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wiki-ref stringlengths 54 199	old_content stringlengths 1 48.7k	old_time stringlengths 20 20	new_content stringlengths 1 49.3k	new_time stringlengths 20 20
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KAoS&diff=518900790&oldid=518900743	*[[http://ontology.ihmc.us/kaos.html KAoS homepage]	2012-10-20T17:49:05Z	*[http://ontology.ihmc.us/kaos.html KAoS homepage]	2012-10-20T17:49:29Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinematic_determinacy&diff=10354605&oldid=10354585	[[[Kinematic determinacy]] is a term used in structural mechanics to describe a structure where material compatibility conditions alone can be utilized to calculate deflections.	2005-02-17T12:40:57Z	[[[Kinematic determinacy]]] is a term used in structural mechanics to describe a structure where material compatibility conditions alone can be utilized to calculate deflections.	2005-02-17T12:42:31Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Log_house_moulder&diff=50264573&oldid=50264231	[[Image:Logosol-moulder.jpg]]	2006-04-26T15:06:14Z	[[Image:Logosol-moulder.jpg]]	2006-04-26T15:08:22Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mapscape_BV&diff=230812619&oldid=230812553	*[[http://www.mapscape.eu/ Mapscape]]	2008-08-09T14:18:32Z	*[http://www.mapscape.eu/ Mapscape]	2008-08-09T14:18:57Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MASTAR_MOSFET_Model&diff=188828432&oldid=188828262	. MASTAR offers good accuracy and continuity in current and its derivatives in all operation regimes of the MOSFET devices. The model has been successfully used in CAD/[[Electronic design automation \| EDA]] simulation tools<ref>[http://www.silvaco.com/tech_lib/simulationstandard/1996/may/a3/a3.html\|Modeling MOS Devices Using the MASTAR Model with UTMOST III]</ref>.	2008-02-03T16:49:39Z	. MASTAR offers good accuracy and continuity in current and its derivatives in all operation regimes of the MOSFET devices. The model has been successfully used in CAD/[[Electronic design automation \|EDA]] simulation tools<ref>[http://www.silvaco.com/tech_lib/simulationstandard/1996/may/a3/a3.html\|Modeling MOS Devices Using the MASTAR Model with UTMOST III]</ref>.	2008-02-03T16:50:50Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microphotonics&diff=1108733&oldid=265826	Currently microphotonics technology is being developed to replace electronics in devices optical router would eliminate this bottleneck, speeding up the network. [[Perfect mirrors]] are being developed for use in fiber optic cables.	2001-06-23T07:03:11Z	Currently microphotonics technology is being developed to replace electronics in devices optical [[router]] would eliminate this bottleneck, speeding up the network. [[Perfect mirrors]] are being developed for use in fiber optic cables.	2002-02-25T15:43:11Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_Slotted_Aloha&diff=413856927&oldid=413856307	\|list3 = [[Token ring]]{{·}} [[Token bus network\|Token bus]]{{·}} [[Mobile Slotted Aloha (MS-Aloha)]]	2011-02-14T10:37:26Z	\|list3 = [[Token ring]]{{·}} [[Token bus network\|Token bus]]{{·}} [[Mobile Slotted Aloha (MS-Aloha)]]{{·}}	2011-02-14T10:44:19Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase_response&diff=10558229&oldid=10557694	The relationship between the phase of an input signal and an ouput signal passing through any device.	2005-02-25T09:54:24Z	The relationship between the phase of an input and an ouput signal passing through any device.	2005-02-25T09:58:11Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Position_sensor&diff=126876200&oldid=126875262	*[[Hall effect]] sensor	2007-04-29T15:46:27Z	*[[Hall effect sensor]]	2007-04-29T15:51:22Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive_material_identification&diff=389076288&oldid=389076196	Positive Material Identification (PMI) is the analysis of a metallic alloy to establish composition by reading the quantities by percentage of its constituent elements. Typical methods for PMI include [[X-ray Fluorescence]] (XRF) and [[Optical Emission Spectrometry]] (OES).	2010-10-06T10:35:05Z	Positive Material Identification (PMI) is the analysis of a metallic alloy to establish composition by reading the quantities by percentage of its constituent elements. Typical methods for PMI include [[X-ray Fluorescence\|XRF]] (XRF) and [[Optical Emission Spectrometry]] (OES).	2010-10-06T10:35:44Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remington-Rand_Quiet-Riter.&diff=742420597&oldid=742420536	The '''[[Remington Rand]] Quiet-Riter''' is a portable, mechanical [[typewriter]] manufactured in the 1950's.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1175740\|title=Remington Quiet-Riter - AmericanHistory.si.edu\|publisher=The Smithstonian Institute\|accessdate= 3 October 2016}}</ref>	2016-10-03T16:17:54Z	The '''[[Remington-Rand]] Quiet-Riter''' is a portable, mechanical [[typewriter]] manufactured in the 1950's.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1175740\|title=Remington Quiet-Riter - AmericanHistory.si.edu\|publisher=The Smithstonian Institute\|accessdate= 3 October 2016}}</ref>	2016-10-03T16:18:26Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simband&diff=610549930&oldid=610549864	'''Simband''' is a [[activity tracker]] announced by [[Samsung]] in 2014.<ref name=CNET>{{cite web\|last=Tibken\|first=Shara\|title=Simband, sensors key to Samsung wearables push\|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/simband-sensors-key-to-samsung-wearables-push/\|work=[[CNET]]\|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]\|accessdate=28 May 2014}}<ref name=BBCN>{{cite web\|last=Kelion\|first=Leo\|title=Samsung reveals Simband and Sami health platform\|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-27612110\|work=[[BBC]]\|accessdate=28 May 2014}}</ref></ref>	2014-05-28T21:23:10Z	'''Simband''' is a [[activity tracker]] announced by [[Samsung]] in 2014.