : 43 21 . `` Stan 's Suicide '' 0 : 50 22 . `` End Credits I '' 1 : 00 Total length : 50 : 28 ( show ) Disc 2 No . Title Length 1 . `` Main Title Part II '' 1 : 51 2 . `` The Graves '' 1 : 48 3 . `` Library Balloons '' 2 : 53 4 . `` Ben 's Flashback '' 0 : 35 5 . `` Skeleton on the Pond '' 0 : 40 6 . `` Guillory 's Muzak '' 1 : 27 7 . `` Hydrox '' 2 : 49 8 . `` Audra '' 1 : 45 9 . `` Fortune Cookie '' 1 : 54 10 . `` Silver Flyer '' 2 : 22 11 . `` Leftover Stan '' 1 : 52 12 . `` Henry and Belch '' 2 : 20 13 . `` Every Thirty Years '' 1 : 56 14 . `` Audra Arrives '' 2 : 02 15 . `` This Time It 's for Real '' 4 : 26 16 . `` The Smell of Death '' 1 : 59 17 . `` Something 's Coming '' 4 : 00 18 . `` The Spider 's Web '' 5 : 11 19 . `` Hi Ho Silver '' 4 : 33 20 . `` End Credits Part II '' 1 : 00 Total length : 47 : 23 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goble 1999 , p. 260 . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Ethan ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Back to Derry : An Oral History of ' Stephen King 's It ' '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graham - Dixon , Charles ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Why Stephen King 's IT scares off film - makers '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sarah ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` I 'm Every Nightmare You 've Ever Had : 9 Insane Facts You Never Knew About ' IT ' ! '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Magistrale 2003 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Broeske , Pat H. ( April 5 , 1990 ) . `` Producers scare up 5 more King films '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D6 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 -- via The Statesman . Jump up ^ Newton , Steve ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Horror in Vancouver : Stephen King 's evil clown stalks Stanley Park in 1990 '' . The Georgia Straight . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Higgins , Bill ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Flashback : Tim Curry Played ' It 's ' Scary Clown in 1990 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hastings , Deborah ( November 21 , 1990 ) . `` TV movies score big in Nielsen ratings '' . The Times - News . p. 12 . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Hastings , Deborah ( November 23 , 1990 ) . `` ABC posts first ratings win of the season '' . The Times - News . p. 10 . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` It '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Quoted in Beam 1998 , p. 108 Jump up ^ Harris , Sandra ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It . ' 1990 '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jane , Ian ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It ( Blu - ray ) '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Campopiano , John ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Why We Should Enjoy ' IT ' 2017 Without Comparing to ' IT ' 1990 '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins , Sean T. ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' : Everything You Need to Know About Stephen King 's Killer Clown Story '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Stephen King 's It - Top 10 Films '' . Top10Films.co.uk . Dan Stephens . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen King 's It ( VHS ) . Amazon . ASIN 0790736039 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen King 's It Soundtrack '' . Soundtrack.net . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 43rd Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Emmys.com . Emmys . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Works cited ( edit ) Beahm , George ( September 1 , 1998 ) . Stephen King from A to Z : An Encyclopedia of His Life and Work . Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 836 - 26914 - 7 . Goble , Alan ( ed . ) ( January 1 , 1999 ) . The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film . Bowker - Saur . ISBN 978 - 3 - 598 - 11492 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Magistrale , Tony ( November 22 , 2003 ) . Hollywood 's Stephen King . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 29321 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : It ( miniseries ) It on IMDb It at AllMovie It at Rotten Tomatoes `` Back to Derry '' : An Oral History of ' Stephen King 's It ' at Yahoo ! Stephen King Bibliography Short fiction Unpublished and uncollected Awards and nominations Novels Carrie ( 1974 ) ' Salem 's Lot ( 1975 ) The Shining ( 1977 ) The Stand ( 1978 ) The Dead Zone ( 1979 ) Firestarter ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1981 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Pet Sematary ( 1983 ) Cycle of the Werewolf ( 1983 ) The Talisman ( 1984 ) It ( 1986 ) The Eyes of the Dragon ( 1987 ) Misery ( 1987 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1987 ) The Dark Half ( 1989 ) Needful Things ( 1991 ) Gerald 's Game ( 1992 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1992 ) Insomnia ( 1994 ) Rose Madder ( 1995 ) The Green Mile ( 1996 ) Desperation ( 1996 ) Bag of Bones ( 1998 ) The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon ( 1999 ) The Plant ( 2000 ; unfinished ) Dreamcatcher ( 2001 ) Black House ( 2001 ) From a Buick 8 ( 2002 ) The Colorado Kid ( 2005 ) Cell ( 2006 ) Lisey 's Story ( 2006 ) Duma Key ( 2008 ) Under the Dome ( 2009 ) 11 / 22 / 63 ( 2011 ) Joyland ( 2013 ) Doctor Sleep ( 2013 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2014 ) Revival ( 2014 ) Finders Keepers ( 2015 ) End of Watch ( 2016 ) Gwendy 's Button Box ( 2017 ) Sleeping Beauties ( 2017 ) The Outsider ( 2018 ) The Dark Tower series The Gunslinger ( 1982 ) The Drawing of the Three ( 1987 ) The Waste Lands ( 1991 ) Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Wolves of the Calla ( 2003 ) Song of Susannah ( 2004 ) The Dark Tower ( 2004 ) The Wind Through the Keyhole ( 2012 ) Richard Bachman novels Rage ( 1977 ) The Long Walk ( 1979 ) Roadwork ( 1981 ) The Running Man ( 1982 ) Thinner ( 1984 ) The Bachman Books ( 1985 ) The Regulators ( 1996 ) Blaze ( 2007 ) Short fiction collections Night Shift ( 1978 ) Different Seasons ( 1982 ) Skeleton Crew ( 1985 ) Four past Midnight ( 1990 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes ( 1993 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 1999 ) Everything 's Eventual ( 2002 ) Just After Sunset ( 2008 ) Full Dark , No Stars ( 2010 ) The Bazaar of Bad Dreams ( 2015 ) Non-fiction Danse Macabre ( 1981 ) Nightmares in the Sky ( 1988 ) On Writing ( 2000 ) Secret Windows ( 2000 ) Faithful ( 2004 ) `` Guns '' ( 2013 ) Screenplays Creepshow ( 1982 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ; also director ) Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) Teleplays `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) `` Chinga '' ( 1998 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Rose Red ( 2002 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Desperation ( 2006 ) `` Heads Will Roll '' ( 2014 ) Comics Heroes for Hope ( 1985 ) American Vampire ( 2010 ) Musical collaborations Michael Jackson 's Ghosts ( 1997 ) Black Ribbons ( 2010 ) Ghost Brothers of Darkland County ( 2012 ) Anthologies edited The Best American Short Stories 2007 ( 2007 ) Six Scary Stories ( 2016 ) Worlds and concepts Fictional locations of Maine Jerusalem 's Lot Castle Rock Derry Fictional books Multiverse All - World Dollar Baby Related articles List of adaptations Books about Stephen King Rock Bottom Remainders Philtrum Press Six Stories Stephen King Goes to the Movies Charlie the Choo - Choo Hearts in Suspension Tabitha King Joe Hill Owen King Book Adaptations of works by Stephen King Films The Shining ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1983 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) The Running Man ( 1987 ) Tales from the Darkside : The Movie ( 1990 ) Graveyard Shift ( 1990 ) Misery ( 1990 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) Needful Things ( 1993 ) The Dark Half ( 1993 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) Thinner ( 1996 ) The Night Flier ( 1997 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) Secret Window ( 2004 ) Riding the Bullet ( 2004 ) 1408 ( 2007 ) The Mist ( 2007 ) Dolan 's Cadillac ( 2009 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Mercy ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) It ( 2017 ) Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) 1922 ( 2017 ) Carrie Carrie ( 1976 ) The Rage : Carrie 2 ( 1999 ) Carrie ( 2002 ) Carrie ( 2013 ) Creepshow Creepshow ( 1982 ) Creepshow 2 ( 1987 ) Creepshow 3 ( 2007 ) Children of the Corn Disciples of the Crow ( 1983 ) Children of the Corn ( 1984 ) The Final Sacrifice ( 1992 ) Urban Harvest ( 1995 ) The Gathering ( 1996 ) Fields of Terror ( 1998 ) Isaac 's Return ( 1999 ) Revelation ( 2001 ) Children of the Corn ( 2009 ) Genesis ( 2011 ) Different Seasons Stand by Me ( 1986 ) The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) Firestarter Firestarter ( 1984 ) Rekindled ( 2002 ) Trucks Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ) Trucks ( 1997 ) Pet Sematary Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Pet Sematary Two ( 1992 ) The Mangler The Mangler ( 1995 ) The Mangler 2 ( 2002 ) The Mangler Reborn ( 2005 ) The Lawnmower Man The Lawnmower Man ( 1992 ) Beyond Cyberspace ( 1996 ) TV films , episodes , and miniseries `` Gramma '' ( 1986 ) `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) It ( 1990 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1993 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Langoliers ( 1995 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Quicksilver Highway ( 1997 ) `` The Revelations of ' Becka Paulson '' ( 1997 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Stephen King 's Desperation ( 2006 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes : From the Stories of Stephen King ( 2006 ) Bag of Bones ( 2011 ) Big Driver ( 2014 ) Salem 's Lot Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) A Return to Salem 's Lot ( 1987 ) Salem 's Lot ( 2004 ) Sometimes They Come Back Sometimes They Come Back ( 1991 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... Again ( 1996 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... for More ( 1998 ) Rose Red Rose Red ( 2002 ) The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer ( 2003 ) TV series Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Dead Zone ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Haven ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Under the Dome ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) The Mist ( 2017 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2017 -- present ) Castle Rock ( TBA ) Operas Dolores Claiborne ( 2013 ) The Shining ( 2016 ) Book Films directed by Tommy Lee Wallace Halloween III : Season of the Witch ( 1982 ) Aloha Summer ( 1988 ) Fright Night Part 2 ( 1988 ) It ( 1990 ) The Comrades of Summer ( 1992 ) Danger Island ( 1992 ) Witness to the Execution ( 1994 ) Once You Meet a Stranger ( 1996 ) Steel Chariots ( 1997 ) The Spree ( 1998 ) Vampires : Los Muertos ( 2002 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_(miniseries)&oldid=819025499 '' Categories : 1990s American television miniseries 1990 American television series debuts 1990 American television series endings American horror fiction television series American supernatural horror films American monster movies Domestic violence in television Films about shapeshifting Films set in 1960 Films set in 1990 Films set in Maine Films shot in Vancouver Horror adventure films Horror drama films Horror films about clowns Horror television films Suicide in fiction Television programs based on works by Stephen King Hidden categories : CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN Use mdy dates from November 2017 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles to be expanded from September 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Track listings with deprecated parameters CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 23 : 49 . 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when did curling come back to the olympics

Curling was included in the program of the inaugural Winter Olympic Games in 1924 in Chamonix although the results of that competition were not considered official by the International Olympic Committee until 2006 . Curling was a demonstration sport at the 1932 Games , and then again after a lengthy absence in 1988 and 1992 . The sport was finally added to the official program for the 1998 Nagano Games .

1998

Curling at the Winter Olympics

curling at the winter olympics

Curling was included in the program of the inaugural Winter Olympic Games in 1924 in Chamonix although the results of that competition were not considered official by the International Olympic Committee until 2006 . Curling was a demonstration sport at the 1932 Games , and then again after a lengthy absence in 1988 and 1992 . The sport was finally added to the official program for the 1998 Nagano Games .

Until 2018 , men 's and women 's events were contested . An additional event , mixed doubles , was rejected for 2010 because the Olympic Programme Commission felt it had not developed enough , but was approved for the 2018 Winter Olympics at an IOC Executive Board meeting in June 2015 . Since the 1998 Olympics , Canada has generally dominated the sport with their men 's teams winning gold in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 , and silver in 1998 and 2002 . The women 's team won gold in 1998 and 2014 , a silver in 2010 , and a bronze in 2002 and 2006 . Their mixed doubles team won gold in 2018 . The related ice stock sport ( Eisstockschießen in German ) was a demonstration event in 1936 and 1964 . These events are not considered additional demonstrations of curling . Contents ( hide ) 1 Participating nations 2 Medal table 3 Medal summary 3.1 Men 3.2 Women 3.3 Mixed doubles 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Participating nations ( edit ) The final placement for each team in each tournament is shown in the following tables . Men 's tournament Nation 24 98 02 06 10 14 18 Years Canada -- 02 ! 02 ! 01 ! 01 ! 01 ! 6 China -- -- -- -- 8 -- Denmark -- -- 7 -- 9 6 10 Finland -- -- 5 02 ! -- -- -- France 03 ! -- 10 -- 7 -- -- Germany -- 8 6 8 6 10 -- 5 Great Britain 01 ! 7 8 5 02 ! 5 7 Italy -- -- -- 7 -- -- 9 Japan -- 6 -- -- -- -- 8 New Zealand -- -- -- 10 -- -- -- Norway -- 03 ! 01 ! 5 02 ! 5 6 6 Russia -- -- -- -- -- 7 -- South Korea -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 Sweden 02 ! 5 9 03 ! 02 ! 7 Switzerland -- 01 ! 03 ! 6 03 ! 8 03 ! 6 United States -- 9 03 ! 10 9 01 ! 6 Note : The three medal winners in 1924 were the only teams entered that year . Women 's tournament Nation 98 02 06 10 14 18 Years Canada 01 ! 03 ! 03 ! 02 ! 01 ! 6 6 China -- -- -- 03 ! 7 5 Denmark 02 ! 9 9 5 6 10 6 Germany 8 5 -- 6 -- -- Great Britain 01 ! 5 7 03 ! 6 Italy -- -- 10 -- -- -- Japan 6 8 7 8 5 03 ! 6 Norway 5 7 -- -- -- Olympic Athletes from Russia -- -- -- -- -- 9 Russia -- 10 6 9 9 -- South Korea -- -- -- -- 8 02 ! Sweden 03 ! 6 01 ! 01 ! 02 ! 01 ! 6 Switzerland -- 02 ! 02 ! 7 5 United States 7 8 10 10 8 6 Mixed doubles tournament Nation 18 Years Canada 01 ! China Finland 7 Norway 03 ! Olympic Athletes from Russia DQB South Korea 5 Switzerland 02 ! United States 6 Medal table ( edit ) Standings in curling medals won as of the 2018 Winter Olympics . Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Canada ( CAN ) 6 11 Sweden ( SWE ) 8 Great Britain ( GBR ) Switzerland ( SUI ) 7 5 Norway ( NOR ) 6 United States ( USA ) 0 7 Denmark ( DEN ) 0 0 Finland ( FIN ) 0 0 South Korea ( KOR ) 0 0 10 China ( CHN ) 0 0 France ( FRA ) 0 0 Japan ( JPN ) 0 0 Total 14 14 14 42 Medal summary ( edit ) Main article : List of Olympic medalists in curling Men ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1924 Chamonix details Great Britain ( GBR ) Sweden ( SWE ) France ( FRA ) 1928 → 1994 Not included in the Olympic programme 1998 Nagano details Switzerland ( SUI ) Canada ( CAN ) Norway ( NOR ) 2002 Salt Lake City details Norway ( NOR ) Canada ( CAN ) Switzerland ( SUI ) 2006 Turin details Canada ( CAN ) Finland ( FIN ) United States ( USA ) 2010 Vancouver details Canada ( CAN ) Norway ( NOR ) Switzerland ( SUI ) 2014 Sochi details Canada ( CAN ) Great Britain ( GBR ) Sweden ( SWE ) 2018 Pyeongchang details United States ( USA ) Sweden ( SWE ) Switzerland ( SUI ) Women ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1998 Nagano details Canada ( CAN ) Denmark ( DEN ) Sweden ( SWE ) 2002 Salt Lake City details Great Britain ( GBR ) Switzerland ( SUI ) Canada ( CAN ) 2006 Turin details Sweden ( SWE ) Switzerland ( SUI ) Canada ( CAN ) 2010 Vancouver details Sweden ( SWE ) Canada ( CAN ) China ( CHN ) 2014 Sochi details Canada ( CAN ) Sweden ( SWE ) Great Britain ( GBR ) 2018 Pyeongchang details Sweden ( SWE ) South Korea ( KOR ) Japan ( JPN ) Mixed doubles ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 2018 Pyeongchang details Canada ( CAN ) Switzerland ( SUI ) Norway ( NOR ) See also ( edit ) List of Olympic venues in curling Wheelchair curling at the Winter Paralympics Ice stock sport at the Winter Olympics , a similar sport References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heidrick , Shaun ( 2014 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games : A History of Curling at the Games - Yahoo Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Programme Updates '' . Olympic.org. 2006 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ National Lead Writer ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Sochi Olympics : Popularity , Buzz and Drama of Curling with NBC 's Andrew Catalon '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Mixed Doubles curling confirmed for PyeongChang 2018 Olympics '' . World Curling Federation . 8 June 2015 . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Hojnacki , Sean ( 2013 - 12 - 20 ) . `` Winter Olympics 2014 : 10 Things to Know About Curling - Yahoo Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Briscoe , Jeff ( 2014 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Rules of Curling in the Winter Olympics - Yahoo Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Curling at the Olympics at Wikimedia Commons Olympic information at the World Curling Federation 's site Curling at the Winter Olympics Summary by year 1924 1928 1932 ( demonstration ) 1936 -- 1984 1988 ( demonstration ) 1992 ( demonstration ) 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Men 's events 1924 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Women 's events 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Mixed doubles 2018 List of medalists List of venues Sports at the Olympic Games Summer sports Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing Rugby sevens Sailing Shooting Swimming Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Beach volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling Winter sports Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Future sports ( 2020 ) Baseball Softball Karate Skateboarding Sport climbing Surfing Past sports Basque pelota Cricket Croquet Jeu de paume Lacrosse Military patrol Polo Rackets Roque Rugby union ( 15 - a-side ) Tug of war Water motorsports Demonstration sports American football Australian football Bandy Bowling Budo Disabled skiing Gliding Glima Ice stock sport Korfball La canne Pesäpallo Roller hockey Savate Skijoring Sled dog racing Speed skiing Water skiing Winter pentathlon Unofficial sports Angling Art competitions Ballooning Boules Cannon shooting Cycle polo Fire fighting Gaelic football Hurling Kaatsen Kite flying Life saving Longue paume Motor racing Motorcycle racing Pigeon racing Wushu See also : Paralympic sports Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curling_at_the_Winter_Olympics&oldid=836781477 '' Categories : Curling at the Winter Olympics Sports at the Winter Olympics Curling at multi-sport events Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Français Frysk 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 20 : 19 . 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in which kingdom the bahubali series mainly set

In the ancient kingdom of Mahismati , Sivagami ( Ramya Krishnan ) emerges from a cave while carrying a baby . She kills two soldiers pursuing her and attempts to wade towards a village across a raging river , but fails and falls in . She clutches a branch , before pleading to the Supreme Lord Parameshvar that `` Mahendra Baahubali must live ! '' and holds the baby in one hand above her head before dying .

Mahismati

Baahubali : the Beginning

baahubali : the beginning

Baahubali : The Beginning ( stylized as bãhubali ; English : The One with Strong Arms : The Beginning ) , also known by the initialism BBTB , is an Indian epic historical fiction film directed by S.S. Rajamouli . The film was produced by Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni and was shot as a bilingual in Telugu and Tamil . The film stars Prabhas , Rana Daggubati , Anushka Shetty , and Tamannaah in the lead roles , with Ramya Krishnan , Sathyaraj , and Nassar in supporting roles . The first of two cinematic parts , The Beginning is a tale of the lost rightful heir of the fictional kingdom of Mahishmati , who learns about his true identity while falling in love with a rebellious warrior , who ( among with her group ) intends to rescue the former queen of Mahismati .

