sigil-ml/PreTokenizedWikiEn · Datasets at Hugging Face

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49619732	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solarization%20%28photography%29	Solarization (photography)	In photography, solarization is the effect of tone reversal observed in cases of extreme overexposure of the photographic film in the camera. Most likely, the effect was first observed in scenery photographs including the sun. The sun, instead of being the whitest spot in the image, turned black or grey. For instance, Minor White's photograph of a winter scene, The Black Sun 1955, was a result of the shutter of his camera freezing in the open position, producing severe overexposure. Ansel Adams had also earlier created a solarized sun image, titled Black Sun, Owens Valley, California, 1939, by overexposure. Definition When a photographic layer, suitable for solarization (see below), is exposed to actinic radiation, the resulting darkening after development will not increase steadily, but reaches a maximum which decreases under more intense exposure. In general is the phenomenon only then called solarization if the exposure has been produced in one "shot", meaning no pauses or double-exposures. The exposure to achieve solarization can be increased by exposure time or by increasing the light intensity History The solarization effect was already known to Daguerre and is one of the earliest known effects in photography. John William Draper was the first to call the overexposure effect solarisation. J.W.F. Herschel already observed the reversal of the image from negative to positive by extreme overexposure in 1840. Also N.M.P. Lerebours observed the phenomenon in 1842 (without him recognizing what it was) when he made a daguerreotype of an image of the sun. The result was seen as unsatisfactory because the solar disk (image of the sun on the daguerreotype plate) was overexposed and solarized. Ludwig Moser reported in 1843: "...that the light in the camera obscura produces at first the well known negative image; with continued action of the light the image turns into a positive image.... and recently I have obtained in fact on occasion a third image which is negative". In 1880 Janssen had obtained in the strongest sunlight a repetition of the solarization phenomena. Explanation Not every photographic layer exhibits solarization. Pure Chloride and Iodine based silver emulsions are difficult or unable to solarize. In general, it can be stated that solarisation can only be observed if the photographic layer is capable to create a latent image inside the halide grain underexposure by actinic radiation. Many explanations have been given but until further notice, the solarization was until 1929 generally understood as a combination of two main processes: the coagulation (clotting) and the regression process. Regression theory The regression process theory was formulated by H. Luppo-Cramer in 1911, based on research by F. Hurter, V.C. Driffield and H. Luggin. By exposure the surface and the interior of a silver-bromide sphere will disintegrate by the expulsion of bromide. Whereas the bromide on the surface can permeate away, the bromide can not so easily permeate away from the interior. The overexposure generates now a bromide pressure that escapes from the internal sphere and permeates to the surface where it oxidizes the latent image situated there, constituting the regular latent image under normal exposures. This destroys the latent image, because only silver on the surface can be developed. Coagulation theory H. Arens published in 1925 a paper about reversal effects in which he concluded that solarization is based upon the finding that under increasing exposure the latent image successively coagulates and thus increases the size of each particular silverspeck. This again causes the silverspeck to lose its catalytic effect for the development. Bromide migration theory H. Kieser published in 1929 a paper in which he speculated about the possibility of bromide migration by defect electrons (more: Photosensitivity). In recent years an understanding has been agreed upon in which this bromide migration to the surface by overexposure forms a bromine condensation, resulting in bromine molecules or bromine atoms diffusing to the silverspecks of the latent image. Thus the latent image at the crystal surface can be re-halogenated by chemical reaction, notwithstanding an increase of the amount of latent image in the interior of the crystal. Still, the regression and coagulation theories are believed to contribute up to a certain level to the solarization effect. Pseudo-solarization Pseudo-solarisation (or pseudo-solarization) is a phenomenon in photography in which the image recorded on a negative or on a photographic print is wholly or partially reversed in tone. Dark areas appear light or light areas appear dark. The term is synonymous with the Sabattier-effect when referring to negatives. Solarisation and pseudo-solarisation are quite distinct effects. In short, the mechanism is due to halogen ions released within the halide grain by exposure diffusing to the grain surface in amounts sufficient to destroy the latent image. References Photographic techniques Science of photography	[ "In", "photo", "graphy", ",", "sol", "ar", "ization", "is", "the", "effect", "of", "t", "one", "re", "vers", "al", "ob", "served", "in", "cases", "of", "ext", "reme", "ov", "ere", "x", "pos", "ure", "of", "the", "photograph", "ic", "film", "in", "the", "cam", "era", ".", "Most", "likely", ",", "the", "effect", "was", "first", "ob", "served", "in", "scen", "ery", "photograph", "s", "including", "the", "s", "un", ".", "The", "s", "un", ",", "instead", "of", "being", "the", "wh", "it", "est", "spot", "in", "the", "image", ",", "turned", "black", "or", "g", "rey", ".", "For", "inst", "ance", ",", "Min", "or", "White", "'", "s", "photograph", "of", "a", "w", "inter", "scene", ",", "The", "Black", "Sun", "1955", ",", "was", "a", "result", "of", "the", "sh", "ut", "ter", "of", "his", "cam", "era", "free", "z", "ing", "in", "the", "open", "position", ",", "produ", "cing", "se", "v", "ere", "ov", "ere", "x", "pos", "ure", ".", "An", 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68659020	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian%20frigate%20Mehemet%20Ali	Egyptian frigate Mehemet Ali	Mehemet Ali was a steam frigate of the navy of the Khedivate of Egypt. She was probably built in England and was launched circa 1860. Mehemet Ali deployed to Port Said in 1874 to support Egyptian Army forces under General Charles Pomeroy Stone during a dispute with the Suez Canal Company. She served as an escort to troopships during the 1877 Russo-Turkish War and was laid up in 1880. Design and construction Mehemet Ali was built circa 1860, probably in England. She was named after Muhammad Ali of Egypt who ruled Egypt from 1805 to 1848. Mehemet Ali displaced 1,735 tons and was propelled by three masts and a steam engine of 800 nominal horsepower. She was long, with a beam of and a depth in the hold of . She was armed with 20x Krupp 4.7 inch guns and 10x 40-pounder breech loading guns and was iron hulled. Service In October 1864 Mehemet Ali carried the wife of Isma'il Pasha, viceroy of Egypt, from the Bosphorus to Alexandria. Mehemet Ali was posted to Port Said in April 1874 to support forces, under General Charles Pomeroy Stone of the Egyptian Army, mobilised because of a dispute over tolls between the Khedive and the Suez Canal Company. The affair ended with the company accepting the new, lower toll rates. On 19 January 1877 Mehemet Ali was in harbour at Constantinople when the British merchant steamship Joseph Love was driven onto her by the wind. The Joseph Love sank with the loss of one of her crew drowned. Some 12 crewmen scrambled onto the Mehemet Ali and were aided by her crew; the remaining eight crew of the Joseph Love, including her captain, escaped by ship's boat. The Egyptians provided dinner to the shipwrecked men before they were handed over to a Royal Navy ship. Mehemet Ali was damaged badly at her bow and, having taken on a large quantity of water, was beached on the Kourou-tehesmé Shoal to save her from sinking. The Mehemet Ali helped escort transports carrying Egyptian forces to the Russo-Turkish War in 1877. By this time she was described by one former navy officer as "as much good as a cardboard box". Mehemet Ali was laid up in December 1880. Fate Mehemet Ali had her machinery removed from her in around 1890 and was employed as a stationary guardship at Alexandria. She was discarded in around 1898. 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60640421	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul%20Albert%20La%20Roche	Raoul Albert La Roche	Raoul Albert La Roche (23 February 1889 - 15 June 1965) was a Swiss banker and art collector. He was especially interested in purism and cubism and his collections have been donated to museums in Switzerland and France. His home in Paris, Maison La Roche, was designed by his friend Le Corbusier and now houses the Le Corbusier Foundation. Early life Raoul Albert La Roche was born on 23 February 1889, and grew up in Basel, Switzerland in a bourgeois family, very closely linked to the world of art. He was the second son of the banker Louis La Roche and Emilie Caroline Burckhardt. He studied at the School of Trading in Neuchâtel (Switzerland), and became an apprentice in the Bank of Basel, and worked in Berlin and London. Career In 1912, at the age of 23, La Roche moved to Paris to work for the (BSF), which became in 1917 the . He made his career there, retiring in 1954. In 1940, during the invasion of France by the German army, he left Paris and moved to Lyon, keeping his job at the bank, until the end of the war. He returned to Paris after the war. Links with the artistic world In 1918, La Roche met Le Corbusier and was attracted to the purism style of painting whose foundations were laid by Le Corbusier. In 1922, on the occasion of a trip to Venice and Vicenza (Italy) with Le Corbusier, La Roche planned to have a villa built by his friend. This project became the "Villa della Rocca" (Villa La Roche) in Paris, at the "". The villa was built in joint ownership with Le Corbusier's brother, the violinist Albert Jeanneret, and housed his collections of paintings, including works by Picasso, Braque, Fernand Léger. La Roche donated this villa to Le Corbusier for his foundation. Death La Roche died on 15 June 1965 in Basel. He bequeathed one-third of his collection to the Musée du Louvre, another third to his hometown (Basel), which can be seen in the Kunstmuseum Basel, and the last third to the Fondation Le Corbusier. References Further reading Jacques Sbriglio, Le Corbusier: les villas la Roche-Jeanneret, éd. Fondation Le Corbusier, 1997, La Revue des arts, vol. 3 à 4, pages 250–251, éd. Conseil des musées nationaux, 1953 Pierre Courthion, D'une palette à l'autre: mémoires d'un critique d'art, éd. Baconnière Arts, 2004, Andrew Ayers, The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide, pages 245–247, Édition Axel Menges, 2004, Christopher Green, Art in France, 1900-1940, pages 57–58, ed. Yale University Press, 2003, Modern Man: The Life of Le Corbusier, Architect of Tomorrow, p. 30 K. Schmidt, H. Fischer, éd., Ein Haus für den Kubismus: die Sammlung Raoul La Roche, p. 9 cat. expo. Bâle, 1998 External links Schmidt, H. Katharina (2007) La Roche, Raoul. In Historiches Lexicon der Schweiz. (in German). 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6219712	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephropexy	Nephropexy	Nephropexy is the surgical fixation of a floating or mobile kidney (nephroptosis). It was first performed by Eugen Hahn on 10 April 1881. References Urologic surgery	[ "Ne", "ph", "ro", "pe", "x", "y", "is", "the", "sur", "g", "ical", "fix", "ation", "of", "a", "fl", "o", "ating", "or", "m", "obile", "k", "id", "ney", "(", "ne", "ph", "rop", "tos", "is", ").", "It", "was", "first", "performed", "by", "E", "ug", "en", "H", "ah", "n", "on", "10", "April", "188", "1", ".", "References", "Ur", "olog", "ic", "sur", "g", "ery" ]	[ 25486, 24844, 24619, 24678, 92, 93, 24593, 24585, 25281, 75, 24757, 29163, 24626, 24595, 69, 24949, 83, 25105, 24586, 81, 28886, 79, 24630, 25714, 12, 24687, 24844, 25773, 29017, 24593, 24874, 24805, 24625, 24818, 26914, 24647, 41, 24880, 24587, 44, 24966, 82, 24584, 24975, 25381, 25668, 21, 18, 24838, 27425, 25029, 24597, 25281, 75, 25527 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]
2897106	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oy%C3%B3n-Oion	Oyón-Oion	Oyón in Spanish or Oion in Basque is a town and municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain. The town was formed by the incorporation of the towns Barriobusto and Labraza. It is located just 5km north of the city of Logroño in La Rioja. Oyón is a sister city of the French town Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx. References External links Oyón-Oion in the Bernardo Estornés Lasa - Auñamendi Encyclopedia Municipalities in Álava	[ "O", "y", "ón", "in", "Spanish", "or", "O", "ion", "in", "Bas", "que", "is", "a", "town", "and", "municipality", "located", "in", "the", "province", "of", "Á", "lav", "a", ",", "in", "the", "Bas", "que", "Country", ",", "northern", "Spain", ".", "The", "town", "was", "formed", "by", "the", "incorpor", "ation", "of", "the", "towns", "B", "arr", "io", "bus", "to", "and", "Lab", "ra", "za", ".", "It", "is", "located", "just", "5", "km", "north", "of", "the", "city", "of", "L", "og", "ro", "ñ", "o", "in", "La", "R", "io", "ja", ".", "O", "y", "ón", "is", "a", "sister", "city", "of", "the", "French", "town", "Saint", "-", "Martin", "-", "de", "-", "Se", "ign", "an", "x", ".", "References", "External", "links", "O", "y", "ón", "-", "O", "ion", "in", "the", "Bern", "ard", "o", "Est", "orn", "é", "s", "Las", "a", "-", "Au", "ñ", "am", "end", "i", "En", "cycl", "op", "edia", "Municip", "al", "ities", "in", "Á", "lav", "a" ]	[ 51, 93, 27161, 24581, 26617, 24586, 51, 24602, 24581, 27609, 25657, 24593, 69, 25305, 24596, 28016, 25616, 24581, 24585, 28459, 24595, 160, 28289, 69, 16, 24581, 24585, 27609, 25657, 29283, 16, 27619, 27471, 18, 24627, 25305, 24625, 25648, 24647, 24585, 27577, 24626, 24595, 24585, 29267, 38, 24848, 24860, 25545, 24601, 24596, 27917, 24840, 26992, 18, 24805, 24593, 25616, 25871, 25, 26020, 25855, 24595, 24585, 25491, 24595, 48, 24776, 24619, 208, 83, 24581, 25760, 54, 24860, 28267, 18, 51, 93, 27161, 24593, 69, 28101, 25491, 24595, 24585, 25596, 25305, 26898, 17, 27402, 17, 24650, 17, 24779, 24761, 24583, 92, 18, 24838, 25065, 25051, 51, 93, 27161, 17, 51, 24602, 24581, 24585, 28128, 24695, 83, 29928, 24884, 200, 87, 29936, 69, 17, 25085, 208, 24611, 24725, 77, 24879, 27518, 24644, 29698, 28526, 24591, 25082, 24581, 160, 28289, 69 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]