<ref name=CNET>{{cite web\|last=Tibken\|first=Shara\|title=Simband, sensors key to Samsung wearables push\|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/simband-sensors-key-to-samsung-wearables-push/\|work=[[CNET]]\|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]\|accessdate=28 May 2014}}</ref><ref name=BBCN>{{cite web\|last=Kelion\|first=Leo\|title=Samsung reveals Simband and Sami health platform\|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-27612110\|work=[[BBC]]\|accessdate=28 May 2014}}</ref>	2014-05-28T21:23:41Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slide-tape&diff=547734120&oldid=525535319	Analog slide-tape works have declined in use in the developed world, though digital ones continue to be produced, and can now be created with [[photo slideshow software]]. Analog use continues in less developed countries world.	2012-11-29T13:40:46Z	Analog slide-tape works have declined in use in the developed world, though digital ones continue to be produced, and can now be created with [[photo slideshow software]]. Analog use continues in countries in the less developed world.	2013-03-30T02:21:37Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SON-9&diff=60542782&oldid=60542751	The SON-9 is a type of [[Russian]]\[[Soviet]] fire director radar for 57 [milimeter\|mm]] and 100 mm [[anti-aircraft guns]].	2006-06-25T21:02:59Z	The SON-9 is a type of [[Russian]]\[[Soviet]] fire director radar for 57 [[milimeter\|mm]] and 100 mm [[anti-aircraft guns]].	2006-06-25T21:03:11Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tilt_test_(vehicle_safety_test)&diff=176980380&oldid=176980272	{{quote\|be capable of leaning, fully laden on top, at an angle of 28 deg without toppling over before they are allowed on the road and this bus had passed that test.<ref>[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm198990/cmhansrd/1990-06-05/Debate-1.html Public record of a debate in the UK parliament about a recent coach crash, Column 512 Mr Parkison]}}	2007-12-10T13:14:45Z	{{quote\|be capable of leaning, fully laden on top, at an angle of 28 deg without toppling over before they are allowed on the road and this bus had passed that test.<ref>[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm198990/cmhansrd/1990-06-05/Debate-1.html Public record of a debate in the UK parliament about a recent coach crash, Column 512 Mr Parkison]</ref>}}	2007-12-10T13:15:28Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winding_engine&diff=24926354&oldid=24926295		2005-10-06T22:37:52Z		2005-10-06T22:38:29Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Science&diff=1090226739&oldid=1090226410	[[File:CMB Timeline300 no WMAP.jpg\|thumb\|300x300px\|[[Chronology of the universe]] as deduced by the prevailing [[Big Bang\|Big Bang theory]], a result from science and obtained knowledge\|alt=Timeline of the Universe from Big Bang to present]]'''Science''' ({{ety\|la\|scientia\|knowledge}})<ref name="webster" /> is a systematic enterprise that [[Scientific method\|builds]] and organizes [[knowledge]] in the form of [[Testability\|testable]] [[Explanation\|explanations]] and [[Prediction\|predictions]] about the [[universe]].<ref name="EOWilson1999a2">{{Cite book \|last=Wilson \|first=E.O. \|url=https://archive.org/details/consilienceunity00wils_135 \|title=Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge \|publisher=Vintage \|year=1999 \|isbn=978-0-679-76867-8 \|edition=Reprint \|location=New York, New York \|pages=[https://archive.org/details/consilienceunity00wils_135/page/n55 49]–71 \|chapter=The natural sciences \|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="Heilbron3"> {{cite book \|last=Heilbron \|first=J.L. \|title=The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=2003 \|isbn=978-0-19-511229-0 \|location=New York \|pages=vii–X \|chapter=Preface \|quote=...modern science is a discovery as well as an invention. It was a discovery that nature generally acts regularly enough to be described by laws and even by mathematics; and required invention to devise the techniques, abstractions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regularities and securing their law-like descriptions. \|display-authors=etal \|author-link=J. L. Heilbron}}</ref> New knowledge in science is advanced by [[research]] from [[Scientist\|scientists]] who are motivated by curiosity about the world and a desire to solve problems.<ref name="macritchie2011">{{cite book \|last=MacRitchie \|first=Finlay \|url=https://www.routledge.com/Scientific-Research-as-a-Career/MacRitchie/p/book/9781439869659 \|title=Scientific Research as a Career \|publisher=Routledge \|year=2011 \|isbn=978-1-4398-6965-9 \|edition=1st \|location=New York, New York \|pages=1–6 \|chapter=Introduction \|access-date=May 5, 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505074020/https://www.routledge.com/Scientific-Research-as-a-Career/MacRitchie/p/book/9781439869659 \|archive-date=May 5, 2021 \|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="marder2011">{{cite book \|last=Marder \|first=Michael P. \|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/research-methods-for-science/1C04E5D747781B68C52A79EE86BF584B \|title=Research Methods for Science \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|year=2011 \|isbn=978-0-521-14584-8 \|edition=1st \|location=New York, New York \|pages=1–17 \|chapter=Curiosity and research \|access-date=May 5, 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505001547/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/research-methods-for-science/1C04E5D747781B68C52A79EE86BF584B \|archive-date=May 5, 2021 \|url-status=live}}</ref> Contemporary scientific research is highly collaborative and is usually done by teams in [[Academic institution\|academic]] and [[Research institute\|research institutions]],<ref name="deridder2020">{{cite