Datasets:

owaiskha9654

/

PubMed_MultiLabel_Text_Classification_Dataset_MeSH

like 16

Isoproterenol exacerbates hyperglycemia and modulates chromium distribution in mice fed with a high fat diet.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Isoproterenol (ISO), a nonselective â-adrenoceptor agonist for treating bradycardia and asthma, has been proposed to raise blood glucose level. Little is known regarding the relationship between ISO treatment, the induced chromium (Cr) redistribution, and changes in glucose metabolism. We aimed to characterize the effects of a single dose of ISO on glucose homeostasis and Cr level changes in an obesity mouse model.METHODS: Mice (C57BL6/j strain) were first fed for a continuous period of 12 weeks with either a high fat diet (HFD), to develop an obesity animal model, or a standard diet (SD), to develop a lean animal model as controls. These groups were each separated into two subgroups to receive either a single dose of ISO or saline (control). We measured in vivo their metabolic parameters, fasting glucose level, area under the curve (AUC) for glucose level time profile, insulin level time profile, insulin sensitivity index, and chromium distribution.RESULTS: After a single dose of ISO, the SD-fed mice had slightly higher blood glucose levels compared with the SD controls, when the level was measured 30 and 60min after injection. By contrast, the ISO-treated HFD-fed mice had significantly higher blood glucose levels and AUC during the entire 120min following one administration compared with the HFD control group. Additionally, they had a substantially lower HOMA-IR index, whereas insulin levels remained unchanged. The Cr level in their bones and liver was decreased, and loss of Cr through urinary excretion was elevated.CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that ISO exacerbated hyperglycemic syndrome in the obesity animal model. ISO induced a net negative Cr balance as a result of increased urinary excretion, leading to Cr mobilization that was not desirable to overcome the hyperglycemia.

['Animals', 'Blood Glucose', 'Body Weight', 'Chromium', 'Creatinine', 'Diet, High-Fat', 'Disease Progression', 'Energy Intake', 'Feeding Behavior', 'Hyperglycemia', 'Insulin', 'Insulin Resistance', 'Isoproterenol', 'Kidney', 'Male', 'Mice, Inbred C57BL', 'Mice, Obese']

[['B01.050'], ['D09.947.875.359.448.500'], ['C23.888.144', 'E01.370.600.115.100.160.120', 'E05.041.124.160.750', 'G07.100.100.160.120', 'G07.345.249.314.120'], ['D01.268.556.175', 'D01.268.956.124', 'D01.552.544.175'], ['D03.383.129.308.207'], ['G07.203.650.240.267'], ['C23.550.291.656'], ['G07.203.650.240.340'], ['F01.145.113.547', 'F01.145.407', 'G07.203.650.353'], ['C18.452.394.952'], ['D06.472.699.587.200.500.625', 'D12.644.548.586.200.500.625'], ['C18.452.394.968.500', 'G07.690.773.984.617'], ['D02.033.100.291.439', 'D02.092.063.291.439', 'D02.092.311.649', 'D02.455.426.559.389.657.166.175.649'], ['A05.810.453'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.420', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.420'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.550.530']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Phosphorylation of ribavirin and viramidine by adenosine kinase and cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II: Implications for ribavirin metabolism in erythrocytes.

Many nucleoside analog drugs, such as ribavirin and viramidine, are activated or metabolized in vivo through 5'-phosphorylation. In this report, we determined the steady-state kinetic parameters for 5'-monophosphorylation of ribavirin and viramidine by adenosine kinase. The apparent Km for ribavirin is 540 microM, and k(cat) is 1.8 min-1. Its catalytic efficiency of 3.3 x 10(-3) min-1 . microM-1 is 1,200-fold lower than that of adenosine. In contrast to the common belief that ribavirin is exclusively phosphorylated by adenosine kinase, cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II was found to catalyze ribavirin phosphorylation in vitro. The reaction is optimally stimulated by the physiological concentration of ATP or 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate. In phosphate-buffered saline plus ATP and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, the apparent Km for ribavirin is 88 microM, and k(cat) is 4.0 min-1. These findings suggest that cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II may be involved in ribavirin phosphorylation in vivo. Like ribavirin, viramidine was found to be phosphorylated by either adenosine kinase or cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II, albeit with a much lower activity. The catalytic efficiency for viramidine phosphorylation is 10- to 330-fold lower than that of ribavirin, suggesting that other nucleoside kinase(s) may be involved in viramidine phosphorylation in vivo. Both ribavirin and viramidine are not phosphorylated by deoxycytidine kinase and uridine-cytidine kinase. The coincidence of presence of high concentrated 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate in erythrocytes suggests that cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II could play an important role in phosphorylating ribavirin and contribute to anabolism of ribavirin triphosphate in erythrocytes. Elucidation of ribavirin and viramidine phosphorylation mechanism should shed light on their in vivo metabolism, especially the ribavirin-induced hemolytic anemia in erythrocytes.

["5'-Nucleotidase", 'Adenosine Kinase', 'Animals', 'Antiviral Agents', 'Cricetinae', 'Cytosol', 'Erythrocytes', 'Humans', 'Kinetics', 'Phosphorylation', 'Ribavirin']

[['D08.811.277.352.650.600.600'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.010'], ['B01.050'], ['D27.505.954.122.388'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.075.250'], ['A11.284.430.214.200', 'A11.284.430.429.200', 'A11.284.835.450.200'], ['A11.118.290', 'A11.443.240', 'A15.145.229.334'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['G02.111.665', 'G02.607.780', 'G03.796'], ['D13.570.800.790']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Trial-to-trial variability and state-dependent modulation of auditory-evoked responses in cortex.

Recent experimental work has provided evidence that trial-to-trial variability of sensory-evoked responses in cortex can be explained as a linear superposition of random ongoing background activity and a stationary response. While studying single trial variability and state-dependent modulation of evoked responses in auditory cortex of ketamine/xylazine-anesthetized rats, we have observed an apparent violation of this model. Local field potential and unit spike trains were recorded and analyzed during different anesthesia depths-deep, medium, and light-which were defined by the pattern of ongoing cortical activity. Estimation of single trial evoked response was achieved by considering whole waveforms, rather than just one or two peak values from each wave. Principal components analysis was used to quantitatively classify waveforms on the basis of their time courses (i.e., shapes). We found that not only average response but also response variability is modulated by depth of anesthesia. Trial-to-trial variability is highest under medium levels of anesthesia, during which ongoing cortical activity exhibits rhythmic population bursting activity. By triggering the occurrence of stimuli from the spontaneously occurring burst events, we show that the observed variability can be accounted for by the background activity. In particular, the ongoing activity was found to modulate both amplitude and shape (including latency) of evoked local field potentials and evoked unit activity in a manner not predicted by linear superposition of background activity and a stereotyped evoked response. This breakdown of the linear model is likely attributable to rapid transitions between different levels of thalamocortical excitability (e.g., spike-wave discharges), although brain "state" is relatively fixed.

['Acoustic Stimulation', 'Anesthesia', 'Anesthetics, Dissociative', 'Animals', 'Auditory Cortex', 'Evoked Potentials, Auditory', 'Female', 'Ketamine', 'Rats', 'Reaction Time', 'Xylazine']

[['E02.037', 'E02.190.888.030', 'E05.723.136'], ['E03.155'], ['D27.505.696.277.100.035.075.035', 'D27.505.954.427.210.100.035.075.035'], ['B01.050'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.500.814.249', 'A08.186.211.200.885.287.500.863.297'], ['G07.265.216.500.370', 'G07.888.250', 'G11.561.200.500.370'], ['D02.455.426.392.368.367.652'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['E05.796.817', 'F02.830.650', 'F04.669.817', 'G11.561.677'], ['D02.886.665.985', 'D03.383.855.985']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]']

Abolition of the cyclic variations in radiosensitivity during meiosis in a sporulation mutant blocked in premeiotic DNA synthesis.

The response to ultraviolet light (254 nm) of two sporulation mutants during the meiotic process was compared to that of a wild type diploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The cyclic pattern for cell killing and rho- induction characteristic of diploid wild type cells persists in a strain able to perform the premeiotic DNA synthesis but which is blocked in the further steps of meiosis (spo8 DMS1). On the contrary, these fluctations are abolished in a derived mutant (spo8 dsm1) which is blocked in the premeiotic DNA synthesis. Under these conditions, the response to cell killing can be dissociated from the observed for rho- induction.

['DNA', 'Meiosis', 'Mutation', 'Radiation Tolerance', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae', 'Spores', 'Ultraviolet Rays']

[]

[]

Leiomyosarcoma of the trachea.

A case of primary leiomyosarcoma in the trachea of a 63-year-old woman is presented. Owing to the rare occurrence of this tumour in this site, the clinical diagnosis and pathological classification are difficult. In the English literature, only six cases of primary leiomyosarcoma in the trachea are on record.

['Female', 'Humans', 'Leiomyosarcoma', 'Middle Aged', 'Radiography', 'Tracheal Neoplasms']

[['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C04.557.450.590.455', 'C04.557.450.795.455'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E01.370.350.700'], ['C04.588.443.925', 'C04.588.894.797.760', 'C08.785.760', 'C08.907.563']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Neurological complications of celiac disease and autoimmune mechanisms: preliminary data of a prospective study in adult patients.

Antibodies to gangliosides and Purkinje cells have been reported in patients with celiac disease (CD) with neuropathy and ataxia, respectively. Whether these antibodies are pathogenic is not clear. The response of neurological symptoms and antibody titers to a gluten-free diet is still controversial. The objective of our study was to assess whether neurological manifestations in CD patients correlate with antibody titers and a gluten-free diet.Thirty-five CD patients (9 males, 26 females, mean age 37.1 +/- 12.6 yrs) were followed prospectively. At initial evaluation, 23 were on a gluten-free diet, 12 were not. At recruitment and during follow-up, patients underwent neurological and electrophysiological evaluation. IgG, IgM, and IgA anti-ganglioside antibodies were assayed by ELISA; anti-neuronal antibodies were assessed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Four patients, all males, had electrophysiological evidence of neuropathy; three had been on a gluten-free diet for several months, and one was newly diagnosed. One had reduced tendon reflexes; another complained of distal paresthesias. With regard to anti-ganglioside antibodies, three patients had a moderate increase in antibodies without symptoms or signs of neuropathy. No patients had ataxia or cerebellar dysfunction, although in four patients reactivity to neuronal antigens was found. In 17 patients, an electrophysiological follow-up (mean duration of follow-up, 9 months) showed no changes. In conclusion, the preliminary results of this prospective study indicate that neuropathy, usually subclinical, may accompany CD. Antibody titers do not seem to correlate with neurological symptoms/signs or diet. Ongoing follow-up will help confirm these data and clarify the role, if any, of antibodies in neurological involvement in CD.

['Adult', 'Autoimmunity', 'Celiac Disease', 'Female', 'Gangliosides', 'Glutens', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Nervous System Diseases', 'Neurons', 'Prospective Studies']

[['M01.060.116'], ['G12.450.192'], ['C06.405.469.637.250', 'C18.452.603.250'], ['D09.400.410.420.025.475', 'D10.390.470.025.475', 'D10.570.877.360.025.475'], ['D12.776.765.433.500.500', 'D12.776.765.725.500.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C10'], ['A08.675', 'A11.671'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

Factors influencing adoption of facility-assisted delivery - a qualitative study of women and other stakeholders in a Maasai community in Ngorongoro District, Tanzania.

BACKGROUND: Tanzania's One Plan II health sector program aims to increase facility deliveries from 50 to 80% from 2015 to 2020. Success is uneven among certain Maasai pastoralist women in Northern Tanzania who robustly prefer home births to facility births even after completing 4+ ANC visits. Ebiotishu Oondomonok Ongera (EbOO) is a program in Nainokanoka ward to promote facility births through a care-group model using trained traditional birth attendants (TBAs) as facilitators. Results to date are promising but show a consistent gap between women completing ANC and those going to a facility for delivery. A qualitative study was conducted to understand psychosocial preferences, agency for decision-making, and access barriers that influence where a woman in the ward will deliver.METHODS: In-depth interviews, focus group discussions and key-informant interviews were conducted with 24 pregnant and/or parous women, 24 TBAs, 3 nurse midwives at 3 health facilities, and 24 married men, living in Nainokanoka ward. Interviews and discussions were transcribed, translated, and analyzed thematically using a grounded theory approach.RESULTS: Most women interviewed expressed preference for a home birth with a TBA and even those who expressed agency and preference for a facility birth usually had their last delivery at home attributed to unexpected labor. TBAs are engaged by husbands and play a significant influential role in deciding place of delivery. TBAs report support for facility deliveries but in practice use them as a last resort, and a significant trust gap was documented based on a bad experience at a facility where women in labor were turned away.CONCLUSIONS: EbOO project data and study results show a slow but steady change in norms around delivery preference in Nainokanoka ward. Gaps between expressed intention and practice, especially around 'unexpected labor' present opportunities to accelerate this process by promoting birth plans and perhaps constructing a maternity waiting house in the ward. Rebuilding trust between facility midwives, TBAs, and the community on the availability of health facility services, and increased sensitivity to women's cultural preferences, could also close the gap between the number of women who are currently using facilities for ANC and those returning for delivery.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Decision Making', 'Female', 'Focus Groups', 'Health Facilities', 'Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice', 'Home Childbirth', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Midwifery', 'Patient Preference', 'Pregnancy', 'Prenatal Care', 'Qualitative Research', 'Rural Population', 'Spouses', 'Tanzania', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['F02.463.785.373'], ['E05.318.308.112', 'N05.715.360.300.269', 'N06.850.520.308.112'], ['N02.278'], ['F01.100.150.500', 'N05.300.150.410'], ['G08.686.784.769.490.062.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['H02.478.676.416'], ['F01.100.150.750.625.500', 'F01.145.488.887.625.500', 'N04.452.822.700.500', 'N05.300.150.800.625.500'], ['G08.686.784.769'], ['E02.760.786', 'N02.421.143.620.704', 'N02.421.585.786'], ['H01.770.644.241.850'], ['N01.600.725'], ['F01.829.263.500.660', 'I01.880.853.150.500.670', 'M01.816'], ['Z01.058.290.120.840'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Anaerobic degradation of the benzene nucleus by a facultatively anaerobic microorganism.

A bacterium was isolated by elective culture with p-hydroxybenzoate as substrate and nitrate as electron acceptor. It grew either aerobically or anaerobically, by nitrate respiration, on a range of aromatic compounds. The organism was identified as a pseudomonad and was given the trivial name Pseudomonas PN-1. Benzoate and p-hydroxybenzoate were metabolized aerobically via protocatechuate, followed by meta cleavage catalyzed by protocatechuic acid-4,5-oxygenase, to yield alpha-hydroxy-gamma-carboxymuconic semialdehyde. Pseudomonas PN-1 grew rapidly on p-hydroxybenzoate under strictly anaerobic conditions, provided nitrate was present, even though protocatechuic acid-4,5-oxygenase was repressed. Suspensions of cells grown anaerobically on p-hydroxybenzoate oxidized benzoate with nitrate and produced 4 to 5 mumoles of CO(2) per mumole of benzoate added; these cells did not oxidize benzoate aerobically. The patterns of the oxidation of aromatic substrates with oxygen or nitrate by cells grown aerobically or anaerobically on different aromatic compounds indicated that benzoate rather than protocatechuate was a key intermediate in the early stages of anaerobic metabolism. It was concluded that the pathway for the anaerobic breakdown of the aromatic ring is different and quite distinct from the aerobic pathway. Mechanisms for the anaerobic degradation of the benzene nucleus by Pseudomonas PN-1 are discussed.

['Benzene', 'Benzoates', 'Cell-Free System', 'Centrifugation', 'Chemical Phenomena', 'Chemistry', 'Culture Media', 'Manometry', 'Nitrates', 'Oxygen', 'Oxygenases', 'Pseudomonas', 'Spectrophotometry', 'Vibration']

[['D02.455.426.559.389.023'], ['D02.241.223.100', 'D02.455.426.559.389.127'], ['A11.284.835.168'], ['E05.181'], ['G02'], ['H01.181'], ['D27.720.470.305', 'E07.206'], ['E05.559'], ['D01.248.497.158.606', 'D01.625.525.550', 'D02.583'], ['D01.268.185.550', 'D01.362.670'], ['D08.811.682.690'], ['B03.440.400.425.625.625', 'B03.660.250.580.590'], ['E05.196.712.726', 'E05.196.867.826'], ['G01.374.930']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Organisms [B]']

Radiation and chemical degradation of UVR protection characteristics of fabrics.

Clothing can provide substantial protection against solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and quantifying the amount of protection can have useful applications to recreational, occupational and medical situations. However, exposure of fabrics to sunlight and sea water can alter their physical and chemical properties, resulting in a change of UVR attenuation characteristics. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of environmental degradation of fabrics on their UVR protection characteristics. The methodologies applied in this study can be used also for the assessment of protective clothing against occupational exposure.

['Clothing', 'Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation', 'Materials Testing', 'Protective Clothing', 'Radiation Dosage', 'Radiation Protection', 'Radiometry', 'Sunlight', 'Textiles', 'Ultraviolet Rays']

[['J01.637.215'], ['E05.799.513.500', 'G01.750.740.500', 'G04.712.500', 'G07.225', 'G07.738.500', 'N06.850.810.250.180'], ['E05.570'], ['E07.700.600', 'J01.637.215.600', 'J01.637.708.560.875'], ['E05.799.513', 'G01.750.740', 'N06.850.810.250'], ['N06.850.810.425'], ['E05.799'], ['G01.358.500.505.650.836', 'G01.750.250.650.836', 'G01.750.770.578.836', 'G16.500.275.063.725.525', 'G16.500.750.775.525', 'N06.230.300.100.725.525'], ['J01.637.836'], ['G01.358.500.505.650.891', 'G01.590.540.891', 'G01.750.250.650.891', 'G01.750.750.659', 'G01.750.770.578.891', 'G16.500.275.063.725.525.600', 'G16.500.750.775.525.600', 'N06.230.300.100.725.525.600']]

['Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]']

[Abdominal polyarteritis nodosa: angiographic features].

PURPOSE: Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a systemic vasculitis of small and medium size arteries. The purpose of this study is to evaluate imaging findings, especially angiographic features, of 17 patients with abdominal involvement from polyarteritis nodosa.PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the medical records and imaging findings of 17 patients with PAN involving the abdomen. All patients underwent digital subtraction angiography of the renal or visceral arteries completed by a post-angiographic KUB. Abdominal CT scan was available in three patients. All patients underwent muscle biopsy. A surgical biopsy of the gallbladder was obtained in one patient.RESULTS: Multiple small aneurysms involving small and medium sized arteries were detected at angiography in 12 patients. CT showed a renal subcapsular hematoma in two patients and acute pancreatitis in one patient.CONCLUSION: Involvement of gastrointestinal and renal arteries is frequent in polyarteritis nodosa. The diagnosis of PAN should be considered when multiple small-sized aneurysms are present at angiography even if biopsy is negative.

['Abdomen', 'Abdominal Pain', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Aneurysm', 'Angiography, Digital Subtraction', 'Biopsy', 'Female', 'Fever', 'Humans', 'Hypertension', 'Kidney Diseases', 'Male', 'Mesenteric Artery, Superior', 'Middle Aged', 'Patient Selection', 'Polyarteritis Nodosa', 'Renal Artery', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Tomography, X-Ray Computed', 'Urography', 'Weight Loss']

[['A01.923.047'], ['C23.888.592.612.054', 'C23.888.821.030'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['C14.907.055'], ['E01.370.350.600.350.700.060', 'E01.370.350.700.060.060', 'E01.370.350.700.700.060', 'E01.370.350.760.060', 'E01.370.370.050.060'], ['E01.370.225.500.384.100', 'E01.370.225.998.054', 'E01.370.388.100', 'E04.074', 'E05.200.500.384.100', 'E05.200.998.054', 'E05.242.384.100'], ['C23.888.119.344'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C14.907.489'], ['C12.777.419', 'C13.351.968.419'], ['A07.015.114.565.755'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.581.500.653', 'N04.590.731'], ['C14.907.940.090.720', 'C14.907.940.897.500', 'C17.800.862.625'], ['A07.015.114.745'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['E01.370.350.350.810', 'E01.370.350.600.350.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.810.810', 'E01.370.350.825.810.810'], ['E01.370.350.700.830', 'E01.370.390.830'], ['C23.888.144.243.963', 'G07.345.249.314.120.200.963']]

['Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Effect of trabecular bone loss on cortical strain rate during impact in an in vitro model of avian femur.

BACKGROUND: Osteoporotic hip fractures occur due to loss of cortical and trabecular bone mass and consequent degradation in whole bone strength. The direct cause of most fractures is a fall, and hence, characterizing the mechanical behavior of a whole osteopenic bone under impact is important. However, very little is known about the mechanical interactions between cortical and trabecular bone during impact, and it is specifically unclear to what extent epiphyseal trabecular bone contributes to impact resistance of whole bones. We hypothesized that trabecular bone serves as a structural support to the cortex during impact, and hence, loss of a critical mass of trabecular bone reduces internal constraining of the cortex, and, thereby, decreases the impact tolerance of the whole bone.METHODS: To test this hypothesis, we conducted cortical strain rate measurements in adult chicken's proximal femora subjected to a Charpy impact test, after removing different trabecular bone core masses to simulate different osteopenic severities.RESULTS: We found that removal of core trabecular bone decreased by ~10-fold the cortical strain rate at the side opposite to impact (p < 0.01), i.e. from 359,815 +/- 1799 microm/m per second (mean +/- standard error) for an intact (control) specimen down to 35,997 +/- 180 microm/m per second where 67% of the total trabecular bone mass (approximately 0.7 grams in adult chicken) were removed. After normalizing the strain rate by the initial weight of bone specimens, a sigmoid relation emerged between normalized strain rate and removed mass of trabecular bone, showing very little effect on the cortex strain rate if below 10% of the trabecular mass is removed, but most of the effect was already apparent for less than 30% trabecular bone loss. An analytical model of the experiments supported this behavior.CONCLUSION: We conclude that in our in vitro avian model, loss of over 10% of core trabecular bone substantially altered the deformation response of whole bone to impact, which supports the above hypothesis and indicates that integrity of trabecular bone is critical for resisting impact loads.

['Animals', 'Biomechanical Phenomena', 'Bone and Bones', 'Chickens', 'Femoral Fractures', 'Femur', 'In Vitro Techniques', 'Models, Theoretical', 'Osteoporosis', 'Stress, Mechanical', 'Tensile Strength', 'Weight-Bearing']

[['B01.050'], ['G01.154.090', 'G01.374.089'], ['A02.835.232', 'A10.165.265'], ['B01.050.150.900.248.350.150', 'B01.050.150.900.248.690.192'], ['C26.404.061', 'C26.558.276'], ['A02.835.232.043.150'], ['E05.481'], ['E05.599'], ['C05.116.198.579', 'C18.452.104.579'], ['G01.374.835'], ['G01.374.850'], ['G01.374.965']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Congenital cytomegalovirus virus infection.

A 14 months old male child with psychomotor retardation and hypotonia is reported, where computerized axial tomography revealed multiple calcification and ventriculomegaly secondary to cortical atrophy. Investigation suggested the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection. Importance of early diagnosis is emphasized as the potential long term sequelae can be prevented or reduced markedly with available therapeutic options.

['Brain', 'Calcinosis', 'Cytomegalovirus Infections', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical', 'Intellectual Disability', 'Male', 'Pregnancy', 'Pregnancy Complications, Infectious', 'Tomography, X-Ray Computed']

[['A08.186.211'], ['C18.452.174.130'], ['C01.925.256.466.245'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['N06.850.335.875'], ['C10.597.606.360', 'C23.888.592.604.646', 'F01.700.687', 'F03.625.539'], ['G08.686.784.769'], ['C01.674', 'C13.703.700'], ['E01.370.350.350.810', 'E01.370.350.600.350.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.810.810', 'E01.370.350.825.810.810']]

['Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Adaptation of the Body Image Self-Consciousness Scale (BISC-PL) in Polish females.

OBJECTIVES: This paper presents the Polish version of the Body Image Self-Consciousness Scale (BISC-PL) originally developed by M.W. Wiederman.METHODS: Psychometric properties of the BISC-PLwere examined in a sample of 169 young women aged 18-35 (M = 22.24; SD = 3.61) who self-identified as heterosexual. Measures of sexual self-esteem, heterosexual experience, body satisfaction, self-monitoring and other variables were administered along with the BISC-PL for validity testing.RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis (with the use of WLSMV) proved the one-factor structure of the BISC-PL. Goodness of fit indices were: CFI =0.91; TLI =0.90; RMSEA=0.06; SRMR = 0.05. In most cases the tool confirmed its construct and discriminant validity with regard to the aforementioned variables. BISC-PLscores were predictive of sexual self-esteem and self-evaluation of oneself as a sexual partner, beyond effects due to body satisfaction and self-evaluated body attractiveness. The instrument was found to be a reliable (. = 0.96) and valid measure of body image self-consciousness during physical intimacy with a partner in studied women.CONCLUSIONS: Polish version of the BISC can be considered comparable to the original measure. The BISC-PLmay be recommended as a useful tool to complement Polish research and practise. Results are discussed with regard to limitations of the current research and implications for future studies.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Body Image', 'Consciousness', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Personal Satisfaction', 'Poland', 'Psychometrics', 'Self Concept', 'Surveys and Questionnaires', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['F01.752.747.792.110', 'F02.463.593.112'], ['F02.463.188.409', 'F02.830.233'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F01.145.677'], ['Z01.542.248.679'], ['F04.711.780'], ['F01.752.747.792'], ['E05.318.308.980', 'N05.715.360.300.800', 'N06.850.520.308.980'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

Topography of horizontal cells in the retina of the domestic cat.