26233572	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois%20Louw	Francois Louw	Francois Louw (born 15 June 1985) is a South African former professional rugby union player. A flanker, he played for , the Stormers and English club . He won 76 international caps for South Africa, and was part of the team that won the 2019 Rugby World Cup. Early life Louw was born in Cape Town and is the grandson of the former South African international Jan Pickard. He attended Bishops College in Cape Town and studied rugby at the University of Stellenbosch. Playing career He represented the Stormers in Super Rugby, having made his debut during the 2008 season. He also played for in the Currie Cup. Louw was part of the Stormers team that lost the 2010 Super 14 Final to the Bulls. On 12 July 2011 it was announced that Louw signed for Bath Rugby on a 3-year deal. International Following the Super 14 season, Louw made his debut for South Africa against Wales at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. He played the entire game as South Africa won 34–31. Louw was selected for South Africa's next match, against France at his home ground, Newlands Stadium in Cape Town. Louw scored the last of five tries, helping South Africa to a 42–17 victory. After taking part in South Africa's victorious two-match series against Italy, including a try in the first Test, Louw made his Tri Nations debut in July 2010. It was the first time Louw experienced defeat as a Springbok, with New Zealand winning the game 32–12. He has become a mainstay in the Springbok side, becoming the first choice openside flank under the reign of Heyneke Meyer. He had the second most turnovers won at the 2015 Rugby World Cup with 13. He has also shown strong running and some skilful play. In 2013, against the All Blacks at Ellis Park, he made a strong run then an offload in the tackle to set up Bryan Habana for a try. Louw was named in South Africa's squad for the 2019 Rugby World Cup. South Africa won the tournament, defeating England in the final. Notes References External links Bath rugby profile MyPlayers profile 1985 births Living people South African rugby union players South Africa international rugby union players South African people of Dutch descent Stormers players Western Province (rugby union) players Bath Rugby players Rugby union flankers Rugby union players from Cape Town Afrikaner people South African expatriate rugby union players South African expatriate sportspeople in England Expatriate rugby union players in England 2011 Rugby World Cup players 2015 Rugby World Cup players 2019 Rugby World Cup players	[ "Fran", "co", "is", "Lou", "w", "(", "born", "15", "June", "1985", ")", "is", "a", "South", "African", "former", "professional", "rugby", "union", "player", ".", "A", "fl", "ank", "er", ",", "he", "played", "for", ",", "the", "St", "or", "m", "ers", "and", "English", "club", ".", "He", "won", "76", "international", "cap", "s", "for", "South", "Africa", ",", "and", "was", "part", "of", "the", "team", "that", "won", "the", "2019", "Rugby", "World", "Cup", ".", "Early", "life", "Lou", "w", "was", "born", "in", "Cape", "Town", "and", "is", "the", "grand", "son", "of", "the", "former", "South", "African", "international", "Jan", "P", "ick", "ard", ".", "He", "attended", "B", "ish", "ops", "College", "in", "Cape", "Town", "and", "studied", "rugby", "at", "the", "University", "of", "St", "ell", "en", "b", "os", "ch", ".", "Play", "ing", "career", "He", "represented", "the", "St", "or", "m", "ers", "in", "Super", "Rugby", ",", "having", "made", "his", "debut", "during", "the", "2008", "season", ".", "He", "also", "played", "for", "in", "the", "Cur", "r", "ie", "Cup", ".", "Lou", "w", "was", "part", "of", "the", "St", "or", "m", "ers", "team", "that", "lost", "the", "2010", "Super", "14", "Final", "to", "the", "B", "ull", "s", ".", "On", "12", "July", "2011", "it", "was", "announced", "that", "Lou", "w", "signed", "for", "B", "ath", "Rugby", "on", "a", "3", "-", "year", "deal", ".", 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69302348	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai%20Stargazer	Hyundai Stargazer	The Hyundai Stargazer is a compact multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) produced by Hyundai Motor Company in Indonesia since 2022. The vehicle was first introduced on 15 July 2022 when the first units of the vehicle rolled off its assembly line at HMMI in Cikarang. It was launched and made its public debut at the 29th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show on 11 August. Markets Indonesia For the Indonesian market, the Stargazer is available in four initial grade levels: Active, Trend, Style and Prime. The former two grades are available with either 6-speed manual or IVT transmission options, while the latter two grades are only available with IVT transmission as standard. Captains seats are optional for each grade except for the Active grade. Hyundai SmartSense driver-assistance system is standard for the Prime grade. The Stargazer received an update on 17 July 2023. Updates consists of a revised dashboard design for all grades, new rear disc brakes and electronic parking brake with auto brake hold for the Prime grade, and a new grade called Essential, replacing the Trend grade. Vietnam In Vietnam, the Stargazer was launched on 20 October 2022. It is offered in Standard, Special and Premium grades. Captain seats are available as an option for the Premium grade. Hyundai SmartSense is standard for the Premium grade. Imported from Indonesia, local production will begin in 2023. Philippines In the Philippines, the Stargazer was launched on 8 November 2022 and is offered in GL, GLS and GLS Premium grades. Hyundai SmartSense is standard for the GLS Premium grade. While the Captain Seats option for the GLS Premium grade was previewed at the 18th Manila International Auto Show on 13 April 2023 and it was made available to the dealerships on 16 October 2023. Thailand In Thailand, the Stargazer was revealed on 30 November 2022 at the 39th Thailand International Motor Expo. Sales began on 20 March 2023. Brunei In Brunei, the Stargazer was launched on 5 May 2023 and the model were offered in High (7-seater) and Premium (6-seater) variants. Hyundai SmartSense is standard for the Premium variant. The Standard (7-seater) variant was added in July 2023. Stargazer X The Stargazer X is a more rugged-looking variant of the regular Stargazer. It was revealed at the 30th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show on 10 August 2023. Available in Style and Prime grades, it can be distinguished by the redesigned bonnet, grille and bumper guards, addition of black over fenders, side body cladding, roof rails, rear spoiler, 17-inch alloy wheels, and Bose-branded audio system. It was also unveiled in Thailand on 26 September 2023, with official launch scheduled on 4 October 2023. It is only offered in a single grade level. It was also launched in the Philippines on October 16, 2023 alongside the Hyundai Custin. Like the Thai model, it is only available in a single grade level. 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37008320	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdstaffel%2039	Jagdstaffel 39	Royal Prussian Jagdstaffel 39, commonly abbreviated to Jasta 39, was a "hunting group" (i.e., fighter squadron) of the Luftstreitkräfte, the air arm of the Imperial German Army during World War I. The unit would score 68 aerial victories during the war, including 14 observation balloons downed. The squadron's victories came at the expense of seven pilots killed in action, one killed in a flying accident, five wounded in action, and one taken prisoner of war. History Jasta 39 was founded on 30 June 1917 at Fliegerersatz-Abteilung (Replacement Detachment) 15, Hannover, Germany. It held its first formation 2 August 1917, under its original commander, Karl August Raben. It would serve until war's end, when the Luftstreitkräfte was disbanded. Commanding officers (Staffelführer) August Raben: 2 August 1917 (to Jasta 15 as Staffelführer on 14 March 1918) Franz von Kerssenbrock: 17 November 1917 Josef Loeser: 4 December 1917 Johann Hesselink: 4 April 1918 Duty stations Hannover, Germany: 30 June 1917 Ensisheim: 2 August 1917 Campoformido, Italy: San Giacomo, Italy Roveredo, Italy Cervada, Italy San Fior, Italy St. Loup, Champagne, France: March 1918 Boncourt, France Guesnain, France Bapaume, France Rocourt-Saint-Martin, France Erre, France Bühl, France Notable personnel Bernhard Ultsch Wilhelm Hippert Ludwig Gaim Reinhold Jörke Operations Jasta 39 opened combat operations in support of Armee-Abteilung B on 15 August 1917. On 15 September 1917, it was transferred to Italy, where it would score 41 aerial victories. The squadron would return to France in March 1918, and serve there until war's end. Aircraft Jasta 39 operated Albatros D.III and Albatros D.V fighters while in Italy. It is not known what other aircraft were used. 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1528057	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overstrand%20Local%20Municipality	Overstrand Local Municipality	Overstrand Municipality (; ) is a local municipality in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is located along the Atlantic coast between Cape Town and Cape Agulhas, within the Overberg District Municipality. The principal towns in the municipality are Hermanus, Gansbaai and Kleinmond. , it had a population of 80,432. Geography The municipality covers an area of stretching along the coast of the Overberg, from the eastern edge of False Bay almost to Cape Agulhas. At its western end it is separated from the City of Cape Town by the Kogelberg mountains; to the north it is separated from the Theewaterskloof Municipality by the Kogelberg and the Kleinrivier Mountains; and to the east it abuts on the Cape Agulhas Municipality along a boundary that runs generally north-south just to the west of Elim. The western part of the municipality consists mostly of a narrow coastal plain with mountains immediately behind, while the eastern part beyond the Klein River expands away from the coast to include a wider agricultural region. According to the 2011 census the municipality has a population of 80,432 people in 28,010 households. Of this population, 36.2% describe themselves as "Black African", 31.2% as "White", and 31.0% as "Coloured". The first language of 53.5% of the population is Afrikaans, while 29.2% speak Xhosa, 12.3% speak English and 1.4% speak Sotho. Most of the towns in the municipality are on the coast, and due to the proximity to Cape Town many are holiday resorts. The largest town is Hermanus, which is situated on the northern edge of Walker Bay next to the Klein River mouth. As of 2011 Hermanus, which is the site of the municipal headquarters, has a population of 32,769. West of Hermanus, between it and the Bot River, are Onrusrivier (pop. 5,151) and Hawston (pop. 8,214) on the coast, and Fisherhaven (pop. 723) on the Bot River lagoon. On the other side of the Bot River mouth is the town of Kleinmond (pop. 6,634) and beyond it along the coast are Betty's Bay (pop. 1,380), Pringle Bay (pop. 801) and Rooi-Els (pop. 125). East of Hermanus the municipality includes a wider agricultural area away from the coast. The village of Stanford (pop. 4,797) is about inland on the Klein River. To the south, on the opposite side of Walker Bay from Hermanus, is the second-largest town in the municipality, Gansbaai (pop. 11,598). Just south of Gansbaai, on the southern edge of the Danger Point peninsula, are Van Dyksbaai (pop. 500) and Franskraalstrand (pop. 1,165). A little further along the coast is Pearly Beach (pop. 1,042). Inland from Pearly Beach, separated from the coast by a range of hills, is the agricultural hamlet of Baardskeerdersbos (pop. 103), while Wolvengat (pop. 50) is another agricultural hamlet in the far south-east of the municipality. Politics The municipal council consists of twenty-five members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Thirteen councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in thirteen wards, while the remaining twelve are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. History By the end of the apartheid era in the early 1990s there were various local authorities established on a racially-segregated basis in the area that was to become Overstrand. Municipal councils were elected by the white residents of the towns of Betty's Bay, Kleinmond, Onrusrivier, Hermanus, Stanford, and Gansbaai; and local councils by the white residents of the villages and holiday resorts: Pringle Bay, Rooi-Els, Vermont, Sandbaai, Pearly Beach, De Kelders, Kleinbaai, and Franskraalstrand. The coloured areas of Kleinmond, Stanford, Hawston, Mount Pleasant and Gansbaai were governed by management committees subordinate to the white municipalities; and the black area of Zwelihle was governed by a town council established under the Black Local Authorities Act. Rural areas were served by the Overberg Regional Services Council. While the negotiations to end apartheid were taking place a process was established for local authorities to negotiate voluntary mergers. In January 1993 the Municipality of Kleinmond merged with its management committee to form a single Municipality for the Area of Kleinmond; and the Municipality of Gansbaai merged with its management committee and the local councils of De Kelders, Kleinbaai, Franskraalstrand and Pearly Beach to form a single Municipality for the Area of Gansbaai. In January 1994 the Betty's Bay Municipality merged with the local councils of Pringle Bay and Rooi-Els to form the Hangklip Municipality. After the national elections of 1994 a process of local government transformation began, in which negotiations were held between the existing local authorities, political parties, and local community organisations. As an outcome of these negotiations, transitional local councils (TLCs) were created and the existing local authorities were dissolved. In December 1994, the Greater Hermanus TLC replaced the Hermanus Municipality, the Onrusrivier Municipality, the Zwelihle Town Council, the management committees of Hawston and Mount Pleasant, and the local councils of Vermont and Sandbaai. In the same month the Gansbaai TLC replaced the Municipality for the Area of Gansbaai. In January 1995 Hangklip/Kleinmond TLC replaced Hangklip Municipality and the Municipality for the Area of Kleinmond, and the Stanford TLC replaced the Municipality of Stanford and the Stanford Management Committee. The transitional councils were initially made up of members nominated by the various parties to the negotiations, until May 1996 when elections were held. At these elections the Overberg District Council was established, replacing the Overberg Regional Services Council. Transitional representative councils (TRCs) were also elected to represent rural areas outside the TLCs on the District Council; the area that was to become Overstrand included the Hermanus TRC as well as parts of the Caledon and Bredasdorp TRCs. At the local elections of December 2000 the TLCs and TRCs were dissolved, and the Overstrand Municipality was created as a single local authority incorporating both rural and urban areas. It was considered a stronghold of the now defunct New National Party (NNP), which had held (sometimes concealed) majorities of two thirds in the predecessor municipalities after the November 1995 municipal elections, which were the first since South Africa had its first multi-racial elections. After the 2000 election, Willie Smuts, previously mayor of Hangklip-Kleinmond Municipality, was elected mayor, representing the Democratic Alliance (DA), before he defected along with seven other DA councillors to the New National Party (NNP) after the October 2002 floor-crossing window. The NNP then formed a coalition with the African National Congress (ANC) when the council was reconstituted. After the September 2004 floor crossing Smuts then crossed the floor to the ANC along with most NNP councillors which gave the ANC an outright majority in the town for the first time. At the time of the March 2006 local elections the eastern boundary with Cape Agulhas Municipality was moved west, with Cape Agulhas taking over rural land to the north and south of Elim. In the 2006 elections the DA won an outright majority of 10 seats in the 19-seat council. Willie Smuts was replaced as Mayor by Theo Beyleveldt. The DA consolidated its hold in the council following the September 2007 floor crossing window which saw the party gain an eleventh seat from the African Christian Democratic Party (ACDP). The ANC lost a seat to the newly formed National People's Party, as did the Independent Democrats, whose only representative in the Overstrand Council crossed over. In the May 2011 local elections, the DA again won Overstrand outright, taking fifteen of the twenty-five seats on the council, with the ANC taking nine and the National Independent Civic Organisation one. In the August 2016 local elections, the DA increased its majority to sixteen of twenty-five seats, with the ANC taking eight and the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) taking one. In a by-election in December 2020, the Land Party won a seat from the ANC In the November 2021 local elections, the council was expanded to twenty-seven seats. The DA won seventeen seats, the ANC four, the Land Party and the Freedom Front Plus two each, and the EFF and the ACDP one each. Election results The most recent election of the municipal council was held on 1 November 2021; the Democratic Alliance won a majority of 17 seats on the council. The following table