book \|last=de Ridder \|first=Jeroen \|url=https://www.routledge.com/What-is-Scientific-Knowledge-An-Introduction-to-Contemporary-Epistemology/McCain-Kampourakis/p/book/9781138570153 \|title=What is Scientific Knowledge? An Introduction to Contemporary Epistemology of Science \|publisher=Routledge \|year=2020 \|isbn=978-1-138-57016-0 \|editor-last1=McCain \|editor-first1=Kevin \|edition=1st \|location=New York, New York \|pages=3–17 \|chapter=How many scientists does it take to have knowledge? \|access-date=May 5, 2021 \|editor-last2=Kampourakis \|editor-first2=Kostas \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505044353/https://www.routledge.com/What-is-Scientific-Knowledge-An-Introduction-to-Contemporary-Epistemology/McCain-Kampourakis/p/book/9781138570153 \|archive-date=May 5, 2021 \|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Government agency\|government agencies]], and [[Company\|companies]].<ref name="lindberg2007h">{{cite book \|last=Lindberg \|first=David C. \|title=The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context \|publisher=University of Chicago Press \|year=2007 \|isbn=978-0-226-48205-7 \|edition=Second \|location=Chicago, Illinois \|pages=163–192 \|chapter=Islamic science}}</ref><ref name="gertner2013">{{cite book \|last=Szycher \|first=Michael \|url=https://www.routledge.com/Commercialization-Secrets-for-Scientists-and-Engineers/Szycher/p/book/9781498730600 \|title=Commercialization Secrets for Scientists and Engineers \|publisher=Routledge \|year=2016 \|isbn=978-1-138-40741-1 \|edition=1st \|location=New York, New York \|pages=159–176 \|chapter=Establishing your dream team \|access-date=May 5, 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818032914/https://www.routledge.com/Commercialization-Secrets-for-Scientists-and-Engineers/Szycher/p/book/9781498730600 \|archive-date=August 18, 2021 \|url-status=live}}</ref> The practical impact of their work has led to the emergence of [[Science policy\|science policies]] that seek to influence the scientific enterprise by prioritizing the development of [[Product (business)\|commercial products]], [[Weapon\|armaments]], [[health care]], [[public infrastructure]], and [[environmental protection]].	2022-05-28T06:25:47Z	[[File:CMB Timeline300 no WMAP.jpg\|thumb\|300x300px\|[[Chronology of the universe]] as deduced by the prevailing [[Big Bang\|Big Bang theory]], a result from science and obtained knowledge\|alt=Timeline of the Universe from Big Bang to present]]'''Science''' ({{ety\|la\|scientia\|knowledge}})<ref name="webster" /> is a systematic enterprise that [[Scientific method\|builds]] and organizes [[knowledge]] in the form of [[Testability\|testable]] [[Explanation\|explanations]] and [[Prediction\|predictions]] about the [[universe]].<ref name="EOWilson1999a2">{{Cite book \|last=Wilson \|first=E.O. \|url=https://archive.org/details/consilienceunity00wils_135 \|title=Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge \|publisher=Vintage \|year=1999 \|isbn=978-0-679-76867-8 \|edition=Reprint \|location=New York, New York \|pages=[https://archive.org/details/consilienceunity00wils_135/page/n55 49]–71 \|chapter=The natural sciences \|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="Heilbron3"> {{cite book \|last=Heilbron \|first=J.L. \|title=The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=2003 \|isbn=978-0-19-511229-0 \|location=New York \|pages=vii–X \|chapter=Preface \|quote=...modern science is a discovery as well as an invention. It was a discovery that nature generally acts regularly enough to be described by laws and even by mathematics; and required invention to devise the techniques, abstractions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regularities and securing their law-like descriptions. \|display-authors=etal \|author-link=J. L. Heilbron}}</ref> New knowledge in science is advanced by [[research]] from [[Scientist\|scientists]] who are motivated by curiosity about the world and a desire to solve problems.<ref name="macritchie2011">{{cite book \|last=MacRitchie \|first=Finlay \|url=https://www.routledge.com/Scientific-Research-as-a-Career/MacRitchie/p/book/9781439869659 \|title=Scientific Research as a Career \|publisher=Routledge \|year=2011 \|isbn=978-1-4398-6965-9 \|edition=1st \|location=New York, New York \|pages=1–6 \|chapter=Introduction \|access-date=May 5, 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505074020/https://www.routledge.com/Scientific-Research-as-a-Career/MacRitchie/p/book/9781439869659 \|archive-date=May 5, 2021 \|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="marder2011">{{cite book \|last=Marder \|first=Michael P. \|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/research-methods-for-science/1C04E5D747781B68C52A79EE86BF584B \|title=Research Methods for Science \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|year=2011 \|isbn=978-0-521-14584-8 \|edition=1st \|location=New York, New York \|pages=1–17 \|chapter=Curiosity and research \|access-date=May 5, 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505001547/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/research-methods-for-science/1C04E5D747781B68C52A79EE86BF584B \|archive-date=May 5, 2021 \|url-status=live}}</ref> Contemporary scientific research is highly collaborative and is usually done by teams in [[Academic institution\|academic]] and [[Research institute\|research institutions]],<ref name="deridder2020">{{cite book \|last=de Ridder \|first=Jeroen \|url=https://www.routledge.com/What-is-Scientific-Knowledge-An-Introduction-to-Contemporary-Epistemology/McCain-Kampourakis/p/book/9781138570153 \|title=What is Scientific Knowledge? An Introduction to Contemporary Epistemology of Science \|publisher=Routledge \|year=2020 \|isbn=978-1-138-57016-0 \|editor-last1=McCain \|editor-first1=Kevin \|edition=1st \|location=New York, New York \|pages=3–17 \|chapter=How many scientists does it take to have knowledge? \|access-date=May 5, 2021 \|editor-last2=Kampourakis \|editor-first2=Kostas \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505044353/https://www.routledge.com/What-is-Scientific-Knowledge-An-Introduction-to-Contemporary-Epistemology/McCain-Kampourakis/p/book/9781138570153 \|archive-date=May 5, 2021 \|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Government agency\|government agencies]], and [[Company\|companies]].