The film was conceived by Rajamouli 's father K.V. Vijayendra Prasad , who randomly told him a story about Sivagami , a woman who carries a baby in her hand while crossing a river , and a few years later about Kattapa , which intrigued Rajamouli . His fascination with mythology and the tales of Amar Chitra Katha comics further fueled his interest in the story . However , it took the writers three months to finalise the final draft . The soundtrack and background score were composed by M.M. Keeravani while the cinematography , production design , and VFX were handled by K.K. Senthil Kumar , Sabu Cyril and V. Srinivas Mohan respectively . The film was made on a budget of ₹ 180 crore ( ~ $27.9 million ) , making it the most expensive Indian film at its time of release . The film opened worldwide on 10 July 2015 , garnering critical acclaim and record breaking box office success . With the worldwide box office gross of ₹ 6.5 billion ( ~ $100.9 million ) , it became the highest - grossing film in India and the third - highest grossing Indian film worldwide , and the highest - grossing South Indian film at the time of its release . Its Hindi dubbed version also broke several records by becoming the highest grossing dubbed film in India . Both budget and box office records since has been surpassed by its sequel , Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion . The Beginning is the highest grossing Indian film of 2015 and the fourth highest grossing Indian film of all time . It received several accolades . It won the National Film Award for Best Special Effects and Best Feature Film , becoming the first Telugu film to win the award . At the 63rd Filmfare Awards South , the Telugu version won five awards from ten nominations , including Best Film , Best Director for Rajamouli and Best Supporting Actress for Krishnan . The Beginning became the first Indian film to be nominated for Saturn Awards , receiving five nominations at the 42nd ceremony , including Best Fantasy Film and Best Supporting Actress for Tamannaah . The film 's second and final cinematic part was released on 28 April 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Visual effects 3.2 Kilikili language 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Re-release 5.2 Marketing 5.3 Distribution 6 Critical reception 7 Box office 7.1 India 7.2 Overseas 8 Accolades 9 Sequel 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot In the ancient kingdom of Mahismati , Sivagami ( Ramya Krishnan ) emerges from a cave while carrying a baby . She kills two soldiers pursuing her and attempts to wade towards a village across a raging river , but fails and falls in . She clutches a branch , before pleading to the Supreme Lord Parameshvar that `` Mahendra Baahubali must live ! '' and holds the baby in one hand above her head before dying . Local villagers notice the baby and rescue it . Sanga ( Rohini ) and her husband name the infant Sivudu and raise him as their own son . The villagers seal the staircase leading up the waterfall , fearing that someone may come to take away the child . Sivudu ( Prabhas ) grows up to be a strong , adventurous young man who tries to climb the waterfall , with minimal success . After carrying a stone Shiva lingam to the waterfalls , he finds a wooden mask on the ground . Driven to find the owner of the mask , he attempts to climb the waterfall again and succeeds . After his ascent , Sivudu discovers that the mask belongs to Avantika ( Tamannaah ) , a rebellious warrior of a group engaged in guerrilla warfare against Emperor Bhallaladeva ( Rana Daggubati ) of Mahismati . The group , led by Devasena 's brother ( Balireddy Pruthviraj ) , intends to rescue their former queen Devasena ( Anushka Shetty ) who has been imprisoned in the kingdom for the past twenty - five years . Avantika is given the opportunity to rescue the queen . Avantika falls in love with Sivudu after finding out that he climbed the waterfall for her . Sivudu pledges to help her in her mission and sneaks into Mahishmati to rescue Devasena . Sivudu rescues Devasena and flees with her , but is chased down by Bhallaladeva 's son , Bhadra ( Adivi Sesh ) and the king 's royal slave warrior Kattappa ( Sathyaraj ) . After Sivudu beheads Bhadra , Kattappa drops his weapon , realizing that Sivudu is Mahendra Baahubali , the son of late king Amarendra Baahubali . Kattappa narrates the story of Amarendra 's past . Amarendra 's mother had died giving birth to him , while his father had died long before that . His uncle Bijjaladeva ( Nassar ) was deemed unfit to rule due to his crooked nature , however he believes he was denied the throne due to the fact that one of his arms is disabled . Bijjaladeva 's wife Sivagami assumed control of the kingdom with Kattappa 's assistance until a new king could be selected . Amarendra Baahubali was brought up together with Bijjaladeva and Sivagami 's son , his cousin Bhallaladeva . Both young men were trained in arts , science , disguise , politics , and warfare , but they had different approaches towards kingship . Amarendra Baahubali was gracious to everyone , and was loved by the people . Bhallaladeva was violent and achieved his goals by any means possible . It was then discovered that Mahismathi was about to be attacked by an army of savages called Kalakeyas . Bijjaladeva proposed that the prince who killed Inkoshi , the king of Kalakeyas , would be the future king of Mahismati and the chief minister agrees . Sivagami , nevertheless , said that it was prince 's duty to protect and defend their country and orders that Mahismati 's war resources be distributed fairly among the two men . Bijjaladeva used his guile to make sure Bhallaladeva got the maximum war resources . The Kalakeyas were given an opportunity to change their minds . The Kalakeya king Inkoshi rejected Queen Sivagami 's offer and insulted her by saying he will have children with her . An enraged Sivagami said she wants Inkoshi brought to her alive , but with his limbs chopped off , so that she could feed him to the vultures . During the battle , the Kalakeyas used a dirty tactic of using the prisoners of Mahismati as shields . Bhallaladeva plowed through the line of innocent prisoners with his chariot which had blades turning and killed them . Amarendra , on the other hand , caused them to fall down and attacked the Kalakeyas behind them , thus saving the prisoners . When it seems that Mahishmati would end up being defeated , Amarendra inspired his soldiers to fight back and they ended up crushing the enemy . While Amarendra defeated Inkoshi and was about to obey the words of Sivagami by chopping off his limbs , Bhallaladeva swung his weapon from a distance and killed him . Despite Bhallaladeva being the one to kill Inkoshi , Sivagami announced Amarendra Baahubali as the new emperor because of his courage and leadership and also because of the fact that he shielded and protected his own countrymen throughout the war . After the flashback , when asked about Amarendra 's current whereabouts , a tearful Kattappa reveals that Amarendra is dead , and that he is the one who killed him . Cast I was about 7 years old when I started reading comics called ' Amar Chitra Katha ' that are published in India . They 're not about a superhero , but they encompass all the stories of India , the folklore , the mythology , everything . But most of these stories are about Indian historical figures . I was fascinated by the forts , the battles , the kings , I not only used to read those stories but I kept telling those stories to my friends in my own way . -- Rajamouli , on the inspiration for making Baahubali . Main article : List of Baahubali characters Prabhas as Amarendra Baahubali and Mahendra Baahubali alias Sivudu ( Telugu ) / Shivu ( Tamil ) Rana Daggubati as Bhallaladeva ( Telugu ) / Pallvalathevan in ( Tamil ) Anushka Shetty as Devasena ( Telugu ) / Thevasenai ( Tamil ) Ramya Krishnan as Rajamatha ( Queen Mother ) Sivagami ( Telugu ) / Shivakami ( Tamil ) Tamannaah as a rebel warrior Avantika ( Telugu and Tamil ) Sathyaraj as Kattappa ( Telugu and Tamil ) , as a royal slave and warrior Nassar as Bijjaladeva ( Telugu ) / Pingalathevan ( Tamil ) Rohini as Sanga ( Telugu and Tamil ) Meka Ramakrishna as Jayasena , leader of the rebel group and the King of Kunthala Kingdom Tanikella Bharani as Swamiji Adivi Sesh as Bhadra ( Telugu and Tamil ) , son of Bhallaladeva Prabhakar as king of the Kalakeyas Inkoshi ( Telugu ) / Inkhozhi ( Tamil ) Sudeep as Aslam Khan S.S. Rajamouli as spirit seller Nora Fatehi as dancer in green blouse Scarlett Mellish Wilson as dancer in orange blouse Sneha Upadhyay ( cameo ) as dancer in blue blouse Rakesh Varre as Bhallaladeva 's friend Teja Kakumanu as Sakethudu Bharani as Marthanda Subbaraya Sharma Adatya as Raj Guru John Kokken as Kalki Brothers Gabriela Bertante Production Characters in the movie - Bhallaladeva , Baahubali , Kattappa and Avantika Baahubali : The Beginning was produced in Tollywood , the center of Telugu language films in India . As of July 2015 , the film series was considered the most expensive in India . In February 2011 , S.S. Rajamouli announced that Prabhas will star in his upcoming movie . In January 2013 , he announced that the working title as Baahubali and the actual film production started at Rock Gardens in Kurnool on 6 July 2013 . The waterfall scenes in the film were shot at Athirappilly Falls in Kerala , huge sets for the Mahishmati kingdom were constructed at Ramoji Film City in Hyderabad and the snow episodes in the film were shot in Bulgaria . The screen writer , K.V. Vijayendra Prasad who wrote stories for most of Rajamouli 's films once again penned the story for Baahubali . The film boasts of one year pre production work where in 15,000 story board sketches for the film were created which is highest for any Indian Film till date . More than 90 percent of the film had visually enhanced shots and according to the producer , more than 600 VFX artists worked for the film from 18 facilities around the world led by Makuta VFX and Firefly in Hyderabad , Prasad Studios in Hyderabad and Chennai , Annapurna Studios in Hyderabad , Tau Films in Malaysia , and Dancing Digital Animation and Macrograph in South Korea . Makuta VFX which had prior experience of working with S.S. Rajamouli was chosen as principal visual effects studio . The cinematography of the movie was done by KK Senthil Kumar for 380 days using Arri Alexa XT camera with Master Prime lens marking Rajamouli 's first film using digital camera . Most of the film was shot in ARRIRAW format in 4 : 3 aspect ratio while ARRIRAW 16.9 was used for slow motion shots at 120 fps . Open Gate format , which can use the full 3.4 K sensor in the camera to produce frames larger than the standard ARRIRAW format was tapped in to get the maximum image quality in VFX shots . For the first time in Indian movies , 4K movie print was rendered with an aspect ratio of 1 : 1.88 as compared to Cinemascope at 1 : 2.35 to get the best cinematic experience in screens that support the 4K projection claimed the Producer . Sabu Cyril , production designer for the film created 10,000 different kinds of weaponry ranging from swords , helmets and armors required for the soldiers . To make the swords light weight Carbon - fibre was used instead of steel , the same material used in manufacture of Helicopter blades claimed the art director . 3D printing technology was used to create the head of 100 foot Bhallaladeva 's character in the movie and flexi foam was used to create amours to make them light weight and to have the look of leather . V. Srinivas Mohan was chosen as visual effects supervisor and Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao was the Editor . PM Satheesh was the sound designer and Peter Hein was responsible for the action sequences . The costume designers were Rama Rajamouli and Prasanthi Tipirneni . The line producer was M.M. Srivalli . Visual effects National Award Winner V. Srinivas Mohan was roped in as Visual effects supervisor for Baahubali . The film boasts of 90 % CGI work which accounts for 2500 VFX shots . Makuta VFX which is based out of Hyderabad was chosen as principal visual effects studio and was responsible for more than 50 % of the computer - generated imagery in the film . The majority of work done by Makuta involved bringing the 1500 foot mystical waterfall to life , creating enormous mountains and huge landscapes including the kingdom of Mahishmati , with its massive temples and courtyards . Creating the mammoth waterfall took nearly 2 years as Makuta has to deal with a lot of complexity in fluid dynamics and simulations . Each frame involving the water fall sequence was treated as creating a new set and employed a different set of methodology claims Makuta . Firefly Creative Studio which is also based out of Hyderabad worked primarily on the avalanche and the war sequences which accounts for nearly 25 minutes of the film . Firefly Creative was also involved in creating underwater VFX shots and in establishing backstories for Kalakeya characters . Tau Films from Malaysia was responsible for creating the CGI bison , while Prasad EFX from Hyderabad was responsible for some shots in pre and post battle episodes involving digital multiplication . Prasad was also responsible for creating a 3D image of Kattappa and mapping his head on to a duplicate actor in one of the scenes . Srushti VFX from Hyderabad was involved in digitally creating some of the shots in the war sequence along with Firefly studios . Annapurna Studios from Hyderabad was chosen as digital intermediate partner for the film which is responsible for generating the digital feed with the best color and audio for editing . For the first time in Indian movies , Academy Color Encoding System workflows were implemented along with Infinitely Scalable Information Storage keeping in mind the mammoth scale of digitally enhanced shots in the film . Arka Media Works , production company of Baahubali , teamed up with AMD to use the state of the art FirePro GPUs W9100 and W8100 during the post production of the film which are capable of rendering 4K content in real time and are considered the best in Industry to date . Reacting to media reports on the same VFX team for Baahubali and Jurassic World , producer Shobu Yarlagadda denied outright any such collaboration , calling such claims an internet rumor . In an interview with Quartz , the co-founder of Makuta VFX stated , `` Most of Baahubali was developed in Hyderabad , home to Tollywood , and used local talent . It was principally a homegrown feature produced by homegrown talent . '' Kilikili language The fictional language Kilikili ( also referred to as Kiliki ) used as the language of the Kalakeyas - a ferocious warrior tribe , was created by Madhan Karky for the film . It is said to be the first fictitious language to be created for an Indian film character . While Karky was pursuing PhD in Australia , he took up a part - time job of teaching and baby - sitting children . During one such interaction , he thought it would be fun to create a new language that could be easily grasped . Basic words were first made up and opposites were represented by word reversals - me was min and you was nim . The language which introduced 100 new words was called `` Click '' to highlight its simplicity . This formed the foundation for Kiliki . Kilikili consists of at least 750 words and more than 40 concrete grammar rules It was designed to be an intuitive language - Karky said he used hard consonants and soft consonants depending on the nature of the word 's meaning . The language was created keeping in mind that the Kalakeya warriors had to be portrayed as terrifying brutes . The language sounds the same in all the versions - Telugu , Tamil , Hindi and Malayalam - of Baahubali . Music Main article : Baahubali : The Beginning ( soundtrack ) Rajamouli 's cousin M.M. Keeravani composed the music for this film and the sound supervision is done by Kalyan Koduri . Release The film released on 10 July 2015 in 4,000 screens worldwide in Telugu , Tamil , Hindi and Malayalam languages . A record number of 1600 screens in Telugu , 1500 screens in Hindi , 350 in Tamil and 225 screens in Malayalam were booked for the release . The film was released in USA a day earlier by BlueSky Cinemas in 135 screens . A premier show was also held on 9 July at Prasads IMAX Hyderabad . The film 's release in Kerala was hindered amidst a close down by a section of theatres over the piracy issue of Malayalm film Premam and released only in few theatres . The Telugu version of the film was presented by K. Raghavendra Rao , Tamil version by K.E. Gnanavel Raja , Sri Thenandal Films and UV Creations , Karan Johar presented the Hindi version and Global United Media presented the Malayalam theatrical version . International version of the film which is 20 mins shorter than the original one , done by Vincent Tabaillon was screened at Busan International Film Festival . Producers of the film have planned to release the film in China in over 5000 screens in November 2015 by E Stars Films . Baahubali will be the biggest release in China for an Indian film , beating PK which was released on 22 May 2015 . The film is also set to release in Japan . Twin Co which is a leading distributor for international films in Japan has acquired the rights for screening of the film . The producer Shobu Yarlagadda who struck the deal at Busan Asian Film Market also revealed his plans to release the movie in Latin America , Germany and European countries . MVP Entertainment is set to release the movie in Thailand , Vietnam , Laos , Cambodia , Myanmar , and Timor - Leste countries . Sun Distribution acquired the distribution rights of the movie in Latin American countries while Creative Century Entertainment got the rights for Taiwan . In Korea , the movie is scheduled to be released via Entermode Corp . Arka International , which is the sales arm for International release has made arrangements to release the movie in Germany and 70 other territories . The Tamil version of the film faced a controversy relating to a word used in the film . On 22 July 2015 , activists of Dalit group Puratchi Pulikal Iyakkam hurled petrol bombs outside the ' Tamil , Jaya ' multiplex in Madurai screening the Tamil version of the film . Dalit group Puratchi Pulikal Iyakkam protested against the movie featuring a line Pagadaikku Pirandhavan , words considered derogatory against dalits as they are contemptuous terms used by caste Hindus to address members of the Arunthathiyar Dalit sub-caste . Dialogue Writer of Tamil version , Madhan Karky issued an apology for offending Dalits . Re-release As the sequel Baahubali : The Conclusion was released on 28 April 2017 , the producers and distributors re-released the first part ( Hindi ) again on 7 April 2017 . The film was screened at various film festivals like Open Cinema Strand of Busan International Film Festival , Indian Film Festival The Hague , Sitges Film Festival in Spain , Utopiales Film Festival in France , Golden Horse Film Festival in Taipei , Taiwan , Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival in Estonia , L'Etrange International Film Festival in Paris , Five Flavours Film Festival in Poland , Hawaii International Film Festival in Honolulu , Brussels International Fantastic Film Festival in Brussels , Belgium , Cannes Film Festival in France , Transilvania International Film Festival in Romania , Le Grand Rex in Paris , Kurja Polt Horror Film Festival , Festival de Lacamo , 8th BRICS summit , and the 2016 Indian Panorama section of the International Film Festival of India , Goa . The international version of the film was released in China , Japan , Korea , Taiwan , Indonesia , Thailand , Vietnam , Laos , Cambodia , Myanmar , Philippines , Timor - Leste along with some European and Latin American countries . Marketing Marketing of the film started 2 years before the shoot by S.S. Rajamouli with the audition campaign in Facebook and YouTube . A number of short promotional Making - of videos were released on ArkaMediaworks YouTube channel and the team unveiled first look posters and videos featuring the film 's lead stars on the occasions of their birthdays . The film used an augmented reality application to play the trailer on smart phones and tablets . The crown used by the character of Baahubali in the film was exhibited at Comic Con , Hyderabad as a part of the film 's promotion . A cosplay event was held in which chosen winners were given a chance to visit the sets of the film . The film 's unit also launched a WhatsApp messenger to give regular updates about the film to the subscribers . On 22 July 2015 , Guinness World Records approved the poster created during the audio launch of Baahubali in Kochi on 27 June 2015 as the world 's largest poster . The poster has an area of 4,793.65 m2 ( 51,598.21 ft2 ) and it was achieved by Global United Media Company Pvt Ltd . ( This record has since been broken with a 5,969.61 m2 poster for the film MSG - 2 The Messenger . ) A special skit was performed by the Baahubali team for the event named Memu Saitham to help the victims affected by Cyclone Hudhud . After the film 's release , an interactive quiz was conducted by marketing team on storygag allowing users to find out which Baahubali movie character they were . Producers are also has planning to create a film museum at Ramoji Film City in Hyderabad which will showcase the weapons , armours and costumes used by actors in the film which is first of its kind for any Indian movie till date . Museum is expected to be ready before or right after the release of Baahubali : The Conclusion . The film 's website hosts merchandise which includes apparels , accessories and film 's collectibles . It is also one of the films featured in BBC 's documentary on 100 Years of Indian cinema directed by Sanjeev Bhaskar . Distribution In early July 2014 , the film first part 's Karnataka and Ceded ( Rayalaseema ) region distribution rights were sold to a prominent distributor for ₹ 23 crore ( US $3.6 million ) out of which the Ceded region , which included Kadapa , Kurnool , Anantapur , Chittoor and Bellary areas , the rights alone fetched ₹ 14 crore ( US $2.2 million ) At the same time , the film 's Nizam region theatrical distribution rights were purchased by Dil Raju for an amount of ₹ 25 crore ( US $3.9 million ) . only for the first part . Though he did not confirm the price , Dil Raju said in an interview to Deccan Chronicle that he purchased the first part 's Nizam region rights and added that he would acquire the rights of the second part also for this region . BlueSky Cinemas , Inc. acquired the theatrical screening and distribution rights in United States and Canada . Critical reception Critics praised the film for its direction , technical values , and the actors ' performances . Lisa Tsering based on The Hollywood Reporter wrote , `` The story has been told many times before -- a child is born destined for greatness and as a man vanquishes the forces of evil -- but in the confident hands of accomplished South Indian director S.S. Rajamouli the tale gets potent new life in Baahubali : The Beginning . '' Allan Hunter , writing for Screen Daily noted that `` The broad brushstrokes storytelling and the director 's over-fondness for slow - motion sequences are among the film 's failings but this is still a rousing film , easily accessible epic . There 's rarely a dull moment in Baahubali : The Beginning , part one of a gung - ho , crowd - pleasing Telugu - language epic that has been shattering box - office records throughout India . '' Mike McCahill of The Guardian rated the film four stars out of five , praising the film , `` Rajamouli defers on the latter for now , but his skilful choreography of these elements shucks off any cynicism one might carry into Screen 1 : wide - eyed and wondrous , his film could be a blockbuster reboot , or the first blockbuster ever made , a reinvigoration of archetypes that is always entertaining , and often thrilling , to behold . '' Suprateek Chatterjee of The Huffington Post wrote , `` However , all said and done , Baahubali : The Beginning is a remarkable achievement . What Rajamouli has pulled off here , despite its flaws , is nothing short of a miracle , especially when you take into account India 's notoriously risk - averse filmmaking environment and when the film ends on a tantalising cliffhanger ( paving the way for Baahubali : The Conclusion , due to release next year ) , one ca n't help but applaud his singularly brave vision . As the cliché goes , a journey of a thousand miles must begin with a single step , but it does n't really matter if that first step is shaky as long as it lands firmly and confidently . '' Deepanjana Pal of Firstpost wrote , `` This battle is Rajamouli 's tour de force . It 's elaborate , well - choreographed and has some breathtaking moments . Prabhas and Dagubatti are both in their elements as the warriors who approach warfare in two distinctive styles . The outcome of the battle is no surprise , but there are enough clever tactics and twists to keep the audience hooked . The biggest surprise , however , lies in the film 's final shot , which gives you a glimpse into the sequel that will come out next year . And it 's good enough to make you wish 2016 was here already . '' Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV India rated the film with three stars out of five and stated , `` The spectacular universe that the film conjures up is filled with magic , but the larger - than - life characters that populate its extraordinary expanse do not belong to any known mythic landscape . To that extent , Baahubali , driven by the titular superhero who pulls off mind - boggling feats both in love and in war , throws up many a surprise that is n't altogether meaningless . '' Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express praised the film : `` Right from its opening frames , ' Baahubali ' holds out many promises : of adventure and romance , love and betrayal , valour and weakness . And it delivers magnificently on each of them . This is full - tilt , fully - assured filmmaking of a very high order . ' Baahubali ' is simply spectacular . '' IN her review for The Hindu , Sangeetha Devi Dundoo wrote , `` The war formations that form a chunk of the latter portions of the film are the best we 've seen in Indian cinema so far . These portions are spectacular and show the technical finesse of the cinematographer ( K.K. Senthil Kumar ) and the visual effects teams . The waterfall , the mystical forests and water bodies above the cliffs and the lead pair escaping an avalanche all add to the spectacle . Give into its magic , without drawing comparisons to Hollywood flicks . '' Sukanya Varma of Rediff gave the film four out of five stars , calling it ' mega , ingenious and envelope pushing ! ' . Critic Archita Kashyap based at Koimoi also gave the same ratings , `` Be it the war sequences , or sword fighting ; or a visual spectacle , or pure entertainment it is worth a watch . Kudos to the dedication of SS Rajamouli and his leading men , Prabhas and Rana , for spending years putting this film together . Actually , in its imagination and Indianness , Baahubali might just be a whole new start . '' Rachit Gupta of Filmfare gave the film four stars ( out of 5 ) and summarised , `` Baahubali is truly an epic experience . Had the story not been so jaded , this would 've gone into the history books as an all - time classic . But that 's not the case . It has its set of storytelling flaws , but even those are overshadowed by Rajamouli 's ideas and execution . This is definitely worthy of being India 's most expensive film . It 's a definite movie watching experience . '' Suparna Sharma of Deccan Chronicle praised the second half of the film , writing , `` Rajamouli has reserved all the grander and grandstanding for later , after interval . That 's when the film stands up and begins to strut like an epic . '' Suhani Singh of India Today pointed out that the film is best enjoyed keeping logic at bay . She added , `` SS Rajamouli and his team put up a fascinating wild , wild east adventure . It takes pluck to conceive a world like the one seen in Baahubali and to pull it off on a level which is on par with the international standards . The almost 45 - minute - long battle sequence at the end is not just one of the biggest climaxes , but also the action spectacle rarely seen in Indian cinema . And if Rajamouli can present another one like that in part 2 , then he is on course to register his name in cinema 's history books . We ca n't wait to revisit Mahishmati kingdom . '' Critical reception penned by Shubha Shetty Saha for Mid Day rates the film with four stars out of film , exclaiming , `` While watching Baahubali , you might have to periodically pick up your jaw off the floor . Because this is not merely a movie , it is an unbelievably thrilling fantasy ride . '' The review extends praising the aspects , `` It is to the director 's credit that every aspect of the film -- action , mind - boggling set design and choreography -- lives up to this epic film of gigantic scale . The choreography in the song that has Shiva disrobing Avantika to get her in touch with her feminine side , is an absolute gem . '' Box Office See also : List of highest - grossing Indian films Baahubali : The Beginning on the first day of its release collected ₹ 75 crore ( US $12 million ) worldwide which was the highest opening ever for an Indian film until Kabali surpassed it in 2016 by earning ₹ 87.5 crore ( US $14 million ) . The film collected ₹ 15 crore ( US $2.3 million ) alone from United States on its first day . First weekend collections stood around ₹ 162 crore ( US $25 million ) worldwide from all its versions , the third biggest ever for an Indian film . The film grossed around ₹ 255 crore ( US $40 million ) worldwide in the first week of its release . It became the first South Indian film to gross ₹ 300 crore ( US $47 million ) worldwide , reaching there in 9 days , and subsequently grossed ₹ 401 crore ( US $63 million ) worldwide in 15 days . And has successfully crossed ₹ 500 crore ( US $78 million ) mark in 24 days . By the end of 50 days , the film grossed an approximate ₹ 595 crore ( US $93 million ) crore worldwide , based on estimates from International Business Times . Overall collections of the film stood at ₹ 650 crore ( US $100 million ) as of today . Baahubali : The Beginning grossed ₹ 518 crore ( US $81 million ) in all languages in India alone , and became the highest - grossing movie in India surpassing the gross of PK ( 2015 ) of ₹ 440 crore ( US $69 million ) from India . India Baahubali : The Beginning opened to 100 percent occupancy in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and close to 70 percent occupancy in Tamil Nadu , Kerala and Karnataka . It grossed around ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.8 million ) on its first day of release in India from all four versions ( Telugu , Tamil , Malayalam and Hindi ) . The Hindi version earned around ₹ 5 crore ( US $780,000 ) nett which was the highest opening for any film dubbed into Hindi . Baahubali grossed ₹ 49.48 crore ( US $7.7 million ) on the first day in India . The Hindi version grossed around ₹ 19.5 crore ( US $3.0 million ) nett in the first weekend . The Telugu version alone earned around ₹ 65 crore ( US $10 million ) nett in first weekend in India . The film , from all its versions , earned almost ₹ 100 crore ( US $16 million ) nett in its first weekend . It had the fourth biggest opening weekend ever in India . The Hindi version collected around ₹ 40 crore ( US $6.2 million ) nett in its first week . Baahubali : The Beginning grossed more than ₹ 178 crore ( US $28 million ) nett from all its versions in India in the first week . It added a further ₹ 45 crore ( US $7.0 million ) nett in its second weekend to take its total to around ₹ 224 crore ( US $35 million ) nett in ten days . The Hindi version grossed over ₹ 40 crore ( US $6.2 million ) nett in the Mumbai circuit . Overseas The film collected around ₹ 20 crore ( US $3.1 million ) in its first day from the international markets . The film opened on the ninth spot for its weekend , collecting around US $3.5 million with a per - screen average of $15,148 . The film debuted in the ninth position for the US and Canadian box office collecting $4,630,000 for three days and $3,250,000 for the weekend of 10 -- 12 July 2015 Baahubali : The Beginning grossed £ 66,659 from its Telugu version in United Kingdom and Ireland and A $194,405 from its Tamil version in Australia in till its second weekend ( 17 -- 19 July 2015 ) . The film also grossed MYR 663,869 in Malaysia from its Tamil version . The film grossed US $540,000 on its opening weekend in China . It has grossed a total of CN ¥ 7.49 million ( ₹ 7.78 crore ) in the country . The film totally earned $10.94 million at the overseas box office . Accolades Main article : List of accolades received by Baahubali : The Beginning At the 63rd National Film Awards , The Beginning won the Best Feature Film , becoming the first Telugu film to win the award , and Best Special Effects . At the 63rd Filmfare Awards South , the Telugu version won five awards from ten nominations , including Best Film , Best Director for Rajamouli and Best Supporting Actress for Krishnan . Both the Tamil and Telugu versions won several awards in their respective categories , including Best Film , Best Director for Rajamouli , and Best Supporting Actress for Krishnan at the 1st IIFA Utsavam . The Beginning became the first Indian film to be nominated for Saturn Awards , receiving five nominations at the 42nd ceremony , including Best Fantasy Film and Best Supporting Actress for Tamannaah . Sequel Main article : Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion The second part , entitled Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion was released worldwide on 28 April 2017 . See also List of most expensive Indian films List of highest - grossing Indian films References Jump up ^ `` BAAHUBALI ( Telugu version ) ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 9 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 15 July 2015 . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BAAHUBALI ( Tamil version ) ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 9 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 15 July 2015 . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Has SS Rajamouli 's Baahubali 2 earned Rs 500 cr even before release ? '' . India Today . Archived from the original on 1 February 2017 . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kabali ' box office collection : Rajinikanth starrer fails to beat 5 records of ' Baahubali ' ( Bahubali ) '' . International Business Times . 2016 - 08 - 09 . Archived from the original on 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ An Interview With ' Baahubali ' Director SS Rajamouli : The Beginning Archived 9 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Forbes.com . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Nora Fatehi suffers a wardrobe malfunction on ' Baahubali ' set -- Entertainment Archived 23 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Mid-day.com . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Prabhas is shy and extremely humble : Scarlett Wilson -- The Times of India Archived 16 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... The Times of India . ( 10 April 2015 ) . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bahubali 2 : South Indian epic film sees fans troll Bollywood '' . Archived from the original on 4 May 2017 . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India 's ' most expensive ' film Baahubali hits cinemas '' . BBC News . 2015 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Prabhas - Rajamouli film announced Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Sify.com ( 21 February 2011 ) . Retrieved 25 July 2015 Jump up ^ `` ARRI Group : ALEXA on the biggest ever Indian movie '' . www.arri.com . Archived from the original on 16 August 2016 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Shobu Yarlagadda on Twitter '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ' I felt I was in a factory ' '' . The Hindu . 17 July 2015 . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` My inspirations are drawn from nature and school days '' Archived 25 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Navhind Times . 25 October 2015 Jump up ^ Draksharam , Vinay. ( 9 March 2013 ) Makuta Confirmed as Principal VFX Studio for SS Rajamouli 's `` Baahubali '' Makuta Archived 12 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Makutavfx.com . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : The Magic Of Baahubali Decoded -- Pete Draper 's Exclusive Interview On Its Visual Effects # 17 Archived 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... YouTube ( 17 September 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Srinivas Mohan believes ' Baahubali ' is the new benchmark for visual effects in Indian cinema Cutting edge content on the go '' . The Graphic Slate Cutting edge content on the go . Archived from the original on 31 October 2015 . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Meet Baahubali 's VFX team Archived 7 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Deccanchronicle.com ( 21 July 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` About Srushti VFX '' . srushtivfx.com . Archived from the original on 12 October 2015 . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baahubali , With Hollywood Level VFX , is Breaking Not Just Box Office Records '' . NDTV Movies . Archived from the original on 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AMD Graphics Help Deliver Amazing Big Screen Wonders to Baahubali : The Beginning '' . www.amd.com . Archived from the original on 3 October 2015 . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bhushan , Nyay. ( 15 July 2015 ) ' Baahubali ' : 5 Things on Indian Blockbuster Archived 9 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ This little - known Hyderabadi studio made Baahubali a visual spectacle -- Quartz Archived 23 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Qz.com ( 16 July 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Baahubali does a Lord of the Rings ! The film establishes a new language called Kilikili - Firstpost '' . 14 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Sentences And Their Translations In Kiliki , The Fictitious Language Used In ' Baahubali ' '' . Huffington Post India . Archived from the original on 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Cinema , Telugu . `` Welcome to new language ' Kilikili ' from Baahubali '' . Archived from the original on 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baahubali 's next schedule starts tomorrow '' . The Times of India . 19 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2015 . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baahubali : A marketing magnum opus '' . The Hindu . 4 July 2015 . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Archived from the original on 2 April 2016 . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Baahubali becomes the first ever Hindi dubbed film to release in over 1500 screens across India ! -- Bollywood News & Gossip , Movie Reviews , Trailers & Videos at Archived 28 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Bollywoodlife.com ( 1 July 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Bahubali set to hit 4,000 screens on July 10 '' . Archived from the original on 11 October 2015 . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fans unhappy as ' Baahubali ' has limited release in Kerala '' . Malayala Manorama. 10 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ How Rana Daggubati helped take ' Baahubali 2 ' across India Jump up ^ ' Baahubali ' Secures China Release With E Stars Archived 17 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Variety ( 13 September 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` ' 我 的 个 神 啊'首 曝 中文 版 海报 地球 那么 大 ' 外 星 人'阿 米尔 汗 下 周来华 '' . 时光 网. 7 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Baahubali ( Bahubali ) ' set to release in Japan ; Twin Co acquires its distribution rights '' . International Business Times , India Edition . 5 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Ramachandran , Naman ( 4 October 2015 ) . `` Busan : Indian Blockbuster ' Baahubali ' Sells to Japan '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Baahubali ' to Release in Seven More Territories via MVP Archived 1 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Variety ( 7 October 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` AFM : Sun Buys Latin America on Indian Hit ' Baahubali ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 12 November 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Indian blockbuster ' Baahubali ' sold to Germany '' . www.screendaily.com . Archived from the original on 22 January 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Dalit Party Members Hurls Bomb on Baahubali Theatre '' . The New Indian Express . Archived from the original on 13 November 2015 . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Re-release of Baahubali -- The Beginning date confirmed '' . Top 10 Cinema. 2017 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Busan : Final ' Baahubali ' Aims to Be Bigger , More Emotional '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 18 October 2015 . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sitges Film Festival '' Baahubali -- The Beginning `` . sitgesfilmfestival.com . Archived from the original on 20 October 2015 . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baahubali : the beginning Utopiales International Festival of science fiction of Nantes '' . www.utopiales.org . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 台北 金馬 影展 Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival 巴 霍 巴 利 王 : 創始 之 初 '' . www.goldenhorse.org.tw . Archived from the original on 31 January 2016 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Baahubali : The Beginning -- Special Screenings -- Black Nights Film Festival Nov 13 - 29 nov 2015 '' . 2015.poff.ee . Archived from the original on 14 November 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` L'Étrange Festival -- XXIe édition -- Du 3 au 13 septembre 2015 - Baahubali : The Beginning '' . www.etrangefestival.com . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Festiwal Filmowy Pięć Smaków -- Bahubali : Początek '' . www.piecsmakow.pl . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Baahubali To Be Screened At Brussels International Fantastic Film Festival '' . FitnHit.com . Archived from the original on 5 October 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` BAAHUBALI - THE BEGINNING - 2015 HIFF Fall Festival '' . program.hiff.org . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Baahubali : The Beginning team heads to Cannes '' . The Indian Express . 9 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baahubali : The Beginning '' . tiff.ro . Archived from the original on 4 June 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ AlloCine . `` La Légende de Baahubali : 1ère Partie Bande - annonce VO '' . AlloCiné . Archived from the original on 25 May 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 November 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Busan : ' Baahubali ' to Release in Seven More Territories via MVP Entertainment '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 1 November 2015 . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baahubali Motion Print '' . reveye.in. 7 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2014 . Retrieved 21 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tollywood debuts in Comic Con '' . The Hindu . 10 October 2014 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Get Baahubali Updates On Whatsapp ! '' . The Hindu . 19 November 2014 . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Shamsian , Jacob ( 23 July 2015 ) . `` This Is What the World Biggest Movie Poster Looks Like '' . TIME.com . Archived from the original on 12 October 2015 . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records Makes Tollywood Proud '' . TNP LIVE . Hyderabad , India . 24 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Largest poster in the world '' . Guinness World Records online . Sirsa , India . 7 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baahubali Official Merchandise -- Baahubali '' . shop.baahubali.com . Archived from the original on 29 September 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Telugu Director SS Rajamouli in 100 Years of Indian Cinema Documentary '' . NDTV Movies . Archived from the original on 11 August 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Baahubali sets a new record in Karnataka and Ceded region -- The Times of India '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 3 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IndiaGlitz -- Baahubali Nizam rights bought by Dil Raju for a whopping price -- Telugu Movie News '' . www.indiaglitz.com . Archived from the original on 22 August 2015 . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dil Raju 's Rs 25 crore buy '' . Deccan Chronicle. 6 July 2014 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IndiaGlitz -- Bahubali Overseas by BlueSky -- Telugu Movie News '' . www.indiaglitz.com . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Tsering , Lisa . `` ' Bahubali ' : Film Review '' . Archived from the original on 4 August 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Baahubali : The Beginning ' : Review '' . Archived from the original on 31 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ McCahill , Mike . `` Baahubali : The Beginning review -- fantastic bang for your buck in most expensive Indian movie ever made '' . the Guardian . Archived from the original on 14 August 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Baahubali : The Beginning ' Review : A Giddy Spectacle , If Somewhat Uneven '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on 1 August 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bahubali review : With hunky heroes and great battle scenes , SS Rajamouli 's fantasy film is epic -- Firstpost '' . Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baahubali Movie Review '' . NDTV Movies . Archived from the original on 17 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Baahubali review : SS Rajamouli 's film holds out many promises Archived 11 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... The Indian Express ( 12 July 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Baahubali : A little more , a little less '' . The Hindu . 10 July 2015 . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Review : Bahubali is mega , ingenious and envelope pushing ! -- Rediff.com Movies Archived 1 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Rediff.com ( 10 July 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Bahubali Review '' . Koimoi . Archived from the original on 11 July 2015 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Movie Review : Baahubali Archived 21 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Filmfare.com ( 10 July 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Movie review ' Baahubali ' : Tolkien with kadi - patta tadka Archived 12 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Deccanchronicle.com ( 11 July 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Baahubali review : It 's best enjoyed when you keep logic far away : Reviews , News -- India Today Archived 21 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Indiatoday.intoday.in . Retrieved on 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Baahubali ' -- Movie Review -- Entertainment Archived 2 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Mid-day.com . Retrieved on 28 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kabali box office collections : Rajinikanth starrer beats 7 big records of Baahubali ( Bahubali ) '' . International Business Times . 6 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 16 September 2016 . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ SS Rajamouli 's ' Baahubali ' mints Rs 60 cr on day one , becomes highest opener Archived 23 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... The Indian Express ( 12 July 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Top Worldwide Opening Weekends -- Baahubali Fourth '' . Box Office India . 14 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` SS Rajamouli 's Baahubali Makes Rs 325Crores in 10 Days '' . NDTV NEWS. 19 July 2015 . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Salman Khan 's Bajrangi Bhaijaan establishes Indian dominance as Baahubali breaks more records '' . Archived from the original on 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ India 's ' Baahubali ' Punches Out 401 Crore / $62.6 Million Gross In 15 Days Archived 26 September 2015 at Archive - It . Forbes.com ( 25 July 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ ' Baahubali ' 4th Weekend Box Office Collection : Prabhas Film Crosses Rs 500 - Crore Mark in 24 Days Archived 6 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Ibtimes.co.in ( 3 August 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ ' Baahubali ' ( Bahubali ) Completes 50 - Day Run in 600 + Theatres in India : SS Rajamouli Sets Another New Record Archived 1 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Ibtimes.co.in ( 30 August 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bahubali 2 Becomes Highest Grosser Of All Time In Five Days Archived 4 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Why Business Of Dubbed Tamil Telugu Not Included Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( 14 August 2015 ) . `` Oops ... ' PK ' Is Not Actually India 's Top - Grossing Movie Ever '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Another Major Benchmark For Bahubali 2 - The Conclusion '' . Jump up ^ ' Baahubali ' creates history , rakes in Rs 50 crore on its opening day Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis Archived 13 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Dnaindia.com ( 11 July 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Baahubali Smashes Records With Historic Rs 50 Crores on Opening Day -- NDTV Movies Archived 14 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Movies.ndtv.com ( 11 July 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Top Openings India - All Films All Languages '' . Archived from the original on 26 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baahubali Scores In Hindi -- Near 100 Crore In All Formats '' . Box Office India . 13 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Baahubali Hindi Trends Like 100 Cr Film On Weekdays Archived 20 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Box Office India . 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baahubali All India First Week Territorial Breakdown '' . Box Office India . 21 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Boxoffice . Boxofficeindia.com ( 31 July 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Bahubali displays might at box office , becomes highest opener of 2015 '' . Business Standard . 11 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` July 10 -- 12 , 2015 Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 19 April 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. and Canada Box Office '' . The New York Times . Newyork. 13 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 12 July 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Bajrangi Bhaijaan ' a runaway hitBox Office Overseas Report Archived 23 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Frater , Patrick ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : Jackie Chan 's ' Skiptrace ' Leaps to $60 Million Opening '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 26 July 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . 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External links Official website Baahubali : The Beginning on IMDb Baahubali : The Beginning at Rotten Tomatoes Baahubali : The Beginning at Box Office Mojo Baahubali : The Beginning at Bollywood Hungama National Film Award for Best Feature Film 1953 -- 1960 Shyamchi Aai ( 1953 ) Mirza Ghalib ( 1954 ) Pather Panchali ( 1955 ) Kabuliwala ( 1956 ) Do Aankhen Barah Haath ( 1957 ) Sagar Sangamey ( 1958 ) Apur Sansar ( 1959 ) Anuradha ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1980 Bhagini Nivedita ( 1961 ) Dada Thakur ( 1962 ) Shehar Aur Sapna ( 1963 ) Charulata ( 1964 ) Chemmeen ( 1965 ) Teesri Kasam ( 1966 ) Hatey Bazarey ( 1967 ) Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne ( 1968 ) Bhuvan Shome ( 1969 ) Samskara ( 1970 ) Seemabaddha ( 1971 ) Swayamvaram ( 1972 ) Nirmalyam ( 1973 ) Chorus ( 1974 ) Chomana Dudi ( 1975 ) Mrigayaa ( 1976 ) Ghatashraddha ( 1977 ) No Award ( 1978 ) Shodh ( 1979 ) Akaler Shandhaney ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Dakhal ( 1981 ) Chokh ( 1982 ) Adi Shankaracharya ( 1983 ) Damul ( 1984 ) Chidambaram ( 1985 ) Tabarana Kathe ( 1986 ) Halodhia Choraye Baodhan Khai ( 1987 ) Piravi ( 1988 ) Bagh Bahadur ( 1989 ) Marupakkam ( 1990 ) Agantuk ( 1991 ) Bhagwat Gita ( 1992 ) Charachar ( 1993 ) Unishe April ( 1994 ) Kathapurushan ( 1995 ) Lal Darja ( 1996 ) Thaayi Saheba ( 1997 ) Samar ( 1998 ) Vanaprastham ( 1999 ) Shantham ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Dweepa ( 2001 ) Mondo Meyer Upakhyan ( 2002 ) Shwaas ( 2003 ) Page 3 ( 2004 ) Kaalpurush ( 2005 ) Pulijanmam ( 2006 ) Kanchivaram ( 2007 ) Antaheen ( 2008 ) Kutty Srank ( 2009 ) Adaminte Makan Abu ( 2010 ) Deool and Byari ( 2011 ) Paan Singh Tomar ( 2012 ) Ship of Theseus ( 2013 ) Court ( 2014 ) Baahubali : The Beginning ( 2015 ) Kaasav ( 2016 ) Filmfare Award for Best Telugu Film 1961 -- 1980 Nartanasala ( 1963 ) Mooga Manasulu ( 1964 ) Antastulu ( 1965 ) Aastiparulu ( 1966 ) Chadarangam ( 1967 ) Sudigundalu ( 1968 ) Bangaru Panjaram ( 1969 ) Dharma Daata ( 1970 ) Tehsildar Gari Ammayi ( 1971 ) Pandanti Kapuram ( 1972 ) Jeevana Tarangalu ( 1973 ) O Seeta Katha ( 1974 ) Jeevana Jyothi ( 1975 ) Soggadu ( 1976 ) Adavi Ramudu ( 1977 ) Mana Voori Pandavulu ( 1978 ) Gorintaku ( 1979 ) 1981 -- 2000 Maa Bhoomi ( 1980 ) Saptapadi ( 1981 ) Meghasandesam ( 1982 ) Neti Bharatam ( 1983 ) Swati ( 1984 ) Pratighatana ( 1985 ) Repati Pourulu ( 1986 ) Padamati Sandhya Ragam ( 1987 ) Swarnakamalam ( 1988 ) Siva ( 1989 ) Sathruvu ( 1990 ) Seetharamaiah Gari Manavaralu ( 1991 ) Gharana Mogudu ( 1992 ) Matru Devo Bhava ( 1993 ) Aame ( 1994 ) Shubha Sankalpam ( 1995 ) Ninne Pelladata ( 1996 ) Sindhooram ( 1997 ) Antahpuram ( 1998 ) Raja ( 1999 ) Nuvve Kavali ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Nuvvu Nenu ( 2001 ) Santosham ( 2002 ) Okkadu ( 2003 ) Varsham ( 2004 ) Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana ( 2005 ) Bommarillu ( 2006 ) Happy Days ( 2007 ) Gamyam ( 2008 ) Magadheera ( 2009 ) Vedam ( 2010 ) Dookudu ( 2011 ) Eega ( 2012 ) Attarintiki Daredi ( 2013 ) Manam ( 2014 ) Baahubali : The Beginning ( 2015 ) Pelli Choopulu ( 2016 ) Baahubali Films The Beginning ( 2015 ) The Conclusion ( 2017 ) Soundtrack The Beginning `` Dheevara '' `` Manohari '' The Conclusion `` Saahore Baahubali '' `` Hamsa Naava '' `` Oka Praanam '' TV series The Lost Legends ( 2017 animated ) Novel The Rise of Sivagami ( 2017 ) Graphic novel Battle of the Bold ( 2017 ) Game Baahubali : The Game ( 2017 ) Characters Bhallaladeva Accolades The Beginning Related Mahishmati Kalakeyas S.S. Rajamouli Films directed Student No. 1 ( 2001 ) Simhadri ( 2003 ) Sye ( 2004 ) Chhatrapati ( 2005 ) Vikramarkudu ( 2006 ) Yamadonga ( 2007 ) Magadheera ( 2009 ) Maryada Ramanna ( 2010 ) Rajanna ( 2011 ) Eega ( 2012 ) Baahubali : The Beginning ( 2015 ) Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion ( 2017 ) Produced only Andala Rakshasi ( 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baahubali:_The_Beginning&oldid=804791996 '' Categories : 2015 films Baahubali Indian films 2010s action films High fantasy films Indian action films Indian epic films Indian war films Multilingual films Telugu - language films Tamil - language films Fictional - language films 2010s Telugu - language films 2010s Tamil - language films Films featuring an item number Films set in ancient India Films shot in Chalakudy Film scores by M.M. Keeravani National Film Award ( India ) winners Films directed by S.S. Rajamouli Films using computer - generated imagery Telugu - language films dubbed in Hindi Telugu - language films dubbed in Malayalam Best Feature Film National Film Award winners Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template other archives CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Articles needing cleanup from May 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from May 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from May 2017 Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use Indian English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from October 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা भोजपुरी فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu नेपाली 日本 語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский සිංහල کوردی Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 05 : 19 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baahubali%3A%20The%20Beginning

flo rida - who dat girl ft. akon

Who Dat Girl

who dat girl

`` Who Dat Girl '' is a song by American rapper Flo Rida . It features American singer Akon . The song was written by Flo Rida , Dr. Luke , Claude Kelly , Benny Blanco , Bruno Mars , and Philip Lawrence , and it was produced by Dr. Luke and Benny Blanco . It was released on January 11 , 2011 as the third single from Flo Rida 's third studio album , Only One Flo ( Part 1 ) . It peaked at number twenty - nine on the Billboard Hot 100 .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 2 Music video 3 Critical response 4 Personnel 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Certifications 6 References 7 External links Chart performance ( edit ) The song debuted at number fifty - five on the Billboard Hot 100 on the issue dated November 18 , 2010 . On the issue date of January 22 , 2011 , the song charted at number thirty - nine on the chart , selling 63,000 digital copies . The following week the song peaked at number twenty - nine , becoming his eighth top - thirty single . In Australia , the track debuted at No. 29 on April 4 , 2011 , and peaked at No. 10 in its fifth week on the chart . Music Video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Ray Kay . It premiered on December 2 , 2010 on MTV , with an cameo appearance by Sandra Bullock . He shows his friend a picture of a girl on his laptop , and the friend accidentally spills liquid on it . The girl pops out of the laptop and throws a party at their house , like in the film Weird Science . In the video , Flo - Rida and Akon seem to be at a club scene , in which they are dancing with a few fairly good - looking ladies , covered in some substance in which looks like glow in the dark paint . Critical response ( edit ) Lewis Corner of Digital Spy UK gave the song a negative review , giving the single 2 out of 5 stars , stating `` Flo Rida 's chart luck has been down of late , what with his last effort -- and first solo track -- just missing out on a spot in the top 40 . His solution ? Call in the big guns -- in this instance Akon to launch him back to the top -- and given that Flo considers himself the old - fashioned romantic sort at heart , there are no prizes for guessing which rapper took the reigns ( sic ) on his latest effort . What 's more , he 's even roped in serial hitmaker Dr Luke to helm the track , who supplies a ready - made rubbery electro - R&B hook with a beat peeled off the ' California Gurls ' cutting room floor . ' I imagine her topless / she might set off my rocket , ' Rida announces with a conviction that would make even Hugh Hefner blush , as Akon confesses his lass ' ai n't no actress / But she makes movies . ' Who said romance was dead ? '' Personnel ( edit ) Songwriting -- Flo Rida , Dr. Luke , Claude Kelly , Benjamin Levin , Bruno Mars , Philip Lawrence Production , instruments and programming -- Dr. Luke , Benny Blanco Vocals -- Flo Rida , Akon Engineering -- Emily Wright , Chris `` Tek '' O'Ryan , Sam Holland Assistant engineering -- Tatiana Gottwald Mixing -- Serban Ghenea Mix engineer -- John Hanes Assistant mix engineer -- Tim Roberts Background vocals -- Claude Kelly Remix Package -- 8barz 8barz Music , LLC Source : Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 10 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 45 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 17 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 16 Germany Airplay ( Nielsen Company ) 35 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 22 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 64 US Billboard Hot 100 29 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 65 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 23 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 21 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 83 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Flo Rida feat . Akon : ' Who Dat Girl ' -- Music Singles Review -- Digital Spy Jump up ^ Who Dat Girl 's actual genre Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield and Silvio Pietroluongo ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Chart Moves : Edward Sharpe , Usher , Gwyneth Paltrow , Britney Spears '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference sc_Billboardhot100_Flo_Rida was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Australian charts portal '' . australian-charts.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Flo Rida feat . Akon -- Who Dat Girl '' . australian-charts.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Flo Rida 's ' Who Dat Girl ' Music Video '' . MTV . December 2 , 2010 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Jayson ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` Flo Rida 's ' Who Dat Girl ' Video Premieres '' . MTV . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Flo Rida -- Who Dat Girl ft . Akon ( Official Video '' . YouTube . December 2 , 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Flo Rida feat . Akon : ' Who Dat Girl ' -- Music Singles Review '' . Digital Spy . March 23 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Only One Flo ( Part 1 ) ( liner notes ) . Flo Rida . Atlantic Records . 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Flo Rida feat . Akon -- Who Dat Girl '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Flo Rida feat . Akon -- Who Dat Girl '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Flo Rida feat . Akon -- Who Dat Girl '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Flo Rida Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ German Airplay Chart , Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 03 Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Flo Rida Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Flo Rida Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Flo Rida Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Flo Rida Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2011 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2011 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Flo Rida -- Who Dat Girl '' . Music Canada . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Flo Rida Discography Studio albums Mail on Sunday R.O.O.T.S. Only One Flo ( Part 1 ) Wild Ones EPs Good Feeling My House Singles `` Low '' `` Elevator '' `` In the Ayer '' `` Right Round '' `` Shone '' `` Sugar '' `` Jump '' `` Be on You '' `` Club Ca n't Handle Me '' `` Turn Around ( 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 ) '' `` Who Dat Girl '' `` Good Feeling '' `` Wild Ones '' `` Whistle '' `` I Cry '' `` Sweet Spot '' `` Let It Roll '' `` G.D.F.R. '' `` I Do n't Like It , I Love It '' `` My House '' Other songs `` Ca n't Believe It '' `` How I Feel '' `` Hello Friday '' `` Zillionaire '' Featured singles `` Move Shake Drop '' `` Starstruck '' `` We Break the Dawn '' `` Running Back '' `` Feel It '' `` Ruff Me Up '' `` Bad Boys '' `` Kick It Out '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Good Girls Go Bad ( Frank E Remix ) '' `` Feel It '' `` iYiYi '' `` You Make the Rain Fall '' `` Boom Shacka '' `` Higher '' `` Dance with Me '' `` Where Them Girls At '' `` I 'm Alright '' `` Club Rocker '' `` Hangover '' `` Get Low '' `` Goin ' In '' `` Troublemaker '' `` Change Your Life '' `` Say You 're Just a Friend '' `` Tonight Belongs to U ! '' `` Greenlight '' Tours I Am ... Tour Planet Pit World Tour Akon Discography Awards and nominations Trouble `` Locked Up '' `` Ghetto '' `` Lonely '' `` Belly Dancer ( Bananza ) '' `` Pot of Gold '' Konvicted `` Smack That '' `` I Wanna Love You '' `` Do n't Matter '' `` Mama Africa '' `` Sorry , Blame It on Me '' `` Never Took the Time '' `` I Ca n't Wait '' Freedom `` Right Now ( Na Na Na ) '' `` I 'm So Paid '' `` Beautiful '' `` We Do n't Care '' Extended plays Operations of Nature Featured singles `` Find Us '' `` Moonshine '' `` Slow Wind ( Remix ) '' `` Soul Survivor '' `` Snitch '' `` I Am Not My Hair '' `` Girls '' `` The Sweet Escape '' `` I Tried '' `` We Takin ' Over '' `` Bartender '' `` The Way She Moves '' `` Speaker '' `` Sweetest Girl ( Dollar Bill ) '' `` Am I Dreaming '' `` Hypnotized '' `` Get Buck in Here '' `` I 'll Still Kill '' `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 '' `` What You Got '' `` Dangerous '' `` Frozen '' `` Get Low Wit It '' `` Out Here Grindin '' `` Wake It Up '' `` Body on Me '' `` What 's Love '' `` Day Dreaming '' `` Stuck with Each Other '' `` Silver & Gold '' `` One '' `` Just Go '' `` Overtime '' `` All Up 2 You '' `` Sexy Bitch '' `` Let 's Get Crazy '' `` On Top '' `` Shut It Down '' `` Push Push '' `` Body Bounce '' `` Move That Body '' `` Hold My Hand '' `` Kush '' `` I Just Had Sex '' `` Who Dat Girl '' `` Boomerang '' `` Chop My Money '' `` Like Money '' `` Play Hard '' `` Holiday '' `` Heatwave '' Promotional singles `` Holla Holla '' `` Troublemaker '' `` Dirty Work '' Other songs `` Crank It Up '' `` Oh Africa '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Dat_Girl&oldid=781974785 '' Categories : 2010 singles Flo Rida songs Akon songs Songs written by Dr. Luke Songs written by Claude Kelly Songs written by Benny Blanco Songs written by Bruno Mars Song recordings produced by Dr. Luke Song recordings produced by Benny Blanco Music videos directed by Ray Kay 2010 songs Songs written by Philip Lawrence ( songwriter ) Songs written by Flo Rida Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Use mdy dates from October 2012 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2017 , at 07 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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a list of every name in the bible

List of biblical names

list of biblical names

This page introduces a list of proper names from the Bible .

Some of the names are given with a proposed etymological meaning . For further information on the names included on the list , the reader may consult the sources listed below in the References and External Links . Contents ( hide ) 1 Significance of names 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Significance of names ( edit ) Names play a variety of roles in the Bible . The names sometimes relate to the role of those characters in biblical narratives , as in the case of Nabal , a foolish man whose name means `` fool . '' Names in the Bible can represent human hopes , divine revelations , or are used by prophets to illustrate their prophecies . See also Theophory . Lists of biblical names List of biblical names starting with A List of biblical names starting with B List of biblical names starting with C List of biblical names starting with D List of biblical names starting with E List of biblical names starting with F List of biblical names starting with G List of biblical names starting with H List of biblical names starting with I List of biblical names starting with J List of biblical names starting with K List of biblical names starting with L List of biblical names starting with M List of biblical names starting with N List of biblical names starting with O List of biblical names starting with P List of biblical names starting with Q List of biblical names starting with R List of biblical names starting with S List of biblical names starting with T List of biblical names starting with U List of biblical names starting with V List of biblical names starting with Y List of biblical names starting with Z See also ( edit ) Genealogy of the Bible List of major biblical figures List of minor biblical figures List of biblical places List of animals in the Bible List of plants in the Bible List of precious stones in the Bible List of women in the Bible List of names for the biblical nameless Modern name for Biblical place names Young 's Analytical Concordance to the Bible -- for which later editions contain A complete list of Scripture Proper Names as in the Authorised and Revised Versions , showing their modern pronunciation and the exact form of the original Hebrew by Wm . B. Stevenson . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See 1 Samuel 25 : 25 Jump up ^ Lockyer , pp. 11 - 14 Further reading ( edit ) Comay , Joan , Who 's Who in the Old Testament , Oxford University Press , 1971 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 521029 - 8 Elwell , Walter A. , Evangelical Dictionary of Theology , Baker Publishing Group , 1984 , ISB 9781441200303 Lockyer , Herbert , All the men of the Bible , Zondervan Publishing House ( Grand Rapids , Michigan ) , 1958 Lockyer , Herbert , All the women of the Bible , Zondervan Publishing 1988 , ISBN 0 - 310 - 28151 - 2 Lockyer , Herbert , All the Divine Names and Titles in the Bible , Zondervan Publishing 1988 , ISBN 0 - 310 - 28041 - 9 Tischler , Nancy M. , All things in the Bible : an encyclopedia of the biblical world , Greenwood Publishing , Westport , Conn. : 2006 ISBN 0 - 313 - 33082 - 4 External Links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Biblical names Wikimedia Commons has media related to Biblical figures . Nave 's Topical Bible Smith 's Bible Dictionary Easton 's Bible Dictionary Catholic Encyclopedia 1917 New Schaff - Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge ( Dictionary edition ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_biblical_names&oldid=804966304 '' Categories : Hebrew Bible people Biblical people Hebrew - language names Jewish given names Lists of biblical names Hidden categories : Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Bân - lâm - gú བོད ་ ཡིག Eesti Español Bahasa Indonesia Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 05 : 58 . About Wikipedia

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who won gold medal in badminton in commonwealth games 2018

Badminton -- Women 's singles at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Venue Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre , Gold Coast Dates 10 -- 15 April 2018 Medalists Saina Nehwal India P.V. Sindhu India Kirsty Gilmour Scotland ← 2014 2022 →

Saina Nehwal

Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- women 's singles

badminton at the 2018 commonwealth games - - women's singles

The women 's singles badminton event at the 2018 Commonwealth Games was held from 10 to 15 April 2018 at the Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre on the Gold Coast , Australia . The defending gold medalist was Michelle Li of Canada .

The athletes were drawn into an elimination stage draw . Once a player lost a match , she will no longer be able to compete . Each match was contested as the best of three games . The draw for the competition was done on 2 April 2018 . Contents 1 Seeds 2 Results 2.1 Finals 2.2 Top Half 2.2. 1 Section 1 2.2. 2 Section 2 2.3 Bottom Half 2.3. 1 Section 3 2.3. 2 Section 4 3 References Seeds ( edit ) The seeds for the tournament were : 01 . P.V. Sindhu ( IND ) ( Silver medal ) 02 . Saina Nehwal ( IND ) ( Gold medal ) 03 . Michelle Li ( CAN ) ( Fourth place ) 04 . Kirsty Gilmour ( SCO ) ( Bronze medal ) 05 . Soniia Cheah ( MAS ) ( Quarterfinals ) 06 . Rachel Honderich ( CAN ) ( Quarterfinals ) 07 . Brittney Tam ( CAN ) ( Quarterfinals ) 08 . Gadde Ruthvika Shivani ( IND ) ( Quarterfinals ) Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section . Results ( edit ) Finals ( edit ) Semifinals Final P.V. Sindhu ( IND ) 21 21 Michelle Li ( CAN ) 18 8 P.V. Sindhu ( IND ) 18 21 Saina Nehwal ( IND ) 21 23 Kirsty Gilmour ( SCO ) 14 21 17 Saina Nehwal ( IND ) 21 18 21 Bronze medal match Michelle Li ( CAN ) 11 16 Kirsty Gilmour ( SCO ) 21 21 Top Half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals P.V. Sindhu ( IND ) 21 21 Andra Whiteside ( FIJ ) 6 P.V. Sindhu ( IND ) 21 21 Wendy Chen Hsuan - yu ( AUS ) 15 9 Zoe Morris ( FAI ) Eyram Migbodzi ( GHA ) Wendy Chen Hsuan - yu ( AUS ) 21 21 Wendy Chen Hsuan - yu ( AUS ) 21 21 P.V. Sindhu ( IND ) 21 21 7 Brittney Tam ( CAN ) 14 17 7 Brittney Tam ( CAN ) 21 21 Palwasha Bashir ( PAK ) 18 12 Nicki Chan - Lam ( MRI ) 14 13 Nicki Chan - Lam ( MRI ) 21 21 7 Brittney Tam ( CAN ) 21 16 21 Kate Foo Kune ( MRI ) 16 21 16 Kate Foo Kune ( MRI ) 21 21 Hasini Ambalangodage ( SRI ) 21 21 Hasini Ambalangodage ( SRI ) 12 12 Emily Temple Redshaw ( JER ) 18 11 Section 2 ( edit ) Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Michelle Li ( CAN ) 21 21 Everlyn Siamupangila ( ZAM ) 11 9 Kimberley Clague ( IOM ) 7 7 Kimberley Clague ( IOM ) 21 21 Michelle Li ( CAN ) 21 21 Katherine Wynter ( JAM ) 10 7 Aisha Nakiyemba ( UGA ) 18 15 Katherine Wynter ( JAM ) 21 21 Katherine Wynter ( JAM ) 21 21 Chloe le Tissier ( GUE ) 18 16 Michelle Li ( CAN ) 21 21 5 Soniia Cheah ( MAS ) 12 19 5 Soniia Cheah ( MAS ) 21 21 Rachael Darragh ( NIR ) 21 21 Rachael Darragh ( NIR ) 5 12 Stella Ngadjui ( CMR ) 6 5 Soniia Cheah ( MAS ) 21 21 Grace Chua Hui Zen ( SGP ) 11 12 Michelle Butler - Emmett ( RSA ) 5 12 Cheryl March ( FAI ) 0 Grace Chua Hui Zen ( SGP ) 21 21 Grace Chua Hui Zen ( SGP ) 21 21 Bottom Half ( edit ) Section 3 ( edit ) Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Karyn Gibson ( FIJ ) 6 6 Yeo Jia Min ( SGP ) 21 21 Yeo Jia Min ( SGP ) w / o Shamim Bangi ( UGA ) Yeo Jia Min ( SGP ) 10 23 10 Grace Atipaka ( GHA ) 21 21 8 Gadde Ruthvika Shivani ( IND ) 21 21 21 Juliette Ah - Wan ( SEY ) 17 19 Grace Atipaka ( GHA ) 5 7 8 Gadde Ruthvika Shivani ( IND ) 21 21 8 Gadde Ruthvika Shivani ( IND ) 5 Chloe Birch ( ENG ) 21 21 Kirsty Gilmour ( SCO ) 9 Johanita Scholtz ( RSA ) 5 8 Chloe Birch ( ENG ) 21 21 Elise Dixon ( JER ) 5 Chloe Birch ( ENG ) 20 12 Aurelie Marie Elisa Allet ( MRI ) 21 21 Kirsty Gilmour ( SCO ) 22 21 Alana Bailey ( JAM ) 7 12 Aurelie Marie Elisa Allet ( MRI ) Kirsty Gilmour ( SCO ) 21 21 Section 4 ( edit ) Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Alissa Dean ( FIJ ) 12 Mahoor Shahzad ( PAK ) 21 21 Mahoor Shahzad ( PAK ) 21 21 Cristen Marritt ( IOM ) 14 10 Mahoor Shahzad ( PAK ) 17 10 Mercy Joseph ( KEN ) 6 Rachel Honderich ( CAN ) 21 21 Allisen Camille ( SEY ) w / o Allisen Camille ( SEY ) 6 Rachel Honderich ( CAN ) w / o 6 Rachel Honderich ( CAN ) 8 13 Ogar Siamupangila ( ZAM ) 21 21 Saina Nehwal ( IND ) 21 21 Stella Koteikai Amasah ( GHA ) 6 12 Ogar Siamupangila ( ZAM ) 9 13 Jessica Li ( IOM ) 21 21 Jessica Li ( IOM ) 0 Saina Nehwal ( IND ) 21 Elsie de Villiers ( RSA ) Saina Nehwal ( IND ) 21 21 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Badminton '' . gc2018.com . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Draw Jump up ^ Seeding List Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badminton_at_the_2018_Commonwealth_Games_ -- _Women % 27s_singles&oldid = 836477068 '' Categories : Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 01 : 18 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton%20at%20the%202018%20Commonwealth%20Games%20%25E2%2580%2593%20Women%2527s%20singles

who played dr burke in grey's anatomy

Isaiah Washington IV ( born August 3 , 1963 ) is an American actor . A veteran of several Spike Lee films , Washington is best known for his role as Dr. Preston Burke on the ABC medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy from 2005 until 2007 , and again in 2014 . From 2014 to 2018 , Washington portrayed Thelonious Jaha on The CW 's science fiction television series The 100 .