shows the results of the 2021 election. Mayors Annelie Rabie (1 November 2021 until present) (DA) Dudley Coetzee (28 February 2018 – 30 October 2021) (DA) Rudolph Smith (2016–2018; died on 5 January 2018) Nicolette Botha-Guthrie (2010–2016) (DA) Theo Beyleveldt (March 2006 – 2010) (DA) Willie Smuts (September 2004 – March 2006) (ANC) Willie Smuts (October 2002 – September 2004) (NNP) Willie Smuts (December 2000 – October 2002) (DA) References External links Official website Overstrand Local Municipality on the Western Cape Government website Local municipalities of the Overberg District Municipality	[ "Over", "str", "and", "Municip", "ality", "(;", ")", "is", "a", "local", "municipality", "in", "the", "Western", "Cape", "province", "of", "South", "Africa", ".", "It", "is", "located", "along", "the", "Atlantic", "coast", "between", "Cape", "Town", "and", "Cape", "Ag", "ul", "has", ",", "within", "the", "Over", "berg", "District", "Municip", "ality", ".", "The", "princ", "ipal", "towns", "in", "the", "municipality", "are", "Her", "man", "us", ",", "G", "ans", "ba", "ai", "and", "K", "le", "in", "mond", ".", ",", "it", "had", "a", "population", "of", "80", ",", "4", "32", ".", "Geography", "The", "municipality", "c", "overs", "an", "area", "of", "st", "ret", "ch", "ing", "along", "the", "coast", "of", "the", "Over", "berg", ",", "from", "the", "eastern", "edge", "of", "Fal", "se", "Bay", "almost", "to", "Cape", "Ag", "ul", "has", ".", "At", "its", "western", "end", "it", "is", "separ", "ated", "from", "the", "City", "of", "Cape", "Town", "by", "the", "K", "og", "el", "berg", "mountain", "s", ";", "to", "the", "north", "it", "is", "separ", "ated", "from", "the", "The", "ew", "aters", "k", "lo", "of", "Municip", "ality", "by", "the", "K", "og", "el", "berg", "and", "the", "K", "le", "in", "r", "iv", "ier", "Mountain", "s", ";", "and", "to", "the", "east", "it", "ab", "ut", "s", "on", "the", "Cape", "Ag", "ul", "has", "Municip", "ality", "along", "a", "bound", "ary", "that", "runs", "generally", "north", "-", "south", "just", "to", "the", "west", "of", "El", "im", ".", "The", "western", "part", "of", "the", "municipality", "consists", "mostly", "of", "a", "nar", "row", "coast", "al", "pl", "ain", "with", "mountain", "s", "immediately", "behind", ",", "while", "the", "eastern", "part", "bey", "ond", "the", "K", "le", "in", "River", "exp", "ands", "away", "from", "the", "coast", "to", "include", "a", "wid", "er", "agricult", "ural", "region", ".", "According", "to", "the", "2011", "census", "the", "municipality", "has", "a", "population", "of", "80", ",", "4", "32", "people", "in", "28", ",", "0", "10", "households", ".", "Of", "this", "population", ",", "36", ".", "2", "%", "descr", "ibe", "themselves", "as", "\"", "Black", "African", "\",", "31", ".", "2", "%", "as", "\"", "White", "\",", "and", "31", ".", "0", "%", "as", "\"", "Col", "our", "ed", "\".", "The", "first", "language", "of", "53", ".", "5", "%", "of", "the", "population", "is", "Afr", "ika", "ans", ",", "while", "29", ".", "2", "%", "spe", "ak", "X", "h", "os", "a", ",", "12", ".", "3", "%", "spe", "ak", "English", "and", "1", ".", "4", "%", "spe", "ak", "S", "oth", "o", ".", "Most", "of", "the", "towns", "in", "the", "municipality", "are", "on", "the", "coast", ",", "and", "due", "to", "the", "pro", "x", "im", "ity", "to", "Cape", "Town", "many", "are", "hol", "iday", "res", "or", "ts", ".", "The", "largest", "town", "is", "Her", "man", "us", ",", "which", "is", "sit", "uated", "on", "the", "northern", "edge", "of", "Wal", "ker", "Bay", "next", "to", "the", "K", "le", "in", "River", "mouth", ".", "As", "of", "2011", "Her", "man", "us", ",", "which", "is", "the", "site", "of", "the", "municipal", "head", "quarters", ",", "has", "a", "population", "of", "32", ",", "76", "9", ".", "West", "of", "Her", "man", "us", ",", "between", "it", "and", "the", "B", "ot", "River", ",", "are", "On", "r", "us", "r", "iv", "ier", "(", "pop", ".", "5", ",", "15", "1", ")", "and", "Haw", "ston", "(", "pop", ".", "8", ",", "21", "4", ")", "on", "the", "coast", ",", "and", "Fish", "er", "h", "aven", "(", "pop", ".", "7", "23", ")", "on", "the", "B", "ot", "River", "l", "ago", "on", ".", "On", "the", "other", "side", "of", "the", "B", "ot", "River", "mouth", "is", "the", "town", "of", "K", "le", "in", "mond", "(", "pop", ".", "6", ",", "6", "34", ")", "and", "bey", "ond", "it", "along", "the", "coast", "are", "Bet", "ty", "'", "s", "Bay", "(", "pop", ".", "1", ",", "3", "80", "),", "Pr", "ing", "le", "Bay", "(", "pop", ".", "80", "1", ")", "and", "Ro", "o", "i", "-", "El", "s", "(", "pop", ".", "12", "5", ").", "East", "of", "Her", "man", "us", "the", "municipality", "includes", "a", "wid", "er", "agricult", "ural", "area", "away", "from", "the", "coast", ".", "The", "village", "of", "Stan", "ford", "(", "pop", ".", "4", ",", "79", "7", ")", "is", "about", "in", "land", "on", "the", "K", "le", "in", "River", ".", "To", "the", "south", ",", "on", "the", "op", "pos", "ite", "side", "of", "Wal", "ker", "Bay", "from", "Her", "man", "us", ",", "is", "the", "second", "-", "largest", "town", "in", "the", "municipality", ",", "G", "ans", "ba", "ai", "(", "pop", ".", "11", ",", "59", "8", ").", "Just", "south", "of", "G", "ans", "ba", "ai", ",", "on", "the", "southern", "edge", "of", "the", "D", "anger", "Point", "pen", "ins", "ula", ",", "are", "Van", "D", "y", "ks", "ba", "ai", "(", "pop", ".", "500", ")", "and", "Fran", "sk", "ra", "al", "str", "and", "(", "pop", ".", "1", ",", "16", "5", ").", "A", "little", "further", "along", "the", "coast", "is", "P", "early", "Beach", "(", "pop", ".", "1", ",", "0", "42", ").", "In", "land", "from", "P", "early", "Beach", ",", "separ", "ated", "from", "the", "coast", "by", "a", "range", "of", "hill", "s", ",", "is", "the", "agricult", "ural", "ham", "let", "of", "Ba", "ards", "ke", "er", "d", "ers", "b", "os", "(", "pop", ".", "10", "3", "),", "while", "W", "ol", "v", "eng", "at", "(", "pop", ".", "50", ")", "is", "another", "agricult", "ural", "ham", "let", "in", "the", "far", "south", "-", "east", "of", "the", "municipality", ".", "Polit", "ics", "The", "municipal", "council", "consists", "of", "twenty", "-", "five", "members", "elected", "by", "mixed", "-", "member", "pro", "port", "ional", "represent", "ation", ".", "Th", "ir", "teen", "coun", "c", "ill", "ors", "are", "elected", "by", "first", "-", "past", "-", "the", "-", "post", "vot", "ing", "in", "th", "ir", "teen", "wards", ",", "while", "the", "remaining", "tw", "el", "ve", "are", "ch", "osen", "from", "party", "l", "ists", "so", "that", "the", "total", "number", "of", "party", "represent", "atives", "is", "pro", "port", "ional", "to", "the", "number", "of", "votes", "received", ".", "History", "By", "the", "end", "of", "the", "ap", "ar", "the", "id", "era", "in", "the", "early", "1990s", "there", "were", "various", "local", "authorities", "established", "on", "a", "rac", "ially", "-", "se", "greg", "ated", "basis", "in", "the", "area", "that", "was", "to", "become", 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66037911	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%20in%20professional%20wrestling	2021 in professional wrestling	2021 in professional wrestling describes the year's events in the world of professional wrestling. The COVID-19 pandemic severely affected the professional wrestling industry worldwide in 2020, with many promotions presenting shows behind closed doors. Some events were canceled while others were rescheduled to occur in 2021. All Elite Wrestling (AEW) and New Japan Pro-Wrestling reintroduced a limited number of live fans in the second half of 2020, while WWE had live fans at WrestleMania 37 in April 2021. The majority of promotions have continued to present empty arena shows or shows with limited capacity, while AEW and WWE resumed live touring with full capacity crowds in July. List of notable promotions These promotions are holding notable shows throughout 2021. Calendar of notable shows January February March April May June July August September October November December Events affected by COVID-19 Postponed events Canceled events Notable events March 15 – AEW Dark: Elevation premiered on YouTube March 18 – Under a new agreement between WWE and NBCUniversal, the WWE Network became a premium channel under Peacock in the United States. Following a brief transitional period, the standalone version of the WWE Network in the U.S. shut down on April 4. This did not affect the service outside of the U.S. April 9 – All Elite Wrestling held its first-ever house show, "The House Always Wins." May 30 – AEW Double or Nothing is the first major wrestling show to operate at full venue capacity during the COVID-19 pandemic June 4 – Beginning with this day's episode of Viernes Espectacular, Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre resumed a live touring schedule after over a year of producing shows in Arena México without full capacity due to the COVID-19 pandemic. July 7 – Beginning with this day's episode of AEW Dynamite, which aired as a special episode called "Road Rager", All Elite Wrestling resumed a live touring schedule after over a year of producing shows from Daily's Place in Jacksonville, Florida, becoming the first major promotion to resume touring during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was also the first in AEW's "Welcome Back" tour, which continued with Fyter Fest (July 14 and 21) and concluded with Fight for the Fallen (July 28). July 16 – Beginning with this day's episode of WWE SmackDown, WWE resumed a live touring schedule for their Raw and SmackDown brands after nearly a year of producing shows from the WWE ThunderDome bio-secure bubble. August 13 – AEW Rampage premiered on TNT, marking the first weekly wrestling series to air Friday nights on a Turner channel since WCW Power Hour in 1994. August 20 - CM Punk returned to professional wrestling for the first time in seven years on a live special episode of AEW Rampage titled The First Dance. October 27 – Ring of Honor announced that they were going on hiatus until at least April 2022, and all talent and staff would be released from their contracts after Final Battle in December. Accomplishments and tournaments AAA AEW AJPW CMLL DDT Dragon Gate MLW Gleat Impact NJPW NWA ROH Noah Sendai Girls WWE Zero1 Title changes AEW CMLL DDT Impact IWRG AAA MLW NJPW NWA ROH The Crash WWE – Raw – SmackDown – NXT – NXT UK – Unbranded Raw and SmackDown Raw and SmackDown each have a world championship, a secondary championship, a women's championship, and a male tag team championship. NXT NXT UK Unbranded These titles are not brand exclusive. The colors indicate the home brand of the champions (names without a color are former WWE wrestlers, Hall of Famers, or non-wrestlers). Awards and honors WWE WWE Hall of Fame Impact Impact Hall of Fame Debuts February 14 – Yuto Nakashima (NJPW) March 11 Astroman Junya Matsunaga April 30 – Minorita (Dragon Gate) May 3 – Aoi June 9 – Saito Brothers July 1 – Maya Fukuda (Gleat) August 24 – Brutus Creed, Julius Creed and Ryohei Oiwa (NJPW) October 5 – Trick Williams (NXT) October 12 – Yuki Ishida (DDT) October 19 – Ru Feng (NXT) October 22 – Natsuki (Actwres girl'Z) November 2 – Erica Yan (NXT) November 13 - Kiku (Ice Ribbon) December 8 – Hook December 18 – Evan Golden Retirements January – Lars Sullivan (2015-2021) March – The Brian Kendrick April 20 – Kenny Dykstra (2001-2021) April 28 – Sadie Gibbs May 6 – Solo Darling (2011–2021) June 16 – A. C. H. June 27 – Matsuya Uno July 31 - David Arquette (2000-July 31, 2021) August 1 – Masato Yoshino August 22 – Ryo Kawamura August 28 – Awesome Kong (1999-2021) November 5 – Sabu (1984-2021) November 23 – Rina Shingaki (2018–2021) Deaths January 7 - Bobby Davis (born 1937) January 10 - Danie Voges (born 1954) January 11 - David Khakhaleishvili (born 1971) January 16 – Paul Varelans (born 1969) February 1 – Dustin Diamond (born 1977) February 5 – Butch Reed (born 1954) February 5 – Leon Spinks (born in 1953) February 11 – Rusty Brooks (born 1958) February 20 – Dean Ho (born 1940) February 23 – Art Michalik (born 1930) February 26 – Johnny De Fazio (born 1940) March 1 – Ann Casey (born 1938) March 3 – Jim Crockett Jr. (born 1944) March 5 – Buddy Colt (born 1936) March 19 – Barry Orton (born 1958) April 6 – Jack Veneno (born 1942) April 8 – John da Silva (born 1934) May 14 – New Jack (born 1963) May 17 – Don Kernodle (born 1950) May 24 – Paul Christy (born 1939) May 28 – Tony Marino (born 1931) June 2 – Pasión Kristal (born 1976) June 23 – Melissa Coates (born 1971) June 30 – The Patriot (born 1961) July 7 – Chris Youngblood (born 1966) July 12 – Paul Orndorff (born 1949) July 26 – Brazo de Plata (born 1963) July 28 – Ted Lewin (born 1935) August 2 – Hideki Hosaka (born 1971) August 3 – Jody Hamilton (born 1938) August 4 – Bobby Eaton (born 1958) – Bert Prentice (born 1958) August 12 – Dominic DeNucci (born 1932) August 14 - Fez Whatley (born 1964) August 21 - Jarvis Astaire (born 1923) August 23 – Brick Bronsky (born 1964) September 1 Daffney (born 1975) Yar (born 1971) September 2 – Steve Lawler (born 1965) – Ryan Sakoda (born 1974) September 7 – Bill White (born 1945) September 21 – Rumi Kazama (born 1965) October 7 – Reggie Parks (born 1934) October 17 – Hido (born 1969) November 6 – Angelo Mosca (born 1937) November 11 - Buzz Tyler (born 1948) November 14 - John Lees (born 1930) November 15 – Estrella Blanca (born 1938) November 28 – Pat Barrett (born 1936) December 1 – Kal Rudman (born 1930) December 8 – Blackjack Lanza (born 1935) December 13 – Jimmy Rave (born 1982) December 22 - Corporal Kirchner (born 1957) December 27 - Markus Crane (b. 1988) December 31 - Strong Kobayashi (born 1940) See also List of WWE pay-per-view and WWE Network events, WWE Raw special episodes, WWE SmackDown special episodes, and WWE NXT special episodes List of AEW pay-per-view events, AEW Dynamite special episodes, and AEW Rampage special episodes List of Impact Wrestling pay-per-view events and Impact Plus Monthly Specials List of NJPW major events and NJPW Strong special episodes List of ROH pay-per-view events List of World Wonder Ring Stardom major events List of major Pro Wrestling Noah events List of major DDT Pro-Wrestling events List of MLW events List of NWA pay-per-view events WWE ThunderDome References professional wrestling	[ "2021", "in", "professional", "wrest", "ling", "describ", "es", "the", "year", "'", "s", "events", "in", "the", "world", 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"produ", "cing", "shows", "in", "Ar", "ena", "M", "é", "x", "ico", "without", "full", "capacity", "due", "to", "the", "COVID", "-", "19", "p", "and", "emic", ".", "July", "7", "–", "Be", "g", "inning", "with", "this", "day", "'", "s", "episode", "of", "A", "E", "W", "D", "y", "nam", "ite", ",", "which", "aired", "as", "a", "special", "episode", "called", "\"", "Road", "R", "ag", "er", "\",", "All", "El", "ite", "W", "rest", "ling", "res", "umed", "a", "live", "to", "uring", "sched", "ule", "after", "over", "a", "year", "of", "produ", "cing", "shows", "from", "D", "aily", "'", "s", "Place", "in", "Jackson", "ville", ",", "Florida", ",", "becoming", "the", "first", "major", "promot", "ion", "to", "res", "ume", "to", "uring", "during", "the", "COVID", "-", "19", "p", "and", "emic", ".", "It", "was", "also", "the", "first", "in", "A", "E", "W", "'", "s", "\"", "Wel", "come", "Back", "\"", "tour", ",", "which", "continued", "with", "F", "y", "ter", "F", "est", "(", "July", "14", "and", 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38243394	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20Rowing%20and%20Athletic%20Association	Toronto Rowing and Athletic Association	The Toronto Rowing and Athletic Association (also known as the Torontos as well as Toronto Rugby and Athletic Association) were an ORFU football team in the early 20th century. The team was founded in 1908 as Toronto Amateur Athletic Club and became the team of the Toronto Rowing and Athletic Association in 1912. The team won the ORFU championship in 1915, 1919 and 1920. In 1915 they played in the 7th Grey Cup, losing to the Hamilton Tigers. MRFU season-by-season References Ontario Rugby Football Union teams Canadian football teams in Toronto Defunct Canadian football teams 1911 establishments in Ontario Sports clubs and teams established in 1911 1921 disestablishments in Ontario Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1921	[ "The", "Toronto", "R", "ow", "ing", "and", "Athlet", "ic", "Association", "(", "also", "known", "as", "the", "Toronto", "s", "as", "well", "as", "Toronto", "Rugby", "and", "Athlet", "ic", "Association", ")", "were", "an", "O", "R", "F", "U", "football", "team", "in", "the", "early", "20th", "century", ".", "The", "team", "was", "founded", "in", "1908", "as", "Toronto", "Am", "ateur", "Athlet", "ic", "Club", "and", "became", "the", "team", "of", "the", "Toronto", "R", "ow", "ing", "and", "Athlet", "ic", "Association", "in", "1912", ".", "The", "team", "won", "the", "O", "R", "F", "U", "championship", "in", "1915", ",", "1919", "and", "1920", ".", "In", "1915", "they", "played", "in", "the", "7th", "G", "rey", "Cup", ",", "losing", "to", "the", "Ham", "ilton", "T", "ig", "ers", ".", "M", "R", "F", "U", "season", "-", "by", "-", "season", "References", "Ontario", "Rugby", "Football", "Union", "teams", "Canadian", "football", "teams", "in", "Toronto", "De", "fun", "ct", "Canadian", "football", "teams", "1911", "establishments", "in", "Ontario", "Sports", "clubs", "and", "teams", "established", "in", "1911", "1921", "dis", "establishments", "in", "Ontario", "Sports", "clubs", "and", "teams", "dis", "established", "in", "1921" ]	[ 24627, 28621, 54, 24639, 24599, 24596, 27816, 24597, 26196, 12, 24762, 25137, 24594, 24585, 28621, 87, 24594, 25173, 24594, 28621, 29200, 24596, 27816, 24597, 26196, 13, 24747, 24583, 51, 54, 42, 57, 25128, 25036, 24581, 24585, 25551, 26025, 25087, 18, 24627, 25036, 24625, 26409, 24581, 29636, 24594, 28621, 25417, 29736, 27816, 24597, 26188, 24596, 25244, 24585, 25036, 24595, 24585, 28621, 54, 24639, 24599, 24596, 27816, 24597, 26196, 24581, 29131, 18, 24627, 25036, 25400, 24585, 51, 54, 42, 57, 27405, 24581, 29292, 16, 28656, 24596, 27519, 18, 24657, 29292, 25002, 25350, 24581, 24585, 29962, 43, 26806, 25782, 16, 29745, 24601, 24585, 26549, 29338, 56, 24628, 24629, 18, 49, 54, 42, 57, 25042, 17, 24647, 17, 25042, 24838, 28672, 29200, 26178, 26275, 26380, 26113, 25128, 26380, 24581, 28621, 24821, 26053, 24637, 26113, 25128, 26380, 29527, 26712, 24581, 28672, 26760, 28031, 24596, 26380, 25572, 24581, 29527, 29066, 24913, 26712, 24581, 28672, 26760, 28031, 24596, 26380, 24913, 25572, 24581, 29066 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]