<ref name="lindberg2007h">{{cite book \|last=Lindberg \|first=David C. \|title=The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context \|publisher=University of Chicago Press \|year=2007 \|isbn=978-0-226-48205-7 \|edition=Second \|location=Chicago, Illinois \|pages=163–192 \|chapter=Islamic science}}</ref><ref name="gertner2013">{{cite book \|last=Szycher \|first=Michael \|url=https://www.routledge.com/Commercialization-Secrets-for-Scientists-and-Engineers/Szycher/p/book/9781498730600 \|title=Commercialization Secrets for Scientists and Engineers \|publisher=Routledge \|year=2016 \|isbn=978-1-138-40741-1 \|edition=1st \|location=New York, New York \|pages=159–176 \|chapter=Establishing your dream team \|access-date=May 5, 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818032914/https://www.routledge.com/Commercialization-Secrets-for-Scientists-and-Engineers/Szycher/p/book/9781498730600 \|archive-date=August 18, 2021 \|url-status=live}}</ref> The practical impact of their work has led to the emergence of [[Science policy\|science policies]] that seek to influence the scientific enterprise by prioritizing the development of [[Product (business)\|commercial products]], [[Weapon\|armaments]], [[health care]], [[public infrastructure]], and [[environmental protection]].	2022-05-28T06:29:33Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Africa@home&diff=30383632&oldid=30383542	*[http://africa-home4.cern.ch/malariaControl/ Malaria Control Project]	2005-12-06T20:31:35Z	*[http://africa-home4.cern.ch/malariaControl/ Malaria Control Project]	2005-12-06T20:32:17Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_National_Centre_for_the_Public_Awareness_of_Science&diff=222788634&oldid=222788172	CPAS is the acronym for the [[Australian National University]]’s award-winning Centre for the Public Awareness of Science <ref>[http://cpas.anu.edu.au]</ref>. In March, 2000 it became an accredited Centre for the Australian National Commission for UNESCO <ref>[http://www.dfat.gov.au/intorgs/unesco/]</ref>. As a UNESCO Centre, CPAS engages with science communication and communicators in the Pacific region and beyond. In partnership with the UNESCO Pacific Office in Apia, Samoa <ref>[http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=36986&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html]</ref>, CPAS <ref>[http://cpas.anu.edu.au]</ref> has focused on science teaching training and communication in Pacific nations. As well as running a science journalism workshop for Pacific Island journalists in 2001, CPAS <ref>[http://cpas.anu.edu.au]</ref>. followed up in the same year with a science teacher workshop and the first Pacific Science Communication Forum <ref>[http://cpas.anu.edu.au]</ref> The UNESCO office in Jakarta <ref>[http://www.google.com.au/search?hl=en&rlz=1G1GGLQ_ENAU281&q=UNESCO+Jakarta++&btnG=Search&meta=]</ref> invited CPAS <ref>[http://cpas.anu.edu.au]</ref> to join a mission to Cambodia to conduct a survey to identify and assess the needs of the country with respect to science education in schools and universities. Other activities include joining with UNESCO (Apia) <ref>[<ref>[http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=36986&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html]</ref>,]</ref> to help in its aims to raise social participation in science in and around the Pacific.	2008-07-01T03:07:46Z	CPAS is the acronym for the [[Australian National University]]’s award-winning Centre for the Public Awareness of Science <ref>[http://cpas.anu.edu.au]</ref>. In March, 2000 it became an accredited Centre for the Australian National Commission for [[UNESCO]] <ref>[http://www.dfat.gov.au/intorgs/unesco/]</ref>. As a [[UNESCO]] Centre, CPAS engages with science communication and communicators in the Pacific region and beyond. In partnership with the [[UNESCO]] Pacific Office in Apia, Samoa <ref>[http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=36986&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html]</ref>, CPAS <ref>[http://cpas.anu.edu.au]</ref> has focused on science teaching training and communication in Pacific nations. As well as running a science journalism workshop for Pacific Island journalists in 2001, CPAS <ref>[http://cpas.anu.edu.au]</ref>. followed up in the same year with a science teacher workshop and the first Pacific Science Communication Forum <ref>[http://cpas.anu.edu.au]</ref> The UNESCO office in Jakarta <ref>[http://www.google.com.au/search?hl=en&rlz=1G1GGLQ_ENAU281&q=UNESCO+Jakarta++&btnG=Search&meta=]</ref> invited CPAS <ref>[http://cpas.anu.edu.au]</ref> to join a mission to Cambodia to conduct a survey to identify and assess the needs of the country with respect to science education in schools and universities. Other activities include joining with UNESCO (Apia) <ref>[<ref>[http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=36986&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html]</ref>,]</ref> to help in its aims to raise social participation in science in and around the Pacific.	