Neurofibrillar methods stain a class of horizontal cells in the cat retina which are shown to be identical with the A-type horizontal cell of Golgi-staining. Thus all of the A-type cells of a single retina can be observed. On this basis the changes in density and dendritic field size of A-type horizontal cells with respect to retinal eccentricity were measured. The decrease in density from centre to periphery is balanced by a corresponding increase in size of the dendritic field. Consequently each retinal point--independent of retinal position--is covered by the dendritic fields of three of four A-type horizontal cells. The nuclei and nucleoli of B-type horizontal cells could also be recognized in neurofibrillar-stained material and thus their distribution was determined. The density ratio B-type: A-type is 2.8 +/- 0.4 and does not vary much from the centre to the periphery of the retina. Each retinal point is also covered by four B-type horizontal cells. Thus a single cone can contact a maximum of eight horizontal cells. The rate of density decrease from centre to periphery is closely similar in cones and horizontal cells but greater in ganglion cells.

['Animals', 'Cats', 'Dendrites', 'Neurofibrils', 'Photoreceptor Cells', 'Retina', 'Staining and Labeling', 'Visual Pathways']

[['B01.050'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.750.377.750.250.125'], ['A08.675.256', 'A11.284.180.225', 'A11.671.240'], ['A08.675.609', 'A11.284.430.214.190.750.640', 'A11.671.573'], ['A08.675.650.850.625', 'A08.675.650.915.937', 'A08.800.950.937', 'A09.371.729.831.625', 'A11.671.650.850.625', 'A11.671.650.915.937'], ['A09.371.729'], ['E01.370.225.500.620.670', 'E01.370.225.750.600.670', 'E05.200.500.620.670', 'E05.200.750.600.670'], ['A08.612.220.860']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

The effect of montelukast in a model of gouty arthritis induced by sodium monourate crystals.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are the first line of therapy in acute gouty arthritis. NSAIDs inhibit the cyclooxygenase pathway, but not the lipooxygenase activity and can have many adverse effects and thus have a limited effect on the control of inflammation in this disease. In this work we studied the effect of montelukast on the cellular inflammatory infiltrate in a model of murine arthritis induced by sodium monourate crystals (SMU), using a subcutaneous air cavity (air pouch) in BALB/c mice. Seven groups of BALB/c mice (n = 4) were distributed into five experimental groups and two inflammatory control groups, a positive and a negative one. Previous to SMU exposure, the experimental groups received montelukast (1 and 0.01 mg/Kg/w) and/or indomethacine (2.5 mg/Kg/w), followed by administration of SMU in the air pouch. The total and differential counts of inflammatory cells were analyzed after 2, 6, 12 and 24 hours. Montelukast, significantly reduced the total number of cells (p < 0.05), with a predominant impact on polymorphonuclear over mononuclear cells, especially after 12 hours of the medication. The montelukast/indometacine combination showed an additive effect. Our data show that montelukast has an anti-inflammatory effect in the model of gouty arthritis. Consequently, anti-leukotrienes could represent a new and effective therapy, either isolated or combined with conventional therapy of gouty arthritis.

['Acetates', 'Animals', 'Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal', 'Arthritis, Gouty', 'Cell Migration Assays, Leukocyte', 'Disease Models, Animal', 'Dose-Response Relationship, Drug', 'Drug Evaluation, Preclinical', 'Drug Synergism', 'Indomethacin', 'Inflammation', 'Leukocytes, Mononuclear', 'Leukotriene Antagonists', 'Male', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred BALB C', 'Neutrophils', 'Premedication', 'Quinolines', 'Uric Acid']

[['D02.241.081.018', 'D10.251.400.045'], ['B01.050'], ['D27.505.696.663.850.014.040.500', 'D27.505.954.158.030', 'D27.505.954.329.030'], ['C05.550.114.423.410', 'C05.550.354.500.500', 'C05.799.414.410', 'C16.320.565.798.368.410', 'C18.452.648.798.368.410'], ['E01.370.225.500.335.500', 'E01.370.225.812.125.500', 'E05.200.500.335.500', 'E05.200.812.125.500', 'E05.242.335.500', 'E05.478.594.122.500'], ['C22.232', 'E05.598.500', 'E05.599.395.080'], ['G07.690.773.875', 'G07.690.936.500'], ['E05.290.750', 'E05.337.550'], ['G07.690.773.968.477'], ['D03.633.100.473.420'], ['C23.550.470'], ['A11.118.637.555', 'A15.145.229.637.555', 'A15.382.490.555'], ['D06.347.565', 'D27.505.696.399.450.565'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.338', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.338'], ['A11.118.637.415.583', 'A11.627.340.583', 'A11.733.689', 'A15.145.229.637.415.583', 'A15.382.490.315.583', 'A15.382.680.689'], ['E02.319.703'], ['D03.633.100.810'], ['D03.132.960.877', 'D03.633.100.759.758.824.877']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Beta-cell function improvement after biliopancreatic diversion in subjects with type 2 diabetes and morbid obesity.

In subjects with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) improves glucose stimulated insulin secretion, whereas the effects on other secretion mechanisms are still unknown. Our objective was to evaluate the early effects of BPD on nonglucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In 16 morbid obese subjects (9 with T2DM and 7 with normal fasting glucose (NFG)), we measured insulin secretion after glucose-dependent arginine stimulation test and after intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) before and 1 month after BPD. After surgery the mean weight lost was 13% in both groups. The acute insulin response during IVGTT was improved in T2DM after BDP (from 55 +/- 10 to 277 +/- 91 pmol/l, P = 0.03). A reduction of insulin response to arginine was observed in NFG, whereas opposite was found in T2DM. In particular, acute insulin response to arginine at basal glucose concentrations (AIR(basal)) was reduced but insulin response at 14 mmol/l of plasma glucose (AIR(14)) was increased. Therefore, after BPD any statistical difference in AIR(14) between NFG and T2DM disappeared (1,032 +/- 123 for NFG and 665 +/- 236 pmol/l for T2DM, P = ns). The same was observed for Slope(AIR), a measure of glucose potentiation, reduced in T2DM before BPD but increased after surgery, when no statistically significant difference resulted compared with NFG (Slope(AIR) after BPD: 78 +/- 11 in NFG and 56 +/- 18 pmol/l in T2DM, P = ns). In conclusion, in obese T2DM subjects 1 month after BPD we observed a great improvement of both glucose- and nonglucose-stimulated insulin secretions. The mechanisms by which BDP improve insulin secretion are still unknown.

['Adult', 'Area Under Curve', 'Biliopancreatic Diversion', 'Blood Glucose', 'Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2', 'Female', 'Glucose Tolerance Test', 'Humans', 'Insulin', 'Insulin Resistance', 'Insulin Secretion', 'Insulin-Secreting Cells', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Obesity, Morbid', 'Statistics, Nonparametric', 'Time Factors', 'Treatment Outcome']

[['M01.060.116'], ['E05.318.740.200', 'G03.787.101', 'G07.690.725.064', 'N06.850.520.830.200'], ['E04.210.120.086', 'E04.210.169'], ['D09.947.875.359.448.500'], ['C18.452.394.750.149', 'C19.246.300'], ['E01.370.225.124.100.355', 'E01.370.374.355', 'E05.200.124.100.355'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D06.472.699.587.200.500.625', 'D12.644.548.586.200.500.625'], ['C18.452.394.968.500', 'G07.690.773.984.617'], ['G03.442', 'G07.475'], ['A03.734.414.131', 'A06.300.414.087', 'A06.390.131', 'A11.382.625.092', 'A11.436.294.092'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C18.654.726.500.700', 'C23.888.144.699.500.500', 'E01.370.600.115.100.160.120.699.500.500', 'G07.100.100.160.120.699.500.500'], ['E05.318.740.995', 'N05.715.360.750.760', 'N06.850.520.830.995'], ['G01.910.857'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Physical functionality and self-rated health status of adult patients with knee osteoarthritis presenting in a primary care clinic.

BACKGROUND: Knee osteoarthritis is a chronic medical condition of public health importance in Nigeria which causes disability and impacts daily activities in the sufferers. This study aimed to describe the physical functionality and self-rated health status of adult patients with clinical knee osteoarthritis presenting at the Family Medicine Department, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 400 respondents. Knee osteoarthritis was diagnosed clinically using the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology. Morbidities, self-rated health status and physical functionality of the respondents were also assessed.RESULTS: Knee osteoarthritis was diagnosed in 46(11.5%) respondents. Respondents with knee osteoarthritis significantly rated their health worse than those without knee osteoarthritis (p <0.0001). Experience of pain, stiffness and performance of daily activities were significantly worse among respondents with knee osteoarthritis. Those who had knee osteoarthritis had significantly higher waist (p <0.0001), hip (p <0.0001) and knee circumferences (p <0.0001) respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed increasing age (OR=1.103; 95% CI=1.022 - 1.191), self-rated health worse than six months ago (OR=12.562; 95% CI=1.178-125.243), experience of stiffness after waking up in the morning (OR=12.758; 95% CI=3.572-45.569), stiffness after sitting/lying down/resting (OR=21.517; 95% CI=2.213-209.220) and waist circumference (OR=1.225;95% CI=1.017-1.477) to be the most significantly associated with knee osteoarthritis.CONCLUSION: Knee osteoarthritis significantly impairs the health and daily activities of adult patients in Ibadan, Nigeria. Healthcare workers need to screen adult patients routinely at first-contact to detect knee osteoarthritis clinically early and manage appropriately.

['Activities of Daily Living', 'Adult', 'Age Factors', 'Aged', 'Ambulatory Care Facilities', 'Body Size', 'Chronic Disease', 'Cross-Sectional Studies', 'Disability Evaluation', 'Female', 'Health Status', 'Humans', 'Knee', 'Knee Joint', 'Logistic Models', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Nigeria', 'Odds Ratio', 'Osteoarthritis, Knee', 'Pain', 'Primary Health Care', 'Quality of Life', 'Severity of Illness Index']

[['E02.760.169.063.500.067', 'E02.831.067', 'I03.050', 'N02.421.784.110'], ['M01.060.116'], ['N05.715.350.075', 'N06.850.490.250'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['N02.278.035'], ['E01.370.600.115.100.160', 'E05.041.124.160', 'G07.100.100.160', 'G07.345.249.314'], ['C23.550.291.500'], ['E05.318.372.500.875', 'N05.715.360.330.500.875', 'N06.850.520.450.500.875'], ['E01.370.400'], ['I01.240.425', 'N01.224.425', 'N06.850.505.400.425'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A01.378.610.450'], ['A02.835.583.475'], ['E05.318.740.500.525', 'E05.318.740.600.800.450', 'E05.318.740.750.450', 'E05.599.835.875', 'N05.715.360.750.530.480', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.450', 'N05.715.360.750.695.470', 'N06.850.520.830.500.525', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.450', 'N06.850.520.830.750.450'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['Z01.058.290.190.565'], ['E05.318.740.600.600', 'G17.680.500', 'N05.715.360.750.625.590', 'N06.850.520.830.600.600'], ['C05.550.114.606.500', 'C05.799.613.500'], ['C23.888.592.612', 'F02.830.816.444', 'G11.561.790.444'], ['N04.590.233.727'], ['I01.800', 'K01.752.400.750', 'N06.850.505.400.425.837'], ['E05.318.308.980.438.475.456.500', 'N05.715.360.300.800.438.375.364.500', 'N06.850.520.308.980.438.475.364.500']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Humanities [K]']

Efferent retinal projections visualized by immunohistochemical detection of the estrogen-related receptor beta in the postnatal and adult mouse brain.

Recently, a new nuclear receptor subfamily has been identified and referred to as estrogen-related receptors. This new group shares sequence similarity, target genes, co-regulatory proteins, and action sites with the estrogen receptors; however, natural estrogens are not estrogen-related receptors ligands. One of the receptors belonging to this group, estrogen-related receptor beta (ERRbeta), is essential for embryo development and is believed to be involved in estrogen-regulated pathways. In this study, we analyzed the presence of the ERRbeta protein in the mouse brain by means of immunohistochemistry, using a commercial polyclonal antibody against ERRbeta (Sigma, E0156). This study represents the first description dealing with the immunolocalization of ERRbeta in a mammalian brain. Our results revealed numerous ERRbeta immunoreactive fibers in the retinal efferent projections in the brain, which was in agreement with the presence of intense ERRbeta immunoreactivity in the cell bodies and axonal processes of the retinal ganglion cells. In both postnatal and adult brains, ERRbeta immunoreactive fibers were distributed in a pattern which perfectly matched the retinal efferent projections: optic tract, supraoptic commissure, hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus, ventral and dorsal geniculate nuclei, pretectal nuclei, and superior colliculus. Due to reliable, fine, and complete staining of the retinal axons obtained with the anti-ERRbeta antibody (E0156), we suggest that this antibody could be used as a valuable tool for labeling the full retinofugal projections in postnatal or adult brains.

['Aging', 'Animals', 'Animals, Newborn', 'Antibody Specificity', 'Brain', 'Brain Mapping', 'Diencephalon', 'Efferent Pathways', 'Estrogen Receptor beta', 'Estrogens', 'Female', 'Immunohistochemistry', 'Male', 'Mesencephalon', 'Mice', 'Presynaptic Terminals', 'Retinal Ganglion Cells', 'Visual Pathways']

[['G07.345.124'], ['B01.050'], ['B01.050.050.282'], ['G12.100'], ['A08.186.211'], ['E01.370.350.578.875.500', 'E01.370.376.537.625.500', 'E05.629.875.500'], ['A08.186.211.200.317'], ['A08.612.380'], ['D12.776.826.750.350.262'], ['D27.505.696.399.472.277'], ['E01.370.225.500.607.512', 'E01.370.225.750.551.512', 'E05.200.500.607.512', 'E05.200.750.551.512', 'E05.478.583', 'H01.158.100.656.234.512', 'H01.158.201.344.512', 'H01.158.201.486.512', 'H01.181.122.573.512', 'H01.181.122.605.512'], ['A08.186.211.132.659'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['A08.675.542.145.750', 'A08.850.700', 'A11.284.149.165.420.780.700', 'A11.671.137.750', 'A11.671.501.145.750'], ['A08.675.650.850.875', 'A09.371.729.831.875', 'A11.671.650.850.875'], ['A08.612.220.860']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]']

Cholinergic compounds. II - Synthesis and biological activity of epi- and allo-desethermuscarines.

To obtain further clarification of structure-activity relationships of cholinergic substances, which would give better understanding of cholinergic receptors, the carbocyclic analogs of epi-muscarine (I) and allo-muscarine (II) were prepared starting from 6-methyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (IV). Pharmacological tests show that these two compounds possess lower muscarinic activity than the carbocyclic analog of muscarine (desethermuscarine), the allo isomer being from 5 to 500 times more active than the epi isomer. Therefore, the activity in the carbocyclic series follows, for these receptors, the same pattern as the oxygenated one. As far as nicotinic activity is concerned. (I) is 2.5 times more active than (II), the effective doses being from 40 to 100 times higher than that of Ach. These results suggest a steric rather than an electronic influence for the ether oxygen, whose principal role seems to be that of contributing to the rigidity of the molecule. For most receptors assayed, an inverse relationship between the potency ratio of the isomers and the sensitivity towards Ach has been observed.

['Animals', 'Anura', 'Carboxylic Acids', 'Cyclization', 'Cycloheptanes', 'Cyclopentanes', 'Female', 'Heart', 'Hydrolysis', 'Ileum', 'Jejunum', 'Lactones', 'Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy', 'Male', 'Parasympathomimetics', 'Rats', 'Spectrophotometry, Infrared', 'Structure-Activity Relationship', 'Trachea']

[['B01.050'], ['B01.050.150.900.090.180'], ['D02.241'], ['G02.111.180', 'G02.607.133', 'G03.208'], ['D02.455.426.392.368.284'], ['D02.455.426.392.368.450'], ['A07.541'], ['G02.380'], ['A03.556.124.684.249', 'A03.556.249.124'], ['A03.556.124.684.500', 'A03.556.249.750'], ['D02.540'], ['E05.196.867.519'], ['D27.505.696.663.050.675'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['E05.196.712.726.676', 'E05.196.867.826.676'], ['G02.111.830', 'G07.690.773.997'], ['A04.889']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Aortic root replacement for ascending aortic disease: a 10 year review.

BACKGROUND: Bentall's procedure and its modifications have been used for over 40 years for the treatment of ascending aortic disease. This study reviewed 10 years of experience with Aortic Root Replacement (ARR) in a major cardiac surgical centre.METHODS: Eighty-nine patients underwent ARR between 1999 and 2009. The records were scrutinised by retrospective chart review.RESULTS: The mean age was 54 years. Seventy-nine percent of patients were male and 21% female. The indications for the procedure were Aortic Root Aneurysm (ARA) (65%), type A dissection (28%), infective endocarditis (4.4%) and prosthetic valve regurgitation (2.2%). Fifty-seven percent of these were performed electively and 43% as an emergency. A bicuspid aortic valve was present in 37%. Arch surgery was required in 15.7%, bypass grafting in 12.3% and mitral valve surgery in 5.6%. The descending aorta was involved in 16.8%. Operative mortality was 3.3% and in-hospital mortality 12.3%. Mean follow-up was 67.05 months (range 2-143). No patients required re-operation.CONCLUSIONS: The factors associated with increased in-hospital mortality were pre-operative haemodynamic instability, concommitant coronary artery disease and acute renal failure. The presence of a bicuspid valve may be associated with lower rates of complications, but no difference in mortality.

['Acute Kidney Injury', 'Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Aneurysm, Dissecting', 'Aorta, Thoracic', 'Aortic Aneurysm', 'Aortic Valve', 'Aortic Valve Insufficiency', 'Atrial Fibrillation', 'Coronary Artery Bypass', 'Coronary Disease', 'Elective Surgical Procedures', 'Emergencies', 'Endocarditis', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Heart Valve Prosthesis', 'Hemodynamics', 'Hospital Mortality', 'Humans', 'Intraoperative Complications', 'Length of Stay', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Mitral Valve', 'Postoperative Hemorrhage', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Survival Rate', 'Young Adult']

[['C12.777.419.780.050', 'C13.351.968.419.780.050'], ['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['C14.907.055.050'], ['A07.015.114.056.372'], ['C14.907.055.239', 'C14.907.109.139'], ['A07.541.510.110'], ['C14.280.484.048.500'], ['C14.280.067.198', 'C23.550.073.198'], ['E04.100.376.719.332', 'E04.100.814.868.750', 'E04.928.220.520.220'], ['C14.280.647.250', 'C14.907.585.250'], ['E04.249'], ['C23.550.291.781', 'N06.230.100.083', 'N06.850.376'], ['C14.280.282'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['E07.695.310'], ['G09.330.380'], ['E05.318.308.985.550.400', 'N01.224.935.698.400', 'N06.850.505.400.975.550.400', 'N06.850.520.308.985.550.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C23.550.505'], ['E02.760.400.480', 'N02.421.585.400.480'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['A07.541.510.507'], ['C23.550.414.941', 'C23.550.767.850'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['E05.318.308.985.550.900', 'N01.224.935.698.826', 'N06.850.505.400.975.550.900', 'N06.850.520.308.985.550.900'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]']

Influence of thyroid hormones on myelin proteins in the developing rat brain.

This communication describes developmental changes in myelin proteins prepared from control, hypothyroid, and hyperthyroid rat brain. In the 10- to 37-day postnatal period studied, total myelin protein was found to double, and this change mainly reflected the increase in proteolipid and basic protein constituents. Thyroid states affect differentially the various myelin proteins. Hypothyroidism decreases the proteolipid and slow-moving basic protein, but has no effect on the fast basic or minor proteins. In hyperthyroidism, an increase was observed in proteolipid as well as both slow- and fast-moving proteins. The protein alterations were correlated to the changes previously found in lipid composition of myelin consequent upon hypo- and hyperthyroidism, and the role of thyroid hormones in brain development.

['Age Factors', 'Animals', 'Brain', 'Brain Chemistry', 'Depression, Chemical', 'Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel', 'Female', 'Lipid Metabolism', 'Mice', 'Myelin Sheath', 'Nerve Tissue Proteins', 'Rabbits', 'Rats', 'Stimulation, Chemical', 'Thyroid Hormones', 'Thyroidectomy', 'Thyroxine']

[['N05.715.350.075', 'N06.850.490.250'], ['B01.050'], ['A08.186.211'], ['G02.111.150', 'G03.185'], ['G07.690.773.750'], ['E05.196.401.402', 'E05.301.300.319'], ['G03.458'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['A08.637.600.500', 'A08.637.800.500', 'A08.675.542.512.560', 'A08.800.800.690.500', 'A10.755.503', 'A11.284.149.165.600', 'A11.650.600.500', 'A11.650.800.500', 'A11.671.501.512.560', 'A11.671.514.553'], ['D12.776.631'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.968.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['G07.690.773.996'], ['D06.472.931'], ['E04.270.856'], ['D06.472.931.812', 'D12.125.072.050.767']]

['Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Establishing and testing the "reuse potential" indicator for managing wastes as resources.

This study advances contemporary ideas promoting the importance of managing wastes as resources such as closed-loop or circular material economies, and sustainable materials management by reinforcing the notion of a resource-based paradigm rather than a waste-based one. It features the creation of a quantitative tool, the "reuse potential indicator" to specify how "resource-like" versus how "waste-like" specific materials are on a continuum. Even with increasing attention to waste reuse and resource conservation, constant changes in product composition and complexity have left material managers without adequate guidance to make decisions about what is technically feasible to recover from the discard stream even before markets can be considered. The reuse potential indicator is developed to aid management decision-making about waste based not on perception but more objectively on the technical ability of the materials to be reused in commerce. This new indicator is based on the extent of technological innovation and commercial application of actual reuse approaches identified and cataloged. Coal combustion by-products (CCBs) provide the test case for calculating the reuse potential indicator. While CCBs are often perceived as wastes and then isolated in landfills or surface impoundments, there is also a century-long history in the industry of developing technologies to reuse CCBs. The recent statistics show that most CCBs generated in Europe and Japan are reused (90-95%), but only 40-45% of CCBs are used in the United States. According to the reuse potential calculation, however, CCBs in the United States have high technical reusability. Of the four CCBs examined under three different regulatory schemes, reuse potential for boiler slag and flue-gas desulfurization gypsum maintains a value greater than 0.8 on a 0-1 scale, indicating they are at least 80% resource-like. Under current regulation in the United States, both fly ash and bottom ash are 80-90% resource-like. Very strict regulation would remove many reuse options decreasing potential for these two CCBs to 30% resource-like. A more holistic view of waste and broad application of the new indicator would make clear what technologies are available and assist public and private decision makers in setting quantitative material reuse targets from a new knowledge base that reinforces a resource-based paradigm.

['Coal Ash', 'Conservation of Natural Resources', 'Industrial Waste', 'Recycling', 'United States', 'Waste Management']

[['D20.633.110'], ['J01.256', 'N06.230.080'], ['D20.944.420', 'N06.850.460.710.420'], ['N06.850.780.200.800.800.525', 'N06.850.860.510.244'], ['Z01.107.567.875'], ['N06.850.780.200.800.800.900', 'N06.850.860.510.900']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Suicide Attempters, Suicide Ideators, and Non-Ideators.

Background: Suicide ideation is a prerequisite for suicide attempts. However, the majority of ideators will never act on their thoughts. It is therefore crucial to understand factors that differentiate those who consider suicide from those who make suicide attempts. Aim: Our aim was to investigate the role of protective factors in differentiating non-ideators, suicide ideators, and suicide attempters. Method: Inpatients without suicide ideation (n = 32) were compared with inpatients with current suicide ideation (n = 37) and with inpatients with current suicide ideation and a lifetime history of suicide attempts (n = 26) regarding positive mental health, self-esteem, trust in higher guidance, social support, and reasons for living. Results: Non-ideators reported more positive mental health, social support, reasons for living, and self-esteem than suicide ideators and suicide attempters did. No group differences were found regarding trust in higher guidance. Suicide ideators and suicide attempters did not differ regarding any of the study variables. Limitations: Results stem from a cross-sectional study of suicide attempts; thus, neither directionality nor generalizability to fatal suicide attempts can be determined. Conclusion: Various protective factors are best characterized to distinguish ideators from nonsuicidal inpatients. However, the same variables seem to offer no information about the difference between ideators and attempters.

['Adult', 'Anxiety Disorders', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Inpatients', 'Male', 'Mental Health', 'Middle Aged', 'Mood Disorders', 'Psychiatric Department, Hospital', 'Self Concept', 'Social Support', 'Somatoform Disorders', 'Spirituality', 'Suicidal Ideation', 'Suicide, Attempted']

[['M01.060.116'], ['F03.080'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.643.470'], ['F02.418', 'N01.400.500'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['F03.600'], ['N02.278.216.500.968.641', 'N04.452.442.452.422.641'], ['F01.752.747.792'], ['I01.880.853.500.600'], ['F03.875'], ['F02.880.705', 'K01.844.664.500'], ['F01.145.126.980.875.149', 'I01.880.735.856.149'], ['F01.145.126.980.875.600', 'I01.880.735.856.600']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Humanities [K]']

Correlations between stochastic epidemics in two interacting populations.