7374302	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise%20Malmstr%C3%B6m	Louise Malmström	Louise Malmström (born 1972), is a Swedish social democratic politician who has been a member of the Riksdag since 2002. External links Louise Malmström at the Riksdag website 1972 births Living people Members of the Riksdag from the Social Democrats Women members of the Riksdag Members of the Riksdag 2002–2006 21st-century Swedish women politicians Members of the Riksdag 2006–2010 Members of the Riksdag 2010–2014	[ "Lou", "ise", "Mal", "m", "str", "ö", "m", "(", "born", "1972", "),", "is", "a", "Swedish", "social", "dem", "ocr", "atic", "politician", "who", "has", "been", "a", "member", "of", "the", "R", "i", "ks", "d", "ag", "since", "2002", ".", "External", "links", "Lou", "ise", "Mal", "m", "str", "ö", "m", "at", "the", "R", "i", "ks", "d", "ag", "website", "1972", "births", "Living", "people", "Members", "of", "the", "R", "i", "ks", "d", "ag", "from", "the", "Social", "Democr", "ats", "Women", "members", "of", "the", "R", "i", "ks", "d", "ag", "Members", "of", "the", "R", "i", "ks", "d", "ag", "2002", "–", "2006", "21st", "-", "century", "Swedish", "women", "politicians", "Members", "of", "the", "R", "i", "ks", "d", "ag", "2006", "–", "2010", "Members", "of", "the", "R", "i", "ks", "d", "ag", "2010", "–", "2014" ]	[ 26149, 25279, 25893, 81, 24740, 213, 81, 12, 25049, 27071, 24758, 24593, 69, 28165, 26455, 25826, 26406, 25677, 26900, 24831, 24808, 24948, 69, 25537, 24595, 24585, 54, 77, 24737, 72, 24638, 25570, 25908, 18, 25065, 25051, 26149, 25279, 25893, 81, 24740, 213, 81, 24590, 24585, 54, 77, 24737, 72, 24638, 26658, 27071, 25393, 25766, 24941, 27585, 24595, 24585, 54, 77, 24737, 72, 24638, 24672, 24585, 27506, 26750, 25729, 26348, 25622, 24595, 24585, 54, 77, 24737, 72, 24638, 27585, 24595, 24585, 54, 77, 24737, 72, 24638, 25908, 4992, 25562, 26639, 17, 25087, 28165, 25522, 27901, 27585, 24595, 24585, 54, 77, 24737, 72, 24638, 25562, 4992, 25449, 27585, 24595, 24585, 54, 77, 24737, 72, 24638, 25449, 4992, 25590 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]
25254035	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan%20Macy%20Butler	Allan Macy Butler	Allan Macy Butler (1894–1986) was an American pediatrician and Chief of the Children's Medical Services at Massachusetts General Hospital and a professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. A pioneer in health services, Butler sought to change the structure of the American ‘fee-for-service’ system of health care to one based on government-paid medical care for the elderly and low-income people. Butler was born April 3, 1894, in Yonkers, New York. The son of George Prentice Butler, a stockbroker, he was one of eight children. Butler spent World War I overseas, serving as an artillery officer in the American Expeditionary Forces. Afterward, he served in Poland as part of the Hoover Commission. Butler entered Harvard Medical School in 1922. After graduating in 1926, he worked at the Rockefeller Institute. It was there that he developed an interest in fluid and electrolyte metabolism. During World War II, he worked on life-raft studies conducted by the Office of Scientific Research and Development that led to advancements in treating diarrhea and dehydration. In 1929, Butler returned to Harvard as an instructor in Pediatrics. He attained the title of Professor of Pediatrics in 1944 and served as Chief of Children's Medical Service and Staff Physician in charge of the Chemical Laboratories at Massachusetts General Hospital. He would remain at these two posts, concurrently, until 1960. Butler's advocacy for medical insurance and pre-paid methods of health care embroiled him in the socialized medicine debate. He would also face a loyalty review by the Civil Service Commission Loyalty Review Board. After his trial he provided support in the form of testimony and letters for colleagues who were being tried under the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950. He was a dedicated opponent of the Vietnam War and a supporter of abortion rights, nuclear disarmament, and nonviolent resistance. In 1969 Butler received the American Pediatric Society's highest award, the John Howland Award. References Further reading Allan Macy Butler Papers, 1916-1986(inclusive), 1930-1969(bulk), HMS c313. Harvard Medical Library, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine,Center for the History of Medicine, Harvard Medical School. 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18651758	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Pandora%20Principle	The Pandora Principle	The Pandora Principle is a science fiction novel by American writer Carolyn Clowes, part of the Star Trek: The Original Series. It features the origin story of Saavik, and how she came to know Spock. Plot A Romulan Bird of Prey drifts over the Neutral Zone and into Federation territory. Admiral James T. Kirk and the Enterprise take the ship back to Earth, unaware of the deadly force hiding inside. It is soon learned one way to battle the threat is via the traumatic childhood knowledge of Saavik and her birth planet Hellguard. Production Saavik's origins are first mentioned in Vonda McIntyre's novelization of Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, where she is said to be half-Romulan and from a planet called Hellguard. Clowes expanded on this story to add that she was one of a number of feral children, which was reflected in later works by other authors such as Margaret Wander Bonanno in her novel Unspoken Truth. Carolyn Clowes was inspired to write a Star Trek novel by Star Trek III: The Search for Spock and the novelization by McIntyre. Clowes first submitted an outline and sample chapters to Pocket Books in 1985, with publication taking place in 1990. She said that: "There was a great deal of back-and-forth with Pocket and Paramount over story, then endless revisions. So it took a while to get born." Reception Ellen Cheeseman-Meyer reflected on the book for Tor.com, comparing it to other similar Star Trek novels with Vulcan abduction stories. She considered Saavik to be a Mary Sue character, but one that she liked, and compared the book to works by author Robert A. Heinlein. However, she thought that the downside to the book was that the resolution of the Saavik and Spock story was their encounter during his pon farr during The Search For Spock, a film that Clowes acknowledged in the book. References Sources External links Novels based on Star Trek: The Original Series 1990 American novels American science fiction novels	[ "The", "P", "and", "ora", "Princ", "iple", "is", "a", "science", "fiction", "novel", "by", "American", "writer", "Carol", "yn", "Cl", "ow", "es", ",", "part", "of", "the", "Star", "Tre", "k", ":", "The", "Origin", "al", "Series", ".", "It", "features", "the", "origin", "story", "of", "Sa", "av", "ik", ",", "and", "how", "she", "came", "to", "know", "Sp", "ock", ".", "Pl", "ot", "A", "Rom", "ul", "an", "B", "ird", "of", "P", "rey", "dr", "if", "ts", "over", "the", "Ne", "ut", "ral", "Z", "one", "and", "into", "Federation", "territory", ".", "Ad", "mir", "al", "James", "T", ".", "Kir", "k", "and", "the", "Enter", "prise", "take", "the", "ship", "back", "to", "Earth", ",", "un", "aw", "are", "of", "the", "dead", "ly", "force", "h", "iding", "inside", ".", "It", "is", "soon", "lear", "ned", "one", "way", "to", "battle", "the", "threat", "is", "via", "the", 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3762663	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Lost%20Worlds%20of%202001	The Lost Worlds of 2001	The Lost Worlds of 2001 is a 1972 book by English writer Arthur C. Clarke, published as an accompaniment to the novel 2001: A Space Odyssey. The book consists in part of behind-the-scenes notes from Clarke concerning scriptwriting (and rewriting), as well as production issues. The core of the book, however, comprises excerpts from the proto-novel and an early screenplay that did not make it into the final version. Alternative settings for launch preparation, the EVA scene where astronaut Frank Poole is lost, and varying dialogues concerning the HAL 9000 unit are among the elements and scenes featured. Also included is the original 1948 short story "The Sentinel", the germ of the film's script. References External links 1972 books Space Odyssey Books by Arthur C. Clarke British books New American Library books	[ "The", "L", "ost", "World", "s", "of", "2001", "is", "a", "1972", "book", "by", "English", "writer", "Arthur", "C", ".", "Clar", "ke", ",", "published", "as", "an", "ac", "compan", "iment", "to", "the", "novel", "2001", ":", "A", "Space", "O", "d", "ys", "sey", ".", "The", "book", "consists", "in", "part", "of", "behind", "-", "the", "-", "scen", "es", "notes", "from", "Clar", "ke", "concer", "ning", "scr", "ip", "tw", "rit", "ing", "(", "and", "re", "writing", "),", "as", "well", "as", "production", "issues", ".", "The", "core", "of", "the", "book", ",", "however", ",", "com", "pr", "ises", "ex", "cer", "p", "ts", "from", "the", "pro", "to", "-", "novel", "and", "an", "early", "screen", "play", "that", "did", "not", "make", "it", "into", "the", "final", "version", ".", "Al", "tern", "ative", "sett", "ings", "for", "launch", "prepar", "ation", ",", "the", "E", "V", "A", "scene", "where", "astr", "on", "aut", "Frank", "Po", "ole", "is", "lost", ",", "and", "v", "ary", "ing", "dial", "og", "ues", "concer", "ning", "the", "H", "A", "L", "9", "000", "unit", "are", "among", "the", "elements", "and", "scen", "es", "featured", ".", "Also", "included", "is", "the", "original", "1948", "short", "story", "\"", "The", "S", "ent", "in", "el", "\",", "the", "ger", "m", "of", "the", "film", "'", "s", "s", "cript", ".", "References", "External", "links", "1972", "books", "Space", "O", "d", "ys", "sey", "Books", "by", "Arthur", "C", ".", "Clar", "ke", "British", "books", "New", "American", "Library", "books" ]	[ 24627, 48, 24764, 25166, 87, 24595, 25933, 24593, 69, 27071, 25756, 24647, 25407, 26408, 28687, 39, 18, 29474, 24801, 16, 25728, 24594, 24583, 24616, 26290, 26227, 24601, 24585, 26675, 25933, 30, 37, 29444, 51, 72, 25312, 26664, 18, 24627, 25756, 28686, 24581, 24791, 24595, 27606, 17, 24585, 17, 29206, 24589, 28870, 24672, 29474, 24801, 26559, 25925, 28348, 24696, 24759, 24773, 24599, 12, 24596, 24600, 27281, 24758, 24594, 25173, 24594, 26193, 27697, 18, 24627, 29711, 24595, 24585, 25756, 16, 26537, 16, 24665, 24666, 27622, 24707, 25040, 84, 24704, 24672, 24585, 24685, 24601, 17, 26675, 24596, 24583, 25551, 27567, 24755, 24682, 25671, 24809, 26127, 24598, 25000, 24585, 25738, 26147, 18, 24788, 24760, 25077, 26304, 24939, 24618, 26703, 28507, 24626, 16, 24585, 41, 58, 37, 29081, 25072, 27736, 24584, 26505, 26741, 26077, 26578, 24593, 26439, 16, 24596, 90, 24713, 24599, 29885, 24776, 25966, 26559, 25925, 24585, 44, 37, 48, 29, 25348, 27829, 24686, 26134, 24585, 28907, 24596, 29206, 24589, 27104, 18, 29095, 25922, 24593, 24585, 25967, 27854, 25903, 26241, 6, 24627, 55, 24609, 24581, 24613, 25243, 24585, 26065, 81, 24595, 24585, 24932, 11, 87, 87, 26520, 18, 24838, 25065, 25051, 27071, 26816, 29444, 51, 72, 25312, 26664, 28619, 24647, 28687, 39, 18, 29474, 24801, 25320, 26816, 24871, 24868, 28036, 26816 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]
23616258	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclamation%20fund	Reclamation fund	The reclamation fund is a special fund established by the United States Congress under the Reclamation Act of 1902, as amended, for receipts from the sale of public lands and timber, proceeds from the Mineral Leasing Act, and certain other revenues. Congress appropriates money from this fund for the investigation, construction, operation, and administration of Bureau of Reclamation projects. Collections from water users for payments made on the reimbursable costs of the federal projects are also returned to the fund. References United States Department of the Interior	[ "The", "re", "cl", "am", "ation", "fund", "is", "a", "special", "fund", "established", "by", "the", "United", "States", "Congress", "under", "the", "Re", "cl", "am", "ation", "Act", "of", "190", "2", ",", "as", "am", "ended", ",", "for", "rece", "ip", "ts", "from", "the", "s", "ale", "of", "public", "lands", "and", "tim", "ber", ",", "pro", "ce", "eds", "from", "the", "Min", "eral", "Le", "asing", "Act", ",", "and", "certain", "other", "re", "ven", "ues", ".", "Congress", "appro", "pri", "ates", "money", "from", "this", "fund", "for", "the", "investig", "ation", ",", "construction", ",", "operation", ",", "and", "administration", "of", "B", "ureau", "of", "Re", "cl", "am", "ation", "projects", ".", "Col", "le", "ctions", "from", "water", "us", "ers", "for", "pay", "ments", "made", "on", "the", "re", "im", "bur", "s", "able", "cost", "s", "of", "the", "federal", "projects", "are", "also", "returned", "to", "the", "fund", ".", "References", "United", "States", "Department", "of", "the", "Inter", "ior" ]	[ 24627, 24600, 24691, 24611, 24626, 26807, 24593, 69, 26318, 26807, 25572, 24647, 24585, 24994, 25131, 27337, 25016, 24585, 24693, 24691, 24611, 24626, 25928, 24595, 25454, 22, 16, 24594, 24611, 25396, 16, 24618, 25325, 24696, 24704, 24672, 24585, 87, 24988, 24595, 25242, 25873, 24596, 26951, 24681, 16, 24685, 24648, 26311, 24672, 24585, 25507, 25099, 24843, 27397, 25928, 16, 24596, 27457, 24858, 24600, 25232, 25966, 18, 27337, 26021, 27502, 24855, 27907, 24672, 24927, 26807, 24618, 24585, 27574, 24626, 16, 26715, 16, 27719, 16, 24596, 28994, 24595, 38, 29715, 24595, 24693, 24691, 24611, 24626, 29018, 18, 24997, 24604, 25509, 24672, 25801, 24640, 24629, 24618, 27229, 25272, 25167, 24584, 24585, 24600, 24634, 25464, 87, 24914, 26913, 87, 24595, 24585, 28272, 29018, 24686, 24762, 26355, 24601, 24585, 26807, 18, 24838, 24994, 25131, 26606, 24595, 24585, 26620, 25233 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