2008-07-01T03:11:28Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Funding_of_science&diff=137355558&oldid=120030207	{{Not verified\|date=February 2007}}'''Research funding''' is a term generally covering any funding for scientific [[research]], in the areas of both "hard" [[science]] and [[technology]], and [[social science]]. The term often connotes funding obtained through a competitive process, in which potential research projects are evaluated and only the most promising receive funding. Such processes, which are run by government, corporations or foundations, allocate scarce funds. Total research funding in most [[developed country\|developed countries]] is between 1.5% and 3% of [[Gross domestic product\|GDP]]; Sweden is the only country to exceed 4%. [http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/49/45/24236156.pdf]	2007-04-03T18:26:13Z	{{Not verified\|date=February 2007}}'''Research funding''' is a term generally covering any funding for scientific [[research]], in the areas of both "hard" [[science]] and [[technology]] and [[social science]]. The term often connotes funding obtained through a competitive process, in which potential research projects are evaluated and only the most promising receive funding. Such processes, which are run by government, corporations or foundations, allocate scarce funds. Total research funding in most [[developed country\|developed countries]] is between 1.5% and 3% of [[Gross domestic product\|GDP]]; Sweden is the only country to exceed 4%. [http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/49/45/24236156.pdf]	2007-06-11T00:53:00Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_CETI&diff=1120385078&oldid=1118716163	''' Project CETI''' is an international initiative to understand the communication of [[sperm whales]] using advances in [[Artificial Intelligence]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/scientists-plan-to-use-ai-to-try-to-decode-the-language-of-whales \|title= Groundbreaking effort launched to decode whale language\|last=Welch\|first=Craig \|date=April 19, 2021 \|website=NGS \|publisher=National Geographic Society \|access-date=October 28, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Anthes \|first1=Emily \|title=The Animal Translators \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/30/science/translators-animals-naked-mole-rats.html \|access-date=October 28, 2022 \|work=NYTimes \|publisher=New York Times \|date=August 30, 2022}}</ref> The project has an interdisciplinary scientific board including marine biologists, artificial intelligence researchers, roboticists, theoretical computer scientists, and linguists. The project has a base on the island of [[Dominica]] where recordings are being collected. A roadmap<ref name="pmid35663036">{{cite journal\| author=Andreas J, Beguš G, Bronstein MM, Diamant R, Delaney D, Gero S \| display-authors=etal\| title=Toward understanding the communication in sperm whales. \| journal=iScience \| year= 2022 \| volume= 25 \| issue= 6 \| pages= 104393 \| pmid=35663036 \| doi=10.1016/j.isci.2022.104393 \| pmc=9160774 \| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=35663036 }} </ref> has been published. The organization has been selected as a [[The Audacious Project\|TED Audacious Project]]<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.audaciousproject.org/grantees/project-ceti \| title=The Audacious Project: Project CETI \| work=www.audaciousproject.org \| access-date=October 28, 2022}}</ref>.	2022-10-28T13:19:35Z	''' Project CETI''' is an international initiative to understand the communication of [[sperm whales]] using advances in [[Artificial Intelligence]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/scientists-plan-to-use-ai-to-try-to-decode-the-language-of-whales \|title= Groundbreaking effort launched to decode whale language\|last=Welch\|first=Craig \|date=April 19, 2021 \|website=NGS \|publisher=National Geographic Society \|access-date=October 28, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Anthes \|first1=Emily \|title=The Animal Translators \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/30/science/translators-animals-naked-mole-rats.html \|access-date=October 28, 2022 \|work=NYTimes \|publisher=New York Times \|date=August 30, 2022}}</ref> The project has an interdisciplinary scientific board including marine biologists, artificial intelligence researchers, roboticists, theoretical computer scientists, and linguists. The project has a base on the island of [[Dominica]] where recordings are being collected. A roadmap<ref name="pmid35663036">{{cite journal\| author=Andreas J, Beguš G, Bronstein MM, Diamant R, Delaney D, Gero S \| display-authors=etal\| title=Toward understanding the communication in sperm whales. \| journal=iScience \| year= 2022 \| volume= 25 \| issue= 6 \| pages= 104393 \| pmid=35663036 \| doi=10.1016/j.isci.2022.104393 \| pmc=9160774 \| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=35663036 }} </ref> has been published. The organization has been selected as a [[The Audacious Project\|TED Audacious Project]].<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.audaciousproject.org/grantees/project-ceti \| title=The Audacious Project: Project CETI \| work=www.audaciousproject.org \| access-date=October 28, 2022}}</ref>	2022-11-06T18:45:30Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Science_in_newly_industrialized_countries&diff=142425953&oldid=142425179	* [http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200603/international.cfm / Raising the Level of Science in Developing Countries] * [http://www.actionbioscience.org/newfrontiers/delarosa.html/ Improving Science Literacy and Conservation in Developing Countries]	2007-07-04T09:14:24Z	* [http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200603/international.cfm Raising the Level of Science in Developing Countries] * [http://www.actionbioscience.org/newfrontiers/delarosa.html Improving Science Literacy and Conservation in Developing Countries]	2007-07-04T09:22:10Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SETI@home_beta&diff=37833677&oldid=37833312	'''SETI@home beta''' using the using the [[Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing]] (BOINC) platform, is