It is increasingly apparent that heterogeneity in the interaction between individuals plays an important role in the dynamics, persistence, evolution and control of infectious diseases. In epidemic modelling two main forms of heterogeneity are commonly considered: spatial heterogeneity due to the segregation of populations and heterogeneity in risk at the same location. The transition from random-mixing to heterogeneous-mixing models is made by incorporating the interaction, or coupling, within and between subpopulations. However, such couplings are difficult to measure explicitly; instead, their action through the correlations between subpopulations is often all that can be observed. Here, using moment-closure methodology supported by stochastic simulation, we investigate how the coupling and resulting correlation are related. We focus on the simplest case of interactions, two identical coupled populations, and show that for a wide range of parameters the correlation between the prevalence of infection takes a relatively simple form. In particular, the correlation can be approximated by a logistic function of the between population coupling, with the free parameter determined analytically from the epidemiological parameters. These results suggest that detailed case-reporting data alone may be sufficient to infer the strength of between population interaction and hence lead to more accurate mathematical descriptions of infectious disease behaviour.

['Communicable Diseases', 'Epidemics', 'Humans', 'Markov Chains', 'Models, Biological', 'Stochastic Processes']

[['C01.221', 'C23.550.291.531'], ['N06.850.290.200'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.740.600.500', 'E05.318.740.996.500', 'G17.830.500', 'N05.715.360.750.625.500', 'N05.715.360.750.770.500', 'N06.850.520.830.600.500', 'N06.850.520.830.996.500'], ['E05.599.395'], ['E05.318.740.996', 'G17.830', 'N05.715.360.750.770', 'N06.850.520.830.996']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Voxel-based analysis of PET amyloid ligand [11C]PIB uptake in Alzheimer disease.

BACKGROUND: PET studies with N-methyl-[(11)C]2-(4':-methylaminophenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole ([(11)C]PIB) have revealed an increased tracer uptake in several brain regions in Alzheimer disease (AD).OBJECTIVE: To employ voxel-based analysis method to identify brain regions with significant increases in [(11)C]PIB uptake in AD vs healthy control subjects, indicative of increased amyloid accumulation in these regions.METHODS: We studied 17 patients with AD and 11 control subjects with PET using [(11)C]PIB as tracer. Parametric images were computed by calculating a region-to-cerebellum ratio over 60 to 90 minutes in each voxel. Group differences in [(11)C]PIB uptake were analyzed with statistical parametric mapping (SPM) and automated region-of-interest (ROI) analysis.RESULTS: SPM showed increased uptake (p < 0.001) in the frontal, parietal, and lateral temporal cortices as well as in the posterior cingulate and the striatum. No significant differences in uptake were found in the primary sensory and motor cortices, primary visual cortex, thalamus, and medial temporal lobe. These results were supported by automated ROI analysis, with most prominent increases in AD subjects in the frontal cortex ([(11)C]PIB uptake 163% of the control mean) and posterior cingulate (146%) followed by the parietal (146%) and temporal (145%) cortices and striatum (133%), as well as small increases in the occipital cortex (117%) and thalamus (115%).CONCLUSIONS: Voxel-based analysis revealed widespread distribution of increased [(11)C]PIB uptake in Alzheimer disease (AD). These findings are in accordance with the distribution and phases of amyloid pathology in AD, previously documented in postmortem studies.

['Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Alzheimer Disease', 'Amyloid beta-Peptides', 'Aniline Compounds', 'Benzothiazoles', 'Brain', 'Brain Mapping', 'Carbon Radioisotopes', 'Cerebral Cortex', 'Corpus Striatum', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Image Processing, Computer-Assisted', 'Ligands', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Positron-Emission Tomography', 'Predictive Value of Tests', 'Thiazoles', 'Up-Regulation']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['C10.228.140.380.100', 'C10.574.945.249', 'F03.615.400.100'], ['D12.644.024', 'D12.776.049.407.249.500', 'D12.776.543.039.500'], ['D02.092.146'], ['D03.383.129.708.089', 'D03.633.100.185'], ['A08.186.211'], ['E01.370.350.578.875.500', 'E01.370.376.537.625.500', 'E05.629.875.500'], ['D01.268.150.075.328', 'D01.496.123.328', 'D01.496.749.154'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.500'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.249.487'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['L01.224.308'], ['D27.720.470.480'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E01.370.350.350.800.700', 'E01.370.350.600.350.800.399', 'E01.370.350.710.800.399', 'E01.370.350.825.800.399', 'E01.370.384.730.800.399'], ['E05.318.370.800.650', 'N05.715.360.325.700.640', 'N06.850.520.445.800.650'], ['D02.886.675', 'D03.383.129.708'], ['G02.111.905', 'G05.308.850', 'G07.690.773.998']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Drug-eluting stent treatment of a radiation-induced left internal mammary arterial graft stenosis.

A 62-year-old man underwent radiotherapy to the left upper chest for treatment of Pancoast syndrome on a background of previous coronary artery bypass grafting 12 years earlier. Within 1 year, he developed significant stenoses of both the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) graft and ostial left vertebral artery, presumably related to therapeutic radiation exposure. Initially diagnosed using computed tomography coronary angiography, the patient underwent percutaneous coronary intervention and insertion of a drug-eluting stent (DES) to the ostium of the LIMA graft via a left radial approach. He remains clinically well at 6-month follow-up. This is the first reported case in the literature of DES treatment of a radiation-induced vascular stenosis; however, the incidence of cardiovascular disease is elevated in such cases. In patients with a prior history of mantle radiation, consideration should be given to the routine assessment of internal mammary conduits prior to coronary artery bypass surgery.

['Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary', 'Coronary Angiography', 'Coronary Artery Bypass', 'Drug-Eluting Stents', 'Graft Occlusion, Vascular', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Pancoast Syndrome', 'Radiation Injuries']

[['E02.148.050.060.100', 'E04.100.376.719.100', 'E04.100.814.529.124.060.100', 'E04.100.814.529.968.050', 'E04.502.382.124.060.100', 'E04.502.382.968.050', 'E04.928.220.520.100', 'E05.157.016.060.100'], ['E01.370.350.130.625', 'E01.370.350.700.060.200', 'E01.370.370.050.200', 'E01.370.370.380.200'], ['E04.100.376.719.332', 'E04.100.814.868.750', 'E04.928.220.520.220'], ['E07.695.750.500'], ['C23.550.767.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C04.588.894.797.520.734', 'C08.381.540.734', 'C08.785.520.734'], ['C26.733', 'G01.750.748.500', 'N06.850.460.350.850.500', 'N06.850.810.300.360']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]']

Sites of clonidine action to inhibit gut propulsion in mice: demonstration of a central component.

The role of central (supraspinal and spinal) and peripheral alpha-adrenoceptors in the regulation of gastrointestinal propulsion in the mouse was studied using clonidine, an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist. Clonidine produced a dose-dependent inhibition of propulsion when given intracerebroventricularly, intrathecally, or subcutaneously, but was most potent when given intracerebroventricularly. The antitransit effects of centrally given clonidine were antagonized by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) yohimbine, but higher doses were required when this antagonist was given peripherally. Whereas i.c.v. and s.c. administration of clonidine were effective in inhibiting gut transit in spinally transected mice, intrathecal (i.th.) administration of this agonist was not. A supraspinal site of clonidine action is suggested based upon (a) the higher central to peripheral potency of clonidine; (b) the greater potency of i.c.v., compared with s.c., administration of yohimbine in blocking i.c.v. clonidine; (c) the lack of effect of i.th. administration of clonidine in spinally transected mice; and (d) the reduced potency of i.c.v., but not s.c., administration of clonidine in spinally transected mice. Additionally, a peripheral site of clonidine action is suggested by (a) the lower potency of i.c.v. yohimbine in blocking s.c., compared with i.c.v., clonidine; (b) the lower potency of i.c.v. yohimbine in blocking i.c.v. clonidine in transected mice (compared with normal mice); (c) the equal potency of s.c. clonidine in slowing propulsion in normal and spinally transected mice; and (d) the equal potency of i.c.v. yohimbine in blocking s.c. clonidine in normal and spinally transected mice. These data in mice would thus support the concept that normal (peripheral) therapeutic administration of clonidine would affect gut motor function by interactions within the brain and directly at the level of the gut.

['Animals', 'Clonidine', 'Gastrointestinal Transit', 'Injections, Intravenous', 'Injections, Intraventricular', 'Injections, Spinal', 'Injections, Subcutaneous', 'Male', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred ICR', 'Prazosin', 'Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha', 'Spinal Cord', 'Yohimbine']

[['B01.050'], ['D03.383.129.308.436.500'], ['E01.370.372.310', 'G10.261.360.525'], ['E02.319.267.082.750', 'E02.319.267.530.540'], ['E02.319.267.530.550'], ['E02.319.267.530.580'], ['E02.319.267.530.620'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.510', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.510'], ['D03.633.100.786.750'], ['D12.776.543.750.670.300.300.300', 'D12.776.543.750.695.150.300.300', 'D12.776.543.750.720.330.300.300'], ['A08.186.854'], ['D03.132.436.681.933', 'D03.633.100.473.402.681.933', 'D03.633.100.496.500.500.681.933']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Enhanced sensitivity for detection of coronary artery disease by addition of atropine to dipyridamole echocardiography.

Dipyridamole echocardiography test (DET) has gained acceptance due to its safety, feasibility, diagnostic accuracy and prognostic power. The main limitation of the test is a less than ideal sensitivity in some patient subsets, such as those with limited coronary artery disease. Atropine with dipyridamole might theoretically combine to become a synergistic ischaemic stress test, by increasing myocardial oxygen demand through chronotropic stress and by reducing flow supply through a shortening of the diastolic interval under maximal coronary vasodilation. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the addition of atropine to DET. Three hundred and twenty-one patients (age = 58 +/- 9 years), referred for testing in the echo lab, were initially studied by DET. Of these, 151 were stopped during or within the 2 min following dipyridamole infusion because of achievement of a predetermined end-point: obvious echocardiographic positivity (n = 137), severe chest pain (n = 3), diagnostic ST segment changes (n = 7) or limited side effects (n = 4). In another three cases, atropine was not given due to a history of glaucoma or severe prostatic hypertrophy. In the remaining 167 patients with a negative DET test, atropine (0.25 mg intravenously, repeated every min up to a maximum of 1 mg, if necessary) was added, starting 3 min after the end of the dipyridamole infusion. The dipyridamole-atropine echo test (DETA) was positive in 32 and negative in 135 patients, and no major side effects occurred in any patient.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Atropine', 'Blood Pressure', 'Coronary Angiography', 'Coronary Disease', 'Dipyridamole', 'Echocardiography', 'Female', 'Heart Rate', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Sensitivity and Specificity']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['D02.145.074.722.229.199', 'D03.132.760.180.572.199', 'D03.132.889.180.648.199', 'D03.605.084.500.722.229.199', 'D03.605.869.229.199'], ['E01.370.600.875.249', 'G09.330.380.076'], ['E01.370.350.130.625', 'E01.370.350.700.060.200', 'E01.370.370.050.200', 'E01.370.370.380.200'], ['C14.280.647.250', 'C14.907.585.250'], ['D03.383.742.175'], ['E01.370.350.130.750', 'E01.370.350.850.220', 'E01.370.370.380.220'], ['E01.370.600.875.500', 'G09.330.380.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.370.800', 'E05.318.740.872', 'G17.800', 'N05.715.360.325.700', 'N05.715.360.750.725', 'N06.850.520.445.800', 'N06.850.520.830.872']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]']

The role of complement in cryoglobulin-induced immune complex glomerulonephritis.

Many forms of glomerulonephritis are triggered by Ab localization in the glomerulus, but the mechanisms by which this induces glomerular inflammation are not fully understood. In this study we investigated the role of complement in a mouse model of cryoglobulin-induced immune complex glomerulonephritis. Several complement-deficient mice on a C57BL/6 and BALB/c genetic background were used and compared with strain-matched, wild-type controls. Cryoglobulinemia was induced by i.p. injection of 6-19 hybridoma cells producing an IgG3 cryoglobulin with rheumatoid factor activity against IgG2a of allotype a present in BALB/c, but not C57BL/6, mice. Thus, the cryoprecipitate in C57BL/6 mice consisted of the IgG3 cryoglobulin only (type I cryoglobulinemia) compared with IgG3-IgG2a complexes in BALB/c (type II cryoglobulinemia). The survival of mice was not affected by complement deficiency. Glomerular influx of neutrophils was significantly less in C3-, factor B-, and C5-deficient mice compared with wild-type and C1q-deficient mice. It did not correlate with C3 deposition, but did correlate with the amount of C6 deposited. Deficiency of CD59a, the membrane inhibitor of the membrane attack complex, did not induce an increase in neutrophil infiltration, suggesting that the generation of C5a accounts for the effects observed. There was no apparent difference between cryoglobulinemia types I and II regarding the role of complement. Our results suggest that in this model of cryoglobulin-induced glomerulonephritis the neutrophil influx was mediated by C5 activation with the alternative pathway playing a prominent role in its cleavage. Thus, blocking C5 is a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing renal injury in cryoglobulinemia.

['Animals', 'Complement System Proteins', 'Cryoglobulinemia', 'Female', 'Glomerulonephritis', 'Hybridomas', 'Immune Complex Diseases', 'Male', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred BALB C', 'Mice, Inbred C57BL', 'Mice, Knockout', 'Neutrophils']

[['B01.050'], ['D12.776.124.486.274'], ['C14.907.454.140', 'C15.378.147.780.243', 'C15.378.463.515.140', 'C20.683.780.250'], ['C12.777.419.570.363', 'C13.351.968.419.570.363'], ['A11.251.353.485', 'A11.251.600.485'], ['C20.543.520'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.338', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.338'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.420', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.420'], ['B01.050.050.136.500.500', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.550.455', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.800.500'], ['A11.118.637.415.583', 'A11.627.340.583', 'A11.733.689', 'A15.145.229.637.415.583', 'A15.382.490.315.583', 'A15.382.680.689']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Motivation, effort and life circumstances as predictors of foot ulcers and amputations in people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

AIM: To investigate the predictive value of both patients' motivation and effort in their management of Type 2 diabetes and their life circumstances for the development of foot ulcers and amputations.METHODS: This study was based on the Diabetes Care in General Practice study and Danish population and health registers. The associations between patient motivation, effort and life circumstances and foot ulcer prevalence 6 years after diabetes diagnosis and the incidence of amputation in the following 13 years were analysed using odds ratios from logistic regression and hazard ratios from Cox regression models, respectively.RESULTS: Foot ulcer prevalence 6 years after diabetes diagnosis was 2.93% (95% CI 1.86-4.00) among 956 patients. General practitioners' indication of 'poor' vs 'very good' patient motivation for diabetes management was associated with higher foot ulcer prevalence (odds ratio 6.11, 95% CI 1.22-30.61). The same trend was seen for 'poor' vs 'good' influence of the patient's own effort in diabetes treatment (odds ratio 7.06, 95% CI 2.65-18.84). Of 1058 patients examined at 6-year follow-up, 45 experienced amputation during the following 13 years. 'Poor' vs 'good' influence of the patients' own effort was associated with amputation (hazard ratio 7.12, 95% CI 3.40-14.92). When general practitioners assessed the influence of patients' life circumstances as 'poor' vs 'good', the amputation incidence increased (hazard ratio 2.97, 95% CI 1.22-7.24). 'Poor' vs 'very good' patient motivation was also associated with a higher amputation incidence (hazard ratio 7.57, 95% CI 2.43-23.57), although not in fully adjusted models.CONCLUSIONS: General practitioners' existing knowledge of patients' life circumstances, motivation and effort in diabetes management should be included in treatment strategies to prevent foot complications.

['Amputation', 'Combined Modality Therapy', 'Cross-Sectional Studies', 'Denmark', 'Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2', 'Diabetic Foot', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Humans', 'Incidence', 'Life Change Events', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Motivation', 'Patient Compliance', 'Prevalence', 'Proportional Hazards Models', 'Prospective Studies', 'Registries', 'Risk Factors', 'Self Care', 'Sex Factors']

[['E04.555.080'], ['E02.186'], ['E05.318.372.500.875', 'N05.715.360.330.500.875', 'N06.850.520.450.500.875'], ['Z01.542.816.124'], ['C18.452.394.750.149', 'C19.246.300'], ['C14.907.320.191', 'C17.800.893.592.450.200', 'C19.246.099.500.191', 'C19.246.099.937.250'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.308.985.525.375', 'N01.224.935.597.500', 'N06.850.505.400.975.525.375', 'N06.850.520.308.985.525.375'], ['F01.829.458.410'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['F01.658', 'F01.752.543.500.750'], ['F01.100.150.750.500.600', 'F01.145.488.887.500.600', 'N05.300.150.800.500.600'], ['E05.318.308.985.525.750', 'N01.224.935.597.750', 'N06.850.505.400.975.525.750', 'N06.850.520.308.985.525.750'], ['E05.318.740.500.700', 'E05.318.740.600.700', 'E05.318.740.750.725', 'E05.318.740.998.825', 'E05.599.835.900', 'N05.715.360.750.530.650', 'N05.715.360.750.625.650', 'N05.715.360.750.695.650', 'N05.715.360.750.795.825', 'N06.850.520.830.500.700', 'N06.850.520.830.600.700', 'N06.850.520.830.750.725', 'N06.850.520.830.998.912'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['E05.318.308.970', 'N04.452.859.819', 'N05.715.360.300.715.700', 'N06.850.520.308.970'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725'], ['E02.900', 'I03.050.563', 'N02.421.784.680'], ['N05.715.350.675', 'N06.850.490.875']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]']

[The effect of performance of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures on successful treatment of hemopneumothorax in isolated thoracic trauma].

Influence of performed diagnostic and therapeutic procedures on the outcome of the treatment of traumatic hemopneumothorax during isolated chest trauma. The aim of this study is the assessment of the influence of performed diagnostic and therapeutic procedures on the outcome of hemopneumothorax as a part of isolated chest trauma. The main group consists of 51 patients with hemopneumothorax. Patients with pneumothorax without effusion represent the first control group; the second control group consist of patients treated because of iatrogenic pneumothorax. In the main and control groups the analysis of clinical, roentgenographic and functional parameters was made, together with the analysis of particular therapeutic procedures, the estimation of the success of the treatment was based on roentgenographic and functional parameters. The higher incidence of hemopneumothorax compared with control groups during chest trauma in the analyzed material is statistically significant. The occurrence of bilateral hemopneumothorax in 10% of cases emphasizes the need of adequate roentgenographic assessment of injured patients. Regardless of the intensity of the trauma, symptoms do not always indicate the existence of hemopneumothorax. The number of fractured ribs is not of significant importance in terms of the occurrence of hemopneumothorax or pneumothorax. Severe dyspnea can be accompanied even with a smaller collapse of the lung independently of the amount of blood in the pleural cavity. Oxygenation in the arterial blood is impaired with the great and small pulmonary collapse. Hemodynamic disorders existed in 14% all cases. The higher frequency of operative treatment in the main group is statistically significant. The majority of cases of traumatic hemopneumothorax can be successfully treated by the conservative treatment. Accompanying complications do not have greater influence on the outcome.

['Adult', 'Hemopneumothorax', 'Humans', 'Iatrogenic Disease', 'Middle Aged', 'Thoracic Injuries']

[['M01.060.116'], ['C08.528.338', 'C23.550.414.904.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C23.550.291.875'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C26.891']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]']

Involvement of anion channels in mediating elicitor-induced ATP efflux in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots.

This study examines the roles of anion channels and ATP binding cassette (ABC) protein transporters in mediating elicitor-induced ATP release in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root cultures. The elicitor-induced ATP release was effectively blocked by two putative membrane anion channel blockers, niflumic acid and Zn(2+), but not by a specific Cl(-) channel blocker, phenylanthranilic acid. The elicitor-induced ATP release was also significantly suppressed by two ABC inhibitors, glibenclamide and ethacrynic acid. Notable ATP release from the hairy roots was also induced by verapamil (2mM), an ABC activator in animal cells. The verapamil-induced ATP release was effectively blocked by niflumic acid, but only slightly inhibited by the ABC inhibitors. Another notable effect of verapamil was the induction of exocytosis, the secretion of vesicle-like particles to the root surface. The verapamil-induced exocytosis was not inhibited by nifulumic acid and YE did not induce the exocytosis. Overall, the results suggest a significant role of anion channels, a possible involvement of ABC proteins and no significant involvement of exocytosis in mediating the ATP efflux in hairy root cells.

['ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters', 'Adenosine Triphosphate', 'Exocytosis', 'Ion Channels', 'Plant Roots', 'Salvia miltiorrhiza']

[['D12.776.157.530.100', 'D12.776.395.550.020', 'D12.776.543.550.192', 'D12.776.543.585.100'], ['D03.633.100.759.646.138.236', 'D13.695.667.138.236', 'D13.695.827.068.236'], ['G04.468'], ['D12.776.157.530.400', 'D12.776.543.550.450', 'D12.776.543.585.400'], ['A18.400'], ['B01.650.940.800.575.912.250.583.520.922.750']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]']

Doppler color flow imaging surveillance of deep vein thrombosis in high-risk trauma patients.

To determine the prevalence of upper and lower extremity deep vein thrombosis in high-risk trauma patients, 136 consecutive high-risk trauma patients were prospectively evaluated with weekly Doppler color flow imaging. Incomplete compressibility and visualized intraluminal thrombus were considered diagnostic of deep vein thrombosis. Pulmonary embolus was documented by pulmonary arteriography. Deep vein thrombosis occurred at 27 non-contiguous sites in 19 patients (14%). Eight of 27 cases of deep vein thrombosis (30%) involved the upper extremity and 19 (70%) occurred in the lower extremity. Twenty-one of 27 deep vein thromboses (78%) were partially occlusive, whereas six (22%) were occlusive. Pulmonary embolus was documented in three patients (2.2%). Doppler color flow imaging detected occult deep vein thrombosis in 14% of high-risk trauma patients (30% occurring in the upper extremity).

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Age Factors', 'Aged', 'Angiography', 'Arm', 'Child', 'Evaluation Studies as Topic', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Leg', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Peripheral Vascular Diseases', 'Prevalence', 'Prospective Studies', 'Pulmonary Embolism', 'Risk Factors', 'Thrombophlebitis', 'Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color', 'Veins', 'Wounds and Injuries']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['N05.715.350.075', 'N06.850.490.250'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['E01.370.350.700.060', 'E01.370.370.050'], ['A01.378.800.075'], ['M01.060.406'], ['E05.337', 'N05.715.360.335'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A01.378.610.500'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C14.907.617'], ['E05.318.308.985.525.750', 'N01.224.935.597.750', 'N06.850.505.400.975.525.750', 'N06.850.520.308.985.525.750'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['C08.381.746', 'C14.907.355.350.700'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725'], ['C14.907.355.830.925.770', 'C14.907.617.718.788', 'C14.907.940.740.910'], ['E01.370.350.850.850.850.850'], ['A07.015.908'], ['C26']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]']

A simulation program that teaches clinical decision making in nursing.

The aim of this project is to produce a multimedia computer simulation program, to be used in the training of clinical decision making with nursing students in Swedish schools of nursing. The program is based on a number of clinical scenes filmed in a ward and dealing with the postoperative care of a patient who has undergone reconstruction of the crucial ligament. The student's task is to assess the need for care for a newly postoperative patient and to plan the care for the first 24 hours. Special emphasis is given to pain assessment, pain relief and drug administration.

['Computer-Assisted Instruction', 'Education, Nursing', 'Humans', 'Patient Simulation', 'Problem-Based Learning', 'Sweden']

[['I02.903.771.500.208'], ['I02.358.462'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['I02.903.847.500'], ['F02.463.425.720', 'I02.158.660', 'I02.903.565'], ['Z01.542.816.500']]

['Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Splenic norepinephrine and serum corticosterone level fluctuations associated with bacteria-induced stress.

Corticosterone (CORT) and norepinephrine (NE), two effector molecules of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and the sympathetic-lymphoid (SL) axes, respectively, differentially influence murine host resistance to Listeria monocytogenes (LM). Serum CORT and splenic NE levels early (< or =24 h) after infection correlated positively with host resistance, as long as the LM burden did not exceed approximately 10(6) cfu LM per spleen. As previously reported, mice with right-circling preference (R-mice) have significantly greater host resistance to LM than those with left-circling preference (L-mice) and early after infection, R-mice had significantly higher serum CORT levels than L-mice. However, rapid pathogenesis with a high bacterial burden induced high activation of the HPA and SL axes, which prevented observable differences in the defense against LM, especially later in infection. With the high bacterial inoculum (10(5) LM), the splenic NE levels significantly increased, but no differences among R- and L-mice were discernible. We suggest that endogenous asymmetry of neuroimmune circuits contributes to differential host resistance, but the level of stress (bacterial inoculum) is critical. With regard to the neuroendocrine factors assessed, CORT, but not NE, levels significantly correlated with the enhanced defenses of R-mice in comparison to L-mice. The differential host resistance based on brain laterality seems to be more a function of the HPA axis and possibly other CNS effects on peripheral immunity than neurotransmitter release by the sympathetic innervation of the spleen.

['Animals', 'Behavior, Animal', 'Corticosterone', 'Listeriosis', 'Male', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred BALB C', 'Neuroimmunomodulation', 'Norepinephrine', 'Organ Size', 'Spleen', 'Stress, Physiological']

[['B01.050'], ['F01.145.113'], ['D04.210.500.745.745.654.237', 'D06.472.040.585.353.237'], ['C01.150.252.410.514'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.338', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.338'], ['G07.265.758', 'G11.561.630', 'G12.535.575'], ['D02.033.100.291.502', 'D02.092.063.480', 'D02.092.211.215.746', 'D02.092.311.830', 'D02.455.426.559.389.657.166.175.830'], ['E01.370.600.115.100.660', 'E05.041.124.715', 'G07.100.100.660', 'G07.345.249.690'], ['A10.549.700', 'A15.382.520.604.700'], ['G07.775']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]']

A density functional investigation of the extradiol cleavage mechanism in non-heme iron catechol dioxygenases.