49619732

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solarization%20%28photography%29

Solarization (photography)

In photography, solarization is the effect of tone reversal observed in cases of extreme overexposure of the photographic film in the camera. Most likely, the effect was first observed in scenery photographs including the sun. The sun, instead of being the whitest spot in the image, turned black or grey. For instance, Minor White's photograph of a winter scene, The Black Sun 1955, was a result of the shutter of his camera freezing in the open position, producing severe overexposure. Ansel Adams had also earlier created a solarized sun image, titled Black Sun, Owens Valley, California, 1939, by overexposure. Definition When a photographic layer, suitable for solarization (see below), is exposed to actinic radiation, the resulting darkening after development will not increase steadily, but reaches a maximum which decreases under more intense exposure. In general is the phenomenon only then called solarization if the exposure has been produced in one "shot", meaning no pauses or double-exposures. The exposure to achieve solarization can be increased by exposure time or by increasing the light intensity History The solarization effect was already known to Daguerre and is one of the earliest known effects in photography. John William Draper was the first to call the overexposure effect solarisation. J.W.F. Herschel already observed the reversal of the image from negative to positive by extreme overexposure in 1840. Also N.M.P. Lerebours observed the phenomenon in 1842 (without him recognizing what it was) when he made a daguerreotype of an image of the sun. The result was seen as unsatisfactory because the solar disk (image of the sun on the daguerreotype plate) was overexposed and solarized. Ludwig Moser reported in 1843: "...that the light in the camera obscura produces at first the well known negative image; with continued action of the light the image turns into a positive image.... and recently I have obtained in fact on occasion a third image which is negative". In 1880 Janssen had obtained in the strongest sunlight a repetition of the solarization phenomena. Explanation Not every photographic layer exhibits solarization. Pure Chloride and Iodine based silver emulsions are difficult or unable to solarize. In general, it can be stated that solarisation can only be observed if the photographic layer is capable to create a latent image inside the halide grain underexposure by actinic radiation. Many explanations have been given but until further notice, the solarization was until 1929 generally understood as a combination of two main processes: the coagulation (clotting) and the regression process. Regression theory The regression process theory was formulated by H. Luppo-Cramer in 1911, based on research by F. Hurter, V.C. Driffield and H. Luggin. By exposure the surface and the interior of a silver-bromide sphere will disintegrate by the expulsion of bromide. Whereas the bromide on the surface can permeate away, the bromide can not so easily permeate away from the interior. The overexposure generates now a bromide pressure that escapes from the internal sphere and permeates to the surface where it oxidizes the latent image situated there, constituting the regular latent image under normal exposures. This destroys the latent image, because only silver on the surface can be developed. Coagulation theory H. Arens published in 1925 a paper about reversal effects in which he concluded that solarization is based upon the finding that under increasing exposure the latent image successively coagulates and thus increases the size of each particular silverspeck. This again causes the silverspeck to lose its catalytic effect for the development. Bromide migration theory H. Kieser published in 1929 a paper in which he speculated about the possibility of bromide migration by defect electrons (more: Photosensitivity). In recent years an understanding has been agreed upon in which this bromide migration to the surface by overexposure forms a bromine condensation, resulting in bromine molecules or bromine atoms diffusing to the silverspecks of the latent image. Thus the latent image at the crystal surface can be re-halogenated by chemical reaction, notwithstanding an increase of the amount of latent image in the interior of the crystal. Still, the regression and coagulation theories are believed to contribute up to a certain level to the solarization effect. Pseudo-solarization Pseudo-solarisation (or pseudo-solarization) is a phenomenon in photography in which the image recorded on a negative or on a photographic print is wholly or partially reversed in tone. Dark areas appear light or light areas appear dark. The term is synonymous with the Sabattier-effect when referring to negatives. Solarisation and pseudo-solarisation are quite distinct effects. In short, the mechanism is due to halogen ions released within the halide grain by exposure diffusing to the grain surface in amounts sufficient to destroy the latent image. References Photographic techniques Science of photography

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68659020

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian%20frigate%20Mehemet%20Ali

Egyptian frigate Mehemet Ali

Mehemet Ali was a steam frigate of the navy of the Khedivate of Egypt. She was probably built in England and was launched circa 1860. Mehemet Ali deployed to Port Said in 1874 to support Egyptian Army forces under General Charles Pomeroy Stone during a dispute with the Suez Canal Company. She served as an escort to troopships during the 1877 Russo-Turkish War and was laid up in 1880. Design and construction Mehemet Ali was built circa 1860, probably in England. She was named after Muhammad Ali of Egypt who ruled Egypt from 1805 to 1848. Mehemet Ali displaced 1,735 tons and was propelled by three masts and a steam engine of 800 nominal horsepower. She was long, with a beam of and a depth in the hold of . She was armed with 20x Krupp 4.7 inch guns and 10x 40-pounder breech loading guns and was iron hulled. Service In October 1864 Mehemet Ali carried the wife of Isma'il Pasha, viceroy of Egypt, from the Bosphorus to Alexandria. Mehemet Ali was posted to Port Said in April 1874 to support forces, under General Charles Pomeroy Stone of the Egyptian Army, mobilised because of a dispute over tolls between the Khedive and the Suez Canal Company. The affair ended with the company accepting the new, lower toll rates. On 19 January 1877 Mehemet Ali was in harbour at Constantinople when the British merchant steamship Joseph Love was driven onto her by the wind. The Joseph Love sank with the loss of one of her crew drowned. Some 12 crewmen scrambled onto the Mehemet Ali and were aided by her crew; the remaining eight crew of the Joseph Love, including her captain, escaped by ship's boat. The Egyptians provided dinner to the shipwrecked men before they were handed over to a Royal Navy ship. Mehemet Ali was damaged badly at her bow and, having taken on a large quantity of water, was beached on the Kourou-tehesmé Shoal to save her from sinking. The Mehemet Ali helped escort transports carrying Egyptian forces to the Russo-Turkish War in 1877. By this time she was described by one former navy officer as "as much good as a cardboard box". Mehemet Ali was laid up in December 1880. Fate Mehemet Ali had her machinery removed from her in around 1890 and was employed as a stationary guardship at Alexandria. She was discarded in around 1898. References Frigates of the Egyptian Navy Steam frigates 1860s ships Maritime incidents in January 1877

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60640421

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul%20Albert%20La%20Roche

Raoul Albert La Roche

Raoul Albert La Roche (23 February 1889 - 15 June 1965) was a Swiss banker and art collector. He was especially interested in purism and cubism and his collections have been donated to museums in Switzerland and France. His home in Paris, Maison La Roche, was designed by his friend Le Corbusier and now houses the Le Corbusier Foundation. Early life Raoul Albert La Roche was born on 23 February 1889, and grew up in Basel, Switzerland in a bourgeois family, very closely linked to the world of art. He was the second son of the banker Louis La Roche and Emilie Caroline Burckhardt. He studied at the School of Trading in Neuchâtel (Switzerland), and became an apprentice in the Bank of Basel, and worked in Berlin and London. Career In 1912, at the age of 23, La Roche moved to Paris to work for the (BSF), which became in 1917 the . He made his career there, retiring in 1954. In 1940, during the invasion of France by the German army, he left Paris and moved to Lyon, keeping his job at the bank, until the end of the war. He returned to Paris after the war. Links with the artistic world In 1918, La Roche met Le Corbusier and was attracted to the purism style of painting whose foundations were laid by Le Corbusier. In 1922, on the occasion of a trip to Venice and Vicenza (Italy) with Le Corbusier, La Roche planned to have a villa built by his friend. This project became the "Villa della Rocca" (Villa La Roche) in Paris, at the "". The villa was built in joint ownership with Le Corbusier's brother, the violinist Albert Jeanneret, and housed his collections of paintings, including works by Picasso, Braque, Fernand Léger. La Roche donated this villa to Le Corbusier for his foundation. Death La Roche died on 15 June 1965 in Basel. He bequeathed one-third of his collection to the Musée du Louvre, another third to his hometown (Basel), which can be seen in the Kunstmuseum Basel, and the last third to the Fondation Le Corbusier. References Further reading Jacques Sbriglio, Le Corbusier: les villas la Roche-Jeanneret, éd. Fondation Le Corbusier, 1997, La Revue des arts, vol. 3 à 4, pages 250–251, éd. Conseil des musées nationaux, 1953 Pierre Courthion, D'une palette à l'autre: mémoires d'un critique d'art, éd. Baconnière Arts, 2004, Andrew Ayers, The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide, pages 245–247, Édition Axel Menges, 2004, Christopher Green, Art in France, 1900-1940, pages 57–58, ed. Yale University Press, 2003, Modern Man: The Life of Le Corbusier, Architect of Tomorrow, p. 30 K. Schmidt, H. Fischer, éd., Ein Haus für den Kubismus: die Sammlung Raoul La Roche, p. 9 cat. expo. Bâle, 1998 External links Schmidt, H. Katharina (2007) La Roche, Raoul. In Historiches Lexicon der Schweiz. (in German). Metropolitan Museum 1889 births 1965 deaths Swiss art collectors Patrons of the arts People from Basel-Landschaft Swiss bankers

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6219712

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephropexy

Nephropexy

Nephropexy is the surgical fixation of a floating or mobile kidney (nephroptosis). It was first performed by Eugen Hahn on 10 April 1881. References Urologic surgery