currently a test environment for the three future projects: —[http://setiweb.ssl.berkeley.edu/beta/ Website]	2006-02-02T12:04:02Z	'''SETI@home beta''' using the [[Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing]] (BOINC) platform, is currently a test environment for the three future projects: —[http://setiweb.ssl.berkeley.edu/beta/ Website]	2006-02-02T12:08:33Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Balzan_Prize_recipients&diff=43280538&oldid=43278479	* [[Ernst H.J. Gombrich]] (Austria / UK) History of western art * [[Jean-Pierre Serre]] (France) Mathematics	2006-03-11T11:21:30Z	* [[Ernst Gombrich\|Ernst H.J. Gombrich]] (Austria / UK) History of western art * [[Jean-Pierre Serre]] (France) Mathematics	2006-03-11T11:54:40Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Ibadan&diff=958940067&oldid=958939976	*Bigard Seminary, Enugu, Enugu, State	2020-05-26T11:32:52Z	*[[Bigard Seminary, Enugu, Enugu, State]]	2020-05-26T11:33:29Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_vineyard_soil_types&diff=147615042&oldid=147614480	[[Albariza]] - Formed by [[diatomaceous]] deposits. Found in southern [[Spain]] [[Boulbènes]] - Fine [[siliceous]] that is easily compressed and common in the [[Entre-Deux-Mers]] region of [[Bordeaux]]. [[Calcareous soil]] - [[Alkaline soil]] with high levels of [[Calcium carbonate\|calcium]] and [[Magnesium carbonate]]. Typically cool in temperature soil that provides good water retention and drainage. '''Calcareous clay''' soils have high [[limestone]] content that neutralizes natural acidity of the soil. However the cool temperatures of the soil normally delay ripening in the grape which tends to produce more acidic wines. [[Carbonaceous soil]] - Soil produced through the [[anaerobic decomposition]] of rotting vegetation. This type of soil includes [[anthracite]], [[coal]], [[lignite]] and [[peat]].	2007-07-28T06:19:33Z	Albariza - Formed by [[diatomaceous]] deposits. Found in southern [[Spain]] Boulbènes - Fine [[siliceous]] that is easily compressed and common in the [[Entre-Deux-Mers]] region of [[Bordeaux]]. Calcareous soil - [[Alkaline soil]] with high levels of [[Calcium carbonate\|calcium]] and [[Magnesium carbonate]]. Typically cool in temperature soil that provides good water retention and drainage. '''Calcareous clay''' soils have high [[limestone]] content that neutralizes natural acidity of the soil. However the cool temperatures of the soil normally delay ripening in the grape which tends to produce more acidic wines. Carbonaceous soil - Soil produced through the [[anaerobic decomposition]] of rotting vegetation. This type of soil includes [[anthracite]], [[coal]], [[lignite]] and [[peat]].	2007-07-28T06:24:52Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_science&diff=779729152&oldid=779729071	'''Natural science''' is a branch of [[science]] concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of [[natural phenomena\|Phenomenon]], based on [[observation]]al and [[empirical evidence]]. Mechanisms such as [[peer review]] and repeatability of findings are used to try to ensure the validity of scientific advances.	2017-05-10T17:07:56Z	'''Natural science''' is a branch of [[science]] concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of [[Phenomenon\|natural phenomena]], based on [[observation]]al and [[empirical evidence]]. Mechanisms such as [[peer review]] and repeatability of findings are used to try to ensure the validity of scientific advances.	2017-05-10T17:08:28Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darwin_and_His_Great_Discovery&diff=63968528&oldid=63968425	The work is an examination of [[naturalist]] [[Charles Darwin]] and the famous [[theory of evolution]] he proposed and marshaled evidence for in ''[[The Origin of Species]]''.	2006-07-15T15:59:16Z	The work is an examination of [[naturalist]] [[Charles Darwin]] and the famous [[theory]] of [[evolution]] he proposed and marshaled evidence for in ''[[The Origin of Species]]''.	2006-07-15T15:59:56Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don't_Be_Such_a_Scientist&diff=290802460&oldid=290802197	'''''Don't Be Such A Scientist: Talking Substance in and Age of Style''''' is a 2009 book by [[scientist]]-turned-[[filmmaker]] [[Randy Olson]], Ph.D., in which he draws on his experiences in [[acting class]] and [[film school]] to offer suggestions on how [[science]] and other technical fields might be more effectively communicated to the general public.	2009-05-18T21:31:27Z	'''''Don't Be Such A Scientist: Talking Substance in and Age of Style''''' is a 2009 book by [[scientist]]-turned-[[filmmaker]] [[Randy Olson]], Ph.D., in which he draws on his experiences in [[acting]] class and [[film school]] to offer suggestions on how [[science]] and other technical fields might be more effectively communicated to the general public.	2009-05-18T21:32:41Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hot_Zone&diff=155697055&oldid=154490391	'''''The Hot Zone, A Terrifying True Story ''''' is a [[best-selling]] 1994 [[non-fiction]] bio-thriller by [[Richard Preston]] describing the origins of and incidents involving the [[hemorrhagic fever]]s caused by [[Ebola]] and [[Marburg (virus)\|Marburg]] viruses. The basis of the book was research done by Preston for his 1992 ''[[New Yorker]]'' article "[[Crisis in the Hot Zone]]".	2007-08-29T23:55:04Z	'''''The Hot Zone, A Terrifying True Story ''''' is a [[best-selling]] 1994 [[non-fiction]] bio-thriller by [[Richard Preston]] describing the origins of incidents involving the [[hemorrhagic fever]]s caused by [[Ebola]] and [[Marburg (virus)\|Marburg]] viruses. The basis of the book was research done by Preston for his 1992 ''[[New Yorker]]'' article "[[Crisis in the Hot Zone]]".	