Isaiah Washington IV

Isaiah Washington

isaiah washington

Isaiah Washington IV ( born August 3 , 1963 ) is an American actor . A veteran of several Spike Lee films , Washington is best known for his role as Dr. Preston Burke on the ABC medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy from 2005 until 2007 , and again in 2014 . From 2014 to 2018 , Washington portrayed Thelonious Jaha on The CW 's science fiction television series The 100 .

Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Grey 's Anatomy 2.1. 1 Dismissal controversy 2.2 Recent work 3 Personal life 3.1 Genealogical inquiry 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Washington was born in Houston , Texas where his parents were residents in the Houston Heights community . His parents moved to Missouri City , Texas around 1980 , where he was one of the first graduates from Willowridge High School , Houston , in 1981 . Washington revealed in an interview with Star Jones that his father , after whom he was named , was murdered when he was 13 years old . Washington went on to serve in the United States Air Force and attended Howard University . Career ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy ( edit ) In 2005 , Washington originated the role of gifted cardiothoracic surgeon Dr. Preston Burke on the ABC medical drama Grey 's Anatomy . His portrayal earned him two NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series , as well as a Screen Actors Guild Award . He was paired onscreen with Sandra Oh , who plays intern Cristina Yang . Washington had originally auditioned for the role of Derek Shepherd , which ultimately went to Patrick Dempsey . Burke had originally been described as a nebbishy , stout forty - something man . For his portrayal of Burke , Isaiah was honored by TV Guide as one of `` TV 's Sexiest Men '' in June 2006 , and was named one of TV 's sexiest doctors in June 2008 on TV Guide 's television channel . Prior to the TV Guide honor , Isaiah was named as one of People 's `` 50 Beautiful People '' in May 2006 . On March 6 , 2014 , ABC announced that Washington would be returning to the show in a guest appearance as Burke . He returned in season 10 , which served as part of a farewell storyline for Sandra Oh 's character , Cristina Yang . The characters had been previously engaged to be married . Dismissal controversy ( edit ) In the show 's third season , Washington became a central figure in a widely reported backstage controversy . In October 2006 , rumors surfaced that Washington had insulted co-star T.R. Knight with a homophobic slur . Shortly after the details of the argument became public , Knight publicly disclosed that he was gay . The situation seemed somewhat resolved when Washington issued a statement , apologizing for his `` unfortunate use of words during the recent incident on - set '' . The controversy later resurfaced when the cast appeared at the Golden Globes in January 2007 . While being interviewed on the red carpet prior to the awards , Washington joked , `` I love gay . I wanted to be gay . Please let me be gay '' . After the show won Best Drama , Washington , in response to press queries as to any conflicts backstage , said , `` No , I did not call T.R. a faggot '' . However , in an interview with Ellen DeGeneres on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , Knight said that `` everybody heard him '' . After being rebuked by his studio , Touchstone Television ( now ABC Studios ) , Washington issued a statement apologizing at length for using the epithet in an argument with Patrick Dempsey . On January 30 , 2007 , a source told People magazine that Washington was scheduled to return to the Grey 's Anatomy set as early as that Thursday for the first time since entering `` executive counseling '' after making the comments at the Golden Globes . However , on June 7 , 2007 , ABC announced it had decided not to renew Washington 's contract , and that he would be dropped from the show . `` I 'm mad as hell and I 'm not going to take it anymore , '' Washington said in a statement released by his publicist ( borrowing the famous line from Network ) . In another report , Washington stated he was planning to `` spend the summer pursuing charity work in Sierra Leone , work on an independent film and avoid worrying about the show '' . Washington , in late June 2007 , began asserting that racism within the media was a factor in his firing from the series . On July 2 , 2007 , Washington appeared on Larry King Live on CNN , to present his side of the controversy . According to Washington , he never used the `` F Word '' in reference to Knight , but rather told Dempsey to stop treating him like a `` F - word '' during an argument `` provoked '' by Dempsey , who , he felt , was treating him like a `` B - word '' , a `` P - word '' , and the `` F - word '' , which Washington said conveyed `` somebody who is being weak and afraid to fight back '' . He also disputed the accusations made by Knight , who he claimed was misrepresenting himself out of disappointment over his character . In July 2007 , NBC decided to cast Washington as a guest star in a story arc in its new series Bionic Woman . NBC co-chairman Ben Silverman noted his eagerness to work with Washington , saying it would be `` like A-Rod leaving the Yankees in midseason '' . However , Bionic Woman was cancelled after only eight episodes due to low ratings . Washington himself said that his dismissal from Grey 's Anatomy was an unfortunate misunderstanding that he was eager to move past . By the beginning of the next season of Grey 's Anatomy , Washington 's character `` Burke '' had left the show following the end of the season finale . In January 2014 , in an interview with I Am Entertainment magazine , Washington spoke about life after Grey 's Anatomy and he stated , `` I do n't worry about whether or not the stories I tell will destroy my acting career because , you ca n't take away something that does n't exist . They killed the actor ( in me ) on June 7 , 2007 . '' Recent work ( edit ) Washington played the role of Chancellor Jaha in The 100 , an American post-apocalyptic drama television series that began airing on The CW Television Network in spring 2014 . The series is based on a book of the same name by Kass Morgan , and developed by Jason Rothenberg . Washington 's character was killed in the second episode of the show 's fifth season , `` Red Queen '' . Washington also starred in the film Blue Caprice , which was inspired by the Beltway sniper attacks during which two men , John Muhammed ( played by Washington ) and Lee Malvo ( Tequan Richmond ) , conducted a siege of terror on the Washington , D.C. area . The film was released in theaters on September 13 , 2013 . Personal life ( edit ) Washington married Jenisa Marie Garland on February 14 , 1996 . The couple have three children . Washington has written a book called A Man from Another Land , which chronicles Washington 's early life , his TV and film career , and his search to find his roots after going through a DNA test that showed his ancestors came from Sierra Leone in West Africa . Since learning about his history , Washington has traveled to Sierra Leone , donated medical supplies to a hospital there , and built a school . He has also been invested with a chieftaincy title of the Mende people in appreciation for his work in the country , taking the regnal name of Gandobay Manga I . Washington has endorsed Jill Stein for President of the United States . Genealogical inquiry ( edit ) Washington is of African descent . A genealogical DNA test conducted by African Ancestry , Inc. revealed that Washington 's maternal ancestry can be traced to what is now Sierra Leone , and that he has an ancestral link to the Mende and Temne peoples there . In May 2006 he visited Sierra Leone , and received a warm welcome . He travelled to Sierra Leone in May 2006 marking the beginning of his charity work and was granted Sierra Leonean citizenship , making him the first African American to be granted full citizenship based on DNA . His paternal ancestry links him to the Mbundu people , an ethnic group in Angola . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1991 The Color of Love N / A 1991 Land Where My Fathers Died Malcolm Short film 1991 Strictly Business Hustler Strapped Willie Television film 1994 Crooklyn Vic 1994 Alma 's Rainbow Miles 1995 Stonewall Uniformed Cop 1995 Clockers Victor Dunham 1995 Dead Presidents Andrew Curtis Uncredited Girl 6 Shoplifter Mr. and Mrs. Loving Blue Television movie Get on the Bus Kyle Soul of the Game Adult Willie Mays Television film 1997 Love Jones Savon Garrison 1997 Joe Torre : Curveballs Along the Way Dwight Gooden Television film 1998 Always Outnumbered Wilfred Television film 1998 Mixing Nia Lewis 1998 Bulworth Darnell 1998 Rituals Wendal Short film 1999 True Crime Frank Louis Beechum 1999 Out of Sight Kenneth Miller 1999 A Texas Funeral Walter 2000 Veil Bentley 2000 Romeo Must Die Mac 2000 Dancing in September George Washington Television film Nominated -- NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie , Mini-Series or Dramatic Special 2000 Kin Stone 2001 Tara Max 2001 Exit Wounds George Clark 2001 Sacred Is the Flesh Roland 2002 Welcome to Collinwood Leon 2002 Ghost Ship Greer 2003 Hollywood Homicide Antoine Sartain 2003 This Girl 's Life Shane Wild Things 2 Terence Bridge Dead Birds Todd Trois : The Escort Bernard ' Benny ' Grier 2005 The Moguls Homer 2008 The Least of These Father Andre James Hurricane Season Coach Buddy Simmons 2011 Área Q Thomas Mathews 2012 The Undershepherd L.C. 2013 Blue Caprice John Muhammed Nominated -- Black Reel Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture Nominated -- Gotham Independent Award for Best Actor 2013 Doctor Bello Dr. Michael Durant 2014 Blackbird Lance Rousseau 2017 Secret Summer Gus Television film Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1991 Law & Order Derek Hardy Episode : `` Out of Control '' 1994 Homicide : Life on the Street Lane Staley Episode : `` Black and Blue '' 1994 Lifestories : Families in Crisis O.G. Episode : `` POWER : The Eddie Matos Story '' 1995 NYPD Blue Antonio Boston Episode : `` E.R. '' New York Undercover Andre Morgan 2 episodes Living Single Dr. Charles Roberts 3 episodes 1997 High Incident Rulon `` RuDog '' Douglas Episode : `` Remote Control '' 1998 Ally McBeal Michael Rivers 2 episodes 2000 Soul Food Miles Jenkins 3 episodes 2001 Touched by an Angel Reverend Davis Episode : `` A Death in the Family '' 2001 All My Children Police Officer Episode : `` 5 July 2001 '' 2005 -- 2007 , 2014 Grey 's Anatomy Dr. Preston Burke 62 episodes NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series ( 2006 -- 07 ) Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated -- Golden Nymph Award for Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 2007 Bionic Woman Antonio Pope 5 episodes 2008 The Cleaner Keith Bowen Episode : `` The Eleventh Hour '' 2011 Law & Order : LA Roland Davidson Episode : `` Carthay Circle '' 2011 Single Ladies Noland Episode : `` Confidence Games '' 2014 -- 2018 The 100 Thelonious Jaha 44 episodes 2017 Blue Bloods Chief Travis Jackson Episode : `` A Deep Blue Goodbye '' 2017 Bull Jules Caffrey Episode : `` Bring It On '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Image Awards Year Category Nominated Work Result 2002 Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie , Mini-Series or Dramatic Special Dancing in September Nominated 2006 Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Grey 's Anatomy Won 2007 Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Year Category Nominated Work Result 2006 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Grey 's Anatomy Nominated 2007 Won 2008 Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Isaiah Washington Returning to ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Isaiah Washington Apologizes '' . People . October 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( January 15 , 2007 ) . `` Isaiah Washington : ' I Love Gay ' '' . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2007 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of Interview with Isaiah Washington and Brooke Anderson '' . Showbiz Tonight . CNN.com . Retrieved 7 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ABC drops Washington from Grey 's Anatomy '' . Cbc.ca . June 8 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Racism was a factor '' , Washington Post , June 28 , 2007 Jump up ^ For the transcript , see http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0707/02/lkl.01.html Jump up ^ Freeman , Shaine ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Isaiah Washington the Millennium Triumph Man '' . I Am Entertainment . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ito , Robert ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` After African Detour , Isaiah Washington Is Back on Screen '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ TV Star Isaiah Washington on `` Game Changers '' Tonight Archived 2011 - 06 - 21 at the Wayback Machine. , Tami DeVine , Crown City News Jump up ^ Gloria Betts and Umaru Kebbay take the initiative to make the difference at home during Sierra Leone 's 50th Independence Anniversary Celebration Archived 2011 - 10 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , Cocorioko , May 26 , 2011 Jump up ^ Tom Cahill ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Donations to Jill Stein Explode Nearly 1000 % Since Sanders ' Endorsement of Clinton '' . uncut.com . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Remoe , Vickie . `` Reclaiming the Middle Passage : African - American Actor Isaiah Washington becomes first to use DNA Testing to gain Citizenship to an African Nation ( Sierra Leone ) - Sierra Leone News '' . www.switsalone.com . Jump up ^ `` Participant Bios : The White House Summit on Malaria '' . georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov . Jump up ^ `` The Isaiah Washington Picture Pages '' . www.superiorpics.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isaiah Washington . Official website Isaiah Washington on IMDb The Gondobay Manga Foundation - The Gondobay Manga Foundation - Making a difference for Sierra Leone and its people . Coalhouse Productions - Coalhouse Productions - Making a difference in Los Angeles Isaiah Washington goes Bionic Awards for Isaiah Washington Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series 2000 The West Wing Alan Alda Stockard Channing Kristin Chenoweth Dulé Hill Allison Janney Moira Kelly Rob Lowe Joshua Malina Mary McCormack Janel Moloney Richard Schiff Martin Sheen Jimmy Smits John Spencer Bradley Whitford 2001 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Amber Benson Marc Blucas David Boreanaz Nicholas Brendon Charisma Carpenter Emma Caulfield Sarah Michelle Gellar Seth Green Alyson Hannigan Anthony Stewart Head James Marsters Michelle Trachtenberg 2005 Rescue Me Denis Leary John Scurti Daniel Sunjata Mike Lombardi Steven Pasquale Andrea Roth Callie Thorne Adam Ferrara Larenz Tate James McCaffrey Dean Winters 2006 Grey 's Anatomy Justin Chambers Eric Dane Patrick Dempsey Katherine Heigl T.R. Knight Sandra Oh James Pickens Jr . Ellen Pompeo Sara Ramirez Kate Walsh Isaiah Washington Chandra Wilson 2007 Mad Men Bryan Batt Anne Dudek Michael Gladis Jon Hamm Christina Hendricks January Jones Vincent Kartheiser Robert Morse Elisabeth Moss Kiernan Shipka Maggie Siff John Slattery Rich Sommer Aaron Staton 2009 True Blood Chris Bauer Mehcad Brooks Anna Camp Nelsan Ellis Michelle Forbes Mariana Klaveno Ryan Kwanten Todd Lowe Michael McMillian Stephen Moyer Anna Paquin Jim Parrack Carrie Preston William Sanderson Alexander Skarsgård Sam Trammell Rutina Wesley Deborah Ann Woll 2012 The Walking Dead Andrew Lincoln Sarah Wayne Callies Laurie Holden Norman Reedus Steven Yeun Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Melissa McBride Scott Wilson Danai Gurira Michael Rooker David Morrissey 2013 Orange Is the New Black Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael J. 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Earl Brown Richard Cabral Regina King Caitlin Gerard Benito Martinez Penelope Ann Miller Elvis Nolasco Johnny Ortiz 2016 Outlander Caitriona Balfe Sam Heughan Tobias Menzies Lotte Verbeek Laura Donnelly Steven Cree Duncan Lacroix Grant O'Rourke Gary Lewis Graham McTavish Stephen Walters Simon Callow Nell Hudson Dominique Pinon Stanley Weber Richard Rankin Sophie Skelton Andrew Gower Rosie Day Clive Russell Frances de la Tour 2017 Poldark Ruby Bentall Caroline Blakiston Christian Brassington Ellise Chappell Beatie Edney Jack Farthing Sean Gilder John Nettles Luke Norris Heida Reed Harry Richardson Eleanor Tomlinson Aidan Turner Josh Whitehouse Gabriella Wilde Tom York Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 2000 -- 2009 ) 2000 : The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 Hill Janney Kelly Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2001 : The West Wing , season 2 / season 3 Hill Janney Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2002 : Six Feet Under , season 2 Ambrose Conroy Griffiths Hall Krause Rodríguez St. Patrick 2003 : Six Feet Under , season 3 Ambrose Conroy Foster Griffiths Hall Krause Macdissi Machado Rodríguez St. Patrick Taylor Wilson 2004 : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , season 4 / season 5 Dourdan Eads Fox Guilfoyle Hall Helgenberger Petersen Szmanda 2005 : Lost , season 1 / season 2 Akinnuoye - Agbaje Andrews de Ravin Fox Garcia Grace Holloway Kelley D.D. Kim Y. Kim Lilly Monaghan O'Quinn Perrineau Rodriguez Somerhalder Watros 2006 : Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 Chambers Dane Dempsey Heigl Knight Oh Pickens Pompeo Ramirez Walsh Washington Wilson 2007 : The Sopranos , season 6 , part II Antonacci Bracco Falco Gandolfini Grimaldi Iler Imperioli Nascarella Schirripa Servitto Sigler Sirico Turturro Van Zandt Vincent 2008 : Mad Men , season 2 Batt Brie Gladis Hamm Hart Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Moses Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Staton 2009 : Mad Men , season 3 Alemanni Batt Gilmore Gladis Hamm Harris Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Morse Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Stanley Staton Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) BIBSYS : 4036058 BNE : XX1341885 BNF : cb14237989f ( data ) GND : 142381527 ISNI : 0000 0001 1439 1936 LCCN : no99078325 SUDOC : 189988533 VIAF : 19892847 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaiah_Washington&oldid=841821149 '' Categories : 1963 births Male actors from Houston African - American male actors Howard University alumni Living people United States Air Force personnel 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American people of Sierra Leonean descent American people of Angolan descent American male television actors American male film actors Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 08 : 42 ( UTC ) . 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this little piggy went wee wee wee all the way home

`` This Little Piggy '' or `` This Little Pig '' is an English language nursery rhyme and fingerplay . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19297 .

`` This Little Piggy '' or `` This Little Pig ''

This little Piggy

this little piggy

`` This Little Piggy '' or `` This Little Pig '' is an English language nursery rhyme and fingerplay . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19297 .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Finger play 3 Origins 4 In today 's culture 5 See also 6 References Lyrics ( edit ) Children playing This Little Pig . The most common modern version is : Words Fingerplay This little piggy went to market , This little piggy stayed home , This little piggy had roast beef , This little piggy had none , And this little piggy cried `` wee wee wee '' all the way home . Wiggle the `` big '' toe Wiggle the `` long '' toe Wiggle the `` middle '' toe Wiggle the `` ring '' toe Wiggle the `` pinky '' toe and tickle the bottom of the foot Finger play ( edit ) `` ... This little piggy had roast beef ... '' The rhyme is usually counted out on an infant or toddler 's toes , each line corresponding to a different toe , usually starting with the big toe and ending with the little toe . A foot tickle is usually added during the `` Wee ... all the way home '' section of the last line . The rhyme can also be seen as a counting rhyme , although the number of each toe ( from one for the big toe to five for the little toe ) is never stated . Origins ( edit ) In 1728 , the first line of the rhyme appeared in a medley called `` The Nurse 's Song '' . The first known full version was recorded in The Famous Tommy Thumb 's Little Story - Book , published in London about 1760 . The full rhyme continued to appear , with slight variations , in many late 18th and early 19th century collections . Until the mid-20th century , the lines referred to `` little pigs '' . In Today 's culture ( edit ) In 2013 , an Australian children 's music group , The Wiggles , wrote a song `` This Little Piggy Went to Market '' with the same lyrics as the original This Little Piggy with different background music . In the same year , BilinguaSing released a bilingual version of the song in English and Spanish . The song is on The Wiggles ' 2014 release Apples and Bananas ( DVD and CD ) , and the song is sung with the American journalist Lee Hawkins . On Tuesday , April 29 , 2014 , on The Today Show , Matt Lauer played This Little Piggy on Savannah Guthrie 's toes . On Monday , February 23 , 2015 , singer Christina Aguilera sang the rhyme in the voice of Britney Spears on `` The Tonight Show starring Jimmy Fallon '' in the tune and instrumental of ... Baby One More Time . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal References ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : This Little Pig Jump up ^ Wentworth , George ; Smith , David Eugene ( 1912 ) . Work and Play with Numbers . Boston : Ginn & Company . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Herman , D. ( 2007 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Narrative . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Opie , I. ; Opie , P. ( 1951 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes ( 1997 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . pp. 349 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Duerson , Meena ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Savannah , Matt play ' This Little Piggy ' to teach anchor a lesson '' . Today . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boardman , Madeline ( 24 February 2015 ) . `` Christina Aguilera Does Incredible Britney Spears Impression on The Tonight Show With Jimmy Fallon '' . US Weekly . Archived from the original on 25 February 2015 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . ( hide ) Nursery rhymes ( list ) `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and round the garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Little_Piggy&oldid=797838338 '' Categories : Fictional pigs Songs about pigs Finger plays English nursery rhymes Roud Folk Song Index songs Year of song unknown Songwriter unknown Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Add links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 13 : 21 . 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can a baseball game end in the 7th inning

Official game

official game

An official game in baseball , also sometimes called a regulation game , is a game that has progressed beyond the point at which could be considered complete , if subsequent events occurring in the prosecution of the instant game make such a determination necessary . This is approximately the halfway point of the game . In the case of inclement weather , any game which has reached this point may be stopped and shortened as needed , with the result being final , and all records and statistics counted . A game which has not reached this point before being stopped is either considered a suspended game ( to be continued at a later date from the point of stoppage ) , or is simply canceled and replayed from the start . ( This depends on the rules of each individual league . ) In either case , no statistics are counted until the game becomes official .

Since most professional baseball games are nine innings long , the fifth inning is used as the threshold for an official game . If the visiting team is leading , or the game is tied , the end of the fifth inning marks this point . If the home team ( which bats last ) is already ahead in the score , and theoretically would not need its half of the fifth inning , then 41⁄2 innings ( i.e. , the middle of the fifth ) is considered an official game . The game is also considered official if the home team scores to take the lead in the bottom of the fifth inning , since the game would end immediately if the same thing happened in the ninth . In nearly all cases , the `` official game '' status is used to determine whether a rain check will be honored for fans holding tickets . If a game is started but does not reach the point of becoming official , fans are entitled to a new ticket for the make - up game or ( in most modern cases ) any other available game of their choice . If a game is halted after it becomes official , the game is simply shortened and no rain check is given . The `` official game '' statistic received some attention during the 1995 season , when Cal Ripken , Jr. was approaching the record for consecutive games played , previously held by Lou Gehrig . Large numbers were hung on the side of the B&O Warehouse at Oriole Park at Camden Yards to show the number of games in Ripken 's streak . Each day , a new number was unfurled during the fifth inning after each game had become official ( since the statistic would not have counted if the game had been stopped before that point ) . A similar practice has been used to count down toward the demolition of several stadiums ( including Veterans Stadium in Philadelphia in 2003 , Busch Memorial Stadium in St. Louis in 2005 , and the original Yankee Stadium and Shea Stadium in New York City in 2008 and Turner Field in Atlanta in 2016 ) ; as each game became official , the team would unveil a new ( lower ) number showing the number of games left to be played in the stadium . In Major League Baseball playoff games are not complete until the trailing team has batted nine innings . This rule also applies for tiebreaker games for playoff positions . Other sports ( edit ) Other professional sports utilize similar rules regarding `` official '' games / events . Most codes of motorsport declare a race `` official '' with an official result if just three laps are completed , though only half the normal championship points are awarded if less than 75 % of the race distance ( rounded up to the nearest whole lap ) is completed . If more than 75 % of the race is completed , full points are awarded . The major exception applies in the United States , mainly in NASCAR and INDYCAR , where races must go at the next full lap after halfway . A race is considered `` official '' if it has completed half the scheduled distance plus one additional lap . For instance , the Indianapolis 500 ( 200 laps ) must complete 101 laps to be considered official . External links ( edit ) MLB rules -- definition of official game ( rule 4.10 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Official_game&oldid=852933706 '' Categories : Baseball terminology Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 10 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who has the most career home runs at kauffman stadium

List of kansas City Royals team records

list of kansas city royals team records

Contents ( hide ) 1 Single Season Records 1.1 Batting 1.2 Pitching 2 Career Records 2.1 Batting 2.2 Pitching 3 Team Records 3.1 Batting 3.2 Pitching 4 Single Game Records 4.1 Batting 4.1. 1 Team 4.1. 2 Individual 4.2 Pitching 4.2. 1 Team 4.2. 2 Individual 5 References Single Season Records ( edit ) Batting ( edit ) Batting Average : George Brett , . 390 ( 1980 ) On - base percentage : George Brett , . 454 ( 1980 ) Slugging Percentage : George Brett , . 664 ( 1980 ) OPS : George Brett , 1.118 ( 1980 ) At Bats : Willie Wilson , 705 ( 1980 ) Runs : Johnny Damon , 136 ( 2000 ) Hits : Willie Wilson , 230 ( 1980 ) Total Bases : George Brett , 363 ( 1979 ) Doubles : Hal McRae , 54 ( 1977 ) Triples : Willie Wilson , 21 ( 1985 ) Home Runs : Mike Moustakas , 37 ( 2017 ) RBI : Mike Sweeney , 144 ( 2000 ) Walks : John Mayberry , 122 ( 1973 ) Strikeouts : Bo Jackson , 172 ( 1989 ) Stolen Bases : Willie Wilson , 83 ( 1979 ) Singles : Willie Wilson , 184 ( 1980 ) Runs Created : George Brett , 142 ( 1985 ) Extra-Base Hits : Hal McRae , 86 ( 1977 ) Times on Base : Mike Sweeney , 292 ( 2000 ) Sacrifice Hits : Tom Goodwin , 21 ( 1996 ) Intentional Walks : George Brett , 31 ( 1985 ) Grounded into Double Plays : Billy Butler , 32 ( 2010 ) At Bats per Strikeout : George Brett , 23.5 ( 1977 ) At Bats per Home Run : Bob Hamelin , 13.0 ( 1994 ) Outs : Carlos Beltrán , 504 ( 1999 ) Most times Hit By Pitch : David DeJesus , 23 ( 2007 ) Pitching ( edit ) ERA : Roger Nelson , 2.08 ( 1972 ) Wins : Bret Saberhagen , 23 ( 1989 ) Losses : Paul Splittorff and Darrell May , 19 ( 1974 , 2004 ) Won - Loss % : Larry Gura , . 800 ( 1978 ) Saves : Greg Holland 47 2013 WHIP : Roger Nelson , . 871 ( 1972 ) Hits Allowed / 9IP : Roger Nelson , 6.23 ( 1972 ) Walks / 9IP : Doug Bird , 1.41 ( 1976 ) Strikeouts / 9IP : Kevin Appier , 8.82 ( 1996 ) Games : Dan Quisenberry , 84 ( 1985 ) Innings : Dennis Leonard , 294 2⁄3 ( 1978 ) Strikeouts : Dennis Leonard , 244 ( 1977 ) Games Started : Dennis Leonard , 40 ( 1978 ) Complete Games : Dennis Leonard , 21 ( 1977 ) Shutouts : Roger Nelson , 6 ( 1972 ) Home Runs Allowed : Darrell May , 38 ( 2004 ) Walks Allowed : Mark Gubicza , 120 ( 1987 ) Hits Allowed : Steve Busby , 284 ( 1974 ) Strikeout to Walk : Bret Saberhagen , 4.49 ( 1989 ) Earned Runs Allowed : José Lima , 131 ( 2005 ) Wild Pitches : Dan Reichert , 18 ( 2000 ) Batters Faced : Steve Busby , 1,220 ( 1974 ) Games Finished : Dan Quisenberry , 76 ( 1985 ) Career Records ( edit ) Batting ( edit ) Batting Average : George Brett , . 305 On - base percentage : Kevin Seitzer , . 380 Slugging Percentage : Danny Tartabull , . 518 OPS : Danny Tartabull , . 894 Games : George Brett , 2,707 At Bats : George Brett , 10,349 Runs : George Brett , 1,583 Hits : George Brett , 3,154 Total Bases : George Brett , 5,044 Doubles : George Brett , 665 Triples : George Brett , 137 Home Runs : George Brett , 317 RBI : George Brett , 1,595 Walks : George Brett , 1,096 Strikeouts : Frank White , 1,035 Stolen Bases : Willie Wilson , 612 Singles : George Brett , 2,035 Runs Created : George Brett , 1,892 Extra-Base Hits : George Brett , 1,119 Times on Base : George Brett , 4,283 Hit By Pitch : Mike Macfarlane , 78 Sacrifice Hits : Frank White , 101 Sacrifice Flies : George Brett , 120 Intentional Walks : George Brett , 229 Grounded into Double Plays : George Brett , 235 At Bats per Strikeout : Cookie Rojas , 13.0 At Bats per Home Run : Steve Balboni , 16.8 Outs : George Brett , 7,673 Pitching ( edit ) ERA : Dan Quisenberry , 2.55 Wins : Paul Splittorff , 166 Won - Loss % : Al Fitzmorris , . 593 WHIP : Bret Saberhagen , 1.134 Hits Allowed / 9IP : Jeff Montgomery , 8.05 Walks / 9IP : Dan Quisenberry , 1.36 Strikeouts / 9IP : Tom Gordon , 7.82 Games : Jeff Montgomery , 686 Saves : Jeff Montgomery , 304 Innings : Paul Splittorff , 2,554 2⁄3 Strikeouts : Kevin Appier , 1,458 Games Started : Paul Splittorff , 392 Complete Games : Dennis Leonard , 103 Shutouts : Dennis Leonard , 23 Home Runs Allowed : Dennis Leonard , 202 Walks Allowed : Mark Gubicza , 783 Hits Allowed : Paul Splittorff , 2,644 Strikeout to Walk : Bret Saberhagen , 3.30 Losses : Paul Splittorff , 143 Earned Runs Allowed : Paul Splittorff , 1,082 Wild Pitches : Mark Gubicza , 107 Hit Batsmen : Mark Gubicza , 58 Batters Faced : Paul Splittorff , 10,824 Games Finished : Jeff Montgomery , 543 Team Records ( edit ) Batting ( edit ) Highest team batting average : . 288 in 2000 Lowest team batting average : . 240 in 1969 Highest team slugging average : . 436 in 1977 Highest team on - base percentage : . 348 in 1999 and Total Hits : 1,644 in 2000 Extra-base hits : 522 in 1977 Hits in a game : 26 vs. Detroit on September 9 , 2004 ( first game ) Longest individual hitting streak : 30 , George Brett 1980 Most . 300 hitters in a single season : 4 in 2000 Home runs : 168 in 1987 Home runs in a month : 12 , John Mayberry , July 1975 and Chili Davis , August 1997 Most strikeouts : 1,091 in 2009 Pitching ( edit ) Lowest team ERA : 3.21 in 1976 Highest team ERA : 5.65 in 2006 Most complete games : 54 in 1974 Fewest complete games : 2 in 2007 , 2008 , and 2011 Most strikeouts : 1,153 in 2009 Fewest strikeouts : 593 in 1983 Most walks : 693 in 2000 Fewest walks : 433 in 1984 Games no walks : 17 in 1992 and 1996 Most hits : 1,648 in 2006 Fewest hits : 1,301 in 1971 Most runs : 971 in 2006 Fewest runs : 566 in 1971 Most saves : 50 in 1984 Fewest saves : 17 in 1974 Single Game Records ( edit ) Batting ( edit ) Team ( edit ) Most Hits : 26 on September 9 , 2004 Runs Scored : 26 on September 9 , 2004 Most Home Runs : 6 on July 14 , 1991 and May 21 , 2003 Most Total Bases : 37 on September 12 , 1982 Walks Recorded : 15 on September 4 , 1975 Most Strikeouts : 18 on August 25 , 1998 Most Stolen Bases : 8 on August 1 , 1998 Individual ( edit ) Most Hits : 6 by Bob Oliver ( 1969 ) , Kevin Seitzer ( 1987 ) , and Joe Randa ( 2004 ) Most Runs Scored : 6 by Joe Randa on September 9 , 2004 Most Home Runs : 3 ( 8 times ) Most RBI : 9 by Mike Moustakas on September 12 , 2015 Most Walks : 5 by Alex Gordon on July 30 , 2008 Most Strikeouts : 5 by Bo Jackson ( 1987 ) , Greg Gagne ( 1993 ) , and Bob Hamelin ( 1995 ) Most Stolen Bases : 5 by Amos Otis on September 7 , 1971 Most Total Bases : 15 by Kendrys Morales on September 20 , 2015 Pitching ( edit ) Team ( edit ) Most Pitchers Used : 8 on September 7 , 1975 Most Strikeouts : 17 on August 1 , 2016 Most Walks : 14 ( 4 times ) Most Home Runs Allowed : 6 ( 8 times ) Most Hit Batsmen : 4 ( 5 times ) Individual ( edit ) Most Strikeouts : 16 by Danny Duffy on August 1 , 2016 Most Walks : 9 ( 3 times ) Most Home Runs Allowed : 5 by Sean O'Sullivan on May 28 , 2011 Most Innings Pitched : 13 by Larry Gura on May 21 , 1980 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Team by Team Encyclopedia of Major League Baseball , Workman Publishing , New York ; 2006 , Dennis Purdy Jump up ^ Royals Season Records , MLB Advanced Media , L.P. , http://kansascity.royals.mlb.com/kc/history/season_records.jsp Jump up ^ Royals Single Game Records , MLB Advanced Media , L.P. , http://mlb.mlb.com/kc/history/single_game_records.jsp Kansas City Royals Established in 1969 Based in Kansas City , Missouri Franchise History Expansion and draft Seasons Current roster Owners and executives Managers Opening Day starting pitchers All - time roster First - round draft picks Records No - hitters Awards and league leaders Broadcasters Kansas City Royals Baseball Academy Fox Sports Kansas City Royals Sports Television Network Ballparks Municipal Stadium Kauffman Stadium Spring training Terry Park Baseball City Stadium Surprise Stadium Culture Sluggerrr Denny Matthews Ryan Lefebvre American Royal `` Royals ( song ) '' Lore Pine Tar Incident The Call 2014 AL Wild Card Game Miracle at Minute Maid Hosmer 's Mad Dash Rivalries St. Louis Cardinals Team Hall of Fame Steve Busby Amos Otis Dick Howser Cookie Rojas Paul Splittorff Dennis Leonard Hal McRae Joe Burke Larry Gura Freddie Patek Ewing Kauffman George Brett Frank White Muriel Kauffman John Mayberry Dan Quisenberry Whitey Herzog Willie Wilson Jeff Montgomery Denny Matthews Bret Saberhagen Mark Gubicza Art Stewart Kevin Appier Mike Sweeney Minor league affiliates AAA Omaha Storm Chasers AA Northwest Arkansas Naturals A Adv . Wilmington Blue Rocks Lexington Legends Rookie Adv . Idaho Falls Chukars Burlington Royals Rookie AZL Royals DSL Royals 1 DSL Royals 2 Key personnel Owner : David Glass General Manager : Dayton Moore Manager : Ned Yost World Series championships ( 2 ) 1985 2015 American League pennants ( 4 ) 1980 1985 2014 2015 Division titles West 1976 1977 1978 1980 1981 ( second half ) 1984 1985 Central 2015 Wild Card 2014 Seasons ( 50 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Franchise records of Major League Baseball American League East Division Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Division Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Division Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Division Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Division Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Division Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Kansas_City_Royals_team_records&oldid=801779033 '' Categories : Kansas City Royals lists Major League Baseball team records Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 20 : 12 . 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who invented the peanut butter and jelly sandwich

Peanut butter and jelly sandwich

peanut butter and jelly sandwich

A peanut butter and jelly sandwich , or PB&J , includes one or more layers of peanut butter and one or more layers of either jelly or jam on bread . Sometimes the sandwich is eaten open - faced or with one slice of bread folded over ( effectively a `` half sandwich '' ) . If the peanut butter is not spread on each slice of bread , the sandwich will become soggy if it is left too long to sit .

Variations on the sandwich can be created by changing the jelly to honey or fruit slices and instead of peanut butter , someone may use almond butter or another nut butter . When marshmallow fluff is substituted for the jelly , the sandwich becomes a fluffernutter . A 2002 survey showed the average American will have eaten 1,500 of these sandwiches before high school graduation . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Nutrition 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Peanut butter was originally paired with a diverse set of foods , such as pimento , cheese , celery , watercress , and toasted crackers . In a Good Housekeeping article published in May 1896 , a recipe `` urged homemakers to use a meat grinder to make peanut butter and spread the result on bread . '' The following month , the culinary magazine Table Talk published a `` peanut butter sandwich recipe . In the early 1900s , this sandwich was adopted down the class structure as the price of peanut butter dropped . It became popular with children by the 1920s as manufacturers began adding sugar to the peanut butter . Since World War II , both peanut butter and jelly were found on US soldiers ' military ration list . Nutrition ( edit ) A peanut butter and jelly sandwich made with white bread , two tablespoons each of peanut butter and strawberry jelly , provides 27 % of a person 's Recommended Daily Intake of fat and 22 % of their calories . While roughly 50 % of the calories are from fat , most of them come from monounsaturated fat and polyunsaturated fats , which have been linked positively with heart health . Sandwich preparation Close - up view of a cut peanut butter and jelly sandwich See also ( edit ) Food portal Fluffernutter Fool 's Gold Loaf Jam sandwich Peanut butter , banana and bacon sandwich List of sandwiches List of peanut dishes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` How Nutritious Is a PB&J ? '' . Nutrition.about.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Magazine , Bon Appetit Bon Appétit ( 2013 - 06 - 05 ) . `` Peanut Butter & Jelly Mistakes You 're Making '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` How to Make a Peanut Butter and Jelly Sandwich '' . wikiHow . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` PB&J is A-OK '' . Prepared Foods 171.10 . Prepared Foods . October 2002 . p. 32 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peanuts : The Illustrious History of the Goober Pea . University of Illinois Press . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Mark McWilliams . The Story Behind the Dish : Classic American Foods . ABC - CLIO . p. 166 . Jump up ^ Lau , Maya ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Who Made That ? '' . New York Times Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Food Timeline '' . Lynne Olver . Jump up ^ Why Do Donuts Have Holes ? . Citadel Press . p. 127 . Jump up ^ Corleone , Jill . `` ARE PEANUT BUTTER & JELLY SANDWICHES HEALTHY ? '' . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peanut butter and jelly sandwiches . Fun peanut facts Keep your peanut - butter - and - jelly sandwich from getting soggy Grilled Peanut Butter and Jelly Sandwich History of Peanut Butter & Jelly Sandwich Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peanut_butter_and_jelly_sandwich&oldid=802966186 '' Categories : American sandwiches Vegan cuisine Peanut butter Food combinations Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 16 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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the cane at the end of miracle on 34th street

Miracle on 34th Street

miracle on 34th street

Miracle on 34th Street ( originally released in the United Kingdom as The Big Heart ) is a 1947 American Christmas comedy - drama film written and directed by George Seaton and based on a story by Valentine Davies . It stars Maureen O'Hara , John Payne , Natalie Wood and Edmund Gwenn . The story takes place between Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day in New York City , and focuses on the impact of a department store Santa Claus who claims to be the real Santa . The film has become a perennial Christmas favorite .