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2897106

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oy%C3%B3n-Oion

Oyón-Oion

Oyón in Spanish or Oion in Basque is a town and municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain. The town was formed by the incorporation of the towns Barriobusto and Labraza. It is located just 5km north of the city of Logroño in La Rioja. Oyón is a sister city of the French town Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx. References External links Oyón-Oion in the Bernardo Estornés Lasa - Auñamendi Encyclopedia Municipalities in Álava

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26233572

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois%20Louw

Francois Louw

Francois Louw (born 15 June 1985) is a South African former professional rugby union player. A flanker, he played for , the Stormers and English club . He won 76 international caps for South Africa, and was part of the team that won the 2019 Rugby World Cup. Early life Louw was born in Cape Town and is the grandson of the former South African international Jan Pickard. He attended Bishops College in Cape Town and studied rugby at the University of Stellenbosch. Playing career He represented the Stormers in Super Rugby, having made his debut during the 2008 season. He also played for in the Currie Cup. Louw was part of the Stormers team that lost the 2010 Super 14 Final to the Bulls. On 12 July 2011 it was announced that Louw signed for Bath Rugby on a 3-year deal. International Following the Super 14 season, Louw made his debut for South Africa against Wales at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. He played the entire game as South Africa won 34–31. Louw was selected for South Africa's next match, against France at his home ground, Newlands Stadium in Cape Town. Louw scored the last of five tries, helping South Africa to a 42–17 victory. After taking part in South Africa's victorious two-match series against Italy, including a try in the first Test, Louw made his Tri Nations debut in July 2010. It was the first time Louw experienced defeat as a Springbok, with New Zealand winning the game 32–12. He has become a mainstay in the Springbok side, becoming the first choice openside flank under the reign of Heyneke Meyer. He had the second most turnovers won at the 2015 Rugby World Cup with 13. He has also shown strong running and some skilful play. In 2013, against the All Blacks at Ellis Park, he made a strong run then an offload in the tackle to set up Bryan Habana for a try. Louw was named in South Africa's squad for the 2019 Rugby World Cup. South Africa won the tournament, defeating England in the final. Notes References External links Bath rugby profile MyPlayers profile 1985 births Living people South African rugby union players South Africa international rugby union players South African people of Dutch descent Stormers players Western Province (rugby union) players Bath Rugby players Rugby union flankers Rugby union players from Cape Town Afrikaner people South African expatriate rugby union players South African expatriate sportspeople in England Expatriate rugby union players in England 2011 Rugby World Cup players 2015 Rugby World Cup players 2019 Rugby World Cup players

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69302348

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai%20Stargazer

Hyundai Stargazer

The Hyundai Stargazer is a compact multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) produced by Hyundai Motor Company in Indonesia since 2022. The vehicle was first introduced on 15 July 2022 when the first units of the vehicle rolled off its assembly line at HMMI in Cikarang. It was launched and made its public debut at the 29th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show on 11 August. Markets Indonesia For the Indonesian market, the Stargazer is available in four initial grade levels: Active, Trend, Style and Prime. The former two grades are available with either 6-speed manual or IVT transmission options, while the latter two grades are only available with IVT transmission as standard. Captains seats are optional for each grade except for the Active grade. Hyundai SmartSense driver-assistance system is standard for the Prime grade. The Stargazer received an update on 17 July 2023. Updates consists of a revised dashboard design for all grades, new rear disc brakes and electronic parking brake with auto brake hold for the Prime grade, and a new grade called Essential, replacing the Trend grade. Vietnam In Vietnam, the Stargazer was launched on 20 October 2022. It is offered in Standard, Special and Premium grades. Captain seats are available as an option for the Premium grade. Hyundai SmartSense is standard for the Premium grade. Imported from Indonesia, local production will begin in 2023. Philippines In the Philippines, the Stargazer was launched on 8 November 2022 and is offered in GL, GLS and GLS Premium grades. Hyundai SmartSense is standard for the GLS Premium grade. While the Captain Seats option for the GLS Premium grade was previewed at the 18th Manila International Auto Show on 13 April 2023 and it was made available to the dealerships on 16 October 2023. Thailand In Thailand, the Stargazer was revealed on 30 November 2022 at the 39th Thailand International Motor Expo. Sales began on 20 March 2023. Brunei In Brunei, the Stargazer was launched on 5 May 2023 and the model were offered in High (7-seater) and Premium (6-seater) variants. Hyundai SmartSense is standard for the Premium variant. The Standard (7-seater) variant was added in July 2023. Stargazer X The Stargazer X is a more rugged-looking variant of the regular Stargazer. It was revealed at the 30th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show on 10 August 2023. Available in Style and Prime grades, it can be distinguished by the redesigned bonnet, grille and bumper guards, addition of black over fenders, side body cladding, roof rails, rear spoiler, 17-inch alloy wheels, and Bose-branded audio system. It was also unveiled in Thailand on 26 September 2023, with official launch scheduled on 4 October 2023. It is only offered in a single grade level. It was also launched in the Philippines on October 16, 2023 alongside the Hyundai Custin. Like the Thai model, it is only available in a single grade level. Safety Sales References External links Stargazer Cars introduced in 2022 Compact MPVs Front-wheel-drive vehicles Vehicles with CVT transmission

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37008320

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdstaffel%2039

Jagdstaffel 39

Royal Prussian Jagdstaffel 39, commonly abbreviated to Jasta 39, was a "hunting group" (i.e., fighter squadron) of the Luftstreitkräfte, the air arm of the Imperial German Army during World War I. The unit would score 68 aerial victories during the war, including 14 observation balloons downed. The squadron's victories came at the expense of seven pilots killed in action, one killed in a flying accident, five wounded in action, and one taken prisoner of war. History Jasta 39 was founded on 30 June 1917 at Fliegerersatz-Abteilung (Replacement Detachment) 15, Hannover, Germany. It held its first formation 2 August 1917, under its original commander, Karl August Raben. It would serve until war's end, when the Luftstreitkräfte was disbanded. Commanding officers (Staffelführer) August Raben: 2 August 1917 (to Jasta 15 as Staffelführer on 14 March 1918) Franz von Kerssenbrock: 17 November 1917 Josef Loeser: 4 December 1917 Johann Hesselink: 4 April 1918 Duty stations Hannover, Germany: 30 June 1917 Ensisheim: 2 August 1917 Campoformido, Italy: San Giacomo, Italy Roveredo, Italy Cervada, Italy San Fior, Italy St. Loup, Champagne, France: March 1918 Boncourt, France Guesnain, France Bapaume, France Rocourt-Saint-Martin, France Erre, France Bühl, France Notable personnel Bernhard Ultsch Wilhelm Hippert Ludwig Gaim Reinhold Jörke Operations Jasta 39 opened combat operations in support of Armee-Abteilung B on 15 August 1917. On 15 September 1917, it was transferred to Italy, where it would score 41 aerial victories. The squadron would return to France in March 1918, and serve there until war's end. Aircraft Jasta 39 operated Albatros D.III and Albatros D.V fighters while in Italy. It is not known what other aircraft were used. References Bibliography 39 Military units and formations established in 1917 1917 establishments in Germany Military units and formations disestablished in 1918

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1528057

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overstrand%20Local%20Municipality

Overstrand Local Municipality

Overstrand Municipality (; ) is a local municipality in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is located along the Atlantic coast between Cape Town and Cape Agulhas, within the Overberg District Municipality. The principal towns in the municipality are Hermanus, Gansbaai and Kleinmond. , it had a population of 80,432. Geography The municipality covers an area of stretching along the coast of the Overberg, from the eastern edge of False Bay almost to Cape Agulhas. At its western end it is separated from the City of Cape Town by the Kogelberg mountains; to the north it is separated from the Theewaterskloof Municipality by the Kogelberg and the Kleinrivier Mountains; and to the east it abuts on the Cape Agulhas Municipality along a boundary that runs generally north-south just to the west of Elim. The western part of the municipality consists mostly of a narrow coastal plain with mountains immediately behind, while the eastern part beyond the Klein River expands away from the coast to include a wider agricultural region. According to the 2011 census the municipality has a population of 80,432 people in 28,010 households. Of this population, 36.2% describe themselves as "Black African", 31.2% as "White", and 31.0% as "Coloured". The first language of 53.5% of the population is Afrikaans, while 29.2% speak Xhosa, 12.3% speak English and 1.4% speak Sotho. Most of the towns in the municipality are on the coast, and due to the proximity to Cape Town many are holiday resorts. The largest town is Hermanus, which is situated on the northern edge of Walker Bay next to the Klein River mouth. As of 2011 Hermanus, which is the site of the municipal headquarters, has a population of 32,769. West of Hermanus, between it and the Bot River, are Onrusrivier (pop. 5,151) and Hawston (pop. 8,214) on the coast, and Fisherhaven (pop. 723) on the Bot River lagoon. On the other side of the Bot River mouth is the town of Kleinmond (pop. 6,634) and beyond it along the coast are Betty's Bay (pop. 1,380), Pringle Bay (pop. 801) and Rooi-Els (pop. 125). East of Hermanus the municipality includes a wider agricultural area away from the coast. The village of Stanford (pop. 4,797) is about inland on the Klein River. To the south, on the opposite side of Walker Bay from Hermanus, is the second-largest town in the municipality, Gansbaai (pop. 11,598). Just south of Gansbaai, on the southern edge of the Danger Point peninsula, are Van Dyksbaai (pop. 500) and Franskraalstrand (pop. 1,165). A little further along the coast is Pearly Beach (pop. 1,042). Inland from Pearly Beach, separated from the coast by a range of hills, is the agricultural hamlet of Baardskeerdersbos (pop. 103), while Wolvengat (pop. 50) is another agricultural hamlet in the far south-east of the municipality. Politics The municipal council consists of twenty-five members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Thirteen councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in thirteen wards, while the remaining twelve are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. History By the end of the apartheid era in the early 1990s there were various local authorities established on a racially-segregated basis in the area that was to become Overstrand. Municipal councils were elected by the white residents of the towns of Betty's Bay, Kleinmond, Onrusrivier, Hermanus, Stanford, and Gansbaai; and local councils by the white residents of the villages and holiday resorts: Pringle Bay, Rooi-Els, Vermont, Sandbaai, Pearly Beach, De Kelders, Kleinbaai, and Franskraalstrand. The coloured areas of Kleinmond, Stanford, Hawston, Mount Pleasant and Gansbaai were governed by management committees subordinate to the white municipalities; and the black area of Zwelihle was governed by a town council established under the Black Local Authorities Act. Rural areas were served by the Overberg Regional Services Council. While the negotiations to end apartheid were taking place a process was established for local authorities to negotiate voluntary mergers. In January 1993 the Municipality of Kleinmond merged with its management committee to form a single Municipality for the Area of Kleinmond; and the Municipality of Gansbaai merged with its management committee and the local councils of De Kelders, Kleinbaai, Franskraalstrand and Pearly Beach to form a single Municipality for the Area of Gansbaai. In January 1994 the Betty's Bay Municipality merged with the local councils of Pringle Bay and Rooi-Els to form the Hangklip Municipality. After the national elections of 1994 a process of local government transformation began, in which negotiations were held between the existing local authorities, political parties, and local community organisations. As an outcome of these negotiations, transitional local councils (TLCs) were created and the existing local authorities were dissolved. In December 1994, the Greater Hermanus TLC replaced the Hermanus Municipality, the Onrusrivier Municipality, the Zwelihle Town Council, the management committees of Hawston and Mount Pleasant, and the local councils of Vermont and Sandbaai. In the same month the Gansbaai TLC replaced the Municipality for the Area of Gansbaai. In January 1995 Hangklip/Kleinmond TLC replaced Hangklip Municipality and the Municipality for the Area of Kleinmond, and the Stanford TLC replaced the Municipality of Stanford and the Stanford Management Committee. The transitional councils were initially made up of members nominated by the various parties to the negotiations, until May 1996 when elections were held. At these elections the Overberg District Council was established, replacing the Overberg Regional Services Council. Transitional representative councils (TRCs) were also elected to represent rural areas outside the TLCs on the District Council; the area that was to become Overstrand included the Hermanus TRC as well as parts of the Caledon and Bredasdorp TRCs. At the local elections of December 2000 the TLCs and TRCs were dissolved, and the Overstrand Municipality was created as a single local authority incorporating both rural and urban areas. It was considered a stronghold of the now defunct New National Party (NNP), which had held (sometimes concealed) majorities of two thirds in the predecessor municipalities after the November 1995 municipal elections, which were the first since South Africa had its first multi-racial elections. After the 2000 election, Willie Smuts, previously mayor of Hangklip-Kleinmond Municipality, was elected mayor, representing the Democratic Alliance (DA), before he defected along with seven other DA councillors to the New National Party (NNP) after the October 2002 floor-crossing window. The NNP then formed a coalition with the African National Congress (ANC) when the council was reconstituted. After the September 2004 floor crossing Smuts then crossed the floor to the ANC along with most NNP councillors which gave the ANC an outright majority in the town for the first time. At the time of the March 2006 local elections the eastern boundary with Cape Agulhas Municipality was moved west, with Cape Agulhas taking over rural land to the north and south of Elim. In the 2006 elections the DA won an outright majority of 10 seats in the 19-seat council. Willie Smuts was replaced as Mayor by Theo Beyleveldt. The DA consolidated its hold in the council following the September 2007 floor crossing window which saw the party gain an eleventh seat from the African Christian Democratic Party (ACDP). The ANC lost a seat to the newly formed National People's Party, as did the Independent Democrats, whose only representative in the Overstrand Council crossed over. In the May 2011 local elections, the DA again won Overstrand outright, taking fifteen of the twenty-five seats on the council, with the ANC taking nine and the National Independent Civic Organisation one. In the August 2016 local elections, the DA increased its majority to sixteen of twenty-five seats, with the ANC taking eight and the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) taking one. In a by-election in December 2020, the Land Party won a seat from the ANC In the November 2021 local elections, the council was expanded to twenty-seven seats. The DA won seventeen seats, the ANC four, the Land Party and the Freedom Front Plus two each, and the EFF and the ACDP one each. Election results The most recent election of the municipal council was held on 1 November 2021; the Democratic Alliance won a majority of 17 seats on the council. The following table shows the results of the 2021 election. Mayors Annelie Rabie (1 November 2021 until present) (DA) Dudley Coetzee (28 February 2018 – 30 October 2021) (DA) Rudolph Smith (2016–2018; died on 5 January 2018) Nicolette Botha-Guthrie (2010–2016) (DA) Theo Beyleveldt (March 2006 – 2010) (DA) Willie Smuts (September 2004 – March 2006) (ANC) Willie Smuts (October 2002 – September 2004) (NNP) Willie Smuts (December 2000 – October 2002) (DA) References External links Official website Overstrand Local Municipality on the Western Cape Government website Local municipalities of the Overberg District Municipality