2007-09-04T20:30:18Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magia_Naturalis&diff=2089854&oldid=2089813	''Natural Magic'' was revised and considerably expanded throughout the author's lifetime, its twenty books (Naples 1589) include writings upon geology, optics, medicines, poisons, cooking, metallurgy and magnetism. It also includes notes upon cosmetics,perfumes, gunpowder and invisible writing.	2004-01-05T11:31:39Z	''Natural Magic'' was revised and considerably expanded throughout the author's lifetime, its twenty books (Naples 1589) include writings upon geology, optics, medicines, poisons, cooking, metallurgy and magnetism. It also includes notes upon cosmetics,perfumes, gunpowder and invisible writing.	2004-01-05T11:32:47Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scientologie,_Wissenschaft_von_der_Beschaffenheit_und_der_Tauglichkeit_des_Wissens&diff=29741188&oldid=29724065	'''Scientologie''' is a philosophy presented by German [[Dr. Anastasius Nordenholz]], in his book ''''Scientology: Science of the Constitution and Usefulness of Knowledge'' in [[1934]]. It has no connection to the more widely known religion, [[Scientology]], which was created later by [[L. Ron Hubbard]], although "Scientologie" is now a registered trademark of the [[Religious Technology Center]], which controls the [[Church of Scientology]].	2005-11-30T20:11:18Z	'''Scientologie''' is a philosophy presented by German Dr. [[Anastasius Nordenholz]], in his book ''''Scientology: Science of the Constitution and Usefulness of Knowledge'' in [[1934]]. It has no connection to the more widely known religion, [[Scientology]], which was created later by [[L. Ron Hubbard]], although "Scientologie" is now a registered trademark of the [[Religious Technology Center]], which controls the [[Church of Scientology]].	2005-11-30T22:59:17Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superior:_The_Return_of_Race_Science&diff=911777115&oldid=911776108	While acknowledging that today's scientists who look for expressions of the concept of race in biology are not the equivalent of their 19<sup>th</sup>-Century peers, Saini questions whether this line of inquiry any produce any useful findings.{{R\|nat}} She argues a focus on race or ethnicity in public health and medicine can blind researchers to causes that have already been proven to affect health outcomes, such as [[Socioeconomics\|socioeconomic]] conditions. By rehashing the idea that the concept of race corresponds to actual genetic differences, they also feeds the re-emergence of the white nationalist movement.{{R\|sl}}{{R\|wir}}{{R\|ft}}	2019-08-21T02:26:57Z	While acknowledging that today's scientists who look for expressions of the concept of race in biology are not the equivalent of their 19<sup>th</sup>-Century peers, Saini questions whether this line of inquiry any produce any useful findings.{{R\|nat}} She argues a focus on race or ethnicity in public health and medicine can blind researchers to causes that have already been proven to affect health outcomes, such as [[Socioeconomics\|socioeconomic]] conditions. By rehashing the idea that the concept of race corresponds to actual genetic differences, they also feeds the re-emergence of the white nationalist movement.{{R\|wir}}{{R\|sl}}{{R\|ft}}	2019-08-21T02:40:39Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Throwim_Way_Leg&diff=135094031&oldid=135093885	Throwim Way Leg is a book written by Australian zoologist and climate change activist [[Tim Flannery]]. It documents Flannery's experiences in the highlands of New Guinea, describing the unique flora and fauna of the area as well as the culture of the various tribes. Flannery explores both Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya (now [[Papua]] and West Irian) in the book.	2007-06-01T14:25:05Z	Throwim Way Leg is a book written by Australian zoologist and climate change activist [[Tim Flannery]]. It documents Flannery's experiences in the highlands of New Guinea, describing the unique flora and fauna of the area as well as the culture of the various tribes. Flannery explores both Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya (now [[Papua]] and [[West Irian]]) in the book.	2007-06-01T14:25:51Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_We_Believe_but_Cannot_Prove&diff=163218752&oldid=163209678	\| followed_by = What Is Your Dangerous Idea?: Today's Leading Thinkers on the Unthinkable	2007-10-08T23:49:56Z	\| followed_by = [[What Is Your Dangerous Idea?: Today's Leading Thinkers on the Unthinkable]]	2007-10-09T00:35:46Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wild_Solutions&diff=261740806&oldid=261740515	'''''Wild Solutions: How Biodiversity is Money in the Bank''''' is a 2001 book by biologists [[Andrew Beattie]] and [[Paul Ehrlich]]. A second edition came out in 2004. The authors explain the value of "wild solutions" to technical and medical problems that may reside in the diversity of the Earth's estimated 5 to 10 million species. Beattie and Ehrlich describe the role of natural substances in medicine, pest control, and manufacturing.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1525/is_/ai_87741379 Green revolution in economics]</ref><ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/2680174 Review: Solutions from the Wild Side]</ref><ref>[http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/433121?journalCode=qrb The Quarterly Review of Biology, June 2005, vol. 80, no. 2]</ref> The book won a [[National Outdoor Book Award]] in 2001.<ref>[http://www.noba-web.org/bookrel01.htm Press Release: 2001 NOBA Winners]</ref>	2009-01-03T20:07:58Z	'''''Wild Solutions: How Biodiversity is Money in the Bank''''' is a 2001 book by biologists Andrew Beattie and [[Paul Ehrlich]]. A second edition came out in 2004. The authors explain the value of "wild solutions" to technical and medical problems that may reside in the diversity of the Earth's estimated 5 to 10 million species. Beattie and Ehrlich describe the role of natural substances in medicine, pest control, and manufacturing.