The mechanism for extradiol cleavage in non-heme iron catechol dioxygenase was modelled theoretically via density functional theory. Based on the Fe(II)-His,His,Glu motif observed in enzymes, an active site model complex, [Fe(acetate)(imidazole)(2)(catecholate)(O(2))](-), was optimized for states with six, four and two unpaired electrons (U6, U4 and U2, respectively). The transfer of the terminal atom of the coordinated dioxygen leading to "ferryl" Fe=O intermediates spontaneously generates an extradiol epoxide. The computed barriers range from 19 kcal mol(-1) on the U6 surface to approximately 25 kcal mol(-1) on the U4 surface, with overall reaction energies of +11.6, 6.3 and 7.1 kcal mol(-1) for U6, U4 and U2, respectively. The calculations for a protonated process reveal the terminal oxygen of O(2) to be the thermodynamically favoured site but subsequent oxygen transfer to the catechol has a barrier of approximately 30-40 kcal mol(-1), depending on the spin state. Instead, protonating the acetate group gives a slightly higher energy species but a subsequent barrier on the U4 surface of only 7 kcal mol(-1) relative to the hydroperoxide complex. The overall exoergicity increases to 13 kcal mol(-1). The favoured proton-assisted pathway does not involve significant radical character and has features reminiscent of a Criegee rearrangement which involves the participation of the aromatic ring pi-orbitals in the formation of the new carbon-oxygen bond. The subsequent collapse of the epoxide, attack by the coordinated hydroxide and final product formation proceeds with an overall exoergicity of approximately 75 kcal mol(-1) on the U4 surface.

['Catechols', 'Estradiol', 'Heme', 'Nonheme Iron Proteins', 'Oxygenases']

[['D02.455.426.559.389.657.166'], ['D04.210.500.365.415.248', 'D06.472.334.851.437.500'], ['D03.383.129.578.840.500.640.587', 'D03.633.400.909.500.640.587', 'D04.345.783.500.640.587', 'D23.767.727.640.587'], ['D12.776.157.427.374', 'D12.776.556.579.374'], ['D08.811.682.690']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Value of computed axial tomography in severe laryngeal injury.

Two cases of severe laryngeal injuries were evaluated by computed axial tomography (CT). Results of these studies correlated well with surgical findings and were helpful in planning structural repair. Axial views obtained by laryngeal CT were distinctly superior to the bidimensional picture obtained by polytomography. In addition, the method proved more advantageous than contrast laryngography, which is often impossible to perform in the presence of massive swelling.

['Adult', 'Humans', 'Larynx', 'Male', 'Tomography, X-Ray Computed']

[['M01.060.116'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A04.329'], ['E01.370.350.350.810', 'E01.370.350.600.350.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.810.810', 'E01.370.350.825.810.810']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Effect of intravenous glucagon on the biliary secretion of a cholangiographic agent in man.

This study was undertaken in an attempt to define the mechanism whereby intravenous glucagon enhanced bile duct and gallbladder opacification at the time of infusion cholangiography. Seven post-operative gallstone patients with indwelling t-tubes were given a 1 h infusion of intravenous iotroxamide at a rate of 4.1 mg/kg body weight/min. Bile samples were collected by gravity drainage and assayed for iotroxamide and hence biliary iodine concentration. At the end of the 1 h infusion the mean biliary excretion rate (+/- s.e.m.) of iotroxamide was 26.1 +/- 3.4 mg/min and the iodine concentration in bile 9.7 +/- 1.2 mg/ml. 1 mg of intravenous glucagon given over 30 s at the end of the iotroxamide infusion produced a significant increase in bile flow (P less than 0.01). The excretion rate of iotroxamide rose rapidly following glucagon to reach a peak value of 43.8 +/- 8.1 mg/min 5 min after the glucagon (P less than 0.05). The enhanced biliary excretion of iotroxamide resulting from the glucagon injection was significant (P less than 0.05) 1, 3 and 5 but not 10 min after the hormone. The intravenous glucagon also caused a small but significant (P less than 0.05) elevation of the biliary iodine concentration to 10.9 +/- 1.2 mg/ml, 3 min after its injection, but by 5 min post-glucagon the iodine concentration in bile had reversed to pre-injection levels. The possible clinical implications of these results are discussed.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Bile', 'Cholangiography', 'Contrast Media', 'Drug Interactions', 'Female', 'Glucagon', 'Humans', 'Iodine', 'Iodipamide', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Time Factors']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['A12.200.087'], ['E01.370.350.700.715.200', 'E01.370.372.200'], ['D27.505.259.500', 'D27.720.259'], ['G07.690.773.968'], ['D06.472.699.587.730.500', 'D12.644.548.586.730.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D01.268.380.400'], ['D02.241.223.100.400.880.380', 'D02.455.426.559.389.127.375.880.380'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['G01.910.857']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]']

[Intraoperative measurement of stapes mobility using a hand-guided electromagnetic probe].

BACKGROUND: The hearing results of otosurgery are still unsatisfactory. Even after successful implantation of middle ear prostheses there often remains an air bone gap of 30 dB or more. As possible reasons dislocation of the prostheses due to scar growth, changes in prostheses' attachment or ventilation disorders are being discussed. Decreased stapes mobility, which has been judged only manually up to now, is supposed to be a further reason.METHOD: We are introducing a new electromagnetic probe. The output signal of this device is proportional to the impedance of the stapes-annular ligament cochlear fluid system at the sensor's resonance frequency (2.4 kHz). The advantage of this system is characterised by its hand-guidance. Injury of the sensitive stapes-annular ligament due to tremor movements of the surgeon can be excluded using a special construction of the sensor head. The maximum force of the sensor's tip onto the stapes during measurement is limited to below 5 mN.RESULTS: Preliminary measurement results of 20 patients are presented with normal and abnormal stapes mobility. These results are compared to the subjective impression of the surgeon, who usually tested the stapes mobility by hand. As a result of our investigations probe measurements can detect more exactly decreased mobility of the stapes than the surgeon.CONCLUSIONS: Our device may help to detect latent stapes fixation caused by chronic inflammation of the middle ear. The intraoperative measurement of stapes mobility may influence the strategy of the surgeon. Furthermore it would be helpful in patient consulting prior to a revision-tympanoplasty with predicting the potential hearing improvement.

['Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear', 'Electromagnetic Phenomena', 'Humans', 'Movement', 'Otitis Media', 'Otosclerosis', 'Stapes', 'Tympanoplasty']

[['C09.218.200', 'C17.800.428.260.300'], ['G01.358.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G07.568', 'G11.427.410'], ['C09.218.705.663'], ['C09.218.768'], ['A09.246.397.247.806'], ['E04.580.450.873']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

A single (99m)Tc-MIBI study to predict response to neoadjuvant treatment in sarcoma patiens.

Technetium-99m methoxy isobutyl isonitrile ((99m)Tc-MIBI) was used as a tumour imaging agent to predict the response of neoadjuvant treatment in patients with bone and soft tissue sarcoma. Our study included 31 patients (M:F = 23:8), 17 having osteosarcomas and 14 with soft-tissues sarcomas. Scintigraphy with (99m)Tc-MIBI was performed before the initiation of the neoadjuvant treatment. Static images were acquired at 10 and 60min post-injection and lesion to normal (L/N) ratios and washout rates (WR%) were calculated. Tumour response was assessed by detecting percent necrosis in a surgically resected specimen. Responses were correlated and compared with WR%. Percentage of tumour necrosis was 71.35±20.20% (mean±SD) with eight good and 23 poor responses. On visual analysis, 16 showed homogeneous, 11 heterogeneous and 4 doughnut shaped pattern of uptake. Seventy five percent of good responders had homogeneous uptake. Early and delayed L/N ratios were significantly different in both good and poor responders (P=0.006 and P<0.001, respectively) but correlated poorly with the tumour necrosis values in the specimen (R=0.23 and 0.06 respectively). Mean washout rate was 26.13±11.25% (median = 29%) and there was weak correlation between tumour necrosis and WR% (r=-0.32, P=0.029). The mean WR% of good responders was 15.0±10.0% and that of poor responders was significantly higher (30.1±8.8%, P=0.003). Good responders by 88% were below the median cut-of value. In conclusion WR% of (99m)Tc-MIBI may be used before surgery to identify poor responders to neoadjuvant treatment in patients with bone and soft tissue sarcomas.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Bone Neoplasms', 'Child', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Necrosis', 'Neoadjuvant Therapy', 'Osteosarcoma', 'Prognosis', 'Radionuclide Imaging', 'Radiopharmaceuticals', 'Sarcoma', 'Soft Tissue Neoplasms', 'Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi', 'Treatment Outcome', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['C04.588.149', 'C05.116.231'], ['M01.060.406'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C23.550.717'], ['E02.186.450'], ['C04.557.450.565.575.650', 'C04.557.450.795.620'], ['E01.789'], ['E01.370.350.710', 'E01.370.384.730'], ['D27.505.259.843', 'D27.505.519.871', 'D27.720.470.410.650'], ['C04.557.450.795'], ['C04.588.839'], ['D02.626.872', 'D02.691.825.937'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Health Care [N]']

Evidence for the occurrence of photorespiration in synurophyte algae.

The fluxes of CO(2) and oxygen during photosynthesis by cell suspensions of Tessellaria volvocina and Mallomonas papillosa were monitored mass spectrometrically. There was no rapid uptake of CO(2,) only a slow drawdown to compensation concentrations of 26 ìM for T. volvocina and 18 ìM for M. papillosa, when O(2) evolution ceased, indicating a lack of active bicarbonate uptake by the cells. Darkening of the cells after a period of photosynthesis did not cause rapid release of CO(2), indicating the absence of an intracellular inorganic carbon pool. However, upon darkening a brief burst of CO(2) was observed similar to the post-illumination burst characteristic of C(3) higher plants. Treatment of the cells of both species with the membrane-permeable carbonic anhydrase inhibitor ethoxyzolamide had no adverse effect on photosynthetic rate, but stimulated the dark CO(2) burst indicating the dark oxidation of a compound formed in the light. In the absence of any active accumulation of inorganic carbon photosynthesis in these species should be inhibited by O(2). This was investigated in four synurophyte species T. volvocina, M. papillosa, Synura petersenii, and Synura uvella: photosynthetic O(2) evolution rates in all four algae, measured by O(2) electrode, were significantly higher (40-50%) in media at low O(2) (4%) than in air-equilibrated (21% O(2)) media, indicating an O(2) inhibition of photosynthesis (Warburg effect) and thus the occurrence of photorespiration in these species.

['Bicarbonates', 'Carbon', 'Carbon Dioxide', 'Cell Respiration', 'Chrysophyta', 'Ethoxzolamide', 'Kinetics', 'Light', 'Oxidation-Reduction', 'Oxygen', 'Photosynthesis', 'Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase', 'Time Factors']

[['D01.200.275.150.100', 'D01.248.497.158.165.100'], ['D01.268.150'], ['D01.200.200', 'D01.362.150', 'D01.650.550.200'], ['G03.197', 'G04.270'], ['B01.750.150'], ['D02.065.884.500', 'D02.886.590.700.420', 'D02.886.675.197', 'D03.383.129.708.089.416', 'D03.633.100.185.416'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['G01.358.500.505.650', 'G01.590.540', 'G01.750.250.650', 'G01.750.770.578'], ['G02.700', 'G03.295.531'], ['D01.268.185.550', 'D01.362.670'], ['G02.111.158.937', 'G02.111.669.700', 'G02.740.921', 'G03.191.937', 'G03.493.700', 'G03.800.700', 'G15.568'], ['D08.811.520.224.125.800', 'D12.776.765.199.499'], ['G01.910.857']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]']

A study of iris melanoma in Northern Ireland.

A retrospective study of all cases of iris melanoma in Northern Ireland over a 15-year period was undertaken. A total of 18 cases were identified. Of these, nine were histologically proved to be iris melanomas of various types. Within the period of follow-up two patients died from metastatic deposits. In both cases invasion of the anterior face of the ciliary body was present on histological examination. The implications for management are discussed.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Humans', 'Iris Diseases', 'Male', 'Melanoma', 'Middle Aged', 'Neoplasm Metastasis', 'Northern Ireland', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Uveal Neoplasms']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C11.941.375'], ['C04.557.465.625.650.510', 'C04.557.580.625.650.510', 'C04.557.665.510'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C04.697.650', 'C23.550.727.650'], ['Z01.542.363.602'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['C04.588.364.978', 'C11.319.494', 'C11.941.855']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Maternal lipids are associated with newborn adiposity, independent of GDM status, obesity and insulin resistance: a prospective observational cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between maternal lipaemia and neonatal anthropometrics in Malaysian mother-offspring pairs.DESIGN: Prospective observational cohort study.SETTING: Single tertiary multidisciplinary antenatal clinic in Malaysia.POPULATION: A total of 507 mothers: 145 with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM); 94 who were obese with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) (pre-gravid body mass index, BMI ? 27.5 kg/m2 ), and 268 who were not obese with NGT.METHODS: Maternal demographic, anthropometric, and clinical data were collected during an interview/examination using a structured questionnaire. Blood was drawn for insulin, C-peptide, triglyceride (Tg), and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) during the 75-g 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) screening, and again at 36 weeks of gestation. At birth, neonatal anthropometrics were assessed and data such as gestational weight gain (GWG) were extracted from the records.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Macrosomia, large-for-gestational-age (LGA) status, cohort-specific birthweight (BW), neonatal fat mass (NFM), and sum of skinfold thickness (SSFT) > 90th centile.RESULTS: Fasting Tg > 95th centile (3.6 mmol/L) at screening for OGTT was independently associated with LGA (adjusted odds ratio, aOR 10.82, 95% CI 1.26-93.37) after adjustment for maternal glucose, pre-gravid BMI, and insulin sensitivity. Fasting glucose was independently associated with a birthweight ratio (BWR) of >90th centile (aOR 2.06, 95% CI 1.17-3.64), but not with LGA status, in this well-treated GDM cohort with pre-delivery HbA1c of 5.27%. In all, 45% of mothers had a pre-gravid BMI of <23 kg/m2 and 61% had a pre-gravid BMI of ? 25 kg/m2 , yet a GWG of >10 kg was associated with a 4.25-fold risk (95% CI 1.71-10.53) of BWR > 90th centile.CONCLUSION: Maternal lipaemia and GWG at a low threshold (>10 kg) adversely impact neonatal adiposity in Asian offspring, independent of glucose, insulin resistance and pre-gravid BMI. These may therefore be important modifiable metabolic targets in pregnancy.TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Maternal lipids are associated with adiposity in Asian babies independently of pre-gravid BMI, GDM status, and insulin resistance.

['Adult', 'Asian Continental Ancestry Group', 'Birth Weight', 'Body Mass Index', 'Case-Control Studies', 'Female', 'Fetal Macrosomia', 'Humans', 'Hyperlipidemias', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Malaysia', 'Male', 'Obesity', 'Pregnancy', 'Prospective Studies', 'Surveys and Questionnaires', 'Triglycerides']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.686.508.200'], ['C23.888.144.186', 'E01.370.600.115.100.160.120.186', 'E05.041.124.160.750.149', 'G07.100.100.160.120.186', 'G07.345.249.314.120.186'], ['E01.370.600.115.100.125', 'E05.041.124.125', 'G07.100.100.125', 'N06.850.505.200.100.175'], ['E05.318.372.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500'], ['C13.703.170.500', 'C13.703.277.570', 'C13.703.726.570', 'C16.300.570', 'C19.246.099.968', 'C23.888.144.186.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C18.452.584.500.500'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['Z01.252.145.487'], ['C18.654.726.500', 'C23.888.144.699.500', 'E01.370.600.115.100.160.120.699.500', 'G07.100.100.160.120.699.500'], ['G08.686.784.769'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['E05.318.308.980', 'N05.715.360.300.800', 'N06.850.520.308.980'], ['D10.351.801']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Clinical use of indices determined non-invasively from the radial and carotid pressure waveforms.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical use of radial and carotid artery applanation tonometry as an independent supplement to cuff sphygmomanometry.METHODS: In 44 patients, radial and carotid tonometric pressure recordings were taken at short intervals apart by two persons who had prolonged experience with both. Comparisons were made between directly recorded radial and carotid waveforms and between aortic waves synthesized from both, using SphygmoCor. Focus was on waveform features: time intervals between wavefoot and incisura, denoting ejection duration, between wavefoot and first systolic peak or shoulder T1, and augmentation index - the rise in pressure from this point to systolic peak divided by pulse pressure.RESULTS: No patient had discomfort with radial tonometry, whereas many found carotid tonometry uncomfortable. Beat-to-beat variability was lower for the radial than carotid site. The device's operator "quality index" was achieved for 78% of radial waveforms but just 20% of carotid waveforms (P<0.05). Interobserver variability was lower for all indices derived from radial, cf. carotid, waveforms. For the two observers combined, there was no difference between aortic indices determined from carotid and radial sites except for T1 (radial-derived 117+ or -17 ms, cf. carotid-derived 103+ or -17 ms, P<0.05), but this did not influence the value of augmentation index (radial-derived 26+ or -13%, cf. carotid-derived 28+ or -14%, P=NS).CONCLUSION: The present study conforms with most published results, and indicates superiority of radial to carotid tonometry in clinical practice.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Aorta', 'Blood Pressure', 'Blood Pressure Determination', 'Carotid Arteries', 'Humans', 'Middle Aged', 'Observer Variation', 'Radial Artery', 'Ventricular Function, Left']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['A07.015.114.056'], ['E01.370.600.875.249', 'G09.330.380.076'], ['E01.370.370.140', 'E01.370.600.100'], ['A07.015.114.186'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E01.354.753', 'N02.421.450.600', 'N05.715.350.150.675', 'N06.850.490.500.250'], ['A07.015.114.740'], ['G09.330.955.800']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]']

Effects of HCl-pepsin laryngeal instillations on upper airway patency-maintaining mechanisms.

Gastroesophageal reflux has been indicated as an etiopathological factor in disorders of the upper airway. Upper airway collapsing pressure stimulates pressure-responsive laryngeal receptors that reflexly increase the activity of upper airway abductor muscles. We studied, in anesthetized dogs, the effects of repeated laryngeal instillations of HCl-pepsin (HCl-P; pH = 2) on the response of laryngeal afferent endings and the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA) to negative pressure. The effect of negative pressure on receptor discharge or PCA activity was evaluated by comparing their response to upper airway (UAO) and tracheal occlusions (TO). It is only during UAO, but not during TO, that the larynx is subjected to negative transmural pressure. HCl-P instillation decreased the rate of discharge during UAO of the 10 laryngeal receptors studied from 56.4 +/- 10.9 (SE) to 38.2 +/- 9.2 impulses/s (P < 0.05). With UAO, the peak PCA moving time average, normalized by dividing it by the peak values of esophageal pressure, decreased after six HCl-P trials from 4.29 +/- 0.31 to 2.23 +/- 0.18 (n = 6; P < 0.05). The responses to TO of either receptors or PCA remained unaltered. We conclude that exposure of the laryngeal mucosa to HCl-P solutions, as it may occur with gastroesophageal reflux, impairs the patency-maintaining mechanisms provided by laryngeal sensory feedback. Inflammatory and necrotic alterations of the laryngeal mucosa are likely responsible for these effects.

['Animals', 'Catheterization', 'Dogs', 'Gastroesophageal Reflux', 'Hydrochloric Acid', 'Laryngeal Muscles', 'Larynx', 'Mechanoreceptors', 'Pepsin A', 'Reflex', 'Respiratory System']

[['B01.050'], ['E02.148', 'E05.157'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.750.250.216.200'], ['C06.405.117.119.500.484'], ['D01.029.260.326', 'D01.210.450'], ['A02.633.567.500', 'A04.329.604'], ['A04.329'], ['A08.675.650.915.750', 'A08.800.950.750', 'A11.671.650.915.750'], ['D08.811.277.656.074.500.700', 'D08.811.277.656.300.048.700'], ['E01.370.376.550.650', 'E01.370.600.550.650', 'F02.830.702', 'G11.561.731'], ['A04']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

A new technique for measuring the cell growth and metabolism of endothelial cells seeded on vascular prostheses.

For the improvement of vascular graft patency, an endothelial cell (EC) lining is desirable. It is essential that the EC remains viable after being seeded onto the prosthetic graft. The aim of this study was to adapt an Alamar redox assay (ABRA) as a technique to monitor the viability of ECs seeded on prosthetic grafts. To test the graft types, we seeded human umbilical vein ECs on compliant polyurethane (CPU), expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, and Dacron at a density of 2 x 10(5) cell/cm(2). After 24 h of incubation, ABRA was added, and the absorbance was measured at 4, 8, and 24 h. To assess seeded cell concentrations on grafts, we seeded CPU at densities ranging from 1 x 10(5) to 8 x 10(5) cell/cm(2). The validity of the test was assessed with sodium azide and mitomycin C, known physiological perturbators. ABRA reduction demonstrated that ECs were viable and functional postseeding on the prosthetic grafts. A significant correlation was observed with ABRA reduction and cell concentrations (p < 0.001). The acid phosphatase assay demonstrated enzyme activity in the cells, but they were not maintained under normal physiological conditions. The ABRA bioreduced product was soluble, stable, and noncytotoxic over 24 h. The assay is independent of the geometry or physiochemistry of the graft type. The technique allows the continuous assessment of the metabolism and viability of seeded cells, is simple to perform, and does not destroy the cells or graft materials.

['Biocompatible Materials', 'Bioprosthesis', 'Blood Vessels', 'Cell Division', 'Endothelium, Vascular', 'Humans', 'Oxidation-Reduction', 'Polymers']

[['D25.130', 'D27.720.102.130', 'J01.637.051.130'], ['E07.695.100'], ['A07.015'], ['G04.144.220', 'G04.161.750.500', 'G05.113', 'G07.345.249.410.750.500'], ['A07.015.700.500', 'A10.272.491.355'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G02.700', 'G03.295.531'], ['D05.750', 'D25.720', 'J01.637.051.720']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]']

Affinity purification of viral protein having heterogeneous quaternary structure: modeling the impact of soluble aggregates on chromatographic performance.

Prokaryote-expressed polyomavirus structural protein VP1 with an N-terminal glutathione-S-transferase tag (GST-VP1) self-assembles into pentamer structures that further organize into soluble aggregates of variable size (3.4 x 10(2)-1.8 x 10(4)kDa) [D.I. Lipin, L.H.L. Lua, A.P.J. Middelberg, J. Chromatogr. A 1190 (2008) 204]. The adsorption mechanism for the full range of GST-VP1 soluble aggregates was described assuming a dual-component model [T.Y. Gu, G.J. Tsai, G.T. Tsao, AICHE J. 37 (1991) 1333], with components differentiated by size, and hence pore accessibility, rather than by protein identity. GST-VP1 protein was separated into two component groups: aggregates small enough to access resin pores (LMW: 3.4 x 10(2)-1.4 x 10(3)kDa) and aggregates excluded from the resin pores (HMW: 9.0 x 10(2)-1.8 x 10(4)kDa). LMW aggregates bound to resin at a higher saturation concentration (29.7 g L(-1)) than HMW aggregates (13.3 g L(-1)), while the rate of adsorption of HMW aggregates was an order of magnitude higher than for LMW aggregates. The model was used to predict both batch and packed bed adsorption of GST-VP1 protein in solutions with known concentrations of HMW and LMW aggregates to Glutathione Sepharose HP resin. Asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation with UV absorbance was utilized in conjunction with adsorption experimentation to show that binding of HMW aggregates to the resin was strong enough to withstand model-predicted displacement by LMW aggregates. High pore concentrations of LMW aggregates were also found to significantly inhibit the diffusion rate of further protein in the resin pores. Additional downstream processing experimentation showed that enzymatic cleavage of LMW aggregates to remove GST tags yields more un-aggregated VP1 pentamers than enzymatic cleavage of HMW aggregates. This model can be used to enhance the chromatographic capture of GST-VP1, and suggests an approach for modeling chromatographic purification of proteins that have a range of quaternary structures, including soluble aggregates.

['Adsorption', 'Chromatography, Affinity', 'Escherichia coli', 'Models, Theoretical', 'Molecular Weight', 'Particle Size', 'Polyomavirus', 'Porosity', 'Protein Binding', 'Recombinant Fusion Proteins', 'Resins, Synthetic', 'Viral Proteins']

[['G01.030', 'G02.020'], ['E05.196.181.400.170'], ['B03.440.450.425.325.300', 'B03.660.250.150.180.100'], ['E05.599'], ['G02.494'], ['G02.712'], ['B04.280.210.700.615', 'B04.613.204.670.615'], ['G01.374.710'], ['G02.111.679', 'G03.808'], ['D12.776.828.300'], ['D05.750.716.822', 'D25.339.816', 'D25.720.716.822', 'J01.637.051.339.816', 'J01.637.051.720.716.822'], ['D12.776.964']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]']

Caspase inhibition protects nigral neurons against 6-OHDA-induced retrograde degeneration.

6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) administered intrastriatally to adult rats in a single injection causes neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway and loss of > 50% of dopamine neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta 30 days after administration. The death of nigral neurons occurs, at least partially, by a caspase-mediated mechanism. The nigral loss of dopaminergic neurons could be prevented by stereotaxical administration of zVAD.fmk, a caspase inhibitor, into the substantia nigra, indicating that 6-OHDA-induced nigrostriatal degeneration involves caspase activation. These results suggest that caspases are probably involved in neurodegenerative chronic processes such as Parkinson's disease and might be considered as possible targets in the treatment of such neurological disorders.

['Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones', 'Animals', 'Caspase Inhibitors', 'Corpus Striatum', 'Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors', 'Male', 'Nerve Degeneration', 'Neurons', 'Neuroprotective Agents', 'Oxidopamine', 'Rats', 'Rats, Sprague-Dawley']

[['D12.125.065'], ['B01.050'], ['D27.505.519.389.745.325.500'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.249.487'], ['D27.505.519.389.745.325'], ['C23.550.737'], ['A08.675', 'A11.671'], ['D27.505.696.706.548', 'D27.505.954.427.575'], ['D02.092.311.342.478.650', 'D02.455.426.559.389.657.166.175.342.478.650'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.750']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]']

Intraobserver and interobserver consistency for grading esophagitis with narrow-band imaging.

BACKGROUND: Narrow-band imaging (NBI) is a novel, noninvasive optical technique that adjusts reflected light to enhance the contrast between the esophageal mucosa and the gastric mucosa. Whether the use of this optical technique may increase consistency in describing the presence and severity of mucosal breaks remains elusive.OBJECTIVES: We compared the intra- and interobserver variations in the endoscopic scoring of esophagitis by using conventional imaging with and without NBI.DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of consecutive patients with reflux.SETTING: Single center in Taiwan.PATIENTS: Endoscopic photographs of 230 patients with gastroesophageal reflux were obtained with both methods. Images were randomly displayed twice to 7 endoscopists, who independently scored each photograph by using the Los Angeles classification.MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: We calculated intra- and interobserver kappa statistics to measure the consistency in interpretations.RESULTS: With the addition of NBI, intraobserver reproducibility significantly improved with 3 of the 7 endoscopists. Interobserver reproducibility was more consistent with the combined approach than with conventional imaging alone, with an improved overall kappa value of 0.62 versus 0.45 (P < .05). Discordance between these methods was substantial in the grading of class A or B esophagitis.LIMITATIONS: A small sample of class D esophagitis might have produced insufficient statistical power in this category.CONCLUSIONS: Intra- and interobserver reproducibilities in grading esophagitis could be improved when NBI was applied with conventional imaging. The benefit appeared to derive from better depictions of small erosive foci.

['Esophagitis', 'Esophagoscopy', 'Esophagus', 'Gastric Mucosa', 'Humans', 'Mucous Membrane', 'Observer Variation', 'Video Recording']

[['C06.405.117.620', 'C06.405.205.663'], ['E01.370.372.250.250.275', 'E01.370.388.250.250.250.260', 'E04.210.240.250.260', 'E04.502.250.250.250.260'], ['A03.556.875.500'], ['A03.556.875.875.440', 'A10.615.550.291'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A10.615.550'], ['E01.354.753', 'N02.421.450.600', 'N05.715.350.150.675', 'N06.850.490.500.250'], ['L01.280.960']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Information Science [L]']

Low CD4+ T cell count is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease events in the HIV outpatient study.

BACKGROUND: Traditional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and antiretroviral (ARV) agents have been associated with CVD events in HIV-infected patients. We investigated the association of low CD4(+) T lymphocyte cell count with incident CVD in a cohort of outpatients treated in 10 HIV specialty clinics in the United States.METHODS: We studied patients who were under observation from 1 January 2002 (baseline), categorized them according to National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines into 10-year cardiovascular risk score (10-y CVR) groups , and observed them until CVD event, death, last HIV Outpatient Study contact, or 30 September 2009. We calculated rates of incident CVD events and identified associated baseline risk factors using Cox proportional hazard models. We also performed a nested case-control study to examine the association of latest CD4(+) cell count with CVD events.RESULTS: Among 2005 patients, 148 experienced incident CVD events. CVD incidence increased steadily from 0.4 to 3.0 events per 100 person-years from lowest to highest 10-y CVR group (P < .001). In multivariable Cox analyses adjusted for 10-y CVR, CD4(+) cell count <350 cells/mm(3) was associated with incident CVD events (hazard ratio, 1.58 [95% confidence interval, 1.09-2.30], compared with >500 cells/mm(3)), suggesting an attributable risk of approximately 20%. In the multivariable case-control analyses, traditional CVD risk factors and latest CD4(+) cell count <500 cells/mm(3), but not cumulative use of ARV class or individual drugs, were associated with higher odds of experiencing CVD events.CONCLUSION: CD4(+) count <500 cells/mm(3) is an independent risk factor for incident CVD, comparable in attributable risk to several traditional CVD risk factors in the HIV Outpatient Study cohort.

['Adult', 'Ambulatory Care', 'CD4 Lymphocyte Count', 'Cardiovascular Diseases', 'Case-Control Studies', 'Female', 'HIV Infections', 'Humans', 'Incidence', 'Longitudinal Studies', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Risk Factors', 'United States']

[['M01.060.116'], ['E02.760.106', 'N02.421.585.106'], ['E01.370.225.500.195.107.595.500.150', 'E01.370.225.625.107.595.500.150', 'E05.200.500.195.107.595.500.150', 'E05.200.625.107.595.500.150', 'E05.242.195.107.595.500.150', 'G04.140.107.595.500.150', 'G09.188.105.595.500.150'], ['C14'], ['E05.318.372.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500'], ['C01.221.250.875', 'C01.221.812.640.400', 'C01.778.640.400', 'C01.925.782.815.616.400', 'C01.925.813.400', 'C20.673.480'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.308.985.525.375', 'N01.224.935.597.500', 'N06.850.505.400.975.525.375', 'N06.850.520.308.985.525.375'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.500'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725'], ['Z01.107.567.875']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Gas6 enhances axonal ensheathment by MBP+ membranous processes in human DRG/OL promyelinating co-cultures.

The molecular requirements for human myelination are incompletely defined, and further study is needed to fully understand the cellular mechanisms involved during development and in demyelinating diseases. We have established a human co-culture model to study myelination. Our earlier observations showed that addition of human ã-carboxylated growth-arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6) to human oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) cultures enhanced their survival and maturation. Therefore, we explored the effect of Gas6 in co-cultures of enriched OPCs plated on axons of human fetal dorsal root ganglia explant. Gas6 significantly enhanced the number of myelin basic protein-positive (MBP+) oligodendrocytes with membranous processes parallel with and ensheathing axons relative to co-cultures maintained in defined medium only for 14 days. Gas6 did not increase the overall number of MBP+ oligodendrocytes/culture; however, it significantly increased the length of MBP+ oligodendrocyte processes in contact with and wrapping axons. Multiple oligodendrocytes were in contact with a single axon, and several processes from one oligodendrocyte made contact with one or multiple axons. Electron microscopy supported confocal Z-series microscopy demonstrating axonal ensheathment by MBP+ oligodendrocyte membranous processes in Gas6-treated co-cultures. Contacts between the axonal and oligodendrocyte membranes were evident and multiple wraps of oligodendrocyte membrane around the axon were visible supporting a model system in which to study events in human myelination and aspects of non-compact myelin formation.

['Axons', 'Coculture Techniques', 'Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay', 'Fluorescent Antibody Technique', 'Ganglia, Spinal', 'Humans', 'In Situ Nick-End Labeling', 'Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins', 'Microscopy, Confocal', 'Myelin Basic Protein', 'Myelin Sheath', 'Oligodendroglia']

[['A08.675.542.145', 'A11.284.180.075', 'A11.671.137', 'A11.671.501.145'], ['E05.481.500.374'], ['E05.478.566.350.170', 'E05.478.566.380.360', 'E05.478.583.400.170', 'E05.601.470.350.170', 'E05.601.470.380.360'], ['E01.370.225.500.607.512.240', 'E01.370.225.750.551.512.240', 'E05.200.500.607.512.240', 'E05.200.750.551.512.240', 'E05.478.583.375'], ['A08.340.390.340', 'A08.800.350.340', 'A08.800.800.720.725.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.393.475'], ['D12.644.276', 'D12.776.467', 'D23.529'], ['E01.370.350.515.395', 'E05.595.395'], ['D12.776.543.620.540', 'D12.776.631.580.510'], ['A08.637.600.500', 'A08.637.800.500', 'A08.675.542.512.560', 'A08.800.800.690.500', 'A10.755.503', 'A11.284.149.165.600', 'A11.650.600.500', 'A11.650.800.500', 'A11.671.501.512.560', 'A11.671.514.553'], ['A08.637.600', 'A11.650.600']]

['Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Advantages of QBI in TBSS analyses.

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWMRI) is used to study white matter (WM) in normal and clinical populations. In DWMRI studies, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) models the WM anisotropy with one dominant direction, detecting possible pathway abnormalities only in large and highly coherent fiber tracts. However, more general anisotropy models like Q-ball imaging (QBI) may provide more sensitive WM descriptors in single patients. The present study aimed to compare DTI and QBI models in a group-level population analysis, using Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) as a pathological case model of WM tract degeneration. DWMRI was performed in 19 ALS patients and 19 age and sex-matched healthy controls. DTI and QBI estimates were compared in whole-brain tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) and volume of interest (VOI) analyses, and correlated with ALS clinical scores of disability. A significant decrease of the QBI-derived generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) was observed in both motor and extramotor fibers of ALS patients compared to controls. Homologue DTI-derived FA maps were only partially overlapping with GFA maps. Particularly, the left corticospinal tracts resulted more markedly depicted by the QBI than by the DTI model, with GFA predicting ALS disability better than FA. The present findings demonstrate that QBI model is suitable for studying WM tract degeneration in population-level clinical studies. Particularly, group-level studies of fiber integrity may benefit from QBI when DTI is biased towards low values, such as in cases of fiber degeneration, and in regions with more than one dominant fiber direction.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Algorithms', 'Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis', 'Anisotropy', 'Brain', 'Brain Mapping', 'Case-Control Studies', 'Diffusion Tensor Imaging', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Image Processing, Computer-Assisted', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Models, Statistical', 'Nerve Fibers, Myelinated']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['G17.035', 'L01.224.050'], ['C10.228.854.139', 'C10.574.562.250', 'C10.574.950.050', 'C10.668.467.250', 'C18.452.845.800.050'], ['G01.590.040', 'G02.050'], ['A08.186.211'], ['E01.370.350.578.875.500', 'E01.370.376.537.625.500', 'E05.629.875.500'], ['E05.318.372.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500'], ['E01.370.350.578.750', 'E01.370.350.825.500.150.500', 'E01.370.376.537.500', 'E05.629.750'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['L01.224.308'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.740.500', 'E05.599.835', 'N05.715.360.750.530', 'N06.850.520.830.500'], ['A08.675.542.512', 'A11.671.501.512', 'A11.671.514']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]']

Thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis induced by single intravenous injections of cadmium-saturated metallothioneins-I and -II in rats.

To comparably investigate hemotoxic potentials of CdCl2, cadmium-saturated metallothioneins-I (Cd-MT-I) and -II (Cd-MT-II), rats received single intravenous injections of one of those dissolved in saline with equivalent concentrations of Cd (0, 0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 mg Cd/kg body weight), and blood for hematological examinations was sampled at 1 and 5 days (Days 1 and 5) after the administrations. The counts of white blood cells showed dose-dependent increments in the 0.3 and 1.0 mg Cd/kg groups in Cd-MT-I and Cd-MT-II at Day 1, and returned to the normal levels at Day 5. The counts of platelets showed dose-dependent decrements in the three-doses groups of Cd-MT-I and Cd-MT-II at Day 1, and did a returning- and further increasing tendency at Day 5. The counts of red blood cells, values of hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, showed only slight and sporadic changes at Days 1 and 5. As to that thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis were dose-dependently brought by Cd-MTs and not by CdCl2, and as to that CdCl2 and Cd-MTs hardly affected erythrocytes regarding their counts, sizes, hemoglobin contents etc., etiological mechanism (s) remains to be explored. However, our findings should be clinically emphasized in relation to Itai-Itai disease and Cd-intoxication.

['Animals', 'Cadmium', 'Cadmium Chloride', 'Chlorides', 'Dose-Response Relationship, Drug', 'Hematocrit', 'Injections, Intravenous', 'Leukocytosis', 'Liver', 'Male', 'Metallothionein', 'Rats', 'Rats, Inbred Strains', 'Thrombocytopenia']

[['B01.050'], ['D01.268.556.137', 'D01.268.956.061', 'D01.552.544.137'], ['D01.142.175', 'D01.210.450.150.125'], ['D01.210.450.150', 'D01.248.497.158.215'], ['G07.690.773.875', 'G07.690.936.500'], ['E01.370.225.625.400', 'E05.200.625.400', 'G09.188.370.374'], ['E02.319.267.082.750', 'E02.319.267.530.540'], ['C15.378.553.475', 'C23.550.526'], ['A03.620'], ['D12.776.556.670'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.760', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.400'], ['C15.378.140.855']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Reference data representative of normal findings at two-dimensional and three-dimensional gray-scale ultrasound examination of the cervix from 17 to 41 weeks' gestation.

OBJECTIVES: To create reference values representative of normal findings on two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) examination of the cervix from 17 to 41 weeks' gestation and to determine the agreement between cervical measurements taken by 2D and 3D TVS.METHODS: Cross-sectional study covering 17 to 41 weeks in 419 nulliparous and 360 parous women who delivered at term and who underwent 2D and 3D TVS examination of the uterine cervix. We examined approximately 25 women in each gestational week. The length, anteroposterior (AP) diameter and width of the cervix (and of any cervical funnel) and AP diameter of the cervical canal were measured. Results were plotted against gestational age. The agreement between 2D and 3D ultrasound results was expressed as the mean (+/- 2 SDs) difference between the results of the two methods and as the interclass correlation coefficient (inter-CC).RESULTS: There was excellent agreement between measurements taken by 2D and 3D ultrasound (inter-CC values, 0.80-0.98) but measurements of cervical length taken using 3D ultrasound were greater than measurements taken by 2D ultrasound (mean difference, -0.04 +/- 0.36 cm). Cervical length did not change substantially between 17 and 32 gestational weeks but decreased progressively thereafter. Cervical length was similar in nulliparous and parous women at 17-32 weeks, but from 33 weeks the cervix tended to be longer in parous women. In nulliparae, cervical length decreased from a median of 3.8 (range, 0.7-6.1) cm at 17-32 weeks to 2.3 (range, 0.4-6.0) cm at 33-40 weeks and to 0.7 (range, 0.2-1.5) cm at 41 weeks. In parous women, the corresponding figures were 3.9 (range, 1.0-6.1) cm, 3.0 (range, 0.4-5.7) cm and 0.8 (range, 0.4-3.4) cm (results obtained by 3D ultrasound). Cervical AP diameter and width did not differ between nulliparous and parous women. Median AP diameter increased from 3.0 (range, 2.0-4.6) cm at 17-30 weeks to 3.5 (range, 1.8-5.5) cm at 31-40 weeks and to 4.0 (range, 2.8-5.9) cm at 41 weeks. Cervical width was 3.7 (range, 2.3-6.0) cm at 17-30 weeks and 4.5 (range, 2.3-6.1) cm at 31-41 weeks. The percentage of women with funneling increased from 4% (3/84) at 17-18 weeks to 63% (12/19) at 41 weeks and the percentage of women with an open cervical canal increased from 19% (15/84) to 72% (13/19). Funneling and opening of the cervical canal were equally common in nulliparous and parous women.CONCLUSIONS: Reference data provide the basis for studies of pathological conditions. Common reference values for nulliparous and parous women can be used for cervical AP diameter and width from 17 to 41 weeks and for cervical length from 17 to 32 weeks. Separate reference values for cervical length for nulliparous and parous women should be used from 33 to 41 weeks.

['Adult', 'Cervix Uteri', 'Cross-Sectional Studies', 'Female', 'Gestational Age', 'Humans', 'Imaging, Three-Dimensional', 'Parity', 'Pregnancy', 'Pregnancy Trimester, Second', 'Pregnancy Trimester, Third', 'Reference Values', 'Statistics, Nonparametric', 'Ultrasonography, Prenatal']

[['M01.060.116'], ['A05.360.319.679.256'], ['E05.318.372.500.875', 'N05.715.360.330.500.875', 'N06.850.520.450.500.875'], ['G07.345.500.325.235.968', 'G08.686.320'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.350.400', 'L01.224.308.410'], ['G08.686.677', 'G08.686.784.769.472', 'N06.850.490.812.600'], ['G08.686.784.769'], ['G08.686.707.490'], ['G08.686.707.520'], ['E05.978.810'], ['E05.318.740.995', 'N05.715.360.750.760', 'N06.850.520.830.995'], ['E01.370.350.850.865', 'E01.370.378.630.865']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Information Science [L]']

Collection and cryopreservation of preimplantation embryos of Cavia porcellus.

Individual differences and a rather long-lasting reproductive cycle, as well as the relatively small number of oocytes that mature during one reproductive cycle makes it difficult to establish a cryopreserved stock of preimplantation embryos of the guineapig (Cavia porcellus) when compared with other laboratory rodents. Only a few data for superovulation protocols that can be used for routine laboratory use in guineapigs are available. However, a huge number of different strains exist for many purposes and the establishment of a frozen repository makes sense. Here, we describe the successful freezing of preimplatation embryos of the strain 2BS with a two-step freezing protocol in a freezing medium containing 1,2-propanediol as cryoprotectant. Human menopausal gonodotrophin induced superovulation in the embryo donors.

['Animals', 'Animals, Laboratory', 'Blastocyst', 'Cryopreservation', 'Cryoprotective Agents', 'Female', 'Guinea Pigs', 'Male', 'Ovulation Induction', 'Pregnancy']

[['B01.050'], ['B01.050.050.199'], ['A16.254.500'], ['E01.370.225.500.620.760.160', 'E01.370.225.750.600.760.160', 'E02.792.156', 'E05.200.500.620.760.160', 'E05.200.750.600.760.160', 'E05.760.156'], ['D27.505.696.706.320', 'D27.720.799.180'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.550'], ['E02.875.800.984', 'E05.820.800.984'], ['G08.686.784.769']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Executive function impairment in early-treated PKU subjects with normal mental development.

Executive functions were studied in 14 early and continuously treated PKU subjects (age 10.8 years, range 8-13) in comparison with controls matched for IQ, sex, age and socioeconomic status. Brain MRI examination was normal in all PKU patients. Neuropsychological evaluation included Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure Test, Elithorn's Perceptual Maze Test, Weigl's Sorting Test, Tower of London, Visual Search and Motor Motor Learning Test. Whatever the IQ, PKU subjects performed worse than controls in tests exploring executive functions. Subgrouping the PKU subjects according to the quality of dietary control for the entire follow-up period (using 400 micromol/L as cut-off value for blood phenylalanine (Phe) concentration) showed that patients with worse dietary control performed more poorly than both the PKU group with the best dietary control and the control group. However, a mild impairment of executive functions was still found in PKU patients with a good dietary control (Phe <400 micromol/L) compared to controls. Concerning the PKU group as a whole, no linear correlation was found between neuropsychological performance and historical and concurrent biochemical parameters. We conclude that (a) PKU patients, even when treated early, rigorously and continuously, show an impairment of frontal lobe functions; (b) a protracted exposure to moderately high levels of Phe can affect frontal lobe functions independently of the possible effect of the same exposure on IQ; (c) in order to reduce the risk of frontal lobe dysfunction, the target of dietary therapy should be to maintain blood Phe concentration below 400 micromol/L.

['Adolescent', 'Child', 'Cognition Disorders', 'Female', 'Frontal Lobe', 'Humans', 'Intelligence', 'Male', 'Neuropsychological Tests', 'Phenylketonurias', 'Prognosis', 'Social Class']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.406'], ['F03.615.250'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.500.270'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F01.752.543'], ['F04.711.513'], ['C10.228.140.163.100.687', 'C16.320.565.100.766', 'C16.320.565.189.687', 'C18.452.132.100.687', 'C18.452.648.100.766', 'C18.452.648.189.687'], ['E01.789'], ['I01.880.853.996.755', 'N01.824.782']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Health Care [N]']

Medical informatics as a market for IS/IT.

Medical informatics is "the application of information science and information technology to the theoretical and practical problems of biomedical research, clinical practice, and medical education." A key difference between the two streams lies in their perspectives of "What Is Important in MI to Me?" MI may be seen as the marketplace where biomedicine consumes products and services provided by information science and information technology.

['Bibliometrics', 'Biomedical Research', 'Cluster Analysis', 'Databases as Topic', 'Evidence-Based Medicine', 'Factor Analysis, Statistical', 'Information Science', 'MEDLINE', 'Medical Informatics', 'Subject Headings', 'Vocabulary, Controlled']

[['L01.178.682.099.325', 'L01.453.183.291'], ['H01.770.644.145'], ['E05.318.740.250', 'N05.715.360.750.200', 'N06.850.520.830.250'], ['L01.313.500.750.300.188', 'L01.470.750'], ['H02.249.750', 'H02.403.200.400'], ['E05.318.740.400', 'N05.715.360.750.350', 'N06.850.520.830.400'], ['L01'], ['L01.313.500.750.280.710.500', 'L01.313.500.750.280.750.500', 'L01.313.500.750.300.188.300.650.500', 'L01.313.500.750.300.710.500', 'L01.313.500.750.300.742.650.500', 'L01.470.750.500.650.500'], ['L01.313.500'], ['L01.453.245.945.700'], ['L01.453.245.945']]

['Information Science [L]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

Application of fed-batch fermentation to the preparation of isotopically labeled or selenomethionyl-labeled proteins.

An increasing demand for isotopically labeled samples for spectroscopic and crystallographic studies has led to a corresponding need for effective and efficient methods for producing these samples. The present work is based on the strategy of using an isotopically labeled compound as the growth-limiting nutrient during protein expression in Escherichia coli (DE3) strains. By using dissolved O2 and agitation rate data, the cell growth, feeding of the isotopic label, induction of protein expression, and the harvest of cells can be coordinated in a feedback controlled fermenter in a simple, easily defined manner. This approach is demonstrated for the nutrient-limited production of [U-15N]- and [U-13C, U-15N]-labeled toluene 4-monooxygenase effector protein in E. coli BL21(DE3) with isotopic abundance identical to that of the labeled precursors. For selective labeling, demonstrated with selenomethionine using methionine auxotroph E. coli B834(DE3), approximately 80-85% incorporation was obtained from methionine-dependent growth of the auxotroph followed by selenomethionine feeding and protein induction upon methionine depletion. This selective labeling is accomplished in a single culture, does not require washing or resuspension, minimizes costly incorporation of label into host cell mass prior to induction, and can be easily adapted to selective labeling with other amino acids. Moreover, cell mass yield from these experiments can be readily optimized to provide the desired level of protein for a given investigation from a single growth and purification. This combination provides an efficient, controllable option for isotopic labeling experiments.

['Base Sequence', 'Carbon Isotopes', 'DNA Primers', 'Escherichia coli', 'Fermentation', 'Gene Expression', 'Genes, Bacterial', 'Nitrogen Isotopes', 'Oxygenases', 'Pseudomonas', 'Recombinant Proteins', 'Selenomethionine']

[['G02.111.570.080', 'G05.360.080', 'L01.453.245.667.080'], ['D01.268.150.075', 'D01.496.123'], ['D13.695.578.424.450.275', 'D27.720.470.530.600.223.600'], ['B03.440.450.425.325.300', 'B03.660.250.150.180.100'], ['G02.111.158.249', 'G03.191.249'], ['G05.297'], ['G05.360.340.024.340.364.249', 'G05.360.340.358.024.249', 'G05.360.340.358.207.249'], ['D01.268.604.500', 'D01.362.625.500', 'D01.496.586'], ['D08.811.682.690'], ['B03.440.400.425.625.625', 'B03.660.250.580.590'], ['D12.776.828'], ['D02.731.700', 'D02.886.030.676.900', 'D12.125.166.676.900']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]']

Expressed emotion in depressed patients and their partners.

This study was designed to assess the expressed emotion (EE) status in the spouses of depressed patients and the patients themselves, to relate the EE status to the severity of depression as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and to compare the prevalence of high EE between the target and control group. Seventeen depressed patients and their spouses, and 20 control couples participated in the study. The Five-Minute Speech Sample was used to assess the EE status. High EE was significantly more common in spouses of depressed patients and the patients themselves than in controls. There was a significant relationship between the EE status of the patients and their spouses. High EE in the patient and in the spouse corresponded significantly with a high BDI score of the patient. These findings underline the importance that in EE research the patients' EE status as well as their present mental health state must also be taken into account.

['Adult', 'Depression', 'Emotions', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Marriage', 'Pilot Projects']

[['M01.060.116'], ['F01.145.126.350'], ['F01.470'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F01.829.263.315.500.500', 'I01.240.361.500.500', 'I01.880.853.150.423.500.500', 'N01.224.361.500.500', 'N01.824.308.500.500'], ['E05.318.372.750', 'E05.337.737', 'N05.715.360.330.720', 'N06.850.520.450.720']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Epidemiology of neural tube defects.