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"River", "mouth", ".", "As", "of", "2011", "Her", "man", "us", ",", "which", "is", "the", "site", "of", "the", "municipal", "head", "quarters", ",", "has", "a", "population", "of", "32", ",", "76", "9", ".", "West", "of", "Her", "man", "us", ",", "between", "it", "and", "the", "B", "ot", "River", ",", "are", "On", "r", "us", "r", "iv", "ier", "(", "pop", ".", "5", ",", "15", "1", ")", "and", "Haw", "ston", "(", "pop", ".", "8", ",", "21", "4", ")", "on", "the", "coast", ",", "and", "Fish", "er", "h", "aven", "(", "pop", ".", "7", "23", ")", "on", "the", "B", "ot", "River", "l", "ago", "on", ".", "On", "the", "other", "side", "of", "the", "B", "ot", "River", "mouth", "is", "the", "town", "of", "K", "le", "in", "mond", "(", "pop", ".", "6", ",", "6", "34", ")", "and", "bey", "ond", "it", "along", "the", "coast", "are", "Bet", "ty", "'", "s", "Bay", "(", "pop", ".", "1", ",", "3", "80", "),", "Pr", "ing", "le", "Bay", "(", "pop", ".", "80", "1", ")", "and", "Ro", "o", "i", "-", "El", "s", "(", "pop", ".", "12", "5", ").", "East", "of", "Her", "man", "us", "the", "municipality", "includes", "a", "wid", "er", "agricult", "ural", "area", "away", "from", "the", "coast", ".", "The", "village", "of", "Stan", "ford", "(", "pop", ".", "4", ",", "79", "7", ")", "is", "about", "in", "land", "on", "the", "K", "le", "in", "River", ".", "To", "the", "south", ",", "on", "the", "op", "pos", "ite", "side", "of", "Wal", "ker", "Bay", "from", "Her", "man", "us", ",", "is", "the", "second", "-", "largest", "town", "in", "the", "municipality", ",", "G", "ans", "ba", "ai", "(", "pop", ".", "11", ",", "59", "8", ").", "Just", "south", "of", "G", "ans", "ba", "ai", ",", "on", "the", "southern", "edge", "of", "the", "D", "anger", "Point", "pen", "ins", "ula", ",", "are", "Van", "D", "y", "ks", "ba", "ai", "(", "pop", ".", "500", ")", "and", "Fran", "sk", "ra", "al", "str", "and", "(", "pop", ".", "1", ",", "16", "5", ").", "A", "little", "further", "along", "the", "coast", "is", "P", "early", "Beach", "(", "pop", ".", "1", ",", "0", "42", ").", "In", "land", "from", "P", "early", "Beach", ",", "separ", "ated", "from", "the", "coast", "by", "a", "range", "of", "hill", "s", ",", "is", "the", "agricult", "ural", "ham", "let", "of", "Ba", "ards", "ke", "er", "d", "ers", "b", "os", "(", "pop", ".", "10", "3", "),", "while", "W", "ol", "v", "eng", "at", "(", "pop", ".", "50", ")", "is", "another", "agricult", "ural", "ham", "let", "in", "the", "far", "south", "-", "east", "of", "the", "municipality", ".", "Polit", "ics", "The", "municipal", "council", "consists", "of", "twenty", "-", "five", "members", "elected", "by", "mixed", "-", "member", "pro", "port", "ional", "represent", "ation", ".", "Th", "ir", "teen", "coun", "c", "ill", "ors", "are", "elected", "by", "first", "-", "past", "-", "the", "-", "post", "vot", "ing", "in", "th", "ir", "teen", "wards", ",", "while", "the", "remaining", "tw", "el", "ve", "are", "ch", "osen", "from", "party", "l", "ists", "so", "that", "the", "total", "number", "of", "party", "represent", "atives", "is", "pro", "port", "ional", "to", "the", "number", "of", "votes", "received", ".", "History", "By", "the", "end", "of", "the", "ap", "ar", "the", "id", "era", "in", "the", "early", "1990s", "there", "were", "various", "local", "authorities", "established", "on", "a", "rac", "ially", "-", "se", "greg", "ated", "basis", "in", "the", "area", "that", "was", "to", "become", "Over", "str", "and", ".", "Municip", "al", "council", "s", "were", "elected", "by", "the", "white", "residents", "of", "the", "towns", "of", "Bet", "ty", "'", "s", "Bay", ",", "K", "le", "in", "mond", ",", "On", "r", "us", "r", "iv", "ier", ",", "Her", "man", "us", ",", "Stan", "ford", ",", "and", "G", "ans", "ba", "ai", ";", "and", "local", "council", "s", "by", "the", "white", "residents", "of", "the", "villages", "and", "hol", "iday", "res", "or", "ts", ":", "Pr", "ing", "le", "Bay", ",", "Ro", "o", "i", "-", "El", "s", ",", "Ver", "mont", ",", "Sand", "ba", "ai", ",", "P", "early", "Beach", ",", "De", "Kel", "d", "ers", ",", "K", "le", "in", "ba", "ai", ",", "and", "Fran", "sk", "ra", "al", "str", "and", ".", "The", "col", "our", "ed", "areas", "of", "K", "le", "in", "mond", ",", "Stan", "ford", ",", "Haw", "ston", ",", "Mount", "P", "le", "as", "ant", "and", "G", "ans", "ba", "ai", "were", "govern", "ed", "by", "management", "commit", "te", "es", "sub", "ordin", "ate", "to", "the", "white", "municipal", "ities", ";", "and", "the", "black", "area", "of", "Z", "w", "el", "i", "h", "le", "was", "govern", "ed", "by", "a", "town", "council", "established", "under", "the", "Black", "Loc", "al", "Au", "thor", "ities", "Act", ".", "R", "ural", "areas", "were", "served", "by", "the", "Over", "berg", "Regional", "Services", "Council", ".", "While", "the", "ne", "got", "i", "ations", "to", "end", "ap", "ar", "the", "id", "were", "taking", "place", "a", "process", "was", "established", "for", "local", "authorities", "to", "ne", "got", "i", "ate", "vol", "unt", "ary", "mer", "gers", ".", "In", "January", "1993", "the", "Municip", "ality", "of", "K", "le", "in", "mond", "mer", "ged", "with", "its", "management", "committee", "to", "form", "a", "single", "Municip", "ality", "for", "the", "Area", "of", "K", "le", "in", "mond", ";", "and", "the", "Municip", "ality", "of", "G", "ans", "ba", "ai", "mer", "ged", "with", "its", "management", "committee", "and", "the", "local", "council", "s", "of", "De", "Kel", "d", "ers", ",", "K", "le", "in", "ba", "ai", ",", "Fran", "sk", "ra", "al", "str", "and", "and", "P", "early", "Beach", "to", "form", "a", "single", "Municip", "ality", "for", "the", "Area", "of", "G", "ans", "ba", "ai", ".", "In", "January", "1994", "the", "Bet", "ty", "'", "s", "Bay", "Municip", "ality", "mer", "ged", "with", "the", "local", "council", "s", "of", "Pr", "ing", "le", "Bay", "and", "Ro", "o", "i", "-", "El", "s", "to", "form", "the", "H", "ang", "k", "l", "ip", "Municip", "ality", ".", "After", "the", "national", "elections", "of", "1994", "a", "process", "of", "local", "government", "trans", "formation", "began", ",", "in", "which", "ne", "got", "i", "ations", "were", "held", "between", "the", "existing", "local", "authorities", ",", "political", "parties", ",", "and", "local", "community", "organ", "is", "ations", ".", "As", "an", "out", "come", "of", "these", "ne", "got", "i", "ations", ",", "trans", "ition", "al", "local", "council", "s", "(", "T", "L", "C", "s", ")", "were", "created", "and", "the", "existing", "local", "authorities", "were", "diss", "ol", "ved", ".", "In", "December", "1994", ",", "the", "Gre", "ater", "Her", "man", "us", "T", "L", "C", "replaced", "the", "Her", "man", "us", "Municip", "ality", ",", "the", "On", "r", "us", "r", "iv", "ier", "Municip", "ality", ",", "the", "Z", "w", "el", "i", "h", "le", "Town", "Council", ",", "the", "management", "commit", "te", "es", "of", "Haw", "ston", "and", "Mount", "P", "le", "as", "ant", ",", "and", "the", "local", "council", "s", "of", "Ver", "mont", "and", "Sand", "ba", "ai", ".", "In", "the", "same", "month", "the", "G", "ans", "ba", "ai", "T", "L", "C", "replaced", "the", "Municip", "ality", "for", "the", "Area", "of", "G", "ans", "ba", "ai", ".", "In", "January", "1995", "H", "ang", "k", "l", "ip", "/", "K", "le", "in", "mond", "T", "L", "C", "replaced", "H", "ang", "k", "l", "ip", "Municip", "ality", "and", "the", "Municip", "ality", "for", "the", "Area", "of", "K", "le", "in", "mond", ",", "and", "the", "Stan", "ford", "T", "L", "C", "replaced", "the", "Municip", "ality", "of", "Stan", "ford", "and", "the", "Stan", "ford", "Management", "Committee", ".", "The", "trans", "ition", "al", "council", "s", "were", "initially", "made", "up", "of", "members", "nominated", "by", "the", "various", "parties", "to", "the", "ne", "got", "i", "ations", ",", "until", "May", "1996", "when", "elections", "were", "held", ".", "At", "these", "elections", "the", "Over", "berg", "District", "Council", "was", "established", ",", "replac", "ing", "the", "Over", "berg", "Regional", "Services", "Council", ".", "Trans", "ition", "al", "represent", "ative", "council", "s", "(", "T", "R", "C", "s", ")", "were", "also", "elected", "to", "represent", "rural", "areas", "outside", "the", "T", "L", "C", "s", "on", "the", "District", "Council", ";", "the", "area", "that", "was", "to", "become", "Over", "str", "and", "included", "the", "Her", "man", "us", "T", "R", "C", "as", "well", "as", "parts", "of", "the", "Cal", "ed", "on", "and", "Br", "ed", "as", "d", "or", "p", "T", "R", "C", "s", ".", "At", "the", "local", "elections", "of", "December", "2000", "the", "T", "L", "C", "s", "and", "T", "R", "C", "s", "were", "diss", "ol", "ved", ",", "and", "the", "Over", "str", "and", "Municip", "ality", "was", "created", "as", "a", "single", "local", "author", "ity", "incorpor", "ating", "both", "rural", "and", "urban", "areas", ".", "It", "was", "considered", "a", "strong", "hold", "of", "the", "now", "def", "un", "ct", "New", "National", "Party", "(", "N", "N", "P", "),", "which", "had", "held", "(", "sometimes", "con", "ce", "aled", ")", "major", "ities", "of", "two", "third", "s", "in", "the", "pred", "e", "cess", "or", "municipal", "ities", "after", "the", "November", "1995", "municipal", "elections", ",", "which", "were", "the", "first", "since", "South", "Africa", "had", "its", "first", "multi", "-", "rac", "ial", "elections", ".", "After", "the", "2000", "election", ",", "Will", "ie", "Sm", "ut", "s", ",", "previously", "mayor", "of", "H", "ang", "k", "l", "ip", "-", "K", "le", "in", "mond", "Municip", "ality", ",", "was", "elected", "mayor", ",", "represent", "ing", "the", "Democratic", "All", "iance", "(", "D", "A", "),", "before", "he", "defe", "cted", "along", "with", "seven", "other", "D", "A", "coun", "c", "ill", "ors", "to", "the", "New", "National", "Party", "(", "N", "N", "P", ")", "after", "the", "October", "2002", "floor", "-", "c", "ros", "sing", "wind", "ow", ".", "The", "N", "N", "P", "then", "formed", "a", "coal", "ition", "with", "the", "African", "National", "Congress", "(", "A", "N", "C", ")", "when", "the", "council", "was", "re", "con", "stitut", "ed", ".", "After", "the", "September", "2004", "floor", "c", "ros", "sing", "Sm", "ut", "s", "then", "cross", "ed", "the", "floor", "to", "the", "A", "N", "C", "along", "with", "most", "N", "N", "P", "coun", "c", "ill", "ors", "which", "gave", "the", "A", "N", "C", "an", "ou", "tr", "ight", "majority", "in", "the", "town", "for", "the", "first", "time", ".", "At", "the", "time", "of", "the", "March", "2006", "local", "elections", "the", "eastern", "bound", "ary", "with", "Cape", "Ag", "ul", "has", "Municip", "ality", "was", "moved", "west", ",", "with", "Cape", "Ag", "ul", "has", "taking", "over", "rural", "land", "to", "the", "north", "and", "south", "of", "El", "im", ".", "In", "the", "2006", "elections", "the", "D", "A", "won", "an", "ou", "tr", "ight", "majority", "of", "10", "seats", "in", "the", "19", "-", "seat", "council", ".", "Will", "ie", "Sm", "ut", "s", "was", "replaced", "as", "May", "or", "by", "The", "o", "Be", "yle", "vel", "d", "t", ".", "The", "D", "A", "cons", "ol", "id", "ated", "its", "hold", "in", "the", "council", "following", "the", "September", "2007", "floor", "c", "ros", "sing", "wind", "ow", "which", "saw", "the", "party", "g", "ain", "an", "ele", "ven", "th", "seat", "from", "the", "African", "Christian", "Democratic", "Party", "(", "A", "CD", "P", ").", "The", "A", "N", "C", "lost", "a", "seat", "to", "the", "newly", "formed", "National", "People", "'", "s", "Party", ",", "as", "did", "the", "In", "dependent", "Democr", "ats", ",", "whose", "only", "represent", "ative", "in", "the", "Over", "str", "and", "Council", "cross", "ed", "over", ".", "In", "the", "May", "2011", "local", "elections", ",", "the", "D", "A", "again", "won", "Over", "str", "and", "ou", "tr", "ight", ",", "taking", "fif", "teen", "of", "the", "twenty", "-", "five", "seats", "on", "the", "council", ",", "with", "the", "A", "N", "C", "taking", "nine", "and", "the", "National", "In", "dependent", "C", "iv", "ic", "Organ", "isation", "one", ".", "In", "the", "August", "2016", "local", "elections", ",", "the", "D", "A", "increased", "its", "majority", "to", "six", "teen", "of", "twenty", "-", "five", "seats", ",", "with", "the", "A", "N", "C", "taking", "eight", "and", "the", "Econom", "ic", "F", "reedom", "F", "igh", "ters", "(", "E", "FF", ")", "taking", "one", ".", "In", "a", "by", "-", "election", "in", "December", "2020", ",", "the", "Land", "Party", "won", "a", "seat", "from", "the", "A", "N", "C", "In", "the", "November", "2021", "local", "elections", ",", "the", "council", "was", "expanded", "to", "twenty", "-", "seven", "seats", ".", "The", "D", "A", "won", "se", "vent", "een", "seats", ",", "the", "A", "N", "C", "four", ",", "the", "Land", "Party", "and", "the", "F", "reedom", "Fr", "ont", "Pl", "us", "two", "each", ",", "and", "the", "E", "FF", "and", "the", 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"(", "September", "2004", "–", "March", "2006", ")", "(", "A", "N", "C", ")", "Will", "ie", "Sm", "ut", "s", "(", "October", "2002", "–", "September", "2004", ")", "(", "N", "N", "P", ")", "Will", "ie", "Sm", "ut", "s", "(", "December", "2000", "–", "October", "2002", ")", "(", "D", "A", ")", "References", "External", "links", "Official", "website", "Over", "str", "and", "Loc", "al", "Municip", "ality", "on", "the", "Western", "Cape", "Government", "website", "Loc", "al", "municipal", "ities", "of", "the", "Over", "berg", "District", "Municip", "ality" ]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%20in%20professional%20wrestling