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1525/is_/ai_87741379 Green revolution in economics]</ref><ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/2680174 Review: Solutions from the Wild Side]</ref><ref>[http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/433121?journalCode=qrb The Quarterly Review of Biology, June 2005, vol. 80, no. 2]</ref> The book won a [[National Outdoor Book Award]] in 2001.<ref>[http://www.noba-web.org/bookrel01.htm Press Release: 2001 NOBA Winners]</ref>	2009-01-03T20:09:32Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis&diff=346458828&oldid=346012973	'''Analysis''' is the process of breaking a [[Complexity\|complex topic]] or substance into smaller parts to gain a better understanding of it. The [[technique\|technique]] has been applied in the study of [[mathematics]] and [[logic]] since before [[Aristotle]], though ''analysis'' as a formal concept is a relatively recent development<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analysis/ Analysis]</ref>.	2010-02-24T02:27:23Z	'''Analysis''' is the process of breaking a [[Complexity\|complex topic]] or substance into smaller parts to gain a better understanding of it. The [[technique]] has been applied in the study of [[mathematics]] and [[logic]] since before [[Aristotle]], though ''analysis'' as a formal concept is a relatively recent development<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analysis/ Analysis]</ref>.	2010-02-26T08:03:24Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verbal_Behavior&diff=155579705&oldid=155579625	Chapter Five of Verbal Behavior discusses the tact in depth. A tact is said to "make contact with" the world, and refers to behavior that is under the control of generalized reinforcement. The controlling stimuli is nonverbal, "the whole of the physical environment". It can undergo many extensions: generic, metaphoric, metonymical, solecistic, nomination, and 'guessing'. It can also be involved in abstraction. Lowe, Horne, Harris & Randle (2002) would be one example of recent work in tacts.	2007-09-04T07:06:54Z	Chapter Five of Verbal Behavior discusses the tact in depth. A tact is said to "make contact with" the world, and refers to behavior that is under the control of generalized reinforcement. The controlling stimuli is nonverbal, "the whole of the physical environment". It can undergo many extensions: generic, metaphoric, metonymical, solecistic, nomination, and 'guessing'. It can also be involved in abstraction. Lowe, Horne, Harris & Randle (2002) would be one example of recent work in tacts.	2007-09-04T07:07:38Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anomalistics&diff=76532841&oldid=76532679	'''Anomalistics''', a term originally conceived in [[1974]] by [[Drew University]] [[anthropology\|anthropologist]] [[Robert W. Wescott]], is defined as the ''"...serious and systematic study of all phenomena that fail to fit the picture of reality provided for us by common sense or by the established sciences."'' Crediting creation of the field to [[Charles Fort]], journalist, satirist, and chronicler of unexplained physical (as opposed to [[psychic\|psychical]]) events, Wescott also named unorthodox biologist [[Ivan T. Sanderson]], and scientist and [[Sourcebook Project]] compiler [[William R. Corliss]], for bringing both expansion to the field and a degree of scientific perspective. Other major scientifically trained anomalists include [[J. Allen Hynek]] and [[Bernard Heuvelmans]], each representative, respectively, of the field's two best-organized subdisciplines, of [[ufology]] and [[cryptozoology]], though in entirety it encompasses a much broader range of reported phenomena, some obscure and explored in-depth only by specialists.	2006-09-19T05:33:25Z	'''Anomalistics''', a term originally conceived in [[1974]] by [[Drew University]] [[anthropology\|anthropologist]] [[Robert W. Wescott]], is defined as the ''"...serious and systematic study of all phenomena that fail to fit the picture of reality provided for us by common sense or by the established sciences."'' Crediting creation of the field to [[Charles Fort]], journalist, satirist, and chronicler of unexplained physical (as opposed to [[psychic\|psychical]]) events, Wescott also named unorthodox biologist [[Ivan T. Sanderson]], and scientist and [[Sourcebook Project]] compiler [[William R. Corliss]], for bringing both expansion to the field and a degree of scientific perspective. Other major scientifically trained anomalists include [[J. Allen Hynek]] and [[Bernard Heuvelmans]], each representative, respectively, of the field's two best-organized subdisciplines, [[ufology]] and [[cryptozoology]], though in entirety it encompasses a much broader range of reported phenomena, some obscure and explored in-depth only by specialists.	2006-09-19T05:34:59Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuralgia-inducing_cavitational_osteonecrosis&diff=241324189&oldid=241323898	* [http://www.angelfire.com/in/starburst4/index.page2.html] A BONE OF CONTENTION: Cavitations vs. Osteonecrosis * [http://facial-neuralgia.org/conditions/nico.html] Facial Neuralgia Resources * [http://www.drshankland.com/osteocavitation_lesions.html] NICO and Cavitations * [http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/cavitation.html] Cavitational Osteopathosis, NICO, and Biological Dentistry	2008-09-27T14:00:42Z	* [http://www.angelfire.com/in/starburst4/index.page2.html A BONE OF CONTENTION: Cavitations vs. Osteonecrosis] * [http://facial-neuralgia.org/conditions/nico.html Facial Neuralgia Resources] * [http://www.drshankland.com/osteocavitation_lesions.html NICO and Cavitations] * [http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/cavitation.html Cavitational Osteopathosis, NICO, and Biological Dentistry]	2008-09-27T14:02:49Z