OBJECTIVE: To find the prevalence of neural tube defects (NTDs), and compare the findings with local and international data, and highlight the important role of folic acid supplementation and flour fortification with folic acid in preventing NTDs.METHODS: This is a retrospective study of data retrieved from the medical records of live newborn infants admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), Security Forces Hospital (SFH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia with NTDs spanning 14 years (1996-2009). All pregnant women on their first antenatal visit to the primary care clinic were prescribed folic acid 0.5 mg daily, or 5 mg if there is a family history of NTD. The pre-fortification prevalence is compared to post-fortification, before and after excluding syndromic, genetic, and chromosomal causes. The results were compared with reports from other parts of Saudi Arabia and internationally, through a literature search using MEDLINE.RESULTS: The prevalence of NTDs during the period was 1.2 per 1000 live births. The pre-fortification of flour with folic acid prevalence was 1.46 per 1000 live births. The post-fortification prevalence was 1.05 (p=0.103). After excluding syndromic, genetic, and chromosomal causes from calculation of the prevalence, there was a significant reduction in the prevalence, from 1.46 to 0.81 per 1000 live births (p=0.0088). Syndromic, genetic, and chromosomal causes were identified in 20 cases (19.4%). Only 2% of mothers received preconception folic acid, and only 10% of them received it during the first 4 weeks of gestation.CONCLUSION: Despite the implementation of fortification of flour with folic acid since 2001, the prevalence of NTDs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is still high. This is due to the impact of genetic, syndromic, and chromosomal causes of NTD not preventable by folic acid. Other factors like unplanned pregnancy and lack of awareness of the role of folic acid in preventing nonsyndromic causes, play a significant role.

['Folic Acid', 'Food, Fortified', 'Humans', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Neural Tube Defects', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Saudi Arabia']

[['D03.633.100.733.631.400'], ['G07.203.300.515', 'J02.500.515'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['C10.500.680', 'C16.131.666.680'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['Z01.252.245.500.750']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Cellular and network contributions to vestibular signal processing: impact of ion conductances, synaptic inhibition, and noise.

Head motion-related sensory signals are transformed by second-order vestibular neurons (2°VNs) into appropriate commands for retinal image stabilization during body motion. In frogs, these 2°VNs form two distinct subpopulations that have either tonic or highly phasic intrinsic properties, essentially compatible with low-pass and bandpass filter characteristics, respectively. In the present study, physiological data on cellular properties of 2°VNs of the grass frog (Rana temporaria) have been used to construct conductance-based spiking cellular models that were fine-tuned by fitting to recorded spike-frequency data. The results of this approach suggest that low-threshold, voltage-dependent potassium channels in phasic and spike-dependent potassium channels in tonic 2°VNs are important contributors to the differential, yet complementary response characteristics of the two vestibular subtypes. Extension of the cellular model with conductance-based synapses allowed simulation of afferent excitation and evaluation of the emerging properties of local feedforward inhibitory circuits. This approach revealed the relative contributions of intrinsic and synaptic factors on afferent signal processing in phasic 2°VNs. Additional extension of the single-cell model to a population model allowed testing under more natural conditions including asynchronous afferent labyrinthine input and synaptic noise. This latter approach indicated that the feedforward inhibition from the local inhibitory network acts as a high-pass filter, which reinforces the impact of the intrinsic membrane properties of phasic 2°VNs on peak response amplitude and timing. Thus, the combination of cellular and network properties enables phasic 2°VNs to work as a noise-resistant detector, suitable for central processing of short-duration vestibular signals.

['Animals', 'Electrophysiology', 'Female', 'Head Movements', 'Male', 'Neural Inhibition', 'Neurons', 'Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated', 'Rana temporaria', 'Signal Transduction', 'Synapses', 'Vestibule, Labyrinth']

[['B01.050'], ['H01.158.344.528', 'H01.158.782.236'], ['G11.427.410.478'], ['G07.265.755', 'G11.561.616'], ['A08.675', 'A11.671'], ['D12.776.157.530.400.600.900', 'D12.776.543.550.450.750.900', 'D12.776.543.585.400.750.900'], ['B01.050.150.900.090.180.708.420'], ['G02.111.820', 'G04.835'], ['A08.850', 'A11.284.149.165.420.780'], ['A09.246.300.909']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

An audit of emergency echocardiography in a district general hospital.

Eighty patients (43 M, 37 F), aged 23-89 years who were referred for emergency echocardiography over a 12-month period were prospectively studied in order to determine the reasons for emergency echocardiography and the influence of its results on patient management. The most frequent emergency request was to clarify whether the basis for cardiomegaly in a haemodynamically unstable patient was pericardial effusion or left ventricular dilatation. Other reasons for requests were for assessment for source of systemic emboli, acute complications of myocardial infarction, endocarditis, valve dysfunction and cardiac trauma. As a consequence of the emergency echocardiography, management was immediately influenced in 19 patients. This study has provided information on the specific settings in which emergency echocardiography can be justified.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Echocardiography', 'Emergencies', 'Female', 'Heart Diseases', 'Hospitals, District', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Prospective Studies', 'Utilization Review', 'Ventricular Function, Left']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['E01.370.350.130.750', 'E01.370.350.850.220', 'E01.370.370.380.220'], ['C23.550.291.781', 'N06.230.100.083', 'N06.850.376'], ['C14.280'], ['N02.278.421.510.140'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['N04.761.879', 'N05.700.900'], ['G09.330.955.800']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Design of a full-dynamic-range balanced detection heterodyne gyroscope with common-path configuration.

In this article, we propose an optical heterodyne common-path gyroscope which has common-path configuration and full-dynamic range. Different from traditional non-common-path optical heterodyne technique such as Mach-Zehnder or Michelson interferometers, we use a two-frequency laser light source (TFLS) which can generate two orthogonally polarized light with a beat frequency has a common-path configuration. By use of phase measurement, this optical heterodyne gyroscope not only has the capability to overcome the drawback of the traditional interferometric fiber optic gyro: lack for full-dynamic range, but also eliminate the total polarization rotation caused by SMFs. Moreover, we also demonstrate the potential of miniaturizing this gyroscope as a chip device. Theoretically, if we assume that the wavelength of the laser light is 1550nm, the SMFs are 250m in length, and the radius of the fiber ring is 3.5cm, the bias stability is 0.872 deg/hr.

['Acceleration', 'Equipment Design', 'Equipment Failure Analysis', 'Interferometry', 'Transducers']

[['G01.482.107'], ['E05.320'], ['E05.325.192'], ['E05.490'], ['E07.305.812']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Hyperthermia and low dose-rate irradiation.

Hyperthermia combined with 60Co gamma irradiation was studied using V79 hamster cells cultured in vitro. Modest hyperthermia (41 degrees C for 6 hrs.) enhanced the cell killing produced by acute exposure to radiation. The same treatment enhanced the effect of low dose-rate irradiation (200 rads/hr.) even more. The sequence in which modest hyperthermia was combined with low dose-rate irradiation was important. Maximal enhancement was observed when hyperthermia was followed by irradiations. The probable explanation is that, by damaging the repair system, prior heat renders the cells unable to repair sublethal damage during subsequent low dose-rate irradiation.

['Animals', 'Cell Survival', 'Cells, Cultured', 'Cobalt Radioisotopes', 'Cricetinae', 'Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation', 'Hot Temperature', 'In Vitro Techniques', 'Radiation Tolerance', 'Radioisotope Teletherapy']

[['B01.050'], ['G04.346'], ['A11.251'], ['D01.268.556.185.500.354', 'D01.268.956.155.500.354', 'D01.496.239.354', 'D01.496.749.256', 'D01.552.544.185.500.354'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.075.250'], ['E05.799.513.500', 'G01.750.740.500', 'G04.712.500', 'G07.225', 'G07.738.500', 'N06.850.810.250.180'], ['G01.906.595.543', 'G16.500.275.063.725.710.380', 'G16.500.750.775.710.380', 'N06.230.300.100.725.232', 'N06.230.300.100.725.710.380'], ['E05.481'], ['G04.712', 'G07.738'], ['E02.815.722.820']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

The current status and effects of emergency drug shortages in China: Perceptions of emergency department physicians.

OBJECTIVES: The shortage of emergency drugs in China is severe. This study aimed to characterize emergency drug shortages in China and to measure their effects.METHODS: An online questionnaire based on a literature review was sent to emergency department physicians in Chinese secondary and tertiary hospitals from November 2016 to February 2017. The survey asked physicians questions about their experiences with emergency drug shortages.RESULTS: In total, 236 physicians from 29 provinces participated in the survey. According to their responses, 90.7% of the respondents experienced drug shortages during the last year. More than half of the physicians (65.7%) reported that drug shortages occurred at least once a month. Hospitals in the eastern and western regions of China had more emergency drugs in shortage than hospitals in central China, especially those with many inpatient beds (?800). In addition, the shortage situation was more serious in secondary hospitals than in tertiary hospitals. More respondents agreed that original medicines, injections, essential medicines, medicines without alternative agents and cheap medicines were more susceptible to shortages than generics, oral medicines, nonessential medicines, medicines with alternative agents and expensive medicines, respectively. Most respondents thought that drug shortages always, often or sometimes affected patients [delayed therapy (62.6%), longer rescue and recovery times (58.9%) and higher costs (58.7%)] and physicians [inconvenience (81.0%), higher pressure (76.5%) and harm to patient-doctor relationships (72%)] and compromised hospital reputations (55.1%).CONCLUSIONS: The shortage of emergency drugs in China is serious, especially in secondary hospitals located in eastern and western China. Emergency drug shortages have significant effects on patients and physicians.

['China', 'Drugs, Essential', 'Drugs, Generic', 'Emergency Service, Hospital', 'Health Care Surveys', 'Health Services Needs and Demand', 'Humans', 'Physicians', 'Secondary Care Centers']

[['Z01.252.474.164'], ['D26.355'], ['D26.360'], ['N02.278.216.500.968.336', 'N02.421.297.195', 'N04.452.442.452.422.336'], ['E05.318.308.980.344', 'N03.349.380.210', 'N05.425.210', 'N05.715.360.300.800.344', 'N06.850.520.308.980.344'], ['N03.349.380.420', 'N05.300.450'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.526.485.810', 'N02.360.810'], ['N02.278.421.745']]

['Geographicals [Z]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]']

[Mechanisms of adaptive regulation of complex motor systems (regulation with respect to position and acceleration)].

Possible mechanisms of adaptive control over human and animal motor systems are described for the case when the information about position or movement acceleration of its parts is used. A model of the control system with the standard which functions in two modes of operations is treated. The first mode is distinguished by measured control signal leaps used for the identification of a system state and for a further movement correction and precise definition of active muscle composition. The second mode is characterized by the estimation of movement direction only, in case when a certain value of a regulated parameter is maintained or reached. Some problems of the control over a multilinked system are also discussed.

['Acceleration', 'Adaptation, Physiological', 'Animals', 'Humans', 'Mathematics', 'Models, Biological', 'Movement', 'Posture']

[]

[]

Membrane damage and incorporation of Escherichia coli components into Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus.

Cytoplasmic membrane of E. coli is degraded within 20 min following infection with Bdellovibrio. 50% of cellular 42-K is lost during the first 10 min. The cytoplasmic membrane, 20 min after infection, centrifugated on a sucrose gradient produces a wide band containing the main enzyme activities (succinic dehydrogenase and lactic dehydrogenase) bound to the membrane. The incorporation into Bdellovibrio of labelled host cell constituents during intracellular growth has been studied at successive intervals during the development cycle in diluted nutrient broth (about 3 hrs). The cells were broken in a Sorvall-Ribi cell fractionator and the Bdellovibrios separated by centrifugation on sucrose gradient. Polysaccharides, proteins and lipids of Bdellovibrio derive from the utilization of components of the host cells and not from the utilization of the components present in the medium. The incorporation of precursors into polysaccharides and proteins shows the same exponential pattern.

['Acetates', 'Bacterial Proteins', 'Bacteriolysis', 'Cell Fractionation', 'Cell Membrane', 'Escherichia coli', 'Glucose', 'L-Lactate Dehydrogenase', 'Leucine', 'Polysaccharides, Bacterial', 'Potassium', 'Spheroplasts', 'Spirillum', 'Succinate Dehydrogenase']

[['D02.241.081.018', 'D10.251.400.045'], ['D12.776.097'], ['G06.099.115'], ['E05.242.251'], ['A11.284.149'], ['B03.440.450.425.325.300', 'B03.660.250.150.180.100'], ['D09.947.875.359.448'], ['D08.811.682.047.551.400', 'D08.811.682.047.820.493'], ['D12.125.070.637', 'D12.125.142.441'], ['D09.698.718', 'D23.050.161.616'], ['D01.268.549.550', 'D01.268.557.575', 'D01.552.528.652', 'D01.552.547.650'], ['A11.868', 'B03.110.761', 'B05.110.761'], ['B03.440.840.750', 'B03.660.075.710.750'], ['D05.500.562.750.249.500', 'D08.811.600.250.500.750.500', 'D08.811.600.250.875.249.500', 'D08.811.682.660.385.500', 'D08.811.682.830.249.500', 'D12.776.157.427.374.375.909.500', 'D12.776.331.199.750.500', 'D12.776.543.277.500.750.500', 'D12.776.543.277.875.249.500', 'D12.776.556.579.374.375.141.500']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]']

George Miller's magical number of immediate memory in retrospect: Observations on the faltering progression of science.

Miller's (1956) article about storage capacity limits, "The Magical Number Seven Plus or Minus Two . . .," is one of the best-known articles in psychology. Though influential in several ways, for about 40 years it was oddly followed by rather little research on the numerical limit of capacity in working memory, or on the relation between 3 potentially related phenomena that Miller described. Given that the article was written in a humorous tone and was framed around a tongue-in-cheek premise (persecution by an integer), I argue that it may have inadvertently stymied progress on these topics as researchers attempted to avoid ridicule. This commentary relates some correspondence with Miller on his article and concludes with a call to avoid self-censorship of our less conventional ideas. (PsycINFO Database Record

['Cognitive Science', 'History, 20th Century', 'History, 21st Century', 'Humans', 'Memory, Short-Term']

[['F04.096.628.255'], ['K01.400.504.968'], ['K01.400.504.984'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F02.463.425.540.407']]

['Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Humanities [K]', 'Organisms [B]']

Acetaldehyde accumulation in rat mammary tissue after an acute treatment with alcohol.

Previous studies reported the presence in rat mammary tissue of a cytosolic xanthine oxidoreductase pathway for the metabolism of alcohol to acetaldehyde and hydroxyl radicals and to the microsomal biotransformation of ethanol to acetaldehyde. It was also reported that after chronic ethanol drinking stressful oxidative conditions can be observed. The present work reports that even after single doses of ethanol, given at three different levels (6.3 g kg(-1); 3.8 g kg(-1) or 0.6 g kg(-1) p.o.), acetaldehyde accumulates for prolonged periods of time in the mammary tissue to reach concentrations higher than in blood (e.g. 5.1+/-1.2 nmol g(-1) versus 0.2+/-0.1 nmol ml(-1), for 6.3 g kg(-1) dose, 6 h after intoxication). The presence in rat mammary tissue of low activities of additional enzymes able to generate acetaldehyde was established (alcohol dehydrogenase: 0.97+/-0.84 mU mg(-1) protein; CYP2E1: 1.30+/-0.12 x 10(-2) pmol 4-nitrocatechol min(-1) mg(-1) protein) and a low activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase was observed in the cytosolic, mitochondrial and microsomal fractions (0.02+/-0.04; 0.35+/-0.09 and 0.72+/-0.19 mU mg(-1) protein, respectively). After a single high dose of ethanol, an increased susceptibility to oxidative stress was observed, as evidenced by changes in the shape of t-butylhydroperoxide induced emission of chemiluminescence in mammary tissue (6.3 g kg(-1) dose; at 3 and 6 h). In summary, the results show that even after single doses of ethanol, acetaldehyde, either formed in situ or arriving via blood, tends to accumulate in mammary tissue and that this condition might decrease cell defenses against injury.

['Acetaldehyde', 'Alcohol Dehydrogenase', 'Aldehyde Dehydrogenase', 'Animals', 'Central Nervous System Depressants', 'Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1', 'Dose-Response Relationship, Drug', 'Ethanol', 'Female', 'Luminescent Measurements', 'Mammary Glands, Animal', 'Oxidative Stress', 'Rats', 'Subcellular Fractions']

[['D02.047.064'], ['D08.811.682.047.820.250'], ['D08.811.682.657.163.249'], ['B01.050'], ['D27.505.696.277', 'D27.505.954.427.210'], ['D08.244.453.491.375', 'D08.811.682.662.582.338', 'D08.811.682.690.708.170.450.375', 'D12.776.422.220.453.491.375'], ['G07.690.773.875', 'G07.690.936.500'], ['D02.033.375'], ['E05.196.712.516'], ['A10.336.482', 'A13.589'], ['G03.673', 'G07.775.750'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['A11.284.835']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Early malignant syphilis.

Early malignant syphilis is a rare and severe variant of secondary syphilis. It is clinically characterized by lesions, which can suppurate and be accompanied by systemic symptoms such as high fever, asthenia, myalgia, and torpor state. We report a diabetic patient with characteristic features of the disease showing favorable evolution of the lesions after appropriate treatment.

['Diabetes Mellitus', 'Erythema', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Immunocompetence', 'Middle Aged', 'Skin', 'Skin Ulcer', 'Syphilis', 'Syphilis, Cutaneous']

[['C18.452.394.750', 'C19.246'], ['C17.800.229', 'C23.888.885.328'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G12.460'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['A17.815'], ['C17.800.893'], ['C01.150.252.400.794.840.500', 'C01.150.252.400.840.500', 'C01.150.252.734.859', 'C01.221.812.281.859', 'C01.778.281.859', 'C12.294.668.281.859', 'C13.351.500.711.281.859'], ['C01.150.252.400.794.840.500.968', 'C01.150.252.400.840.500.968', 'C01.150.252.819.790', 'C01.800.720.790', 'C17.800.838.765.790']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Comparison of thulium laser enucleation and plasmakinetic resection of the prostate in a randomized prospective trial with 5-year follow-up.

The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes between thulium laser enucleation of the prostate (ThuLEP) and plasmakinetic bipolar resection of the prostate (PKRP) for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in a prospective randomized trial with 5 years of follow-up. One hundred fifty-eight consecutive patients with BPH were randomized to receive operation of either ThuLEP (n = 79) or PKRP (n = 79). All cases were evaluated preoperatively, and a part of them were evaluated at 3-5 years postoperatively by the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life score (QoLS), maximum flow rate (Q max), and postvoid residual (PVR) urine volume. Eighty patients completed the 5-year follow-up. Each study arm showed no significant difference in preoperative parameters. Compared with PKRP, ThuLEP required longer operation time (65.4 vs 47.4 min, p = 0.022) but resulted in less hemoglobin decrease (1.5 vs 3.0 g/L, p = 0.045), catheterization time (2.1 vs 3.5 days, p = 0.031), irrigated volume (12.4 vs 27.2 L, p = 0.022), and hospital stay (2.5 vs 4.6 days, p = 0.026). During the 60-month follow-up, both procedures demonstrated no significant difference in terms of Q max, IPSS, PVR urine volume, and QoLS. ThuLEP was statistically superior to PKRP in blood loss, catheterization time, irrigated volume, and hospital stay but inferior to PKRP in operation time. However, both procedures showed no significant difference in terms of Q max, IPSS, PVR urine volume, and QoLS through the 60-month follow-up.

['Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Humans', 'Laser Therapy', 'Length of Stay', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Operative Time', 'Prospective Studies', 'Prostatic Hyperplasia', 'Quality of Life', 'Thulium']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E02.594', 'E04.014.520'], ['E02.760.400.480', 'N02.421.585.400.480'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E04.614.374.500', 'N02.421.585.753.374.500'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['C12.294.565.500'], ['I01.800', 'K01.752.400.750', 'N06.850.505.400.425.837'], ['D01.268.558.362.984', 'D01.552.550.399.984']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Humanities [K]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Electrochemical anodization of graphite oxide-TiO2

The electrochemical anodization method was used to dope graphite oxide (GO) onto TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs). This study focused on enhancement of the photocatalytic activity of TNTs in the visible light region. In this study, we have checked the effect of different GO concentrations and effect of GO doping time on photocatalytic efficiency of composite. The photocatalytic activity of the GO-TNT composite was tested by degradation of an organic compound. The organic compound was most severely degraded (95%) when the GO-TNT catalyst was doped at an anodization of 60 V for 13 min and GO concentration of 0.25 g L-1. This degradation was 5.6 times higher than that of bare TiO2. The as-prepared catalyst was characterized using FE-SEM, XRD, AES, PL, UV-Vis DRS, and Raman analysis. Recycling of the GO-TNT composite was also performed in order to examine the stability of the visible light catalyst. We observed that the doping of GO on the TNT surface can enhance the photocatalytic efficiency under visible light. Graphene acts as an electron transport; therefore, GO-TNTs were favorable for the separation of e- and h+ charges. This promoted the formation of OH radicals, h+, and superoxides, all of which degrade organics.

['Catalysis', 'Electrochemistry', 'Electrodes', 'Graphite', 'Light', 'Methylene Blue', 'Microscopy, Electron, Scanning', 'Nanotubes', 'Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet', 'Spectrum Analysis, Raman', 'Superoxides', 'Titanium', 'Waste Disposal, Fluid', 'Water Pollutants, Chemical', 'X-Ray Diffraction']

[['G02.130'], ['H01.181.529.307'], ['E07.305.250'], ['D01.268.150.300', 'D01.578.300'], ['G01.358.500.505.650', 'G01.590.540', 'G01.750.250.650', 'G01.750.770.578'], ['D02.886.369.517', 'D03.633.300.783.517'], ['E01.370.350.515.402.541', 'E05.595.402.541'], ['J01.637.512.850'], ['E05.196.712.726.802', 'E05.196.867.826.802'], ['E05.196.822.860', 'E05.196.867.890'], ['D01.248.497.158.685.750.850', 'D01.339.431.374.850', 'D01.650.550.750.800', 'D02.389.338.732'], ['D01.268.557.800', 'D01.268.956.878', 'D01.552.547.800'], ['N06.850.780.200.800.800.890', 'N06.850.860.510.900.600.900'], ['D27.888.284.903.655'], ['E05.196.309.742', 'E05.196.822.950', 'G01.867.950', 'G02.965']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Health Care [N]']

Phantom calibration method for improved temporal characterization of hemodynamic response in event-related fMRI.

In event-related functional MRI, there exist limits on the time length of the experiments on human subjects and the imaging speed. Due to these limitations, data truncation and undersampling have to be used in functional MRI signal acquisition. The effect of these factors on the hemodynamic deconvolution is investigated experimentally and a phantom calibration method to improve the hemodynamic response is developed. It is observed that the high frequency components generated due to data truncation can fold back into low frequencies when the sampling rate is not sufficiently high. This aliasing can introduce significant noise in hemodynamic deconvolution and can reduce the accuracy of the temporal characterization of hemodynamic response. A SMARTPHANTOM BOLD simulator is used to calibrate the aliasing effect in an event-related functional MRI experiment. With the calibration, an anti-aliasing method is used to suppress the aliasing and this resulted in an improved temporal characterization of hemodynamic response in event-related fMRI.

['Brain', 'Calibration', 'Humans', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging', 'Oxygen', 'Phantoms, Imaging', 'Time Factors']

[['A08.186.211'], ['E05.978.155'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.350.825.500'], ['D01.268.185.550', 'D01.362.670'], ['E07.671'], ['G01.910.857']]

['Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

The assimilation of evidence-based healthcare innovations: a management-based perspective.

In order to reap the benefits of the nation's vast investments in healthcare discoveries, evidence-based healthcare innovations (EBHI) must be assimilated by the organizations that adopt them. Data from a naturalistic field study are used to test a management-based model of implementation success which hypothesizes strategic fit, climate for EBHI implementation, and fidelity will explain variability in the assimilation of EBHIs by organizations that adopted them under ordinary circumstances approximately 6 years earlier. Data gathered from top managers and external consultants directly involved with these long-term EBHI implementation efforts provide preliminary support for predicted positive linkages between strategic fit and climate; climate and fidelity; and fidelity and assimilation. Mediated regression analyses also suggest that climate and fidelity may be important mediators. Findings raise important questions about the meaning of assimilation, top managers' roles as agents of assimilation, and the extent to which results represent real-world versus implicit models of assimilation.

['Cross-Sectional Studies', 'Delivery of Health Care', 'Diffusion of Innovation', 'Evidence-Based Practice', 'Health Facility Administration', 'Humans', 'Models, Organizational', 'Organizational Culture', 'Organizational Policy', 'Predictive Value of Tests', 'Regression Analysis', 'Reproducibility of Results']

[['E05.318.372.500.875', 'N05.715.360.330.500.875', 'N06.850.520.450.500.875'], ['N04.590.374', 'N05.300'], ['L01.143.320'], ['H02.249'], ['N02.278.216', 'N04.452.442'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.599.670', 'N04.452.534'], ['N04.452.606'], ['I01.655.500.550', 'I01.880.604.825.550', 'N03.623.500.550'], ['E05.318.370.800.650', 'N05.715.360.325.700.640', 'N06.850.520.445.800.650'], ['E05.318.740.750', 'N05.715.360.750.695', 'N06.850.520.830.750'], ['E05.318.370.725', 'E05.337.851', 'N05.715.360.325.685', 'N06.850.520.445.725']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]']

Effects of repeated amphetamine treatment on the locomotor activity of the dopamine D1A-deficient mouse.

The role of dopamine D1A receptors in mediating amphetamine-induced sensitization was investigated using the D1A-deficient mouse. During the drug pre-exposure phase, D1A-deficient and control mice were injected for five consecutive days with saline or amphetamine (2 mg/kg, i.p.). Locomotor activity was measured on the first and fifth pre-exposure day. After three abstinence days, mice were given either amphetamine or saline and locomotor activity was again assessed. Mice were then sacrificed and protein kinase A (PKA) activity was measured. In contrast to control mice, D1A-deficient mice did not show a progressive increase in locomotor activity across days. Importantly, both control and mutant mice did exhibit behavioral sensitization, because mice pre-exposed and tested with amphetamine were more active than mice acutely tested with the drug. Even so, the amphetamine-induced locomotor activity of the mutant mice was significantly reduced when compared with similarly treated control mice, indicating that the sensitized response was less pronounced in the D1A-deficient mouse. PKA activity also varied depending on genotype, since amphetamine decreased PKA activity in control but not D1A-deficient mice.