2021 in professional wrestling

2021 in professional wrestling describes the year's events in the world of professional wrestling. The COVID-19 pandemic severely affected the professional wrestling industry worldwide in 2020, with many promotions presenting shows behind closed doors. Some events were canceled while others were rescheduled to occur in 2021. All Elite Wrestling (AEW) and New Japan Pro-Wrestling reintroduced a limited number of live fans in the second half of 2020, while WWE had live fans at WrestleMania 37 in April 2021. The majority of promotions have continued to present empty arena shows or shows with limited capacity, while AEW and WWE resumed live touring with full capacity crowds in July. List of notable promotions These promotions are holding notable shows throughout 2021. Calendar of notable shows January February March April May June July August September October November December Events affected by COVID-19 Postponed events Canceled events Notable events March 15 – AEW Dark: Elevation premiered on YouTube March 18 – Under a new agreement between WWE and NBCUniversal, the WWE Network became a premium channel under Peacock in the United States. Following a brief transitional period, the standalone version of the WWE Network in the U.S. shut down on April 4. This did not affect the service outside of the U.S. April 9 – All Elite Wrestling held its first-ever house show, "The House Always Wins." May 30 – AEW Double or Nothing is the first major wrestling show to operate at full venue capacity during the COVID-19 pandemic June 4 – Beginning with this day's episode of Viernes Espectacular, Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre resumed a live touring schedule after over a year of producing shows in Arena México without full capacity due to the COVID-19 pandemic. July 7 – Beginning with this day's episode of AEW Dynamite, which aired as a special episode called "Road Rager", All Elite Wrestling resumed a live touring schedule after over a year of producing shows from Daily's Place in Jacksonville, Florida, becoming the first major promotion to resume touring during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was also the first in AEW's "Welcome Back" tour, which continued with Fyter Fest (July 14 and 21) and concluded with Fight for the Fallen (July 28). July 16 – Beginning with this day's episode of WWE SmackDown, WWE resumed a live touring schedule for their Raw and SmackDown brands after nearly a year of producing shows from the WWE ThunderDome bio-secure bubble. August 13 – AEW Rampage premiered on TNT, marking the first weekly wrestling series to air Friday nights on a Turner channel since WCW Power Hour in 1994. August 20 - CM Punk returned to professional wrestling for the first time in seven years on a live special episode of AEW Rampage titled The First Dance. October 27 – Ring of Honor announced that they were going on hiatus until at least April 2022, and all talent and staff would be released from their contracts after Final Battle in December. Accomplishments and tournaments AAA AEW AJPW CMLL DDT Dragon Gate MLW Gleat Impact NJPW NWA ROH Noah Sendai Girls WWE Zero1 Title changes AEW CMLL DDT Impact IWRG AAA MLW NJPW NWA ROH The Crash WWE – Raw – SmackDown – NXT – NXT UK – Unbranded Raw and SmackDown Raw and SmackDown each have a world championship, a secondary championship, a women's championship, and a male tag team championship. NXT NXT UK Unbranded These titles are not brand exclusive. The colors indicate the home brand of the champions (names without a color are former WWE wrestlers, Hall of Famers, or non-wrestlers). Awards and honors WWE WWE Hall of Fame Impact Impact Hall of Fame Debuts February 14 – Yuto Nakashima (NJPW) March 11 Astroman Junya Matsunaga April 30 – Minorita (Dragon Gate) May 3 – Aoi June 9 – Saito Brothers July 1 – Maya Fukuda (Gleat) August 24 – Brutus Creed, Julius Creed and Ryohei Oiwa (NJPW) October 5 – Trick Williams (NXT) October 12 – Yuki Ishida (DDT) October 19 – Ru Feng (NXT) October 22 – Natsuki (Actwres girl'Z) November 2 – Erica Yan (NXT) November 13 - Kiku (Ice Ribbon) December 8 – Hook December 18 – Evan Golden Retirements January – Lars Sullivan (2015-2021) March – The Brian Kendrick April 20 – Kenny Dykstra (2001-2021) April 28 – Sadie Gibbs May 6 – Solo Darling (2011–2021) June 16 – A. C. H. June 27 – Matsuya Uno July 31 - David Arquette (2000-July 31, 2021) August 1 – Masato Yoshino August 22 – Ryo Kawamura August 28 – Awesome Kong (1999-2021) November 5 – Sabu (1984-2021) November 23 – Rina Shingaki (2018–2021) Deaths January 7 - Bobby Davis (born 1937) January 10 - Danie Voges (born 1954) January 11 - David Khakhaleishvili (born 1971) January 16 – Paul Varelans (born 1969) February 1 – Dustin Diamond (born 1977) February 5 – Butch Reed (born 1954) February 5 – Leon Spinks (born in 1953) February 11 – Rusty Brooks (born 1958) February 20 – Dean Ho (born 1940) February 23 – Art Michalik (born 1930) February 26 – Johnny De Fazio (born 1940) March 1 – Ann Casey (born 1938) March 3 – Jim Crockett Jr. (born 1944) March 5 – Buddy Colt (born 1936) March 19 – Barry Orton (born 1958) April 6 – Jack Veneno (born 1942) April 8 – John da Silva (born 1934) May 14 – New Jack (born 1963) May 17 – Don Kernodle (born 1950) May 24 – Paul Christy (born 1939) May 28 – Tony Marino (born 1931) June 2 – Pasión Kristal (born 1976) June 23 – Melissa Coates (born 1971) June 30 – The Patriot (born 1961) July 7 – Chris Youngblood (born 1966) July 12 – Paul Orndorff (born 1949) July 26 – Brazo de Plata (born 1963) July 28 – Ted Lewin (born 1935) August 2 – Hideki Hosaka (born 1971) August 3 – Jody Hamilton (born 1938) August 4 – Bobby Eaton (born 1958) – Bert Prentice (born 1958) August 12 – Dominic DeNucci (born 1932) August 14 - Fez Whatley (born 1964) August 21 - Jarvis Astaire (born 1923) August 23 – Brick Bronsky (born 1964) September 1 Daffney (born 1975) Yar (born 1971) September 2 – Steve Lawler (born 1965) – Ryan Sakoda (born 1974) September 7 – Bill White (born 1945) September 21 – Rumi Kazama (born 1965) October 7 – Reggie Parks (born 1934) October 17 – Hido (born 1969) November 6 – Angelo Mosca (born 1937) November 11 - Buzz Tyler (born 1948) November 14 - John Lees (born 1930) November 15 – Estrella Blanca (born 1938) November 28 – Pat Barrett (born 1936) December 1 – Kal Rudman (born 1930) December 8 – Blackjack Lanza (born 1935) December 13 – Jimmy Rave (born 1982) December 22 - Corporal Kirchner (born 1957) December 27 - Markus Crane (b. 1988) December 31 - Strong Kobayashi (born 1940) See also List of WWE pay-per-view and WWE Network events, WWE Raw special episodes, WWE SmackDown special episodes, and WWE NXT special episodes List of AEW pay-per-view events, AEW Dynamite special episodes, and AEW Rampage special episodes List of Impact Wrestling pay-per-view events and Impact Plus Monthly Specials List of NJPW major events and NJPW Strong special episodes List of ROH pay-per-view events List of World Wonder Ring Stardom major events List of major Pro Wrestling Noah events List of major DDT Pro-Wrestling events List of MLW events List of NWA pay-per-view events WWE ThunderDome References professional wrestling

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38243394

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20Rowing%20and%20Athletic%20Association

Toronto Rowing and Athletic Association

The Toronto Rowing and Athletic Association (also known as the Torontos as well as Toronto Rugby and Athletic Association) were an ORFU football team in the early 20th century. The team was founded in 1908 as Toronto Amateur Athletic Club and became the team of the Toronto Rowing and Athletic Association in 1912. The team won the ORFU championship in 1915, 1919 and 1920. In 1915 they played in the 7th Grey Cup, losing to the Hamilton Tigers. MRFU season-by-season References Ontario Rugby Football Union teams Canadian football teams in Toronto Defunct Canadian football teams 1911 establishments in Ontario Sports clubs and teams established in 1911 1921 disestablishments in Ontario Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1921

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7374302

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise%20Malmstr%C3%B6m

Louise Malmström

Louise Malmström (born 1972), is a Swedish social democratic politician who has been a member of the Riksdag since 2002. External links Louise Malmström at the Riksdag website 1972 births Living people Members of the Riksdag from the Social Democrats Women members of the Riksdag Members of the Riksdag 2002–2006 21st-century Swedish women politicians Members of the Riksdag 2006–2010 Members of the Riksdag 2010–2014

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25254035

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan%20Macy%20Butler

Allan Macy Butler

Allan Macy Butler (1894–1986) was an American pediatrician and Chief of the Children's Medical Services at Massachusetts General Hospital and a professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. A pioneer in health services, Butler sought to change the structure of the American ‘fee-for-service’ system of health care to one based on government-paid medical care for the elderly and low-income people. Butler was born April 3, 1894, in Yonkers, New York. The son of George Prentice Butler, a stockbroker, he was one of eight children. Butler spent World War I overseas, serving as an artillery officer in the American Expeditionary Forces. Afterward, he served in Poland as part of the Hoover Commission. Butler entered Harvard Medical School in 1922. After graduating in 1926, he worked at the Rockefeller Institute. It was there that he developed an interest in fluid and electrolyte metabolism. During World War II, he worked on life-raft studies conducted by the Office of Scientific Research and Development that led to advancements in treating diarrhea and dehydration. In 1929, Butler returned to Harvard as an instructor in Pediatrics. He attained the title of Professor of Pediatrics in 1944 and served as Chief of Children's Medical Service and Staff Physician in charge of the Chemical Laboratories at Massachusetts General Hospital. He would remain at these two posts, concurrently, until 1960. Butler's advocacy for medical insurance and pre-paid methods of health care embroiled him in the socialized medicine debate. He would also face a loyalty review by the Civil Service Commission Loyalty Review Board. After his trial he provided support in the form of testimony and letters for colleagues who were being tried under the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950. He was a dedicated opponent of the Vietnam War and a supporter of abortion rights, nuclear disarmament, and nonviolent resistance. In 1969 Butler received the American Pediatric Society's highest award, the John Howland Award. References Further reading Allan Macy Butler Papers, 1916-1986(inclusive), 1930-1969(bulk), HMS c313. Harvard Medical Library, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine,Center for the History of Medicine, Harvard Medical School. Digitized Images from the Allan Macy Butler Papers 1894 births 1986 deaths American hospital administrators American pediatricians Harvard Medical School alumni Harvard Medical School faculty Healthcare reform in the United States People from Yonkers, New York Physicians of Massachusetts General Hospital Victims of McCarthyism

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18651758

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Pandora%20Principle

The Pandora Principle

The Pandora Principle is a science fiction novel by American writer Carolyn Clowes, part of the Star Trek: The Original Series. It features the origin story of Saavik, and how she came to know Spock. Plot A Romulan Bird of Prey drifts over the Neutral Zone and into Federation territory. Admiral James T. Kirk and the Enterprise take the ship back to Earth, unaware of the deadly force hiding inside. It is soon learned one way to battle the threat is via the traumatic childhood knowledge of Saavik and her birth planet Hellguard. Production Saavik's origins are first mentioned in Vonda McIntyre's novelization of Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, where she is said to be half-Romulan and from a planet called Hellguard. Clowes expanded on this story to add that she was one of a number of feral children, which was reflected in later works by other authors such as Margaret Wander Bonanno in her novel Unspoken Truth. Carolyn Clowes was inspired to write a Star Trek novel by Star Trek III: The Search for Spock and the novelization by McIntyre. Clowes first submitted an outline and sample chapters to Pocket Books in 1985, with publication taking place in 1990. She said that: "There was a great deal of back-and-forth with Pocket and Paramount over story, then endless revisions. So it took a while to get born." Reception Ellen Cheeseman-Meyer reflected on the book for Tor.com, comparing it to other similar Star Trek novels with Vulcan abduction stories. She considered Saavik to be a Mary Sue character, but one that she liked, and compared the book to works by author Robert A. Heinlein. However, she thought that the downside to the book was that the resolution of the Saavik and Spock story was their encounter during his pon farr during The Search For Spock, a film that Clowes acknowledged in the book. References Sources External links Novels based on Star Trek: The Original Series 1990 American novels American science fiction novels

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3762663

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Lost%20Worlds%20of%202001

The Lost Worlds of 2001

The Lost Worlds of 2001 is a 1972 book by English writer Arthur C. Clarke, published as an accompaniment to the novel 2001: A Space Odyssey. The book consists in part of behind-the-scenes notes from Clarke concerning scriptwriting (and rewriting), as well as production issues. The core of the book, however, comprises excerpts from the proto-novel and an early screenplay that did not make it into the final version. Alternative settings for launch preparation, the EVA scene where astronaut Frank Poole is lost, and varying dialogues concerning the HAL 9000 unit are among the elements and scenes featured. Also included is the original 1948 short story "The Sentinel", the germ of the film's script. References External links 1972 books Space Odyssey Books by Arthur C. Clarke British books New American Library books

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23616258

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclamation%20fund

Reclamation fund

The reclamation fund is a special fund established by the United States Congress under the Reclamation Act of 1902, as amended, for receipts from the sale of public lands and timber, proceeds from the Mineral Leasing Act, and certain other revenues. Congress appropriates money from this fund for the investigation, construction, operation, and administration of Bureau of Reclamation projects. Collections from water users for payments made on the reimbursable costs of the federal projects are also returned to the fund. References United States Department of the Interior

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