The film won Academy Awards for Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( Edmund Gwenn ) , Best Writing , Original Story ( Valentine Davies ) and Best Writing , Screenplay . It was also nominated for Best Picture , losing to Gentleman 's Agreement . In 2005 , the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' . The Academy Film Archive preserved Miracle on 34th Street in 2009 . Davies also penned a short novelization of the tale , which was published by Harcourt Brace simultaneously with the film 's release . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Legal inaccuracies 4 Release 5 Reaction 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Awards and honors 6 Home media and colorization 7 Remake 8 In other media 8.1 Radio 8.2 Theatre 8.3 Television 8.4 Puppets 8.5 Changing character names 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Kris Kringle ( Edmund Gwenn ) is indignant to find that the man ( Percy Helton ) assigned to play Santa in the annual Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade is intoxicated . When he complains to event director Doris Walker ( Maureen O'Hara ) , she persuades Kris to take his place . He does so well , he is hired to play Santa at Macy 's flagship New York City store on 34th Street . Ignoring instructions to steer parents to buy from Macy 's , Kris directs one shopper ( Thelma Ritter ) to a competitor . Impressed , she tells Julian Shellhammer ( Philip Tonge ) , head of the toy department , that she will become a loyal customer . Attorney Fred Gailey ( John Payne ) , Doris 's neighbor , takes the young divorcée 's daughter Susan ( Natalie Wood ) to see Santa . Doris has raised her to not believe in fairy tales , but Susan is shaken after seeing Kris speak Dutch with a girl who does not know English . Doris asks Kringle to tell Susan that he is not Santa , but he insists that he is . Worried , Doris decides to fire him . However , Kris has generated so much positive publicity and goodwill for Macy 's that Macy ( Harry Antrim ) promises Doris and Julian bonuses . To alleviate Doris 's misgivings , Julian has Granville Sawyer ( Porter Hall ) administer a `` psychological evaluation '' . Kris passes , and questions Sawyer 's own mental health . The store expands on the concept . To avoid looking greedy , competitor Gimbels implements the same policy , forcing Macy 's and others to escalate . Eventually , Kris does the impossible : he reconciles bitter rivals Macy and Gimbel ( Herbert Heyes ) . Pierce ( James Seay ) , the doctor at Kris ' nursing home , assures Doris that Kris is harmless . Kris makes a pact with Fred -- he will work on Susan 's cynicism while Fred does the same with Doris , disillusioned by her failed marriage . When Susan reveals she wants a house , Kris reluctantly promises to do his best . Kris learns that Sawyer has convinced young employee Alfred that he is unstable simply because he is kind - hearted . Finding Sawyer unwilling to budge , Kris hits him on the head with Sawyer 's umbrella , which was on the desk . Sawyer exaggerates his pain in order to have Kris confined to Bellevue Hospital . Tricked into cooperating , and believing Doris to be in on the deception , Kris deliberately fails his examination and is recommended for permanent commitment . However , Fred persuades Kris not to give up . At a hearing before Judge Henry X . Harper ( Gene Lockhart ) , District Attorney Thomas Mara ( Jerome Cowan ) gets Kris to assert that he is Santa Claus and rests his case . Fred argues that Kris is not insane because he actually is Santa . Mara requests Harper rule that Santa does not exist . In private , Harper 's political adviser , Charlie Halloran ( William Frawley ) , warns him that doing so would be disastrous for his upcoming reelection bid . The judge buys time by hearing evidence . Doris quarrels with Fred when he quits his job at a prestigious law firm to defend Kris . Fred calls Macy as a witness . When Mara asks if he believes Kris to be Santa , Macy starts to equivocate , but when pressed , he remembers the good Kris has done and states , `` I do ! '' Afterward , Macy fires Sawyer . Fred then calls Mara 's own young son ( Bobby Hyatt ) , who testifies that his father told him that Santa was real . Mara concedes the point . Mara then demands that Fred prove that Kris is `` the one and only '' Santa Claus on the basis of some competent authority . While Fred searches frantically , Susan writes Kris a letter to cheer him up , which Doris also signs . When a mail sorter ( Jack Albertson ) sees Susan 's letter , he suggests delivering the many letters to Santa taking up space in the dead letter office too . Fred presents Judge Harper with three of them ( from 21 full mailbags ) , addressed simply to `` Santa Claus '' and delivered to Kris , asserting the Post Office has acknowledged that he is the Santa Claus. Harper dismisses the case . On Christmas morning , Susan is disappointed that Kris could not get her what she wanted . Kris gives Fred and Doris a route home that avoids traffic . Along the way , Susan sees her dream house with a `` For Sale '' sign in the front yard . Fred learns that Doris had encouraged Susan to have faith and suggests they get married and purchase the house . He then boasts that he must be a great lawyer since he proved Kris was Santa . However , when they spot a cane inside that looks just like Kris 's , he is not so sure . Cast ( edit ) Maureen O'Hara as Doris Walker John Payne as Frederick M. `` Fred '' Gailey Edmund Gwenn as Kris Kringle Gene Lockhart as The Hon . Henry X . Harper Natalie Wood as Susan Walker Porter Hall as Granville Sawyer William Frawley as Charlie Halloran Jerome Cowan as District Attorney Thomas Mara Philip Tonge as Julian Shellhammer Uncredited ( alphabetically ) : Jack Albertson as Post Office Mail Sorter Harry Antrim as R.H. Macy Lela Bliss as Mrs. Shellhammer Jeff Corey as Reporter Mary Field as Dutch Girl 's Adopted Mother William Forrest as Dr. Rogers at Bellevue Alvin Greenman as Alfred Theresa Harris as Cleo , the Walkers ' maid / housekeeper Percy Helton as Drunken Santa Claus Herbert Heyes as Mr. Gimbel Robert Karnes as 2nd Bellevue Intern Snub Pollard as Mail - Bearing Court Officer Thelma Ritter as Peter 's Mother James Seay as Dr. Pierce , physician at the Brooks Memorial Home for the Aged Production ( edit ) Although the film is set during the Christmas season , studio head Darryl F. Zanuck insisted that it be released in May , arguing that more people go to the movies in warmer weather . The studio rushed to promote it while keeping its Christmas setting a secret . Fox 's promotional trailer depicted a fictional producer roaming the studio backlot and encountering such stars as Rex Harrison , Anne Baxter , Peggy Ann Garner , and Dick Haymes extolling the virtues of the film . In addition , the movie posters prominently featured O'Hara and Payne , with Gwenn 's character kept in the background . The film opened in New York City at the Roxy Theatre on June 4 , 1947 . By contrast , modern home video packaging has Gwenn and Wood dominating the imagery , with the DVD release having Kringle in his Santa Claus costume . O'Hara was initially reluctant to take the role , having recently moved back to Ireland . She immediately changed her mind after reading the script and came back to the United States for the film . The Christmas window displays seen in the film were originally made by Steiff for Macy 's . Macy 's later sold the window displays to FAO Schwarz in New York . FAO Schwarz then sold the windows to the Marshall & Ilsley Bank of Milwaukee , Wisconsin , where they are on display every December in the bank 's lobby on North Water Street . The house shown at the end of the film is a 1703 square foot single family home built in 1943 at 24 Derby Road , Port Washington , New York . The home looks practically the same as it did in 1947 , except that the roof line has been altered by the addition of a window . Rowland Hussey Macy , called R.H. Macy in the film , died 70 years prior to the film ( in 1877 ) . Legal inaccuracies ( edit ) In the book Reel Justice , the authors claim that Judge Harper could have dismissed the case early without the political repercussions he feared . In their theory , once the prosecutor rested his case immediately after Kris Kringle admitted in court simply that he believed he was Santa Claus , Judge Harper could have ruled that prosecution had forfeited its opportunity to prove that Kringle was dangerous ( the basic point of such hearings ; Kringle 's actual mental state itself being irrelevant ) , and ordered him immediately released . However , this high standard for involuntary commitment was not instituted until 1975 with the U.S. Supreme Court 's decision O'Connor v. Donaldson . When demonstrating that he has taken several mental examinations in the past , Kris Kringle answers his own question about who was the Vice President under John Quincy Adams as Daniel D. Tompkins . Tompkins actually served under James Monroe . John C. Calhoun is the correct answer to Kringle 's question . Tompkins was the 6th vice-president and Quincy Adams was the 6th president , leading to confusion in the script . Release ( edit ) The film was re-released in theatres on December 20 and 23 , 2015 , as part of the `` TCM Presents '' series by Turner Classic Movies and Fathom Events . Reaction ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2014 ) Miracle on 34th Street received mostly positive reviews from critics . Bosley Crowther of The New York Times said : `` For all those blasé skeptics who do not believe in Santa Claus -- and likewise for all those natives who have grown cynical about New York -- but most especially for all those patrons who have grown weary of the monotonies of the screen , let us heartily recommend the Roxy 's new picture , Miracle on 34th Street . As a matter of fact , let 's go further : let 's catch its spirit and heartily proclaim that it is the freshest little picture in a long time , and maybe even the best comedy of this year . '' Today , it is considered by many as one of the best films of 1947 . The film currently holds a 96 % `` Fresh '' rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes . The Catholic Legion of Decency gave the movie a `` B '' , `` morally objectionable in part '' rating . This was mainly due to the fact that O'Hara was portraying a divorcée in the film . Awards and honors ( edit ) The film won Academy Awards for Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( Edmund Gwenn ) , Best Writing , Original Story ( Valentine Davies ) and Best Writing , Screenplay . It was also nominated for Best Picture , losing to Gentleman 's Agreement . It was ranked ninth by the American Film Institute on 100 Years ... 100 Cheers , a list of America 's most inspiring films . Miracle on 34th Street was listed as the fifth best film in the fantasy genre in the American Film Institute 's `` Ten top Ten '' lists in 2008 . In 2005 , Miracle on 34th Street was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- # 9 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- # 5 Fantasy Film Home media and colorization ( edit ) Miracle on 34th Street was first released on VHS and laserdisc in 1987 . In 1985 , it became one of the first full - length black and white films to be colorized . The 41⁄2 - month process was carried out by Color Systems Technology , Inc . In 1993 , this version was released on laserdisc and VHS and was followed four years later by a `` 50th Anniversary Edition '' , remastered by THX . The first DVD release was in October 1999 , featuring the B&W version alongside the original theatrical trailer and a TV spot . In November 2006 , it was re-released as a two - disc `` Special Edition '' DVD , with disc one containing an `` all new colorized version '' carried out by Legend Films . The second disc had the original black - and - white version and numerous extras , including The 20th Century Fox Hour 's 1955 TV remake . Both discs also included a full - length audio commentary by Maureen O'Hara . The B&W disc has since been re-released several times , including in a pairing with the 1994 remake . In October 2009 , 20th Century Fox released the B&W version on Blu - ray with all previous extras , bar the TV remake . Remake ( edit ) Main article : Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 film ) A 1994 feature film starred Richard Attenborough , Elizabeth Perkins , Dylan McDermott , J.T. Walsh , Timothy Shea , James Remar , Jane Leeves , Simon Jones , William Windom and Mara Wilson . It was adapted by John Hughes from the Seaton script , and directed by Les Mayfield . Due to Macy 's refusal to give permission to use its name , it was replaced by the fictitious `` Cole 's '' . Gimbels no longer existed by 1994 and was replaced with the fictional `` Shopper 's Express '' . Alvin Greenman ( Alfred in the original version ) played a doorman . This version had a more serious tone than the original and a large portion was rewritten , although the majority of the plot and characters remained intact . The film also added a subtext concerning religious faith . In other media ( edit ) There are four remakes of the movie and a Broadway musical . Radio ( edit ) Lux Radio Theater broadcast an adaptation in 1947 which starred the original cast including Natalie Wood . In 1948 it was done again on Lux , without Natalie Wood 's participation , and it was adapted as a half - hour radio play on two broadcasts of Screen Director 's Playhouse , all featuring Edmund Gwenn in his screen role . In these production Kris correctly cites James Monroe as the President for whom Daniel D. Tompkins was the Vice-President . Theatre ( edit ) A 1963 Broadway musical version , entitled Here 's Love , was written by Meredith Willson . The novella was adapted into a stage play by Will Severin , Patricia Di Benedetto Snyder and John Vreeke in 2000 . It is a favorite in many community and regional theaters during the Christmas season . The characters ' names are those used in the novella , and the stage setting is distinctly late 1940s . Production rights are held by Samuel French , Inc . Television ( edit ) A 1955 one - hour television adaptation of the movie starred Thomas Mitchell as Kris , Macdonald Carey as Fred , Teresa Wright as Doris , and Sandy Descher as Susan . This version did not show the drunken Santa at all . Titled `` The Miracle on 34th Street '' , it originally aired as an episode of The 20th Century Fox Hour . It was later re-run as `` Meet Mr. Kringle '' . Ed Wynn played Kris in a 1959 television adaptation of the movie . Also featured was Orson Bean . It was broadcast live and in color on NBC the day after Thanksgiving . NBC made a kinescope of the program , probably for broadcasting opening night on the West Coast . The copy was in a large collection of kinescopes donated by NBC to the Library of Congress and recently unearthed by Richard Finegan , who reported his experiences in the December 2005 issue of Classic Images . A 1973 television version featured Jane Alexander , David Hartman , Roddy McDowall , Sebastian Cabot as Kris ( without his natural beard ; he was forced to shave and wear a false beard for the role ) , Suzanne Davidson , Jim Backus , David Doyle and Tom Bosley . It was adapted by Jeb Rosebrook from the George Seaton screenplay , and directed by Fielder Cook . Mrs. Walker 's first name is changed to Karen in this version . This would prove to be the final version in which the department store was actually Macy 's . David Doyle , who played R.H. Macy in this version had played Mr. Sawyer in the original Broadway cast of Here 's Love 10 years earlier . Puppets ( edit ) The flagship Macy 's Department Store at Herald Square in New York features a 30 - minute puppet version of the story within its Santaland display , featuring the voice talents of Broadway stars Brian Stokes Mitchell and Victoria Clark . Changing character names ( edit ) 1947 1955 1959 1963 Broadway musical 1973 Doris Walker Karen Walker Dorey Walker Frederick M. Gailey Bill Schaffner Bryan Bedford Kris Kringle Susan Walker Cleo ( eliminated ) Drunk Santa ( no name given ) ( no name given ) Tony Falacchi Julian Shellhammer Mr. Shellhammer Marvin Shellhammer Horace Shellhammer Donald Shellhammer Mrs. Shellhammer ( eliminated ) Alfred Alfred ( eliminated ) Granville Sawyer Dr. Albert Sawyer Dr. William Sawyer Dr. Bartholomew Sawyer Dr. Henry Sawyer ( eliminated ) R.H. Macy Mr. Macy R.H. Macy C.F. Cole Mr. Gimbel Victor Landbergh Dr. Pierce ( eliminated ) Dr. Pierce ( eliminated ) Hon . Henry X . Harper Hon. Harper Hon . Martin Group Hon. Harper Hon . Henry Harper Charlie Halloran Tammany O'Halloran ( eliminated ) Thomas Mara Mr. Mara Thomas Mara Ed Collins Mrs. Mara ( eliminated ) ( eliminated ) Rebecca Collins Macy 's Department Store Cole 's Department Store Gimbels Department Store Shopper 's Express See also ( edit ) Trial movies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Top Grossers of 1947 '' , Variety , 7 January 1948 , p. 63 Jump up ^ BFI : Miracle on 34th Street Retrieved December 22 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Miracle on 34th Street , Release Info , Also Known As '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Heart Poster '' . Movie Poster Studio . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Preserved Projects '' . Academy Film Archive . Jump up ^ Brown , Gene ( 1995 ) . Movie Time : A Chronology of Hollywood and the Movie Industry from Its Beginnings to the Present . New York , NY : Macmillan . p. 186 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 860429 - 6 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Maureen ; John Nicoletti ( 2005 ) . ' Tis herself : a memoir . London : Pocket . p. 139 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7434 - 9535 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Rowland Hussey Macy '' . Find a Grave . June 3 , 1998 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Making of Miracle on 34th Street , 50th Anniversary Edition '' ( Sindpiper Publishing ) , 1997 Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Psycho , ' ' Grease ' Returning to Cinemas in ' TCM Presents ' Series '' . Variety . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( June 5 , 1947 ) . `` Movie Review : ' Miracle on 34th Street , ' With Edmund Gwenn in the Role of Santa Claus , at Roxy -- ' Web ' at Loew 's Criterion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest Films of 1947 '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Movies of 1947 by Rank '' . Films101.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Miracle on 34th Street Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Catcher , Jessica ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` 12 Awesome Facts You Did n't Know About The Original Miracle On 34th Street '' . ViralNova . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers '' . American Film Institute . 2006 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Crowns Top 10 Films in 10 Classic Genres '' . ComingSoon.net . June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Fantasy '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Miracle on 34th Street '' . On Location Tours . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 ) : Awards '' . IMDb . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Nominees '' ( PDF ) . AFI. 2002 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees : Official Ballot '' ( PDF ) . AFI . September 23 , 2005 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) Ballot '' ( PDF ) . AFI. 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 ) - Articles - TCM.com '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Nitrate Wo n't Wait : A History of Film Preservation in the United States ( 2000 ) by Anthony Slide , page 125 . Jump up ^ `` Miracle on 34th Street Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rancho Cucamonga Community Theatre Presents Miracle on 34th Street '' . Lewis Family Playhouse . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Patricia Di Benedetto ; Severin , Will ; Vreeke , John ( 2000 ) . Miracle on 34th Street : A Play from the Novel by Valentine Davies . Samuel French , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0573628924 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Miracle on 34th Street Wikimedia Commons has media related to Miracle on 34th Street ( film ) . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Miracle on 34th Street '' dated 2017 - 03 - 26 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Backstage and deleted scenes Miracle on 34th Street at AllMovie Miracle on 34th Street at the TCM Movie Database Miracle on 34th Street on IMDb Miracle on 34th Street at the American Film Institute Catalog Streaming audio Miracle on 34th Street on Lux Radio Theater : December 22 , 1947 Miracle on 34th Street on Screen Directors Playhouse : December 23 , 1949 Miracle on 34th Street on Screen Directors Playhouse : December 21 , 1950 Miracle on 34th Street on Lux Radio Theater : December 21 , 1954 Miracle on 34th Street Films Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 ) Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) Television productions `` The Miracle on 34th Street '' ( The 20th Century Fox Hour ) ( 1955 ) `` Miracle on 34th Street '' ( NBC Friday Night Special Presentation ) ( 1959 ) Miracle on 34th Street ( 1973 ) Other versions Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 novella ) Here 's Love ( 1963 musical ) Films directed by George Seaton Diamond Horseshoe ( 1945 ) Junior Miss ( 1945 ) The Shocking Miss Pilgrim ( 1947 ) Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 ) Apartment for Peggy ( 1948 ) Chicken Every Sunday ( 1949 ) The Big Lift ( 1950 ) For Heaven 's Sake ( 1950 ) Anything Can Happen ( 1952 ) Little Boy Lost ( 1953 ) The Country Girl ( 1954 ) The Proud and Profane ( 1956 ) Williamsburg : the Story of a Patriot ( 1957 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 1958 ) The Pleasure of His Company ( 1961 ) The Counterfeit Traitor ( 1962 ) The Hook ( 1963 ) 36 Hours ( 1965 ) What 's So Bad About Feeling Good ? ( 1968 ) Airport ( 1970 ) Showdown ( 1973 ) Macy 's , Inc . Bloomingdale 's Bluemercury Macy 's Key people Terry Lundgren Fred Lazarus Jr . Simon Lazarus Rowland Hussey Macy Isidor Straus Nathan Straus Events Glamorama Macy 's Great Tree Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade My Macy 's Holiday Parade Related Macy 's Herald Square Miracle on 34th Street Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miracle_on_34th_Street&oldid=826692911 '' Categories : 1947 films English - language films 1940s comedy - drama films 1940s fantasy films 20th Century Fox films American black - and - white films American fantasy films American Christmas films American comedy films American films Films based on short fiction Films directed by George Seaton Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films set in department stores Films set in New York City Films shot in New York City Films that won the Academy Award for Best Story Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award Santa Claus in film United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles to be expanded from November 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 14 : 36 . 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who is biff in the death of a salesman

Biff Loman : Willy 's elder son . Biff was a football star with a lot of potential in high school , but failed math his senior year and dropped out of summer school when he saw Willy with another woman while visiting him in Boston . He wavers between going home to try to fulfill Willy 's dream for him as a businessman or ignoring his father by going out West to be a farmhand where he feels happy . He likes being outdoors and working with his hands , yet wants to do something worthwhile so Willy will be proud of him . Biff steals because he wants evidence of success , even if it is false evidence , but overall Biff remains a realist and informs Willy that he is just a normal guy and will not be a great man .

Death of a Salesman

death of a salesman

Death of a Salesman is a 1949 play written by American playwright Arthur Miller . It was the recipient of the 1949 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and Tony Award for Best Play . The play premiered on Broadway in February 1949 , running for 742 performances , and has been revived on Broadway four times , winning three Tony Awards for Best Revival . It is widely considered to be one of the greatest plays of the 20th century .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Summary 3 Themes 3.1 Reality and Illusion 3.2 The American Dream 3.2. 1 Willy Loman 3.2. 2 Uncle Ben 3.2. 3 Biff 3.2. 4 Bernard and Charley 4 Reception 4.1 In the United States 4.2 In the United Kingdom 4.3 In Germany 4.4 In India 4.5 In China 5 Productions 6 Adaptations in other media 7 Awards and nominations 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Editions 10.2 Criticism 11 External links 11.1 At Playbill Vault Characters ( edit ) William `` Willy '' Loman : The salesman . He is 63 years old and unstable , insecure , and self - deluded . Willy tends to re-imagine events from the past as if they were real . He vacillates between different eras of his life . Willy seems childlike and relies on others for support , coupled with his recurring flashbacks to various moments throughout his career . His first name , Willy , reflects this childlike aspect as well as sounding like the question `` Will he ? '' His last name gives the feel of Willy 's being a `` low man '' , someone who wo n't succeed ; however , this popular interpretation of his last name was dismissed by Miller , who stated his name is this due to his relation to the English queen . Linda Loman : Willy 's loyal and loving wife . Linda is passively supportive and docile when Willy talks unrealistically about hopes for the future , although she seems to have a good knowledge of what is really going on . She chides her sons , particularly Biff , for not helping Willy more , and supports Willy lovingly even though Willy sometimes treats her poorly , ignoring her opinions over those of others . She is the first to realize that Willy is contemplating suicide at the beginning of the play , and urges Biff to make something of himself , while expecting Willy to help Biff do so . Biff Loman : Willy 's elder son . Biff was a football star with a lot of potential in high school , but failed math his senior year and dropped out of summer school when he saw Willy with another woman while visiting him in Boston . He wavers between going home to try to fulfill Willy 's dream for him as a businessman or ignoring his father by going out West to be a farmhand where he feels happy . He likes being outdoors and working with his hands , yet wants to do something worthwhile so Willy will be proud of him . Biff steals because he wants evidence of success , even if it is false evidence , but overall Biff remains a realist and informs Willy that he is just a normal guy and will not be a great man . Harold `` Happy '' Loman : Willy 's younger son . He 's lived in the shadow of his older brother Biff most of his life and seems to be almost ignored , but he still tries to be supportive towards his family . He has a restless lifestyle as a womanizer and dreams of moving beyond his current job as an assistant to the assistant buyer at the local store , but he is willing to cheat a little in order to do so , by taking bribes . He is always looking for approval from his parents , but he rarely gets any , and he even goes as far as to make things up just for attention , such as telling his parents he is going to get married . He tries often to keep his family 's perceptions of each other positive or `` happy '' by defending each of them during their many arguments , but still has the most turbulent relationship with Linda , who looks down on him for his lifestyle and apparent cheapness , despite his giving them money . Charley : Willy 's somewhat wise - cracking yet kind and understanding neighbor . He pities Willy and frequently lends him money and comes over to play cards with him , although Willy often treats him poorly . Willy is jealous of him because his son is more successful than Willy 's . Charley offers Willy a job many times during visits to his office , yet Willy declines every time , even after he loses his job as a salesman . Bernard : Charley 's son . In Willy 's flashbacks , he is a nerd , and Willy forces him to give Biff test answers . He worships Biff and does anything for him . Later , he is a very successful lawyer , married , and expecting a second son -- the same successes that Willy wants for his sons , in particular Biff . Bernard makes Willy contemplate where he has gone wrong as a father . Uncle Ben : Willy 's older brother who became a diamond tycoon after a detour to Africa . He is dead , but Willy frequently speaks to him in his hallucinations of the past . He is Willy 's role model , although he is much older and has no real relationship with Willy , preferring to assert his superiority over his younger brother . He represents Willy 's idea of the American Dream success story , and is shown coming by the Lomans ' house while on business trips to share stories . The Woman : A woman , whom Willy calls `` Miss Francis '' , with whom Willy cheated on Linda . Howard Wagner : Willy 's boss . Willy worked originally for Howard 's father and claims to have suggested the name Howard for the newborn son . He however sees Willy as a liability for the company and fires him , ignoring all the years that Willy has given to the company . Howard is extremely proud of his wealth , which is manifested in his new wire recorder , and of his family . Jenny : Charley 's secretary . Stanley : A waiter at the restaurant who seems to be friends or acquainted with Happy . Miss Forsythe : A girl whom Happy picks up at the restaurant . She is very pretty and claims she was on several magazine covers . Happy lies to her , making himself and Biff look like they are important and successful . ( Happy claims that he attended West Point and that Biff is a star football player . ) Letta : Miss Forsythe 's friend . Summary ( edit ) Willy Loman returns home exhausted after a business trip he has cancelled . Worried over Willy 's state of mind and recent car accident , his wife Linda suggests that he ask his boss Howard Wagner to allow him to work in his home city so he will not have to travel . Willy complains to Linda that their son , Biff , has yet to make good on his life . Despite Biff 's promising showing as an athlete in high school , he failed in mathematics and was unable to enter a university . Biff and his brother Happy , who is temporarily staying with Willy and Linda after Biff 's unexpected return from the West , reminisce about their childhood together . They discuss their father 's mental degeneration , which they have witnessed in the form of his constant indecisiveness and daydreaming about the boys ' high school years . Willy walks in , angry that the two boys have never amounted to anything . In an effort to pacify their father , Biff and Happy tell their father that Biff plans to make a business proposition the next day . The next day , Willy goes to ask his boss , Howard , for a job in town while Biff goes to make a business proposition , but both fail . Willy gets angry and ends up getting fired when the boss tells him he needs a rest and can no longer represent the company . Biff waits hours to see a former employer who does not remember him and turns him down . Biff impulsively steals a fountain pen . Willy then goes to the office of his neighbor Charley , where he runs into Charley 's son Bernard ( now a successful lawyer ) ; Bernard tells him that Biff originally wanted to do well in summer school , but something happened in Boston when Biff went to visit his father that changed his mind . Charley gives the now - unemployed Willy money to pay his life - insurance premium ; Willy shocks Charley by remarking that ultimately , a man is `` worth more dead than alive . '' Happy , Biff , and Willy meet for dinner at a restaurant , but Willy refuses to hear bad news from Biff . Happy tries to get Biff to lie to their father . Biff tries to tell him what happened as Willy gets angry and slips into a flashback of what happened in Boston the day Biff came to see him . Willy had been having an affair with a receptionist on one of his sales trips when Biff unexpectedly arrived at Willy 's hotel room . A shocked Biff angrily confronted his father , calling him a liar and a fraud . From that moment , Biff 's views of his father changed and set Biff adrift . Biff leaves the restaurant in frustration , followed by Happy and two girls that Happy has picked up . They leave a confused and upset Willy behind in the restaurant . When they later return home , their mother angrily confronts them for abandoning their father while Willy remains outside , talking to himself . Biff tries unsuccessfully to reconcile with Willy , but the discussion quickly escalates into another argument . Biff conveys plainly to his father that he is not meant for anything great , insisting that both of them are simply ordinary men meant to lead ordinary lives . The feud reaches an apparent climax with Biff hugging Willy and crying as he tries to get Willy to let go of the unrealistic expectations . Rather than listen to what Biff actually says , Willy appears to believe his son has forgiven him and will follow in his footsteps , and after Linda goes upstairs to bed ( despite her urging him to follow her ) , lapses one final time into a hallucination , thinking he sees his long - dead brother Ben , whom Willy idolized . In Willy 's mind , Ben approves of the scheme Willy has dreamed up to kill himself in order to give Biff his insurance policy money . Willy exits the house . Biff and Linda cry out in despair as the sound of Willy 's car blares up and fades out . The final scene takes place at Willy 's funeral , which is attended only by his family , Charley and Bernard ( Bernard says nothing at the funeral , but in the stage directions , he is present ) . The ambiguities of mixed and unaddressed emotions persist , particularly over whether Willy 's choices or circumstances were obsolete . At the funeral Biff retains his belief that he does not want to become a businessman like his father . Happy , on the other hand , chooses to follow in his father 's footsteps , while Linda laments her husband 's decision just before her final payment on the house . Themes ( edit ) Reality and illusion ( edit ) Death of a Salesman uses flashbacks to present Willy 's memory during the reality . The illusion not only `` suggests the past , but also presents the lost pastoral life . '' Willy has dreamed of success his whole life and makes up lies about his and Biff 's success . The more he indulges in the illusion , the harder it is for him to face reality . Biff is the only one who realizes that the whole family lived in the lies and tries to face the truth . The American Dream ( edit ) The American Dream is the theme of the play , but everyone in the play has their own way to describe their American Dreams . Willy Loman ( edit ) Willy Loman dreams of being a successful salesman like Dave Singleman , somebody who has both wealth and freedom . Willy believes that the key to success is being well - liked , and his frequent flashbacks show that he measures happiness in terms of wealth and popularity . One analyst of the play writes : `` Society tries to teach that , if people are rich and well - liked , they will be happy . Because of this , Willy thought that money would make him happy . He never bothered to try to be happy with what he had ... '' . Willy also believes that to attain success , one must have a suitable personality . According to another analyst , `` He believes that salesmanship is based on ' sterling traits of character ' and ' a pleasing personality . ' But Willy does not have the requisite sterling traits of character ; people simply do not like him as much as he thinks is necessary for success . '' Uncle Ben ( edit ) Ben symbolizes another kind of successful American Dream for Willy : to catch opportunity , to conquer nature , and to gain a fortune . His mantra goes : `` Why , boys , when I was seventeen I walked into the jungle , and when I was twenty - one I walked out . ( He laughs . ) And by God I was rich . '' Biff ( edit ) After seeing his father 's real identity , Biff does not follow his father 's `` dream '' because he knows that , as two analysts put it , `` Willy does see his future but in a blind way . Meaning that he can and can not see at the same time , since his way of seeing or visualizing the future is completely wrong . '' Bernard and Charley ( edit ) One thing that is apparent from the Death of a Salesman is the hard work and dedication of Charley and Bernard . Willy criticizes Charley and Bernard throughout the play , but it is not because he hates them . Rather , it 's argued that he is jealous of the successes they have enjoyed , which is outside his standards . The models of business success provided in the play all argue against Willy 's `` personality theory . '' One is Charley , Willy 's neighbor and apparently only friend . Charley has no time for Willy 's theories of business , but he provides for his family and is in a position to offer Willy a do - nothing job to keep him bringing home a salary . ( Bloom 51 ) Reception ( edit ) This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( June 2015 ) In the united states ( edit ) Death of a Salesman first opened on February 10 , 1949 , to great success . Drama critic John Gassner wrote that `` the ecstatic reception accorded Death of Salesman has been reverberating for some time wherever there is an ear for theatre , and it is undoubtedly the best American play since A Streetcar Named Desire . '' In the united kingdom ( edit ) The play reached London on July 28 , 1949 . London responses were mixed , but mostly favorable . The Times criticized it , saying that `` the strongest play of New York theatrical season should be transferred to London in the deadest week of the year . '' However , the public understanding of the ideology of the play was different from that in America . Some people , such as Eric Keown , think of Death of a Salesman as `` a potential tragedy deflected from its true course by Marxist sympathies . '' In germany ( edit ) The play was hailed as `` the most important and successful night '' in Hebbel - Theater in Berlin . It was said that `` it was impossible to get the audience to leave the theatre '' at the end of the performance . The Berlin production was more successful than New York , possibly due to better interpretation . In india ( edit ) Compared to Tennessee Williams and Beckett , Arthur Miller and his Death of Salesman were less influential . Rajinder Paul said that `` Death of a Salesman has only an indirect influence on Indian theatre practitions . '' However , it was translated and produced in Bengali as ' Pheriwalar Mrityu ' by the theater group Nandikar . Director Feroz Khan adapted the play in Hindi and English by the name `` Salesman Ramlal '' played brilliantly by Satish Kaushik and with the role of his son portrayed by Kishore Kadam . In China ( edit ) Death of a Salesman was welcomed in China . There , Arthur Miller directed the play himself . As Miller stated , `` It depends on the father and the mother and the children . That 's what it 's about . The salesman part is what he does to stay alive . But he could be a peasant , he could be , whatever . '' Here , the play focuses on the family relationship . It is easier for the Chinese public to understand the relationship between father and son because `` One thing about the play that is very Chinese is the way Willy tries to make his sons successful . '' The Chinese father always wants his sons to be ' dragons . ' Productions ( edit ) The original Broadway production was produced by Kermit Bloomgarden and Walter Fried . The play opened at the Morosco Theatre on February 10 , 1949 , closing on November 18 , 1950 , after 742 performances . The play starred Lee J. Cobb as Willy Loman , Mildred Dunnock as Linda , Arthur Kennedy as Biff , Howard Smith as Charley and Cameron Mitchell as Happy . Albert Dekker and Gene Lockhart later played Willy Loman during the original Broadway run . It won the Tony Award for Best Play , Best Supporting or Featured Actor ( Arthur Kennedy ) , Best Scenic Design ( Jo Mielziner ) , Producer ( Dramatic ) , Author ( Arthur Miller ) , and Director ( Elia Kazan ) , as well as the 1949 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and the New York Drama Critics ' Circle Award for Best Play . Jayne Mansfield performed in a production of the play in Dallas , Texas , in October 1953 . Her performance in the play attracted Paramount Pictures to hire her for the studio 's film productions . The play has been revived on Broadway four times : June 26 , 1975 , at the Circle in the Square Theatre , running for 71 performances . George C. Scott starred as Willy . March 29 , 1984 , at the Broadhurst Theatre , running for 97 performances . Dustin Hoffman played Willy . In a return engagement , this production re-opened on September 14 , 1984 , and ran for 88 performances . The production won the Tony Award for Best Revival and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival . February 10 , 1999 , at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre , running for 274 performances , with Brian Dennehy as Willy . The production won the Tony Award for : Best Revival of a Play ; Best Actor in Play ; Best Featured Actress in a Play ( Elizabeth Franz ) ; Best Direction of a Play ( Robert Falls ) . This production was filmed . February 13 , 2012 , at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre , in a limited run of 16 weeks . Directed by Mike Nichols , Philip Seymour Hoffman played Willy , Andrew Garfield played Biff , Linda Emond played Linda , and Finn Wittrock played Happy . It was also part of the inaugural season of the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis , Minnesota in 1963 . Christopher Lloyd portrayed Willy Loman in a 2010 production by the Weston Playhouse in Weston , Vermont , which toured several New England venues . Antony Sher played Willy Loman in the first Royal Shakespeare Company production of the play directed by Gregory Doran in Stratford - upon - Avon in the spring of 2015 , with Harriet Walter as Linda Loman . This production transferred to London 's West End , at the Noel Coward Theatre for ten weeks in the summer of 2015 . This production was part of the centenary celebrations for playwright Arthur Miller . Adaptations in other media ( edit ) 1951 : Adapted by Stanley Roberts and directed by László Benedek who won the Golden Globe Award for Best Director . The film was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Actor in a Leading Role ( Fredric March ) , Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( Kevin McCarthy ) , Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( Mildred Dunnock ) , Best Cinematography , Black - and - White and Best Music , Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture . 1960 : In USSR ( 1960 ) directed by Theodore Wolfovitch as `` You ca n't cross the bridge '' . 1961 : En Handelsresandes död starring Kolbjörn Knudsen and directed by Hans Abramson ( in Swedish ) 1968 : Der Tod eines Handlungsreisenden starring Heinz Rühmann and directed by Gerhard Klingenberg 1966 ( CBS ) : Starring Lee J. Cobb , Gene Wilder , Mildred Dunnock , James Farentino , Karen Steele and George Segal and directed by Alex Segal . 1966 ( BBC ) : Starring Rod Steiger , Betsy Blair , Tony Bill , Brian Davies and Joss Ackland and directed by Alan Cooke . 1985 : Starring Dustin Hoffman , Kate Reid , John Malkovich , Stephen Lang and Charles Durning and directed by Volker Schlöndorff . 1996 : Starring Warren Mitchell , Rosemary Harris , Iain Glen and Owen Teale and directed by David Thacker . 2000 : Starring Brian Dennehy , Elizabeth Franz , Ron Eldard , Ted Koch , Howard Witt and Richard Thompson and directed by Kirk Browning . 2008 : Play within the film in Synecdoche , New York , starring Philip Seymour Hoffman . 2015 : Radio drama , starring David Suchet and Zoë Wanamaker , directed by Howard Davies , and broadcast on BBC Radio 3 . 2016 : Play within the film in The Salesman ( Forushande ) , acting as counterpoint to the main plot . Starring Shahab Hosseini , Taraneh Alidoosti , Babak Karimi , and directed by Asghar Farhadi . Awards and nominations ( edit ) 1949 Broadway New York Drama Critics ' Circle Best Play ( win ) Pulitzer Prize for Drama ( win ) Tony Award for Best Play ( win ) Tony Award , Best Supporting or Featured Actor ( Dramatic ) - Arthur Kennedy ( win ) Tony Award , Best Scenic Design -- Jo Mielziner ( win ) Tony Award Author -- Arthur Miller ( win ) Tony Award Best Director -- Elia Kazan ( win ) 1975 Broadway revival Tony Award Best Actor in Play -- George C. Scott ( nominee ) 1979 West End revival Olivier Award Director of the Year -- Michael Rudman ( nominee ) Olivier Award Actor of the Year in a Revival -- Warren Mitchell ( win ) Olivier Award Actor of the Year in a Supporting Role -- Stephen Greif ( nominee ) Olivier Award Actress of the Year in a Supporting Role -- Doreen Mantle ( win ) Evening Standard Theatre Awards Best Actor -- Warren Mitchell ( win ) 1984 Broadway revival Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival ( win ) Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actor in a Play -- Dustin Hoffman ( win ) Drama Desk Award Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play -- John Malkovich ( win ) ; David Huddleston ( nominee ) Tony Award for Best Reproduction ( win ) 1999 Broadway revival Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play ( win ) Tony Award Best Actor in Play -- Brian Dennehy ( win ) Tony Award Best Featured Actor in a Play -- Kevin Anderson ( nominee ) ; Howard Witt ( nominee ) Tony Award Best Featured Actress in a Play -- Elizabeth Franz ( win ) Tony Award Best Direction of a Play -- Robert Falls ( win ) Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Play ( win ) Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actor in a Play -- Brian Dennehy ( win ) Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actress in a Play -- Elizabeth Franz ( nominee ) Drama Desk Award Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play -- Kevin Anderson ( win ) ; Howard Witt ( nominee ) Drama Desk Award Outstanding Director of a Play -- Robert Falls ( nominee ) Drama Desk Award Outstanding Music in a Play -- Incidental music by Richard Woodbury ( nominee ) 2012 Broadway revival Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play ( win ) Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play -- Mike Nichols ( win ) Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play -- Philip Seymour Hoffman ( nominee ) Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play -- Andrew Garfield ( nominee ) Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play -- Linda Emond ( nominee ) Tony Award for Best Lighting Design of a Play -- Brian MacDevitt ( nominee ) Tony Award for Best Sound Design of a Play -- Scott Lehrer ( nominee ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play -- Philip Seymour Hoffman ( nominee ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Play ( nominee ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Play -- Mike Nichols ( win ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lighting Design -- Brian MacDevitt ( win ) See also ( edit ) Happy Lowman References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Death of a Salesman '' . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Death of a Salesman '' . www.therep.org . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Martin Gottfried ( 2004 ) . Arthur Miller : His Life and Work . Perseus Books Group . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81377 - 1 . Jump up ^ Koon , Helene . Twentieth Century Interpretations of Death of Salesman . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice - Hall . ^ Jump up to : Bradford , Wade . `` The American Dream in `` Death of a Salesman '' `` . About.com . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Saurav . The American Dream in Context of Death of A Salesman . Academia . ^ Jump up to : Bloom , Harold ( 2009 ) . The American Dream . Infobase Publishing . Jump up ^ Ziaul Haque , Md . & Kabir Chowdhury , Fahmida . `` The Concept of Blindness in Sophocles ' King Oedipus and Arthur Miller 's Death of a Salesman '' Archived 2014 - 05 - 25 at the Wayback Machine. , International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature , vol. 2 , no . 3 ; 2013 , p. 118 , Retrieved on April 02 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Meserve , Walter . Studies in Death of Salesman . Columbus , Ohio : Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 675 - 09259 - 0 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Miller . Salesman in Beijing . New York : Viking Press . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Steve . Va Va Voom , General Publishing Group , Los Angeles , California , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew. `` Starry Revival of Arthur Miller 's ' Death of a Salesman ' Opens on Broadway '' Archived 2012 - 03 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , March 15 , 2012 Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( 25 August 2010 ) . `` Christopher Lloyd stars in ' Death of a Salesman ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff ( 8 April 2015 ) . `` Arthur Miller Classic Death Of A Salesman To Make West End Transfer ) '' . LondonTheatreDirect.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 3 -- Drama on 3 , Death of a Salesman , by Arthur Miller '' . BBC . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Further reading ( edit ) Editions ( edit ) Miller , Arthur Death of a Salesman ( Harmondsworth : Penguin Books , 1996 ) ISBN 9780140247732 . Edited with an introduction by Gerald Weales . Contains the full text and various critical essays . Criticism ( edit ) Hurell , John D. ( 1961 ) . Two Modern American Tragedies : Reviews and Criticism of Death of a Salesman and A Streetcar Named Desire . New York : Scribner . pp. 82 -- 8 . OCLC 249094 . Sandage , Scott A. ( 2005 ) . Born Losers : A History of Failure in America . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01510 - X . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Death of a Salesman . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Death of a Salesman Death of a Salesman at the Internet Broadway Database Character Analysis of Willy Loman Character Analysis of Linda Loman Death of a Salesman : A Celebration at the Wayback Machine ( archived September 4 , 2006 ) , by Joyce Carol Oates Death of a Salesman Reviews At playbill vault ( edit ) First Revival − 1975 Second Revival -- 1984 Third Revival -- 1999 Fourth Revival -- 2012 Works by Arthur Miller Plays No Villain They Too Arise Honors at Dawn The Golden Years ( radio play ) That They May Win ( one - act ) The Man Who Had All the Luck All My Sons Death of a Salesman An Enemy of the People ( adapted ) The Crucible A View from the Bridge A Memory of Two Mondays The Misfits After the Fall Incident At Vichy The Price The Creation of the World and Other Business The Archbishop 's Ceiling The American Clock Up from Paradise Elegy for a Lady Some Kind of Love Story Everybody Wins The Last Yankee The Ride Down Mt . Morgan Broken Glass Mr. Peters ' Connections Resurrection Blues Finishing the Picture Novels Focus Homely Girl : A Life Screenplays The Hook ( 1947 ) Let 's Make Love ( 1960 ) The Misfits ( 1961 ) Everybody Wins ( 1984 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1985 ) The Crucible ( 1995 ) Arthur Miller 's Death of a Salesman Characters Willy Loman Film and TV Death of a Salesman ( 1951 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1966 , CBS ) Death of a Salesman ( 1966 , BBC ) Death of a Salesman ( 1985 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1996 ) Death of a Salesman ( 2000 ) Related The Salesman ( 2016 ) Awards for Death of a Salesman Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival The Royal Family ( 1976 ) No award ( 1977 - 1981 ) Entertaining Mr Sloane ( 1982 ) On Your Toes ( 1983 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1984 ) Joe Egg ( 1985 ) The House of Blue Leaves ( 1986 ) no award ( 1987 ) Anything Goes ( 1988 ) Our Town ( 1989 ) Gypsy ( 1990 ) A Little Night Music ( 1991 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1992 ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Play Anna Christie ( 1993 ) An Inspector Calls ( 1994 ) The Heiress ( 1995 ) A Delicate Balance ( 1996 ) A Doll 's House ( 1997 ) A View from the Bridge ( 1998 ) Death of a Salesman / The Iceman Cometh ( 1999 ) The Real Thing ( 2000 ) The Best Man ( 2001 ) Private Lives ( 2002 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 2003 ) Henry IV ( 2004 ) Twelve Angry Men ( 2005 ) Awake and Sing ! ( 2006 ) Journey 's End ( 2007 ) Boeing - Boeing ( 2008 ) The Norman Conquests ( 2009 ) A View from the Bridge / Fences ( 2010 ) The Normal Heart ( 2011 ) Death of a Salesman ( 2012 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 2013 ) Twelfth Night ( 2014 ) The Elephant Man ( 2015 ) A View from the Bridge ( 2016 ) Jitney ( 2017 ) Pulitzer Prize for Drama 1918 -- 1950 Why Marry ? ( 1918 ) Beyond the Horizon ( 1920 ) Miss Lulu Bett ( 1921 ) Anna Christie ( 1922 ) Icebound ( 1923 ) Hell - Bent Fer Heaven ( 1924 ) They Knew What They Wanted ( 1925 ) Craig 's Wife ( 1926 ) In Abraham 's Bosom ( 1927 ) Strange Interlude ( 1928 ) Street Scene ( 1929 ) The Green Pastures ( 1930 ) Alison 's House ( 1931 ) Of Thee I Sing ( 1932 ) Both Your Houses ( 1933 ) Men in White ( 1934 ) The Old Maid ( 1935 ) Idiot 's Delight ( 1936 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1937 ) Our Town ( 1938 ) Abe Lincoln in Illinois ( 1939 ) The Time of Your Life ( 1940 ) There Shall Be No Night ( 1941 ) The Skin of Our Teeth ( 1943 ) Harvey ( 1945 ) State of the Union ( 1946 ) A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1948 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 The Shrike ( 1952 ) Picnic ( 1953 ) The Teahouse of the August Moon ( 1954 ) Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1955 ) The Diary of Anne Frank ( 1956 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1957 ) Look Homeward , Angel ( 1958 ) J.B. ( 1959 ) Fiorello ! ( 1960 ) All the Way Home ( 1961 ) How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1962 ) The Subject Was Roses ( 1965 ) A Delicate Balance ( 1967 ) The Great White Hope ( 1969 ) No Place to be Somebody ( 1970 ) The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man - in - the - Moon Marigolds ( 1971 ) That Championship Season ( 1973 ) Seascape ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) The Shadow Box ( 1977 ) The Gin Game ( 1978 ) Buried Child ( 1979 ) Talley 's Folly ( 1980 ) Crimes of the Heart ( 1981 ) A Soldier 's Play ( 1982 ) ' night , Mother ( 1983 ) Glengarry Glen Ross ( 1984 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1985 ) Fences ( 1987 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1988 ) The Heidi Chronicles ( 1989 ) The Piano Lesson ( 1990 ) Lost in Yonkers ( 1991 ) The Kentucky Cycle ( 1992 ) Angels in America : Millennium Approaches ( 1993 ) Three Tall Women ( 1994 ) The Young Man from Atlanta ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) How I Learned to Drive ( 1998 ) Wit ( 1999 ) Dinner with Friends ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Proof ( 2001 ) Topdog / Underdog ( 2002 ) Anna in the Tropics ( 2003 ) I Am My Own Wife ( 2004 ) Doubt : A Parable ( 2005 ) Rabbit Hole ( 2007 ) August : Osage County ( 2008 ) Ruined ( 2009 ) Next to Normal ( 2010 ) Clybourne Park ( 2011 ) Water by the Spoonful ( 2012 ) Disgraced ( 2013 ) The Flick ( 2014 ) Between Riverside and Crazy ( 2015 ) Hamilton ( 2016 ) Sweat ( 2017 ) Cost of Living ( 2018 ) Tony Award for Best Play 1948 - 1975 Mister Roberts ( 1948 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1949 ) The Cocktail Party ( 1950 ) The Rose Tattoo ( 1951 ) The Fourposter ( 1952 ) The Crucible ( 1953 ) The Teahouse of the August Moon ( 1954 ) The Desperate Hours ( 1955 ) The Diary of Anne Frank ( 1956 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1957 ) Sunrise at Campobello ( 1958 ) J.B. ( 1959 ) The Miracle Worker ( 1960 ) Becket ( 1961 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1962 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1963 ) Luther ( 1964 ) The Subject Was Roses ( 1965 ) Marat / Sade ( 1966 ) The Homecoming ( 1967 ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1968 ) The Great White Hope ( 1969 ) Borstal Boy ( 1970 ) Sleuth ( 1971 ) Sticks and Bones ( 1972 ) That Championship Season ( 1973 ) The River Niger ( 1974 ) Equus ( 1975 ) 1976 - 2000 Travesties ( 1976 ) The Shadow Box ( 1977 ) Da ( 1978 ) The Elephant Man ( 1979 ) Children of a Lesser God ( 1980 ) Amadeus ( 1981 ) The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby ( 1982 ) Torch Song Trilogy ( 1983 ) The Real Thing ( 1984 ) Biloxi Blues ( 1985 ) I 'm Not Rappaport ( 1986 ) Fences ( 1987 ) M. Butterfly ( 1988 ) The Heidi Chronicles ( 1989 ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 1990 ) Lost in Yonkers ( 1991 ) Dancing at Lughnasa ( 1992 ) Angels in America : Millennium Approaches ( 1993 ) Angels in America : Perestroika ( 1994 ) Love ! Valour ! Compassion ! ( 1995 ) Master Class ( 1996 ) The Last Night of Ballyhoo ( 1997 ) ' Art ' ( 1998 ) Side Man ( 1999 ) Copenhagen ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Proof ( 2001 ) The Goat , or Who Is Sylvia ? ( 2002 ) Take Me Out ( 2003 ) I Am My Own Wife ( 2004 ) Doubt : A Parable ( 2005 ) The History Boys ( 2006 ) The Coast of Utopia ( 2007 ) August : Osage County ( 2008 ) God of Carnage ( 2009 ) Red ( 2010 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Clybourne Park ( 2012 ) Vanya and Sonia and Masha and Spike ( 2013 ) All the Way ( 2014 ) The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time ( 2015 ) The Humans ( 2016 ) Oslo ( 2017 ) Tony Award for Best Revival Porgy and Bess ( 1977 ) Dracula ( 1978 ) No Award ( 1979 ) Morning 's at Seven ( 1980 ) The Pirates of Penzance ( 1981 ) Othello ( 1982 ) On Your Toes ( 1983 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1984 ) Joe Egg ( 1985 ) Sweet Charity ( 1986 ) All My Sons ( 1987 ) Anything Goes ( 1988 ) Our Town ( 1989 ) Gypsy ( 1990 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1991 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1992 ) Anna Christie ( 1993 ) Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play An Inspector Calls ( 1994 ) The Heiress ( 1995 ) A Delicate Balance ( 1996 ) A Doll 's House ( 1997 ) A View from the Bridge ( 1998 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1999 ) The Real Thing ( 2000 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 2001 ) Private Lives ( 2002 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 2003 ) Henry IV ( a combination of Part 1 and Part 2 ) ( 2004 ) Glengarry Glen Ross ( 2005 ) Awake and Sing ! ( 2006 ) Journey 's End ( 2007 ) Boeing - Boeing ( 2008 ) The Norman Conquests ( 2009 ) Fences ( 2010 ) The Normal Heart ( 2011 ) Death of a Salesman ( 2012 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 2013 ) A Raisin in the Sun ( 2014 ) Skylight ( 2015 ) A View from the Bridge ( 2016 ) Jitney ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_of_a_Salesman&oldid=843103770 '' Categories : 1949 plays Plays by Arthur Miller Broadway plays Drama Desk Award - winning plays New York Drama Critics ' Circle Award winners Pulitzer Prize for Drama - winning works Tony Award - winning plays American plays adapted into films Termination of employment in popular culture Viking Press books Suicide in fiction Works about dysfunctional families Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 22 : 24 . 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Thor : the Dark World

thor : the dark world

Thor : The Dark World is a 2013 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Thor , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2011 's Thor and the eighth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The film was directed by Alan Taylor , with a screenplay by Christopher Yost and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely . It stars Chris Hemsworth , Natalie Portman , Tom Hiddleston , Anthony Hopkins , Stellan Skarsgård , Idris Elba , Christopher Eccleston , Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje , Kat Dennings , Ray Stevenson , Zachary Levi , Tadanobu Asano , Jaimie Alexander , and Rene Russo . In Thor : The Dark World , Thor teams up with Loki to save the Nine Realms from the Dark Elves led by the vengeful Malekith , who intends to plunge the universe into darkness .