['8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate', 'Adenosine Triphosphate', 'Analysis of Variance', 'Animals', 'Caudate Nucleus', 'Corpus Striatum', 'Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases', 'Dextroamphetamine', 'Drug Administration Schedule', 'Female', 'Homozygote', 'Male', 'Mice', 'Mice, Knockout', 'Motor Activity', 'Nucleus Accumbens', 'Phosphorylation', 'Putamen', 'Receptors, Dopamine D1', 'Recombination, Genetic', 'Time Factors']

[['D03.633.100.759.646.138.395.225', 'D13.695.462.200.225', 'D13.695.667.138.395.225', 'D13.695.827.068.395.225'], ['D03.633.100.759.646.138.236', 'D13.695.667.138.236', 'D13.695.827.068.236'], ['E05.318.740.150', 'N05.715.360.750.125', 'N06.850.520.830.150'], ['B01.050'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.249.487.550.184'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.249.487'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.150.125', 'D12.644.360.200.125', 'D12.776.476.200.125'], ['D02.092.471.683.152.110.200'], ['E02.319.283'], ['G05.380.554'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.136.500.500', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.550.455', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.800.500'], ['F01.145.632', 'G11.427.410.698'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.249.487.775.500'], ['G02.111.665', 'G02.607.780', 'G03.796'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.249.487.550.784'], ['D12.776.543.750.670.300.400.400', 'D12.776.543.750.695.150.400.400', 'D12.776.543.750.720.330.400.400'], ['G05.728'], ['G01.910.857']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]']

Functional organization of face processing in the human superior temporal sulcus: a 7T high-resolution fMRI study.

The superior temporal sulcus (STS) is a major component of the human face perception network, implicated in processing dynamic changeable aspects of faces. However, it remains unknown whether STS holds functionally segregated subdivisions for different categories of facial movements. We used high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 7T in 16 volunteers to compare STS activation with faces displaying angry or happy expressions, eye-gaze shifts and lip-speech movements. Combining univariate and multivariate analyses, we show a systematic topological organization within STS, with gaze-related activity predominating in the most posterior and superior sector, speech-related activity in the anterior sector and emotional expressions represented in the intermediate middle STS. Right STS appeared to hold a finer functional segregation between all four types of facial movements, and best discriminative abilities within the face-selective posterior STS (pSTS). Conversely, left STS showed greater overlap between conditions, with a lack of distinction between mouth movements associated to speech or happy expression and better discriminative abilities (for gaze and speech vs emotion conditions) outside pSTS. Differential sensitivity to upper (eye) or lower (mouth) facial features may contribute to, but does not appear to fully account for, these response patterns.

['Adult', 'Brain Mapping', 'Discrimination, Psychological', 'Emotions', 'Evoked Potentials', 'Eye Movements', 'Facial Expression', 'Facial Recognition', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging', 'Male', 'Speech', 'Temporal Lobe', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.116'], ['E01.370.350.578.875.500', 'E01.370.376.537.625.500', 'E05.629.875.500'], ['F02.463.593.257'], ['F01.470'], ['G07.265.216.500', 'G11.561.200.500'], ['G11.427.410.140', 'G14.350'], ['E01.370.600.225', 'F01.145.209.530.385'], ['F02.463.593.524.250.500', 'F02.463.593.524.500.500', 'F02.463.593.932.622.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.350.825.500'], ['F01.145.209.908.677', 'G11.561.812', 'L01.559.423.676'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.500.863'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Screening Mammography Utilization and Medicare Beneficiaries' Perceptions of Their Primary Care Physicians.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To assess associations between screening mammography utilization and Medicare beneficiaries' relationships with, and impressions of, their primary care physicians.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey Access to Care Public Use File, we retrospectively studied responses from a national random cross section of Medicare beneficiaries surveyed in 2013 regarding perceptions of their primary care physicians and their screening mammography utilization. Statistical analysis accounted for subject weighting factors to estimate national screening utilization.RESULTS: Among 7492 female Medicare beneficiaries, 62.0% (95% confidence interval 59.8%-64.2%) underwent screening mammography. Utilization was higher for beneficiaries having (vs. not) a regular medical practice or clinic (63.2% vs. 34.6%) and a usual physician (63.8% vs. 50.3%). Utilization was higher for beneficiaries very satisfied (vs. very dissatisfied) with the overall quality of care they received (66.0% vs. 35.8%), their ease of getting to a doctor (67.7% vs. 43.2%), and their physician's concerns for their health (65.7% vs. 53.4%), as well as for beneficiaries strongly agreeing (vs. strongly disagreeing) that their physician is competent (66.0% vs. 54.1%), understands what is wrong (66.3% vs. 47.1%), answers all questions (67.0% vs. 46.7%), and fosters confidence (66.0% vs. 50.6%). Independent predictors of screening mammography utilization (P < .05) were satisfaction with quality of care, having a regular practice or clinic, and satisfaction with ease of getting to their physician.CONCLUSIONS: Screening mammography utilization is higher among Medicare beneficiaries with established primary physician relationships, particularly when those relationships are favorable. To optimize screening mammography utilization, breast imagers are encouraged to support initiatives to enhance high-quality primary care relationships.

['Clinical Competence', 'Early Detection of Cancer', 'Empathy', 'Female', 'Health Care Surveys', 'Health Services Accessibility', 'Humans', 'Mammography', 'Medicare', 'Patient Satisfaction', 'Perception', 'Physician-Patient Relations', 'Primary Health Care', 'Quality of Health Care', 'Retrospective Studies', 'United States']

[['I02.399.630.210', 'N04.761.210', 'N05.715.175'], ['E01.390.500'], ['F01.752.355', 'F01.752.543.500.500'], ['E05.318.308.980.344', 'N03.349.380.210', 'N05.425.210', 'N05.715.360.300.800.344', 'N06.850.520.308.980.344'], ['N04.590.374.350', 'N05.300.430'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.350.700.500'], ['N03.219.521.346.506.564.663', 'N03.219.521.576.343.840', 'N03.706.615.696'], ['F01.100.150.750.625', 'F01.145.488.887.625', 'N04.452.822.700', 'N05.300.150.800.625', 'N05.715.360.600'], ['F02.463.593'], ['F01.829.401.650.675', 'N05.300.660.625'], ['N04.590.233.727'], ['N04.761', 'N05.715'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['Z01.107.567.875']]

['Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Knockdown of the interleukin-6 receptor alpha chain of dendritic cell vaccines enhances the therapeutic potential against IL-6 producing tumors.

Tumor microenvironment has emerged as one of the major obstacles against the clinical efficacy of dendritic cell (DC) vaccines. Tumor-derived IL-6 may inhibit the differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells into DCs and suppress DC maturation, rendering DCs tolerogenic. We hypothesized that silencing the IL-6 receptor alpha chain (IL-6Rá) would restore the functional competence of DC vaccines in mice with an IL-6-producing TC-1 tumor, and eventually give rise to protective immunity. We found that the IL-6Rá knockdown-DC vaccine significantly enhanced the frequency of tumor-specific CD8(+) CTLs-producing effector molecules such as IFN-ã, TNF-á, FasL, perforin, and granzyme B, and generated more CD8(+) memory T cells, leading to the substantially prolonged survival of TC-1 tumor-bearing mice.

['Animals', 'CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes', 'Cancer Vaccines', 'Dendritic Cells', 'Female', 'Gene Knockdown Techniques', 'Interleukin-6', 'Interleukin-6 Receptor alpha Subunit', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred C57BL', 'Neoplasms', 'T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic']

[['B01.050'], ['A11.118.637.555.567.569.220', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.569.220', 'A15.382.490.555.567.569.220'], ['D20.215.894.200'], ['A11.066.270', 'A11.436.270', 'A15.382.066.270', 'A15.382.670.260'], ['E05.393.335.500'], ['D12.644.276.374.465.224', 'D12.776.467.374.465.202', 'D23.529.374.465.224'], ['D12.776.543.750.705.852.420.400.750'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.420', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.420'], ['C04'], ['A11.118.637.555.283.875', 'A11.118.637.555.567.550.500.200', 'A11.118.637.555.567.569.220.200', 'A11.118.637.555.567.569.500.200', 'A15.145.229.637.555.283.875', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.550.500.200', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.569.220.200', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.569.500.200', 'A15.382.490.555.283.875', 'A15.382.490.555.567.550.500.200', 'A15.382.490.555.567.569.220.200', 'A15.382.490.555.567.569.500.200']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]']

Oral calcium supplementation in premature and asphyxiated meonates.

Biochemical and hormonal effects of oral calcium supplementation in premature and asphyxiated neonates during the first few days of life are described. Eight pairs of infants were matched for gestational age and one-minute Apgar score. One member of each pair served as a control and the other was given supplemental oral calcium (75 mg/kg/24 hr) beginning at 12 and ending at 72 hours of age. The supplemental infants had significantly higher serum calcium values both during the time of supplementation and for 36 hours after supplementation was stopped. The oral calcium supplements had no significant effect on serum concentrations of phosphate, magnesium, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3, or parathyroid hormone, The incidence of hypocalcemia after 12 hours of age was 0 in eight supplemented infants and three in eight control infants. In patients at risk for hypocalcemia, prospective use of oral calcium supplements during the period when there is inadequate calcium intake from feedings may prevent hypocalcemia, appears to be without deleterious effect on measurable chemical and hormonal factors important in calcium homeostasis, and results in maintenance of higher serum calcium levels after supplementation has been discontinued.

['Administration, Oral', 'Adult', 'Apgar Score', 'Asphyxia Neonatorum', 'Calcium', 'Female', 'Gestational Age', 'Humans', 'Hypocalcemia', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Infant, Premature', 'Parathyroid Hormone', 'Vitamin D']

[['E02.319.267.100'], ['M01.060.116'], ['E01.370.600.050'], ['C16.614.092'], ['D01.268.552.100', 'D01.552.539.288', 'D23.119.100'], ['G07.345.500.325.235.968', 'G08.686.320'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C18.452.174.509', 'C18.452.950.509'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['M01.060.703.520.520'], ['D06.472.699.590', 'D12.644.548.587'], ['D04.210.500.812.768']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]']

Study on the complexation between DNA and cationic porphyrin derivatives.

A water-soluble cationic porphyrin, 5,10,15,20-Tetra(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)-21H,23H-porphyrin has been shown to intercalate selectively into the A3-G4 gap of C-quadruplexed DNA d(TTAGGG)4.

['Base Sequence', 'Circular Dichroism', 'DNA', 'Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy', 'Porphyrins']

[['G02.111.570.080', 'G05.360.080', 'L01.453.245.667.080'], ['E05.196.867.151'], ['D13.444.308'], ['E05.196.867.519'], ['D03.383.129.578.840.500', 'D03.633.400.909.500', 'D04.345.783.500', 'D23.767.727']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

3D foot shape generation from 2D information.

Two methods to generate an individual 3D foot shape from 2D information are proposed. A standard foot shape was first generated and then scaled based on known 2D information. In the first method, the foot outline and the foot height were used, and in the second, the foot outline and the foot profile were used. The models were developed using 40 participants and then validated using a different set of 40 participants. Results show that each individual foot shape can be predicted within a mean absolute error of 1.36 mm for the left foot and 1.37 mm for the right foot using the first method, and within a mean absolute error of 1.02 mm for the left foot and 1.02 mm for the right foot using the second method. The second method shows somewhat improved accuracy even though it requires two images. Both the methods are relatively cheaper than using a scanner to determine the 3D foot shape for custom footwear design.

['Adult', 'Foot', 'Hong Kong', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Models, Anatomic', 'Research Design', 'Shoes']

[['M01.060.116'], ['A01.378.610.250'], ['Z01.252.474.164.450'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['J01.897.280.500.545.129', 'L01.178.820.090.545.129'], ['E05.581.500', 'H01.770.644.728'], ['J01.637.215.800']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]']

Risk of Severe Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes Over 30 Years of Follow-up in the DCCT/EDIC Study.

OBJECTIVE: During the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), intensive diabetes therapy achieving a mean HbA1c of ?7% was associated with a threefold increase in the rate of severe hypoglycemia (defined as requiring assistance) compared with conventional diabetes therapy with a mean HbA1c of 9% (61.2 vs. 18.7 per 100 patient-years). After ?30 years of follow-up, we investigated the rates of severe hypoglycemia in the DCCT/Epidemiology of Diabetes Inverventions and Complications (EDIC) cohort.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Rates of severe hypoglycemia were reported quarterly during DCCT and annually during EDIC (i.e., patient recall of episodes in the preceding 3 months). Risk factors influencing the rate of severe hypoglycemia over time were investigated.RESULTS: One-half of the DCCT/EDIC cohort reported episodes of severe hypoglycemia. During EDIC, rates of severe hypoglycemia fell in the former DCCT intensive treatment group but rose in the former conventional treatment group, resulting in similar rates (36.6 vs. 40.8 episodes per 100 patient-years, respectively) with a relative risk of 1.12 (95% CI 0.91-1.37). A preceding episode of severe hypoglycemia was the most powerful predictor of subsequent episodes. Entry into the DCCT study as an adolescent was associated with an increased risk of severe hypoglycemia, whereas insulin pump use was associated with a lower risk. Severe hypoglycemia rates increased with lower HbA1c similarly among participants in both treatment groups.CONCLUSIONS: Rates of severe hypoglycemia have equilibrated over time between the two DCCT/EDIC treatment groups in association with advancing duration of diabetes and similar HbA1c levels. Severe hypoglycemia persists and remains a challenge for patients with type 1 diabetes across their life span.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Cohort Studies', 'Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Glycated Hemoglobin A', 'Humans', 'Hypoglycemia', 'Insulin', 'Male', 'Risk Factors', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['E05.318.372.500.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750'], ['C18.452.394.750.124', 'C19.246.267', 'C20.111.327'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['D09.400.430.937', 'D12.776.124.400.405.440', 'D12.776.395.381', 'D12.776.422.316.762.380.440'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C18.452.394.984'], ['D06.472.699.587.200.500.625', 'D12.644.548.586.200.500.625'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]']

Long-term effect on symptoms and quality of life of maintenance therapy with esomeprazole 20 mg daily: a post hoc analysis of the LOTUS trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the long-term effect on symptoms and quality of life of esomeprazole 20 mg once daily, a recommended dose for maintenance therapy of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This is a post hoc analysis of 5 year data from patients in the LOTUS trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00251927) who were randomized to esomeprazole 20 mg once daily. All participants had chronic, symptomatic GERD responsive to treatment. Gastrointestinal symptoms were assessed by physicians and by using patient-reported outcome instruments. Investigations included gastrointestinal endoscopy (with biopsy sampling), 24 hour esophageal pH monitoring and laboratory measurements.RESULTS: In total, 157 of 256 patients randomized to esomeprazole 20 mg once daily remained on this dose until the end of follow-up or study discontinuation, whereas 99 patients had their dose increased because of inadequate symptom control (of these, 29 subsequently returned to the allocated dose). On logistic regression, a long objectively defined GERD history, smoking, female sex, absence of Helicobacter pylori infection and high supine baseline acid reflux into the esophagus were associated with an increased likelihood of requiring dose escalation to esomeprazole 40 mg daily (all p < 0.05). Symptoms were fairly stable and quality of life was normal throughout follow-up in patients remaining on esomeprazole 20 mg once daily, with no more than mild symptom severity, and mean (standard deviation) percentage time with intraesophageal pH <4 was reduced from 10.7 (10.7) pre-randomization to 6.3 (10.2) at 6 months and 4.9 (7.3) at 5 years. The number of serious adverse events was low (0.079 per patient per year).LIMITATIONS: Post hoc analysis with no control group.CONCLUSIONS: Esomeprazole at a maintenance dose of 20 mg once daily offers effective long-term treatment for chronic GERD in patients initially responsive to the medication, with durable symptom control and sustained reductions in intraesophageal acid exposure.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal', 'Esomeprazole', 'Esophageal pH Monitoring', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Gastroesophageal Reflux', 'Health Status', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Quality of Life', 'Time Factors', 'Treatment Outcome']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['E01.370.372.250.250', 'E01.370.388.250.250.250', 'E04.210.240.250', 'E04.502.250.250.250'], ['D02.886.640.074.500.500', 'D03.383.725.024.500.500', 'D03.633.100.103.034.500.500'], ['E01.370.372.255', 'E01.370.520.215'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['C06.405.117.119.500.484'], ['I01.240.425', 'N01.224.425', 'N06.850.505.400.425'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['I01.800', 'K01.752.400.750', 'N06.850.505.400.425.837'], ['G01.910.857'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Humanities [K]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Fabrication and application of TiO2-based superhydrophilic-superhydrophobic patterns on titanium substrates for offset printing.

A fabrication process for superhydrophilic-superhydrophilic patterns on titanium substrates prepared through a combination of an ink-jet technique and site-selective decomposition of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) by a TiO(2) photocatalyst under UV irradiation is described. We demonstrate that the prepared titanium substrate is applicable as an offset printing plate with high resolution (133 and 150 lines per inch). Furthermore, the superhydrophilic-superhydrophobic patterns on the substrate can be deposited repeatedly after elimination of the patterns by photocatalytic decomposition of TiO(2) under UV irradiation. A second printed image with the renewed substrate showed no significant difference in image quality compared with the initial image.

['Catalysis', 'Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions', 'Printing', 'Titanium', 'Ultraviolet Rays', 'X-Ray Diffraction']

[['G02.130'], ['G02.409'], ['L01.737.787'], ['D01.268.557.800', 'D01.268.956.878', 'D01.552.547.800'], ['G01.358.500.505.650.891', 'G01.590.540.891', 'G01.750.250.650.891', 'G01.750.750.659', 'G01.750.770.578.891', 'G16.500.275.063.725.525.600', 'G16.500.750.775.525.600', 'N06.230.300.100.725.525.600'], ['E05.196.309.742', 'E05.196.822.950', 'G01.867.950', 'G02.965']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Analysis of cytokinin mutants and regulation of cytokinin metabolic genes reveals important regulatory roles of cytokinins in drought, salt and abscisic acid responses, and abscisic acid biosynthesis.

Cytokinins (CKs) regulate plant growth and development via a complex network of CK signaling. Here, we perform functional analyses with CK-deficient plants to provide direct evidence that CKs negatively regulate salt and drought stress signaling. All CK-deficient plants with reduced levels of various CKs exhibited a strong stress-tolerant phenotype that was associated with increased cell membrane integrity and abscisic acid (ABA) hypersensitivity rather than stomatal density and ABA-mediated stomatal closure. Expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana ISOPENTENYL-TRANSFERASE genes involved in the biosynthesis of bioactive CKs and the majority of the Arabidopsis CYTOKININ OXIDASES/DEHYDROGENASES genes was repressed by stress and ABA treatments, leading to a decrease in biologically active CK contents. These results demonstrate a novel mechanism for survival under abiotic stress conditions via the homeostatic regulation of steady state CK levels. Additionally, under normal conditions, although CK deficiency increased the sensitivity of plants to exogenous ABA, it caused a downregulation of key ABA biosynthetic genes, leading to a significant reduction in endogenous ABA levels in CK-deficient plants relative to the wild type. Taken together, this study provides direct evidence that mutual regulation mechanisms exist between the CK and ABA metabolism and signals underlying different processes regulating plant adaptation to stressors as well as plant growth and development.

['Abscisic Acid', 'Adaptation, Physiological', 'Arabidopsis', 'Arabidopsis Proteins', 'Cell Membrane', 'Cytokinins', 'Droughts', 'Gene Expression Regulation, Plant', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'Phenotype', 'Plant Stomata', 'Salts', 'Seeds', 'Signal Transduction', 'Stress, Physiological']

[['D02.241.223.268.034', 'D02.455.326.271.665.202.061', 'D02.455.426.392.368.367.379.249.024', 'D02.455.849.131.061', 'D02.455.849.765.521.500'], ['G07.025', 'G16.012.500'], ['B01.650.940.800.575.912.250.157.100'], ['D12.776.765.149'], ['A11.284.149'], ['D03.633.100.759.138.525'], ['G16.500.175.781', 'G16.500.750.775.154', 'N06.230.100.230.150'], ['G05.308.375'], ['L01.453.245.667'], ['G05.695'], ['A18.024.750.650', 'A18.024.812.650'], ['D01.786'], ['A18.024.500.750', 'G07.203.300.775', 'J02.500.775'], ['G02.111.820', 'G04.835'], ['G07.775']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]']

Problems in diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease by anorectal manometry.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the results of anorectal manometry and to evaluate the merits and disadvantages of this technique for the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease. Studies were performed in 268 patients with constipation, including 95 cases of Hirschsprung's disease. It is concluded from the results that Hirschsprung's disease can be confidently diagnosed by manometric studies. If the studies are performed carefully with a suitable probe, reliability is over 95%. Manometry is the most useful method to differentiate Hirschsprung's disease from other conditions, such as extremely short segment aganglionosis, colonic stenosis, and idiopathic megacolon.

['Adolescent', 'Anal Canal', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Constipation', 'Diagnosis, Differential', 'Hirschsprung Disease', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Manometry', 'Rectum', 'Reflex']

[['M01.060.057'], ['A03.556.124.526.070', 'A03.556.249.249.070'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['C23.888.821.150'], ['E01.171'], ['C06.198.439', 'C06.405.469.158.701.439', 'C16.131.314.439'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['E05.559'], ['A03.556.124.526.767', 'A03.556.249.249.767'], ['E01.370.376.550.650', 'E01.370.600.550.650', 'F02.830.702', 'G11.561.731']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

An inventory of publications on electronic medical records revisited.

OBJECTIVES: In this short review we provide an update of our earlier inventories of publications indexed in MedLine with the MeSH term 'Medical Records Systems, Computerized'.METHODS: We retrieved and analyzed all references to English articles published before January 1, 2008, and indexed in PubMed with the MeSH term 'Medical Records Systems, Computerized'.RESULTS: We retrieved a total of 11,924 publications, of which 3937 (33%) appeared in a journal with an impact factor. Since 2002 the number of yearly publications, and the number of journals in which those publications appeared, increased. A cluster analysis revealed three clusters: an organizational issues cluster, a technically oriented cluster and a cluster about order-entry and research.CONCLUSIONS: Although our previous inventory in 2003 suggested a constant yearly production of publications on electronic medical records since 1998, the current inventory shows another rise in production since 2002. In addition, many new journals and countries have shown interest during the last five years. In the last 15 years, interest in organizational issues remained fairly constant, order entry and research with systems gained attention, while interest in technical issues relatively decreased.

['Bibliometrics', 'Cluster Analysis', 'Equipment and Supplies', 'Humans', 'Journal Impact Factor', 'MEDLINE', 'Medical Records Systems, Computerized', 'Netherlands', 'PubMed', 'Publishing', 'United States']

[['L01.178.682.099.325', 'L01.453.183.291'], ['E05.318.740.250', 'N05.715.360.750.200', 'N06.850.520.830.250'], ['E07'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['L01.178.682.099.325.500', 'L01.453.183.291.500'], ['L01.313.500.750.280.710.500', 'L01.313.500.750.280.750.500', 'L01.313.500.750.300.188.300.650.500', 'L01.313.500.750.300.710.500', 'L01.313.500.750.300.742.650.500', 'L01.470.750.500.650.500'], ['E05.318.308.940.968.625', 'L01.313.500.750.300.695', 'N04.452.859.564.650', 'N05.715.360.300.715.500.530', 'N06.850.520.308.940.968.625'], ['Z01.542.651'], ['L01.313.500.750.280.750', 'L01.313.500.750.300.188.300.650', 'L01.313.500.750.300.742.650', 'L01.470.750.500.650'], ['L01.737'], ['Z01.107.567.875']]

['Information Science [L]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Model-based multi-view fusion of cinematic flow and optical imaging.

Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) offers the possibility to study and image biology at molecular scale in small animals with applications in oncology or gene expression studies. Here we present a novel model-based approach to 3D animal tracking from monocular video which allows the quantification of bioluminescence signal on freely moving animals. The 3D animal pose and the illumination are dynamically estimated through minimization of an objective function with constraints on the bioluminescence signal position. Derived from an inverse problem formulation, the objective function enables explicit use of temporal continuity and shading information, while handling important self-occlusions and time-varying illumination. In this model-based framework, we include a constraint on the 3D position of bioluminescence signal to enforce tracking of the biologically produced signal. The minimization is done efficiently using a quasi-Newton method, with a rigorous derivation of the objective function gradient. Promising experimental results demonstrate the potentials of our approach for 3D accurate measurement with freely moving animal.

['Algorithms', 'Animals', 'Image Enhancement', 'Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted', 'Imaging, Three-Dimensional', 'Luminescent Measurements', 'Pattern Recognition, Automated', 'Photography', 'Reproducibility of Results', 'Sensitivity and Specificity', 'Subtraction Technique', 'Video Recording']

[['G17.035', 'L01.224.050'], ['B01.050'], ['E01.370.350.600.350', 'L01.224.308.380'], ['E01.158.600', 'E01.370.350.350', 'L01.313.500.750.100.158.600'], ['E01.370.350.400', 'L01.224.308.410'], ['E05.196.712.516'], ['L01.399.750'], ['E01.370.350.600', 'E05.712'], ['E05.318.370.725', 'E05.337.851', 'N05.715.360.325.685', 'N06.850.520.445.725'], ['E05.318.370.800', 'E05.318.740.872', 'G17.800', 'N05.715.360.325.700', 'N05.715.360.750.725', 'N06.850.520.445.800', 'N06.850.520.830.872'], ['E01.370.350.760'], ['L01.280.960']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

[Analysis of meglumine in pharmaceutical products by means of high pressure liquid chromatography].