Development of Thor : The Dark World began in April 2011 , when producer Kevin Feige announced plans for a sequel to follow the crossover film The Avengers . In July 2011 , Kenneth Branagh , the director of Thor , withdrew from the project . Brian Kirk and Patty Jenkins were considered to direct the film before Taylor was hired in January 2012 . The supporting cast filled out in August 2012 , with the hiring of Eccleston , Dennings , and Akinnuoye - Agbaje . Principal photography began in September 2012 in Surrey , England with filming continuing in Iceland and London , before wrapping up in December 2012 . Thor : The Dark World was converted to 3D in post-production . Thor : The Dark World premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on October 22 , 2013 . It was released internationally on October 30 , 2013 , and on November 8 , 2013 , in the United States . The film received mixed reviews , but was a commercial success , grossing over $644 million worldwide . A third film , Thor : Ragnarok , is set for release on November 3 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Eons ago , Bor , father of Odin , clashes with the Dark Elf Malekith , who seeks to unleash a weapon known as the Aether on the nine realms . After conquering Malekith 's forces , including enhanced warriors called the Kursed , on their home world of Svartalfheim , Bor safeguards the Aether within a stone column . Unbeknownst to Bor , Malekith , his lieutenant Algrim , and a handful of Dark Elves escape into suspended animation . In present - day Asgard , Loki stands imprisoned for his war crimes on Earth . Meanwhile , Thor , alongside warriors Fandral , Volstagg , and Sif , repel marauders on Vanaheim , home of their comrade Hogun ; it is the final battle in a war to pacify the Nine Realms following the reconstruction of the Bifröst , the `` Rainbow Bridge '' between realms , which had been destroyed two years earlier . The Asgardians soon learn that the Convergence , a rare alignment of the Nine Realms , is imminent ; as the event approaches , portals linking the worlds appear at random . In London , astrophysicist Dr. Jane Foster and her intern Darcy Lewis travel to an abandoned factory where such portals have appeared , disrupting the laws of physics around them . Separating from the group , Jane is teleported to another world , where she is infected by the Aether . Heimdall alerts Thor that Jane has moved beyond his near all - seeing vision , leading Thor to Earth . When Thor finds Jane , she inadvertently releases an unearthly force , and Thor returns with her to Asgard . Odin , recognizing the Aether , warns that the Aether will not only kill Jane , but that its return heralds a catastrophic prophecy . Malekith , awakened by the Aether 's release , turns Algrim into a Kursed and attacks Asgard . During the battle , Malekith and Algrim search for Jane , sensing that she contains the Aether . Thor 's mother Frigga is killed protecting Jane , and Malekith and Algrim are forced to flee without Jane . Despite Odin 's orders not to leave Asgard , Thor reluctantly enlists the help of Loki , who knows of a secret portal to Svartalfheim , where they will use Jane to lure and confront Malekith , away from Asgard . In return , Thor promises Loki vengeance on Malekith for killing their mother . With Volstagg and Sif stalling Asgardian soldiers and Fandral assisting their escape , Thor , Loki , and Jane head to Svartalfheim . There , Loki tricks Malekith into drawing the Aether out of Jane , but Thor 's attempt to destroy the exposed substance fails . Malekith merges with the Aether and leaves in his ship as Loki is fatally wounded while killing Algrim . Thor , cradling Loki in his arms , promises to tell their father of his sacrifice . Afterwards , Thor and Jane discover another portal in a nearby cave and reunite in London with Darcy and Jane 's mentor Dr. Erik Selvig -- who was briefly institutionalized due to the mental trauma he suffered during Loki 's attack on Earth . They learn that Malekith plans to restore the Dark Elves to dominance by unleashing the Aether at the center of the Convergence in Greenwich . Thor battles Malekith through various portals and across multiple worlds until one portal separates them , leaving Malekith unopposed on Earth . Thor returns in time to help his mortal comrades use their scientific equipment to transport Malekith to Svartalfheim , where he is crushed by his own damaged ship . Thor returns to Asgard , where he declines Odin 's offer to take the throne and tells Odin of Loki 's sacrifice . As he leaves , Odin 's form transforms into Loki , who is alive and impersonating Odin . In a mid-credits scene , Volstagg and Sif visit the Collector and entrust the Aether to his care , commenting that with the Tesseract already in Asgard , having two Infinity Stones so close together would be unwise . As they leave , the Collector remarks , `` One down , five to go . '' In a post-credits scene , Jane and Thor reunite on Earth while somewhere in London a frost monster from Jotunheim , accidentally transported to Earth during the final battle , continues to run amok . Cast ( edit ) The cast of Thor : The Dark World at the world premiere in London . Top to bottom : Hemsworth , Portman , Hiddleston , Elba , Eccleston , Akinnuoye - Agbaje , and Dennings . ( Scrollable image ) Chris Hemsworth as Thor : The crown prince of Asgard , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name . Hemsworth stated that the film addresses unresolved issues regarding Thor 's relationships from previous films , `` For Thor and Jane , there are some unanswered questions now , since obviously he did n't stop in and catch up with her in The Avengers . Thor might have some explaining to do in this one . And with Loki , we get down to the major bones of our conflict with everything that 's come from Thor to Avengers to now . '' Hemsworth added , `` Thor 's journey I think picks more so up from where we left the first one -- About to take on the throne ... and now coming to the realization of what responsibility comes with that . Also , Alan ( Taylor ) keeps talking about the dark side of that responsibility , and the secrets of being king or becoming sort of very political about what people need to know and what they want to know . '' Hemsworth especially enjoyed the role of Thor in this film as he was able to , `` ... break him down and find his human qualities and his vulnerable side . '' Natalie Portman as Jane Foster : An astrophysicist and Thor 's love interest , who is brought from Earth to Asgard by Thor after she is infected with a mysterious energy . Producer Kevin Feige said , `` ( W ) hile Thor was a fish out of water on Earth in the first two films ( Thor and The Avengers ) , this time Jane is very much a fish out of water in Asgard . '' Portman added , `` It was a whole different adventure this time . Because Jane is the fish out of water . I did n't want to make it like Bill & Ted , or like a valley girl dumped into Shakespeareland . '' Portman also said the film finds Jane at a different place in her life , `` Jane has moved , so she 's now in London , not in Santa Fe anymore . Obviously she has gone through missing Thor and also being upset at him because he did n't come knock on her door when he was on her planet . She 's definitely been getting over that and trying to move on . '' Hemsworth 's wife Elsa Pataky stood in for Portman during the final kissing scene due to a scheduling conflict . Tom Hiddleston as Loki : Thor 's adoptive brother and nemesis , based on the deity of the same name , who forms an uneasy alliance with Thor against the Dark Elves . On where he wished to take the character in the film , Hiddleston said , `` I 'd like to take ( Loki ) to his absolute rock bottom . I 'd like to see him yield , essentially , to his darkest instincts . Then , having hit rock bottom , maybe come back up . I think the fascination for me about playing Loki is that , in the history of the mythology and the comic books and the Scandinavian myths , is he 's constantly dancing on this fault line of the dark side and redemption . '' Hiddleston recalled , `` When I met Alan ( Taylor ) , he asked me how I thought I could do Loki again without repeating myself and I remembered talking with Kevin Feige when we were on the Avengers promotional tour . I said , ' OK , you 've seen Thor and Loki be antagonistic for two films now . It would be amazing to see them fight side by side . I 've been the bad guy now twice , so I ca n't be again , or otherwise I should n't be in the film . So we have to find a new role for me to play . '' Anthony Hopkins as Odin : The king of Asgard , father of Thor , and adoptive father of Loki , based on the deity of the same name , who disapproves of Jane Foster being in Asgard . Regarding Thor 's relationship with his father , Hemsworth said , `` ( T ) he conflict between Thor and Odin was so great in the first one ... so , certainly they disagree as I think they always will at times but there 's a far greater respect from each other . So it becomes , I guess , a more mature conversation , but there 's more at stake this time , too . It 's not sort of just their individual egos , the whole universe is at stake . '' As to his approach Hopkins said , `` I just play Odin like a human being , with maybe a little more dimension . I grow a beard , look hopefully impressive and keep it as real as possible . '' Stellan Skarsgård as Erik Selvig : Foster 's mentor and colleague . Skarsgård said , the film finds Selvig in a `` disrupted mode '' explaining , `` Having a god in your head for a while creates some psychological problems '' , referring to the character 's ordeal following The Avengers . Idris Elba as Heimdall : The all - seeing , all - hearing Asgardian sentry of the Bifröst Bridge , based on the mythological deity of the same name . Elba said he has a larger role in the sequel , `` In the new film we 're going to get to know Heimdall the Asgardian a bit better , and we 're going to get to know Asgard a bit better . I ca n't say too much , but the expansion of Thor in his world is going to be huge . My part was very small and functional in the first film '' . Christopher Eccleston as Malekith : The ruler of the Dark Elves of Svartalfheim . About Malekith 's motivation , Eccleston said , `` There is a kind of tragic quality to his quest . Because he 's lost his wife , he 's lost his children . He 's lost everything . And he returns for revenge . And the agent for his revenge is the Aether . If he gets hold of that , he is omnipotent . '' Eccleston continued , `` What I thought about a great deal was revenge -- there 's huge amounts of revenge . One quote is : ' When you seek revenge , be sure to dig two graves . ' I did a film called Revengers Tragedy where I played a guy called Vindici -- from the word ' vindictive ' -- and he is the distillation of revenge . So , in a way , that was what I had to think of : how revenge can make you absolutely monomaniacal -- though you 're still trying to make it recognizably motive - led . It 's just the personification of movie evil . '' However Taylor stated that a lot of scenes involving Malekith 's backstory had to be cut from the film to make it more efficient . Eccleston revealed that he speaks an invented language for the film explaining , `` The Elvish language is definitely based on European languages . I think there 's probably some Finnish in there . It does have its logic and its rhythms . It also has many syllables and it 's very difficult to do while remaining naturalistic . It 's been a particular challenge for us but hopefully it gives the film some complexity and variety . '' Eccleston also said the role required six hours of make - up and 45 minutes in wardrobe . Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje as Algrim / Kurse : A Dark Elf , and Malekith 's trusted and loyal lieutenant , who is transformed into a monstrous creature in order to destroy Thor . Akinnuoye - Agbaje described Kurse as `` an amalgamation of a bull and a lava - like creature . He has very animalistic tendencies but with this insatiable and unstoppable power . As an actor , that 's one of the hardest things to embody . You have to realize you are probably the most powerful thing you could imagine . And you have to be that . You ca n't pretend , so that when you face Thor , it 's real . '' Akinnuoye - Agbaje stated the role required three hours of make - up a day and had to put on heavy duty prosthetics explaining , `` The outfit weighed about 40 pounds . I 'm sure there will be a certain amount of CGI but a good 80 % was me in that suit . '' About the character Akinnuoye - Agbaje said , `` I suppose Algrim and Kurse would be the quintessential baddies , but in reality they are what I perceive as the scorn and the victims of the story . They are the elves who have basically lost their planet and their race to another race , the Asgardians . Here is a man / alien who places a noble objective beyond his own life and I think there is something extremely inspiring about that because he looks at the bigger picture and sees himself as a means to that end . '' Akinnuoye - Agbaje added , `` I worked with director Alan Taylor in trying to maintain Algrim 's humanity all the way throughout Kurse 's transformation , so that even when you see Kurse the beast , you can still relate to him as being Algrim inside . And symbolically we did that by keeping the same piercing blue eyes throughout . '' Kat Dennings as Darcy Lewis : A political science major who is interning for Foster . Her role in the film was expanded from the comic relief sidekick role she played in the first Thor film . Dennings said her character is `` really bad at real science in this first movie . In the second movie , she 's more interested , but she still does n't know anything about it . She loves Jane , she really wants Jane and Thor to be together . It 's almost like her own little soap opera that she watches . '' Ray Stevenson as Volstagg : A member of the Warriors Three ; a group of three Asgardian adventurers who are among Thor 's closest comrades , known for both his hearty appetite and wide girth . About the character Stevenson said , `` He 's got a heart the size of a planet that he wears on his sleeve , so he 's like a big kid . '' Regarding Volstagg 's role in this film , Stevenson said , `` Volstagg is struggling , he has a brood , they ( the Warriors Three ) are fighting for hearth and home as much as for the idea of Asgard itself . That 's where he has trouble . '' Explaining , `` He 's all too aware of how potentially threatening this new enemy is on both the home front and the battlefield . '' Zachary Levi as Fandral : A member of the Warriors Three , characterized as an irrepressible swashbuckler and romantic . Levi replaced Joshua Dallas in the role due to his commitment on Once Upon a Time . Levi had been up for the role in the first film , but bowed out due to his commitment on Chuck . Levi compared the character to Flynn Rider , the character he played in the animated feature , Tangled , `` Fandral is a little similar to Rider in some ways ... He 's like this Lothario . He 's like Errol Flynn . He loves ladies , as do I '' . Regarding the dynamic of the Warriors Three , Levi said , `` The Warriors Three are here to support Thor . We are his confidants , his best friends . We 've all grown up together in a lot of ways and fought many a battle together , escaped death . To me it 's the way best friends ought to be -- they 're there when you need to talk and they 're there if you do n't want to talk , and they 're there if you need to escape from your father 's place in a flying skiff ! '' Tadanobu Asano as Hogun : A member of the Warriors Three , a native of Vanaheim , primarily identified by his grim demeanor . Jaimie Alexander as Sif : An Asgardian warrior , Thor 's childhood friend and Jane Foster 's romantic rival , based on the deity of the same name . Alexander said there is more character development for Sif and the film explores the Sif - Thor relationship . Alexander elaborated , `` I really tried to bring a little bit more vulnerability in this film . Sif is very much in love with Thor and very much cares about his well - being . So she kicks a lot of butt in this movie but she also opens her heart a lot . '' Alexander suffered a severe back injury while on the set . About the injury , she said , `` It was raining , it was dark outside , it was like 5 in the morning -- and I went down a metal staircase and slipped and slipped a disc in my thoracic spine and chipped 11 of my vertebrae . I knocked my left shoulder out of place and tore my rhomboid on my right side ... It took me out of filming for a month '' . Rene Russo as Frigga : The wife of Odin , queen of Asgard , mother of Thor and adoptive mother of Loki , based on the mythological deity of the same name . Russo said that her role was expanded and explores Frigga 's relationship with Loki , `` You know , they cut me ( down ) in the first film . Kenneth Branagh sent me a nice note , because he understood , he 's an actor . You move on , what are you going to do ? But I think they 're going to need a good mom in the next film . Loki needs his mom . I have a lot of compassion for ( Loki ) . But we might have to have a conversation about what he just did '' . Additionally , Alice Krige portrays Eir , an Asgardian physician . Chris O'Dowd was cast as Richard , a suitor of Jane Foster 's . Benicio del Toro , who plays the Collector in Marvel Studios ' Guardians of the Galaxy , appears in a mid-credits scene with Ophelia Lovibond , who plays his aide Carina . Jonathan Howard plays Ian Boothby , Darcy 's intern . Tony Curran plays Bor , Odin 's father , based on the deity of the same name . Clive Russell plays Tyr , based on the deity of the same name . Richard Brake portrays a captain in the Einherjar . Chris Evans makes an uncredited cameo appearance as Loki masquerading as Captain America , while Thor co-creator Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance as a patient in a mental ward . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` In both cases , it 's using the conceit of a fantastical , alien world to make fresh what is really a domestic drama . In Game of Thrones , seeing Tyrion battle with his sister Cersei , seeing the relationships between children and their fathers ... It 's all the stuff we 're interested in at a psychological level because we 're living it all the time . But it takes place in this otherwise fantastical , foreign realm . I think the same thing is true in Thor . The brilliant thing Ken Branagh did in launching it was making it very much a story about two brothers , a story about brothers competing for the love of their father . So it 's small , confined and human at the same time it 's this blown - out , intergalactic world . '' -- Alan Taylor , director of Thor : The Dark World and several episodes of Game of Thrones In April 2011 before the release of Thor ( 2011 ) , Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige stated that following The Avengers ( 2012 ) , `` Thor will go off into a new adventure . '' Kenneth Branagh , director of Thor , responded to his comments , saying , `` It is kind of news to me . Here 's what I would say to that : It 's that I 'm thrilled they 're that confident . I shall wait for the audience to tell us whether there should be a second one , and then if that 's a nice conversation to be had ( among ) all of us , that 'd be thrilling . But I 've got too much Irish superstitious blood in me to assume that Thor 2 will happen . But if Marvel says so , then I guess it must be true '' . Feige later explained that Marvel Studios would gauge how well Thor did at the box office before announcing sequels , but stated , `` Don Payne is working on story ideas for a part two . We 've got various options with Ken ( Branagh ) to discuss coming back , but right now the focus is on the first one . Don is , slowly but surely , thinking about where to take the character next should we be so lucky '' . In June 2011 , Walt Disney Studios set a July 26 , 2013 , release date for the Thor sequel with Chris Hemsworth reprising his role as the title hero . It was also reported that Branagh would not be returning as director but would likely be involved in a producing capacity . The Los Angeles Times cited the long commitment necessary for a special effects - heavy epic and the pressure to start the script process right away as reasons for Branagh 's departure , although he was initially enthused by the chance to direct the sequel . Branagh noted , `` It was a long time ( making the first film ) and they were way too quick for me to get straight back into another , ( but ) it was a pleasurable experience and a film I 'm very proud of . '' The following day , Marvel formally hired Payne , one of the credited writers of the first film , to script the sequel . In August , Brian Kirk entered early negotiations to direct the Thor sequel . The film would have marked Kirk 's first time directing a big - budget motion picture , after having directed television series for HBO , Showtime and the BBC , including Game of Thrones . In September 2011 , Tom Hiddleston confirmed he would return in the sequel , speculating that in the film , `` ( Loki will ) have to take responsibility for what he 's done '' . Patty Jenkins , the director of Monster and the pilot episode of AMC 's The Killing , entered early negotiations with Marvel Studios and Disney to direct the film , after Kirk had passed due to contractual sticking points that arose during negotiations . Later in the month , Feige stated the sequel would `` take Thor literally to other worlds '' and would `` primarily be the journey of that character , of he and Jane Foster and how the new dynamic with his father is working out , as well as what are the broader stakes for The Nine Worlds '' . On October 13 , 2011 , Marvel confirmed that Jenkins would direct the sequel and Natalie Portman would return to star . Disney also moved the release date for the film to November 15 , 2013 . Pre-production ( edit ) `` The main difference I have ( from Branagh 's approach ) is really to do with look and tone . Things look really dirty . The first Thor was quite shiny and it was a very conscious , smart choice . When I came in , I wanted to get more of a sense of the Norse mythology : the Viking quality , the texture and weight of the history . He 's a superhero , but he 's been around for thousands of years . His dad is god ! '' -- Alan Taylor In December 2011 , Jenkins exited the project , citing `` creative differences '' . She stated , `` I have had a great time working at Marvel . We parted on very good terms , and I look forward to working with them again . '' Jenkins felt she could not have made a good film `` out of Thor 2 because I was n't the right director ... I could have made a great Thor if I could have done the story that I was wanting to do . But I do n't think I was the right person to make a great Thor out of the story they wanted to do . '' Jenkins had intended to create a film based on the premise of Romeo and Juliet , where Jane was stuck on Earth with Thor forbidden to come save her . After Thor eventually does travel to Earth , he and Jane would have discovered that Malekith was `` hiding the dark energy inside of Earth because he knows that Odin does n't care about Earth , and so he 's using Odin 's disinterest in Earth to trick him . '' Three days later , it was reported that Marvel was looking at Alan Taylor and Daniel Minahan as prospective directors to replace Jenkins , and were also in the midst of hiring a writer to rewrite Don Payne 's script , with the shortlist of possible writers consisting of John Collee , Robert Rodat , and Roger Avary . At the end of the month , Alan Taylor , best known for directing episodes of the HBO fantasy series Game of Thrones , was chosen to direct the sequel . Feige mentioned Taylor 's work on the series Mad Men , Boardwalk Empire and Game of Thrones as reasons for his hiring , saying `` With Alan 's direction we got a few more layers of patina , of texture , of reality into our golden realm . '' By January 10 , Marvel Studios had commissioned screenwriter Robert Rodat to rewrite the sequel and Hiddleston stated that filming was expected to begin in London in the summer of 2012 . Hemsworth later confirmed that filming was scheduled to begin in August . Hemsworth also revealed that the film would have a more Viking - influenced feel , elaborating `` I think the science fiction element to Thor ... the danger is it falls a little bit into the world of it 's ' tough to throw a light to . ' I think of big waterfalls and mountains and a Viking influence , where the Norse mythology kind of grew from . Having that in Asgard is going to make it all the more special and that 's what Alan ( Taylor ) wants to bring to it . '' Feige said `` while the relationship between Loki and Thor certainly has changed ( after the events of the movie The Avengers ) and has progressed , a lot of Thor 2 is picking up where it left off in terms of Jane , who you just saw for a moment on a computer monitor , and also what 's been going on in the nine realms without the Asgardians being able to use the Bifrost . '' Feige also said that while Loki has a part , `` there will be a different villain , another big villain '' . In May 2012 , Mads Mikkelsen began talks to play one of the villains in the film and Anthony Hopkins , who played Odin in the first film , committed to returning in the sequel . At the end of the month , Disney moved up the release date for the film a week ahead of the previous date to November 8 , 2013 . By June 2012 , much of the first film 's supporting cast was confirmed to return , including Idris Elba , Jaimie Alexander , Ray Stevenson and Stellan Skarsgård . Also in June , Joshua Dallas announced that he would not be reprising the role of Fandral . Dallas had initially intended to return , but had to bow out due to his commitment on the television show , Once Upon a Time , and Zachary Levi was cast in his place . Levi was originally up for the role in the first film but scheduling conflicts with Chuck forced him to drop out . In July 2012 , Mikkelsen stated he would not be appearing in the sequel due to prior commitments , `` That 's not happening unfortunately . I had a meeting with ( the filmmakers ) , but it was a bit too late and then Hannibal came in ... It 's just not happening '' . At the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International , it was announced that the film would be titled Thor : The Dark World . At the end of the month , residents near Bourne Wood in Surrey , England were notified that a film going by the working title , Thursday Mourning would be filming in the area . In August of that year , Christopher Eccleston entered final negotiations to play Malekith , and the film was scheduled to shoot in Iceland , where Taylor shot parts of Game of Thrones . By August 22 , Kat Dennings was hired to reprise her role as Darcy Lewis and Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje was cast as Algrim . At the end of the month , film crews for Thursday Mourning began set construction at Stonehenge near Amesbury , England . Filming ( edit ) Film set for Thor : The Dark World at Bourne Wood , Surrey , England . Principal photography began on September 10 , 2012 , in Bourne Wood , Surrey , England , under the working title Thursday Mourning . A few weeks later , Clive Russell was cast as Tyr , and Richard Brake was cast as an Einherjar captain . At the end of the month , Jaimie Alexander was injured on the London film set , after she slipped while walking in the rain . On October 12 , 2012 , production moved to Iceland with filming taking place in Dómadalur , Skógafoss , Fjaðrárgljúfur and Skeiðarársandur . Iceland Review described the shoot as being among the most extensive film projects to have ever taken place in Iceland . Three days later , Disney announced that the film would be released in 3D . In late October , filming commenced at the Old Royal Naval College in Greenwich , London . Filming also took place at Shepperton Studios and Longcross Studios in Surrey between October and December 2012 . Other filming locations included Wembley , Borough Market , Hayes and Stonehenge . Alexander tweeted that principal photography wrapped on December 14 , 2012 . Disney spent $237.6 million on Thor : The Dark World but $37 million of this was offset by payments from the UK tax authority . A report on actual production costs for films from FilmL. A. Inc. , indicated a gross budget of $170 million , with a net of $152.7 million for Thor : The Dark World . Kramer Morgenthau , who worked with Taylor on Game of Thrones , was brought in as the director of photography . Morgenthau said , `` We wanted a grittier , boots - on - the - ground feeling , inspired by what Alan and I had done on Game of Thrones . We wanted the realms to feel grounded , like a real place , while at the same time respecting the magical ' planet of the Gods ' feeling and theme . '' Thor : The Dark World was Morgenthau 's first time shooting a feature film digitally . For the film , Morgenthau chose the Arri Alexa Plus , although he tested with the Sony F65 but found the Alexa to be more pleasing . In addition to the Alexa , Red Epic and Canon EOS 5D Mark II cameras were used for second unit filming . With the Alexa , Morgenthau used Panavision anamorphic lenses . Morgenthau said , `` The lenses brought some of the magic and mystery of photochemical back to digital , that big - movie look . '' Morgenthau also stated that Thor : The Dark World was easily the most technically complex project that he has worked but said , `` It 's all the same concept and the same principles as in a smaller film . You just scale it up . You do a lot more prep . We had three months of prep and loads of time to pre-rig stages . Part of it is having a really good crew -- it 's definitely not a one - man show . '' Post-production ( edit ) In July 2013 , Dennings told reporters that the film was about to head into reshoots . In August , Taylor said he shot extra scenes with Hiddleston and was about to shoot more with Hopkins . Taylor explained that it was all a part of the `` Marvel process '' saying , `` We 're doing full scenes , scenes that were not in the movie before . We 're adding scenes , creating scenes , writing scenes for the first time . The one ( involving Loki ) was a fun connective scene ... We realised how well Loki was working in the movie , and we wanted to do more with him . So it was that kind of thing , it was like , ' Oh , we could do this , we could jam this in here ' because he 's such a wonderful guy to watch do his stuff . '' Also in August , IMAX Corporation and Marvel Entertainment announced that the film would be digitally re-mastered into the IMAX 3D format and released into IMAX 3D theatres internationally beginning October 30 , 2013 . Taylor said Marvel 's The Avengers writer / director Joss Whedon rewrote several scenes in the film explaining , `` Joss came in to save our lives a couple of times . We had a major scene that was not working on the page at all in London , and he basically got airlifted in , like a SWAT team or something . He came down , rewrote the scene , and before he got back to his plane I sort of grabbed him and said , ' And this scene and this scene ? ' And he rewrote two other scenes that I thought had problems . '' In October 2013 , Tony Curran tweeted that he would be portraying Odin 's father , Bor , in a flashback sequence . In November 2013 , Feige stated that the film was intended to be the conclusion of the `` Loki trilogy '' , which examined the relationship of Thor and Loki throughout Thor , The Avengers and this film . The film 's mid-credits scene was directed by James Gunn , the director of Marvel Studios ' Guardians of the Galaxy . Photo of the Lofoten islands off the coast of Norway , taken in July 2008 . The same islands used in the film with CG Asgardian structures added by Double Negative . The film 's visual effects were completed by seven special effects studios , including Double Negative and Luma Pictures . Blur Studio was the lead studio behind the film 's prologue sequence taking place 5,000 years before the start of the film , on the Dark Elves homeworld of Svartalfheim . The sequence consisted mostly of computer graphics with live - action shots interwoven throughout . The use of CG allowed for greater freedom of movement by the characters as the live - action costumes were too constrictive . Taylor wanted Asgard in this film to have a more natural look than its predecessor . To achieve this , crews filmed the coast of Norway with an Arri Alexa camera for three days in a helicopter , capturing six hours of footage . Double Negative then embedded their CG rendering of Asgard on shots of the natural landscape . Double Negative visual effects supervisor Alex Wuttke said , `` The benefit of that is that you have some real world terrain to work with -- so you have buildings that have to convey natural features . Then from there we went in there populating the terrain with different buildings . '' For scenes taking place on Svartalfheim , production filmed in Iceland with Double Negative adding ruins , mountains , Dark Elf ships , and skies . For the shot of the levitating truck , which was used in the film to demonstrate the strange phenomena brought on by the coming of the alignment of the worlds , filmmakers attached a cement truck to a large hydraulic rig , which could be programmed to change speed and movement . In order to create Algrim 's transformation into Kurse , Double Negative morphed live action performances of Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje as both Algrim and Kurse . Double Negative then added in smoke and lava - like effects . The film 's climatic battle sequence takes place through the nine worlds by the use of portals . Visual effects supervisor Jake Morrison said , `` We ended up calling this ' time toffee ' , so as you punch through from one realm to another it 's almost like cling film or a slightly gelatinous membrane you have to pass through . It bends a little bit then rips and spits the person out . The other thing we wanted to do was to make sure it was quite fast from an editorial point of view . In the fight scenes there are times when Thor and Malekith are portaling all over the place , quite frankly . We made sure we always kept up the momentum and never stopped the fight . It was a way of making sure the audience were n't conscious there was an effect going on . '' Music ( edit ) Main article : Thor : The Dark World ( soundtrack ) In August 2012 , Patrick Doyle said that he had discussions with the director about potentially returning to score the film . By April 2013 , Carter Burwell had been hired to compose the score , but by the following month he left the film over creative differences . In June 2013 , Marvel hired Brian Tyler , who scored Iron Man 3 , to replace Burwell. Tyler said the previous film had an `` attitude and ( was ) grounded in limitations '' whereas the Thor film allowed for `` all - out regal themes that could be as epic as I could make them . '' The composer described The Dark World as `` science fiction meeting classic medieval war '' , leading to a score that drew from works of both genres such as Star Wars and The Lord of the Rings . Azam Ali is a featured vocalist on the score . The soundtrack was released digitally on October 28 , 2013 . Release ( edit ) The world premiere of Thor : The Dark World took place on October 22 , 2013 , at the Odeon Leicester Square in London . The film was released theatrically in the UK eight days later , on October 30 . The film held its North American premiere at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , and was released into U.S. theaters on November 7 , 2013 . Marketing ( edit ) Hiddleston as Loki at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International to promote the film . In March 2013 , Marvel announced the release of a two - issue comic book prelude by writers Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost and artist Scot Eaton in June 2013 . In April 2013 , Marvel released the first trailer for Thor : The Dark World . Forbes said , `` This trailer fits nicely into that larger marketing push for Marvel 's brand . It puts all of the recognizable characters from the first film front and center , presents the action as a team event reminiscent of the Avengers , and once again Loki -- who was quite popular with audiences -- makes an appearance . '' The Los Angeles Times said , `` Evident throughout the trailer is director Alan Taylor 's influence ; the Game of Thrones director 's hand can be seen in the battle sequences , and Asgard -- a bright and shiny kingdom under Thor director Kenneth Branagh -- seems grittier in the sequel . '' In July at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International , Hiddleston introduced footage from the film to audiences in character as Loki . Also in July , Gameloft announced that a mobile video game titled , Thor the Dark World : The Official Game , would be released in conjunction with the release of the film in November . The theatrical poster for the film was released in early August 2013 . Kirsten Acuna of Business Insider criticized the poster for its lack of originality , noting its similarities to one of the posters of Iron Man 3 , both of which included the female lead clinging to the male lead , with both looking in opposite directions , antagonists prominently displayed in the background and supporting characters featured `` on the side '' . Additionally , Marvel released a second trailer for the film as part of YouTube 's Geek Week . Forbes said , `` this 150 - second trailer is basically just an extended version of last April 's 106 - second teaser '' and that `` this trailer fails to showcase what 's new this time around ... making audiences question if they really do n't have much else to offer . '' The Los Angeles Times said , that the trailer suggests `` an ominous , epic scale for the sequel '' and that `` the collaboration between Thor and Loki promises to be especially interesting . '' Later in the month , producer Kevin Feige and cast members Tom Hiddleston , Natalie Portman and Anthony Hopkins presented additional footage at Disney 's D23 Expo . Also in August 2013 , Disney announced plans to promote the film with an attraction at Disneyland . The attraction called Thor : Treasures of Asgard , located next to the Stark Industries exhibit inside Innoventions in Tomorrowland , opened on November 1 , 2013 and features displays of Asgardian relics and transports guests to Odin 's throne room , where they are greeted by Thor . The eighth episode of Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , titled `` The Well '' , takes place in the aftermath of the events of Thor : The Dark World . It first aired on November 19 , 2013 . Jaimie Alexander reprised her role as Sif in the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode `` Yes Men '' , which aired on March 11 , 2014 . Home media ( edit ) Thor : The Dark World was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment for digital download on February 4 , 2014 , and on Blu - ray Disc and DVD on February 25 , 2014 . The physical media release includes deleted scenes , extended scenes , a gag reel , audio commentary by the cast and crew , and a Marvel One - Shot short film entitled All Hail the King , featuring Ben Kingsley reprising his role as Trevor Slattery from Iron Man 3 . The film was also collected in a 13 - disc box set , titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection '' , which includes all of the Phase Two films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . It was released on December 8 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Thor : The Dark World earned $206.4 million in North America and $438.2 million in other markets for a worldwide total of $644.6 million . It surpassed the gross of its predecessor after just 19 days of its release . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $139.4 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film . Thor : The Dark World made an estimated $7.1 million in Thursday night showings , more than double the midnight gross of its predecessor . On Friday , November 7 , 2013 , the film topped the box office with $31.9 million ( including Thursday night earnings ) , which is 25 % higher than the original film 's opening - day gross . Through Sunday , the film remained at the No. 1 spot with $85.7 million , which is a 30 % increase over its predecessor 's opening weekend . This was the largest November opening for a film distributed by Disney , surpassing The Incredibles . Thor : The Dark World topped the box office in North America during its first two weekends , before being overtaken by The Hunger Games : Catching Fire in its third weekend . On its midweek opening day of Wednesday , October 30 , 2013 , Thor : The Dark World earned $8.2 million from 33 territories , including the UK and France , where it opened higher than its predecessor . During its first three days , the film earned $45.2 million , and by the end of the weekend , after expanding into three more territories , it totaled $109.4 million over five days , finishing in first place in all 36 countries . Its largest openings were recorded in China ( $21.0 million ) , the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $13.8 million ) and France and the Maghreb region ( $9.94 million ) . It topped the box office outside North America on its first three weekends of release . In total earnings , its largest markets are China ( $55.3 million ) , Russia and the CIS ( $35.4 million ) and the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $31.4 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) Taylor at the world premiere of Thor : The Dark World in London . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 66 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.2 / 10 based on 247 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` It may not be the finest film to come from the Marvel Universe , but Thor : The Dark World still offers plenty of the humor and high - stakes action that fans have come to expect . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 54 out of 100 based on 44 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an `` A - '' average , based on a grading scale ranging from A+ to F . Ben Child of The Guardian said , `` Thanks to Hiddleston and Hemsworth 's impressive collective charisma , Thor : The Dark World is far from a franchise killer . '' Justin Chang of Variety wrote , `` This robust , impersonal visual - effects showpiece proves buoyant and unpretentious enough to offset its stew of otherwise derivative fantasy / action elements . '' Alonso Duralde of The Wrap said , `` Thor : The Dark World delivers the goods -- action , otherworldly grandiosity , romance , humor -- above and beyond its predecessor '' . Simon Abrams , writing for RogerEbert.com said , `` There 's just enough tension and humor in Thor : The Dark World to make the film 's otherwise listless proceedings worth watching , but only just . '' Echoing other critics ' sentiments , Frank Lovece of Film Journal International wrote , `` Is it wrong that the best relationship in Thor : The Dark World is between the titular Norse - god superhero and his adoptive brother Loki ? To take nothing away from Oscar - winner Natalie Portman , ... it 's the complicated love - hate between Thor and the trickster god Loki that you ca n't turn your eyes from . '' Conversely , Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph said , `` It feels entirely made by committee -- the definition of house style , without a personal stamp in sight . '' Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter said , `` Although director Alan Taylor manages to get things going properly for the final battle in London , the long stretches before that on Asgard and the other branches of Yggdrasil are a drag , like filler episodes of Game of Thrones but without the narrative complexity , mythical heft or all - pervading sexiness . '' Michael Phillips of the Los Angeles Times described Thor : The Dark World as having the `` same old threats of galaxy annihilation spiced with fairly entertaining fish - out - of - water jokes '' . Jeannette Catsoulis of The New York Times said , `` the battle scenes are as lacking in heat and coherence as the central love story '' . Accolades ( edit ) The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences placed Thor : The Dark World on its shortlist of potential nominees for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects but ultimately did not nominate it for the award . Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref . 2014 IGN Best of 2013 Best Comic Book Adaptation Movie Thor : The Dark World Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Year - End Movie Thor : The Dark World Nominated ABFF Hollywood Awards Artist of the Year Idris Elba ( also for Pacific Rim and Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom ) Nominated Empire Awards Best Supporting Actor Tom Hiddleston Nominated Saturn Awards Best Comic - To - Film Motion Picture Thor : The Dark World Nominated Best Supporting Actor Tom Hiddleston Nominated Best Costume Wendy Partridge Nominated Best Make - Up Karen Cohen / David White / Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Nominated Best Special / Visual Effects Jake Morrison / Paul Corbould / Mark Breakspear Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Shirtless Performance Chris Hemsworth Nominated Best Hero Chris Hemsworth Nominated Favorite Character Loki Nominated Golden Trailer Awards Best Action TV Spot Thor : The Dark World Nominated BET Awards Best Actor Idris Elba ( also for Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom ) Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Thor : The Dark World Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Chris Hemsworth Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Natalie Portman Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Thor : Ragnarok Thor : Ragnarok is scheduled to be released on November 3 , 2017 , directed by Taika Waititi . Eric Pearson wrote the screenplay from a story by Craig Kyle & Christopher Yost and Stephany Folsom , with Kevin Feige again producing . Hemsworth , Hiddleston , Hopkins and Elba will reprise their roles as Thor , Loki , Odin , and Heimdall , respectively , while Mark Ruffalo and Benedict Cumberbatch will appear as Bruce Banner / Hulk and Doctor Strange respectively , reprising their roles from previous MCU films . Cate Blanchett , Tessa Thompson , Jeff Goldblum and Karl Urban join the cast as Hela , Valkyrie , Grandmaster , and Skurge , respectively . Alexander initially indicated she would appear , but was not included in a cast list later released by Marvel . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As depicted in the 2012 film The Avengers . The events of Thor : The Dark World are set a year after the events of The Avengers . Jump up ^ As depicted in the 2011 film Thor . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Thor : The Dark World ' ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 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Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dietsch , TJ ( July 30 , 2012 ) . `` Thor : The Dark World Filming in UK As ' Thursday Mourning ' '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2012 . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Þórarinsson , Þórarinn ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` Thor 2 verður tekin upp á Íslandi '' ( Thor 2 will be shot in Iceland ) ( in Icelandic ) . Svarthofdi . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2012 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . ... en samkvæmt traustum heimildum Svarthöfða stendur til að taka ofurhetjumyndina Thor : The Dark World upp á Íslandi . / ... according to reliable sources ... the superhero movie Thor : The Dark World ( will shoot ) in Iceland . Jump up ^ Black , Morwenna ( August 29 , 2012 ) . `` Film being shot at Stonehenge '' . Salisbury Journal . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Louise ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` Filming for Thor 2 : The Dark World gets underway in Surrey ... but where is Chris Hemsworth ? '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Doty , Meriah ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` ' Thor ' star 's scary on - set injury '' . Yahoo ! News . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2012 . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Hemsworth Arrives to Shoot ' Thor ' in Iceland '' . Iceland Review . October 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' Ant - Man ' Set for November 6 , 2015 ; ' Iron Man 3 ' and ' Thor : The Dark World ' Confirmed for 3D ; Disney Announces More Release Dates and Changes '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Photos from the Thor 2 filming in Greenwich '' . Greenwich , England : Greenwich.co.uk . October 22 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , Andreas ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Doctor Strange ' shoot underway in UK with Benedict Cumberbatch '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Jaimie ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Heading back to Los Angeles after wrapping up on THOR 2 :) farewell Asgard , I will miss you xo '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Groves , Don ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Hollywood Studios Reap Hundreds Of Millions In British Tax Relief '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Heuring , David ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Hammer Time '' . HD Video Pro . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cornet , Roth ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Kat Dennings : Thor : the Dark World Heads Into Reshoots '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ' Frosty ' ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Director Alan Taylor Talks ' Thor : The Dark World ' , How They 're Still Shooting New Scenes , Trying to Find the Right Tone , and More at D23 '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2013 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Thor : The Dark World ' Gets IMAX Release '' . Deadline.com . August 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Joesph ( November 2013 ) . `` Thor : The Dark World '' . SFX ( 240 ) : 47 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` / Film Interview : ' Thor : The Dark World ' Producer Kevin Feige '' . / Film . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Suskind , Alex ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` What Did Thor 2 's Post-Credits Scene Mean ? '' . Vulture . New York . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Effects Films : Thor : The Dark World '' . Cinefex . July 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2012 . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Failes , Ian ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` The dark side : behind the VFX of Thor : The Dark World '' . FX Guide . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ScoreKeeper Chats All Things Scottish with ' Brave ' Composer Patrick Doyle ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . August 29 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Burwell to Score ' Thor : The Dark World ' '' . Film Music Reporter. April 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . 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The Sun . October 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mercedes Lara , Maria ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Natalie and Tom Make A Hot Thor 2 Pair '' . PopSugar . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ West , Michael ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Thor 2 : The Dark World Scores 83 % : Where Does It Rank in Marvel 's Oeuvre ? '' . Contactmusic.com . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Milly , Jenna ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` ' Thor : The Dark World ' premieres in Hollywood to screaming crowd '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Comics Solicitations for June , 2013 '' . Comic Book Resources . March 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2013 . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Acuna , Kristen ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` The New ' Thor : The Dark World ' Poster Looks Exactly Like The One For ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Thor Trailer to Debut During YouTube 's Geek Week '' . Marvel.com . July 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` Trailer Talk : ' Thor : The Dark World ' And The Unnecessary Second Trailer '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2013 . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( August 10 , 2013 ) . `` D23 : Disney Brings Out Angelina Jolie for ' Maleficent , ' Screens New Footage of ' Saving Mr. Banks ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( August 20 , 2013 ) . `` Thor Is Headed to Disneyland '' . Variety . 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Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel One - Shot : First Look at Ben Kingsley 's Mandarin encore in ' All Hail the King ' short film -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2014 . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection ' Unveiled ; Contains First Look at Phase 3 '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Global : ' Thor : The Dark World ' Outgrosses Original In 19 Days '' . BoxOffice.com . November 17 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 Most Valuable Blockbuster -- # 7 ' Monsters University ' Vs. # 10 ' Thor : The Dark World ' ; # 2 ' Frozen ' Vs. # 15 ' The Great Gatsby ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : The Dark World '' . Metacritic ( CBS Interactive ) . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Thor : The Dark World -- first look review '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Film Review : ' Thor : The Dark World ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` ' Thor : The Dark World ' Review : A Stirring , If Not Mighty , Return for the Thunder God '' . The Wrap . 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Jump up ^ Wickman , Kase ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` Jamie Alexander Confirms Whether She 'll Be Back For ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Event occurs at 00 : 25 . Interviewer '' `` Are we gong to see you in Ragnarok ? '' Alexander : `` Yes . '' ... Interviewer : `` A lot or a little ? '' Alexander : `` I do n't know the answer to that question , but I know I 'm in it . '' Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum , Karl Urban Join Marvel 's ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thor : The Dark World . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Thor : The Dark World Official website Thor : The Dark World on IMDb Thor : The Dark World at AllMovie Thor : The Dark World Thor ( Marvel Comics ) Stan Lee Larry Lieber Jack Kirby Allies Angela Balder Beta Ray Bill Captain America Jane Foster Frigga Gaea Heimdall Hercules Hrimhari Iron Man Kelda Odin Sif Silver Surfer Thor Girl Thunderstrike Eric Masterson Kevin Masterson Tyr Valkyrie Vidar Volla Warriors Three Fandral Hogun Volstagg Zeus Enemies Absorbing Man Bloodaxe Cobra Desak Destroyer Ego the Living Planet Enchantress Executioner Fafnir Fenris Wolf Firelord Grey Gargoyle Hela Karnilla Kurse Laufey Loki Lorelei Malekith the Accursed Man - Beast Mangog Midgard Serpent Minotaur Mr. Hyde Mongoose Possessor Perrikus Quicksand Radioactive Man Ragnarok Serpent Surtur Ulik Wrecking Crew Wrecker Bulldozer Piledriver Thunderball Ymir Zarrko Bibliography Journey into Mystery Thor : Blood Oath Thor : Son of Asgard Thor : Vikings Ultimate Comics : Thor In other media Television The Marvel Super Heroes The Incredible Hulk Returns Film Marvel Animated Features Thor soundtrack Thor : The Dark World soundtrack Thor : Ragnarok Video games Thor : God of Thunder Thor : Son of Asgard Thor & Loki : Blood Brothers Related articles Thor in Norse mythology Alternative versions Ultimate Thor Asgard Dwarves Elves Giants Hugin and Munin Mjolnir Norns Norn Stones Valkyrior Thor ( comics ) Category Live - action theatrical films based on Marvel Comics Franchises Ant - Man Ant - Man Ant - Man and the Wasp Avengers The Avengers Avengers : Age of Ultron Avengers : Infinity War Untitled Avengers film production Blade Blade Blade II Blade : Trinity Captain America Captain America ( serial ) Captain America ( 1990 ) Captain America : The First Avenger Captain America : The Winter Soldier Captain America : Civil War Daredevil Daredevil Elektra Deadpool Deadpool Deadpool 2 Fantastic Four The Fantastic Four ( 1994 ) Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer Fantastic Four ( 2015 ) Ghost Rider Ghost Rider Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Hulk Hulk The Incredible Hulk Iron Man Iron Man Iron Man 2 Iron Man 3 Punisher The Punisher ( 1989 ) The Punisher ( 2004 ) Punisher : War Zone Spider - Man Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3 The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor Thor Thor : The Dark World Thor : Ragnarok Wolverine X-Men Origins : Wolverine The Wolverine Logan X-Men X-Men X2 X-Men : The Last Stand X-Men : First Class X-Men : Days of Future Past X-Men : Apocalypse X-Men : Dark Phoenix Single films Howard the Duck Red Sonja Man - Thing Doctor Strange Black Panther New Mutants Franchises from Marvel Comics imprints Kick - Ass Kick - Ass Kick - Ass 2 Kingsman Kingsman : The Secret Service Kingsman : The Golden Circle Men in Black Men in Black Men in Black II Men in Black 3 See also Marvel Studios Marvel Cinematic Universe films Marvel One - Shots Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King No Good Deed Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` The First Chapter '' Netflix Daredevil season 1 characters Jessica Jones season 1 characters Luke Cage season 1 characters Iron Fist season 1 characters The Defenders The Punisher Hulu Runaways Freeform Cloak & Dagger Unaired pilot Most Wanted Other Short films Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Tie - in comics Fury 's Big Week Cast and characters Film cast Television series cast Phil Coulson Erik Selvig Trevor Slattery Claire Temple Music Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Captain America : Civil War Luke Cage Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming MCU - inspired media Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor : God of Thunder Captain America : Super Soldier Iron Man 3 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Attraction Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Book Category Portal Films directed by Alan Taylor Palookaville ( 1995 ) The Emperor 's New Clothes ( 2001 ) Kill the Poor ( 2003 ) Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) Terminator Genisys ( 2015 ) Screenplays by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely The Life and Death of Peter Sellers ( 2004 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) You Kill Me ( 2007 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) Pain & Gain ( 2013 ) Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Film in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thor:_The_Dark_World&oldid=802177207 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films 2010s action films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films 2010s superhero films 2013 3D films American films American 3D films American fantasy adventure films American sequel films Fictional - language films Film scores by Brian Tyler Films based on Norse mythology Films directed by Alan Taylor Films set in London Films shot at Longcross Studios Films shot at Shepperton Studios Films shot in Iceland Films shot in London Films shot in Surrey Films using computer - generated imagery IMAX films Marvel Cinematic Universe films Performance capture in film Science fantasy films Screenplays by Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Screenplays by Don Payne Screenplays by Christopher Yost Thor ( Marvel Comics ) films Wormholes in fiction Hidden categories : CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) Good articles Use mdy dates from March 2014 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 13 : 40 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor%3A%20The%20Dark%20World

who had the right to vote in 1900

Suffrage

suffrage

Suffrage , political franchise , or simply franchise is the right to vote in public , political elections ( although the term is sometimes used for any right to vote ) . In some languages , and occasionally in English , the right to vote is called active suffrage , as distinct from passive suffrage , which is the right to stand for election . The combination of active and passive suffrage is sometimes called full suffrage .

Suffrage is often conceived in terms of elections for representatives . However , suffrage applies equally to referenda and initiatives . Suffrage describes not only the legal right to vote , but also the practical question of whether a question will be put to a vote . The utility of suffrage is reduced when important questions are decided unilaterally without extensive , conscientious , full disclosure and public review . In most democracies , eligible voters can vote in elections of representatives . Voting on issues by referendum may also be available . For example , in Switzerland this is permitted at all levels of government . In the United States , some states such as California and Washington have exercised their shared sovereignty to offer citizens the opportunity to write , propose , and vote on referendums and initiatives ; other states and the federal government have not . Referendums in the United Kingdom are rare . Suffrage is granted to qualifying citizens once they have reached the voting age . What constitutes a qualifying citizen depends on the government 's decision . Resident non-citizens can vote in some countries , which may be restricted to citizens of closely linked countries ( e.g. , Commonwealth citizens and European Union citizens ) or to certain offices or questions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Types 2.1 Universal suffrage 2.2 Women 's suffrage 2.3 Equal suffrage 2.4 Census suffrage 2.5 Compulsory suffrage 2.6 Business vote 3 Forms of exclusion from suffrage 3.1 Religion 3.2 Wealth , tax class , social class 3.3 Knowledge 3.4 Race 3.5 Age 3.6 Criminality 3.7 Residency 3.8 Nationality 3.9 Naturalization 3.10 Function 4 History around the world 4.1 Australia 4.2 Brazil 4.3 Canada 4.4 European Union 4.5 Finland 4.6 France 4.7 Kingdom of Hawai'i 4.8 Hong Kong 4.9 India 4.10 Ireland 4.11 Isle of Man 4.12 Italy 4.13 Japan 4.14 New Zealand 4.15 Poland 4.16 Singapore 4.17 South Africa 4.18 Sweden 4.19 United Kingdom 4.20 United States 4.21 Majority - Muslim countries 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word suffrage comes from Latin suffragium , meaning `` vote '' , `` political support '' , and the right to vote . The etymology of the Latin word is uncertain , with some sources citing Latin suffragari `` lend support , vote for someone '' , from sub `` under '' + fragor `` crash , din , shouts ( as of approval ) '' , related to frangere `` to break '' ( related to fraction and fractious `` quarrelsome '' ) . Other sources say that attempts to connect suffragium with fragor can not be taken seriously . Some etymologists think the word may be related to suffrago and may have originally meant an ankle bone or knuckle bone . Types ( edit ) Universal suffrage ( edit ) Main article : Universal suffrage Universal suffrage consists of the right to vote without restriction due to sex , race , social status , education level , or wealth . It typically does not extend the right to vote to all residents of a region ; distinctions are frequently made in regard to citizenship , age , and occasionally mental capacity or criminal convictions . The short - lived Corsican Republic ( 1755 -- 1769 ) was the first country to grant limited universal suffrage to all citizens over the age of 25 . This was followed by other experiments in the Paris Commune of 1871 and the island republic of Franceville ( 1889 ) . The 1840 constitution of the Kingdom of Hawai'i granted universal suffrage to all male and female adults . In 1893 , when the Kingdom of Hawai'i was overthrown in a coup , New Zealand became the only independent country to practice universal ( active ) suffrage , and the Freedom in the World index lists New Zealand as the only free country in the world in 1893 . Women 's suffrage ( edit ) German election poster from 1919 : Equal rights -- equal duties ! Main article : Women 's suffrage Women 's suffrage is , by definition , the right of women to vote . This was the goal of the suffragists , who believed in using legal means and the suffragettes , who used extremist measures . Short - lived suffrage equity was drafted into provisions of the State of New Jersey 's first , 1776 Constitution , which extended the Right to Vote to unwed female landholders & black land owners . `` IV . That all inhabitants of this Colony , of full age , who are worth fifty pounds proclamation money , clear estate in the same , and have resided within the county in which they claim a vote for twelve months immediately preceding the election , shall be entitled to vote for Representatives in Council and Assembly ; and also for all other public officers , that shall be elected by the people of the county at large . '' New Jersey 1776 However , the document did not specify an Amendment procedure , and the provision was subsequently replaced in 1844 by the adoption of the succeeding constitution , which reverted to `` all white male '' suffrage restrictions . Although the Kingdom of Hawai'i granted female suffrage in 1840 , the right was rescinded in 1852 . Limited voting rights were gained by some women in Sweden , Britain , and some western U.S. states in the 1860s . In 1893 , the British colony of New Zealand became the first self - governing nation to extend the right to vote to all adult women . In 1894 the women of South Australia achieved the right to both vote and stand for Parliament . The autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire was the first nation to allow all women to both vote and run for parliament . Equal suffrage ( edit ) See also : Weighted voting Equal suffrage is sometimes confused with Universal suffrage , although the meaning of the former is the removal of graded votes , wherein a voter could possess a number of votes in accordance with income , wealth or social status . Census suffrage ( edit ) Also known as `` censitary suffrage '' , the opposite of equal suffrage , meaning that the votes cast by those eligible to vote are not equal , but are weighed differently according to the person 's rank in the census ( e.g. , people with higher education have more votes than those with lower education , or a stockholder in a company with more shares has more votes than someone with fewer shares ) . Suffrage may therefore be limited , but can still be universal . Compulsory suffrage ( edit ) Main article : Compulsory suffrage Where compulsory suffrage exists , those who are eligible to vote are required by law to do so . Thirty - two countries currently practise this form of suffrage . Business vote ( edit ) See also : Plural voting In local government in England and some of its ex-colonies , businesses formerly had , and in some places still have , a vote in the urban area in which they paid rates . This is an extension of the historical property - based franchise from natural persons to other legal persons . In the United Kingdom , the Corporation of the City of London has retained and even expanded business vote , following the passing of the City of London ( Ward Elections ) Act 2002 . This has given business interests within the City of London , which is a major financial centre with few residents , the oppourtunity to apply the accumulated wealth of the corporation to the development of an effective lobby for UK policies . This includes having the City Remembrancer , financed by the City 's Cash , as a Parliamentary agent , provided with a special seat in the House of Commons located in the under - gallery facing the Speaker 's chair . In a leaked document from 2012 , an official report concerning the City 's Cash revealed that the aim of major occasions such as set - piece sumptious banquets featuring national politicians was `` to increase the emphasis on complementing hospitality with business meetings consistent with the City corporation 's role in supporting the City as a financial centre '' . The first issue taken up by the Northern Ireland civil rights movement was the business vote , abolished in 1968 . In the Republic of Ireland , commercial ratepayers can vote in local plebiscites , for changing the name of the locality or street , or delimiting a business improvement district . From 1930 to 1935 , 5 of 35 members of Dublin City Council were `` commercial members '' . In cities in most Australian states , voting is optional for businesses but compulsory for individuals . Forms of exclusion from suffrage ( edit ) Religion ( edit ) In the aftermath of the Reformation it was common in European countries for people of disfavored religious denominations to be denied civil and political rights , often including the right to vote , to stand for election or to sit in parliament . In Great Britain and Ireland , Roman Catholics were denied the right to vote from 1728 to 1793 , and the right to sit in parliament until 1829 . The anti-Catholic policy was justified on the grounds that the loyalty of Catholics supposedly lay with the Pope rather than the national monarch . In England and Ireland , several Acts practically disenfranchised non-Anglicans or non-Protestants by imposing an oath before admission to vote or to stand for office . The 1672 and 1678 Test Acts forbade non-Anglicans to hold public offices , and the 1727 Disenfranchising Act took away Catholics ' voting rights in Ireland , which were restored only in 1788 . Jews could not even be naturalized . An attempt was made to change this situation , but the Jewish Naturalization Act 1753 provoked such reactions that it was repealed the following year . Nonconformists ( Methodists and Presbyterians ) were only allowed to run for election to the British House of Commons starting in 1828 , Catholics in 1829 ( following the Catholic Relief Act 1829 , which extended the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791 ) , and Jews in 1858 ( with the Emancipation of the Jews in England ) . Benjamin Disraeli could only begin his political career in 1837 because he had been converted to Anglicanism at the age of 12 . In several states in the U.S. after the Declaration of Independence , Jews , Quakers or Catholics were denied voting rights and / or forbidden to run for office . The Delaware Constitution of 1776 stated that `` Every person who shall be chosen a member of either house , or appointed to any office or place of trust , before taking his seat , or entering upon the execution of his office , shall ( ... ) also make and subscribe the following declaration , to wit : I , A B. do profess faith in God the Father , and in Jesus Christ His only Son , and in the Holy Ghost , one God , blessed for evermore ; and I do acknowledge the holy scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given by divine inspiration . '' This was repealed by article I , section 2 of the 1792 Constitution : `` No religious test shall be required as a qualification to any office , or public trust , under this State '' . The 1778 Constitution of the State of South Carolina stated that `` No person shall be eligible to sit in the house of representatives unless he be of the Protestant religion '' , the 1777 Constitution of the State of Georgia ( art . VI ) that `` The representatives shall be chosen out of the residents in each county ( ... ) and they shall be of the Protestent ( sic ) religion '' . In Maryland , voting rights and eligibility were extended to Jews in 1828 . In Canada , several religious groups ( Mennonites , Hutterites , Doukhobors ) were disenfranchised by the wartime Elections Act of 1917 , mainly because they opposed military service . This disenfranchisement ended with the closure of the First World War , but was renewed for Doukhobors from 1934 ( via the Dominion Elections Act ) to 1955 . The first Constitution of modern Romania in 1866 provided in article 7 that only Christians could become Romanian citizens . Jews native to Romania were declared stateless persons . In 1879 , under pressure from the Berlin Peace Conference , this article was amended , granting non-Christians the right to become Romanian citizens , but naturalization was granted on a case - by - case basis and was subject to Parliamentary approval . An application took over ten years to process . Only in 1923 was a new constitution adopted , whose article 133 extended Romanian citizenship to all Jewish residents and equality of rights to all Romanian citizens . In the Republic of Maldives , only Muslim citizens have voting rights and are eligible for parliamentary elections . Wealth , tax class , social class ( edit ) Until the nineteenth century , many Western proto - democracies had property qualifications in their electoral laws ; e.g. only landowners could vote ( because the only tax for such countries was the property tax ) , or the voting rights were weighted according to the amount of taxes paid ( as in the Prussian three - class franchise ) . Most countries abolished the property qualification for national elections in the late nineteenth century , but retained it for local government elections for several decades . Today these laws have largely been abolished , although the homeless may not be able to register because they lack regular addresses . In the United Kingdom , until the House of Lords Act 1999 , peers who were members of the House of Lords were excluded from voting for the House of Commons because they were not commoners . In Britain the Queen can vote , but in practice it is considered unconstitutional for the Monarch to vote in an election as they are supposed to be politically neutral . Knowledge ( edit ) Sometimes the right to vote has been limited to people who had achieved a certain level of education or passed a certain test , e.g. `` literacy tests '' were previously implemented in some U.S. states . Under the 1961 constitution of Rhodesia , voting on the `` A '' roll , which elected up to 50 of the 65 members of parliament , was restricted based on education requirements , which in practice led to an overwhelming white vote . Voting on the `` B '' roll had universal suffrage , but only appointed 15 members of parliament . Race ( edit ) Various countries , usually countries with a dominant race within a wider population , have historically denied the vote to people of particular races , or to all but the dominant race . This has been achieved in a number of ways : Official -- laws and regulations passed specifically disenfranchising people of particular races ( for example , the Antebellum United States , Boer republics , pre-apartheid and apartheid South Africa , or many colonial political systems , who provided suffrage only for white settlers and some privileged non-white groups ) . Canada and Australia denied suffrage for their indigenous populations until the 1960s . Indirect -- nothing in law specifically prevents anyone from voting on account of their race , but other laws or regulations are used to exclude people of a particular race . In southern states of the United States of America before the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , poll taxes , literacy and other tests were used to disenfranchise African - Americans . Property qualifications have tended to disenfranchise a minority race , particularly if tribally owned land is not allowed to be taken into consideration . In some cases this was an unintended ( but usually welcome ) consequence . Many African colonies after World War II until decolonization had tough education and property qualifications which practically gave meaningful representation only for rich European minorities . Unofficial -- nothing in law prevents anyone from voting on account of their race , but people of particular races are intimidated or otherwise prevented from exercising this right . This was a common tactic employed by white Southerners against Freedmen during the Reconstruction Era and the following period before more formal methods of disenfranchisement became entrenched . Age ( edit ) Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . Child Labor Deterrence Act Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Convention on the Rights of the Child Fair Labor Standards Act Hammer v. Dagenhart History of youth rights in the United States Morse v. Frederick Newsboys ' strike of 1899 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Wild in the Streets Theory / concepts ( show ) Adultcentrism Adultism Ageism Criminalization Democracy Ephebiphobia Fear of children Fear of youth Intergenerational equity Paternalism Social class Suffrage Taking Children Seriously Universal suffrage Unschooling Youth activism Youth suffrage Youth voice Issues ( show ) Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Behavior modification facility Child labour Compulsory education Conscription Corporal punishment Curfew Child abuse Emancipation of minors Gambling age Homeschooling Human rights and youth sport In loco parentis Juvenile delinquency Juvenile court Legal drinking age Legal working age Minimum driving age Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Minors and abortion School leaving age Smoking age Status offense Underage drinking in America Voting age Youth - adult partnership Youth participation Youth politics Youth voting Organizations ( show ) Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission National Youth Rights Association One World Youth Project Queer Youth Network Students for a Democratic Society Freechild Project Three O'Clock Lobby Youth International Party Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor Young Communist League of Canada Persons ( show ) Adam Fletcher ( activist ) David J. Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal Main articles : Voting age and Age of candidacy All modern democracies require voters to meet age qualifications to vote . Worldwide voting ages are not consistent , differing between countries and even within countries , though the range usually varies between 16 and 21 years . Demeny voting would extend voting rights to everyone including children regardless of age . The movement to lower the voting age is known as the Youth rights movement . Criminality ( edit ) Many countries restrict the voting rights of convicted criminals . Some countries , and some U.S. states , also deny the right to vote to those convicted of serious crimes even after they are released from prison . In some cases ( e.g. the felony disenfranchisement laws found in many U.S. states ) the denial of the right to vote is automatic upon a felony conviction ; in other cases ( e.g. France and Germany ) deprivation of the vote is meted out separately , and often limited to perpetrators of specific crimes such as those against the electoral system or corruption of public officials . In the Republic of Ireland , prisoners are allowed the right to vote , following the Hirst v UK ( No2 ) ruling , which was granted in 2006 . Canada allowed only prisoners serving a term of less than 2 years the right to vote , but this was found to be unconstitutional in 2002 by the Supreme Court of Canada in Sauvé v. Canada ( Chief Electoral Officer ) , and all prisoners have been allowed to vote as of the 2004 Canadian federal election . Residency ( edit ) Under certain electoral systems elections are held within subnational jurisdictions , thus preventing persons from voting who would otherwise be eligible on the basis that they do not reside within such a jurisdiction , or because they live in an area that can not participate . In the United States , residents of Washington , D.C. receive no voting representation in Congress , although they do have full representation in presidential elections , based on the Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution adopted in 1961 . Residents of Puerto Rico enjoy neither . Sometimes citizens become ineligible to vote because they are no longer resident in their country of citizenship . For example , Australian citizens who have been outside Australia for more than one and fewer than six years may excuse themselves from the requirement to vote in Australian elections while they remain outside Australia ( voting in Australia is compulsory for resident citizens ) . Danish citizens that reside permanently outside Denmark lose their right to vote . In some cases , a certain period of residence in a locality may required for the right to vote in that location . For example , in the United Kingdom up to 2001 , each 15 February a new electoral register came into effect , based on registration as of the previous 10 October , with the effect of limiting voting to those resident five to seventeen months earlier depending on the timing of the election . Nationality ( edit ) Main article : Right of foreigners to vote In most countries , suffrage is limited to citizens and , in many cases , permanent residents of that country . However , some members of supra - national organisations such as the Commonwealth of Nations and the European Union have granted voting rights to citizens of all countries within that organisation . Until the mid-twentieth century , many Commonwealth countries gave the vote to all British citizens within the country , regardless of whether they were normally resident there . In most cases this was because there was no distinction between British and local citizenship . Several countries qualified this with restrictions preventing non-white British citizens such as Indians and British Africans from voting . Under European Union law , citizens of European Union countries can vote in each other 's local and European Parliament elections on the same basis as citizens of the country in question , but usually not in national elections . Naturalization ( edit ) In some countries , naturalized citizens do not have the right to vote or to be a candidate , either permanently or for a determined period . Article 5 of the 1831 Belgian Constitution made a difference between ordinary naturalization , and grande naturalisation . Only ( former ) foreigners who had been granted grande naturalisation were entitled to vote , be a candidate for parliamentary elections , or be appointed minister . However , ordinary naturalized citizens could vote for municipal elections . Ordinary naturalized citizens and citizens who had acquired Belgian nationality through marriage could vote , but not run as candidates for parliamentary elections in 1976 . The concepts of ordinary and grande naturalization were suppressed from the Constitution in 1991 . In France , the 1889 Nationality Law barred those who had acquired the French nationality by naturalization or marriage from voting , and from eligibility and access to several public jobs . In 1938 the delay was reduced to five years . ( clarification needed ) These instances of discrimination , as well as others against naturalized citizens , were gradually abolished in 1973 ( 9 January 1973 law ) and 1983 . In Morocco , a former French protectorate , and in Guinea , a former French colony , naturalized citizens are prohibited from voting for five years following their naturalization . In the Federated States of Micronesia , one must be a Micronesian citizen for at least 15 years to run for parliament . In Nicaragua , Peru and the Philippines , only citizens by birth are eligible for being elected to the national legislature ; naturalized citizens enjoy only voting rights . In Uruguay , naturalized citizens have the right of eligibility to the parliament after five years . In the United States , the President and Vice President must be natural - born citizens . All other governmental offices may be held by any citizen , although citizens may only run for Congress after an extended period of citizenship ( seven years for the House of Representatives and nine for the Senate ) . Function ( edit ) In France , an 1872 law , rescinded only by a 1945 decree , prohibited all army personnel from voting . In Ireland , police ( the Garda Síochána and , before 1925 , the Dublin Metropolitan Police ) were barred from voting in national elections , though not local elections , from 1923 to 1960 . The 1876 Constitution of Texas ( article VI , section 1 ) stated that `` The following classes of persons shall not be allowed to vote in this State , to wit : ( ... ) Fifth -- All soldiers , marines and seamen , employed in the service of the army or navy of the United States . '' In many countries with a presidential system of government a person is forbidden to be a legislator and an official of the executive branch at the same time . Such provisions are found , for example , in Article I of the U.S. Constitution . History around the World ( edit ) In 1840 , the Kingdom of Hawai'i adopted full suffrage to all adults , including women , but in 1852 rescinded female voting . In 1902 the Commonwealth Franchise Act enabled women to vote federally in Australia and in the state of New South Wales . This legislation also allowed women to run for government , making Australia the first in the world to allow this . In 1906 Finland became the next nation in the world to give all adult citizens full suffrage , in other words the right to vote and to run for office . New Zealand granted all adult citizens the right to vote ( in 1893 ) , but women did not get the right to run for the New Zealand legislature until 1919 . Australia ( edit ) See also : Suffrage in Australia and Voting rights of Australian Aboriginals 1855 -- South Australia is first colony to allow all male suffrage to British subjects ( later extended to Indigenous males ) over the age of 21 . 1894 -- South Australian women eligible to vote . 1896 -- Tasmania becomes last colony to allow all male suffrage . 1899 -- Western Australian women eligible to vote . 1902 -- The Commonwealth Franchise Act enables women to vote federally and in the state of New South Wales . This legislation also allows women to run for government , making Australia the first democratic state in the world to allow this . 1921 -- Edith Cowan is elected to the West Australian Legislative Assembly as member for West Perth , the first woman elected to any Australian Parliament . 1962 -- Aboriginal peoples guaranteed the right to vote in Commonwealth elections . Brazil ( edit ) 1824 -- The first Brazilian constitution allows free men over the age of 25 to vote , but there are income restrictions . The House of Deputies ' representatives are chosen via electoral colleges . 1881 -- The Saraiva Law implements direct voting , but there are income restrictions . Women and slaves do not have the right to vote . 1932 -- Voting becomes obligatory for all adults over 21 years of age , unlimited by gender or income . 1955 -- Adoption of standardized voting ballots and identification requirements to mitigate frauds . 1964 -- Military regime established . From then on , presidents were elected by members of the congress , chosen by regular vote . 1989 -- Reestablishment of universal suffrage for all citizens over 16 years of age . People considered illiterate are not obliged to vote , nor are people younger than 18 and older than 70 years of age . People under the obligation rule shall file a document to justify their absence should they not vote . 2000 -- Brazil becomes the first country to fully adopt electronic ballots in their voting process . Canada ( edit ) See also : The Famous Five ( Canada ) 1871 -- One of the first acts of the new Province of British Columbia strips the franchise from First Nations , and ensures Chinese and Japanese people are prevented from voting . 1916 -- Manitoba becomes the first province in which women have the right to vote in provincial elections . 1917 -- Wartime Elections Act gives voting rights to women with relatives fighting overseas . Voting rights are stripped from all `` enemy aliens '' ( those born in enemy countries who arrived in Canada after 1902 ; see also Ukrainian Canadian internment ) . Military Voters Act gives the vote to all soldiers , even non-citizens , ( with the exception of Indian and Metis veterans ) and to females serving as nurses or clerks for the armed forces , but the votes are not for specific candidates but simply for or against the government . 1918 -- Women gain full voting rights in federal elections . 1919 -- Women gain the right to run for federal office . 1940 -- Quebec becomes the last province where women 's right to vote is recognized . ( see Canadian women during the world wars for more information on Canadian suffrage ) 1947 -- Racial exclusions against Chinese and Indo - Canadians lifted . 1948 -- Racial exclusions against Japanese Canadians lifted . 1955 -- Religious exclusions are removed from election laws . 1960 -- Right to vote is extended unconditionally to First Nations peoples . ( Previously they could vote only by giving up their status as First Nations people . ) 1960 -- Right to vote in advance is extended to all electors willing to swear they would be absent on election day . 1965 -- First Nations people granted the right to vote in Alberta provincial elections , starting with the Alberta general election , 1967 . 1969 -- First Nations people granted the right to vote in Quebec provincial elections , starting with the Quebec general election , 1970 . 1970 -- Voting age lowered from 21 to 18 . 1982 -- Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees all adult citizens the right to vote . 1988 -- Supreme Court of Canada rules mentally ill patients have the right to vote . 1993 -- Any elector can vote in advance . 2000 -- Legislation is introduced making it easier for people of no fixed address to vote . 2002 -- Prisoners given the right to vote in the riding ( voting district ) where they were convicted . All adult Canadians except the Chief and Deputy Electoral Officers can now vote in Canada . European Union ( edit ) The European Union has given the right to vote in municipal elections to the citizen of another EU country by the Council Directive 94 / 80 / EG from the 19th of December 1994 . Finland ( edit ) 1906 -- Full suffrage for all citizens adults aged 24 or older at beginning of voting year . 1921 -- Suppression of property - based number of votes on municipal level ; equal vote for everybody . 1944 -- Voting age lowered to 21 years . 1969 -- Voting age lowered to 20 years . 1972 -- Voting age lowered to 18 years . 1981 -- Voting and eligibility rights were granted to Nordic Passport Union country citizens without residency condition for municipal elections . 1991 -- Voting and eligibility rights were extended to all foreign residents in 1991 with a two - year residency condition for municipal elections . 1995 -- Residency requirement abolished for EU residents , in conformity with European legislation ( Law 365 / 95 , confirmed by Electoral Law 714 / 1998 ) . 1996 -- Voting age lowered to 18 years at date of voting . 2000 -- Section 14 , al. 2 of the 2000 Constitution of Finland states that `` Every Finnish citizen and every foreigner permanently resident in Finland , having attained eighteen years of age , has the right to vote in municipal elections and municipal referendums , as provided by an Act . Provisions on the right to otherwise participate in municipal government are laid down by an Act . '' France ( edit ) 11 August 1792 : Introduction of universal suffrage ( men only ) 1795 : Universal suffrage for men is replaced with indirect Census suffrage 13 December 1799 : The French Consulate re-establishes male universal suffrage for men over 21 years old resident in France . The electors must select one tenth amongst themselves to `` communal lists '' , which in turn elect one tenth to `` departmental lists '' , which then elect one tenth to the `` national list '' . The senate then chose the representatives from that list . In 1815 : the restoration of the monarchy leads to the abolition of male universal suffrage , in favour of the census suffrage with an increased minimum age ( increase to 30 years old initially but then reduced to 25 ) In 1848 : The Second Republic re-established male universal suffrage for all Frenchmen aged over 21 . The number eligible to vote increased from 246,000 to over 9 million . In 1850 ( 31 May ) : The number of people eligible to vote is reduced by 30 % by excluding criminals and the homeless . Napoleon III calls a referendum in 1851 ( 21 December ) , all men aged 21 and over are allowed to vote . Male universal suffrage is established thereafter . As of 21 April 1944 the franchise is extended to women over 21 On 5 July 1974 the minimum age to vote is reduced to 18 years old . Kingdom of Hawai'i ( edit ) In 1840 , the king of Hawai'i issued a constitution that granted universal suffrage , both for females and males , but later amendments added restrictions , as the influence of Caucasian settlers increased : 1852 - Women lost the right to vote , and the minimum voting age was specified as 20 . 1864 - Voting was restricted on the basis of new qualifications -- literacy and either a certain level of income or property ownership . 1887 - Citizens of Hawai'i with Asian descent were disqualified . There was an increase in the minimum value of income or owned property . Hawai'i lost its independence in 1893 , when American marines landed and forced the reigning queen to abdicate . Hong kong ( edit ) Minimum age to vote was reduced from 21 to 18 years in 1995 . The Basic Law , the constitution of the territory since 1997 , stipulates that all permanent residents ( a status conferred by birth or by seven years of residence ) have the right to vote . The right of permanent residents who have right of abode in other countries to stand in election is , however , restricted to 12 functional constituencies by the Legislative Council Ordinance of 1997 . The right to vote and the right to stand in elections are not equal . Fewer than 250,000 of the electorate are eligible to run in the 30 functional constituencies , of which 23 are elected by fewer than 80,000 of the electorate , and in the 2008 Legislative Council election 14 members were elected unopposed from these functional constituencies . The size of the electorates of some constituencies is fewer than 200 . Only persons who can demonstrate a connection to the sector are eligible to run in a functional constituency . The Legislative Council ( Amendment ) Bill 2012 , if passed , amends the Legislative Council Ordinance to restrict the right to stand in Legislative Council by - elections in geographical constituencies and the District Council ( Second ) functional constituency . In addition to those persons who are mentally disabled , bankrupt , or imprisoned , members who resign their seats will not have the right to stand for six months ' time from their resignation . The bill is currently passing through the committee stage . India ( edit ) Since the very first Indian general election held in 1951 -- 52 , universal suffrage for all adult citizens aged 21 or older was established under Article 326 of the Constitution of India . The minimum voting age was reduced to 18 years by the 61st Amendment , effective 28 March 1989 . Ireland ( edit ) Main article : History of the franchise in Ireland Isle of Man ( edit ) 1866 - The House of Keys Election Act makes the House of Keys an elected body . The vote is given to men over the age of 21 who own property worth at least £ 8 a year or rent property worth at least £ 12 a year . Candidates must be male , with real estate of an annual value of £ 100 , or of £ 50 along with a personal estate producing an annual income of £ 100 . 1881 - The House of Keys Election Act is amended so that the property qualification is reduced to a net annual value of not less than £ 4 . Most significantly , the Act is also amended to extend the franchise to unmarried women and widows over the age of 21 who own property , making the Isle of Man the first place to give some women the vote in a national election . The property qualification for candidates is modified to allow the alternative of personal property producing a year income of £ 150 . 1892 - The franchise is extended to unmarried women and widows over the age of 21 who rent property worth a net annual value of at least £ 4 , as well as to male lodgers . The property qualification for candidates is removed . 1903 - A residency qualification is introduced in addition to the property qualification for voters . The time between elections is reduced from 7 to 5 years . 1919 - Universal adult suffrage based on residency is introduced : all male and female residents over the age of 21 may vote . The entire electorate ( with the exception of clergy and holders of office of profit ) becomes eligible to stand for election . 1970 - Voting age lowered to 18 . 2006 - Voting age lowered to 16 . The age of eligibility for candidates remains at 18 . Italy ( edit ) The Supreme Court states that `` the rules derogating from the passive electoral law must be strictly interpreted '' . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Suffrage in Japan 1947 -- Universal Suffrage instituted with the establishment of Post-war Constitution . New Zealand ( edit ) Main article : History of voting in New Zealand 1853 -- British government passes the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 , granting limited self - rule , including a bicameral parliament , to the colony . The vote was limited to male British subjects aged 21 or over who owned or rented sufficient property and were not imprisoned for a serious offence . Communally owned land was excluded from the property qualification , thus disenfranchising most Māori ( indigenous ) men . 1860 -- Franchise extended to holders of miner 's licenses who met all voting qualifications except that of property . 1867 -- Māori seats established , giving Māori four reserved seats in the lower house . There was no property qualification ; thus Māori men gained universal suffrage before other New Zealanders . The number of seats did not reflect the size of the Māori population , but Māori men who met the property requirement for general electorates were able to vote in them or in the Māori electorates but not both . 1879 -- Property requirement abolished . 1893 -- Women won equal voting rights with men , making New Zealand the first nation in the world to allow adult women to vote . 1969 -- Voting age lowered to 20 . 1974 -- Voting age lowered to 18 . 1975 -- Franchise extended to permanent residents of New Zealand , regardless of whether they have citizenship . 1996 -- Number of Māori seats increased to reflect Māori population . 2010 -- Prisoners imprisoned for one year or more denied voting rights while serving the sentence . Poland ( edit ) 1918 -- In its first days of independence in 1918 , after 123 years of partition , voting rights were granted to both men and women . Eight women were elected to the Sejm in 1919 . 1952 -- Voting age lowered to 18 . Singapore ( edit ) See also : Voting rights in Singapore South Africa ( edit ) 1910 -- The Union of South Africa is established by the South Africa Act 1909 . The House of Assembly is elected by first - past - the - post voting in single - member constituencies . The franchise qualifications are the same as those previously existing for elections of the legislatures of the colonies that comprised the Union . In the Transvaal and the Orange Free State the franchise is limited to white men . In Natal the franchise is limited to men meeting property and literacy qualifications ; it was theoretically colour - blind but in practise nearly all non-white men were excluded . The traditional `` Cape Qualified Franchise '' of the Cape Province is limited to men meeting property and literacy qualifications and is colour - blind ; nonetheless 85 % of voters are white . The rights of non-white voters in the Cape Province are protected by an entrenched clause in the South Africa Act requiring a two - thirds vote in a joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament . 1930 -- The Women 's Enfranchisement Act , 1930 extends the right to vote to all white women over the age of 21 . 1931 -- The Franchise Laws Amendment Act , 1931 removes the property and literacy qualifications for all white men over the age of 21 , but they are retained for non-white voters . 1936 -- The Representation of Natives Act , 1936 removes black voters in the Cape Province from the common voters ' roll and instead allows them to elect three `` Native Representative Members '' to the House of Assembly . Four Senators are to be indirectly elected by chiefs and local authorities to represent black South Africans throughout the country . The act is passed with the necessary two - thirds majority in a joint sitting . 1951 -- The Separate Representation of Voters Act , 1951 is passed by Parliament by an ordinary majority in separate sittings . It purports to remove coloured voters in the Cape Province from the common voters ' roll and instead allow them to elect four `` Coloured Representative Members '' to the House of Assembly . 1952 -- In Harris v Minister of the Interior the Separate Representation of Voters Act is annulled by the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court because it was not passed with the necessary two - thirds majority in a joint sitting . Parliament passes the High Court of Parliament Act , 1952 , purporting to allow it to reverse this decision , but the Appellate Division annuls it as well . 1956 -- By packing the Senate and the Appellate Division , the government passes the South Africa Act Amendment Act , 1956 , reversing the annulment of the Separate Representation of Voters Act and giving it the force of law . 1958 -- The Electoral Law Amendment Act , 1958 reduces the voting age for white voters from 21 to 18 . 1959 -- The Promotion of Bantu Self - government Act , 1959 repeals the Representation of Natives Act , removing all representation of black people in Parliament . 1968 -- The Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act , 1968 repeals the Separate Representation of Voters Act , removing all representation of coloured people in Parliament . 1969 -- The first election of the Coloured Persons Representative Council ( CPRC ) , which has limited legislative powers , is held . Every Coloured citizen over the age of 21 can vote for its members , in first - past - the - post elections in single - member constituencies . 1978 -- The voting age for the CPRC is reduced from 21 to 18 . 1981 -- The first election of the South African Indian Council ( SAIC ) , which has limited legislative powers , is held . Every Indian South African citizen over the age of 18 can vote for its members , in first - past - the - post elections in single - member constituencies . 1984 -- The Constitution of 1983 establishes the Tricameral Parliament . Two new Houses of Parliament are created , the House of Representatives to represent coloured citizens and the House of Delegates to represent Indian citizens . Every coloured and Indian citizen over the age of 18 can vote in elections for the relevant house . As with the House of Assembly , the members are elected by first - past - the - post voting in single - member constituencies . The CPRC and SAIC are abolished . 1994 -- With the end of apartheid , the Interim Constitution of 1993 abolishes the Tricameral Parliament and all racial discrimination in voting rights . A new National Assembly is created , and every South African citizen over the age of 18 has the right to vote for the assembly . The right to vote is also extended to long term residents . It is estimated the 500 000 foreign nationals voted in the 1994 national and provincial elections . Elections of the assembly are based on party - list proportional representation . The right to vote is enshrined in the Bill of Rights . 1999 -- In August and Another v Electoral Commission and Others the Constitutional Court rules that prisoners can not be denied the right to vote without a law that explicitly does so . 2003 -- The Electoral Laws Amendment Act , 2003 purports to prohibit convicted prisoners from voting . 2004 -- In Minister of Home Affairs v NICRO and Others the Constitutional Court rules that prisoners can not be denied the right to vote , and invalidates the laws that do so . 2009 -- In Richter v Minister for Home Affairs and Others the Constitutional Court rules that South African citizens outside the country can not be denied the right to vote . Sweden ( edit ) 1809 -- New constitution adopted and separation of powers outlined in the Instrument of Government . 1810 -- The Riksdag Act , setting out the procedures of functioning of the Riksdag , is introduced . 1862 -- Under the municipal laws of 1862 , some women were entitled to vote in local elections . 1865 -- Parliament of Four Estates abolished and replaced by a bicameral legislature . The members of the First Chamber were elected indirectly by the county councils and the municipal assemblies in the larger towns and cities . 1909 -- All men who had done their military service and who paid tax were granted suffrage . 1918 -- Universal , and equal suffrage were introduced for local elections . 1919 -- Universal , equal , and women 's suffrage granted for general elections . 1921 -- First general election with universal , equal , and women 's suffrage enacted , although some groups were still unable to vote . 1922 -- Requirement that men had to have completed national military service to be able to vote abolished . 1937 -- Interns in prisons and institutions granted suffrage . 1945 -- Individuals who had gone into bankruptcy or were dependent on welfare granted suffrage . 1970 -- Indirectly elected upper chamber dismantled . 1974 -- Intstrument of Government stopped being enforced. . 1989 -- The final limitations on suffrage abolished along with the Riksdag 's decision to abolish the ' declaration of legal incompetency ' . United Kingdom ( edit ) See also : Elections in the United Kingdom § History , and Parliamentary franchise in the United Kingdom 1885 -- 1918 From 1265 , a few percent of the adult male population in the Kingdom of England ( of which Wales was a full and equal member from 1542 ) were able to vote in parliamentary elections that occurred at irregular intervals to the Parliament of England . The franchise for the Parliament of Scotland developed separately . King Henry VI of England established in 1432 that only owners of property worth at least forty shillings , a significant sum , were entitled to vote in an English county . The franchise was restricted to males by custom rather than statute . Changes were made to the details of the system , but there was no major reform until the Reform Act 1832 . A series of Reform Acts and Representation of the People Acts followed . In 1918 , all men over 21 and women over 30 won the right to vote , and in 1928 all women over 21 won the right to vote resulting in universal suffrage . Reform Act 1832 -- extended voting rights to adult males who rented propertied land of a certain value , so allowing 1 in 7 males in the UK voting rights . Reform Act 1867 -- extended the franchise to men in urban areas who met a property qualification , so increasing male suffrage . Representation of the People Act 1884 -- addressed imbalances between the boroughs and the countryside ; this brought the voting population to 5,500,000 , although 40 % of males were still disenfranchised because of the property qualification . Between 1885 and 1918 moves were made by the women 's suffrage movement to ensure votes for women . However , the duration of the First World War stopped this reform movement . Representation of the People Act 1918 -- the consequences of World War I persuaded the government to expand the right to vote , not only for the many men who fought in the war who were disenfranchised , but also for the women who worked in factories , agriculture and elsewhere as part of the war effort , often substituting for enlisted men and including dangerous work such as in munitions factories . All men aged 21 and over were given the right to vote . Property restrictions for voting were lifted for men . Votes were given to 40 % of women , with property restrictions and limited to those over 30 years old . This increased the electorate from 7.7 million to 21.4 million with women making up 8.5 million of the electorate . Seven percent of the electorate had more than one vote . The first election with this system was the 1918 general election . Representation of the People Act 1928 -- equal suffrage for women and men , with voting possible at 21 with no property restrictions . Representation of the People Act 1948 -- the act was passed to prevent plural voting . Representation of the People Act 1969 -- extension of suffrage to those 18 and older . United States ( edit ) Main article : Voting rights in the United States The Constitution did not originally define who was eligible to vote , allowing each state to decide this status . In the early history of the U.S. , most states allowed only white male adult property owners to vote ( about 6 % of the population ) . By 1856 property ownership requirements were eliminated in all states , giving suffrage to most adult white males . However , tax - paying requirements remained in five states until 1860 and in two states until the 20th century . After the Civil War , five amendments to the Constitution were expressly addressed to the `` right to vote '' ; these amendments limit the basis upon which the right to vote in any U.S. state or other jurisdiction may be abridged or denied . 15th Amendment ( 1870 ) : `` The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race , color , or previous condition of servitude . '' 19th Amendment ( 1920 ) : `` The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex . '' 23rd Amendment ( 1961 ) : provides that residents of the District of Columbia can vote for the President and Vice President . 24th Amendment ( 1964 ) : `` The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President , for electors for President or Vice President , or for Senator or Representative in Congress , shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax . '' 26th Amendment ( 1971 ) : `` The right of citizens of the United States , who are eighteen years of age or older , to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age . '' Full removal of racial disenfranchisement of citizens was not secured until the Voting Rights Act of 1965 gained passage through Congress following the Civil Rights Movement . For state elections , it was not until the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6 - 3 in Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections ( 1966 ) that all state poll taxes were declared unconstitutional as violating the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . This removed a burden on the poor , including some poor whites who had been disenfranchised . Majority - Muslim countries ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of first women 's suffrage in majority - Muslim countries See also ( edit ) Suffrage Voting system § See also List of suffragists and suffragettes Youth suffrage Voting age Timeline of women 's suffrage List of suffragists and suffragettes § Women 's suffrage publications Unsorted Constituency Democracy Direct democracy Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Strictly speaking , all ratepayers ; however , domestic rates were abolished after the 1977 election . Jump up ^ For example South Dublin County Council produced lists of addresses of residences and ratepayers within Palmerstown for the 2014 plebiscite on changing the district 's spelling . Jump up ^ Until this Act specified ' male persons ' , a few women had been able to vote in parliamentary elections through property ownership , although this was rare . Jump up ^ The 14th Amendment ( 1868 ) altered the way each state is represented in the House of Representatives . It counted all residents for apportionment including former slaves , overriding the three - fifths compromise of the original Constitution ; it also reduced a state 's apportionment if it wrongfully denied the right to vote to males over age 21 . However , this sanction was not enforced in practice . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company . `` American Heritage Dictionary Entry : suffrage '' . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of `` suffrage '' -- Collins English Dictionary `` . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` suffrage -- definition of suffrage in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deprivation of the Right to Vote -- ACE Electoral Knowledge Network '' . Aceproject.org . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` > > social sciences > > Women 's Suffrage Movement '' . glbtq . Archived from the original on 14 June 2015 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ See for example , `` Who is eligible to vote at a UK general election ? '' . The Electoral Commission ; `` Can I vote ? '' . European Parliament Information Office in the United Kingdom ; `` Why Can Commonwealth Citizens Vote in the U.K. ? An Expat Asks '' . The Wall Street Journal . 27 April 2015 . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` suffrage -- Dictionary definition and pronunciation -- Yahoo ! Education '' . Education.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on 14 March 2013 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Suffrage -- Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary '' . Merriam-webster.com. 31 August 2012 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` LacusCurtius Voting in Ancient Rome -- Suffragium ( Smith 's Dictionary , 1875 ) '' . Penelope.uchicago.edu . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Nohlen , Dieter ( 2001 ) . `` Elections in Asia and the Pacific : South East Asia , East Asia , and the South Pacific '' . p. 14 . Oxford University Press , 2001 Jump up ^ A. Kulinski , K. Pawlowski . `` The Atlantic Community -- The Titanic of the XXI Century '' . p. 96 . WSB - NLU. 2010 Jump up ^ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/suffrage Jump up ^ `` The New Jersey Constitution of 1776 '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Votes for Women -- Elections New Zealand Archived 19 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Elections.org . Jump up ^ `` Definition : suffrage '' . Websters Dictionary . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CIA : The World Factbook '' . Retrieved 22 May 2012 . 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Questions Lodged Pursuant to Standing Order No. 16 for Reply at the Monthly Meeting of Dublin City Council to be Held on Monday , 4th September 2017 . pp. 11 -- 13 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Local Government ( Dublin ) Act , 1930 § § 31 ( 1 ) , 32 ( 2 ) -- ( 3 ) , 34 , 35 '' . Irish Statute Book . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . ; `` Local Government ( Dublin ) Act , 1935 , Section 2 '' . Irish Statute Book . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Hasham , Nicole ; Leesha McKenny ( 16 August 2014 ) . `` City of Sydney business vote plan may falter , backers concede '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Weissmann , Jordan ( August 2014 ) . `` Australia businesses get to vote : Sydney conservatives want it to be required by law '' . Slate . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Chilton ( 1960 ) , American Suffrage . 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Jump up ^ Delcour , M.C. , Traité théorique et pratique du droit électoral appliqué aux élections communales , Louvain , Ickx & Geets , 1842 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Lambert , Pierre - Yves ( 1999 ) , La participation politique des allochtones en Belgique -- Historique et situation bruxelloise , Academia - Bruylant ( coll . Sybidi Papers ) , Louvain - la - Neuve , retrieved 6 December 2007 Jump up ^ Patrick Weil , Nationalité française ( débat sur la ) '' , dans Jean - François Sirinelli ( dir . ) , Dictionnaire historique de la vie politique française au XXe siècle , Paris , PUF , 1995 , pp. 719 -- 721 Jump up ^ Nadia Bernoussi , L'évolution du processus électoral au Maroc , 22 December 2005 Archived 25 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` art . 3 , al. 3 , Loi Organique portant code électoral guinéen '' . Ife.org.mx . Archived from the original on 2 June 2013 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Federated States of Micronesia '' . Inter-Parliamentary Union . 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Retrieved 8 December 2015 . ; Blaney , Neil ( 6 December 1960 ) . `` Electoral Bill , 1960 -- Second Stages '' . Dáil Éireann debates . Oireachtas . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . One of the important proposals is contained in Section 3 and in the Schedule which provides for the repeal of the prohibition on the registration of Gardaí as voters at Dáil elections . In future , if this provision is enacted , Gardaí can vote at Dáil and Presidential elections and at referenda . Jump up ^ Constitution of the State of Texas ( 1876 ) , Tarlton Law Library , The University of Texas School of Law , retrieved 8 December 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` Women and the Right to Vote in Australia '' . Australian Electoral Commission . 28 January 2011 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral Milestones for Women '' . Australian Electoral Commission . 8 March 2013 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Women win the vote : Digital Resources on Manitoba History '' . manitobia.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Canada , Elections . `` A History of the Vote in Canada '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Famous Five -- Timeline '' . Abheritage.ca. 8 December 2010 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Indian Act of Canada S.C. 1938 chap 46 sec 14 ( 2 ) ( i ) / Dominion Elections Act S.C. 1948 chap 46 ^ Jump up to : `` Canada -- Women 's Vote -- Women Suffrage '' . Faculty.marianopolis.edu. 27 January 1916 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Digital Archives '' . Archives.cbc.ca . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Canada , Elections . `` A History of the Vote in Canada '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Noel Dyck Revised : Tonio Sadik ( 18 December 1970 ) . `` Aboriginal People , Political Organization and Activism '' . Thecanadianencyclopedia.com . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Canada , Elections . `` The Evolution of the Federal Franchise '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . 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The National Archives . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Getting the vote '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient voting rights '' , The History of the Parliamentary Franchise , House of Commons Library , 1 March 2013 , p. 6 , retrieved 16 March 2016 Jump up ^ Heater , Derek ( 2006 ) . Citizenship in Britain : A History . Edinburgh University Press . p. 107 . ISBN 9780748626724 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Parliamentary Franchise '' . House of Commons Library . 1 March 2013 . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Expansion of Rights and Liberties - The Right of Suffrage '' . Online Exhibit : The Charters of Freedom . National Archives . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Janda , Kenneth ; Berry , Jeffrey M. ; Goldman , Jerry ( 2008 ) . The challenge of democracy : government in America ( 9 . ed. , update ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin . p. 207 . ISBN 9780618990948 ; Murrin , John M. ; Johnson , Paul E. ; McPherson , James M. ; Fahs , Alice ; Gerstle , Gary ( 2012 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power : A History of the American People ( 6th ed . ) . Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . p. 296 . ISBN 9780495904991 . Jump up ^ Stanley L. Engerman , University of Rochester and NBER ; Kenneth L. Sokoloff , University of California , Los Angeles and NBER ( February 2005 ) . `` The Evolution of Suffrage Institutions in the New World '' ( PDF ) : 16 , 35 . By 1840 , only three states retained a property qualification , North Carolina ( for some state - wide offices only ) , Rhode Island , and Virginia . In 1856 North Carolina was the last state to end the practice . Tax - paying qualifications were also gone in all but a few states by the Civil War , but they survived into the 20th century in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Voting Rights '' . Infoplease . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scher , Richard K. ( 2015 ) . The Politics of Disenfranchisement : Why is it So Hard to Vote in America ? . Routledge . p. viii - ix . ISBN 9781317455363 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights in America : Racial Voting Rights '' ( PDF ) . A National Historic Landmarks Theme Study . 2009 . Bibliography ( edit ) Neill Atkinson , Adventures in Democracy : A History of the Vote in New Zealand ( Dunedin : University of Otago Press , 2003 ) . Michael Haas , Racial Harmony Is Achievable : Lessons from the Kingdom of Hawai'i ( London : Palgrave Macmillan , 2017 ) , pp. 70 -- 72 . Alexander Keyssar , The Right to Vote : The Contested History of Democracy in the United States ( New York : Basic Books , 2000 ) . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02968 - X . U.S. Commission on Civil Rights : Reports on Voting ( 2005 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8377 - 3103 - 2 . `` Smallest State in the World '' , The New York Times , 19 June 1896 , p. 6 A History of the Vote in Canada , Chief Electoral Officer of Canada , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Suffrage Wikimedia Commons has media related to Suffrage . SNCC Digital Gateway : Voting Rights Digital documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University , telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee & grassroots organizing from the inside - out Suffrage in Canada Women 's suffrage in Germany -- 19 January 1919 -- first suffrage ( active and passive ) for women in Germany `` Suffrage '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . Suffrage Basic topics Universal suffrage Women Black Youth Resident foreigners Expatriates in country of origin Voting age Demeny voting Suffragette Compulsory voting Disfranchisement Women 's liberation movement By country Australia 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act aboriginal women Japan Hong Kong Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom women Wales laws 1832 1918 1928 United States women Native Americans foreigners District of Columbia Puerto Rico amendments 15th 19th 23rd 24th 26th 1965 Voting Rights Act Events International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 1 July marches 2014 protests UK WSPU march ( 1906 ) Mud March ( 1907 ) Women 's Sunday ( 1908 ) Black Friday ( 1910 ) Battle of Downing Street ( 1910 ) Women 's Coronation Procession ( 1911 ) Great Pilgrimage ( 1913 ) Open Christmas Letter ( 1914 ) US Seneca Falls Convention ( 1848 ) Declaration of Sentiments ( 1848 ) Rochester Convention ( 1848 ) Ohio Women 's Convention ( 1850 ) National Women 's Rights Convention ( 1850 -- 1869 ) Suffrage Hikes ( 1912 -- 1914 ) Woman Suffrage Procession ( 1913 ) Silent Sentinels ( 1917 -- 1919 ) Night of Terror ( 1917 ) `` Give Us the Ballot '' ( 1957 ) Selma to Montgomery marches ( 1965 ) Related Age of candidacy US Voting Rights Museum Umbrella Movement Women Suffragists Timeline of women 's suffrage US in majority - Muslim countries Women 's suffrage organizations and publications Women 's rights activists Suffragette Memorial Pankhurst Centre Pankhurst Memorial Belmont - Paul Monument International Women 's Day Susan B. Anthony Day Women 's Equality Day Eagle House Justice Bell 1920 US presidential election Leser v. Garnett Popular culture `` The March of the Women '' ( 1910 song ) The Mother of Us All ( 1947 opera ) `` Sister Suffragette '' ( 1964 song ) Shoulder to Shoulder ( 1974 series ) Not for Ourselves Alone ( 1999 documentary ) Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Great Petition ( 2008 sculpture ) Selma ( 2014 film ) Suffragette ( 2015 film ) Susan B. 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how to write the qualifications after your name