A method for the quantitative analysis of methylglucamine in pharmaceutical products by high pressure liquid chromatography is described. The suggested procedure overcomes every preliminary treatments of the sample and does not suffer of interferences due to excipients and other active substances.

['Chemistry, Pharmaceutical', 'Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid', 'Meglumine', 'Pharmaceutic Aids', 'Solubility', 'Sorbitol']

[['H01.158.703.007', 'H01.181.466'], ['E05.196.181.400.300'], ['D02.033.800.813.550', 'D09.067.342.600', 'D09.853.813.550'], ['D26.650', 'D27.720.744'], ['G02.805'], ['D02.033.800.813', 'D09.853.813']]

['Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

[Effects of lithium on the activity of ERK-1/2 signal pathway and expression of Bcl-2 family proteins in the central nervous system in vivo].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of chronic in vivo lithium administration on ERK-1/2 signal pathway and the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins, and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of lithium on the manic depression.METHODS: Forty male Wistar rats were evenly divided into 2 groups. One group was treated with 2.4 g/kg of Li2CO3 for 4 weeks. The other group were given with normal chow. By the end of the 4th week, rat brains were removed immediately on decapitation and dissected on ice. The total proteins of rat brain hippocampus and frontal cortex were prepared. Levels of the prylated, active forms of MEK, ERK-1/2, RSK1 and CREB, and the expression levels of Bcl-2 family were assayed by Western Blotting.RESULTS: Lithium increased the activities of MEK, ERK-1/2, RSK1, and CREB, up-regulated the expression of Bcl-2, and down-regulated the expression of Bax in rat brain hippocampus and frontal cortex.CONCLUSION: Chronic in vivo lithium administration activities ERK-1/2 signal pathway and regulates the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins in the central nervous system, which may associate with the therapeutic effects of lithium in the treatment of manic depression.

['Animals', 'Bipolar Disorder', 'Brain', 'Lithium Carbonate', 'Male', 'Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1', 'Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3', 'Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases', 'Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2', 'Rats', 'Rats, Wistar', 'Signal Transduction']

[['B01.050'], ['F03.084.500'], ['A08.186.211'], ['D01.045.125.500', 'D01.200.275.150.550', 'D01.510.475'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.567.249.500', 'D12.644.360.450.169.500', 'D12.776.476.450.169.500'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.567.249.750', 'D12.644.360.450.169.750', 'D12.776.476.450.169.750'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.567', 'D12.644.360.450', 'D12.776.476.450'], ['D12.644.360.075.718', 'D12.776.476.075.718', 'D12.776.624.664.700.169'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.900'], ['G02.111.820', 'G04.835']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Causes of increasing mortality in a nursing home population.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the roles played by changes in case-mix, quality of care, and aggressiveness of care in explaining the 42% increase in mortality of the Medicaid nursing home population of Hennepin County, Minnesota, between 1984 and 1988.DESIGN: Retrospective chart review.SETTING: All nursing homes in Hennepin County, MN, that care for Medicaid patients.PATIENTS: A random sample of 1605 Medicaid nursing home residents from 1984 and 1988 stratified by year and by whether the resident died in that year. Sampling was disproportionate to allow approximately 400 individuals per stratum. A total of 1405 charts (87%) were reviewed; the remainder were either lost or destroyed.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measures included case-mix (Charlson index, functional status, implicit reviewer assigned severity [range 1-4]), aggressiveness of care (orders limiting care), quality of care (process of care for tracer conditions [range 1-5], falls), and resident death.RESULTS: Implicitly rated severity of illness worsened between 1984 and 1988 (2.77 vs 2.91; P = .009), but other measures of case-mix were unchanged. A greater percentage of residents had a DNR order in 1988 (12% in 1984 vs 37% in 1988; P < .001), and more received less aggressive care (31% vs 40%; P = .006). Overall process of care improved between 1984 and 1988 (2.88 vs 3.01; P < .05). With adjustment of the mortality rates and with logistic regression controlling for age and gender, changes in quality of care alone accounted for less than 5% of the mortality rate change between 1984 and 1988, case-mix alone accounted for 49%, and aggressiveness of care alone accounted for nearly 100%.CONCLUSIONS: The nursing home population became sicker between 1984 and 1988, but process of care improved. These changes had a modest effect on the mortality rate. The increase in less aggressive care between 1984 and 1988 accounts for nearly all of the increase in mortality.

['Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Cause of Death', 'Diagnosis-Related Groups', 'Female', 'Geriatric Assessment', 'Health Services Research', 'Homes for the Aged', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Medicaid', 'Minnesota', 'Nursing Homes', 'Quality of Health Care', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Severity of Illness Index', 'United States']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['E05.318.308.985.550.250', 'N01.224.935.698.100', 'N06.850.505.400.975.550.250', 'N06.850.520.308.985.550.250'], ['N03.219.521.710.305.200.080'], ['E05.318.308.225', 'I01.240.425.350', 'N01.224.425.350', 'N05.715.360.300.360', 'N06.850.505.400.425.350', 'N06.850.520.308.225'], ['H01.770.644.145.360', 'N03.349.380', 'N05.425'], ['J03.775.462', 'N02.278.825.462'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['N03.219.521.346.506.564.655', 'N03.706.615.693'], ['Z01.107.567.875.350.510', 'Z01.107.567.875.510.510'], ['N02.278.825.610'], ['N04.761', 'N05.715'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['E05.318.308.980.438.475.456.500', 'N05.715.360.300.800.438.375.364.500', 'N06.850.520.308.980.438.475.364.500'], ['Z01.107.567.875']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Pipecolic acid enhances resistance to bacterial infection and primes salicylic acid and nicotine accumulation in tobacco.

Distinct amino acid metabolic pathways constitute integral parts of the plant immune system. We have recently identified pipecolic acid (Pip), a lysine-derived non-protein amino acid, as a critical regulator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and basal immunity to bacterial infection in Arabidopsis thaliana. In Arabidopsis, Pip acts as an endogenous mediator of defense amplification and priming. For instance, Pip conditions plants for effective biosynthesis of the phenolic defense signal salicylic acid (SA), accumulation of the phytoalexin camalexin, and expression of defense-related genes. Here, we show that tobacco plants respond to leaf infection by the compatible bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tabaci (Pstb) with a significant accumulation of several amino acids, including Lys, branched-chain, aromatic, and amide group amino acids. Moreover, Pstb strongly triggers, alongside the biosynthesis of SA and increases in the defensive alkaloid nicotine, the production of the Lys catabolites Pip and á-aminoadipic acid. Exogenous application of Pip to tobacco plants provides significant protection to infection by adapted Pstb or by non-adapted, hypersensitive cell death-inducing P. syringae pv maculicola. Pip thereby primes tobacco for rapid and strong accumulation of SA and nicotine following bacterial infection. Thus, our study indicates that the role of Pip as an amplifier of immune responses is conserved between members of the rosid and asterid groups of eudicot plants and suggests a broad practical applicability for Pip as a natural enhancer of plant disease resistance.

['2-Aminoadipic Acid', 'Amines', 'Amino Acids', 'Disease Resistance', 'Nicotine', 'Pipecolic Acids', 'Plant Diseases', 'Plant Leaves', 'Plant Roots', 'Pseudomonas syringae', 'Salicylic Acid', 'Time Factors', 'Tobacco']

[['D02.241.081.337.052.075', 'D12.125.119.075'], ['D02.092'], ['D12.125'], ['C23.550.291.671', 'G12.450.564.250', 'G12.450.800.250', 'G15.630.250'], ['D03.132.760.570', 'D03.383.725.518'], ['D03.066.758', 'D03.383.621.758'], ['G15.610'], ['A18.024.812'], ['A18.400'], ['B03.440.400.425.625.625.770', 'B03.660.250.580.590.770'], ['D02.241.223.100.300.595.608', 'D02.241.511.390.595.608', 'D02.455.426.559.389.127.281.595.608', 'D02.455.426.559.389.657.410.595.608'], ['G01.910.857'], ['B01.650.940.800.575.912.250.908.500.900']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]']

Correlation between the body mass index (BMI) of pregnant women and the development of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Very few publications correlate hypotension in obese pregnant women, and especially morbidly obese, after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the incidence of hypotension according to the BMI.METHODS: Forty-nine patients with pregestational BMI below 25 kg.m(-2) were included in the Eutrophia group, and 51 patients with BMI ? 25 kg.m(-2) were included in the Overweight group. After spinal anesthesia, blood pressure, volume of crystalloid infused, and dose of vasopressors used until delivery were recorded. A fall in systolic blood pressure below 100 mmHg or 10% reduction of the initial systolic blood pressure (SBP) was considered as hypotension and it was corrected by the administration of vasopressors.RESULTS: Episodes of hypotension were fewer in the Eutrophia group (5.89 ± 0.53 vs. 7.80 ± 0.66, p = 0.027), as well as the amount of crystalloid administered (1,298 ± 413.6 mL vs. 1,539 ± 460.0 mL; p = 0.007), and use of vasopressors (5.87 ± 3.45 bolus vs. 7.70 ± 4.46 bolus; p = 0.023). As for associated diseases, we observed higher incidence of diabetes among obese pregnant women (29.41% vs. 9.76%, RR 1.60, 95%CI: 1.15-2.22, p = 0.036), however, differences in the incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) were not observe between both groups (overweight: 21.57%, normal weight: 12.20%, RR 1.30, 95%CI: 0.88-1.94, p = 0.28).CONCLUSIONS: In the study sample, pregestational BMI ? 25 kg.m(-2) was a risk factor for hypotension after spinal anesthesia in patients undergoing cesarean section. The same group of patients required higher doses of vasopressors. Those results indicate that the anesthetic techniques in those patients should be improved to reduce the consequences of post-spinal anesthesia hypotension, both in pregnant women and fetuses.

['Anesthesia, Obstetrical', 'Anesthesia, Spinal', 'Body Mass Index', 'Cesarean Section', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Hypotension', 'Obesity', 'Pregnancy', 'Pregnancy Complications']

[['E03.155.364'], ['E03.155.086.331'], ['E01.370.600.115.100.125', 'E05.041.124.125', 'G07.100.100.125', 'N06.850.505.200.100.175'], ['E04.520.252.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C14.907.514'], ['C18.654.726.500', 'C23.888.144.699.500', 'E01.370.600.115.100.160.120.699.500', 'G07.100.100.160.120.699.500'], ['G08.686.784.769'], ['C13.703']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]']

Local airway anesthesia attenuates hemodynamic responses to intubation and extubation in hypertensive surgical patients.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of topical ropivacaine anesthesia on hemodynamic responses during intubation and extubation of hypertensive patients.MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred fifty patients with hypertension ASA II-III were scheduled for noncardiac operations. Patients were divided into 3 groups: a control group receiving 5 ml saline, and 2 groups receiving topical anesthesia with 100 mg lidocaine or 37.5 mg ropivacaine. Hemodynamic responses, including blood pressure and heart rate (HR), were recorded at baseline (T0), before intubation (T1), during tracheal intubation (T2), 2 min after intubation (T3), upon eye opening on verbal commands (T4), during tracheal extubation (T5), and 2 min after extubation (T6). Patients were injected with urapidil 5 mg during intubation and extubation if their systolic blood pressure (SBP) was ?160 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was ³90 mmHg, and esmolol 10 mg when HR was ?90 bpm.RESULTS: During extubation, the total dosages of urapidil and esmolol were significantly higher in the saline than in the lidocaine or ropivacaine groups, and were significantly lower in the ropivacaine than in the lidocaine group. At T2, SBP, SBP, MAP, and HR were lower in the lidocaine and ropivacaine groups than in the saline group, but the differences were not significant. From T4 to T6, SBP, DBP, MAP, and HR were significantly lower in the ropivacaine group than in the other 2 groups (P<0.05 each).CONCLUSIONS: Topical lidocaine and ropivacaine anesthesia can effectively reduce hemodynamic responses during intubation, with ropivacaine better at inhibiting hemodynamic changes at emergence in hypertensive patients.

['Airway Extubation', 'Amides', 'Anesthesia, Local', 'Antihypertensive Agents', 'Arterial Pressure', 'Demography', 'Diastole', 'Dose-Response Relationship, Drug', 'Female', 'Heart Rate', 'Hemodynamics', 'Humans', 'Hypertension', 'Intubation, Intratracheal', 'Lidocaine', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Piperazines', 'Propanolamines', 'Ropivacaine', 'Systole']

[['E02.041.249', 'E05.008'], ['D02.065'], ['E03.155.086.231'], ['D27.505.954.411.162'], ['G09.330.380.076.347'], ['I01.240', 'N01.224', 'N06.850.505.400'], ['G09.330.580.295', 'G11.427.494.554.250', 'G11.427.494.570.295'], ['G07.690.773.875', 'G07.690.936.500'], ['E01.370.600.875.500', 'G09.330.380.500'], ['G09.330.380'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C14.907.489'], ['E02.041.500', 'E02.585.578', 'E05.497.578'], ['D02.065.199.092.500', 'D02.092.146.113.092.500'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['D03.383.606'], ['D02.033.100.624', 'D02.033.755.624', 'D02.092.063.624'], ['D02.065.199.825', 'D02.092.146.113.825'], ['G09.330.580.880', 'G11.427.494.570.880']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]']

Carotid endarterectomy in nonagenarians.

HYPOTHESIS: The North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial and the European Carotid Surgery Trial demonstrated that a greater benefit from carotid endarterectomy (CEA) was seen in elderly compared with younger patients. However, no patients older than 89 years were included in either study. We hypothesized that CEA is safe and effective in patients 89 years and older.DESIGN AND SETTING: This is a retrospective review of 3 neurosurgeons' CEA experience with nonagenarian patients.PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS: Of our 1800 patients who underwent CEA, 26 were 89 years or older. Twenty-three patients had had cerebral ischemic symptoms (unilateral hemispheric symptoms in 21 and 2 dizzy spells associated with bilateral high-grade stenosis). Cerebral angiography was performed in 3 patients. Twenty-three patients underwent noninvasive imaging. Four patients had bilateral high-grade stenosis and underwent staged bilateral CEA. All procedures were performed after the induction of general anesthesia with electroencephalographic (and, more recently, transcranial Doppler) monitoring and etomidate-induced burst suppression for cerebral protection during cross-clamping.RESULTS: Unusual technical difficulties were frequently noted, including high bifurcations, looping rotated internal carotid arteries, and marked adherence of surrounding soft tissues. In 3 of the 30 procedures, a shunt was used. There were no perioperative cerebral ischemic or cardiac events. The mean hospital stay was 2 days. One patient had a transient vocal cord paresis. Twenty-two patients were alive and well 24 months following the procedure. Four patients died of non-stroke-related causes.CONCLUSIONS: Carotid endarterectomy was successfully performed without perioperative cerebral or cardiac complications in our series of 26 patients 89 years and older undergoing 30 CEAs. Extrapolating from reported results from the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial and the European Carotid Surgery Trial, we believe CEA should be considered in nonagenarian patients with high-grade symptomatic carotid stenosis who are otherwise well medically. Our recommendations are less certain in the case of asymptomatic disease.

['Age Factors', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Carotid Stenosis', 'Cause of Death', 'Cohort Studies', 'Endarterectomy, Carotid', 'Female', 'Geriatric Assessment', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Monitoring, Intraoperative', 'Postoperative Complications', 'Prognosis', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Risk Assessment', 'Severity of Illness Index', 'Survival Rate', 'Treatment Outcome', 'Ultrasonography, Doppler']

[['N05.715.350.075', 'N06.850.490.250'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['C10.228.140.300.200.360', 'C14.907.137.230', 'C14.907.253.123.360'], ['E05.318.308.985.550.250', 'N01.224.935.698.100', 'N06.850.505.400.975.550.250', 'N06.850.520.308.985.550.250'], ['E05.318.372.500.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750'], ['E04.100.814.456.250'], ['E05.318.308.225', 'I01.240.425.350', 'N01.224.425.350', 'N05.715.360.300.360', 'N06.850.505.400.425.350', 'N06.850.520.308.225'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.520.510', 'E04.510'], ['C23.550.767'], ['E01.789'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.715', 'N04.452.871.715', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.690', 'N06.850.505.715', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.715'], ['E05.318.308.980.438.475.456.500', 'N05.715.360.300.800.438.375.364.500', 'N06.850.520.308.980.438.475.364.500'], ['E05.318.308.985.550.900', 'N01.224.935.698.826', 'N06.850.505.400.975.550.900', 'N06.850.520.308.985.550.900'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800'], ['E01.370.350.850.850']]

['Health Care [N]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Organisms [B]']

Relationship between mercury accumulation in young-of-the-year yellow perch and water-level fluctuations.

A three-year (2001-2003) monitoring effort of 14 northeastern Minnesota lakes was conducted to document relationships between water-level fluctuations and mercury bioaccumulation in young-of-the-year (YOY) yellow perch (Perca flavescens) collected in the fall of each year at fixed locations. Six of those lakes are located within or adjacent to Voyageurs National Park and are influenced by dams on the outlets of Rainy and Namakan lakes. One site on Sand Point Lake coincides with a location that has nine years of previous monitoring suitable for addressing the same issue over a longer time frame. Mean mercury concentrations in YOY yellow perch at each sampling location varied significantly from year to year. For the 12-year monitoring site on Sand Point Lake, values ranged from 38 ng gww(-1) in 1998 to 200 ng gww(-1) in 2001. For the 14-lake study, annual mean concentrations ranged by nearly a factor of 2, on average, for each lake over the three years of record. One likely factor responsible for these wide variations is that annual water-level fluctuations are strongly correlated with mercury levels in YOY perch for both data sets.

['Animals', 'Mercury', 'Perches', 'Water Pollutants, Chemical']

[['B01.050'], ['D01.268.556.504', 'D01.268.956.437', 'D01.552.544.504'], ['B01.050.150.900.493.602.600'], ['D27.888.284.903.655']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Cascade functionalization of unsaturated bond-containing polymers using ambident agents possessing both nitrile N-oxide and electrophilic functions.

We developed a powerful and highly reliable cascade functionalization technique for constructing sophisticated macromolecular architectures. Central to the technique are the ambident agents having combined functions of a nitrile N-oxide group and an electrophile. The agents proved capable of facile catalyst- and solvent-free functionalization of polymers and further integrations involving cross-linking.

['Cross-Linking Reagents', 'Molecular Structure', 'Nitriles', 'Oxides', 'Polymers']

[['D27.720.470.410.210'], ['G02.111.570', 'G02.466'], ['D02.626'], ['D01.248.497.158.685', 'D01.650.550'], ['D05.750', 'D25.720', 'J01.637.051.720']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]']

The effect of exercise on postprandial lipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients.

To elucidate if postprandial exercise can reduce the exaggerated lipidemia seen in type 2 diabetic patients after a high-fat meal. Two mornings eight type 2 diabetic patients (males) (58 +/- 1.2 years, BMI 28.0 +/- 0.9 kg m(-2)) and seven non-diabetic controls ate a high-fat breakfast (680 kcal m(-2), 84% fat). On one morning, 90 min later subjects cycled 60 min at 57% VO(2max). Biopsies from quadriceps muscle and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue were sampled after exercise or equivalent period of rest and arterialized blood for 615 min. Postprandial increases in serum total-triglyceride (TG) (incremental AUC: 1,702 +/- 576 vs. 341 +/- 117 mmol l(-1) 600 min), chylomicron-TG (incremental AUC: 1,331 +/- 495 vs. 184 +/- 55 mmol l(-1) 600 min) and VLDL-TG as well as in insulin (incremental AUC: 33,946 +/- 7,414 vs. 13,670 +/- 3,250 pmol l(-1) 600 min), C-peptide and glucose were higher in diabetic patients than in non-diabetic controls (P < 0.05). In diabetic patients these variables were reduced (P < 0.05) by exercise (total-TG incremental AUC being 1,110 +/- 444, chylomicron-TG incremental AUC 1,043 +/- 474 mmol l(-1) 600 min and insulin incremental AUC 18,668 +/- 4,412 pmol l(-1) 600 min). Lipoprotein lipase activity in muscle (11.0 +/- 2.0 vs. 24.1 +/- 3.4 mU g per wet weight, P < 0.05) and post-heparin plasma at 615 min were lower in diabetic patients than in non-diabetic controls, but did not differ in adipose tissue and did not change with exercise. In diabetic patients, 210 min after exercise oxygen uptake (P < 0.05) and fat oxidation (P < 0.1) were still higher than on non-exercise days. In type 2 diabetic patients, after a high-fat meal exercise reduces the plasma concentrations of triglyceride contained in both chylomicrons and VLDL as well as insulin secretion. This suggests protection against progression of atherosclerosis and diabetes.

['Adipose Tissue', 'Area Under Curve', 'Blood Glucose', 'C-Peptide', 'Chylomicrons', 'Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2', 'Dietary Fats', 'Exercise', 'Exercise Therapy', 'Humans', 'Hyperlipidemias', 'Insulin', 'Lipase', 'Lipoproteins, VLDL', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Oxygen Consumption', 'Postprandial Period', 'Quadriceps Muscle', 'Triglycerides']

[['A10.165.114'], ['E05.318.740.200', 'G03.787.101', 'G07.690.725.064', 'N06.850.520.830.200'], ['D09.947.875.359.448.500'], ['D06.472.699.587.200.500.250', 'D12.644.548.586.200.500.250'], ['D10.532.183', 'D12.776.521.242'], ['C18.452.394.750.149', 'C19.246.300'], ['D10.212.302', 'G07.203.300.375', 'J02.500.375'], ['G11.427.410.698.277', 'I03.350'], ['E02.760.169.063.500.387', 'E02.779.483', 'E02.831.535.483'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C18.452.584.500.500'], ['D06.472.699.587.200.500.625', 'D12.644.548.586.200.500.625'], ['D08.811.277.352.100.400'], ['D10.532.599', 'D12.776.521.622'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['G03.680'], ['G10.261.700'], ['A02.633.567.850'], ['D10.351.801']]

['Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]']

Clinicopathological correlation of retinal pigment epithelial tears in exudative age related macular degeneration: pretear, tear, and scarred tear.

AIMS: To analyse the histopathology of vascularised pigment epithelial detachments and tears of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in age related macular degeneration (AMD).METHODS: The light microscopic architecture of 10 surgically removed subretinal specimens-three vascularised pigment epithelial detachments, four recent tears, and three scarred tears as a manifestation of AMD-were studied and correlated with the angiographic findings.RESULTS: Recent tears: a large fibrovascular membrane was found to be originally situated in Bruch's membrane. About half of the surface of the fibrovascular tissue was denuded of RPE and diffuse drusen. The RPE and diffuse drusen had retracted and rolled up, covering a neighbouring part of the intra-Bruch's fibrovascular membrane. The rolled up RPE and diffuse drusen were not interspersed with fibrovascular tissue but lay superficial to the intra-Bruch's fibrovascular membrane itself. Scarred tears: a collagen capsule surrounded the rolled up diffuse drusen and RPE. Fibrovascular tissue was found inside the rolled up material, predominantly at its choroidal side.CONCLUSION: The area of choroidal neovascularisation associated with a vascularised pigment epithelial detachment and a tear of the RPE may be larger than was hitherto thought or indicated by fluorescein angiography. This neovascular tissue may be present within the bed of the RPE tear, as well as at the site of the scrolled up RPE.

['Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Bruch Membrane', 'Cell Movement', 'Collagen', 'Coloring Agents', 'Female', 'Fluorescein Angiography', 'Humans', 'Indocyanine Green', 'Macular Degeneration', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Neovascularization, Pathologic', 'Pigment Epithelium of Eye', 'Retinal Detachment', 'Retinal Drusen', 'Retinal Perforations', 'Retinal Vessels', 'Staining and Labeling']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['A09.371.894.223.250', 'A10.272.220.250', 'A10.615.179.250'], ['G04.198', 'G07.568.500.180'], ['D05.750.078.280', 'D12.776.860.300.250'], ['D27.720.233'], ['E01.370.370.050.350', 'E01.370.380.250'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D03.633.100.473.400'], ['C11.768.585.439'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C23.550.589.500'], ['A09.371.670', 'A10.272.640'], ['C11.768.648'], ['C11.768.585.585'], ['C11.768.740'], ['A07.015.611'], ['E01.370.225.500.620.670', 'E01.370.225.750.600.670', 'E05.200.500.620.670', 'E05.200.750.600.670']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]']

The prognosis of ischemic stroke in young adults.

The report provides prognostic information on 60 patients (aged 16 to 40 years) with ischemic stroke. Immediate mortality from stroke is low and long-term mortality is due to other causes than cerebrovascular disease. The recovery from neurological deficits is good except for patients with occlusions of the internal carotic artery or the proximal parts of the middle cerebral artery. Reinfarction is rare (about 0.5 per cent annually) and other late neurological complications do not seriously affect long-term prognosis. More than 80 per cent of the patients will be able to resume work on a full or part-time basis.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Age Factors', 'Basilar Artery', 'Carotid Artery, Internal', 'Cerebral Arteries', 'Cerebrovascular Disorders', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Prognosis', 'Recurrence']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['N05.715.350.075', 'N06.850.490.250'], ['A07.015.114.106'], ['A07.015.114.186.200.230'], ['A07.015.114.228'], ['C10.228.140.300', 'C14.907.253'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.789'], ['C23.550.291.937']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']