Post-nominal letters

post - nominal letters

Post-nominal letters , also called post-nominal initials , post-nominal titles or designatory letters , are letters placed after a person 's name to indicate that that individual holds a position , academic degree , accreditation , office , military decoration , or honour , or is a member of a religious institute or fraternity . An individual may use several different sets of post-nominal letters , but in some contexts it may be customary to limit the number of sets to one or just a few . The order in which post-nominals are listed after a name is based on rules of precedence and what is appropriate for a given situation . Post-nominal letters are one of the main types of name suffix . In contrast , pre-nominal letters precede the name rather than following it .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 2 Usage 2.1 Order in which qualifications / awards and honours are listed 2.1. 1 Order of post-nominals in the United States 2.1. 2 Order of post-nominals in the UK 2.1. 2.1 Civil usage in the UK 2.1. 2.2 Academic usage in the UK 2.1. 3 In European fraternities 2.1. 4 In Australia 2.1. 5 In Canada 2.2 Etiquette for higher educational qualifications 2.2. 1 Higher education qualifications in the US 2.2. 2 Higher education qualifications in the UK 2.3 Etiquette for listing medical qualifications 2.3. 1 Medical qualifications in the UK 2.4 Etiquette for listing fellowships or memberships of learned societies , royal academies or professional institutions 2.4. 1 Learned societies , royal academies and professional institutions in the UK 3 Examples 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Types ( edit ) For a list of types of post-nominal letters see the following link : List of post-nominal letters Usage ( edit ) Order in which qualifications / awards and honours are listed ( edit ) The order in which post-nominal letters are listed after a person 's name is dictated by standard practice , which may vary by region and context . Order of post-nominals in the United States ( edit ) See also : List of professional designations in the United States In the United States , standard protocol is to list post-nominal letters in the following order : Religious institutions Theological degrees Academic degrees Honorary degrees , honors , decorations Professional licenses , certifications and affiliations Retired uniformed service . Active duty services personnel do not use any post-nominals other than , if applicable , Staff Corps affiliation ( Navy only ) followed by a comma and then their branch of service . Names are bracketed by the appropriate pre-nominal and post-nominal , e.g. LCDR John Q. Public , MC , USN . Order of post-nominals in the UK ( edit ) See also : List of post-nominal letters in the United Kingdom Civil usage in the UK ( edit ) In the United Kingdom various sources have issued guidance on the ordering of styles and titles for British citizens , including the Ministry of Justice , Debrett 's and A & C Black 's Titles and Forms of Address ; these are generally in close agreement , with the exception of the position of MP , etc. , in the listing : Bt / Bart or Esq ; Note that in the UK , Esq . may be used to refer to any gentleman in place of the pre-nominal Mr or Dr ; British Orders and decorations ( in descending order of precedence ; e.g. , OBE ) ; Appointments , i.e. : Privy Counsellor ( PC ) , Aide - de-Camp to the Queen ( ADC ( P ) ) , Physician to the Queen ( QHP ) , Honorary Surgeon to the Queen ( QHS ) , Honorary Dental Surgeon to the Queen ( QHDS ) , Honorary Nursing Sister to the Queen ( QHNS ) , and Honorary Chaplain to the Queen ( QHC ) Queen 's Counsel ( QC ) , Justice of the peace ( JP ) and Deputy Lieutenant ( DL ) , ( according to the Ministry of Justice ) Member of Parliament or of a devolved assembly ( MP , MSP , AM , MLA ) ; University degrees : According to Debrett 's , DD , MD and MS degrees are always given , other doctorates , other medical degrees , and other divinity degrees are sometimes given , and other degrees are seldom shown , with BA and MA never used socially ( although formal lists may include them ) ; Religious institutes ( e.g. , SSF ) , Medical qualifications ( e.g. , FRCP ) ; Fellowship of learned societies ( e.g. , FRS , FRGS ) , Royal Academicians and associates , ( e.g. , RA , ARA ) , Fellowships , Membership , etc. of professional institutions , associations , etc. ( e.g. , FICE ) -- chartered and other professional statuses should be shown before the designatory letters for the relevant professional body ( e.g. , CEng FMIET ; EngTech TMIET ) , According to Debrett 's : Writers to the Signet ( WS ) ; According to Debrett 's and Black 's : Member of Parliament ( MP ) , etc . ( Black 's also includes Writers to the Signet here ) ; Membership of the Armed Forces ( e.g. , RAF , RN , VR , RM , RMP ) ( not included by Black 's ) . In addition , British citizens who have received honours from Commonwealth countries with permission from the Queen are usually allowed to use the postnominals of that honour . Academic usage in the UK ( edit ) The Oxford University Style Guide and the University of Nottingham Style Guide give the alternative ordering : Civil Honours Military Honours QC Degrees in the order : Bachelor 's Master 's Doctorates Postdoctoral Diplomas Certificates Membership of academic or professional bodies This differs from the civil ordering in that it omits appointments except for QC , includes diplomas and certificates in addition to degrees , merges medical qualifications , fellowships of learned societies , royal academicians , and membership of professional bodies into a single item , and omits membership of the armed forces . Loughborough University gives a very similar ordering , but with `` Appointments ( e.g MP , QC ) '' replacing item 3 ( QC ) and `` Higher Education awards ( in ascending order , commencing with undergraduate ) '' replacing items 4 -- 6 ( Degrees , Diplomas and Certificates ) . This restores the Appointments section from the civil list omitted by Oxford and Nottingham , although the other differences remain . Nottingham Trent University gives essentially the same ordering as Oxford and Nottingham , but without specifying the order in which degrees should be given . Nottingham Trent , Oxford and Loughborough recommend degree abbreviations be given in mixed case without stops between the letters ( e.g. BA , not B.A. ; PhD , not Ph. D . ) , as does Cambridge . Imperial College London , however , uses all small caps for post-nominals ( e.g. phd , not PhD ) . Where all degrees are shown , as in university calendars , most universities will give these in ascending order . However , advice on the precise ordering varies : The Oxford University Calendar Style Guide places degrees in the order : bachelor 's degrees ( including postgraduate bachelor 's degrees such as the Oxford BCL ) and other first degrees ; master 's degrees ( including those that are first degrees , such as MPhys ) ; doctorates ; higher doctorates in order of academic precedence . Degrees at the same level are ordered alphabetically by awarding institution and multiple degrees from the same institution are grouped , with position determined by the lowest degree in the grouping . Certificates and diplomas are listed after degrees ( no mention is made of foundation degrees ) . Oxford recommends giving institution names separated by a space from the degree , not enclosed in parentheses , and that degrees from the same institution be separated by spaces only , with commas between degrees from different institutions . Loughborough University advises listing all higher education awards in ascending order starting from undergraduate , so MPhys would come before BCL and postgraduate certificates and diplomas would come between undergraduate and postgraduate degrees . The examples given do not include institution names . The Zirkel of a German Student Corps . This symbol captures the letters `` v , c , f , A '' , as post-nominal for that fraternity . In European fraternities ( edit ) Going back to the mid 17th century , today 's classical European fraternities such as the German Student Corps are using post-nominal symbols and letters to allow their members to indicate their fraternity membership and honorary positions held in their signature . The German word for the symbol is `` Zirkel '' , literally `` circle '' , referring to the hand - written symbol representing the fraternity which is commonly composed by combining letters from an acronym such as `` vivat , crescat , floreat '' ( Latin : grow , bloom , prosper ) followed by the first letter of the fraternity . The word `` Zirkel '' became a synonym in the late Middle Ages representing the entire group of close brothers . An example was Schiller 's use of the sentence `` Schließt then heil'gen Zirkel dichter '' ( literally : closer draw the holy circle ( of brothers ) ) in the original version of the Ode to the Joy . In Australia ( edit ) See also : List of post-nominal letters ( Australia ) The University of Sydney Style Guide and the Australian Government Style Manual give the ordering : National and Royal honours Degrees before diplomas , in order of conferral Fellowships then memberships of professional bodies and learned societies Parliamentary designations The University of Technology Sydney adds QC between honours and degrees and specifies that honours should be in order of precedence . In Canada ( edit ) See also : List of post-nominal letters in Canada The Canadian government 's The Canadian Style specifies that no more than two sets of post-nominal letters should normally be given , unless all are to be given either for information or for reasons of protocol , and that these should be the two highest of different types . The types and the order in which they are given are : Distinctions conferred directly by the Crown University degrees Memberships of societies and other distinctions Etiquette for higher educational qualifications ( edit ) Higher education qualifications in the us ( edit ) In academia and research , all degrees may be listed . In general , however , it is normal to only list those relevant to the circumstance . For example , if Jane Doe had a BS , MS , and PhD in computer science as well as an MBA , then if working in management in a retail company she would write `` Jane Doe , MBA '' , but if working in an IT company she might write `` Jane Doe , PhD '' , and if working in academia she could write `` Jane Doe , BS , MS , MBA , PhD '' . The Gregg Reference Manual recommends placing periods between the letters of post-nominals ( e.g. B.S. , Ph. D . ) , however The Chicago Manual of Style recommends writing degrees without periods ( e.g. BS , PhD ) . If post-nominals are given , the full name should be used , without Dr. , Mr. , Ms. , Mrs. , or Miss . Other prefixes ( e.g. Professor ) may be used . Higher education qualifications in the UK ( edit ) In the UK , it is usual to list only doctorates , degrees in medicine , and degrees in divinity . In particular , when a person has letters indicating Crown honours or decorations , only the principal degree would normally be given . The University of Oxford Style Guide advises writers : `` Remember that you do not need to list all awards , degrees , memberships etc held by an individual -- only those items relevant to your writing . '' In an academic context , or in formal lists , all degrees may be listed in ascending order of academic status , which may not be the same as the order in which they were obtained ( although see notes on medical qualifications , below ) . The Oxford style is to list qualifications by their title starting with bachelor 's degrees , then master 's degrees , then doctorates . Postgraduate Certificates and Diplomas are listed after doctorates , but before professional qualifications , with a similar ordering being used by other universities . In this style , foundation degrees and other sub-bachelor qualifications are not shown . An alternative style is to give all higher education qualifications , starting from undergraduate , ordered by their level rather than their title . In this style , one might list a Certificate or Diploma of Higher Education first , then foundation degrees , first degrees at bachelor level , first degrees at master level ( integrated master 's degrees and first degrees in medicine ) , postgraduate degrees at master level ( including postgraduate bachelor 's degrees such the Oxford BCL ) , and doctorates . In this style , postgraduate certificates and diplomas could be shown either before postgraduate degrees at master 's level ( as in the table given by Loughborough University ) or before first degrees at master 's level ( reflecting their position in the Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree - Awarding Bodies ) . Strictly speaking , both the Debrett 's and Ministry of Justice lists only allow for the inclusion of degrees , not non-degree academic awards . For someone with a substantive doctorate , it is usual either to give `` Dr '' as the title ( without a stop as per normal British usage ) or to list their degrees post-nominally , e.g. `` Dr John Smith '' or `` John Smith , PhD '' but not `` Dr John Smith , PhD '' . Postnominals may be used with other titles , e.g. `` Mr John Smith , PhD '' , `` Sir John Smith , PhD '' , or `` The Rev John Smith , PhD '' . In the case of a BA from Oxford , Cambridge or Dublin who proceeds to be an MA of those universities ( which is taken without further study ) , the MA replaces the BA and thus only the MA should be listed . Oxford has said that there is no risk of confusion between their MA and `` earned '' MAs as the Oxford MA is denoted `` MA ( Oxon ) '' rather than simply MA . However , Debrett 's has advised using just `` MA '' to describe a Cambridge Master of Arts . Graduates from British and Irish universities sometimes add the name of the university that awarded their degree after the post-nominals for their degree , either in parentheses or not , depending on preferred style . University names are often abbreviated and sometimes given in Latin , e.g. `` BA , MA ( Dunelm ) , PhD ( Ebor ) '' ; a list of abbreviations used for university names can be found at Universities in the United Kingdom # Post-nominal abbreviations . Where the same degree has been granted by more than one university , this can be shown by placing the names or abbreviations in a single bracket after the degree name , e.g. `` Sir Edward Elgar , Mus. D. ( Oxon. , Cantab. , Dunelm. et Yale , U.S.A. ) , LL. D. ( Leeds , Aberdeen , and W. University , Pennsylvania . ) '' . Honorary degrees , if shown , can be indicated either by `` Hon '' before the post-nominals for the degree or `` hc '' ( for honoris causa ) after the post-nominals , e.g. `` Professor Evelyn Algernon Valentine Ebsworth CBE , PhD , MA , ScD , DCL hc , FRSC , FRSE '' ( emphasis added ) ; `` Professor Stephen Hawking Hon. ScD , CH , CBE , FRS '' ( emphasis added ) . The Oxford University Calendar Style Guide recommends not giving honorary degrees in post-nominals . Etiquette for listing medical qualifications ( edit ) Medical qualifications in the UK ( edit ) In contrast to the style for academic qualifications , medical qualifications are listed in descending order , i.e. : doctorates , master 's degrees , bachelor 's degrees , postgraduate diplomas , and qualifying diplomas . Letters indicating doctorates , master 's degrees and fellowships of royal colleges are always given , while bachelor 's degrees , memberships and qualifying diplomas are only shown for people with no higher qualifications . In all but formal lists , only three medical qualifications are normally given . Where someone holds qualifications in multiple fields , they are normally given in the order : medicine , surgery ( except for MRCS , which is considered a qualifying diploma ) , obstetrics , gynaecology and other specialities . These are followed by qualifying diplomas and other diplomas . Note that the academic style guides do not have a separate section for medical qualifications , so if following one of these guides , medical degrees should be listed with other degrees , medical diplomas with other diplomas , and fellowships and memberships of royal colleges with other fellowships and memberships of professional bodies . Etiquette for listing fellowships or memberships of learned societies , Royal academies or professional institutions ( edit ) Learned societies , Royal academies and professional institutions in the UK ( edit ) In the UK there is , according to Debrett 's , no defined order of precedence for placing designatory letters for fellowships of learned societies and memberships of professional bodies within their respective groups . For learned societies it is usual to list the most important first ( not necessarily the oldest ) , or if this is not clear then in the order in which fellowship was granted , or if this is not known then in alphabetical order . Only postnominals indicating honorific fellowships ( e.g. FRS , FBA ) are normally used socially . For professional bodies it is usual to list those most relevant to a person 's profession first , or those most relevant to the particular circumstances . It is common to omit fellowships ( except honorific fellowships ) and memberships that are not relevant in a given situation . In the past , Debrett 's counselled that , while there was no well - defined order , fellowships of learned societies ( but not professional institutions ) should , strictly speaking , be listed in order of their establishment , and that some held that precedence should be given to societies with Royal Charters . Debrett 's notes that although Royal Academicians are listed after fellows of learned societies ( and before members of professional bodies ) , they do not yield to them in precedence , `` In practice the two lists do not coincide . '' It should also be noted that the distinction between a learned society and a professional body is not well defined . Many organisations ( e.g. the Royal Society of Chemistry ) claim to be both learned societies and professional bodies . However , it is clear from both the Ministry of Justice and Debrett 's that only fellowships of learned societies are listed , while fellowships and memberships may be listed for professional bodies . Examples ( edit ) Examples of post-nominal letters : A Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire is authorised to use the post-nominal KBE , e.g. `` Sir Terry Wogan KBE DL '' ( DL indicating he was Deputy Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire ) . A Fellow of the Royal Society uses the post-nominal FRS and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh FRSE , e.g. `` Professor Malcolm Longair CBE , FRS , FRSE '' ( CBE indicating he is also a Commander of the Order of the British Empire ) . A Doctor of Philosophy may use the post-nominal PhD or DPhil ( according to the usage of the awarding institution ) , or the pre-nominals Dr or Dr. , e.g. Indiana Jones could be styled `` Dr. Henry Walton Jones , Jr . '' or `` Henry Walton Jones , Jr. , PhD '' , but not `` Dr. Henry Walton Jones , Jr. , PhD '' . A Postgraduate Diploma is indicated by the post-nominals PgDip . Someone with a BA , MA and postgraduate diploma could write `` BA PgDip MA '' or ( following the Oxford Calendar 's style ) `` BA MA PgDip '' . Commonly seen postnominals for religious orders include OFM for the Franciscans ( Order of Friars Minor ) , SJ for the Jesuits ( Society of Jesus ) , e.g. `` Jorge Bergoglio , SJ , and OP for the Dominicans ( Order of Preachers ) ; most other Catholic religious institutes have specific post-nominal letters . A BA graduate of the Open University could indicate the university from which they got their degree using `` BA ( Open ) '' or `` BA Open '' . Someone with a BSc from Cardiff , an MSc from London and a PhD from Cardiff could write `` BSc PhD Card , MSc Lond '' , or `` BSc Card , MSc Lond , PhD Card '' ; alternatively they could choose to omit the lower degrees and simply write `` PhD Card '' ( `` London '' may be substituted for `` Lond '' and `` Cardiff '' for `` Card '' , and institution names could be enclosed in parentheses ) . If not indicating the awarding universities , they would write `` BSc MSc PhD '' , or simply `` PhD '' . A member of the British parliament may use the postnominals `` MP '' , e.g. `` Caroline Lucas MP '' . Note the post-nominals MP may not be used once someone ceases to be a Member of Parliament , including after Parliament has been prorogued for an election . A peer who is a member of the Privy Council may use the postnominals `` PC '' ; for non-peers , the pre-nominal `` Right Honourable '' , abbreviated `` Rt Hon '' , identifies them as members . Thus : `` The Rt Hon David Cameron MP '' , but `` The Rt Hon Earl Grey KG PC '' ( KG indicating he was also a Knight of the Garter ) . Chartered status is shown before the relevant professional membership , e.g. `` Prof. Dame Carole Jordan DBE FRS CPhys FInstP '' , where DBE indicates Dame of the Order of the British Empire , FRS Fellow of the Royal Society , CPhys Chartered Physicist , and FInstP Fellow of the Institute of Physics , the awarding body for CPhys . In the UK , someone who earned a BA , MA and BSc in that order would normally write `` BA , BSc , MA '' , but in Australia they would normally write `` BA , MA , BSc '' . The ordering of post-nominal letters is only a guideline and may be changed according to preference , e.g. `` Dr Hermann Hauser FREng CBE CPhys FInstP '' reverses the ordinary ordering of FREng and CBE in an announcement from the Prime Minister 's Office , with the normal ordering being used for other people elsewhere in the release . `` Reverend Canon Mark Tanner MA ( Oxon ) , BA ( Hons ) , MTh '' demonstrates : 1 ) the use of ' ( Oxon ) ' to indicate an Oxbridge MA ( to avoid confusion with an earned MA ) ; 2 ) the use of ' ( Hons ) ' to indicate an honours degree ; 3 ) ordering of degrees by date gained . See also ( edit ) List of post-nominal letters Pre-nominal letters References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hickey , Robert . `` Forms of Address '' . Honor & Respect . The Protocol School of Washington . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Honours and Decorations '' . Ministry of Justice ( UK ) . 2009 - 03 - 14 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forms of address : Hierarchies : Letters after the name '' . Debrett 's . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Titles and Forms of Address : A Guide to Correct Use ( 22nd ed . ) . A & C Black , an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing . 10 October 2014 . pp. 163 -- 165 . Jump up ^ `` Untitled Men '' . Debrett 's . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` University Degrees '' . Debrett 's . Archived from the original on 13 March 2016 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Use of designatory letters '' . Institute of Engineering and Technology . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Letters after the name : Armed Forces '' . Debrett 's . Retrieved 22 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Honours '' . Royal.uk . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : University of Oxford Style Guide ( PDF ) . University of Oxford . 2016 . p. 20 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Names and titles '' . University of Nottingham . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Post-Nominal Letters '' . Loughborough University . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ NTU Marketing . Editorial Style Guide for Print Publications and Web . Nottingham Trent University . p. 9 . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Communications Resources . `` Editorial Style Guide '' . University of Cambridge . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Imperial College London House Style '' ( PDF ) . Imperial College London . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Questions on Professions '' . Debrett 's . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Calendar Style Guide ( PDF ) . University of Oxford . 2015 . Jump up ^ Paul Meredith ( 16 July 2010 ) . `` I before E , except after CA '' . The Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Names and Titles '' . UTS Publications Style Guide . University of Technology Sydney . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1.08 University degrees , professional designations , military decorations , honours , awards and memberships '' . The Canadian Style . Public Works and Government Services Canada . 2017 . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Degrees & Professional Designations '' . Accu - Assist . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Names and titles '' . University of Nottingham . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diagram of higher education qualification levels in England , Wales and Northern Ireland '' ( PDF ) . UK NARIC . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor '' . Debrett 's . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Oxford MA '' . Oriel College , Oxford . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ John Carvel ( 18 October 1999 ) . `` Oxbridge defends automatic MAs under threat from quality watchdog '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . There was no question of confusing an Oxford MA with a taught MA because the university did not offer specific MA courses and graduates used the title MA ( Oxon ) rather than just MA . Jump up ^ `` Questions on Professions '' . Debrett 's . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Fifield '' . Birkbeck , University of London . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Calendar for the Session 1907 - 1908 . University of Birmingham . 1907 . p. 374 . Jump up ^ `` Professor Evelyn Algernon Valentine Ebsworth CBE , PhD , MA , ScD , DCL hc , FRSC , FRSE '' . University of Edinburgh . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Professor Stephen Hawking Hon. ScD , CH , CBE , FRS '' . Gonville and Caius College , Cambridge . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Qualifications '' . Debrett 's . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Religious and Medical Qualifications '' . Debrett 's . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fellowships of Learned Societies '' . Debrett 's . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Professional Fellowships '' . Debrett 's . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fellowships of Learned Societies '' . Wayback Machine . Debrett 's . 3 February 2014 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Royal Academicians and Associates '' . Debrett 's . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Our Charter '' . Royal Society of Chemistry . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . ' As a learned society we are concerned with advancing chemistry as a science , developing its applications , and disseminating chemical knowledge . As a professional body we maintain professional qualifications and set high standards of competence and conduct for professional chemists . We also provide a wide range of services and activities of value both to members , and to the community . ' ( emphasis added ) Jump up ^ `` Professor Malcolm Longair CBE , FRS , FRSE '' . University of Cambridge Department of Physics . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Peter McAllister , BA , PGDip , MA '' . Royal Central School of Speech and Drama . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas Reese ( 30 April 2013 ) . `` The Mind of Francis : Denying Communion '' . National Catholic Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Caroline Lucas MP '' . Parliament.uk . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Privy Counsellors and Crown Appointments '' . Retrieved 30 May 2016. ) Jump up ^ `` Rt Hon David Cameron MP '' . Parliament.uk . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Review 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Institute of Physics. 2007 . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Members Appointed to Council for Science and Technology '' . 8 March 2004 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canon Mark Tanner announced as new Suffragan Bishop of Berwick '' . Diocese of Newcastle. 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) Letters after the name , Debrett 's ( UK usage ) How to Use Post-Nominal Abbreviations , Robert Hickey ( US usage ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Post-nominal_letters&oldid=808790112 '' Categories : Post-nominal letters Titles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Eesti Español Français हिन्दी Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 05 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-nominal%20letters

when was the last time syracuse was ranked in basketball

Syracuse Orange men 's Basketball

syracuse orange men's basketball

NCAA Tournament champions 2003 Pre Tournament Helms Champion 1918 , 1926 NCAA Tournament runner - up 1987 , 1996 NCAA Tournament Final Four 1975 , 1987 , 1996 , 2003 , 2013 , 2016 , NCAA Tournament Elite Eight 1957 , 1966 , 1975 , 1987 , 1989 , 1996 , 2003 , 2012 , 2013 , 2016 , NCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen 1957 , 1966 , 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1979 , 1980 , 1984 , 1987 , 1989 , 1990 , 1994 , 1996 , 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 , 2016 , 2018 NCAA Tournament Round of 32 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2018 NCAA Tournament appearances 1957 , 1966 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2018 Conference tournament champions 1981 , 1988 , 1992 , 2005 , 2006 Conference regular season champions 1980 , 1986 , 1987 , 1990 , 1991 , 2000 , 2003 , 2010 , 2012 The Syracuse Orange men 's basketball program is an intercollegiate men 's basketball team representing Syracuse University . The program is classified in the NCAA 's Division I , and the team competes in the Atlantic Coast Conference . Since playing its first official season in 1900 -- 1901 , Syracuse ranks sixth in total victories among all NCAA Division I programs and seventh in all - time win percentage among programs with at least 50 years in Division I , with an all - time win - loss record of 1874 -- 883 (. 680 ) as of March 18 , 2018 . The Orange currently hold an active NCAA - record 48 consecutive winning seasons . In its 42nd year under current head coach Jim Boeheim , the team has compiled an all - time record 37 20 - win seasons , including ten Big East regular season championships , five Big East Tournament championships , 32 NCAA Tournament appearances ( and 38 all - time ) , and three appearances in the national title game . In those games , the Orange lost to Indiana in 1987 and Kentucky in 1996 . In 2003 they defeated Kansas 81 - 78 with Carmelo Anthony winning Most Outstanding Player honors . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 National emergence 1.3 Boeheim takes over 1.4 A new conference 1.5 Falling just short 1.6 A new millennium dawns 1.7 Champions at last 1.8 After the crown 1.9 New conference 1.10 Home court 2 Postseason 2.1 NCAA tournament results 2.2 NIT results 2.3 National Campus Basketball Tournament results 3 Season - by - season results 4 Basketball `` retired '' uniforms 5 Players currently in the NBA 6 Players currently playing professionally around the world 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) Syracuse fielded its first varsity basketball team in 1916 -- 17 . The program rose to national prominence early in its history , being recognized by the Helms Athletic Foundation as national champions for 1918 ( under Coach Edmund Dollard ) and 1926 . The program made National Invitation Tournament appearances in 1946 and 1950 , won the 1951 National Campus Tournament , and made its first NCAA Men 's Basketball Tournament appearance in 1957 . Notable early era players included Hall of Famer Vic Hanson and racial pioneer Wilmeth Sidat - Singh . National emergence ( edit ) The modern era of Syracuse basketball began with the arrival of future Hall of Famer Dave Bing . As a sophomore in 1964 , Bing led the team to an NIT appearance and as a senior in 1966 , he led the team to its second NCAA Tournament appearance , where it reached the regional final . Bing 's backcourt partner on these teams was future Syracuse coach Jim Boeheim . Syracuse remained competitive after Bing 's departure , with NIT appearances in 1967 , 1971 , and 1972 . Under coach Roy Danforth , in 1973 , the team began a string of consecutive NCAA appearances highlighted by a Final Four appearance in 1975 . The 1975 squad featured guard Jim Lee and forward Rudy Hackett and was affectionately known as `` Roy 's Runts . '' Boeheim takes over ( edit ) Following the 1976 season , Danforth was hired away by Tulane University and the University turned to young assistant Jim Boeheim to assume the helm . Boeheim extended the string of NCAA appearances to nine , with bids in each of his first four seasons , a period in which his teams won 100 games . These teams featured star forward Louis Orr and center Roosevelt Bouie , and were sometimes referred to as the `` Louie and Bouie Show . '' A New Conference ( edit ) Syracuse was a founding member of the Big East Conference in 1979 , along with Georgetown University , St. John 's University and Providence College . Syracuse and Georgetown were each ranked in the top ten in 1980 , and a new and major rivalry blossomed when Georgetown snapped Syracuse 's 57 - game home winning streak in the final men 's basketball game played at Manley Field House . Over the next ten seasons , these two schools met eight times in the Big East Tournament , four times in the finals , and met numerous times on national television during the regular season . Syracuse won the Big East Tournament in 1981 , but was passed over by the NCAA Tournament . The team , featuring Danny Schayes and Leo Rautins , finished runner - up in the NIT . The team returned to the NIT in 1982 , before beginning another extended streak of NCAA appearances in 1983 . Buoyed by the visibility provided by the Big East and by rising attendances at the Carrier Dome , Syracuse continued to increase in national prominence regardless of their lack of both conference or national titles . Heralded high school phenomenon Dwayne `` Pearl '' Washington joined the team in 1983 , and led the school to NCAA appearances in 1984 , 1985 , and 1986 , before leaving school early for the NBA Draft . Falling just Short ( edit ) Despite the early loss of Washington , Syracuse returned to the NCAAs in 1987 , with a team featuring Rony Seikaly , Sherman Douglas and freshman Derrick Coleman , reaching the National Championship game before losing , 74 -- 73 , in the final to Indiana on a last - second jump shot by Keith Smart . Led by Coleman , Douglas , Seikaly , Stephen Thompson and Billy Owens , the school extended its string of NCAA appearances to 10 seasons before that string was broken in 1993 , due to NCAA sanctions resulting from an incident involving a booster . Led by guard Lawrence Moten and forward / center John Wallace , the school returned to the NCAAs in 1994 and 1995 . In 1996 , Wallace led the team to its third Final Four appearance , where it played impressively before losing , 76 -- 67 , in the final to a heavily favored Kentucky team that included nine future NBA players . ( Kentucky head coach Rick Pitino had been an assistant coach to Boeheim in 1976 , 1977 . ) A New millennium dawns ( edit ) The 1997 squad won 19 games but was bypassed by the NCAA Tournament and appeared in the NIT . The 1998 , 1999 , and 2000 squads featuring guard Jason Hart and center Etan Thomas all earned NCAA bids . In 2000 , the University also named its All - Century Team , recognizing its greatest players of the 20th century and the school 's first 100 years of basketball . The team made a fourth consecutive NCAA appearance in 2001 , but returned to the NIT in 2002 , despite having a 20 - win season . This marked the first time a school with 20 wins from the Big East Conference was denied a bid to the NCAA Tournament . Champions at last ( edit ) Main article : 2002 - 03 Syracuse Orangemen basketball team Although unranked in the preseason polls for the 2002 -- 03 season , led by freshmen Carmelo Anthony and Gerry McNamara and sophomore Hakim Warrick , the Orangemen won their first NCAA Tournament Championship with an 81 -- 78 defeat of the University of Kansas in the final . Anthony was named NCAA Basketball Tournament Most Outstanding Player . After the crown ( edit ) View of the Carrier Dome in its basketball configuration . View from Section 307 , Row U . Main articles : 2003 -- 04 Syracuse Orangemen basketball team and 2004 -- 05 Syracuse Orange men 's basketball team Anthony left for the NBA Draft after the school year , but McNamara and Warrick stayed on , leading the team to NCAA bids in 2004 and 2005 . The latter season saw Syracuse introduce a new nickname , dropping `` Orangemen '' and `` Orangewomen '' in favor of `` Orange '' . Main article : 2005 -- 06 Syracuse Orange men 's basketball team In 2006 , McNamara would lead the Orange to an extremely unexpected Big East Championship victory , making the 9th - seeded Orange the lowest seed to ever win the championship and only the 3rd school to repeat as Big East tournament champions , but was immediately defeated in the opening round of the 2006 NCAA tournament by Texas A&M , 66 -- 58 . Main article : 2006 -- 07 Syracuse Orange men 's basketball team The 2007 -- 08 season for the Orange was up and down . The Orange had a 50 - point win over East Tennessee State on December 15 , the largest margin of victory in 20 seasons . They recorded top - 25 wins over Georgetown and Marquette . But the team lost to Villanova in the Big East Tournament opening round , and to UMass in the NIT . UMass became the first team ever to beat the Orange twice in the same season at the Carrier Dome . Main article : 2008 -- 09 Syracuse Orange men 's basketball team In the 2008 -- 09 season Syracuse was led by sophomore guard Jonny Flynn . The team returned key players like Eric Devendorf , Andy Rautins , Rick Jackson , Arinze Onuaku and Paul Harris . Syracuse gained a tremendous amount of media attention following a 127 -- 117 upset of UConn in six overtimes during the early morning hours of March 13 , 2009 `` the Game that would n't end '' to advance to the semifinals of the Big East Conference Tournament . This game solidified their seeding in the 2009 NCAA Tournament . This game was the second longest of any game in NCAA History and only the 4th to make it into six overtimes . However , they lost in the Big East Final . Syracuse received a 3 seed and beat Stephen F. Austin 59 -- 44 in the First Round . Syracuse stamped its ticket to the Sweet 16 for the first time since 2004 , defeating 6th seed Arizona State 78 -- 67 . However , the season ended with a loss to No. 2 seed Oklahoma , as the Sooners ended the Orange 's season with an 84 -- 71 loss . Main article : 2009 -- 10 Syracuse Orange men 's basketball team At the start of the 2009 -- 10 season , having lost three key players ( Devendorf , Flynn , Harris ) from the previous season , the Orange was not considered a top contender , unranked in the preseason AP Poll . An early exhibition game loss to local LeMoyne College , a Division II school , did little to improve the outlook . However , led by its starters , returning seniors Andy Rautins and Arinze Onuaku , junior Rick Jackson , a relatively unknown transfer from Iowa State University , forward Wes Johnson , freshman point guard Brandon Triche , plus standout reserve players , sophomores Kris Joseph and Scoop Jardine , the team began to deliver , winning its first 13 regular season games . By the second week of rankings , the Orange had climbed into the top ten , staying in the top five continuously from week 9 . Syracuse reached a number one ranking two weeks before the season ended , finishing the season in fourth place with its best - ever regular season win -- loss performance , at 28 -- 3 . It finished on top of the Big East for the regular season , losing in the Big East Tournament 's quarter finals . A 1 - seed in the West Region of the 2010 NCAA Tournament , the Orange fell in the Sweet Sixteen to 5 - seed and AP # 11 Butler to end the season 30 -- 5 . Main article : 2010 -- 11 Syracuse Orange men 's basketball team Senior Big East Defensive player of the Year Rick Jackson and Juniors Kris Joseph and Scoop Jardine led the 2010 -- 2011 Orange . Syracuse started strong by winning their first 18 contests before losing in Pittsburgh . That loss started a slide for the Orange , who lost six of their next eight games . The Orange regained their momentum by beating the West Virginia Mountaineers to start a six - game winning streak before losing in overtime to the Connecticut Huskies in the semi-finals of the Big East Tournament . With a record of 28 -- 7 , the Orange garnered a # 3 seed in the East Region of the NCAA tournament . The Orange easily handled Indiana State 77 -- 60 in their first game . The Orange faced Marquette in the second round when one of the tournament 's more controversial moments occurred . With the game tied at 59 with 51 seconds left , a backcourt violation was called on the Orange when Scoop Jardine retrieved Dion Waiters ' inbound pass with one foot landing in the front court before his second settled in the backcourt . NCAA officiating coordinator John Adams admitted the call was made in error however ; the officials were unaware of the full rule . According to the 2010 and 2011 NCAA Men 's and Women 's Basketball Rulebook , Rule 4 , Section 3 , Article 8 states : `` After a jump ball or during a throw - in , the player in his / her front court , who makes the initial touch on the ball while both feet are off the playing court , may be the first to secure control of the ball and land with one or both feet in the back court . It makes no difference if the first foot down was in the front court or back court . '' Marquette guard Darius Johnson - Odom hit a three - pointer on the ensuing possession with 27 second left to give the Golden Eagles the lead for good and a spot to the Sweet Sixteen . The loss culminated a season in which SU remained undefeated outside of their conference for the first time in the program 's history . Main article : 2012 - 13 Syracuse Orange men 's basketball team 2012 -- 13 was the school 's last season in the Big East Conference . Led by sophomore point guard Michael Carter - Williams and Junior forward C.J. Fair , the team made its fifth trip to the Final Four . New Conference ( edit ) On July 1 , 2013 , Syracuse , Notre Dame and Pittsburgh joined the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . Main article : 2013 - 14 Syracuse Orange men 's basketball team In its first season in the conference , Syracuse started 25 -- 0 before losing six of its last nine games . The team featured two Second Team All Americans , point guard Tyler Ennis and forward C.J. Fair , and finished second in the ACC regular season standings . The Orange underperformed 2014 -- 15 expectations with an 18 -- 13 record behind First Team All - ACC center Rakeem Christmas . Though the team was not selected for the NCAA tournament , this would change in the following season as the Orange made the Final Four as a 10 - seed by defeating Dayton , Middle Tennessee , Gonzaga , and Virginia . As of the end of the 2013 / 2014 season , Syracuse has an active record of 44 consecutive winning seasons , with their last non-winning season being the 1969 / 1970 season when the team finished with 12 wins and 12 loses . In this time Syracuse has made 37 NCAA Tournament appearances , including 5 Final Four appearances and one NCAA Tournament Championship . The program has also made 12 NIT appearances and won 2 early ( pre-tournament era ) national championships . The program has produced 2 Hall of Fame players , Vic Hanson and Dave Bing , and one Hall of Fame coach , Jim Boeheim . Home court ( edit ) Syracuse home games in the early years were played at Archbold Gymnasium , an on - campus gym that is still used for various university activities . After a 1947 fire , most home games were played at Syracuse 's state fairgrounds ' Coliseum and other local venues . In 1962 , home games moved to the newly constructed Manley Field House which finally gave the team a powerful home court advantage . The team became so fond of the space that its coaches objected to moving to the Carrier Dome when it was opened in 1980 . But the team was moved anyway , because the Dome could not survive on a schedule of just 6 home football games a year . In its setup for basketball , the Dome can hold crowds of more than 30,000 for its biggest games , an advantage that has served to intimidate opposing teams for more than 30 years . On February 1 , 2014 Syracuse broke its own record for the largest on - campus crowd at a college basketball game against Duke University with a crowd of 35,466 . The game was also the third most viewed regular season game in ESPN history , with 4.75 million viewers . The previous record attendance was set in February , 2013 in a game against long - time rival Georgetown University . The total ticket count for that game was 35,012 . Postseason ( edit ) NCAA Tournament results ( edit ) The Orange have appeared in the NCAA Tournament 39 times . Their combined record is 67 -- 39 . They were National Champions in 2003 . Year Seed Round Opponent Result 1957 First Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Connecticut Lafayette North Carolina W 82 -- 76 W 75 -- 71 L 58 -- 67 1966 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Davidson Duke W 94 -- 78 L 81 -- 91 1973 First Round Sweet Sixteen Regional 3rd Place Game Furman Maryland Penn W 83 -- 82 L 75 -- 91 W 69 -- 68 First Round Oral Roberts L 82 -- 86 First Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National 3rd Place Game La Salle North Carolina Kansas State Kentucky Louisville W 87 -- 83 W 78 -- 76 W 95 -- 87 L 79 -- 95 L 88 -- 96 1976 First Round Texas Tech L 56 -- 69 1977 First Round Sweet Sixteen Tennessee Charlotte W 93 -- 88 L 59 -- 81 1978 First Round WKU L 86 -- 87 1979 # 4 Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 5 Connecticut # 9 Penn W 89 -- 81 L 76 -- 84 1980 # 1 Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 8 Villanova # 5 Iowa W 97 -- 83 L 77 -- 88 # 6 First Round Second Round # 11 Morehead State # 3 Ohio State W 74 -- 59 L 74 -- 79 1984 # 3 Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 6 VCU # 7 Virginia W 78 -- 63 L 55 -- 63 1985 # 7 First Round Second Round # 10 DePaul # 2 Georgia Tech W 70 -- 65 L 53 -- 70 1986 # 2 First Round Second Round # 15 Brown # 7 Navy W 101 -- 52 L 85 -- 97 # 2 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship # 15 Georgia Southern # 10 WKU # 6 Florida # 1 North Carolina # 6 Providence # 1 Indiana W 79 -- 73 W 104 -- 86 W 87 -- 81 W 79 -- 75 W 77 -- 63 L 74 -- 73 # 3 First Round Second Round # 14 North Carolina A&T # 11 Rhode Island W 69 -- 55 L 94 -- 97 # 2 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight # 15 Bucknell # 10 Colorado State # 3 Missouri # 1 Illinois W 104 -- 81 W 65 -- 50 W 83 -- 80 L 86 -- 89 # 2 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 15 Coppin State # 7 Virginia # 6 Minnesota W 70 -- 48 W 63 -- 61 L 75 -- 82 1991 # 2 First Round # 15 Richmond L 73 -- 69 # 6 First Round Second Round # 11 Princeton # 3 Massachusetts W 51 -- 43 L 71 -- 77 1994 # 4 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 13 Hawai ʻi # 12 Green Bay # 1 Missouri W 92 -- 78 W 64 -- 59 L 88 -- 98 1995 # 7 First Round Second Round # 10 Southern Illinois # 2 Arkansas W 96 -- 92 L 94 -- 96 # 4 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship # 13 Montana State # 12 Drexel # 8 Georgia # 2 Kansas # 5 Mississippi State # 1 Kentucky W 88 -- 55 W 69 -- 58 W 83 -- 81 W 60 -- 57 W 77 -- 69 L 67 -- 76 1998 # 5 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 12 Iona # 4 New Mexico # 1 Duke W 63 -- 61 W 56 -- 46 L 80 -- 67 1999 # 8 First Round # 9 Oklahoma State L 61 -- 69 2000 # 4 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 13 Samford # 5 Kentucky # 1 Michigan State W 79 -- 65 W 52 -- 50 L 58 -- 75 2001 # 5 First Round Second Round # 12 Hawai ʻi # 4 Kansas W 79 -- 69 L 58 -- 87 2003 # 3 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship # 14 Manhattan # 6 Oklahoma State # 10 Auburn # 1 Oklahoma # 1 Texas # 2 Kansas W 76 -- 65 W 68 -- 56 W 79 -- 78 W 63 -- 47 W 95 -- 84 W 81 -- 78 # 5 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 12 BYU # 4 Maryland # 8 Alabama W 80 -- 75 W 72 -- 70 L 71 -- 80 2005 # 4 First Round # 13 Vermont L 57 -- 60 2006 # 5 First Round # 12 Texas A&M L 58 -- 66 2009 # 3 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 14 Stephen F. Austin # 6 Arizona State # 2 Oklahoma W 59 -- 44 W 78 -- 67 L 71 -- 84 # 1 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 16 Vermont # 8 Gonzaga # 5 Butler W 79 -- 56 W 87 -- 65 L 59 -- 63 2011 # 3 Second Round Third Round # 14 Indiana State # 11 Marquette W 77 -- 60 L 62 -- 66 2012 # 1 Second Round Third Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight # 16 UNC Asheville # 8 Kansas State # 4 Wisconsin # 2 Ohio State W 72 -- 65 W 75 -- 59 W 64 -- 63 L 70 -- 77 2013 # 4 Second Round Third Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four # 13 Montana # 12 California # 1 Indiana # 3 Marquette # 4 Michigan W 81 -- 34 W 66 -- 60 W 61 -- 50 W 55 -- 39 L 56 -- 61 2014 # 3 Second Round Third Round # 14 Western Michigan # 11 Dayton W 77 -- 53 L 53 -- 55 2016 # 10 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four # 7 Dayton # 15 Middle Tennessee State # 11 Gonzaga # 1 Virginia # 1 North Carolina W 70 -- 51 W 75 -- 50 W 63 -- 60 W 68 -- 62 L 66 -- 83 2018 # 11 First Four First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 11 Arizona State # 6 TCU # 3 Michigan State # 2 Duke W 60 -- 56 W 57 -- 52 W 55 -- 53 L 65 -- 69 * Following the introduction of the `` First Four '' round in 2011 , the Round of 64 and Round of 32 were referred to as the Second Round and Third Round , respectively , from 2011 to 2015 . Then from 2016 moving forward , the Round 64 and Round of 32 will be called the First and Second rounds , as they were prior to 2011 . NIT results ( edit ) The Orange have appeared in the National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) 13 times . Their combined record is 15 -- 14 . Year Round Opponent Result 1946 Quarterfinals Muhlenberg L 41 -- 47 1950 First Round Quarterfinals Long Island Bradley W 80 -- 52 L 66 -- 78 1964 First Round NYU L 68 -- 77 1967 First Round New Mexico L 64 -- 66 1971 First Round Michigan L 76 -- 86 1972 First Round Second Round Davidson Maryland W 81 -- 77 L 65 -- 71 1981 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Marquette Holy Cross Michigan Purdue Tulsa W 88 -- 81 W 77 -- 75 W 91 -- 76 W 70 -- 63 L 84 -- 86 1982 First Round Second Round Saint Peter 's Bradley W 84 -- 75 L 81 -- 95 First Round Florida State L 67 -- 82 2002 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals 3rd Place Game St. Bonaventure Butler Richmond South Carolina Temple W 76 -- 66 W 66 -- 65 W 62 -- 46 L 59 -- 66 L 64 -- 65 2007 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals South Alabama San Diego State Clemson W 79 -- 73 W 80 -- 64 L 70 -- 74 2008 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Robert Morris Maryland Massachusetts W 87 -- 81 W 88 -- 72 L 77 -- 81 2017 First Round Second Round UNC Greensboro Ole Miss W 90 -- 77 L 80 -- 85 National campus Basketball Tournament results ( edit ) The Orange appeared in the only National Campus Basketball Tournament where they were champions with a record of 3 -- 0 . Year Round Opponent Result 1951 Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Toledo Utah Bradley W 69 -- 52 W 74 -- 57 W 76 -- 75 Season - by - season results ( edit ) See also : Category : Syracuse Orange men 's basketball seasons Season Overall Wins Overall Losses Pct . Conf . Wins Conf . Losses Pct . Conference Finish Conference Tournament Postseason Head Coach Team Accomplishment 1900 -- 01 . 500 -- -- -- -- -- None No Coach 1901 -- 02 . 500 -- -- -- -- -- None No Coach 1902 -- 03 8 . 111 -- -- -- -- -- None No Coach 1903 -- 04 11 8 . 579 -- -- -- -- -- None John A.R. Scott 1904 -- 05 14 7 . 667 -- -- -- -- -- None John A.R. Scott 1905 -- 06 9 . 750 -- -- -- -- -- None John A.R. Scott 1906 -- 07 . 571 -- -- -- -- -- None John A.R. Scott 1907 -- 08 10 . 769 -- -- -- -- -- None John A.R. Scott 1908 -- 09 7 8 . 467 -- -- -- -- -- None John A.R. Scott 1909 -- 10 11 . 214 -- -- -- -- -- None John A.R. Scott 1910 -- 11 6 11 . 353 -- -- -- -- -- None John A.R. Scott 1911 -- 12 11 . 786 -- -- -- -- -- None Edmund Dollard 1912 -- 13 8 . 727 -- -- -- -- -- None Edmund Dollard 1913 -- 14 12 0 1.000 -- -- -- -- -- None Edmund Dollard 1914 -- 15 10 . 909 -- -- -- -- -- None Edmund Dollard 1915 -- 16 9 . 750 -- -- -- -- -- None Edmund Dollard 1916 -- 17 13 . 813 -- -- -- -- -- None Edmund Dollard 1917 -- 18 16 . 941 -- -- -- -- -- None Edmund Dollard National Champions 1918 -- 19 13 . 813 -- -- -- -- -- None Edmund Dollard 1919 -- 20 15 . 833 -- -- -- -- -- None Edmund Dollard 1920 -- 21 12 9 . 571 -- -- -- -- -- None Edmund Dollard 1921 -- 22 16 8 . 667 -- -- -- -- -- None Edmund Dollard 1922 -- 23 8 12 . 400 -- -- -- -- -- None Edmund Dollard 1923 -- 24 8 10 . 444 -- -- -- -- -- None Edmund Dollard 1924 -- 25 15 . 882 -- -- -- -- -- None Lewis Andreas 1925 -- 26 19 . 950 -- -- -- -- -- None Lewis Andreas National Champions 1926 -- 27 15 . 789 -- -- -- -- -- None Lewis Andreas 1927 -- 28 10 6 . 625 -- -- -- -- -- None Lewis Andreas 1928 -- 29 11 . 733 -- -- -- -- -- None Lewis Andreas 1929 -- 30 18 . 900 -- -- -- -- -- None Lewis Andreas 1930 -- 31 16 . 800 -- -- -- -- -- None Lewis Andreas 1931 -- 32 13 8 . 619 -- -- -- -- -- None Lewis Andreas 1932 -- 33 14 . 875 -- -- -- -- -- None Lewis Andreas 1933 -- 34 15 . 882 -- -- -- -- -- None Lewis Andreas 1934 -- 35 15 . 882 -- -- -- -- -- None Lewis Andreas 1935 -- 36 12 5 . 706 -- -- -- -- -- None Lewis Andreas 1936 -- 37 13 . 765 -- -- -- -- -- None Lewis Andreas 1937 -- 38 14 5 . 737 -- -- -- -- -- None Lewis Andreas 1938 -- 39 15 . 789 -- -- -- -- -- None Lewis Andreas 1939 -- 40 10 8 . 556 -- -- -- -- -- None Lewis Andreas 1940 -- 41 14 5 . 737 -- -- -- -- -- None Lewis Andreas 1941 -- 42 15 6 . 714 -- -- -- -- -- None Lewis Andreas 1942 -- 43 8 10 . 444 -- -- -- -- -- None Lewis Andreas 1943 -- 44 Did not play -- Team suspended 1944 -- 45 7 12 . 368 -- -- -- -- -- None Lewis Andreas 1945 -- 46 23 . 852 -- -- -- -- -- NIT Lewis Andreas 1946 -- 47 19 6 . 760 -- -- -- -- -- NCAA District II Lewis Andreas 1947 -- 48 11 13 . 458 -- -- -- -- -- None Lewis Andreas 1948 -- 49 18 7 . 720 -- -- -- -- -- None Lewis Andreas 1949 -- 50 18 9 . 667 -- -- -- -- -- NIT Lewis Andreas 1950 -- 51 19 9 . 679 -- -- -- -- -- National Campus Tournament Champions Marc Guley 1951 -- 52 14 6 . 700 -- -- -- -- -- None Marc Guley 1952 -- 53 7 11 . 389 -- -- -- -- -- None Marc Guley 1953 -- 54 10 9 . 526 -- -- -- -- -- None Marc Guley 1954 -- 55 10 11 . 476 -- -- -- -- -- None Marc Guley 1955 -- 56 14 8 . 636 -- -- -- -- -- None Marc Guley 1956 -- 57 18 7 . 720 -- -- -- -- -- NCAA Marc Guley Elite 8 1957 -- 58 11 10 . 524 -- -- -- -- -- None Marc Guley 1958 -- 59 14 9 . 609 -- -- -- -- -- None Marc Guley 1959 -- 60 13 8 . 619 -- -- -- -- -- None Marc Guley 1960 -- 61 19 . 174 -- -- -- -- -- None Marc Guley 1961 -- 62 22 . 083 -- -- -- -- -- None Marc Guley 1962 -- 63 8 13 . 381 -- -- -- -- -- None Fred Lewis 1963 -- 64 17 8 . 680 -- -- -- -- -- NIT Fred Lewis 1964 -- 65 13 10 . 565 -- -- -- -- -- None Fred Lewis 1965 -- 66 22 6 . 786 -- -- -- -- -- NCAA Fred Lewis Elite 8 1966 -- 67 20 6 . 769 -- -- -- -- -- NIT Fred Lewis 1967 -- 68 11 14 . 440 -- -- -- -- -- None Fred Lewis 1968 -- 69 9 16 . 360 -- -- -- -- -- None Roy Danforth 1969 -- 70 12 12 . 500 -- -- -- -- -- None Roy Danforth 1970 -- 71 19 7 . 731 -- -- -- -- -- NIT Roy Danforth 1971 -- 72 22 6 . 786 -- -- -- -- -- NIT Roy Danforth 1972 -- 73 24 5 . 828 -- -- -- -- -- NCAA Roy Danforth 1973 -- 74 19 7 . 731 -- -- -- -- -- NCAA Roy Danforth 1974 -- 75 23 9 . 719 -- -- -- -- Won ECAC Upstate tournament NCAA Roy Danforth Final Four 1975 -- 76 20 9 . 690 -- -- -- -- Won ECAC Upstate tournament NCAA Roy Danforth 1976 -- 77 26 . 867 -- -- -- -- Won ECAC Upstate - South tournament NCAA Jim Boeheim 1977 -- 78 22 6 . 786 -- -- -- -- Lost in semifinals of ECAC Upstate - South tournament NCAA Jim Boeheim 1978 -- 79 26 . 867 -- -- -- -- Lost in finals of ECAC Upstate - South tournament NCAA Jim Boeheim 1979 -- 80 26 . 867 5 . 833 T - 1st ( Big East ) Lost in finals NCAA Jim Boeheim 1980 -- 81 22 12 . 647 6 8 . 429 6th Conference Champion NIT Jim Boeheim 1981 -- 82 16 13 . 552 7 7 . 500 5th Lost in quarter - finals NIT Jim Boeheim 1982 -- 83 21 10 . 677 9 7 . 563 5th Lost in semi-finals NCAA Jim Boeheim 1983 -- 84 23 9 . 719 12 . 750 2nd Lost in finals NCAA Jim Boeheim 1984 -- 85 22 9 . 710 9 7 . 563 3rd Lost in semi-finals NCAA Jim Boeheim 1985 -- 86 26 6 . 813 14 . 875 1st Lost in finals NCAA Jim Boeheim 1986 -- 87 31 7 . 816 12 . 750 1st Lost in finals NCAA Jim Boeheim Title Game 1987 -- 88 26 9 . 743 11 5 . 688 2nd Conference Champion NCAA Jim Boeheim 1988 -- 89 30 8 . 789 10 6 . 625 3rd Lost in finals NCAA Jim Boeheim 1989 -- 90 26 7 . 788 12 . 750 1st Lost in finals NCAA Jim Boeheim Elite 8 1990 -- 91 26 6 . 813 12 . 750 1st Lost in quarter - finals NCAA Jim Boeheim 1991 -- 92 22 10 . 688 10 8 . 556 5th Conference Champion NCAA Jim Boeheim 1992 -- 93 20 9 . 690 10 8 . 556 3rd Lost in finals None Jim Boeheim 1993 -- 94 23 7 . 767 13 5 . 722 2nd Lost in quarter - finals NCAA Jim Boeheim 1994 -- 95 20 10 . 667 12 6 . 667 3rd Lost in quarter - finals NCAA Jim Boeheim 1995 -- 96 29 9 . 763 12 6 . 667 2nd ( Big East 7 ) Lost in semi-finals NCAA Jim Boeheim Title Game 1996 -- 97 19 13 . 594 9 9 . 500 4th ( Big East 7 ) Lost in quarter - finals NIT Jim Boeheim 1997 -- 98 26 9 . 743 12 6 . 667 1st ( Big East 7 ) Lost in finals NCAA Jim Boeheim 1998 -- 99 21 12 . 636 10 8 . 556 4th Lost in semi-finals NCAA Jim Boeheim 1999 - 00 26 6 . 813 13 . 813 1st Lost in quarter - finals NCAA Jim Boeheim 2000 -- 01 25 9 . 735 10 6 . 625 T - 2nd ( West ) Lost in semi-finals NCAA Jim Boeheim 2001 -- 02 23 13 . 639 9 7 . 563 T - 3rd ( West ) Lost in 1st Round NIT Jim Boeheim 2002 -- 03 30 5 . 857 13 . 813 T - 1st ( West ) Lost in semi-finals NCAA Jim Boeheim National Champions 2003 -- 04 23 8 . 742 11 5 . 688 T - 3rd Lost in quarter - finals NCAA Jim Boeheim 2004 -- 05 12 * 7 . 794 11 5 . 688 T - 3rd Conference Champion NCAA Jim Boeheim 2005 -- 06 0 * 12 . 657 7 9 . 438 T - 9th Conference Champion NCAA Jim Boeheim 2006 -- 07 2 * 11 . 686 10 6 . 625 T - 5th Lost in quarter - finals NIT Jim Boeheim 2007 -- 08 21 14 . 600 9 9 . 500 T - 8th Lost in 1st Round NIT Jim Boeheim 2008 -- 09 28 10 . 757 11 7 . 611 6th Lost in finals NCAA Jim Boeheim # 3 seed in South Region , lost in Sweet 16 2009 -- 10 30 5 . 857 15 . 833 1st Lost in quarter - finals NCAA Jim Boeheim # 1 seed in West Region , lost in Sweet 16 2010 -- 11 20 * 8 . 771 12 6 . 667 T - 3rd Lost in semi-finals NCAA Jim Boeheim # 3 seed in East Region , lost in Round of 32 2011 -- 12 0 * . 919 17 . 944 1st Lost in semi-finals NCAA Jim Boeheim # 1 seed in East Region , lost in Elite Eight 2012 -- 13 30 10 . 757 11 7 . 611 5th Lost in finals NCAA Jim Boeheim Final Four 2013 -- 14 28 6 . 824 14 . 778 2nd -- ACC Lost in quarter - finals NCAA Jim Boeheim # 3 seed in South Region , lost in Round of 32 2014 -- 15 18 13 . 581 9 9 . 500 8th -- ACC -- None Jim Boeheim 2015 -- 16 23 14 . 622 9 9 . 500 T - 9th -- ACC Lost in 2nd Round NCAA Jim Boeheim / Mike Hopkins Final Four 2016 -- 17 19 15 . 559 10 8 . 556 T - 7th -- ACC Lost in 2nd Round NIT Jim Boeheim Lost in 2nd round 2017 -- 18 21 12 . 800 8 10 . 500 T - 9th -- ACC Lost in 2nd Round NCAA Jim Boeheim Lost in Sweet 16 117 Seasons 1873 883 . 680 409 223 . 651 10 Big East titles ( Regular season ) 5 Big East tournament titles 38 NCAA bids ( 7th ) 13 NIT bids 6 Final Fours 1 NCAA National Championship * - Vacated 101 wins due to NCAA sanctions levied in the March 2015 report from the NCAA 's Committee on Infractions . Basketball `` retired '' uniforms ( edit ) See also : Syracuse Men 's Basketball All - Century Team Syracuse University honors jersey / uniform numbers of its athletes , but the numbers are not officially `` retired '' and remain active . Historically , Syracuse University has restricted the men 's basketball team from wearing such numbers , but there have also been exceptions to this custom . An example of the former is Carmelo Anthony , who wore # 22 in high school , but since the number was already `` retired '' at Syracuse , Anthony chose # 15 as an alternate upon his arrival . Similarly , Gerry McNamara wore # 31 in high school , also `` retired '' by Syracuse University ( McNamara chose # 3 instead ) . Rony Seikaly -- 4 Vic Hanson -- 8 Carmelo Anthony -- 15 Billy Gabor -- 17 Wilmeth Sidat - Singh -- 19 Sherman Douglas -- 20 Dave Bing -- 22 Billy Owens -- 30 Dwyane Washington -- 31 Derrick Coleman -- 44 Roosevelt Bouie -- 50 Louis Orr -- 55 Dennis Duval Players currently in the NBA ( edit ) Carmelo Anthony , Forward for the Oklahoma City Thunder Michael Carter - Williams , Point guard for the Charlotte Hornets Tyler Ennis , Point guard for the Los Angeles Lakers Jerami Grant , Forward for the Oklahoma City Thunder Wesley Johnson , Forward for the Los Angeles Clippers Tyler Lydon , Power forward for the Denver Nuggets Dion Waiters , Guard for the Miami Heat Chris McCullough , Forward for the Washington Wizards Malachi Richardson , Shooting guard for the Toronto Raptors Andrew White III , Forward for the Atlanta Hawks Players currently playing professionally around the world ( edit ) C.J. Fair , Forward for the Windy City Bulls Rakeem Christmas , Forward for New Zealand Breakers Donté Greene , Forward for Sporting Al Riyadi Beirut Paul Harris , Forward for Trabzonspor B.K. Rick Jackson , Forward for Provence Scoop Jardine , Guard for the Niagara River Lions Kris Joseph , Forward for Élan Chalon Demetris Nichols , Forward for KK Cedevita Andy Rautins , Guard for Banvit B.K. James Southerland , Forward for the Santa Cruz Warriors Brandon Triche , Guard for P.A.O.K. BC Hakim Warrick , Forward for Leones de Ponce Darryl Watkins , Center for ASVEL Basket Trevor Cooney , Guard for Básquet Coruña Michael Gbinije , Guard for the Santa Cruz Warriors See also ( edit ) List of teams with the most victories in NCAA Division I men 's college basketball References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Syracuse University Brand Guidelines ( PDF ) . August 23 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 -- 17 NCAA Men 's Basketball Record Book '' ( PDF ) . ncaa.org . p. 71 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/m_basketball_RB/2011/D1.pdf Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Dave Bing Bio '' . Jump up ^ `` Melee Mars Win -- WVU Athletics '' . WVUsports.com . Jump up ^ The Spirit of Syracuse : The arrival of Jim Boeheim onto the Syracuse University campus in 1962 signaled a momentous change in Orange athletics . A determined walk - on at Syrac ... Archived 2008 - 07 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hoyas Set to Rekindle Rivalry The Hoya Archived 2008 - 02 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Syracuse Orangemen Basketball 1980 -- 1981 '' . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Rhoden , William C. ( March 30 , 1996 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Pearl Gets Second Shot At Life '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Smart And Super '' . CNN . April 6 , 1987 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Rhoden , William C. ( October 2 , 1992 ) . `` COLLEGES ; N.C.A.A. Calls a Two - Year Foul on Syracuse '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Smith , Timothy W. ( April 2 , 1996 ) . `` BASKETBALL ; Wallace Falls Short In His Grim Crusade '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Robbins , Liz ( March 19 , 2000 ) . `` N.C.A.A. TOURNAMENT : SECOND ROUND ; Syracuse Survives To Face Michigan St . '' The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Syracuse University All Century Team '' . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball -- Syracuse vs. Kansas '' . USA Today . July 23 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Vermont vs. Syracuse -- Game Recap -- March 18 , 2005 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M vs. Syracuse -- Game Recap -- March 16 , 2006 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Orange Offense Erupts in Resounding 125 -- 75 Win Against ETSU '' . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2008 . Retrieved September 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Opportunity Answered : Syracuse Knocks Off No. 8 / 8 Georgetown , 77 -- 70 '' . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2008 . Retrieved September 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` NIT FINAL FOUR ! UMass Overcomes A 22 - Point Deficit to Upset # 1 Syracuse , 81 -- 77 -- University of Massachusetts Official Athletic Site '' . Umassathletics.cstv.com. 2008 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Syracuse Orange vs. Connecticut Huskies -- Recap -- March 12 , 2009 -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com. 2009 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks vs. Syracuse Orange -- NCAA Tournament Game -- Box Score -- March 20 , 2009 -- ESPN '' . Sports-ak.espn.go.com. 2009 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA College Basketball Polls , College Basketball Rankings , NCAA Basketball Polls -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA officiating coordinator on Syracuse - Marquette NCAA tournament game : `` An error was made in applying the backcourt violation rule '' `` . syracuse.com . Jump up ^ `` USA Today Sports All America Team in College Basketball '' . usatoday.com . usatoday.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ACSMA 2015 ALL - ACC BASKETBALL TEAMS ANNOUNCED '' . theacc.com . ACC . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Young , RL ( 2013 ) . `` Syracuse Orange Basketball 1900 -- 2014 '' . OrangeHoops.org . OrangeHoops.org . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2013 . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Syracuse University Athletics -- Legends of the Pen : Basketball Home Courts '' . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Georgetown - Syracuse game to set attendance mark '' . ap.com . Associated Press . February 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Campus Tournament 1951 '' . Jump up ^ `` 1975 ECAC Men 's Basketball Tournaments '' . Jump up ^ `` 1976 ECAC Men 's Basketball Tournaments '' . Jump up ^ `` 1977 ECAC Men 's Basketball Tournaments '' . Jump up ^ `` 1978 ECAC Men 's Basketball Tournaments '' . Jump up ^ `` 1979 ECAC Men 's Basketball Tournaments '' . Jump up ^ `` Syracuse 's honored ( not retired ) basketball jerseys '' . Syracuse Post-Standard . July 29 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Syracuse Orange men 's basketball Venues Archbold Gymnasium ( 1908 -- 1947 ; 1952 -- 1955 ) State Fair Coliseum ( 1947 -- 1951 ) Onondaga County War Memorial ( 1951 -- 1952 ; 1955 -- 1962 ) Manley Field House ( 1962 -- 1980 ) Carrier Dome ( 1980 -- present ) Carmelo K. 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if the words not negotiable are used with special crossing in a cheque the cheque is

Crossing of cheques

crossing of cheques

A crossed cheque is a cheque that has been marked specifying an instruction on the way it is to be redeemed . A common instruction is for the cheque to be deposited directly to an account with a bank and not to be immediately cashed by the holder over the bank counter . The format and wording varies between countries , but generally , two parallel lines may be placed either vertically across the cheque or on the top left hand corner of the cheque . By using crossed cheques , cheque writers can effectively protect the instrument from being stolen or cashed by unauthorized persons .

Cheques can be open ( uncrossed ) or crossed . Contents 1 Open cheque 2 Crossed cheque 3 Types of crossing 3.1 General crossing 3.1. 1 Account payee 3.1. 2 Not negotiable 3.2 Restrictive or special crossings 3.2. 1 Specific bank 4 Consequence of a bank not complying with the crossing 5 External links 6 References Open cheque ( edit ) An open cheque is a cheque that is not crossed on the left corner and payable at the counter of the drawee bank on presentation of the cheque . Crossed cheque ( edit ) A crossed cheque is a cheque that is payable only through a collecting banker and not directly at the counter of the bank . When two parallel transverse lines , with or without any words , are drawn generally , on the left hand top corner of the cheque . Types of crossing ( edit ) General crossing ( edit ) A crossed cheque generally is a cheque that only bears two parallel transverse lines , optionally with the words ' and company ' or ' & Co . ' ( or any abbreviation of them ) on the face of the cheque , between the lines , usually at the top left corner or at any place in the approximate half ( in width ) of the cheque . In the UK , the crossing is across the cheque by the person who originally wrote the cheque ( the drawer ) , or it can legitimately be added by the person the cheque is payable to ( the payee ) , or even by the bank that the cheque is being paid into . Generally - crossed cheques can only be paid into a bank account , so that the beneficiary can be traced . A crossed cheque on its own does not affect the negotiability of the instrument . Account payee ( edit ) Adding a crossing to a cheque increases its security in that it can not be cashed at a bank counter but must be paid into an account in exactly the same name as that which appears on the ' payee ' line of the cheque ( i.e. the person who has received the cheque , who is legally the `` payee '' and `` holder '' of the cheque ) . Not negotiable ( edit ) The words ' not negotiable ' can be added to a crossing . The effect of such a crossing is that it removes the most important characteristic of a negotiable instrument : the transferee of such a crossed cheque can not get a better title than that of the transferor ( can not become a holder in due course ) and can not convey a better title to his own transferee , but the instrument remains transferable . Restrictive or special crossings ( edit ) Where some customary instruction is written between the two parallel transverse lines ( constituting crossing of cheque ) that may result in imposing certain restrictions on the collecting or paying banker , it is called restrictive crossing . The example is `` State Bank of India '' . In these cases , the respective restrictions mandate to pay the cheque through State Bank of India ( acting as collecting banker ) only . Specific bank ( edit ) A crossing may have the name of a specific banker added between the lines . A cheque with a such a crossing can only be paid into an account at that bank . The beneficiary bank can add an additional crossing to allow another bank , who are acting as their agent in collecting payment on cheques , to be paid the cheque on their behalf . Consequence of a bank not complying with the crossing ( edit ) A bank 's failure to comply with the crossings amounts to a breach of contract with its customer . The bank may not be able to debit the drawer 's account and may be liable to the true owner for his loss . External links ( edit ) http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1992/32/section/4 http://www.chequeandcredit.co.uk/information-hub/faqs/crossed-cheques References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/crossedcheck.asp Jump up ^ Bills of Exchange Act 1882 section 76 Jump up ^ Bills of Exchange Act 1882 section 77 Jump up ^ Bills of Exchange Act 1882 section 79 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Goosen , W ; Pampallis , A ; Amelia Van , Der Merwe ; Mdluli , L. Banking in the New Millennium . f Juta and Company Ltd. p. 54 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crossing_of_cheques&oldid=848225804 '' Categories : Banking Cheques Negotiable instrument law Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from February 2011 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from February 2011 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from February 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 June 2018 , at 15 : 38 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

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